Leonardo da Vinci is not only famous as the artist who painted master pieces such as "The Last Supper" and "Mona Lisa", he is also a great scientist and engineer. He left records of many original scientific inventions and explorations in books now known as Leonardo's Codices. These codices include anatomical charts, mechanical equipment, civil engineering concepts, and drawings related to architecture, astronomy, botany, and so on. The contents of these Codices are interesting for beginners who are studying mechanical engineering, although beginners are not used to recognizing a solid from a drawing.Therefore, models were reconstructed from the drawings in these codices, to be used as teaching materials for the study of mechanical engineering. In a lecture as part of a mechanics course, it was possible to generate an interest in mechanical engineering among beginners who studied the mechanics by using the reconstructed models. Similarly, an opportunity to consider the field of mechanical engineering was given to students of primary schools, junior high schools, senior high schools, and their parents, by the reconstructed models presented in the DA VINCI Festival at Toyama Prefectural University.


Liver transplantation has been increasingly used to treat end-stage liver diseases since the introduction of CyA in combination with other immunosuppressive agents.1 Although CyA has a powerful immunosuppressive effect on allograft rejection, many transplant recipients still experience rejection episodes that are often irreversible. The nephrotoxicity of CyA in some recipients has necessitated the reduction of CyA dosage below effective levels. With liver recipients refractory to conventional immunosuppression or with CyA-induced nephrotoxicity, a first-phase clinical trial of a new immunosuppressive drug, FK 506, has been initiated at our institution.2

FK 506 was shown by in vitro and in vivo studies to be considerably more immunosuppressive than CyA.3–7 The successful outcome of the initial clinical studies on 14 liver transplant recipients2 has led to a formal clinical trial of FK 506 as the primary immunosuppressive agent in combination with low doses of steroids.8

Appropriate dosages of FK 506 are being determined to provide optimal immunosuppression without significant adverse side effects. The monitoring of blood levels of FK 506 is essential in these studies. This monitoring has become possible with an enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) using anti-FK 506 MoAbs. This assay was developed by Tamura et al9 and modified by Cadoff et al.10

FK 506 is a highly lipophilic macrolide (molecular weight 822).11 Although little is known about the metabolites of FK 506, recent studies have implicated the liver as the primary site of FK 506 metabolism.12

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between plasma levels of FK 506 as measured by ELISA and by a bioassay based on the proliferative response of an alloreactive T cell line.


Authors analized the computed tomographic (CT) lindings 01 19 cases pathologically and clinically proven cerebral paragonimiasis that were performed at Chonnam Hospital from April1983 through March 1987 The results were as lollows:


Isogeometric analysis (IGA) is a novel numerical method for solving equations of physical fields, which is motivated by improving the integration between numerical simulations of physical phenomena and the computer-aided design tools, and provides a new way to associate product design with analysis and optimization via a common mathematical platform. The method of geometric modeling and its mathematical description are introduced in detail based on the computational framework of IGA. Taking NURBS as an example, the parametric representation in an analysis model and the mesh refinement method are analyzed, and the discretization methods, boundary conditions and quadrature in the parametric domain of IGA are discussed as well by comparing them with those in the standard finite element analysis. Applications of IGA in thermal analysis, fluid-structure interaction, contact problems and structural optimization are summarized and a simple example of 2D problem is provided.


An algorithm is described which determines all flight itineraries satisfying a set of criteria between specific pairs of nodes in a linear network. This technique has been successfully applied to Air Canada's North American network in order to generate its itineraries from west to east.


During the composite component design process, and at the manufacturi ng stage, there is a requirement to understand the effect of defects in terms of their 'knock-down' in the structural performance. The result would be justifiably lighter designs, a better-informed concession process for manufacturing defects and improved inservice repair strategies. Such an understanding has been achieved for b ulk-averaged porosity and delaminations but more subtle effects, such as in-plane fibre waviness, outof-plane ply wrinkling, and 3D variations in fibrevolume fraction or porosity, have not received this level of attention . Recent developments in X-ray CT and ultrasonic 3D characterisation of composites offer the potential for a greater un derstanding of the effects of these material variations. In the composites community, work has been proceeding on the modelling of mechanical properties and failure modes in the presence of such variations. This paper will demonstrate the use of 3D NDT data to construct materials models of the exact as-built structures, including material variations and defects, in order to predict the effect on performance and better inform the design, concession and repair processes.


MAO Ze-dong's thoughts on nation security inherit the basic opinions of Marxism and draw essence of excellent traditional culture of China.He not only regards sovereignty and territorial integrity as the highest principle of nation security but also holds that the modernization of national defense,the development of economy and the increase of national power are necessary for nation security.International united front is basic to the building of international security environment.


This paper aims to investigate whether a statistical analysis of linguistic data in inscriptions may serve for the study of sociolinguistic variation within the Latin Language. In particular, this study focuses on the quantitative vs. qualitative phonemic opposition within the vowel system of the so-called "Vulgar" Latin. In order to do so, we will study the relative frequency of the / and / graphemic oscillations in three different corpora of both synchronic and syntopic - but diaphasically and diastratically different - inscriptions from the city of Rome (cf. Mancini 2014). All the inscriptions considered in this sample date back from ca. 50 AD to ca. 250 AD (the last date referring to the "end" ofso-called Classical Latin according to Adamik 2015). Our results may point to the existence of a "disturbance" within the quantitative-based vowel system of Classical Latin, at least as far as some sub-standard varieties of the language are concerned.


The main objective of the radio network planning is to provide a cost-effective solution for the radio network in terms of coverage, capacity and quality of service. The network planning process and design criteria vary from region to region depending on the dominant factor, which could be capacity or coverage. However, base stations deployment optimisation is an important and crucial process in cellular network planning. It represents a major challenge for mobiles operators and considered as NP-hard problem. In this work, we study the placement of base station and configuration with an optimisation approach. In addition, a mathematical model based on set covering problem is suggested to solve the BS positioning. The main objective of the model is to maximise the coverage and minimising the financial cost. Non-Dominate Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA II) is applied to find a suitable solution. Simulation results and discussions on the performance of suggested algorithm are provided.


Profilin is a regulatory component of the actin cytoskeleton in all eucaryotic cells, which binds actin, proline-rich peptides and phosphatidylinositol 4,5biphosphate (PIP2). The crystal structures of profilin-II from Acanthamoeba castellani and yeast profilin from Sacharomyces Cerevisiae have been determined by molecular replacement and refined at 2.3 Å resolution to R=22.9%, Rfree=28.7% and R=21.1%,R free=23.0%, respectively, with good geometry. Both proteins crystallized in the cubic space group P4332. The structural comparisons of these two profilins with other bacterial, plant and mammalian profilins will be presented. One glycerol molecule from the cryoprotectant solvent was found to be bound in the solvent-filled pocket located near the poly-L-proline (PLP) binding site in yeast profilin. The glycerol alcohol groups form hydrogen bonds to aromatic residues involved in PLP binding in yeast profilin. These residues are conserved in all profilins and could possibly accomodate negatively charged functionalities of the PIP2 head group.


