When fabricating restorations, cumurative errors including dimensional changes of the materials, technical errors, and other factors, have undue effect upon the accuracy of the final prosthesis. In order to compensate or correct those errors it is effective to apply remount procedure prior to cementation of the restoration. Remount procedure consists of the complex steps, however, is mandatory to eliminate unnecessary occlusal adjustment in the mouth, and thus is able to perform accurate organic occlusion. Further accomplishment of the excellent result of the final restoration is expected if cementation procedure is carefully achieved. Although it is ideal if the prosthesis is cemented on the abutment exactly as the same as on the articulator, it is difficult to maintain remount accuracy in the mouth due to cement medium which prevents complete seating of the restoration. To overcome such cementing error, several factors concerning with seating of the casting such as tooth-preparation, impression, die-spacing, fit of the casting and so on, should be considered. Articulated casts provide solid-body image for the human mouth, but the stomatognathic system is flexible and responds to the external and internal stimuli applied. Even when dealing with the articulated stone casts, it is suggested not to forget the biological mechanism of the stomatognathic system.


This paper aims to compare the environmental performance of two types of refractory bricks for the internal lining of ladles in secondary steelmaking, where the dissolved inclusions coming from the refractory material require fine control to obtain the target steel quality. In this context, magnesia-carbon-based refractories are largely utilized, thanks to the adequate durability of the ladle lining in terms of number of heats before re-lining, but the utilization of organic binders in the mixture (pitch, resins) arises ecological and human health concerns. Concurrently, research efforts in refractory material science look at improving the quality of steel by reducing the content of dissolved carbon due to the release from the bricks, thus focusing on different refractory materials and specifically on alumina-based materials. The European Commission funded the research project "LeanStory", aiming to promote such new lines of refractories through the cooperation between industrial partners and scholars where different recipes are considered. In the present paper, two representative systems of the refractory types considered, magnesia-carbon and magnesia-alumina, are compared with a preliminary Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Suppliers and transports for the two product systems have been taken into account, referring to one tonne of refractory material as the functional unit for comparison. Preliminary impact results (adopting the ReCiPe Midpoint–Hierarchist perspective methodology for calculating the impact indicators) show that the new solution performs largely better almost for each indicator. Further investigations are required in order to assess the ecological performance of the two systems, considering the effective consumption of bricks for the production of steel.


Based on the investigation of 72 farmer cooperatives in Beijing,Hebei,and Heilongjiang Province in China,this paper explored the influence of membership heterogeneity on farmer cooperatives' income distribution control right.The results show that membership heterogeneity mainly refers to the differences between council members and ordinary members in terms of education,scales,social skills,funded and roles. Membership heterogeneity can be divided into two kinds.One is heterogeneity of resources,and the other is heterogeneity of participation,which works significant effect on the farmer cooperatives' income distribution control right.As a result,encouraging ordinary members to participate more actively in the farmer cooperatives can be a good way for farmer cooperatives to regulate their income distribution control right.


The present invention relates to a network secure access protocol conforms to terminal method and system testing. The method comprises the following steps: 1) activation secure access authentication process; 2) captures the secure access authentication protocol data packet generated in the process; 3) analytical detection secure access protocol encapsulated data packet format and protocol flow. The present invention is to solve the technical problems present in the background art, and to provide an accurate test results, the test data integrity of the secure access protocol and network terminal consistent with an incorrect positioning method and system testing.


This paper describes the use of a distributed cloud computing system for high energy physics (HEP) applications. The system is composed of IaaS clouds integrated into a unified infrastructure that has been in production for over two years. It continues to expand in scale and sites, encompassing more than twenty clouds on three continents. We are prototyping a new context-aware architecture that enables the virtual machines to make connections to both software and data repositories based on geolocation information. The new design will significantly enhance the ability of the system to scale to higher workloads and run data-intensive applications. We review the operation of the production system and describe our work towards a context-aware cloud system.


RNA interference (RNAi) has inspired insect scientists to aim toward the development of this technology for protection against insect pests. The RNAi mechanism works at the intracellular level by exploiting a mode of action specific to the expression of genes, interrupting the transcription to translation process. Many of the limitations of RNAi technology are being addressed to adapt it for insect pest application. However, most of the insect pest problems for which RNAi is being developed involve direct plant-insect interactions, primarily in monocultures. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are important agricultural pests that generally do not feed directly on crops, yet have dramatic impact on agroecosystems such as pastures, orchards, and nurseries. The application of RNAi to pest ants is complicated by the social nature of ants. Here the goal is to examine the potential application of RNAi to ant pests, especially invasive ants, which present distinct challenges with regard to delivery, targeting, efficacy, and risks.


The trend of semiconductor advance packaging development is toward fine pitch and high I/O density. Wafer level package is good way to resolve fine pitch and high I/O density IC productions, especially package tape of Wafer Level Chip Scale Package (WLCSP). In traditional bumping process, such as printing [1], electric-plating [2] and ball mount [3–5], it is done by producing bumps on wafers. The paste printing technologies are very versatile with respect to the alloy composition that can be use, but is limited to pitches around 200um for 100um tall bumps. The electric-plating technique is somewhat limited for use in smaller facilities due to the high capital and operation costs. In addition, ternary alloys, like SnAgCu are difficult to plate with consistent results. There is also a practical upper limit to the size of the bump that can be produced, and most applications rare for fine pitch bumping. Ball mount technology uses performed solder spheres dropping through a metal template onto wafer at once. This technology is directly producing bumps on wafer which with high throughput and consistent bump results. Ball mounts process without using electric-plating electrolyte decrease cost and chemical pollution. This technique is applicable for many applications but there are several issues are associated with this technology that limits its widespread use in high volume and high yield applications. These limitations include of there is a practical lower limit to the size of sphere that can be dropped, the stencil between the performed solder spheres and the wafer can fail, causing a release of all the spheres into the tool (often referred to as bursts or escapes), and the yields are statistically low. To get high I/O density IC request, the trend of WLCSP I/O pad distributed design is toward to reduce I/O pitch and increase I/O density, and therefore impact solder ball size application of ball mount process, WLCSP Micro-ball mount technology is requested. There are several issues are associated with this technology that certain ball dropping position and escape issue. The most important factors associated with performance of Micro-ball mount technology are accurate dropping parameter, stencil quality and reflow condition. In this paper, we successfully produced WLCSP Micro-ball which diameter lower than 100um with bump pitch 130um onto 300mm wafers. Yield more than 99.99% without missing bump and bridge bump were realized for placing 70um spheres onto wafers with ∼2KK I/Os.


This article discusses the Effect of the Probing Prompting Learning Model on Students' Learning Outcomes in a Rectangular topic to know the differences in learning outcomes of students whose learning uses the Probing Prompting Learning Model and learning outcomes of students whose learning uses the direct Learning Model in Rectangular topic. The method used is an experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group design. The sampling technique used cluster random sampling and the technique of data collection through tests in the form of essays. The result of the research showed that there were differences in learning outcomes of students whose learning uses the Probing Prompting Learning Model and learning outcomes of students whose learning uses the direct Learning Model, whereas learning outcomes of students whose learning uses the Probing Prompting Learning Model were higher than learning outcomes of students whose learning uses direct Learning Model in Rectangular Topic. Probing prompting can guide students to express their ideas so that a process of thinking can generate each student's knowledge and experience.


doi: 10.1557/JMR.2000.0316, Published by the Materials Research Society, 31 January 2011. This article^1 has been retracted by the Editor-In-Chief. Figures 1, 2, 5, 20, and 21 were earlier published in the authors' publications in Materials Transactions, JIM ,^2 Applied Physics Letters ^3 (also retracted), and Materials Science and Engineering .^4 No permission was obtained from the publishers to reprint the figures. The authors also self-plagiarized substantial portions from all of the above publications. This retraction has no bearing on the previously published work, and the results stand as presented.


Social structure has always been one of the central concepts in classical and contemporary sociological thought. The concept of social structure points to a different articulation of the macro and micro elements of social life. Its meaning has to be understood in the context of the discursive networks in which it is used. The aim of the article is to explore the concept of social structure by making explicit the main conceptual networks from which the different uses of the concept obtain their meaning. We have organized our discussion of social structure around the four paradigms that we have identified as (1) methodological individualism, (2) methodological holism, (3) microsociological 'theory', (4) eclectic 'theory'.


Objective To explore the effect of Tongfu Xiere Enteroclysis Mixture( TXEM), a Chinese herbal recipe mainly composed of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, Natrii Sulfas, Fructus Gardeniae, Herba Elephantopi and Caulis Lonicerae, on blood endothelin(ET), secretory immunoglobulin A( sIgA) and nitric oxide( NO) contents as well as pathological morphology in ileum of mice with adhesive intestinal obstruction. Methods SD rat model with adhesive intestinal obstruction was established by injuring intestinal serosa with forceps. The model rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, high- and low-dose TXEM groups, model group and sham operation group. Additionally, normal group was set up. From the first day after operation, high- and low-dose TXEM groups were given TXEM, and model group, sham operation group and normal group were given normal saline for enema. The treatment lasted 2 weeks. On postoperative day 14, the related indexes were determined. Results Compared with the model group, high- and low-dose TXEM obviously decreased the degree and the foci number of intestinal adhesion(P0.05), increased the intestinal mucosal sIgA content(P 0.05 or P0.01), lowered blood ET levels and NO content in intestinal mucosa(P 0.05 or P0.01),and significantly relieved chronic inflammatory cell infiltration in intestinal mucosa. Conclusion TXEM can improve the anti-inflammatory action and immune responses in mice, and protect intestinal mucosal barrier and prevent the occurrence of inflammation, thus to prevent and cure adhesive intestinal obstruction.


