The objective of this work is to determine the parameters of equation of state of polycrystalline metals, especially the adiabatic bulk modulus B and its pressure derivative. To describe the elastic behavior under high pressure at room temperature and assuming the metal as isotropic, the three elastic moduli (E-Young modulus, G-shear modulus, B) and the Poisson ratio ν can be calculated as a function of acoustic velocities and material density. We use a large volume Paris-Edinburgh cell, originally developed for high-pressure neutron diffraction and adapted to perform ultrasonic wave velocities measurements. This set-up allows to measure ultrasound velocities as a function of pressure up to 10 GPa. This paper is especially applied to the elastic characterization of Ta. Our results are in good agreements with X-rays diffraction measurements (for this abstract, up to 5 GPa) and with ultrasonic measurements using a low-pressure set-up up to 1 GPa. Introduction The mechanical characterization of materials requires the determination of the elastic moduli (EYoung modulus, G-shear modulus, B) and the Poisson ratio ν . Furthermore, these moduli are the parameters needed to implement the constitutive laws and the equation of state. All these moduli depend on pressure. For our specific applications, our interest focuses on polycrystalline metals. Experimental set-up Low pressure cell This set-up is used as a reference for the ultrasonic measurements between ambient pressure and 1 GPa [1]. The figure 1 shows the low-pressure cell. A handed pump with low viscosity oil is used to transmit pressure to the sample. A plate of LiNbO3, which is sticked to the surface of the sample, can generate longitudinal or shear ultrasonic waves. Polycrystalline Figure1: Low-pressure cell Large volume pressure cell : Paris-Edinburgh cell The experimental cell, developed by [1], is shown in figure 2. An hydraulic press, which generates the necessary thrust, is connected to the lower part of the cell (blue unit in figure 2). The high-pressure chamber is placed between two opposite tungsten carbide toroidal anvils. The piston drives up the lower anvil to the upper anvil. A boron epoxy gasket is placed between the two anvils. Figure 2: Paris-Edinburgh cell This experiment requires cylindrical samples 1,9 mm in diameter and 3 mm in length. The sample is encased in a boron nitride (BN) cylinder, which is used as a pressure-transmitting medium. Compressed NaCl powder is located below and around the sample. The pressure value is determined by measuring the NaCl lattice parameters using the Murnaghan's equation of state. This device is put into the gasket (figure 3). WCU 2003, Paris, september 7-10, 2003


One hundred and two males and females were located 25 years after they had taken a Kuder Preference Record—Form B (KPR-B) at an average age of 14 years. Fifty-three percent were engaged in occupati...


Purpose When children are exposed to Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), their biological stress response is chronically triggered, altering brain architecture and causing long-term harm to their developing bodies. Left unaddressed, this toxic stress response can have serious long-term health effects on children as well as impact educational, social, and economic outcomes. Early detection, therefore, has powerful potential to improve the health and wellbeing of children. Identification and diagnosis are currently limited, however, by gaps in understanding …


This thesis seeks to understand how collective identity is formed in the comment section on Twitter. A comparison between the Nordic Resistance Movement (Nordiska Motstandsrorelsen) and Human Right ...


Static, axially symmetric Weyl type solutions and their properties are studied in the Brans-Dicke (BD) theory. The new solutions are obtained for the general Weyl solutions, two particle Chazy-Curzon solution and Bertotti-Robinson type solution. Some physical properties such as the geodesic motion and singularities of these solutions are also discussed in detail.


why pensions systems should have three pillars: a publicly managed redistributive pillar as protection against poverty, a privately managed mandatory pillar funded by individual contributions, and a voluntary pillar comprised of company and industry plans. Given that the majority of the continental European countries at the time relied heavily on state-run "pay-as-you-go" systems, the World Bank urged far-reaching pension reforms to institutionalize the second and third pillars. Last year, the World Bank invited a number of scholars to assess the process of moving toward a multipillar pension system around the world, particularly in Europe. The edited volume that resulted is an interesting and timely contribution not only to the debate on the politics of pension reform, but also on welfare reform in general. Pension Reform in Europe: Process and Progress takes particular issue with the common wisdom that in aging societies it is almost impossible to cut pensions or increase the retirement age. Following this tradition, the chapter by Florence Legros uses an economic model to demonstrate that under extreme conditions (specifically, if the majority of the electorate is elderly and the elderly do not care about the young) the opposite outcome is possible: they can potentially choose high contribution rates and a low retirement age. Legros' argument is consistent with and often supported by the body of literature by historical institutionalists, who assume a high degree of immobility in the welfare state due to the path dependencies of preexisting policies and policy structures. Paul Pierson's groundbreaking book on Dismantling the Welfare State (1994) is a prime example that is quoted by almost all the contributors to Pension Reform in Europe. In his book, Pierson points out the difficulties that the strongly ideologically motivated Reagan and Thatcher governments encountered when cutting welfare benefits given the popularity of welfare programs. The contributors to Pension Reform in Europe see Pierson's research as a starting point, but most see it as a starting point from which they aim to depart. Indeed, the majority of contributions seek to identify the factors that allow governments to reform their pension systems. The studies, which compare reform efforts in multiple societies, point to a number of salient factors, such as the dominant epistemic community that proposed the move to funded pension schemes (Katharina Miiller), new policy actors in corporatist systems of decision making (Steven Ney),


Lipophilicity parameters were determined for a series of 22 penicillins by the reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). First, the capacity factors were determined for each drug at different concentrations of the organic modifier (methanol) at a constant flow rate, using an octadecylsilane column. The capacity factors were then extrapolated to zero methanol concentration to determine lipophilicity parameter, log k w . The resultant log k w values were correlated to previously reported lipophilicity parameters and good relationships were observed. Correlations were also established between log k w values and various structural parameters using CODESSA software. Excellent correlations, free from chance correlations and high predictive power, were obtained.


The experiment was conducted to find out the efficacy of wedge grafting on three guava cultivars during different months of year. Wedge grafting was tried in four months, viz. July (M1), August (M2), September (M3) and October (M4) on three varieties, namely Allahabad Safeda, Lucknow-49 and Allahabad Surkha under two different conditions, namely, polyhouse, and open field conditions. Wedge grafting in the month of July gave better result in polyhouse (77.17%) as well as in open field condition (66.43%). Polyhouse gave better response than open field conditions with respect to number of days taken to sprout, graft survival, number of leaves and length of sprouted shoot.


The paper presents the analysis of temporal evolution of interest rate curves (IRC). IRC are considered as objects embedded in a high-dimensional space composed of 13 different maturities. The objective of the analysis was to apply a nonlinear nonparametric tool (Self-Organising Maps) to study the clustering of IRC in three different representations: the original curves, the increments and 3-parametric Nelson-Siegel model. An important finding of this study reveals the temporal clustering of IRC behaviour which is related to the market evolution. Other results include the relative analysis of CHF-EUR evolution and the clustering found in the evolution of factors used by Nelson-Siegel model. The analysis of the consistency of these factors to represent the typical IRC behaviour requires further work. Current results are useful for the development of interest rates forecasting models and financial risk management.


This paper provides a comprehensive review of ejector technology for refrigeration applications, combining an understanding of basic fluid flow fundamentals within the ejector with application in cycle-level development. An ejector is a passive device that requires no external mechanical input or moving parts. A high-velocity motive stream produces a low-pressure region into which a suction flow is entrained, resulting in a pressure rise of the suction flow and mixing between the two streams to provide a pumping effect. The first part of this review addresses the progression from experiment-based analytical models to computational modeling of the ejector itself from the early 1950s to 2009. Included is an assessment of the most recent work in CFD modeling, and an exploration into what is needed to develop these models further. Suggestions for future research include better modeling of shock phenomena and the effects of two-phase flow in ejectors. The second part of this review focuses on ejector applications in refrigeration cycles with special emphasis on the vapor-jet refrigeration cycle. Important connections are made between ejector component and system level studies, an understanding of which would enable improvement of system level performance to the extent where they could be used in some niche applications instead of conventional refrigeration systems.


Objective: Explore racial-ethnic disparities in drug charging trajectories from arrest to conviction. Methods: We analyze racial-ethnic disparities in charging severity across arrest, filing, and conviction for felony drug offense cases in Miami-Dade County between 2010-2015 (N=25,559) using a "distance traveled" approach by estimating the severity of charges based on the probability of incarceration at conviction. We use these estimates to predict the severity of charges at arrest and filing, and examine differences in the severity of charges between stages. Results: Compared to White non-Latinx people, police charge Black Latinx people with drug crimes that are 1.8 times more severe and Black non-Latinx people with drug crimes that are 1.6 times more severe at arrest. These inequalities are maintained throughout the charging trajectory. Greater charge reductions occur between arrest and filing than between filing and conviction, highlighting the importance of police in charging trajectories. We find small increases in charging trajectory, where racial-ethnic disparities persist at conviction. Conclusions: Examining charging at arrest is critical to understanding racial-ethnic disparities in charging trajectories, where unequal arrest charges become institutionalized throughout the charging process. Organizational dynamics between police and prosecutors may lead to drug charging practices that systematically disadvantage Black people in Miami-Dade County.