A new coiled tubing (CT) failure mechanism has appeared in the past two to three years. The failures occur in CT strings used for frac plug milling in extend reach horizontal wells. The objective of this paper is to investigate a possible cause for these failures. The primary emphasis is analyzing the dynamic response of the CT to axial vibrations induced by a downhole extended reach tool [1], and the resulting tubing material response leading to failure.


Objective To optimize the best extraction technology of the total phenolic acid in Sedum Aizoon L..by orthogonal design.Method Gallic acid was taken as reference sample and was analyzed by ultraviolet spectrophotometry to observe and study through the orthogonal design the effect of the efficiency,the time,the proportion between the substance and the liquid and the times of the extraction on the result index.Result The experiment showed that the yield of total phenolic acid was up to 5.73% when the water was 8 times as much as the substance and the extraction was done twice(each time for 60 min) at a ultrasonic power of 75 W.Conclusions The method introduced in this paper is not only simple and reliable but also safe and saving.


The preparation of fine powders by grinding may be accomplished by either a wet or a dry process andthe differences between these have been discussed. The difference of breaking strength in differentatmospheres affects the grindabilities. In this study, bending tests were carried out using a drop weightmethod on glass material in order to investigate the quantitative effect of water atmosphere on strength. Theinfluence of the crack length of the glass surface on the difference of fracture probability in water and in airwas also studied. As a result, it was found that the fracture probability in water was larger than that in airwhen the input energy in specimen was constant. Then, the difference of the fracture energy in water and inair increased with decreasing the crack length.


VII. SUMMARY

The present research work was carried out in the grounds of the Experimental Farm "San Pablo", of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the Technical University of Babahoyo, located at km 7.5 of the Babahoyo - Montalvo highway. The lot is between the geographic coordinates of 790 32' of longitude west and 01049'of south latitude and 8 msnm of height.

Jalapeno peppers were used as seeds for the planting material. The treatments were constituted by the relationship of seven types of substrates, such as Humus de lombriz (100%); Earthworm Humus + Sand (20 + 80%); Earthworm Humus + Sand + Legume Leaf Residues (30 + 20 + 50%); Bocashi (100%); Bocashi + Arena (20 + 80%); Bocashi + Sand + Residues of Legume Leaves (30 + 20 + 50%) and Pure Soil (Witness).

The experimental design used was of Blocks Completely Random, with seven treatments and three repetitions. The comparisons of treatment averages were made with the Tukey test at 95% probability. Within each plot, 20 polyethylene covers were located, with the purpose of estimating the corresponding average parameters.

During the development of the trial, the preparation work of the seedbed, preparation of the experimental area, transplantation, fertilization, irrigation, weed control and phytosanitary and harvest were carried out. The evaluated data were plant height, number of fruits, length and diameter of the fruit, yield and economic analysis.

The results obtained showed a variation in the agronomic behavior of the jalapeno pepper culture, according to the different types of substrates used; the highest plant height was registered with the use of pure soil (Control); the use of Bocashi + Sand + Residues of Legume Leaves, with a ratio of 30 + 20 + 50%, reached a greater number of fruits; the length and diameter of the fruit reached higher averages with the use of pure soil (Control); the highest yield of the crop was shown by the treatment that was applied Bocashi at 100% and the net profit obtained greater result with the use of pure soil (Control) with $ 699.9.


The characterization of the content of trace metals in soils is an instrument in many programs of environmental protection, including the establishment of regional-level standards to detect sites affected by contamination. The objectives of the present study were to study the available levels of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in surface horizons of agricultural soils in a typical European Mediterranean region, to establish the geochemical baseline concentration (GBC), background level (BL), and reference value (RV) of each of these available metals, and to investigate their possible correlations with soil properties. To establish the GBC and RV values, we used the "standard threshold method". Topsoil samples (0–20 cm) were collected from 630 sites, and extracted with Diethylene Triamine Pentaacetic Acid (DTPA) to determine their available heavy metal concentrations. The GBC values established were: 0.04 to 0.90 mg kg −1 , 0.70 to 2.50 mg kg −1 , 0.10 to 6.30 mg kg −1 , 0.30 to 7.90 mg kg −1 , 0.29 to 4.50 mg kg −1 , and 0.18 to 2.50 mg kg −1 for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, respectively. Soil properties were found to be correlated with the available heavy metal content, suggesting that the enhanced mobility of heavy metals are related to anthropic activities.


In a sense,it can be said that the criminal reconciliation is the product of criminal discretion. Some countries are trying to practise criminal reconciliation before the law ruled it. Therefore,it is to have a power base in the field of criminal justice,without a certain degree of discretionary power,the criminal reconciliation system can not be existed. As a result of the criminal reconciliation system itself is discretionary,whether or not to use criminal reconciliation,to what extent it applies to,all of these decide by specific agencies or the specific investigators. Therefore,the discretionary power can be referred to"the criminal reconciliation discretion".


Introduction:
 In patients presenting with pulmonary embolism (PE) and shock/hypotension (high-risk PE), immediate thrombolytic therapy or mechanical thrombectomy is recommended. However, the prevalence and predictors of normotensive shock in patients with intermediate-risk PE are not well defined.

 Methods:
 PE patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy with the FlowTriever System (Inari Medical) were enrolled in the FLASH Registry. Patients were included in this analysis if they were intermediate-risk per ESC guidelines (i.e., normotensive) and had cardiac index (CI) measured pre- and post-thrombectomy. Invasive hemodynamics were measured pre- and post-thrombectomy and compared using paired data. Patients were grouped into those with normotensive shock (CI ≤ 2.2 l/min/m
 2
 ) or without shock (CI > 2.2 l/min/m
 2
 ). Multiple logistic regression was used to identify baseline predictors of normotensive shock. Safety outcomes through 30 days were recorded.

 Results:
 Out of 384 intermediate-risk PE patients, more than one-third (131, 34.1%) were in normotensive shock at baseline. The shock group had significantly lower BMI, higher RV/LV ratio, and higher rates of moderately/severely reduced RV function and concomitant DVT (Table). Significant predictors of shock included tachycardia, distal concomitant DVT, moderately/severely reduced RV function, and saddle PE. The normotensive shock group showed significant on-table improvement in CI and mean PA pressure post-thrombectomy (Figure). Safety profiles were not significantly different between groups, with similarly low rates of major adverse events and mortality through 30 days (Table).

 Conclusion
 Although identified as intermediate-risk, over one-third of patients had normotensive shock, suggesting they may be at risk of hemodynamic deterioration despite appearing stable. Treatment with mechanical thrombectomy improved patient hemodynamics on the table, with low rates of mortality in both groups.


Because most of the present concision style put too much emphasis on form and neglects nature and requirements of life,the concision style is gradually becoming a synonym of dullness and is not cosy enough.Concision differs from simplicity,as is shown from an engineering example.Concision is not such attitudes as simplicity,illiberality or perfunctoriness that lack recognition to life quality,but a higher standard of living.