A comparison of the Brazilian pharmacopeial methodologies for water determination in plant raw materials is presented for the following species: Calendula officinalis, Foeniculum vulgare, Maytenus ilicifolia e Passiflora alata. In addition, the validation of water determination by infrared drying was carried out for these species. The results obtained using the azeotropic distillation method (Brazilian Pharmacopoeia - "Determination of Water by Azeotropic Distillation") were significantly different (p<0.05) than those obtained using two different gravimetric methods (Brazilian Pharmacopoeia - "Determination of Water in Vegetable Drugs" and "Determination of loss on Drying"). However, no significant statistical difference was observed between the two gravimetric methodologies. After optimization of operating conditions, the results of water determination by infrared drying were not significantly different than those obtained using the loss on drying pharmaceutical method. Also, no statistically significant differences were observed for repeatability, intermediate precision and reproducibility of the method, demonstrating the accuracy and precision of the proposed methodology.


Human resources is the key factor for corporate competitive advantage, so attracting and retaining excellent talents is vital to obtain competitive advantage for any enterprise. Due to the strategic role of the corporate image, some organizations are looking for new ways to consummate corporate image so as to acquire more excellent talents to enhance competitive advantage. However, in the era of knowledge based economy demands more high-level talents, which leads to freer talent flow. Then the issue of how corporate image could influence the corporate attractiveness for talents is a tough task, which should be studied theoretically and practically. This paper examined the influence of the corporate image on the corporate attractiveness for talents in Chinese labor market. We began by providing a concept model and present some hypotheses, then dimensional compositions of the corporate image in the opinion of Chinese young educated public was proceeding, and the investigation was performed among the postgraduates of business major in China. Two kinds of corporate image (background corporate image and decisive corporate image) were taken into the model that used for estimating the influence of corporate image on the corporate attractiveness for talents. So the test model will be modified according to the actual situation in China. Our results showed that corporate image had a significant positive effect on the corporate attractiveness for talents under the intermediaries of information exposure and individual cognition in Chinese labor market. Accordingly, we provide some managerial suggestions.


To circumvent current limitations of wearable sensors that can be used to assess and monitor joint movements, we developed an accurate, low-cost, flexible wearable sensor comprising a retractable reel, a string, and a potentiometer. This sensor is intended to estimate joint angles in correlation with the amount of skin stretch measured by the change in the length of the string. In this study, we validated the accuracy of the sensor against an optoelectronic system in estimating knee joint angles using a dataset obtained from 9 healthy individuals while they walk and run on a treadmill. By our simple calibration procedure, we could convert the voltage output of the potentiometer to the amount of skin stretch as subjects flex or extend their knee. Then, we incorporated a simple polynomial fitting model to estimate the joint angle. Using a leave-one-subject-out cross validation, we achieved an average root mean square error of 4.51 degrees. This work demonstrates the accuracy of the proposed system in estimating knee joint angles and provides the basis to develop more complex systems to assess and monitor joints having more degrees of freedom. We believe that our novel low-cost wearable sensing technology has great potential to enable joint kinematic monitoring in ambulatory settings.


Objective To investigate the influence of the PP2A-Aα gene on the biological behaviors of colorectal cancer cells.Methods Three shRNA vectors were designed and stably transfected into SW480 cells.RT-PCR analysis was made to screen the group with the highest inhibitory rate.The cellular proliferation capacity was detected by MTT assay and the motion invasion capacity was detected by transwell assay of colorectal cancer SW480 cells after stable transfection.Results RT-PCR analysis showed that cancer cells transfected with pS-shRNA599 vector had the strongest inhibition of PP2A-Aα expression(72.8%),while MTT assay showed that the cellular proliferation capacity of cancer cells in the experimental group was enhanced more significantly than that in the control group(P0.01).The transwell assay showed that the cells passing the polycarbonate membranes were more significant in PP2A-Aα-knockdown cells than in the control cells(P0.01).Conclusions Reduction of PP2A-Aα mRNA expression could improve the capacity of cellular proliferation and invasion of colorectal cancer SW480 cells.PP2A might play a tumor suppressive role in colorectal cancer cells.


Elettaria cardamomum(L.)Matonenriched jaggery (ECEJ) of Co 86032, Co 419 and Co 62175 sugarcane varieties at 0.05 %, 0.1 % and 0.2 % concentrations were evaluated for lipoxygenase inhibitory activity and antihelmintic activity. Total phenol content of ECEJ indicated significant difference between enriched and control jaggery and showed a dose dependent increase for all the varieties. ECEJ(0.2 %) showed an increased inhibitory effect on lipoxygenase activity with an EC 50 of 0.22, 0.21 and 0.19 mg/mLfor Co 86032, Co419 and Co 62175 sugarcane, respectively. A positive correlation (r = 0.991, 0.891 and 0.992) was observed between total phenolics and antilipoxygenase activity of ECEJ for Co 86032, Co 419 and Co 62175 varieties.ECEJ exhibited antihelmintic activity at 0.5g/mL concentration. However, no significant difference in activity was observed between different concentration of spice enri chment and sugarcane varieties. Thus, enrichment of jaggery with E. cardamomumincreases its health beneficial potential.


Moral claims against human-embryonic stem-cell research are based in a priori claims that include and often start from mistaken assumptions about the natural world. They amount, in effect, to deriving an is from an ought . The result is bad moral arguments, and also bad policy. This chapter looks at what stem cells are, what stem-cell research is, what embryonic stem cells are, why researchers want to do embryonic-stem-cell research, what leads opponents to their poorly informed moral positions, and then why such research should be at least allowed and even why it should be actually conducted.


Abstract One hundred twenty weanling male albino rats (Sprague-Dawley) were employed in two 3×2 factorial experiments designed to compare effects of substituting α -lactose and β -lactose for the glucose component of diets containing either adequate or excess phosphorus. Rats receiving glucose had no diarrhea and gained faster than rats receiving lactose. Further, glucosefed rats had more carcass fat but less carcass water and calcium than lactose-fed rats. Pair-gain studies indicated that these carcass effects were independent of gain and final body weight. Rats fed lactose had much larger ceca than those fed glucose. Blood samples taken just prior to slaughter revealed higher hematocrits for rats receiving lactose than for those receiving glucose. α -Lactose effected a greater weight gain than β -lactose when fed with adequate phosphorus or with excess phosphorus as H 3 PO 4 . Conversely, with excess phosphorus as Na 2 HPO 4 , β -lactose supported a faster rate of gain than α -lactose. Excess phosphorus provided as H 3 PO 4 uniformly depressed rate and efficiency of gain.


Background: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) catalytic activity becomes "uncoupled" when tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is limiting or absent which causes the endothelial function to be impaird....


In order to solve the problem of the OFDM broadband signal processing,this paper introduced a algorithm for the direction of arrival( DOA) estimation of OFDM signal based on the wideband signal covariance matrix sparse representation. It averaged the triangle elements in the lower left corner of the main diagonal of the covariance matrix to form a new vector,and wrote the vector in the form of a redundant dictionary. The signal in a redundant dictionary the sparsity constraints formed a second-order cone constrained optimization problems,and then used toolbox SeDuMi to do DOA estimation. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed method is an effective wideband signal DOA estimation algorithm and has high resolution in low signal-to-noise ratio and less number of snapshots,it is better than higher order cumulant algorithm and wideband focused matrix algorithm DOA estimation method.


Simple Summary Homeostasis of the uterus after mating is crucial for the subsequent reproductive events. The post-mating inflammatory response is restricted to the uterus, but semen also modulates the expression of other genes involved in regulation along the female reproductive tract, including the oviduct. This study aims to determine if several ejaculate fractions of the pig may modulate cell proliferation and differentiation-related transcripts in different sections of the peri-ovulatory sow reproductive tract. Our data demonstrate that most of the mRNA expression changes of the 144 transcripts tested were induced by mating. Additionally, spermatozoa and seminal plasma also triggered differential expression of the transcripts tested. Finally, our data imply that spermatozoa, seminal plasma components, and the act of mating induce differential mechanisms in the peri-ovulatory female reproductive tract, which are essential for tissue repair. Abstract Uterine homeostasis is maintained after mating by eliminating pathogens, foreign cells, and proteins by a transient inflammation of the uterus. Such inflammation does not occur in the oviductal sperm reservoir (utero-tubal junction, UTJ), colonized by a population of potentially fertile spermatozoa before the inflammatory changes are triggered. Semen entry (spermatozoa and/or seminal plasma) modifies the expression of regulatory genes, including cell proliferation and differentiation-related transcripts. Considering pigs display a fractionated ejaculation, this study aims to determine whether different ejaculate fractions differentially modulate cell proliferation and differentiation-related transcripts in the sow reproductive tract during the peri-ovulatory stage. Using species-specific microarray analyses, the differential expression of 144 cell proliferation and differentiation-related transcripts was studied in specific segments: cervix (Cvx), distal and proximal uterus (DistUt, ProxUt), UTJ, isthmus (Isth), ampulla (Amp), and infundibulum (Inf) of the peri-ovulatory sow reproductive tract in response to semen and/or seminal plasma cervical deposition. Most mRNA expression changes were induced by mating. In addition, while mating upregulates the fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1, p-value DistUt = 0.0007; ProxUt = 0.0253) transcript in the endometrium, both its receptor, the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1, p-value DistUt = 2.14 e−06; ProxUt = 0.0027; UTJ = 0.0458) transcript, and a potentiator of its biological effect, the fibroblast growth factor binding protein 1 (FGFBP1), were downregulated in the endometrium (p-value DistUt = 0.0068; ProxUt = 0.0011) and the UTJ (p-value UTJ = 0.0191). The FGFBP1 was downregulated in the whole oviduct after seminal depositions (p-value Isth = 0.0007; Amp = 0.0007; Inf = 6.87 e−05) and, interestingly, FGFR1 was downregulated in the endometrium in the absence of semen (p-value DistUt = 0.0097; ProxUt = 0.0456). In conclusion, the findings suggest that spermatozoa, seminal components, and the act of mating trigger, besides inflammation, differential mechanisms in the peri-ovulatory female reproductive tract, relevant for tissue repair.