The article reveals the contribution of educators in the formation and development of the Yelisavetgrad Charitable Society for the Dissemination of Literacy and Crafts in the second half of the ХІХ – XX twentieth century. Public and educational activities of the society were carried out in various forms through scientific, publishing, organizational and pedagogical work. During the period from 1873 to 1914 the company underwent many changes in its structure and activities, which are associated with the development of the company and the difficult political and social situation in this period: change in the quantitative and qualitative composition of the company, the spread of geography, popularization of the activity of the society and its individual members. The atmosphere of search among the Yelisavetgrad Charitable Society for the dissemination of literacy and crafts, exchange of views, results of observations, experience at meetings of the society influenced the formation of pedagogical views of members of the society of the period under study. The members of the society held theatrical performances, concerts, art exhibitions, took part in various congresses and congresses, and involved teachers of educational institutions in the activities of the society. Through the efforts of the society's members, a shelter for homeless children, the first kindergartens (1913; 1915), a free public library-reading room (1895) and a public library (1899) were opened in the city. Historically formed regional experience of members of educational societies is a valuable source of fruitful pedagogical ideas, original innovative forms of their practical implementation. Constructively rethought in terms of current problems of today, they will contribute to the modernization of modern educational societies, a more effective solution of modern educational problems. We see the prospects for further explorations in elucidating the influence of regional factors on the effectiveness of educational societies in Yelisavetgrad region in the second half of the XIX – early XX century. We see prospects for further research in elucidating the influence of regional factors on the effectiveness of educational societies in Yelisavetgrad region in the second half of the XIX – early XX century.


An electrical motor with integral silencer is provided having a motor housing defining an inlet aperture at one end and an expansion chamber at the other end. The expansion chamber has a reduced cross-sectional area at the entrance and exit of the expansion chamber compared to the cross-sectional area of the chamber. The exit of the expansion chamber provides an outlet aperture in the housing. A stator is situated in the housing and a rotor is rotatably mounted within the stator. A fan is secured to the rotor and rotates therewith for pulling air in the outlet aperture through the stator and exhausting the air through the expansion chamber to the housing exterior. The expansion chamber provides an impedance mismatch for the acoustic energy generated by the fan preventing a portion of the acoustic energy from exiting the expansion chamber.


Vitamin A (Vit A or Retinol) is an essential nutrient for proper human body functioning including embryogenesis, vision, cell proliferation and differentiation, immune regulation, and glucose and lipid metabolism. It is mainly acquired through diet rich in Retinol or Retinyl esters; or its precursors like carotenoids, Provitamin A, and beta carotene.1,2
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Forty years ago, pioneers such as J.C.R. Licklider and Douglas Englebart championed the idea of interactive computing as a way of creating a "man-machine symbiosis" where mankind would be enabled to think in ways that were previously impossible [3, 5]. Unfortunately, in those times, such a mental coupling was limited to sitting in front of a terminal and keying in requests. Today, wearable computers, through their small size, proximity to the body, and usability in almost any situation, may enable a more intimate form of cognition suggested by these early visions. Specifically, wearable computers may begin to act as intelligent agents during everyday life, assisting in a variety of tasks depending on the user's context.


The nonlinear regime of the kinetic Alfven wave is studied in a collisionless low-β plasma that is composed of a cold ion population and of two electron populations. In the one electron population plasma, it is known that solitary kinetic Alfven waves (SKAW) propagate either at the Alfven velocity υA or at the ion-acoustic velocity cs. In this latter case, only plasma compressions exist. In the two electron population plasma, rarefactions, as well as compressions, may exist at this velocity. Furthermore, when the electron-acoustic mode exists and when υA>υea (vea is the electron-acoustic velocity), the inertia of the cold electron component allows for the existence of compressive SKAW which propagate with a velocity lying in a limited interval above υea. When υA<vea, these solitons are rarefactive and continuously evolve from classical SKAW moving at υA to electron-acoustic-like SKAW moving at υea. The possibility of applying these results to some astrophysical plasma observations is investigated.


Galuh Cempaka Ltd. is a Gravel Mining Company with an area of 2,994 Ha. The mining system was surface mine or open pit. There are several things which should move in dig and load activities, such as mechanical soil, productivity, and compatibility of loading and conveying equipment are important factors in gravel mining activities. It influences on how far to know the effective work hour and the productivity. The purpose of this research was to determine work efficiency in Galuh Cempaka Ltd, and calculate the productivity of each equipment and the Match Factor value of the loading and conveying equipment in mining activity. From the observation and data processing, it obtained 1 unit of excavator Komatsu PC 400LC, wasingplan as far as 1.5 km. The effective work time was obtained work efficiency of 0.82 and after it was conducted the efficiency become 0.83 and it was reduced the obstacles from excavator CAT 320D. Before digging toll productivity got optimizing from CAT 320D in gravel excavation, it got 94.2 tons/hour and after it got optimizing from CAT 320D excavator in gravel excavation, it obtained 99.6 tons/hours and the IVECO 380 dump truck for gravel loading was 125.55 tons /hour. It obtained Match Factor Overburden (08) < 1. it means it is less than 1. So, there was waiting time for transportation equipment which had not arrived yet. Match Factor Gravel (1.2) > 1 means more than 1. So, there was a waiting time for transportation because the digging tool was filled.


In this paper, we propose a visual tracking method based on spatio-temporal context model, to solve the fast and stable target tracking problem with large scale changes, which is suitable for unmanned rotorcrafts high precision fixed-pointed landing using vision-based navigation. Based on the Bayesian outline, we express the spatio-temporal connections between the interest object and local context. The local context represents the statistical correlation between the target features and its adjacent areas. Then, by integrating this spatio-temporal context model and focusing properties of biological vision system, we compute a confidence map and obtain the best target location by maximizing an object location likelihood function. This paper presents a rapid model learning and object detection technique via Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), and proposes a multiscale estimation method to resolve the large scale changes problem during fix-pointed landing. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm for visual tracking has respectable performance during partial occlusion, scale changes, lighting changes, deformation, motion blur and background clutter. In terms of efficiency, accuracy and robustness, our method meets the requirements of embedded image processing system in UAVs.


Background: Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) is leading cause of the health derangements in school going children of India. Supplementation with iron preparation has been the integral part of our primary health policies still prevalence of childhood IDA is alarmingly high even though     nationwide national program and policies are implemented by GOI. Ayurveda traditional         system of medicine defines the different herbo-mineral combination to treat IDA.                    Limiron Granules (LG) the proprietary Ayurveda medicine developed by SG Phyto Pharma Private Limited, Kolhapur Maharashtra India is used in this clinical trial for the management of childhood IDA.
Aim: Clinical trial to evaluate the role of Limiron granule in children with IDA.
Methods: Single arm Phase 3 clinical trial of this medicine has been carried out at Parul Ayurveda Hospital, Limda Vadodara, Gujarat, India. Total 104 children were enrolled in this study from rural and urban sector of Vadodara, Gujarat. Limiron granules were administered for 90 days and results were observed.
Observation and Results: Statistically significant (p < 0.01) results were obtain in subjective parameters of IDA like Pallor, fatigue, anorexia, stomatitis etc. while statistically significant result were observed in blood indices like MCH, MCH, MCHC with average increment of Hb 3 g/dL and increment in Sr. Iron level.
Discussion and Conclusion: A Limiron granule is herbomineral combination containing iron in Fe2O3 form with Calcium in hydrate form, and natural phytosteroids. All these drugs help to promote the growth and improving the blood indices in children with IDA.


Fluxes of negatively charged ligand-coordinated iron, Fe(CN)63/4-, and chromium, CrPDTA1/2-, through two promising commercial cation-exchange membranes, Aquivion E87-05S and Fumasep E-620(K), were measured as functions of current density. The magnitude of the partial current density reached a maximum of |-43| A cm-2 at the maximum applied current density magnitude of |-43| mA cm-2 for Fe(CN)63/4- transport through Aquivion, or 0.1% of the total current density. Fumasep E-620(K) blocks practically all crossover of both compounds. Both membranes sorb more Fe(CN)63/4- and CrPDTA1/2- than predicted by Donnan equilibrium, and low crossover rates can be attributed mainly to slow diffusion, not charge-based rejection of co-ions. The magnitude of the diffusion coefficient appears to correlate with hydraulic permeability. Although Aquivion E87-05S and Fumasep E-620(K) have significant and observable differences in membrane crossover rates, cells built with the DI-soaked membranes offer similarly high coulombic efficiency, indicating the relatively small contribution that crossover makes to inefficiency over a single cycle.


I want to thank the sponsors, American Indian studies at Arizona State University, for this conference. I want to thank all those speakers who have preceded us here today and all those great questions-I'm very stimulated by all the things that have been going on. And I want to thank Professor Duane Champagne for charging forward with the constitution and those of you who voted for that constitution, and those of you who abstained, and all those of you who voted against it. That shows democracy working here in this room, and I'm happy about that and glad that step has been taken. I'm a relative newcomer to American Indian studies-it's not really a term that I use, "Indian" or "American Indian" studies. I began my academic career back in 1972 when I was at the University of North Dakota. It was a time of protest. Although I'm not Lakota or Nakota or Dakota, we were out protesting the name of the "fighting Sioux" at the University of North Dakota. There was a lot of political activism at the time and it seems to me that Native American or First Nations or American Indian studies programs were born of protest, like a protest discipline, or resistance discipline, or as Dr. Elizabeth Cook-Lynn said yesterday, "a discipline of defense." It was interesting for me when 1 first started to take a course in tribal government-I was unfamiliar with tribal government at the time, although I was born 0 N


The urban underground has become a spider's web of utility lines, including phones, electricity, gas, cable TV, fiber optics, traffic signals, street lighting circuits, drainage and sanitary sewers and water mains. Utility damages during construction are very significant and on the rise, resulting in construction delays, design changes, claims, property damages, service breakdowns, disruption of neighboring businesses and even injuries and lost lives. The American Institute of Constructors (AIC) reported that damage to utility lines is the third most significant crisis for contractors. The state-of-the-art and the state-of-the-practice imaging technologies that have potential for being applied in locating underground utilities were identified through literature review and case studies and the conditions under which use of these technologies are most appropriate were analyzed. Based on the characterizations of imaging technologies, a decision tool named IMAGTECH was developed in order to provide site engineers/technicians with a user-friendly tool in selecting appropriate imaging technologies. Quantitative data based on questionnaire surveys to State Department of Transportations (DOTs) and Subsurface Utility Engineering (SUE) providers was used to present comprehensive insight into the various aspects of the rapidly growing market in SUE. A multimedia educational tool was also developed to facilitate a better understanding of underground utility locating systems by the many in the construction domain, particularly entry-level engineers who are relatively unfamiliar with these technologies.