Previous study showed that synovial fibroblasts derived from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) express β-preprotachykinin (PPT)-A mRNA and release substance P (SP). In this study, we examined the presence of an isoform of PPT-A mRNA in synovial and normal skin fibroblasts by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. RA synovial fibroblasts, but not OA synovial and skin fibroblasts, expressed α-isoform PPT-A mRNA together with β-PPT-A mRNA. However, expression of γ- and δ-PPT mRNAs was not observed in synovial and skin fibroblasts. Levels of both α- and β-PPT-A mRNAs were increased in RA fibroblasts treated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Treatment with TGF-β and bFGF strongly increased the expression of α- and β-PPT-A mRNAs compared to the individual treatment. Peak levels of α-PPT-A mRNA were reached at 8h whereas those of β-PPT-A mRNA were maximal at 12h after treatment with TGF-β and bFGF. These findings suggest that SP production by synovial fibroblasts in RA is regulated through signaling pathways that lead to the generation of both α- and β-PPT-A mRNAs.


Experimental results and computer simulation of multi-stage composite transistors are presented. To study the volt - ampere characteristics of multistage composite transistors, a dialogue computer simulation program, the Delphi programming environment, has been developed. It is shown that the proposed multistage composite transistors can improve manufacturability in its industrial production. It is shown that multistage homostructure transistors according to the Darlington and Shiklai circuits operate stably at collector-emitter voltages five times higher than in the case of individual transistors. The power dissipated on the collector is 3 times higher than the rated value of the maximum permissible power of the composite transistors. It is established that the efficiency of the method of stabilizing the emitter current of a three-link homostructure transistor is 7 times higher in voltage and three orders of magnitude higher in temperature compared to a conventional composite transistor. The proposed homostructure transistors are designed to operate in terminal stages of power amplifiers, radio transmitting devices, electronic equipment of industrial and automotive electronics


The recent financial turmoil renewed interest in whether monetary policy affects the supply side of the credit market. We show that this credit channel exists — monetary policy affects aggregate loan supply (bank lending channel) and redistributes loan supply across different-sized firms (balance sheet channel). The effect on aggregate loan supply is driven by banks altering loan maturity, so monetary policy takes time to impact loan supply. Policy loosening associated with recessions, including the recent one, increased loan supply after about one year. In the cross-section, the impact is at least as strong for large banks as for small banks.


Of 709 lexical items in the Oxford English Dictionary newly logged in December 2021, 33 have medical relevance. The term "lateral flow [test]" is newly recorded, but is by no means new to the language, since the first instance dates back to 1989. The hypersensitivity pneumonitis "bird fancier's lung" is also newly recorded, although dating back to 1966, while other names for types of hypersensitivity pneumonitis or extrinsic allergic alveolitis, apart from farmer's lung and bagassosis, have not appeared in the dictionary. The newest medical term to enter the dictionary is "gene drive," which is first recorded from 2004.


Impervious surface is a significant indicator of urban environments. In order to better understand the pattern of urban expansion, this study adopted random forest algorithm for a long-term urban impervious surface mapping of Wuhan in China. We produced 23-year (1993 to 2015) urban impervious surface mapping data via a dense Landsat time series and the results indicated that the impervious surface area in Wuhan increased rapidly from 4.33% to 15.34% of the total land area from 1993 to 2015. Moreover these map showed that the loss of agricultural land plays a major role in the development of urbanization and impervious surface spread from center area to rural areas, and NDVI showed a higher influence than MNDWI and BCI. Specifically, it was a more important finding that obvious decreasing tendency within the old city zones when they are faced the transformation of old urban renewal. With respect to the formulation of the new urban area, the impervious surface percent can be regarded as an indication of land use because the number and distribution of urban impervious areas have a close and inter-annually correlation with land use/cover types. Finally, it was clearly that RF has a good performance to deal with massive data.


In recent years we have completed a number of studies for the modelling and numerical simulation of heterogeneous propellant combustion. A variety of tools have emerged from these studies. The most important are the modelling of propellant morphology, homogenization, and a phase-coupled unsteady three-dimensional combustion model. These tools have been applied to relevant configurations for the study of heterogeneous propellants, including the periodic sandwich, a periodic array of alternating ammonium perchlorate and binder slices, and discs or spheres that are randomly packed. All our previous studies employed a body-fitted grid along the moving interface by means of a mapping technique, since the surface is assumed to be single valued. The computational difficulties are significantly increased when the burning surface undergoes a complex or multi-valued shape. Such complex surfaces can arise, for example, when aluminium particles are embedded in the propellant, or when cracks develop along the propellant surface. In this case the mapping strategy must be abandoned in favour of a more general interface capturing method. One such method, level sets, is explored here. A two-dimensional solver has been developed with this method to simulate heterogeneous propellant combustion. The method involves the formulation of the coupled solid–gas combustion schemes with a level set method, as well as interface and boundary conditions. Several test cases are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the new method. Results are encouraging and suggest that level set methods can be successfully applied to the study of composite propellant combustion.


Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the epidemic has gradually slowed down in various countries and people's lives have gradually returned to normal. To monitor the spread of the epidemic, studies discussing the design of related healthcare information systems have been increasing recently. However, these studies might not consider the aspect of user-centric design when developing healthcare information systems. This study examined these innovative technology applications and rapidly built prototype systems for smart healthcare through a systematic literature review and a study of patient innovation. The design guidelines for the Smart Healthcare System (SHS) were then compiled through an expert review process. This will provide a reference for future research and similar healthcare information system development.


The present invention provides a method having an anti-breast disease, breast, melanoma efficacy to the nipple bra cup having left and right, right and left inner cup is provided with a sandwich filling, characterized in that: the interlayer filler include herbal and tourmaline powder mixture, wherein the herbal composition of the following components, ginseng, tea, carrots, Polygonum multiflorum root, persimmon leaves, arrowroot, brandy bottle promoter, propolis. The present invention uses a formula of Chinese herbal medicine, and without oral health as long as the long-term wear the bra of the invention, not only can get excellent whitening breast, skin regains elasticity effect, no adverse side effects; at the same time, herbal formula with tourmaline use can be more effective in promoting blood circulation, so as to further strengthen the effect of breast, also play a role in disease prevention.


In this paper, we have studied the non-linear stability of the triangular libration point L4 in the restricted three-body problem when the smaller primary is a finite straight segment of length 2l under the presence of third and fourth order resonances. It is well known that most of the asteroids are irregularly shaped elongated bodies. We have taken these elongated bodies as a finite straight segment. We have used Markeev's theorem (1978) [1] to examine the non-linear stability for resonance cases 2:1 and 3:1. We have found that the triangular equilibrium solutions are always unstable in the third and fourth order resonance cases for 0 ≤ l < 0.05. We have applied the results to the following solar systems (i) Jupiter - 9 Metis (ii) Jupiter - 22 Kalliope (iii) Jupiter - 216 Kleopatra (iv) Jupiter 243 Ida (v) Jupiter - 433 Eros (vi) Jupiter - 951 Gaspra.


This paper analyze Hongkong's market-oriented mode in e-government construction,then base on the theories about public administration and economic and other countries' successful experiences,try to find a reasonable operation mechanism in our country's e-government market-oriented construction.