Problem statement: The unregulated discharge of contaminants from point sources into inland freshwater aquatic systems and the resultant deteri oration of water quality are largely undocumented i n developing countries like Nigeria especially with r espect to the role of seasonal factors on the recov ery capacity of aquatic systems. Approach: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of abattoir and saw-mill industry effluents on the physicochemical properties of Upper Ogun River (Abeokuta) Nigeria. Bi-monthly sampling was carried out using three sampling points upstream and downstream of the point source of discharge over a period of six months (wet and dry season). Water samples were analyzed using standard procedures. The parameters determined were: Temperature, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Solids (TS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids, Phosphate (PO 4 3- ), Nitrate (NO 3 - ), Chloride (Cl - ), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Results: The mean values of Temperature, BOD, COD, TS, TDS, TSS, PO 4 3- , NO 3 - , Cl - were significantly higher (p<0.05) during the dry season compared to the wet season. It was also observed that the DO values wer e higher during the wet season compared to the dry season. Recovery studies as a measure of the self-p urification capacity of Upper Ogun River to the abattoir and saw-mill effluents being received show ed that Chloride recorded the highest recovery value downstream from the point discharge. All the parameters studied except Temperature, pH and Chloride exceeded the water quality standards for f isheries and aquatic life specified by the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) maximum permissible standards for drinking water. Conclusion/Recommendations: The recovery capacity of river Ogun shows a strong dependence on seasonal changes. The elevated values of the phy sicochemical parameters are of concern with regards to the possible effects on sustainable fish eries in this river, if such pollution trends remai n unchanged. It is therefore imperative that complian ce of industries to standards and regulations on the use of the environment should be enforced.


During the summer of 2006, a heat wave spread throughout most of the United States and Canada, and by the end of August, at least 225 people had died as a result of the unrelenting high temperatures. The weather was particularly bad in the Southwest, and in Oklahoma City twelve deaths were blamed on the heat. In Queens, New York, at the end of July, there was a series of power outages that left at least 10,000 residents without electricity for over a week.At that time, I was living in Brooklyn with my wife and daughter, struggling to finish a book, and working as a guest lecturer for the Bard (College) Prison Initiative. One afternoon, I got a phone call: Fanny McConnell Ellison, the widow of Ralph Ellison, had died the previous fall, and the estate was soon to be settled. Would I consider coming, as soon as possible, to the Ellison apartment on the Upper West Side so that I could take a look at the author's record collection? There was no proviso for the records in the will, and the collection needed a home.The Ellisons had already made provisions for those artifacts, manuscripts, letters, source materials, working notes and first editions that were deemed to be of consequence. They ended up at the Library of Congress. The rest of the contents of the apartment, including the furnishings, according to the Ellisons' last wishes, were to be liquidated-and the proceeds were to go to charity. "Liquidation" in this context meant that they were to be sold to the lowest bidder-a hauling company-and thence, to the dumpster.I had the time and the inclination to make the trip, which amounted to about an hour's train ride. I grabbed an artifact of my own, a 1990s era recording Sony Walkman, and headed for the subway.I had been a devotee of Ralph Ellison since my post-college days on the north side of Chicago, when I had devoured his novel-Invisible Man-during the sweltering summer of 1989. That year, Spike Lee's Do the Right Thing and Tim Burton's Batman were in theaters, and the North American Drought of 1988 was still in full force. In Chicago, it seemed as if there were rarely a day when the temperature dropped below ninety degrees. In what since then has become clear to me was a highly implausible scenario, the Cubs were in a pennant race. On some days, when the winds were right, my roommates and I could hear the sound of the cheers from Wrigley Field, several blocks away, as they floated through the open windows of our apartment, just seconds after they blared from the speakers of our giant cathode ray Magnavox color television.Ellison's book had a strangely hypnotic effect on me; the surreal episodes were a perfect complement to my mildly disoriented state, brought about by the recent exodus of my closest college chums for Los Angeles and New York, the hasty, unannounced departure of my live-in girlfriend several months earlier, and the unbelievably oppressive heat. As claustrophobic as the book felt at times, there was also a sense of a vast psychological space just behind the prose, which was perhaps the most elegant and powerful I had ever encountered.What I did not know about Ellison at the time was that he was to have an impact on me far into my mature adulthood, and that his was a perspective I would come to study and absorb, especially given the value he placed on American vernacular music, which was becoming increasingly important to me. This reconciliation of sound and meaning was given full voice in Ellison's essays, especially those that dealt, not unromantically, with his boyhood experiences growing up alongside seminal jazz musicians in prohibition era Oklahoma City. I felt prepared for whatever awaited me at the Ellison apartment, which was in the Beaumont, an eleven-story building on the corner of Riverside and 150th Street in Manhattan.After negotiating the building's lobby, which, despite its impressive marble floors and majestic staircase had definitely seen better days, I was met at the front door of apartment 8D by a representative of the law firm that administered the Ellison estate. …


Abstract Assistive Technology (AT) product use occurs within a socio-cultural setting. The growth internationally in the AT product market suggests that designers need to be aware of the influences that diverse cultures may have on the societal perception of an AT product through its semantic attributes. The study aimed to evaluate the visual interaction with an AT product by young adults from Pakistan, a collectivist society, and the United Kingdom (UK), an individualist society. A paper-based questionnaire survey was carried out with 281 first-year undergraduate students from the UK and Pakistan to evaluate their perception towards the visual representation of a generic conventional wheelchair image. A semantics differential (SD) scale method was used involving a seven-point bipolar SD scale incorporating sixteen pairs of adjectives defining functional, meaning, and usability attributes of the product. The mean (M) and standard deviation (sd) values were obtained for each pair of adjectives and compared between both groups by employing appropriate parametric tests. The results show that having a diverse cultural background did not appear to have overtly influenced the meanings ascribed to the generic manual wheelchair, which was unexpected. The University 'Internationalist' environment may have influenced the results. Some minor but critical differences were found for some pairs of adjectives (bulky-compact, heavy-light), having p-value less than .05 (p < .05) that related to previous experience of wheelchairs and/or their use. Further studies are planned to investigate and validate outcomes with other student and non-student groups. Implications for Rehabilitation The semantic attributes of assistive technologies highlight a number of aspects that have implications for those involved in Assistive Technology (AT) product development, manufacturing and marketing. • For online sales, the AT products rely on the web page image to communicate the purpose and attributes of the product. There are limited explorations related to the semantic/communicative attributes of AT product presented in images, as perceived by individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds. • The knowledge towards semantic meaning ascribed to the AT product is important to investigate to provide a perspective that goes beyond practical functions of the AT product towards the communicative function. • Information of comprehending semantics and significance of the AT product from a social (non-users) viewpoint may benefits manufacturers in the development of AT products that best meet the societal needs, preferences and expectations. • A model of best practice, with a focus on semantic manipulation will offer Industrial Designers (ID) internationally with the suitable process and tools to reframe perceptions of disability and enhance acceptance of AT products not only for users, but also for the society around them.


In Multi-input multioutput service, design of distributed explicit control flow procedures are being considered recently because of the abundance in wired/wireless applications. Several Multicasting approaches are proposed for achieving the proper flow control in MIMO systems. One of the approach is SPID (Distributed selftuning proportional integrative plus derivate) and SPI (Distributed self-tuning proportional plus integrative) controller which provides low packet loss and high stability during transmission of data in MIMO systems. But this approach cannot manage buffer properly if the network has larger time delay. This paper proposes a SAAP technique for managing buffer even for larger time delay by sending the control packet acknowledgement back to sender when buffer capacity exceeds its limit. The simulations are performed and shown an improvement of 28% over SPID & SPI controller approach. Keywords— Buffer Management, Multi-Input-Multi-Output Systems, Control Flow


The realization of the process formation of common and professional competences at the stage of higher education is not possible without a creative approach to teaching aimed at updating and development of personal qualities of students that make up the creative potential. Effective solution to this problem through the use of active methods of pedagogy contributes to the disclosure provisions of personal and professional development required in modern conditions of continuous education. An evaluation of the characteristics of the creative potential of medical school graduates identifi ed the lack of development of imagination and originality, for whom education is recommended to use special psychological exercises. Differentiated use creative teaching methods at different stages of university training ensures high effi ciency of the educational process, survival knowledge and high professional competence of future specialists. Кeywords: creativity, professional competence, continuing education, creative teaching methods


The control device used in particular for aircraft, comprises at least one digital computer (24), transmitters of instructions (12, 14) in the form of digital messages comprising a number of aid (34) identifying the message and data (36), following a standardized format, and actuators (26) executing instructions, controlled by the computer (24). The device also comprises means (46) for decoding digital messages transmitted by the transmitters (12, 14) and voice synthesis means (50) providing a voice announcement indicating the actually issued clear orders.