Surplus-production models, because of their simplicity and relatively undemanding data needs, are attractive tools for many stock assessments. This paper analyzes a continuous Schaefer-form production model using three simulated fisheries data. Monte Carlo simulation analysis showed that the model performance for Fishery 3 was better than for the other two simulated fisheries. This may be because Fishery 3 contains more information as it experienced two periods of overfishing and restoring, while the other two fisheries only experienced one period. The estimated yields were generally close to the observations, when white noise levels were low (e.g. 10%), the percentage biases were mostly less than 5%; when white noise levels were high (e.g. 30%), the percentage biases could go as high as nearly 40%.


Young adults may interact on Facebook in ways that makes them feel vulnerable about parental Facebook friend requests. This study utilizes Communication Privacy Management theory as a framework to investigate how young adult Facebook users respond to parental Facebook friend requests. Overall, 235 individuals completed an online survey. Results confirmed that users tend to accept parental Facebook friend requests from both parents and make few restrictive privacy rule adjustments when contemplating the requests. However, request decisions for mothers varied in conjunction with family privacy orientation, parent-child relationship quality, and parent-child trust, but not for fathers. These results suggest that young adults do not experience a privacy dilemma when contemplating parental connections on Facebook. Implications of the study are explored, including how power differentials inherent in the parent-child relationship may be impacting young adults' perceived ability to decline such requests. Future research examining other familial conversations about social media practices is highlighted.


The invention discloses thermoassociative and exchangeable copolymers, and compositions comprising same. According to the invention, the invention relates to a composition resulting from the mixture of at least one copolymer A1 resulting from the copolymerisation of at least one monomer functionalised by diol functions and at least one compound A2 comprising at last two boronic ester functions. They have rheological properties which are very varied according to the proportion of the A1 and A2 compounds used. The field of the invention is that of associative and exchangeable polymers.


ABSTRACT In vivo and in vitro metabolic studies were conducted on the effects of the insect growth regulator diflubenzuron (DFB) on chitin synthesis in the postmolt blue crab Callinectes sapidus. The effects of the pesticide on the incorporation of either 3H-glucosamine or 3H-N-acetylglucosamine into sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) insoluble cuticular residue were examined. The radiolabeled product formed was identified as chitin by chemical and enzymatic criteria. 3HN-acetylglucosamine was found to be incorporated to a greater extent than 3H-glucosamine during metabolic studies. During in vitro explant culture experiments, the highest concentration of DFB tested (1 ppm) caused 98% inhibition of chitin synthesis; 64% inhibition was observed at concentrations as low as 0.7 parts per billion. The results indicate that diflubenzuron inhibits the incorporation of 3H-N-acetylglucosamine into cuticular chitin in postmolt blue crabs. The data are consistent with our previous autoradiographic and ultrastructural studies on the effects of DFB in the blue crab; i.e., that the Golgi complex is disrupted by DFB treatment.


The purpose of this study was to find out: the PPKn learning outcomes of students taught with guided inquiry learning models, PPKn learning outcomes of students who had cooperative social interactions were higher than the learning outcomes of PPKn students who had competitive social interaction; and the interaction between guided inquiry learning models and social interactions on learning outcomes. This research is a quasi-experimental study. The population in this study were all V grade students in Primary School 040444 of  Kabanjahe, while the sample in this study were 35 students  of V-A class and 35 students of V-B class. The instrument consists of learning outcomes tests in the form of multiple choice tests and social interaction questionnaires. Data analysis using anawa two paths with the help of IBM SPSS Statistics 25 and Excel 2013 applications. The results showed that: PPKn learning outcomes of students taught using a guided inquiry learning model amounted to 82.79 higher than the average PPKn learning outcomes using the model. expository learning is 66.98, learning outcomes of students who have cooperative social interactions have an average of 87.46 and student learning outcomes that have a competitive social interaction averaging 85.3, and there are social interactions between guided inquiry learning models and interactions social influence on student learning outcomes.


In spite of the ubiquity of time, scholars in organizational studies have been slow to incorporate temporal phenomena into research on organizational life. We have overlooked older insights and ideas offered about time in other fi elds (e.g., Bergson, 1913; Mead, 1932) and have neglected early work in our own fi eld (e.g., Clark, 1984; McGrath and Kelly, 1986; Dubinskas, 1988; Bergh, 1993). One marker that a shift toward a temporal perspective might be taking place in our fi eld occurred in 2000, when "A New Time" was selected as the theme for the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management. This meeting was subsequently reinforced with special issues on time in the Academy journals in 2001 and 2002.


The aim of the present study consisted in the recognition of Football coaches' perceptions of training needs related to the professional competences according to their experience and level of certification, as coach. A sample of 81 Portuguese coaches answered a questionnaire applied after its construction and content validation. The statistical procedure used was One-Way ANOVA to make comparison between two groups and the Tukey' test for post-hoc comparisons. The results showed that the coaches with the highest level of certification, levels II and III, recognized lower training needs than coaches without certification in the areas of Training, Competition and Coach Education. Moreover, the more experienced coaches recognized, also, lower training needs than less experienced coaches in the areas of Training, Sport Management and Coach Education.


of the Dissertation A Study of the GDP-mannose Transporter in Pathogenic Yeast by Akiko Nishikawa Doctor of Philosophy in The Doctoral Program in Biological Sciences University of Tsukuba 2002 Mannosylation on proteins and lipids in the Golgi apparatus is a modification specific to fungi, plants and protozoa, while glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is highly conserved in all eukaryotes. Cell surface mannoproteins are implicated in almost every aspect of the interaction with the environment, since they are located on the most external layer of the cell wall. In yeast, mannosylation of proteins, sphingolipids, or GPI-anchored proteins, occurs in the Golgi lumen and utilizes GDP-mannose as the donor of mannose. This substrate is transported into the Golgi lumen by the GDP-mannose specific transporter, encoded by the VRG4 gene. Dr. Dean's group discovered that the VRG4 gene encodes the yeast Golgi GDP-mannose transporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and that the product of this gene is essential for vegetative growth in S. cerevisiae. As the sole provider of mannose, this protein acts as the master regulator of glycosylation reactions that occur in the yeast Golgi. Because of its pivotal role in glycosylation, because it serves as a useful paradigm for the study of nucleotide sugar transporters in mammalian cells and because of its potential as


Electrical discharge machining(EDM) has been used widely in production. This paper presents a method of the process modeling through Artificial Neural Network. The peak current, pulse width, pulse interval, withdraw time and machining time are selected as the input parameters, whilst the material removal rate and the surface roughness are as output parameters. Verification experiments have been carried out to check the validity of the developed model. It is concluded that the proposed model provides accurate results for process, and fits the experimental results well.


Two dairy farms (one a semi-confinement system and the other a pasture-based system) in the same region of Spain were chosen for comparison from a life cycle assessment perspective. In both cases, cattle feeding was found to be the main contributor to environmental impact in most categories. Additionally, cow emissions to air were the principal contribution to the global warming, fine particulate matter formation and terrestrial acidification categories. Although cow productivity in the pasture-based farm was almost half that obtained in the semi-confinement farm, the impact per 1 kgFPCM in the pasture-based system was notably lower in 12 of the 18 categories analysed, mainly due to the fact that the relative amount of milk and surplus calves and culled cows sold for meat production was higher in the pasture-based farm. Finally, it should be noted that given the scarcity and variability of the data found in the literature, this LCA study contributes much needed knowledge about the effect of the degree of confinement of cows on the environmental impact of milk production.


The assessment of mission effectiveness has been called the "Achilles' heel" of the effects based approach to operations. This is especially true in the multi-agency, multi-stakeholder environment of present-day counterinsurgency. This paper addresses some of the pitfalls of assessment and suggests possible solutions to enable effective mission assessment in a complex environment. It is based to a large degree on the author's experience with the whole-ofgovernment environment gained while supporting the mission assessment for the Canadian mission in Afghanistan both in Canada and while deployed with Task Force Kandahar. The key point of the paper is that great care has to be taken when using lower-level assessments to obtain higher-level situational picture for the state of insurgency and/or economic and governance development. Otherwise, a potentially skewed picture can arise, or the assessment becomes too laborious and ineffective.