Over the last decades, there has been considerable interest in the use of tolls on cars driving into towns. Not only has this been a hot political topic; this issue has also attracted substantial attention from economists. The focus in most of the economics literature has been on how tolls impact traffic volumes, and on how tolls may be used to reduce negative externalities of car use. Less attention has been devoted to how property values and house prices inside and outside toll rings may be affected. From the urban economics literature, it is however well known, that local commuters' cost of accessing centrally located amenities and work-places will be discounted into house prices. The magnitude of this effect will be contingent on the extent to which tolls also reduce congestion, external effects related to noise, etc. Moreover, since the imposition of a toll ring will alter the long-run spatial equilibrium of a town and the surrounding area, it will set into motion processes of sorting and re-location of households, and possibly also a re-location of some work-places. Consequently, the effects of tolls on house prices may be quite different in the short-run and long-run.In this paper we aim to determine the long-run impact of a toll ring on house prices. In order to assess how much a household initially residing outside the toll ring may gain from relocating to a dwelling within the toll ring we construct a simple household model for choice of location. In the empirical part of the paper we exploit a sample of about 15000 dwellings sold during an eight-year period in the Norwegian town of Kristiansand. We estimate various hedonic house price functions that account for not only whether the house lies within the toll ring or not, but also the precise location of houses and the distance from houses to important amenities. Accounting for other factors beside that of toll, that may impact the sales price of a house, is important in order to identify the impact of the toll ring on house prices. Our findings indicate that introducing a toll ring increases the price of houses located inside this ring with 3 percent. We expect that our findings will be useful in the discussion on establishing toll rings around towns, and on road pricing in general. These issues are particularly relevant for the Norwegian context, where tolls recently have become increasingly more important, not only as means to reduce congestion and other negative externalities, but also as a part of financing the construction of new roads.


AbstractA re-evaluation of the factors affecting the flow strength of materials in the metal-cutting operation has been made by comparing experimental machining data with results from the dynamic shear testing and punching of metals. An analysis of the primary shear zone, made on the assumption that all the plastic work is done in a discrete, parallel-sided region, has been used to calculate the values of n and σl in the schematic stress-strain relationship σ=σl(e)n. Results are presented for commercially pure copper in the shear strain rate range 0·1–7 × 104S−1 and for low-carbon steel in the range 0·1–20 − 104S−1. It is also demonstrated that the flow strength of these materials in the secondary shear zone is considerably lower than the strength in primary shear and is comparable with the yield stress values. The physical significance of these results is qualitatively discussed in terms of the equivalent stress-strain relationships under warm-working conditions.


The technology for providing network access to an external device will be described. A modem device for implementing this technique includes a first radio access technology (RAT) to the at least one is adapted to support network access, as well as a first mobile platform module comprises a first data interface to the external device via 2 RAT a is adapted to support network access via a second mobile platform module comprises a second data interface through the external device.


Variant alleles that do not produce RhCE antigens are rare. Consequently, they pose a challenge to transfusion when found in alloimmunized patients and make blood units valuable when found in donors.


The aim of this article is to assess whether the institutional changes implemented in Mercosur during the 2000s impacted the political dynamics of the bloc. We argue that they were not able to alter the intergovernmental logic neither the national vision of regional integration that were established since Mercosur's foundation. Therefore, we identified the occurrence of spill-around in Mercosur in the 2000s. This article seeks to contribute to a broaden understanding of Mercosur in the 2000s, especially facing the optimism and overestimate that involves Mercosur's channels for civil society participation in the public and academic debate.


Recently, the authors showed that metallic droplets, originating from the Al0.675Cr0.275Fe0.05 cathode surface, play an essential role in the nucleation process of hexagonal crystallites in mixed cubic and hexagonal-structured cathodic arc-evaporated (Al0.70Cr0.25Fe0.05)2O3 films. Here, the authors investigated in detail the corresponding powder-metallurgically produced Al0.7Cr0.3 and Al0.675Cr0.275Fe0.05 targets (after the arc evaporation process) and the ejected macroparticles, which were intentionally separated and collected from the plasma stream. The 15–200 μm thick melting zone (under given process conditions not entirely covering the target surface) of both target materials predominately consists of intermetallic Al80Cr20, Al9Cr4 and dominating Al8Cr5 phases. The selective melting process, induced by the cathodic arc spot size and particle size distribution of the targets, led to the formation of Al-enriched areas. Oxide islands, which form on the target surfaces, especially contain Cr- and Fe-enri...


There are some contradictory theories on how tolerant honey bees are of pesticides. Since the honey bee genome has been published (Honey bee Genome Sequencing Consortium, 2006), more is known about their metabolic systems, especially the detoxification pathways for potential xenobiotics. Bioassay and biochemical data from various studies have shown that both P450s and carboxylesterases are responsible for pesticide metabolism in honey bees. Here, those metabolic enzymes that confer primary defence to different classes of insecticides in honey bee were validated. Metabolic enzymes are characterised regarding their ability to interact with the insecticide. Synergist bioassay results with PBO and EN 16/5-1 suggest that detoxification mechanism(s) play an important role in protecting honey bees from selected insecticide toxicity. No binding was found between honey bee esterases and tested insecticides, whilst inhibition of P450 activity sensitised the honey bees to these chemicals. Metabolism of tau-fluvalinate and thiacloprid in honey bees is reportedly due to P450 activity, but this metabolism may not be the only reason for the relatively benign action of this insecticide on bees. Honey bees are less sensitive to neonicotinoids containing a cyanoimino pharmacophore than to those with a nitroimino group, however the specific enzymes involved in detoxification remain to be characterised. In this work, pre-treatment of honey bees with a sub-lethal dose of an insecticide induced protection to the same compound. Transcriptome profiling, using microarrays, identified a number of genes encoding detoxification enzymes that were overexpressed significantly in insecticide-treated bees compared to untreated controls.