This paper describes the design of robust control of PI/Backstepping for the snake robot to control the joints motion. First, the stability of the method is proved and, by applying this controller to the robot, its motion pattern is controlled in a way that it can move and follow by mimicking the motion of real snakes on the predefined trajectories. Then, the control parameters is optimized using the Genetic Algorithm (GA). Comparing obtained results with sliding mode revealed that, the former has significantly reduced the tracking error and control energy; in addition there is no chattering phenomenon.


Banks contribute through their work to financial developments as they ensure at least the necessary structure for the market economy. The lending activity of banks takes place in accordance with the national regulations specific to each country individually and it supports the facilitation of the business conduct as well as of the one belonging to non-financial clients. The lending methodology varies from one bank to another depending on the national policy of each one and also on the policies specific to the Central Bank existent in each country. The loan lending process requires a detailed analysis on the behalf of the bank so as to cover the default risk. The purpose of this paper is to examine the possible methods used by banks with the purpose of estimating the cash flows and the related growth rates for those medium-term and long-term loans granted to legal entities.


Objective To study the risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients complicated with cerebral infarction.Methods 32 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients complicated with cerebral infarction(group A) and 30 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (group B) were enrolled in the study. The living habit, history, blood lipids, blood glucose, body mass index and height were investigated, also common carotid artery intimal thickness (CCA-IMT) and plaque incidence rate were measured by two-dimensional color Doppler ultrasound, and the relationship between them was evaluated.Results There were significant differences between two groups in age, duration of smoking, course of diabetes, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) (all P0.05), also significant differences in body mass index, total cholesterol, fibrinogen (Fg) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (all P0.01). CCA-IMT and plaque incidence rate were obviously different between the two groups ( P 0.05~0.01). Positive correlations were found between CCA-IMT and age, duration of diabetes, HDL, Fg, FBG and HbA1c ( r= 0.58, 0.37, 0.45, 0.39 and 0.48, respectively, all P 0.01). A negative correlation was found between CCA-IMT and HDL ( r=-0.41, P0.05).Conclusion To prevent cerebral infarction in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, it is valuable to control FBG, HbA1c, HDL, Fg and monitor CCA-IMT and plaque.


[1] A polynya has been observed in satellite imagery to occur irregularly between the months of July and October in the Cosmonaut Sea. To investigate the processes of formation, maintenance, and decay of these polynyas, a 13-year climatology of Antarctic atmospheric and surface conditions is assembled from numerical weather prediction model analyses and remotely sensed satellite observations. An analytical technique used previously to identify and track atmospheric low pressure systems is modified to identify polynyas from daily analyses of sea ice area. This information is used to prepare a set of monthly climatological conditions as well as their anomalies when a polynya is present. Previous studies have suggested a link between atmospheric forcing and polynya formation. Along with the drop in sea ice area, there is a drop in sea level pressure as well as an increase in atmospheric wind divergence when the Cosmonaut Sea polynya is present. In some months, the sea ice area decrease is preceded by the passage of an atmospheric low pressure system 1–2 days earlier, but due to the continuous presence of katabatic winds and the coarseness of the ECMWF data, there is not as definitive a relationship between wind divergence and sea level pressure or ice area. Errors associated with the processing of passive microwave remotely sensed data, as well as differences in spatial scale limit that can be determined about the ocean state from the data sets, suggest the need for improved surface classification techniques, as well as regional modeling studies.


Abstract This paper considers how the trauma of child sexual abuse and the roles of victim and abuser affect not only those directly involved in the abuse but also those who work with it, their institutions and the wider network. It suggests that the emotional impact of such work should not be underestimated and that good supervision which considers the emotional impact of this and similar life crisis interventions, is vital for everyone working in this field


This study aims at examining why Shakespeare's Hamlet has been adapted and appropriated in different historical and cultural contexts. The study begins by introducing the reasons behind adapting this play and how the play's thematic variety and its deep tackling of controversial philosophical, social, political and human issues, that interest everyone from different cultures and times, are the reasons that made it transcultural. The study then tries to trace the journey of adapting Hamlet through history starting from the seventeenth century up to postmodern era. After that, it dwells on examples from different cultural contexts such as Europe, Asia and Africa, Canada and many other places to prove the play's universality. The study also includes many examples of cinematic, poetic and cartoony adaptations of the play to indicate the ability of the play to adjust itself to different artistic and cultural mediums. Keywords: adaptations, appropriations, transculturalism DOI : 10.7176/JLLL/56-04 Publication date :May 31 st 2019


The Italian colonial experience, which started late 1869 (and, officially, 1882) is a betrayal of the principle of nationality that constituted the very foundation of the new Italian State (1861). Mancini developed the theory of nationality as the foundation of international law in a public lecture made in 1851. What could hardly be expected is that the same Mancini, who became minister of foreign affairs after the Italian unification, was among the promoters of the Italian colonialist policy along the coast of the Red Sea. He stated that international law did not apply to the territories inhabited by wild tribes and colonialized by civilized nations, that colonies were intended as the preferable destination for the growing flow of Italian emigrants and that colonial campaigns were a training opportunity for the Italian army that would otherwise remain idle in barracks. The historic defeat of Adwa (1896) showed how opportunistic was the Italian concept of nationality.


Arctic sea routes have long been a worldwide focus because they create shorter distances between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans and because of their role in relieving pressure on the two busiest traditional routes for maritime shipping. Models used to address the profitability of Arctic shipping have neglected the variety of navigation speeds along Arctic routes related to various ice situations in the Arctic zone. As well, risks of disruption and recovery costs are seldom taken into account in the models. To improve the accuracy of assessments, this paper analyzes disruptions and delays along Arctic container shipping routes and presents a nonlinear programming model for minimizing operation costs, including penalties for deviations in arrival time and for undelivered containers. Piecewise linear interpolation is used to transform this nonlinear problem into a mixed-integer linear programming problem. Results of a case study are discussed for validity and improvements. This study could help shipping liners design a service network of container shipping through the Arctic routes.


(57) Abstract: formula (I): in The compounds and compositions containing the compounds exhibit favorable crystal phase temperature range, and can be used in the optical display apparatus and cholesteric liquid-crystal coloring agents.


The human gene for brain nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) was previously assigned to chromosome 12 by analysis of a panel of somatic cell hybrids. We report here the refinement of this localization to 12q24.2-->24.31 by fluorescent in situ hybridization.


Qinzhou Bay is a tropical semiclosed bay with the highest phytoplankton diversity and a high frequency of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the Guangxi coastal area, located north of the Beibu Gulf. Phaeocystis globosa is a typical HAB species in the Guangxi coastal area, and blooms mainly occur in autumn and winter. The causes of these blooms and the succession of phytoplankton assemblages related to the blooms are complicated and not fully understood. Therefore, a continuous survey was conducted monthly from October 2018 to March 2019 to study the succession of the phytoplankton community in Qinzhou Bay and its relationship with environmental variables in this area. The results revealed that the dynamics of the phytoplankton assemblages varied significantly with time, and P. globosa was the most frequent dominant species in five of these voyages, with the highest cell density of 3.79 ± 1.34 × 106 cells/L in January. Chaetoceros species had a high density and were a dominant species associated with P. globosa in the early stage, while they were replaced by Guinardia striata when the density of P. globosa increased rapidly in January, and the abundance of dinoflagellates increased after the decline in P. globosa. The diversity index indicated that the community structure was more stable from October to December, while the sharp increase in P. globosa in January caused a decline in phytoplankton diversity. The redundancy analysis (RDA) results revealed that the phytoplankton community structure and its variation were mainly affected by hydrological and chemical factors, including DIN/DIP, temperature, DSi, DIP and DSi/DIP. Furthermore, we inferred that phosphorus (P) was the key factor limiting the colony formation of P. globosa, and P limitation prevented the outbreak of blooms. This research may provide more insight into the mechanisms driving and prevention of P. globosa blooms.


This study examines the effectiveness of the Western Australian Environmental Protection Authority (EPA), from its inception in 1971 to 1996. While environmental concerns have risen considerably in recent times, environmental awareness can be traced back to early historical beginnings. Yet, despite this initiaJ awareness it took some time before environmental problems permeated the public consciousness, to occupy the political agenda. However, in the early 1970s, govc.nments throughout the First World responded to research and heightened awareness of environmental concerns, with specific legislation to protect the environment. A common feature of the legislation, was the provision for a main administrative body with designated powers and responsibilities to assist in environmental management. Hence, this study undertakes a review of the environmental protection legislation in Western Australia, with specific concentration upon the EPA. This is done by evaluating the original Environmental Protection Act 1971 (EP Act), and its successor the 1986 EP Act. In aodition, the significance of two sets of amendments to the main legislation, in 1980 and 1993, have been explored. This study found that the 1986 EP Act was the strongest environmental legislation enacted in Western Australia. It increased the power and influence of the EPA, which enhanced its ability to provide adequate environmental advice to government. However, the power and influence of the EPA appear to have been, restricted by the 1993 amendments. Moreover, a common trend emerged over the period studied, which indicated an ideological difference between the two major political parties concerning environmental legislation and the strength and independence of the EPA. Finally, the need for governments to adopt a long-term approach to environmental management is recommended.