The paper considers the possibility of using unmanned aerial vehicles for the inspection of overhead power lines in climatic conditions of the Far North. The potential of using unmanned aerial vehicles for the control and diagnostics of power lines is considered. Some examples of unmanned aerial vehicles and their technical specification for the inspection of overhead power lines are given. A comparative technical and economic analysis of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles by applying traditional methods of inspection of overhead power lines is performed.


In this article the classical transistor and the basic physics underlying the operation of single electron transistor are presented; a brief history of transistor and current technological issues are discussed.


Abstract In 1953–55 the Canadian government experimentally relocated Inuit (Eskimo) families from the region of Port Harrison (Inukjuak), on Quebec's Ungava peninsula, to Ellesmere and Cornwallis Islands in the Arctic Archipelago. Today Inuit relocatees allege that they were deceived by the government and suffered greatly as a result of the experiment. The government asserts that the relocation was undertaken for humanitarian reasons. The controversy has recently resulted in hearings before a Canadian parliamentary committee on aboriginal affairs and the Human Rights Commission. A study of the relocation issue prepared for the government, known as the 'Hickling Report', rejects Inuit claims of mistreatment. In this paper the Hickling report's findings are assessed. Contrary to the report's conclusions, documentation suggests that one of the government's motives for undertaking the relocation pertained to Canadian sovereignty and exercising 'effective occupation' of the islands.


with no sign of its presence at the syringe neck nor on the clear glass sides of the barrel. I repeated the procedure, after forcing some of the aspirated blood back out of the needle and met with the same problems. After several attempts, again with the same syringe and the same results, I pulled the plunger completely out, blood poured into my hand and its presence was still undetectable at the syringe neck and sides. The utmost in conscientious technique does not reduce the risk involved in the use of this product with its high viscosity and syringe design defects. A drug defect report was sent to the United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. and in turn sent on to the Food and Drug Administration. Wyeth Laboratories has been notified and improvements in the delivery system are already in progress. My concern will continue to mount until I am certain that I have reached all those who might have occasion to prescribe or administer this product as now packaged. Procaine penicillin G in large doses is widely used for control of venereal disease and Wycillin®, in 4 cc. injections of 2,400,000 U, is the product of choice since it provides the necessary dosage in the smallest volume. This product can still be used if one transfers the medication with sterile technique to a larger disposable syringe with a separate sterile needle. Until these syringe design defects can be corrected, I believe this to be a good, although temporary, solution to a potentially dangerous situation. MARY F. LACORTE, R.N. Student Health Service The University of Wyoming Laramie, Wyoming 82070


This paper presents a method for modeling the breakdown process in a vortex-water-wall high-pressure-argon-arc-lamp. The following three issues are considered in the model: ignition voltage magnitude; ignition voltage duration; and leakage resistance. The ignition phase consists of a shortgap point to plane discharge followed by a sliding discharge (streamer) and then another point to plane discharge. A model for the sliding discharge consisting of a switched distributed RC-line model is used to explain the formative time or propagation velocity of the streamer. Simulation results were obtained using the Electromagnetics Transient Program (EMTP). The proposed model is able to experimentally predict, in a qualitative sense, the DC breakdown voltage and the formative time for ignition.


Moved Permanently. The document has moved here. Physician reviewed acetaminophen and oxycodone patient information includes acetaminophen and oxycodone description, dosage and directions. Oxycodone, Acetaminophen Oral tablet 10-325mg Drug Medication Dosage information. Learn about the reported side effects, related class drugs, and how these. Learn about drug interactions between gabapentin oral and oxycodone-acetaminophen oral and use the RxList drug interaction checker to check drug combinations. 1. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008 Jun;100(6):623-4. doi: 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60068-3. Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in a patient receiving vancomycin and. Account Options. Sign in; Open full screen to view more Percocet or oxycodone and acetaminophen is a prescription drug used to treat moderate to severe pain. Side effects of may include constipation, drowsiness, nausea. Learn about Percocet (Oxycodone and Acetaminophen) may treat, uses, dosage, side effects, drug interactions, warnings, patient labeling, reviews, and related medications. Consumer information about the medication OXYCODONE/ACETAMINOPHEN ORAL (Percocet, Tylox), includes side effects, drug interactions, recommended dosages, and storage. Professional guide for Oxycodone/Acetaminophen. Includes: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, contraindications, interactions, adverse reactions and more..


International pressure to revalue RMB stems in part from the expectation that rapid economic growth should be associated with a real exchange rate appreciation. This hinges on the "Balassa-Samuelson hypothesis" under which economic growth, stemming from improvements in traded sector productivity, causes non-traded prices to rise.RMB real exchange rate has shown no long run tendency to appreciate.In this study,we introduces a generalisation of the 1-2-3(Computable General Equilibrium ,CGE) model to empirical analyse determinant factors of RMB real exchange rate. The main results are as follows: "The Balassa-Samuelson effect" would not be entirely observed because of more rural surplus labors in China. Service sectors productivity growth would place downward pressure on real exchange rate,if labour mobility between the rural and industrial sectors is inferior to that between the rural and service sectors.


UNISON STEPPED back from the brink of breaching the joint unions' pay claim at its health service conference in Bournemouth last week, after an impassioned plea from enrolled nurse Velda McMillan.


Globalization has brought about changes in the operation and management of organizations. Public organizations have adopted practices of private enterprises and have adapted their operation to the new economic and social data. The introduction of human resources management and organizational change in public administration are some of the new practices. Academic libraries as an integral part of public administration undergo changes that have derived and are in line with the new data. The tools of systems theory are part of the methodology followed to achieve this adjustment. In this paper a balance scorecard method is applied in the Library of the Piraeus University of Applied Sciences (PUAS).


A highly efficient physical HEMT model capable of characterizing the whole spectrum of HEMT device structures is presented. This has been used to predict DC, small and large-signal microwave performance. The model takes into consideration the parasitic MESFET conduction, quantum effects, DX centers, and trapping phenomena. Its unique formulation and efficiency make it suitable for the computer aided design of HEMT subsystems. A computationally efficient physically based S-parameters simulation technique is described. An equivalent circuit model is generated from physics based dynamic simulation. It can also be used to predict S-parameters and for indirect linking of the physical model to existing circuit analysis CAD tools. The physical large-signal model is applied to the analysis of a amplifier.


This paper reports the findings of a qualitative study in which the aim was to explore nurses' perceptions of competence in the unique context of the operating room (OR). Three focus groups were conducted with 27 OR nurses from three large metropolitan hospitals in southeast Queensland. Analysis of textual data identified the category 'managing and coordinating the flow of the list'. Within this overarching category, four sub-categories - 'coordinating and negotiating competing priorities', 'leading', 'adapting and being flexible' and 'using the big picture perspective' - were important aspects of clinical competence. Findings indicated that coordinating human and material resources, and negotiating the flow of the operating list were not confined to the OR manager; rather, OR nurses at all levels of practice need to develop competence in these areas. These findings validate the importance of the role of the OR nurses who coordinate patient care within the theatre itself. Therefore, mentorship and education of less experienced OR nurses in relation to managing patient flow, problem solving, prioritising and managing intradisciplinary conflicts is essential if nurses are to develop these aspects of competence.; ;


In this paper the application of nanotechnology in t oughening PVC is reviewed.The result shows that they have good properties that toughening and reinforcing can be obtained at the same time.So it may be concluded that nanotechnology will become popular in toughening modification of PVC in the future.


INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate the important
factors affecting the COPD prognosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We included
160 hospitalized patients with COPD exacerbation in the study.
Hemoglobin-HB, hematocrit-HCT, leukocyte, red cell distribution width-
RDW, mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width, plateletcrit,
platelet, neutrophil / lymphocyte ratio, platelet / lymphocyte ratio,
eosinophil, uric acid, albumin, CRP, procalcitonin, arterial blood gases
(PO2, PCO2) pulmonary function test (FEV1, FVC), echocardiography
(ejection fraction-EF) GOLD stage, MMRC and BORG scales, Charlson
comorbidity index, body mass index-BMI, length of hospital stay were
examined on the first day of hospitalization. Admission to the hospital
with a new attack, hospitalization in the intensive care unit-ICU, and
mortality during the 6 months after discharge were evaluated. RESULTS:
High CRP and procalcitonin values were observed in the group with long
hospital stay. In mortality group, HB, HCT, BMI and PO2 values were
significantly lower than the group without mortality while age and GOLD
stage were higher. The age, BORG and MMRC scores, number of
exacerbations experienced in the previous 1 year, RDW, eosinophil count,
PCO2 were significantly higher in the ICU group than without ICU. HCT,
EF values were lower in the ICU group than without ICU. FEV1, FVC values
were significantly lower in follow-up attack group than without attack;
the duration of COPD and the number of experienced in the previous 1
year were high. CONCLUSION: It has been concluded that the scoring
combining selected biomarkers and other factors will be stronger in
determining the prognosis.


A total-reflection spherical diaphragm combined optical system comprises a spherical reflecting mirror with a field diaphragm, and a planar reflecting mirror with an aperture diaphragm, wherein the inner wall of the field diaphragm is made to be the spherical reflecting mirror, and the spherical diaphragm is shaped like a table;. The optical system adopts a component of the spherical field diaphragm and the planar reflecting mirror with the aperture diaphragm, can accurately limit the viewing field space range of an instrument, and at the same time can effectively limit incidence stray radiation which is larger than the viewing field of the instrument or in the viewing field of the instrument but not directly falls in the aperture diaphragm. In a space remote sensing instrument, especially weak signal detection, the effective suppression for the stray radiation incidence is vital.