Background: Intracerebral hemorrhages (ICH) constituting 12% of all strokes have a significant mortality rate. Supratentorial hemorrhages occur in 90% of the cases, of which 60% constitute deep seat areas (basal ganglia and thalamus). Many markers and scales have been tried to be developed for predicting mortality, especially hematoma volume. In this study, it was investigated that the effects of demografic features, initial symptoms, glaskow coma score (GCS), localization, hematoma volume, internal and external capsule involvement, intraventricular hemorrhage on prognosis and in-hospital mortality in patients with supratentorial deep-seated spontaneous ICH. Methods: The patients with deep-seated spontaneous intracerebral hematoma who were referred to the hospital were evaluated for age, gender, side of hemisphere, localization, initial symptoms, GCS, hematoma volume (ABCx0.562) (0-10 cc, 10-30 cc, 30-60 cc, >60 cc), internal and external capsule involvement, ventricular involvement, modified rank in scale (MRS) (1-2: independent 3,4,5: dependent, 6: death) and in-hospital mortality were recorded. Results: A total of 34 patients (18 female, 16 male) were included in our study. The mean age of the patients was 68.58±14.45 (3897) years. Mean hospitalization period was 13.64±13.15 (4-78) days. GCS in emergency department was 12.9±2.36 (8-15). Disorders of consciousness were observed in 17 patients (50%), speech disorders in 14 patients (41.1%), motor deficit in 24 patients (70.5%) and headache symptoms in 4 patients (11.7%) on hospital admission. 20 of the hematomas were in the right (58.8%) and 14 were in the left (41.2%) hemisphere. Hematoma localization included globus pallidus in 13 (38.2%) patients, thalamus in 11 (32.3%) patients, putaminal region in 5 (14.7%) patients and coexistent involvement of thalamus-putamenglobus pallidus in 3 (8.8%) patients. Hematoma volumes average were 17.6 cc, 20 (58.8%) patients with 0-10 cc, 7 (20.5%) patients with 10-30 cc, 5 patients with 30-60 cc (14.7%) and 2 patients (5.8%) with over 60 cc were determined. 22 patients (64.7%) with internal capsule involvement, 13 (38.2%) with external capsule involvement and 10 (29.4%) patients with intraventicular hemorrhage were detected. According to MRS, 14 patients (41.2%) were independent, 13 patients were dependent (38.2%), and in-hospital mortality was detected in 7 patients (20.6%). It was found that age, gender, side of hemisphere, speech impairment, headache, localization, internal and external capsule involvement, ventricular involvement parameters did not affect the prognosis and mortality. A significant difference was found between mortality and increased hematoma volume and reduced. (p=0.004, p=0.002, p<0.01) Mortality rates were found to be increased in patients with disorders of consciousness, whereas mortality rates in patients with motor deficit were found to be significantly lower. (p=0.007, p=0.014, p<0.05). A significant difference was found between the hospitalization and the prognosis. (p=0.005; p<0.01). However, no significant difference was found between the duration of hospitalization of the dependent patient group and the patients who died. (P> 0.05). Conclusion: Hematoma volume, GCS, disorders of consciousness are important parameters as a predictor on prognosis and in-hospital mortality, however further extensive studies are needed to evaluate relationship between mortality and motor deficit as an initial symptom. Zeynep Ozozen Ayas1* and Kıyasettin Asil2 1Department of Neurology, Eskişehir Yunus Emre Hospital, Eskişehir, Turkey 2Department of Radiology, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey *Address for Correspondence Zeynep Ozozen Ayas, Department of Neurology, Eskişehir Yunus Emre Hospital, Uluonder av. Salih bozok St. No: 23 Tepebaşı/ Eskişehir, Turkey, Tel: 05059039605; E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com (or) email@example.com Submission: June 26, 2018 Accepted: August 09, 2018 Published: August 16, 2018 Copyright: © 2018 Ayas ZO, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Research Article Open Access Journal of Neurology and Psychology Avens Publishing Group Inviting Innovations


The failure of the storage and voiding functions of the urinary bladder volume due to spinal cord injury(SCI), neural diseases, health conditions, or aging causing serious complications in a patient's health. Currently it is partially to restore bladder functions in patients using implantable neuro stimulators. The volume estimation signals tested with real signals is achieved by offline Matlab simulations. The DSP need an input signal from one recording channel that contains at least one neural unit with action potentials. During offline training phase, a spike sorting process is performed to identify all of the units present on the recorded channel. Hence, the DSP operating in two modes: spikecapture mode used during offline training phase and processing mode. Dedicated digital signal processor integrating with Field programmable gate array are capable for monitoring and controlling the bladder volume levels running the proposed qualitative and quantitative measurements methods.


Transgenic models of human disease can be used to understand pathology and to discover biomarkers of disease presence, progression and response to therapy. Here we report a study of longitudinal metabolic differences between TASTPM transgenic Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice and their wild type counterparts using 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to look for potential biomarkers for use in AD research and drug discovery. Chloroform methanol extractions were performed on the brains of mice aged between 3 and 18 months. 1H MR spectra were recorded from the aqueous fractions. Absolute metabolite concentrations, determined from resonance integrals relative to an internal standard, were analysed by 2‐way ANOVA (genotype x age). Significant effects of age alone were identified for creatine, glutamine and total choline‐containing compounds. There was a marked increase in creatine in the oldest (15–18 mo) TASTPM mice. The increase in creatine was unexpected and may be caused by osmotic stress in older animals as plaque load increases. Care should be taken when using creatine as a reference metabolite during scans of these animals in vivo. A significant effect of genotype alone was identified for myo‐inositol (MI), which was higher in TASTPM mice at all ages. Succinate, glycerophosphocholine and choline all showed significant effects of age and genotype. No significant effects were detected in N‐acetylaspartate (NAA) levels. Increased MI could be a marker of gliosis or microglial activation in TASTPM mice, but the absence of an age dependence for MI levels means it may be a biomarker of disease, but not of disease progression. Decreased succinate is indicative of disrupted neuronal energy metabolism, an effect that has been seen in human AD. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


As one of the rotating components in the reluctance motor type control rod drive mechanism (CRDM), the life of the scroll wheel is closely related to the service life of the CRDM. In addition, the prediction of the remaining useful life of the scroll wheel helps to optimize the maintenance process of the CRDM. This paper proposes a hybrid method to predict its remaining useful life when the available degradation data are rare and the failure threshold cannot be accurately defined. First, the particle filtering algorithm, whose state transfer equation is established on the segmental damage physical model, is used to predict the degradation state of the scroll wheel. Second, the proportional hazard model for the relationship between the scroll wheel damage characteristics and reliability model is established to predict the remaining useful life of it. The proposed method focuses on the establishment of segmental damage physical model and the clustering analysis of damage characteristics extracted from vibration signals, which can be used to predict the remaining useful life of the scroll wheel. In addition, the results provide an opportunity for the condition-based preventive maintenance of the CRDM.


Research supported by this grant has significantly advanced fundamental understanding of the thermal conductance of solid-liquid interfaces, and the thermal conductivity of nanofluids and nanoscale composite materials. • The thermal conductance of interfaces between carbon nanotubes and a surrounding matrix of organic molecules is exceptionally small and this small value of the interface conductance limits the enhancement in thermal conductivity that can be achieved by loading a fluid or a polymer with nanotubes. • The thermal conductance of interfaces between metal nanoparticles coated with hydrophilic surfactants and water is relatively high and surprisingly independent of the details of the chemical structure of the surfactant. • We extended our experimental methods to enable studies of planar interfaces between surfactant-coated metals and water where the chemical functionalization can be varied between strongly hydrophobic and strongly hydrophilic. The thermal conductance of hydrophobic interfaces establishes an upper-limit of 0.25 nm on the thickness of the vapor-layer that is often proposed to exist at hydrophobic interfaces. • Our high-precision measurements of fluid suspensions show that the thermal conductivity of fluids is not significantly enhanced by loading with a small volume fraction of spherical nanoparticles. These experimental results directly contradict some of the anomalous results inmore » the recent literature and also rule-out proposed mechanisms for the enhanced thermal conductivity of nanofluids that are based on modification of the fluid thermal conductivity by the coupling of fluid motion and the Brownian motion of the nanoparticles.« less


For software defined radio and, indeed, any ultrawide band communications system, it is essential that good control of the antenna's pattern characteristics (coverage and polarisation) is maintained over the entire frequency of operation (possibly several GHz). In this paper, the radiation properties of a number of two-port antenna configurations are compared with their single-feed counterparts. A wire dipole, wire loop and a planar antenna (essentially an air-dielectric patch antenna) are all analysed. All three types could easily be fabricated in a printed circuit form and integrated with the front-end wireless circuitry. Full far-field radiation patterns have been measured at several frequencies over the range 1750 - 3500 MHz, and antenna directivity and cross-polarisation levels determined. For all the dual-feed arrangements considered, the maximum co-polar levels were always greater than 12 dB above the maximum cross-polar levels, and the power in the total co-polarisation was always greater than 90.4% of the total power radiated. The results show that, in all cases, the radiation performance of the single-feed arrangements varied considerably with frequency, while the dual-feed arrangements guarantee pattern integrity and low levels of cross-polarisation over the whole range considered.