—Understanding how changes in training data affect a trained model is critical to building trust in various stages of a machine learning pipeline: from cleaning poor-quality samples and tracking important ones to be collected during data preparation, to calibrating uncertainty of model prediction, to interpreting why certain behaviors of a model emerge during deployment. In this paper, we present a framework, D ATA 2M ODEL , for predicting the output model of a learning algorithm given the input data points. Specifically, D ATA 2M ODEL learns a parameterized function that takes a dataset S as the input and predicts the model obtained by training on S . Despite the potential complexity of the underlying end-to-end training process being approximated, we show that a neural network- based set function class can successfully predict the trained model from its training data. We introduce novel global and local regularization techniques for preventing overfitting and rigorously characterize the expressive power of neural networks (NN) in approximating the end-to-end training process. We perform extensive empirical investigations and demonstrate that D ATA 2M ODEL gives rise to a wide range of applications that boost the interpretability and accountability of machine learning (ML), such as data valuation, data selection, memorization quantification, and model calibration.


Twenty weed species belonging to 15 families were found in rice fields near Kampung Tandop, in the Muda
Irrigation Scheme, Kedah, Malaysia. The dominant weeds in dry-seeded rice were Utriculatia aurea Lour.,
Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl., Echinochloa cruss-galli (L.) Beauv., Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f)
Presl and Najas graminea (Del.) Ridl.. In the wet-seedled rice, the dominant species were N. graminea, Lemna
minor L, Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn., U. aurea, and Sagiuaria guayanensis H.B.K. while in volunteer
seedling rice fields, the dominant species were Echinochloa colollllm (L.) Link., Fimbristylis alboviridis C.B.
Clarke, F. miliacca, Cyperus babakan Steud. and Fuirena umbellata Rottb.. Dry-seeded rice fields contained
the highest number of weed seeds (930,910/m2. in the top 15 inch of soil); volunteer seedling rice fields contained 793, 162/m2 and wet-seeded rice fields 712,228/m2. In general, seed number declined with increasing soil depth.
At 10-15 cm depth, seed of U. aurea and S. zeylanica were tile most abundant in dry- and wet-seeded rice fields,
whilst seeds of Scirpus juncoides Roxb. and F. miliacea were most abundant in volunteer seedling fields.


This paper deals with the optimisation of the joint for thin-walled compressed elements that have circular hollow sections (CHS). A steel pipe is studied that has 3 m length, 52.3 mm diameter and 3 mm thick wall. Few examples of joint shapes are proposed. The first of them uses two extra plates that are perpendicular to the circular section. They are both in the shape of an isosceles triangle with 100 mm long and 3 mm thick sides. The second option uses four of those triangle plates. The next step is to provide perforation only in the joint area as well as along the whole element. The last option is to use a short smaller pipe inside the base pipe. Results have been compared to each other and conclusions are summarised.


This study assesses the dispersion and emission rates of odor form industrial area source. CALPUFF and AERMOD Gaussian models were used for predicting downwind odor concentration and calculating odor emission rates. The studied region was Seobu industrial complex in Korea. Odor samples were collected five days over a year period in 2006. In-site meteorological data (wind direction and wind speed) were used to predict concentration. The BOOT statistical examination software was used to analyze the data. Comparison between the predicted and field sampled downwind concentration using BOOT analysis indicates that the CALPUFF model prediction is a little better than AERMOD prediction for average downwind odor concentrations. Predicted concentrations of AERMOD model have a little larger scatter than that of CALPUFF model. The results also show odor emission rates of Seobu industrial complex area were an order of 10 smaller than that of beef cattle feed lots.


Colorectal cancer represents an increasingly important health care problem in the United States, as well as in other developed countries of the world.7,24 Although great progress has been made to decrease the mortality from other types of cancer, no significant alteration has occurred in mortality rates for colorectal cancer in the past 50 years.5,7 This is because no widespread screening modalities have been implemented and most patients present to their practitioners when symptoms occur, thus reducing the 5-year survival rate to around 44%.20 This is tragic, indeed, as the 5-year survival rate is approximately 75% when colorectal cancer is diagnosed and treated in its asymptomatic stage.20 This paper, which reflects an international review of the literature and the authors' experience, discusses the etiology of colorectal cancer, as well as individuals at increased risk for the development of the disease, and systematically examines screening for fecal occult blood. Nurses can exert a major role in altering the statistics of colorectal cancer by assisting in the development and implementation of effective programs for its early detection and prompt treatment.


The authors investigate social-psychological peculiarities of students of the special educational infrastructure in the innovative economics development of our country – the young entrepreneur training school. For the first time the authors assess the abilities of the youth trained in this special infrastructure in accord with the entrepreneurship competences model. The research is conducted among 36 students of the young  entrepreneur training school of UNN named after N.I. Loba-chevsky. At the data acquisition stage J. Holland's professional preferences questionnaire modified by G.V. Rezapkina, «KAIMA» test, questionnaire of terminal values-2 were used. The data processing was carried out by means of descriptive statistics methods, non-parametric Mann-Whitney test, cluster analysis. The results of the investigation show that the students of the young entrepreneur training school possess indexes of readiness and inclination to innovative entrepreneurship, which exceed the middle level. Entrepreneurship is not the most prefe-rable activity for the students but it's included into the dominant preoccupational types. The students' level of innovation and the demand in creativity is moderately higher than the middle one. The inner values prevail in the students' needs sphere and this contributes to their achievement of success in the business, the content of which is in the sphere of their concern. The students possess the want of success achievement which will conduce performance of their goals and effective business planning. The most important for entrepreneurs life spheres (professional activity and education) are less vividly expressed than social-political and entertainment life spheres. This restricts the choice of entrepreneurship activity field.


A tiny fragment of a cuneiform tablet was recovered in the Ophel excavations in Jerusalem in 2013. Even smaller than the fragment recovered in the 2009–2010 excavations (published in IEJ 60 in 2010), the fragment preserves only parts of five signs. Nevertheless, on the basis of the provenance study and an analysis of the physical tablet and sign forms, we are able to suggest a Ramesside date for the tablet and propose that this fragment, like the earlier tablet, comes from a royal letter. 140 MICHAEL D. PRESS: The Chronology of Philistine Figurines ABSTRACT: This article provides new perspectives on the development of Philistine figurines over the course of the Iron Age I. It begins by surveying the major types of figurines in Philistia in this period and considering changes in the assemblage, based primarily on the stratigraphy of the major sites with significant figurine corpora (Ashdod, Ashkelon, Miqne). It then moves to a comparison of developments within Philistia to those in the Aegean and Cyprus. Again, sites with stratigraphic sequences are the most important sources of data, both on Cyprus (Enkomi, Kition, Sinda) and in the Aegean (Lefkandi, Mycenae). Of note is the fact that Philistine figurine developments parallel Cypriot and Mycenaean Greek developments through most of the twelfth century, supporting the idea of continuing contact among the three regions for several decades. Through careful consideration of comparative stratigraphy, then, figurine assemblages—despite their relatively small size— can provide an important supplementary source of data for the chronological debate regarding the Iron Age I. This article provides new perspectives on the development of Philistine figurines over the course of the Iron Age I. It begins by surveying the major types of figurines in Philistia in this period and considering changes in the assemblage, based primarily on the stratigraphy of the major sites with significant figurine corpora (Ashdod, Ashkelon, Miqne). It then moves to a comparison of developments within Philistia to those in the Aegean and Cyprus. Again, sites with stratigraphic sequences are the most important sources of data, both on Cyprus (Enkomi, Kition, Sinda) and in the Aegean (Lefkandi, Mycenae). Of note is the fact that Philistine figurine developments parallel Cypriot and Mycenaean Greek developments through most of the twelfth century, supporting the idea of continuing contact among the three regions for several decades. Through careful consideration of comparative stratigraphy, then, figurine assemblages—despite their relatively small size— can provide an important supplementary source of data for the chronological debate regarding the Iron Age I. 172 ITZHAQ SHAI and JOE UZIEL: Addressing Survey Methodology in the Southern Levant: Applying Different Methods for the Survey of Tel Burna, Israel ABSTRACT: Surveying in the southern Levant has until recently been limited to basic methods of surface artefact collection. While recent regional studies have begun to integrate other methods, surveys conducted on individual sites—particularly multiperiod settlements (tels)—remain outdated. The following study presents the results of two different survey methods applied at the site of Tel Burna, Israel—surface artefact collection and test-pit surveying—and conducts a three-way comparison between the two survey methods and the excavation results, in an effort to promote survey methodology in the region and to determine the best way for surveying such sites. This will help to reduce the expense and damage caused by excavation, while providing further information on the sites, not obtainable through excavation. Surveying in the southern Levant has until recently been limited to basic methods of surface artefact collection. While recent regional studies have begun to integrate other methods, surveys conducted on individual sites—particularly multiperiod settlements (tels)—remain outdated. The following study presents the results of two different survey methods applied at the site of Tel Burna, Israel—surface artefact collection and test-pit surveying—and conducts a three-way comparison between the two survey methods and the excavation results, in an effort to promote survey methodology in the region and to determine the best way for surveying such sites. This will help to reduce the expense and damage caused by excavation, while providing further information on the sites, not obtainable through excavation. 191 ERIC MITCHELL, R. ADAM DODD and S. CAMERON COYLE: More 'Boundary of Gezer' Inscriptions: One New and Another Rediscovered ABSTRACT: The article discusses two Boundary of Gezer inscriptions found in 2012. One inscription, classified as no. 4, had previously been discovered by Clermont-Ganneau but was never fully published, and had not been seen in the field since his time. The other is a newly discovered thirteenth Gezer boundary inscription; the tenth one with both רזג מחת and ΑΛΚΙΟΥ. In an appendix, the authors also attempt to sort out the disjointed nature of the discovery, publication and attribution of the Boundary of Gezer inscriptions over time. The article discusses two Boundary of Gezer inscriptions found in 2012. One inscription, classified as no. 4, had previously been discovered by Clermont-Ganneau but was never fully published, and had not been seen in the field since his time. The other is a newly discovered thirteenth Gezer boundary inscription; the tenth one with both רזג מחת and ΑΛΚΙΟΥ. In an appendix, the authors also attempt to sort out the disjointed nature of the discovery, publication and attribution of the Boundary of Gezer inscriptions over time. 208 MORDECHAI AVIAM and DINA SHALEM: A Decorated Fragment of a Tyrian Lead Coffin from a Cemetery at Akhziv ABSTRACT: The finding of a lead coffin fragment in the Gesher Haziv library has led to a surprising discovery: Its decoration is identical to the decoration of a complete lead coffin from Tyre and they were both made of the same mould. This is further evidence of Tyrian influence on northwestern Galilee culture in the Roman period and especially on burial customs. The finding of a lead coffin fragment in the Gesher Haziv library has led to a surprising discovery: Its decoration is identical to the decoration of a complete lead coffin from Tyre and they were both made of the same mould. This is further evidence of Tyrian influence on northwestern Galilee culture in the Roman period and especially on burial customs. 212 MOSHE FISCHER and ITAMAR TAXEL: Yavneh-Yam in the Byzantine--Early Islamic Transition: The Archaeological Remains and Their Socio-Political Implications ABSTRACT: Well-dated architectural and artefactual remains unearthed in recent excavations at the site of Yavneh-Yam, as well as several chance epigraphic finds, indicate that this harbour town was almost entirely abandoned by its original inhabitants during the first decades of Muslim rule, probably due to its transformation into a Muslim military stronghold (ribāt) towards the late seventh century CE. Considered in conjunction with archaeological and historical evidence from other locations along the Palestinian Mediterranean coast, it seems that Yavneh-Yam was one of several urban and rural coastal settlements that were partially or fully abandoned between c. 640–700 CE, due to various shortand long-term factors in the aftermath of the Muslim conquest. Well-dated architectural and artefactual remains unearthed in recent excavations at the site of Yavneh-Yam, as well as several chance epigraphic finds, indicate that this harbour town was almost entirely abandoned by its original inhabitants during the first decades of Muslim rule, probably due to its transformation into a Muslim military stronghold (ribāt) towards the late seventh century CE. Considered in conjunction with archaeological and historical evidence from other locations along the Palestinian Mediterranean coast, it seems that Yavneh-Yam was one of several urban and rural coastal settlements that were partially or fully abandoned between c. 640–700 CE, due to various shortand long-term factors in the aftermath of the Muslim conquest. 243 NOTES AND NEWS 245 REVIEWS