Interscalene block (ISB) is the brachial plexus approach most frequently used in shoulder surgery, providing better postoperative analgesia and reducing the need for rescue morphine compared to general anesthesia. While it is considered a safe block, it has been associated with a relatively high rate of complications, the most serious of which are postoperative neurologic symptoms, such as paresthesia, dysesthesia, and reduced sensitivity. We present the caseofapatientwithprolongedneurological deficit lasting4months following nerve stimulation-guided ISB. Due to the multifactorial nature of postoperative neurological lesions, it can be difficult to determine their etiology. In our case, the brachial plexopathy was probably due to the administration of local anesthetic through the perineurium. We discuss possible causes and argue for the use of ultrasound associated with nerve stimulation when an ISB is performed in order to reduce the incidence of nerve puncture.


We use atomic hydrogen (HI) data from the Southern Galactic Plane Survey to study the kinematics of the fourth quadrant of the Milky Way. By measuring the terminal velocity as a function of longitude throughout the fourth Galactic quadrant we have derived the most densely sampled rotation curve available for the Milky Way between 3<R<8 kpc. We determine a new joint rotation curve fit for the first and fourth quadrants, which can be used for kinematic distances interior to the Solar circle. From our data we place new limits on the peak to peak variation of streaming motions in the fourth quadrant to be ~10 km/s. We show that the shape of the average HI profile beyond the terminal velocity is consistent with gas of three velocity dispersions, a cold component with $\Delta v=6.3$ km/s, a warmer component with $\Delta v=12.3$ km/s and a fast component with $\Delta v=25.9$ km/s. Examining the widths with Galactic radius we find that the narrowest two components show little variation with radius and their small scale fluctuations track each other very well, suggesting that they share the same cloud-to-cloud motions. The width of the widest component is constant until R<4 kpc, where it increases sharply.


In many developing countries, pervasive corruption and evasion often undermine the provision of public programs. I focus on India where a large universal program provides USD 8 billion in fuel subsidies for domestic cooking. The subsidy given to households, combined with taxes on commercial users, gives rise to a black market, where fictitious "ghost" beneficiaries are used to divert the subsidy from the domestic to the commercial sector. This paper studies the impact of a policy introduced in 2013 that makes biometrics-based Unique Identification (UID) mandatory for beneficiaries of the program in order to improve the state's capacity to purge ghost beneficiaries. The analysis is based on unique data that combine the administrative records from 23 million fuel purchase transactions and distributor-level fuel sales, with a novel survey data set which allows me to infer black market prices. My empirical strategy exploits two quasi-experiments: (i) the phase-wise policy roll-out across districts and (ii) its unexpected termination. I document four main findings: (1) the UID-based transfer policy reduces fuel purchases in the domestic fuel sector by more than 11%, suggesting a reduction in subsidy diversion; (2) after the policy is terminated, fuel purchases in the domestic sector revert to a similar level that existed before the policy was introduced; (3) a positive supply shock induced by the policy termination reduces black market prices between 13% to 19%, and; (4) in response to the lower prices, commercial firms reduce their fuel purchases in the formal sector and re-enter the black market for fuel. In sum, this paper illustrates that investment in enforcement capacity can significantly strengthen the state's ability to target program beneficiaries.


In the literature, prior to 1965, most research on jobshop systems was on machine limited queueing systems. More recently this research has been directed toward labor and machine limited queueing systems. In this direction, the authors have developed and implemented an extended version of GERT called GERTS III QR (a GERTS model able to handle queueing systems with resource limitations). This model is further refined to handle both homogeneous and heterogeneous classes of labor.
 This paper describes the GERTS III QR model and gives an illustration of its application. The example is a jobshop system with service centers in parallel. Three alternative priority and assignment rules, first-come-first-served, random and shortest operation time are evaluated.


A test to obtain data for use in determining the reactivlty wohh of Na in the Hallam reactor core is described. The test is designed to obtain information on the dry temperature coefficient of reactivity and to train operators. An evaluation of results is included. (J.R.D.)


We study an optimal control problem for a semilinear elliptic boundary value problem giving rise to a free boundary. Here, the free boundary is generated due to the fact that the nonlinear term of the state equation is not differentiable. The new aspect considered in this paper, with respect to other control problems involving free boundaries, is that here the cost functional explicitly depends on the location of the free boundary. The main difficulty is to show the continuous dependence (in measure) of the free boundary with respect to the control function. The crucial tool to get such continuous dependence is to know how behaves the state solution near the free boundary, as in previous works by L.A. Caffarelli and D. Phillips among other authors. Here we improved previous results in the literature thanks to a suitable application of the Fleming-Rishel formula.


Aim of the present study was to find level of emotional intelligence and life satisfaction among male and female student and also measure the relationship between emotional intelligence and life satisfaction among male and female students. for the present purpose 100 students were selected by simple random sampling method. For data collection emotional intelligence and life satisfaction scale was used, data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics method .research finding suggest that female students were high on emotional maturity and life satisfaction as compare to male students and also find out that positive correlation between emotional intelligence and life satisfaction among students.


In the developing countries heavy metal pollution becomes serious due to mining, mineral, smelting and tannery industry. Medicinal plants are the most important source of life saving drugs for the majority of the worlds population. Medicinal, aromatic and spice plants grown in different regions of Austria were monitored as to their Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn and AS contents. Arsenic (As) is a naturally occurring toxic element in the environment. Human activities all over the earth have increased environmental pollution by heavy metals in agricultural soil. Quality and safety standards for herbal medicine that clearly stipulate the maximum allowable value of heavy metals in herbal medicine have been enacted and put into effect by many countries. Phytoremediation is a new technology in which plants are used to remove pollutants from water and soil. The use of metal-accumulating plants to clean environment contaminated with heavy metals is the most rapidly developing component of this environmentally friendly and cost-effective technology.


Synopsis The effeci of cooling rales from. an austenitizing tem/Jeratllre (920 G) on microslruclures, Ihe effect of cooling mles and tem/Jering C)'cles on mechan ical/no/Jerlies and on elevated tempemlure lellsile /no/Jerlies were investigated with 2JCr- 1 Mo sleel/Jlates of 10010 400 111m. ill thickness. The resuits oblained were as follows : (2) Irealmenl jno/Jerlies to 2JCr- strength mnge kg/nlln2; and (3) To maintain excellenl nolch loughness, cooling rales G/min and eS/Jecially in mamljactllring high tensile slrengths qf over 70 kg /n11n2 by tem/lering at low lemperatures, of J0 0 10 l5°G/min or f ClSer tverefound recommendable. Applying those resuits, a 36511l1n Ihick forged shell was mall/ljaclured, and ils mechanical /Jm/Jerties and bainitic structure, both which were as jJredicled, were uniforlll through the thickness or at either end of the shell.


We propose a novel method for assessing the distribution of π-electrons into rings of phenylenes. This method is equivalent to, but significantly simpler than, the original approach of Randic and Balaban.


Error correction software of subsidence observation for strip-mining was programmed according to the method of error correction by observation proved by research.This software with friendly interface and easy operation could provide prediction indexes of mining damage degree for mining practice by using observation data of subsidence in strip mining.Based on observed subsidence data from 2nd strip mining face in 10th coal-seam of Linhuan Colliery,applying the software,surface subsidence after mining under village buildings was analyzed.Results might provide good reference for rationally mining coal under village buildings.


A method and apparatus to monitor the neurologic State of a patient undergoing general anesthesia is provided. Previ ous automated Systems to monitor the neurologic State of a patient undergoing general anesthesia involve a significant time delay between the patient's true hypnotic State and the computed indices. The present invention reduces this time delay by using a different analysis technique applied to Spontaneous EEG. A wavelet decomposition and Statistical analysis of the observed EEG is conducted and compared to reference data to provide a numerical indicator. In addition, this indicator is more consistent with the patient's loss of consciousness indicated by the loSS of count event than previous Systems.


In the present study,the effect of acupoint injection analgesia for artificial abortion Was observed.40patients were divided at random into2groups:Acupoint injection group(n=20)and control group(n=20).In the former group,bilateral Zusanli(ST36)and Sanyinjiao(SP6)were selected.1-1.5ml diluted analgesic solution was injected into each acupoint respectively about5-10minutes before operation.The blood pressure(BP)and heart rate(HR)of the patients were all moni-tored before and during operation.Results showed that the effective rates of analgesia for uterus aspira-tion and dilation of the uterine cervix were90percent and 85percent respectively.Patients'BP and HR during operation were all stable as compared with those before operation(P>0.05).It indicates that this method has a better effect in relieving abdominalgia and preventing nausea and vomiting dur-ing artificial abortion.It can be developed and used in clinic.


The bearing mechanism and characteristics of composite foundation of compacted cement-soil mixed pile are analyzed. Combined with practical work its construction technology is introduced as well as related contents about test. Practice shows the application of compacted cement-soil mixed pile in foundation treatment is good.