Human culture is creating with fast energy and accomplished different triumphs for improving its occupation. Human progress is an observer for different changes identified with its development through various impetuses like mechanical development, science, and so forth. Today's technology has demonstrated its potential in different divisions of development in urban and rural landscapes. Urban territories appear to increasingly slant to acknowledge and embrace Information and communication technology because of points of interest of proficiency and better framework when contrasted with rural regions. Because of such appropriate circumstances of urban landscapes great measure of accomplishment of this technology is noticeable as shrewd urban areas and better vocations of living people. Be that as it may, the issues, outcomes, and openings in urban zones are diverse for powerful usage of Information and Communication Technology for practical development of rural masses. The current research article talks about rural development in the creating scene for the Upliftment of work of the rural masses and to take a 'Look-ahead' at logical developments and advances that may be powerful throughout the following 10 – 20 years. The driving inspiration driving the idea on "Brilliant Village" is that the technology should go about as an impetus for development, empowering instruction, and neighborhood business openings, improving wellbeing and government assistance, upgrading law-based commitment and by and large improvement of rural town occupants. The "Smart Village" idea intends to understand its objective through giving policymakers shrewd, base up examinations of the difficulties of town development.


In 1928, the brilliance of Paul Dirac granted him the insight to develop a particle equation that was fully consistent with both the principles of quantum mechanics and the theory of special relativity. In this bachelor thesis we have studied the fundamentals of relativistic quantum mechanics including the derivation of the Dirac equation in a similar fashion to the way originally done by Paul Dirac. Additionally we have studied the analytical solution for hydrogen-like atoms. Furthermore we have numerically analysed the energy spectrum, radial characteristics and correctional terms using programs written in Python and MATLAB. Finally we have investigated the implications and applications ofthe Dirac Hamiltonian and its use to effectively describe the attributes of gold atoms.We find that relativistic contribution scales approximately by Z2 for large Z. In addition, we conclude that the Dirac Hamiltonian is of vital importance for an accurate description of chemical and physical properties of large atoms. Furthermore, we have completed calculations of the radial solution for the Coulomb potential and also for a free particle.


PURPOSE
This study was conducted to determine the hopelessness and family burden levels of parents who have children with intellectual disabilities.

DESIGN
This was a descriptive correlational study.

METHODS
The study was conducted at a specialized education and rehabilitation center in Fethiye, Turkey, using the Sociodemographic Data Form, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, and the Burden Assessment Scale for Families of Children With Intellectual Disabilities, and the study sample included a total of 95 parents of children with intellectual disabilities.

FINDINGS
A positive relationship was found between the total scores for hopelessness and the family burden including economic burden, perception of inadequacy, social burden, physical burden, emotional burden, and the required time (p < .05). The study found that the higher the level of family burden on parents, the more hopeless families felt.

CONCLUSION
This study's findings may help rehabilitation nurses to understand the hopelessness of parents and help them find appropriate resources to cope with their burden.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Nurses should be specialized in the field of rehabilitation and, as rehabilitation nurses, be included in providing integrated care, family education, and counseling services for disabled people in Turkey.


Wireless access network section needs strong security which supports high data rate and mobility not to invade patient's privacy by exposing patient's sensitive biometric from automatic implantable device that is adapted to u-healthcare service. This paper builds test bed and performs assessment and measurement of security ability of WiMAX network to transmit and receive mobile patient's biometric by building WiMAX network in wireless access network not to expose paitne's biometirc at wireless access network section to the third person. Specially, this paper compares and assesses data security, MAC control message security, handover conection delay, and frame loss and bandwidth of ECDH at the layer of WiMAX security compliance, WiMAX MAC IPSec, and MAC.


This scientific communication represents the record of Pontella marplatensis (Ramirez – 1966), in the station near Cabo Frio Island (Arraial do Cabo RJ – Brazil). This species of marine copepod ocurred in the zooplankton sample on September 15, 2010, obtained through horizontal drag with mesh net of 100 µm and 40 cm in diameter.


Lung cancer is the leading cancer compared among other tumors in both men and women throughout the world. The protein expression and genes behavior are the keys can be used to investigate the response of cancer cell and their ability to proliferate. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) are often over-expressed in cancer that will cause conformational changes on the parts of the cell and as a result will lead to lung cancer. Several studies have been done, yet, the positive response is rarely achieved due to some resistance towards chemotherapeutics and other molecularly targeted drugs. This suggests that the clinical response of tumors is limited. It is important to achieve a better understanding on the molecular mechanism involved in cancer to give a contribution to the development of more effective treatments. The goal of this research is to propose a Firefly Algorithm (FA) and Simplex Algorithm (SA) optimization methods for analyzing the EGFR and IGF1R pathways in lung cancer.


From the Kosovo intervention to the U.S.$268 billion defense-spending bill President Clinton signed in October 1999, many signs suggest that the peace movement is on the defensive, substantially because it has a deŽ cit in resources. As a result, it cannot project the political power necessary to advance its goals. Often it lacks imagination about alternative institutions necessary to promote foreign policy or economic alternatives within unstable societies that become militarized. Instead, as in Kosovo, the Pentagon can become the favored political vehicle even of the political Left.


Normal parsing is performed for an ordered string of input terminal symbols. In contrast, consider chart parsing in which a chart derived by using a parametrized context-free grammar, for example, is given, and a string that enumerates its constituent elements is parsed. In this case, the enumerated string, which does not necessarily match the order of a derived string, becomes a replacement string of a derived string. As a result, even if a grammar is used which added production rules that replaced each symbol of the right-hand side, for example, conventional methods that use order information could not generally parse this string properly. This paper shows two methods—a bottom-up method and a top-down method—which definitely enable parsing when order information cannot be used for the terminal symbols of the derived strings of a context-free grammar. These methods use counter vectors of truncated numbers of occurrences of each terminal symbol in the remaining input strings. The bottom-up method, which differs from normal parsing in that it does not consist of only reduce actions, also requires a uniquely determined shift action. The top-down method can handle some left-recursive productions that cannot be handled by normal parsing methods since the terminal symbol comparison position need not be limited to the left end. In other words, this paper shows methods that use counter vectors to uniquely parse an input string that does not necessarily match the order of a derived string to obtain parsing results for the corresponding derived string under fixed conditions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 88(6): 54–63, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20191


Out of a total of 12 Sejms which assembled during the reign of Jan III Sobieski (1674–96), half passed constitutions (laws). At that time the legislative initiative belonged predominantly to the monarch and the nobility (via sejmiks instructions), although other persons could also present projects of constitutions in the form of supplications. The king's programme proposed in pre-Sejm documents was rather sparse, with Jan III attempting to avoid controversial points, which he promoted unofficially through the intermediary of the sejmiks, at which his adherents guarded the interests of the royal court. The distinctive feature of parliamentary work carried out during this period was a transference of the burden of the debate on the creation of law to the time of the conclusions (debates held by joint estates), which instead of the statutory five days lasted for as much as over ten weeks or more. For this reason participants in the debate included also senators and the king. The characteristic aspect of the debates as such was their extremely low efficacy – the outcome of the fact that particular constitutions had to be accepted by all persons attending the Sejm sessions and the increasingly frequent blocking of debates by members of particular political camps since absolute unanimity also as regards procedural issues remained binding. In 1679 the opposition managed to introduce an obligatory oath to be sworn by the marshal of the Sejm (speaker of the house) and constitution legislators (who edited the final texts of constitutions) – this was to limit the king's influence in the Chamber of Deputies. The new regulation, however, did not produce actual benefits, and the scale of deceptions committed in the course of post-Sejm sessions held by the constitution deputation was much larger than in previous years. The last years of the reign of Jan III brought a progressive obstruction of Sejm debates, and in the 1690s resulted in the paralysis of this institution.