ABSTRACT Epidemiological studies over the past decade indicate high injury prevalence in preprofessional ballet (76%) and professional contemporary and ballet dancers (60–69%). Injuries can have detrimental effects both for the dancers and the dance company. Most injuries are in the lower limb and reported as the gradual onset of overuse. Professional dance companies have reduced injury incidence and severity through the implementation of comprehensive injury audit programs and proactive exercise prescription. Injury prevention research in dance is scarce, and there has been no intervention targeting dance injuries. This article describes the development of 11+ Dance, an injury prevention training program designed for dancers, based on current evidence and best practice on injury prevention in sports. It is a 25–30-minute neuromuscular-based training program focused on strength, balance, and jumping/landing technique, with special attention to ankle, knee, and hip alignment. The high prevalence of injuries reported in the different styles of dance suggests that implementation of an injury prevention program is both the plausible and ethical action to take for all levels of performance.


A statistical mechanical analysis of the solvation effects on the kinetic rate constants of reactions in near and supercritical solvents is presented to understand the experimental findings regarding the thermodynamic pressure effects. This is an extension of the solvation formalism of Chialvo and Cummings to the analysis of the microscopic basis for the macroscopic pressure and temperature effects on the kinetic rate constants of reactions conducted in the compressible region of the solvent phase diagram. This analysis is illustrated with integral equations calculations involving Lennard–Jones infinitely dilute quaternary systems to describe the species in solution during the reaction of triplet benzophenone (3BP) with a cosolvent (either O2 or 1,4-cyclohexadiene) in supercritical CO2 along the supercritical isotherms Tr = 1.01 and 1.06. The role of the species molecular asymmetries and consequently their solvation behavior in determining the thermodynamic pressure and temperature effects on the kinetic rate constant of reactions at near-critical conditions are discussed.


The objective of this dissertation is to expand upon the current studies pertaining to the acquisition of indirect objects in Romance languages. Our investigation of the production of indirect objects in various ditransitive constructions in French provides a good foundation to further explore their development. Sixty-five children, aged 3 to 6, and an adult control group of 16 native Quebec French speakers participated in the study. Our experiment was designed through our observations from naturalistic data (York corpus, CHILDES database; MacWhinney 2000). A video elicitation task was administered to determine how and when children acquire indirect objects with two different types of verbs: obligatorily relational (OR) and freely relational (FR) verbs. OR verbs are always used in a relational structure (i.e., a structure for ditransitive constructions denoting a transfer between the direct object and the indirect object like giving something to someone). To capture the association between the objects when a transfer is required, the prepositional phrase (PP) merges with a verb. Some non-relational verbs are FR verbs because they can alternate between two different representations of VP (i.e., VDP and VPP). Although they are compatible with a transfer


In article actual problems of winemaking to Russia, the reasons leading to branch crisis, and to risk of loss of national independence of this branch segment of the domestic consumer market are discussed, ways of the permission of discussed problems on the basis of modern systems of a quality management and tracing of chains of deliveries of raw materials, half-finished products and ready wine are offered.


A former council chair reviews his years on the board of supervisors (later city council) and talks about elective politics and politicians.


This paper considers the stabilization of a set of distributed networked control systems (NCSs) with limited bandwidth and power resources. An interesting stochastic channel scheduling policy is proposed to assign the channel access of each node according to a pre-assigned probability distribution. Our aim is to stabilize all the NCSs by effectively assigning the probability distribution and appropriately allocating the transmission powers. The role of probability distribution assignment is to guarantee the length of channel accessing time needed by all plants; the effect of power allocation is to ensure a desired packet arrival rate of each channel. By minimizing the expected transmission power cost, an optimal co-design algorithm of probability distribution, transmission power and feedback controller is proposed, which can stabilize the whole set of plants with desired decay rates. The effectiveness of the proposed results is demonstrated by an illustrative example.


Today the world is looking towards the efficient energy generation from renewable energy sources because of extinction of fossil fuels.Wind energy is a promising source of green energy.But the problem associated with this kind of energy id due to varying wind speeds the out put is also varying so it is not possible to integrate it to grid.Here Induction generators are dominantly used because of their advantages in variable speed torque characteristics.In this book an attempt is made to discuss different types of generators used in wind energy and different topologies for control of voltage and frequency of Self Excited induction generator are discussed and new promising methods are proposed for low cost power generation.


We study the Blaschke-Santal\'o diagram associated to the area, the perimeter, and the moment of inertia. We work in dimension 2, under two assumptions on the shapes: convexity and the presence of two orthogonal axis of symmetry. We discuss topological and geometrical properties of the diagram. As a by-product we address a conjecture by P\'olya, in the simplified setting of double symmetry.


0. Introduction Feature geometries adapted from Harley (1994) and others can be developed to account for the semantic distinctions in Tongan's massive possessive paradigm. These pronouns represent three distinct syntactic categories, and I propose a typology of these pronouns adapted from that proposed by Dechaine and Wiltschko (2002), in which each feature geometry is subsumed under a different syntactic head.


We consider notions of freeness and ambiguity for the acceptance probability of Moore-Crutchfield Measure Once Quantum Finite Automata (MO-QFA). We study the distribution of acceptance probabilities of such MO-QFA, which is partly motivated by similar freeness problems for matrix semigroups and other computational models. We show that determining if the acceptance probabilities of all possible input words are unique is undecidable for 32 state MO-QFA, even when all unitary matrices and the projection matrix are rational and the initial configuration is defined over real algebraic numbers. We utilize properties of the skew field of quaternions, free rotation groups, representations of tuples of rationals as a linear sum of radicals and a reduction of the mixed modification Post's correspondence problem.


This paper attempts to assess the proposed shift in the country's budget system from obligation-based to cash-based budgeting and its implications on the 2019 proposed national budget. In the process, it aims to inform policy deliberations on Senate Bill 1761 (formerly Senate Bill 1450), otherwise known as the Budget Reform Bill, by discussing the concept of cash-based budgeting with focus on its advantages and disadvantages and its implications on the proposed national budget for 2019 and on government operations and practices. It also examines the past disbursement performance of the national government as well as the factors affecting their performance. The paper argues that there is a need to reconsider the shift from obligation-based to the annual cash-based budget scheme—a move initiated by the Department of Budget and Management—in view of the perennial issues faced by government agencies/units. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email email@example.com.


A method for rapid evaluation of flux-type outputs of interest from solutions to partial differential equations (PDEs) is presented within the reduced basis framework for linear, elliptic PDEs. The central point is a Neumann-Dirichlet equivalence that allows for evaluation of the output through the bilinear form of the weak formulation of the PDE. Through a comprehensive example related to electrostatics, we consider multiple outputs, a posteriori error estimators and empirical interpolation treatment of the non-affine terms in the bilinear form. Together with the considered Neumann-Dirichlet equivalence, these methods allow for efficient and accurate numerical evaluation of a relationship mu->s(mu), where mu is a parameter vector that determines the geometry of the physical domain and s(mu) is the corresponding flux-type output matrix of interest. As a practical application, we lastly employ the rapid evaluation of s-> s(mu) in solving an inverse (parameter-estimation) problem.