ABSTRACT In June 1947, the World Jewish Congress (WJC) launched an exhibition in London titled 'Search for the Scattered.' Some of the materials on display were loaned to the WJC by the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA)'s Central Tracing Bureau (CTB), the predecessor to the International Tracing Service (ITS). The exhibition presented a detailed accounting of the vital work of both the CTB and the WJC. This paper argues, on the basis of the limited documentation that remains, that the 'Search for the Scattered' exhibition was a site of postwar knowledge production and transnational exchange that served a practical purpose: facilitating searching by addressing visitors as potential enquirers and reproducing the material culture of the search for visitors to view, read, handle, and understand. Like lists of names that were posted in DP camps, the exhibition can also be read as an early marker of the emotive power of name lists; in Leora Auslander's words, commemorative markers of 'a shared fate and common tragedy.' Although tracing work has been infrequently a focus in the historiography of the Holocaust, the staging of this exhibition demonstrates early recognition of the significance of the WJC's and CTB's tracing work and the need for its wider acknowledgement, and suggests the reconstructive and restorative nature of the search itself.


This paper aims to review the imaginary of the crisis of the 90s in Argentina and its relationship with fiction in La Virgen Cabeza of Gabriela Cabezon Camara. From a writing that explores the dimensions of the image and language, the materiality of the garbage and the accumulation of waste and the emergence of new territories, we will investigate the ways in which fiction displays other visual regimes and optical devices that intervene in the temporality of the end of the millennium.


Long-term analysis is more and more used to establish the design loads by performing direct loads evaluation. The long-term distribution of wave loads acting on a ship depends on the short-term contributions of the response in all the wave conditions the ship encounters in her life: sea state, relative heading, speed, load case... For each short-term condition the statistical parameters that describe the response are considered to be constant. Therefore a long-term analysis needs a correct evaluation of the short-term parameters that characterise the short-term response. The Weibull distribution is often used to model the extreme response on a given sea state. The precision of the long-term analysis depends directly on the precision of the Weibull parameters. The first part of this paper is a study of the influence of the simulations parameters (number of wave components, simulation time) and of the different methods used to fit a Weibull distribution on the bending moment extremes, on the precision of the Weibull parameters and on the extreme values. Every choice of parameter used for the final calculations will be justified. The conclusion is that by using a correct fitting method, and provided that there are at least 128 wave components, the overall precision is only dependent on the simulation time: the precision on the 10−5 extreme value is only ±6.4% with 400 extremes, and ±1.9% with 3200 extremes! In order to increase the precision of the evaluation of the Weibull parameters over the entire scatter diagram, without increasing the simulation time, a smoothing method is proposed, based on a polynomial smoothing of the A1/3 and A1/10 values obtained from linear and non linear calculations on the same wave signal, and on the method of moments. This method leads to an increase of precision of about 3 times, that is equivalent to increase the simulation time by 8 or 9! The second part of this paper presents the results of the long-term analysis carried out on 14 ships (ferries, container vessel, naval ships,...), using a non-linear sea-keeping time-domain software. Calculations have been done without forward speed in head waves and for all the sea states of the IACS scatter diagram (more than 200 sea states). The smoothing method has been used to compute all the Weibull coefficients. Results show that it is possible to model the non-linear effects by applying a non-linear coefficient on the linear bending moment for one speed, one scatter diagram and one extreme value probability. But this coefficient can't be applied, and must be recalculated, if other cases are needed (other speed, other scatter diagram, relative heading distribution or other extreme value probabilities). Every ships will be compared in the same graph in order to evaluated the influence of the design hull form (as overall length and bow flare) on the non linear long term bending moments value (in hogging and in sagging). The calculations were focused on the case of a particular frigate where more parameters were studied as forward speed, operational profile (in speed and relative headings) and scatter diagram choice. In the third part results from model test performed on a height segmented model of the frigate will be compared to the short term results computed by the sea-keeping software. This frigate has been monitored for three years, and the strain measurements at sea will be compared to the numerical long-term analysis.Copyright © 2008 by ASME


The present invention provides a method for manufacturing a golf club head. The method for manufacturing the golf club head may include: creating a mould of the golf club head; forming two or more parts of the mould of the golf club head by using the mould, wherein each of the two or more parts of the mould comprises one part of a main body of the golf club head and at least a first alignment mechanism; using the at least alignment mechanism of each of the two or more parts of the mould to align the two or more parts so as to assemble the mould of the golf club head, wherein the mould comprises the main body of the golf club head and a joint alignment mechanism, the joint alignment mechanism comprises the at least one first alignment mechanism of each of the two or more parts of the mould; creating a casting element using the mould of the golf club head; moving the mould of the golf club head out of the casting element; creating a golf club head with the joint alignment mechanism by using the casting element of the golf club head; and moving the joint alignment element out of the golf club head. The present invention also discloses other embodiments.


There are several methods for assessing compaction of asphalt mixtures offering some insights into compactability and density during and after compaction. This information can be used in pavement design calculations, but is usually too imprecise to assess performance of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) additive chemistry. The NCHRP issued a "mix design practices" report 691 which details a gyration ratio method where a mixture's compactability is calculated. This formed the basis of the study where the functionality of WMA additives could be measured via an added "performance ratio". The research supported and steered development of WMA additive chemistry for the paving industry giving reliable and reproducible results where the degree of performance of WMA additives could be observed. The research method used 30kg lab batches of asphalt material manufactured using a small scale pug-mill with twin shaft mixers and a Hobart planetary mixer and Marshall Hammer, Cooper gyratory and Infratest roller compactors. The results from each compaction method were compared and then the asphalt gyration and performance ratios were calculated together with mechanical performance measured by Indirect Tensile Strength ratio (ITSR) and Wheel-Track permanent deformation. The research was conducted using the appropriate EU and AASHTO standards together with additional laboratory techniques we have developed giving more reliability in the results. The conclusions facilitated the development of test methods which have been used for research into new Warm Mix Asphalt additives.


In the light of United Nation's specific programme of Child Survival and Safe Motherhood (CSSM), the subject of 'teenage motherhood' has been gaining special attention. This is because, the very environment for child birth is not conducive and safe in the teenage, having the highest probability of hazardous consequences to mother as well as to child from both medical and social point of view. Mothers at these ages are much more vulnerable to several social customs and beliefs that hamper the utilisation of many of the available services. In this paper, country level data from National Family Health Survey (NFHS), 1992-93, India has been analysed to find out the factors associated with motherhood in teen ages, and the determinants of survival and health status of children to teenage mothers. The proportion of teenage mothers was found not to vary much with the place of residence. However, those who are illiterates or mere primary school completed, Muslims, Buddhists, Christians and scheduled tribes constituted a relatively higher proportion of teenage mothers than women in other categories. It was observed that about 12.4 per cent of all pregnancies end with stillbirths and abortions. Evidences have shown that the frequency of PMBs (premature births) and certain delivery complications are found to be much higher to the mothers in teen age as compared to those in higher age groups. From the multivariate analyses it was observed that women's education and standard of living have very significant and strong bearing on the demographic and health behaviour of the teenage women and their pregnancy outcomes. [GIDR WP 134]


Research publications show the clean, tidy version of the research process; however, the actual research process is rarely "neat" or "clean". This paper will expose the "messiness" I encountered during my qualitative, dissertation research. I present my research process as an audit trail outlining the decisions I made while developing and implementing my study of a group of undergraduate students working on a cross-disciplinary team. My goal in presenting an audit trail of my research is to present my work as a specific example to assist those just beginning their qualitative research journey. I want to make qualitative work more accessible to a broad audience while communicating the trustworthiness of my work through a detailed account of my research process. Individual readers may find that certain aspects of my research experience resonate more than others. I encourage you, the reader, to take what is useful, and consider if and how it might help advance your own research.


Shredded rubber tires were evaluated as a bulking agent for composting wastewater sludges to determine the optimum particle size and mix ratio for efficient composting. Three sludges (raw primary, anaerobically digested, and secondary biological), two amendments (sawdust and recycled compost), three sizes of shredded rubber (1.27 to 2.54 cm, 2.54 to 5.08 cm, and g r e a t e r t h a n 5 . 0 8 c m ) , a n d t h r e e shredded-rubber-chip-to-sludge mix ratios (1:1. 2:1. and 3:1) were evaluated. The smallest size rubber chip, 2:1 mix ratio, and sawdust amendment were found to be optimums. Test results with raw primary sludge, shredded rubber, and no amendments produced undesirable odors and handling difficulties. A high initial moisture content and low carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio led to conglomeration of the sludge particles, anaerobic conditions, and the conversion of excess nitrogen into ammonia gas. Tests with all three sludges and recycled compost produced similar results. When amended with sawdust, all of the sludges were effectively composted using shredded rubber. Because of high moisture content and low C/N ratio, all s ludges required the moisture absorbency and supplemental carbon that the sawdust provided. Heavy metal levels increased during composting with raw primary sludge and rubber chips as a result of the concentrating effect of organic matter decomposition. In addition, the shredded rubber chips contributed Zn and Fe to the finished compost. Recycling the rubber chips reduced the Zn and Fe concentrations, but they were still high after five cycles. However, the levels were not high enough to limit the use of shredded rubber in the cornposting of the sludge. This Projec t Summary was devel oped by EPA's Water Engineering Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, to announce key findings of the research project that is fully documented in a separate report of the same title (see Project Repot-t ordering information at back).


Objective To observe clinical effect of application of plastic surgical technique on treatment emergency facial soft tissue injury.Methods If the patient′s condition was available,plastic surgical techniques were performed in patients suffered with emergency facial soft injury include plastic debridement,flap transplantation,skin graft and fine layer suture.Facial wounds were closed with fine suture in first stage as possible.Sutures were removed after 4 to 5 days postoperative.and gel silicone film was used for inhibition hypertrophic scar in early stage.Results One hundred and seventy-one cases′ facial wounds healed with no obviously scar formation.All patients gained satisfactory appearance.Conclusion It shows the patients′appearance can be preferably recovered by application of plastic surgical technique in emergency.The degree of disability in facial and the possibility of secondary plasty can be decrease.