INTRODUCTION Both the medical and legal professions are concerned with the results of the medical examination of a child who it is thought has been sexually abused. This is because the results and findings of such an examination will often form a part of the evidence in a subsequent court case. The court case may involve allegations of a criminal offence or alternatively may be 'civil' in nature and, invariably, involve the question of the child's future welfare and upbringing. Irrespective of the nature of the proceedings there can be no doubt that serious questions are involved and that the findings of the medical examiner are likely to have an important bearing on the decisions reached in court. This article is concerned with civil proceedings; one significant outcome of such proceedings is the removal of the child from his or her parents.


Bezafibrate is a lipid-lowering agent [1] used for the treatment of dyslipidaemia associated with diabetes mellitus [2]. It has also been shown to worsen renal function in subjects with chronic renal failure [3] or renal transplant recipients [4]. To determine whether bezafibrate is appropriate for use in diabetic subjects with mild renal impairment (creatinine < 145 µmol·l-1), we studied 24 subjects with nephropathy associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Twenty-four subjects with mild renal impairment (estimated GFR at baseline 91 ± 49 ml-mirr1) and dyslipidaemia (cholesterol > 6.2 mmol· H, ortriglycerides > 2.3 mmol·l-1 and HDL cholesterol < 0.9mmol·l_1) were randomised to receive either slow release bezafibrate (Bezalip Retard, Boehringer Mannheim) 400 mg daily or placebo for 6 months in a double-blind design (n = 12 in each group). Subjects had either stable, controlled blood pressure on anti-hypertensives for 6 months (n = 8 in placebo group, n = 9 in bezafibrate group) or were not hypertensive (BP < 160/ 90). Non-diabetic renal disease was excluded on clinical grounds, absence of urinary infection or active urinary sediment. Subjects were similar in both groups in terms of age (mean 58 ± 9 years for whole group), BMI, smoking, since diagnosis of diabetes, glycaemic control, protein intake 24-hour urinary urea excretion) and blood the 6-month study. During a 6-week


Abstract: Duplication of the duodenum is extremely rare. Including the present case, duodenal duplication in adults has been reported in only 20 cases in Japan. All previously reported cases underwent open surgery, and endoscopic resection has not previously been reported. In this report, we describe a patient in whom a duodenal duplication was endoscopically resectable, demonstrating the usefulness of endoscopic resection for the treatment of this malformation.


Background: Hemophilia A results from a congenital deficiency of clotting factor VIII. Patients with hemophila are unable to generate adequate thrombin during blood coagulation and therefore have a bleeding diathesis. Degenerative joint disease is the largest source of morbidity for hemophilic patients. The pathophysiology of this process is poorly understood but clinically, repeated bleeding into a joint leads to changes in the synovium, articular cartilage and underlying bone. It is not well known how quickly cartilage changes occur or if animal age has any impact on susceptibility to blood induced cartilage damage. Materials and Methods: The E16 fVIII knockout mouse is a well-established model for hemophilia research. These mice contain a targeted disruption of the factor VIII gene at exon 16 (E16) in a C57BL/6 background. Despite having no detectable circulating fVIII activity they rarely suffer from spontaneous hemarthroses. Therefore hemarthroses was mimicked by injecting 5 μL of autologous whole blood into the hind knee. Six male mice per group in each of three ages; 12, 24 and 52 weeks were utilized. The animals were sacrificed 48 hours after injection. The injected and control contralateral knee joint from each animal was fixed in 10% formalin and then mounted in paraffin. After decalcification, five micrometer sections through the joint were obtained. Joint architecture was examined after hematoxylin and eosin staining. Proteoglycan content of articular cartilage was evaluated after alcian blue staining as part of the modified Mankin score. The pathologic specimens were also scored utilizing Valentino's visual bleeding score. The Student's t-test was utilized for significance testing. Results: All mice showed evidence of blood remaining in the injected joint at 48 hours. The mean visual bleeding score was significantly higher for the injected knees versus the control knees of all age groups p Conclusions: Injection of autologous blood mimicked clinical hemarthrosis. Evidence of decreased proteoglycan staining of articular cartilage was evident within 48 hours of blood exposure. Additionally, there was a trend toward more prominent proteoglycan loss in the youngest animals.


Informational private autonomy as the fundamental legal foundation of "control over one's own data" is not only an unrealistic illusion, but, in the age of the data economy, even counterproductive for effective data protection. The author works out the constitutional safeguards regarding informational private autonomy, examines privacy law and the control of standard terms and conditions with regard to the implementation and regulation of informational private autonomy. Based on law and economics considerations, he substantiates why the market approach to privacy in its current form does not do justice to the social significance of privacy. Against this background, the author discusses policy alternatives.


We present results from microscopic mode coupling theory generalized to colloidal dispersions under shear in an integration-through-transients formalism. Stress-strain curves in start-up shear, flow curves, and normal stresses are calculated with the equilibrium static structure factor as only input. Hard spheres close to their glass transition are considered, as are hard spheres with a short-ranged square-well attraction at their attraction dominated glass transition. The consequences of steric packing and physical bond formation on the linear elastic response, the stress release during yielding, and the steady plastic flow are discussed and compared to experimental data from concentrated model dispersions.


Ferrimagnetic properties, large saturation magnetization (Ms) and low temperature coercivity (Hc) was observed in nonstoichiometric Fe1−xO films. This unusual behavior was attributed to the existence of spinel type defect clusters coherently embedded in the FeO matrix. A model, which explains the Fe1−xO properties and predicts a linear dependence between Ms and the Fe1−xO lattice parameter a with the Fe3O4 data falling on the same line, is proposed. The experimental Ms vs a curve is in excellent agreement with the theoretical prediction, which indicates the existence of a fundamental relation between FeO, Fe1−xO, and Fe3O4.