The Court of Justice of the European Union published its much awaited preliminary ruling in Case C-263/18, Nederlands Uitgeversverbond and Groep Algemene Uitgevers (the Tom Kabinet case) in December 2019. In its UsedSoft ruling (Case C-128/11), the CJEU accepted the exhaustion of distribution right for computer programs disseminated online. Following UsedSoft, the CJEU tried to refine its view on (digital) exhaustion, but many of its subsequent judgments (e.g. in Nintendo, Art & Allposters, Svensson, Stichting Leenrecht, Renckhoff) complicated the legal environment. The expectations were high in Tom Kabinet and the need for consistency was badly needed. The CJEU followed First Advocate General Maciej Szpunar's restrictive approach and refused the digital exhaustion doctrine regarding e-books. The CJEU's judgment not only created an inconsistency, but it further deepened uncertainties in this field. This paper aims to introduce the Tom Kabinet ruling, and discuss its direct and indirect consequences in copyright law.


This paper contains results on the subject of the ecology and distribution of the genus Tulostoma in the Republic of Macedonia. Insufficient data about the distribution of four species (Tulostoma brumale, T. caespitosum, T. fimbriatum, T. melanocyclum) have been published so far; therefore the aim of this work is to provide a more comprehensive review on the ecology and distribution of this systematic category in the Republic of Macedonia. The species T. squamosum is new for the mycobiota of the Republic of Macedonia. A total number of five species from the genus Tulostoma have been found.


A review of quality and biological treatment of landfill leachate is presented. Conventional ex-situ treatment normally demands multistage process treatment schemes, which may encompass both aerobic and anaerobic technologies alongside chemical precipitation and/or oxidation. This is to be contrasted with the more recent membrane bioreactor technology, which generally demands much reduced pre- and post-treatment and has a much reduced footprint compared with conventional biotreatment. Results are summarised in terms of the key determinant of COD removal for waters characterised in terms of BOD/COD ratio and age. Process operation is characterised with respect to COD strength and loading rate, hydraulic retention time and number of individual unit operations. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry


We theoretically investigate the isothermal compressibility κ T in the normal state of an ultracold Fermi gas. Including pairing fluctuations, as well as preformed-pair formations, within the framework of the self-consistent T -matrix approximation (SCTMA), we evaluate the temperature dependence of this thermodynamic quantity over the entire BCS (Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer)-BEC (Bose-Einstein condensation) crossover region. While κ T in the weak-coupling BCS regime is dominated by Fermi atoms near the Fermi surface, correlations between tightly bound Cooper-pair molecules are found to play crucial roles in the strong-coupling BEC regime. In the latter region, besides a two-body molecular interaction, a three-body one is shown to sizably affect κ T near the superfluid phase transition temperature. Our results indicate that the strong-coupling BEC regime of an ultracold Fermi gas would provide a unique opportunity to study multi-body correlations between Cooper-pair molecules.


assumptions that crime is caused by incorrigible persons acting alone or conspiring together, and provide yet more empirical evidence that crimes of capital are organizational and best understood within regional and international political economies. They stress the importance of capital accumulation in producing and sustaining corporate and organized crime, the role of corruption, political indifference and contradictory state policies in reproducing crimes of capital, and the paradoxes of lawmaking and law enforcement in controlling crime. Most importantly, these essays afford new insights into the linkages between legitimate and illegitimate capital and between criminal organization and social order. They confirm the need to rethink and to reconceptualize the definitions and typologies of crimes of capital proper. They warn that too fast a theoretical demarcation between the spheres of licit capital and illicit capital has mystified the cross-referring, symbiotic, and complementary processes of development that benefits them both. These articles beg a most difficult question: how are we to re-theorize "clean" capital, social organization, "criminal" capital and "criminal" organization and their connections to labour markets, to the use of force, to legal regulation, to markets and business forms, and to politics? If the old models are too rigid and too elementary, then what is the possibility of formulating more adequate theories? Will definitional atheism and agnosticism prevail? Or should the study of crimes of capital best proceed by specific concepts suited to particular research endeavours and to systematic comparative analysis? Unhappily, the editors of Global Crime Connections do not address the theoretical consequences of their empirical studies. But then again, that is a story for another occasion.


Objective Here, we evaluated whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) profiles and their changes after intraventricular chemotherapy for leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LMC) could predict the treatment response or be prognostic for patient overall survival (OS) along with clinical factors. Methods Paired 1) pretreatment lumbar, 2) pretreatment ventricular, and 3) posttreatment ventricular samples and their CSF profiles were collected retrospectively from 148 LMC patients who received Ommaya reservoir installation and intraventricular chemotherapy. CSF profile changes were assessed by calculating the differences between posttreatment and pretreatment samples from the same ventricular compartment. CSF cell counts were further differentiated into total and other based on clinical laboratory reports. Results For the treatment response, a decreased CSF 'total' cell count tended to be associated with a 'controlled' increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) (p=0.059), but other profile changes were not associated with either the control of increased ICP or the cytology response. Among the pretreatment CSF profiles, lumbar protein level and ventricular cell count were significantly correlated with OS in univariable analysis, but they were not significant in multi-variable analysis. Among CSF profile changes, a decrease in 'other' cell count showed worse OS than 'no change' or increased groups (p=0.001). The cytological response was significant for OS, but the hazard ratio of partial remission was paradoxically higher than that of 'no response'. Conclusion A decrease in other cell count of CSF after intraventricular chemotherapy was associated with poor OS in LMC patients. We suggest that more specific CSF biomarkers of cancer cell origin are needed.


ABSTRACT The recent popularity of business incubators is evidenced by their explosive growth. Offering experienced and knowledgeable staff members, comprehensive facilities, and below market rent, business incubators are designed to encourage entrepreneurship and innovation. Employing the Resource Base View as underlying paradigm, this study attempts to gain a better understanding of the specific resources that incubators provide to new businesses as they startup. Using a general inductive approach, this examination uses in-depth interviews of thirty informants to identify specific tenant-firm benefit provided by the incubator. Findings suggest an existence of two tenant firm populations, one with coaching / business support needs (growth emphasis), and the other with infrastructure fortifying support needs (cost minimization). A framework is posited that shows an existence of both tenant firm populations, and related implications. By creating a greater understanding of the business incubation process, it is anticipated that this study will improve the effectiveness of business incubator activities, and therefore their contribution to economic growth. INTRODUCTION According to the National Business Incubation Association (NBIA) (2007), as of October 2006, there are over 1,400 business incubators in North America (up from 12 in 1980), with the primary goal of encouraging entrepreneurship and innovation. Of these incubators, 1,115 are located in the United States. Incubators have been defined as institutions that are designed to link talent, technology, capital, and know-how. Business incubators offer experienced and knowledgeable staff members, comprehensive facilities, and decreased rent in the hope of increasing the number of local jobs and community businesses. Frequently, incubators are setup with the goal of leveraging entrepreneurial talent to accelerate new company growth (Smilor & Gill, 1986). The provision of these resources, in turn, suggests that an incubator is part of a support mechanism helping entrepreneurs achieve their goals of growth and success (McAdam & Marlow, 2007). Some studies have examined the effectiveness of incubators in terms of office and business support services (Allen & Weinberg, 1988), and there is a need to identify which of these activities are effective and dominant, to evaluate the efficiency of the investment of public resources. For example, one could consider whether cost prominence (subsidized rent, office services, etc.) becomes a more emphasized incubator benefit than business mentoring and planning. Further, one may question whether the public is prepared to entertain medium and long-term tenant firm cost subsidy as the most effective use of public funds. Consequently, a need exists to identify the most significant resource provided by the incubator to their tenant firms - the dominant emphasis of incubator tenancy. This study examines the following question: What is the dominant emphasis of incubator tenancy and how does it affect incubator effectiveness! This study is based on the theoretical precepts of the resource-based view. Building on Penrose's (1959) discourse, firms (or organizations) differ on the heterogeneity of their resources. A firm's capability to achieve continuous profit (i.e., rent) stems from its internal resources, land, labor, and capital. In addition, human and organizational (intangible) assets are hard to copy, which is a potential for competitive advantage (Prahalad & Hamel, 1 990). Using an inductive (qualitative) approach, results of thirty in-depth interviews of incubator tenant firm CEOs are utilized to gain a broader understanding of incubator-tenant firm relationship. Following a discussion of prior research, focusing on the resource-based view, entrepreneurship, and incubators, the choice of research design is presented and then the discussion of findings. Findings are incorporated into a conceptual model that is posited as a potential guideline to incubators towards maximization of effectiveness. …


Urbanization is defined as process of the movement of the population towards urban areas-towns and cities. The process may proceed either through an increase in the number of cities or through a rise in the size of the population in each city. Urbanization thus refers to the growth of cities, to the total population living in urban settlements. In other words, it implies an increase in urban population. Urbanization may be distinguished from urban growth. The letter term refers to an increase in the percentage of urban population to the total population. Professor Houser and Duncan characterize urbanization as a change in pattern of population distribution. It involves an increase in the relative size of urban population, a growth in number and size of urban settlements or places and an increasing concentration of population in such places. The Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992 provisions, thus, provide a basis for the State Legislatures to guide the State Governments in the assignment of various responsibilities to municipalities and to strengthen municipal governance. Accordingly, several State Governments have amended their Municipal Acts/Laws/Legislations so as to bring these in conformity with the Constitutional Provisions. It is also learnt that the municipalities are confronted with a number of problems, despite the amendments in the State Municipal Acts and the implementation of the 74th Constitution Amendment Act provisions. For instance, in several States, there exists a problem of ineffective participation in the decision-making process despite adoption of the policy of reservation.