The breakdown and the corona inception voltages experiments of SF6/CF4 mixtures in non-uniform field were performed. The experiments were carried out under AC, positive and negative standard lightning impulse (SLI) voltages. The point-plane electrode was used to make non-uniform field and gap distance was 3 mm. SF6/CF4 mixtures pressure ranged from 0.1 to 0.5 MPa and the percentage of SF6 and CF4 was 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%. Under positive SLI the breakdown voltage was increased slowly as pressure increasing but under negative SLI the breakdown voltage was increased slightly as pressure increasing. At low pressure the breakdown voltage of positive and negative SLI was similar. Under AC voltage the breakdown voltage was increased linearly but the corona inception voltage was saturated over 0.2 MPa. This paper suggests elementary data in gas insulated systems.


Publication Classification (75) Inventors: Jeong-Hyun Oh, Daegu-kwangyokshi (KR); Mi-Kyung Lee, Ansan-shi (KR) (51) Int. Cl. ........................ C03B 8/02; CO3B 37/016 (52) U.S. Cl. ............... 65/17.2; 65/395; 65/440; 423/338 Correspondence Address: (57) ABSTRACT KLAUBER & JACKSON Disclosed is a method for fabricating high-purity Silica glass 411. HACKENSACK AVENUE using a Sol-gel processing that includes the Steps of: (a) HACKENSACK, NJ 07601 mixing a deionized water with a fluorine compound and a dispersion agent to prepare an aqueous premix Solution; (b) (73) Assignee: SAMSUNGELECTRONIC CO.,LTD. mixing the aqueous premix Solution with a fumed Silica; (c) mixing the resulting mixture to form a dispersed Sol; (d) (21) Appl. No.: 09/750,510 aging the Sol at the ambient temperature to Stabilize Silica particles; and, (e) removing air voids from the Sol and (22) Filed: Dec. 28, 2000 adding a gelation agent.


Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), particularly in neonates was found to mediate certain effects of HSV infection. TLR2 expression or compound that reduces the activity is useful to ameliorate such adverse effects.


On the basis of in-depth investigation and research,through transferring land use rights,investing in the countryside to establish agricultural park,constructing"scientific research institution + company + base + cooperative + farmers"service platform,and by taking the base as a carrier,and exploring the bottleneck of modern agricultural development,we carried out a special research on the innovative technological countryside-serving mode of agricultural scientific research institutions,and let the innovative results directly transfer into people-enriching achievements,so as to provide strong technical and intellectual supports for the rapid development of the local high-efficiency agriculture. Yancheng Municipal Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Yandu district government paid more attentions to the protective cultivation of fruit trees and vegetables,the large-scale breeding of livestock and poultry,and the development of rural tourism,further promoted the scale and level of leading industry with modern agricultural feature in Yandu district,also enhanced the contribution rate of local agricultural science and technology progress,and obtained the sufficient affirmation of all-level leaderships as well as 100% satisfaction rate of serviced objects.


Material which has been ascribed to the freshwater species Verrucaria aethiobola or V. latebrosa is shown to comprise three cryptic species, based on ITS and mtSSU sequences. The names V. aethiobola and V. latebrosa are applied to two of these, and epitypes are selected to fix the application of the names. The third cryptic species is described as V. tephromela. In addition, V. anziana is confirmed as a separate species, of which most specimens can be identified by the thick thallus and poorly developed involucrellum. A related non-aquatic species found on calcareous stones is described as V. pallidomurina.


This paper mainly analyses displacement waveform replication method for the earthquake simulation,and discusses an important technique in which the exponential frequency window is added to error spectrum for increasing modifyied intensity.On the low-frequency earthquake table,the test is proved that the waveform replication precision is improved on the high frequency domain.The control method is important to resolve the low-frequency and low-level earthquake acceleration replication precision problem.The test result shows that through three times iterations,the accuracy of the waveform replication is satisfied.


According to the technical and economical and environmental analysis in this paper,flue gas desulfurization system without flue gas reheat system in coal fired power station located in the enough environmental bearing area is allowed.When flue gas desulfurization system is not equipped with the flue gas reheat system in coal fired power station,the temperature of flue gas will be lower than dew point temperature of acid in the flue gas,and the anticorrosive measure must be used in the flue gas stack and duct.After the flue gas reheat system is canceled and the anticorrosive measure is used in the flue gas stack and duct,the invest and operation cost of coal fired power station will be reduced.


The pioneer efforts of agronomists in experimental work with crops were aimed toward increased acre production and means of cultivating greater areas. This attitude has persisted until recently and has only been changed by the fact that there has been an excess production of certain crops. These large surpluses have depressed the prices received by the grower and he cannot market his crops profitably. The increased yields in many instances have not been suffmient to pay for the additional cost of production. The demands for the lower grades of a product have diminished because there has been such a large quantity production, thus making the better qualities or grades stand out. In recent years plant breeders have endeavored to produce a better product or one pbssessing an outstanding quality, such as increased protein content of wheat; variation in the oil or proteiri content of corn and oil in soybeans; increase in the sugar content of sugar beets; quality and length in fiber of cotton, flax, and hemp ; improved quality of potatoes; and better quality in leaf, type, burn, etc., of tobacco. ~ hese have all called for extensive investigations and some valuable results have been obtained. Walster (36)3 has classified these factors as internal factors controlling crop quality. There are also external factors that influence the quality of product. These may be divided into four headings, vie., (a) climate, (b) soil, (c) fertilizers, and (d) husbandry. For a general discussion covering the external factors the reader is referred to the smyposium on "Controlling the Quality of Crops" in Vol. i8, pages 6~8-7o3, of this JOURNAL. It is the purpose of the writer to discuss at this time only fertilizers in relation to quality of crop with special reference to potash. Fotash is one of the essential elements for plant growth. It must perform certain vital functions in plant nutrition. The most important of these, it would appear, is .its relation to the production of carbohydrates, starch, sugar, and cellulose within the plants. Hence crops that are rich in these constituents, such as mangels, sugar beets,, potatoes, sunflowers, corn, fruits, and leguminous plants, would be expected to respond to pbtash fertilizers. Not all


In the field of computational design of meta materials, complex patterns of meso-structures have seen increased interest because of the ability to locally control their flexibility through adjustment of the meso-structure parameters. Such structures come with a number of advantages like, despite the simplicity of their fabrication, their ability to nestle to sophisticated free-form surfaces. However, the simulation of such complex structures still comes with a high computational cost. We propose an approach to reduce this computational cost by abstracting the meso-structures and encoding the properties of their elastic deformation behavior into a different set of material parameters. We can thus obtain an approximation of the deformed pattern by simulating a simplified version of the pattern using the computed material parameters.


Cloud service adoption has increased in recent years. With the adoption of cloud service, many of the companies are using these cloud to store and process Big Data. Security measures provided by the service providers might not be enough to secure the data in the cloud. In this paper, we discuss the practical solution on which we are working at the moment to protect the data in a cloud environment by dividing the big data into small data files. These small files can be stored in the cloud without completely compromising the data in cloud effectively leading to securing the Big Data in a cloud environment.


The utility model relates to the technical field of air cylinder equipment, in particular to a dynamic balancing multi-position air cylinder. The dynamic balancing multi-position air cylinder comprises a cylinder barrel, a front end cover and a rear cover, wherein the front end cover and the rear end cover are arranged at the two ends of the cylinder barrel respectively. A piston is arranged in the cylinder barrel in an up-down sliding mode. An inner cavity of the cylinder barrel is divided into a front end accommodating cavity and a rear end accommodating cavity by the piston. A vent hole A is formed in the front end wall of the cylinder barrel and is communicated with the front end accommodating cavity. A vent hole B is formed in the rear end wall of the cylinder barrel and is communicated with the rear end accommodating cavity. Opening and closing of the vent hole A and opening and closing of the vent hole B are controlled by a solenoid valve A and a solenoid valve B respectively. The wall, between the vent hole A and the vent hole B, of the cylinder barrel is provided with a plurality of pairs of dynamic balancing holes which are oppositely formed. Opening and closing of the dynamic balancing holes are controlled through the solenoid valves. The dynamic balancing multi-position air cylinder is simple in structure, convenient to operate and low in manufacturing cost.


The data centers of the telecommunication infrastructure are recently consuming more electric power than before. This increasing electrical burden is requiring a small but high-power isolated power converter with a high step-down ratio. Conventionally, the LLC converter is regarded to be a promising candidate, although this converter needs vacant space for galvanic isolation due to extremely high voltage caused by the resonance in the primary side, i.e. high voltage side, of the isolation transformer, which hinders the compact implementation inside the server computers in high power design. The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel LLC converter topology to reduce this extremely high voltage by locating the LC resonator on the secondary side. The performance analysis revealed that the proposed converter exhibits a similar frequency-voltage characteristic enabling the boost and buck operation modes as well as the small rectifier conduction loss similar to the full-wave rectifier with a center-tapped transformer. The simulation confirmed the operating principles and reduction of the resonance voltage amplitude of the proposed LLC converter in comparison with the conventional LLC converter. Furthermore, the experiment also supported the operating principles, which suggests the usefulness of the proposed converter for a high voltage dc power supply system.