The effect of different medium on the growth and accumulation of dry matter of Juniperus communis 'Gold Cone' were studied.The average plant height,average plant crown,average rhizome diameter,average height/stem diameter,average dry weight of whole plant,average dry weights of above-ground,average dry weights of root and average root cap rate were measured.The results showed that the fifth medium had a significant effect on the average plant height,average plant crown,average rhizome diameter,average dry weight of whole plant,average dry weights of above-ground,average dry weights of root and average root cap rate and was suitable for medium culture of Juniperus communis'Gold Cone'.


Vapor pressures for nonpolar and moderately polar organochlorine, pyrethroid, and organophosphate insecticides, phthalate esters, and organophosphate flame retardants were determined by capillary gas chromatography (GC). This method provides vapor pressures within a factor of 2 of average literature values for nonpolar compounds, similar to reported interlaboratory precisions of vapor pressure determinations


Method of culturing a microorganism in a non-pure culture mixed feeding conditions is disclosed. They were cultured in mixed nutritional microalgae with acetic acid / pH Ortho-stat system, a method of controlling bacterial contamination is particularly described. A method of mixing nutrient culturing microalgae to improve the productivity through increasing the transport of oxygen into the culture system, and a method of controlling bacterial contamination using an oxidizing agent are described. .The 32


The surrogate model has been extensively applied in engineering optimization design recently. Based on surrogate model, the complicated functional relationships between variables and responses can be precisely described. In this paper, the Kriging surrogate model are adopted to simulate the relationships between the sound pressure level (SPL) peaks at the drivers right ear (DRE) and the performance parameters of excavator cab shock absorbers with the FEM model, followed by the optimization design been accomplished with algorithm NSGA-II. The results indicate that the SPL peaks and the overall SPL can both be decreased through optimizing the performance parameters with Kriging surrogate model.


The batik and textile industry is one of the producers of liquid waste from the coloring process. Liquid waste in the batik coloring process is very dangerous. There are several methods of processing batik liquid waste, one of which is the adsorption method using activated carbon adsorbent. In this research, activated carbon is made from bagasse which is activated with NaCl. The chemical composition of bagasse is 50% cellulose, 25% hemicellulose, and 25% lignin. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the process of making activated carbon adsorbent from bagasse and to determine the absorption rate of bagasse adsorbent against red procion dye in batik industrial wastewater. Research on the use of activated carbon from bagasse to absorb red procion dye from batik industrial waste has been carried out. Activated carbon was made by carbonization process at 4000°C for 30 minutes. The chracterization of activated carbon produced was carried out by FTIR to determine its functional groups. The optimum conditions for the adsorption of activated carbon from bagasse against red procion were carried out by varying the contact time, weight of activated carbon, and pH. The results of FTIR characterization on activated carbon from bagasse showed the presence of -CO- and -OH functional groups. The optimum conditions for adsorption of activated carbon from bagasse were obtained at a contact time of 90 minutes with a weight of 0.1 g of activated carbon and an optimum pH of 5 for 50 mL of red procion dye with a concentration of 20 mg / L. The absorption effectiveness of red procion dye from batik industrial wastewater by activated carbon from bagasse in optimum conditions is 69, 04%.


A method for fast analysis of minimum hydrogen from mixture gas was established.This method was performed by using solid phase microextraction with a preparate Pd-5A molecule sieve,coated fiber coupled with gas chromatography.The results showed that the linear range of hydrogen was 0.001 1~0.125 0 mL/L.The limit detection is 9×10-4 mL/L.This method compared to gas chromatography has the advantages of high sensitivity and less interference.The standard deviations of two methods are 8.7%.


In this paper I examine the impact of social media campaigns, using the trending hashtag #MosqueMeToo as an artifact to analyze the extent to which these visual codes (through their democratic modes of participation) provide Muslim women with an accessible way to share their lived experiences and claim space within a virtual forum. Through highlighting the widespread impact of the hashtag Islamic feminist movement, I argue for the benefits of having a carefully articulated and tentative convergence of contemporary feminism and religious belonging rather than a critical distance between the two. At the threshold of the third millennium, the status of women in Muslim societies was caught in the crosshairs of bias against the Islamic faith, the racialized Muslim, and women's rights (AlSharmani 2014). In spite of the increasing integration of sexual, racial, class, and national difference within contemporary feminist theory, some Muslim women continue to be subjected to a dual problem linked to their gender belonging and their religious association and must consequently face distinct forms of discrimination and violence. In contrast to their male counterparts, they continue to be neglected by both Muslim civil rights advocacy organizations and women's rights organizations-rendered invisible under international eyes (Pasha 2014). Confronting this marginalization head-on, Islamic feminists have passionately sought to secure their roles in their societies on their own terms by increasing their visibility in the digital world and situating themselves at the virtual center of their concerns and discourses (Cooke 2000). As such, it is imperative to consider the effects that new communication technologies have on feminist debate and activism, specifically in exposing the violence committed against Muslim women. Considering the fact that fourth-wave feminism focuses on online technology more so than previous feminist movements, the accessible and distributive nature of social media outlets such as Twitter not only provides a new mode of critique, but also a contemporary method of community building, namely through the sharing of collective experience. This intersection of online feminism and Islamic faith ultimately provides a grounding for the emergence of a new branch of feminist activism that not only expands on digital frontiers but also establishes an intersectional framework that accurately addresses the representation, treatment, and identities of Muslim women (Schenato 2017). In this context, this article examines the nature and impact of social media campaigns that focus on empowering Muslim women, using the trending hashtag #MosqueMeToo as an artifact to analyze the extent to which these digital identifiers (through their democratic modes of participation) provide Muslim women with an accessible way to share their perspectives and lived experiences within a virtual forum. Advancing this conversation, I seek to address how the #MosqueMeToo Twitter feed reveals the intimate linkages between feminism, knowledge production, and networked community building in the new media era, offering an exemplary case of the cultural and social work that hashtag feminism does in both online and offline spaces. Drawing from sources such as Tara L. Conley and Kimberlé Crenshaw, I explore the ways in which the syntactical mode of tagging and categorizing through hashtags ruptures conventional forms of knowledge production and intersectional awareness by dismantling hierarchies solely based on gender and race. Here, I argue for the benefits of having a carefully articulated and tentative convergence of religion and feminism rather than maintaining a critical distance between the two; in doing so, this paper acknowledges the significance of including an intersectional interplay of both paradigms, especially in holding the potential to advance Muslim women's struggles for equality. Most importantly, it makes significant contributions to the current national debates regarding gender and Islam, race and ethnicity, and transnational


Sliding contact systems are widely used as a method of exchanging electrical power between static and moving components. In the brush slip-ring system using copper based materials, several studies have reported that voltage-saturation characteristics caused by oxide film at V-I characteristic are obtained. However, it is considered that the reliability and maintainability of machines are influenced by the insufficient knowledge about the V-I characteristic of steel slip-rings in synchronous generators. Therefore, in order to guarantee reliable and stable operation of the generators, it is necessary to elucidate the V-I characteristic, the imbalance of the current sharing, the arc generation and the wear characteristics at a high sliding speed.Experimental equipment for clarifying various characteristics of steel slip-ring system was designed with reference to actual synchronous generator. As a result, peripheral speed and current value equivalent to the actual machine were realized, and the V-I characteristic can be acquired. In addition, when comparing V-I characteristic of copper based and steel slip-rings, it can be made clear that the voltage saturation characteristics of the steel slip-ring are quite different from that of the copper based ring.


The existing vacancy in the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution shall be filled by the appointment of Andrew D. White, in place of Asa Gray, deceased.


This was designed to identify the relationship of perceived stress, ways of coping, and stress response in student nurses. The subjects of this study were 320 student nurses from two universities and three junior colleges located in Seoul. The data were collected from November 28 to December 10, 199...


A fundamental feature of galaxies is their structure, yet we are just now understanding the evolution of structural properties in quantitative ways. As such, we explore the quantitative nonparametric structural evolution of 16,778 galaxies up to z ∼ 3 in all five CANDELS fields, the largest collection of high-resolution images of distant galaxies to date. Our goal is to investigate how the structure, as opposed to size, surface brightness, or mass, changes with time. In particular, we investigate how the concentration and asymmetry of light evolve in the rest-frame optical. To interpret our galaxy structure measurements, we also run and analyze 250 simulation realizations from IllustrisTNG to determine the timescale of mergers for the CAS system. We measure that from z = 0–3, the median asymmetry merger timescale is 0.50−0.18+0.33 Gyr, and find that it does not vary with redshift. Using these data, we find that galaxies become progressively asymmetric at a given mass at higher redshifts, and we derive merger rates that scale as ∼1+z1.87±0.04 Gyr−1, which agrees well with recent machine-learning and galaxy-pair approaches, removing previous inconsistencies. We also show that far-infrared selected galaxies that are invisible to the Hubble Space Telescope have a negligible effect on our measurements. We also find that galaxies are more concentrated at higher redshifts. We interpret this as a sign that their formation occurs from a smaller initial galaxy that later grows into a larger one through mergers, consistent with the size growth of galaxies from the inside out, suggesting that the centers are the oldest parts of most galaxies.