Vegetation in river plays many important roles in the river environment. On the other hand, the destruction of the vegetation, especially tree, in river channel may cause a serious situation of driftwood in high water stage. In order to predict such disaster in river channel, the destruction condition of tree in flood flow should be investigated. In this paper, results of a preliminary examination on a simple method for prediction of the tree destruction are presented. At first, the destruction patterns of tree are classified and discussed. In the next, percentage of the destruction portion in the two cases of assumption of rectangular and actual shape in each cross section along the Fuji River are calculated by using a simple model. At last, the calculated distribution of percentages of destruction areas are compared with the damaged area obtained from field data of the Fuefuki River. Results of the analysis show that the simple model has fairly high possibility of estimating destruction area of tree in river.


A Preisach-type model is modified to include magnetostriction. The stress-applied field relationship generated by the model displays the hysteresis observed in Terfenol-D, even though only a very simplified DOK model was used.


Abstract While methods for modeling creep behavior of single crystal turbine airfoils are generally well developed, constant load creep does not fully represent the loading conditions present in a jet engine due to cyclic loading caused by the mission profile and throttle movements. As the aerospace industry seeks to become more accurate in physics-based modeling of materials that are used in turbine blades, creep-fatigue interaction must be incorporated into characterization of turbine blade materials. PWA1484, a second generation single crystal nickel based superalloy that is used for turbine blades in many of today's high performance jet engines was tested in a creep-fatigue environment that is meant to simulate some conditions of the service environment of a jet engine. This research explores the behavior and microstructural evolution of samples of PWA1484 tested in a creep-fatigue environment at 871°C in air. It was found that specimens subjected to prior fatigue loading exhibit a smaller region of primary creep that is proportional to the number of prior fatigue cycles, and an accelerated transition to a tertiary creep regime. However, specimens that are subject to a static load and allowed to creep to 2.5% creep strain exhibited an un-affected fatigue behavior. Post test microstructural analysis revealed a


The scale problem of ash-hydraulic system in a coal-fired plant is common in China. Two coal-fired plants in North China were taken as an example. After the studying of flowing and operating situation of the ash hydraulic transport systems in the two coal-fired plants, the water quality of the transport system was analyzed. Based on the CaCO_3 deposit potential method, the cause of the different situation of scale problems between the two plants was studied. This will have a great significance on the further research of scale prevention and the scale-prevention design in the system.


The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) does not provide sufficient public access to environmental information. To improve access to environmental information, the United States should adopt a specialized environmental information access scheme like the one implemented by the United Kingdom, which is specifically designed to provide environmental information to the public. FOIA has long been hailed as the best transparency law scheme in the world. While FOIA does provide for a significant amount of proactive agency disclosure and allows for agency records requests, other nations have both the basic FOIA statute as well as additional transparency measures for environmental information. This article compares U.S. environmental information access limitations with international efforts to go beyond FOIA access for environmental information, and recommends a similar environmental information access scheme for the U.S.


The development of alternative antimicrobial agents has gained immense importance in medical and pharmaceutical research fields due to the continuous emergence of microbes resistant to antibiotics currently available in the market. In addition, few new antibiotics are being released into the market yearly making an already alarming situation dire. This has necessitated a frantic search for alternative means to counter drug resistant microbes. A consequence of which there has been a shift to plant based therapies to treat bacterial infections.
 In this study, the antibacterial activity of ethanol leaf extract of Canavalia mollis plant is tested for its antimicrobial activity. In addition, silver nanoparticles are synthesized using the leaves of both Canavalia mollis and Lawsonia inermis and also tested for their antibacterial potentials.


By gathering and analyzing data, this paper offers a formal analysis of drug trafficking in Honduras. The final purpose is to present an estimate of the economic impact of the industry in the country; because data for the area is very difficult to acquire, very few empirical studies of the topic in Honduras exist, making this one of the first in its nature. The analysis measures the economic model of drug trafficking as well as its position in the world's market. It also analyzes the policy impacts and the alternatives to the current war on drugs. Finally, the study presents the main findings and impacts of the industry in Honduras. The author acknowledges that in various parts of the country the drug-trafficking industry helps to relieve poverty and underdevelopment, however it concludes that the negative impacts are much higher, the intangible costs include the high violence, corruption and migration and the tangible costs add up to US$ 796.5 million annually, such high value is definitely preventing economic growth. Recommendations on policy changes are proposed.


Flow boiling within conventional, mini and micro-scale channels is encountered in a wide range of engineering applications such as nuclear reactors, steam engines and cooling of electronic devices. Due to the high complexity and importance of the boiling process, several numerical and experimental investigations have been conducted for the better understanding of the underpinned physics and heat transfer characteristics. One of the most widely used numerical approaches that can analyse such phenomena is the Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid method in conjunction with the RPI model. However, according to the current state-of-the-art methods this modelling approach heavily relies on empirical closure relationships derived for conventional channels, limiting its applicability to mini- and micro-scale channels. The present paper aims to give further insights into the applicability of this modelling approach for non-conventional channels. For this purpose, a numerical investigation utilising the Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid model and the RPI wall heat flux partitioning model in OpenFOAM 8.0 is conducted. Initially the parameters comprising the empirical closure relationships used in the RPI sub-models are tuned against the DEBORA experiments on conventional channels, through an extensive sensitivity analysis. In the second part of the investigation, numerical simulations against flow boiling experiments within micro-channels are performed, utilising the previously optimised and validated model setup. Furthermore the importance of including a bubble coalescence and break-up sub-model to capture parameters such as the radial velocity profiles, is also illustrated. However, when the optimal model setup, in conventional tubes, is used against micro-channel experiments, the need to develop new correlations from data obtained from mini and micro-scale channel studies, not from experimental data on conventional channels, is revealed.


Film casting is one of the important processes for obtaining the plastic film products. Molten polymer casting is conducted by cooling the extruded melts at the surface of chill roller laid below the extrusion dies. Flow instabilities in the film casting are divided into two categories. One is the shear flow instability and the other is the extensional flow instability. These instabilities are similar to those appearing in the melt spinning process. Among many parameters governing shear flow instability, shear rate and Deborah number defined as the ratio of polymer relaxation time to retention time in the land of dies or spinneret orifice are likely to be most important. The small value of Deborah number is found to be effective for depressing the shear flow instability. Regarding the extensional flow instability, draw resonance phenomena were summarized and discussed. Polymer parameters such as power low index in the power low fluid model and relaxation time in Maxwell fluid model were found to be important for onset of draw resonance instability. As process parameters, cooling effect of extruded melts, draft ratio defined as elongation ratio of melts and air gap length corresponding the distance from dies exit to chill roller were also important. Further study on transient response of disturbances having various frequencies was done. It was found that film thickness uniformity changed depending on disturbance frequency.


The fundamental basis for total mesorectal excision (TME) depends on the relatively novel appreciation of the surgical and anatomical detail of the mesorectum. Modern highqualitymagnetic resonance imaging facilitates preoperative visualization of the anatomy and outlines potential areas of circumferential resection margin involvement that can be altered by preoperative therapy. Imaging and surgical practice has confirmed the technical difficulties anteriorly where the mesorectal tissues are at their narrowest and angulation makes dissection in men most difficult. Recent reports suggest that the key to this dissection is the fascial layer described by Charles Pierre Denonvilliers (1808–1872) and its relationship to the anterior rectal wall1. The potential optimal surgical resection for patients with rectal cancer without sacrificing sexual potency depends on an appreciation of Denonvilliers' fascia.


Tagging systems allow users to interactively annotate a pool of shared resources using descriptive strings called tags. Tags are used to guide users to interesting resources and help them build communities that share their expertise and resources. As tagging systems are gaining in popularity, they become more susceptible to tag spam: misleading tags that are generated in order to increase the visibility of some resources or simply to confuse users. Our goal is to understand this problem better. In particular, we are interested in answers to questions such as: How many malicious users can a tagging system tolerate before results significantly degrade? What types of tagging systems are more vulnerable to malicious attacks? What would be the effort and the impact of employing a trusted moderator to find bad postings? Can a system automatically protect itself from spam, for instance, by exploiting user tag patterns? In a quest for answers to these questions, we introduce a framework for modeling tagging systems and user tagging behavior. We also describe a method for ranking documents matching a tag based on taggers' reliability. Using our framework, we study the behavior of existing approaches under malicious attacks and the impact of a moderator and our ranking method.


Cambridge Vocabulary for PET is informed by the Cambridge International Corpus and the Cambridge Learner Corpus to ensure that the vocabulary is presented in genuine contexts and covers real learner errors.


For a single vertical grounding electrode, its power frequency grounding resistance in homogeneous soil is different before and after soil freezing. This will affect the error of grounding resistance test as well as the effect of grounding measures. Therefore, through simulation in CDEGS, we calculated the grounding resistance of single vertical grounding electrode in frozen and unfrozen soil, denoted by R1 and R2, respectively. According to the results, R1 and R2 are mainly influenced by three factors, namely, the reflection coefficient, the thickness of frozen soil and the length of the vertical grounding electrode. When the electrode length is no more than the thickness of frozen soil, there is a linear relationship between R1 and R2; otherwise, the relationship would be nonlinear. We proposed equations for fitting the resistance, by which we obtained fitted R1 and R2 with relative error around ±5% when the electrode length is no more than the thickness of frozen soil, compared with the simulative results in CDEGS simulation values; when the electrode length is larger than the thickness of frozen soil, the abosolute value of error would be between 5% and 10%.