Financial analysts are viewed as playing an important intermediary role in gathering and interpreting information and passing it onto the investment community. However, in recent years, it has become more apparent that the analysts come under much internal and external pressure when making their forecasts and recommendations. Jegadeesh et al (2004) have highlighted that this results in US equity analysts being biased towards high momentum growth stocks when making their recommendations which presumedly causes then to add little or no value in their own right. However, they find that their recommendations changes do provide useful incremental investment insights. In this paper, we find that Australian analysts also consistently favour stocks with the similar characteristics and that their recommendations, if anything, have negative value with the exception of those made in relation to low momentum growth stocks. Similarly, we find that one could use the changes in the analysts' recommendations as a useful input into one's investment decisions. When we divided our sample up into the growth market of the last 1990's and the falling market of the early 2000's, we find that evidence to suggest that we might gain true insights into the unbiased views of the analysts by observing their recommendations changes. During the boom years, the analysts were moving their recommendations towards high momentum growth stocks but this changed during the gloom years with the recommendation changes then being tilted towards value stocks with a reduced emphasis on momentum and size. This suggests that although over time the analysts' recommendations reflect the internal and external pressures under which the analysts operate, that they do chase prevailing market conditions in the revisions that they make to these recommendations. Finally, the paper demonstrates a way for obtaining a fitted value for recommendation revisions which might provide a good way of incorporating them into one's investment decisions process.


Danville, Pa. — Effective office-based patch testing requires physicians to go beyond the limits of a popular commercially available test, when possible, and take second readings on every patient, an expert says.


Axion-like particles (ALPs) are ultralight pseudo-scalar bosons a with a two-photon vertex aγγ, predicted by several extensions of the Standard Model. In the presence of an external magnetic field, the aγγ coupling leads to the phenomenon of photon-ALP mixing [1]. This effect allows for the possibility of direct searches of ALPs in laboratory experiments. Due to the aγγ coupling, ultra-light ALPs can also play an important role in astrophysical observations. In particular, an intriguing hint for ALPs has been recently suggested by Very High-Energy (VHE) γ-ray experiments. In this respect, recent observations of cosmologically distant γ-ray sources by ground-based γ-ray Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes have revealed a surprising degree of transparency of the Universe to VHE photons [2, 3], where one would have expected a significant absorption of VHE photons by pair-production processes (γVHE + γEBL → e+e−) on the extragalactic background light (EBL). However, the range of the parameters where ALPs would impact the cosmic transparency is constrained from other observations as shown in Fig. 1. In particular, for ALPs with masses ma ≤ 10−9 eV, the strongest bound on gaγ is derived from the absence of γ-rays from SN 1987A (see [4] for a review). Anyway, the distribution of the extragalactic magnetic fields has been poorly characterized in previous works on ALP conversions. In particular, a cell-like structure (hereafter the cell model) has been adopted with many domains of equal size (l ∼ 1 Mpc) in which the magnetic


Fat-reducing procedures in cosmetic surgery have become very common. Overweight patients undergoing such procedures may have associated comorbidities, including cardiovascular (CV) disease, which, according to experts, needs to be thoroughly investigated prior to any cosmetic surgery procedure.


This thesis offers research and analysis on the importance of public space, and especially of artistic expression in a public context. The goal is to create and argue for an ephemeral construction serving the interests of both artists and audiences, while providing the former with a "stand", as well as with equipment, in every open space in the city. The starting point for Jambox's idea was the role of music in urban everyday life, while its morph is inspired by music's geometry and addresses the audiovisual needs of a music show. Thus, Jambox ends up having the features of a small stage with omnidirectional acoustics in a dodecahedron shape, and functions as a music capsule that can be placed in any open space and satisfy the sound-related demands of any listener, regardless of their position.


This work aims to study the phenomenon of segregation during the rheological characterization tests and influence of this phenomenon on the rheological behavior of cement grout. Thanks to a new methodology composing a specific protocol and several density measurements in the sheared volume of grout, this work helps to identify the segregability of cement grouts under shearing during rheological tests. We have studied many mix-designs of grout by varying the W/C ratio and the dosage of superplasticizer. The relationship between the specific rheological behavior of segregated grout and the evolution of solid fraction in the sheared volume in the rheometer has been researched.


Gastrocnemius equinus contracture is associated with the development of a variety of chronic problems of the foot and ankle, including plantar fasciitis, hallux valgus, symptomatic adult acquired flatfoot, metatarsalgia, diabetic forefoot ulcers, and synovitis of the metatarsophalangeal joints. Gastrocnemius recession has become an important component in the treatment of such problems aggravated or precipitated by a clinically evident gastrocnemius equinus contracture. With proper attention to surgical technique and a good postoperative program to allow the lengthened tendon to be maintained during the healing phase, the Strayer technique can produce excellent results with minimal complications.


Sources. People and family. Commercial companies. Legal acts. Non-contractual liability. International competition. International cooperation.
Regarding the applicable regulations, he agrees with the distinguished Representative of the Public Ministry in which the Las Lenas Protocol governs the species, that is, the Protocol of Cooperation and Jurisdictional Assistance in civil, commercial, labor and administrative matters. In this sense, it corresponds to transcribe art. 35, quoted by the appellant, which reads: "This Protocol shall not restrict the provisions of the conventions that on the same matter have been previously signed between the States as long as they do not contradict it." (...)


This work is an extension of our earlier development work. A chemical bath developed for optical coating on a particular kind of stainless steel, is utilized for the blackening of selected steel used for the fabrication of specific mechanical components for the vision instruments. In this study, first operating parameters of the formulated bath is evaluated and then the process is optimized for desired black oxide coating on the surface of this specified steel. Characterization of coating for optical and mechanical properties (hardness and roughness), surface micro-structure and environmental effect is carried out by using spectroscopy, indentation hardness test, optical profilometer, SEM, sea-water immersion and temperature variation test methods.


Review(s) of: Lies, sex and politicians: Communicating the old testament in contemporary culture, by John Holdsworth, SCM Press, London, 2010, paperback, 178 pages, ISBN 9780334043409, RRP A$39.99.


These days, cyber drug Idoser makes trouble among netizen. The sound sources use Binaural beats which is one of brain wave alignment method. And this method is applied for various fields. In this study, we compare main characteristics of three products and what brain wave alignment method each product use. As a result of study, we've found that Idoser and alpha brain use Binaural beats, McSquare use pulse beat way. Especially, hazardous factors are founded from Idoser.


For a sufficiently regular open bounded set $D \subset R^2$ let us consider the equation $(-\Delta)^{1/2} \varphi(x) = 1$, $x \in D$ with the Dirichlet exterior condition $\varphi(x) = 0$, $x \in D^c$. $\varphi$ is the expected value of the first exit time from $D$ of the Cauchy process in $R^2$. We prove that if $D \subset R^2$ is a convex bounded domain then $\varphi$ is concave on $D$. To show it we study the Hessian matrix of the harmonic extension of $\varphi$. The key idea of the proof is based on a deep result of Hans Lewy concerning determinants of Hessian matrices of harmonic functions.


Magnetohydrodynamic natural convection flow and heat transfer in a square porous cavity differentially heated and cooled by heat source and sink, respectively, and filled with the Cu–Al2O3–water hybrid nanofluid is studied numerically. The active parts of the left and the right side walls of the cavity are maintained at cooled temperature, and the active parts of the top and bottom walls are maintained at hot temperature. The enclosure's inactive parts of its side walls are kept insulated. The governing equations in the two-dimensional space are discretized using finite difference methodology. A proper upwinding scheme is employed to obtain stabilized solutions. Using the developed code, a parametric study is undertaken, and the effects of the Rayleigh number, the locations of the active parts of the side walls, and the volume fraction of the nanoparticles on the fluid flow and heat transfer inside the cavity are investigated. It is observed from the results that the average Nusselt number decreases subst...


362 g of soybean meal (SBM)/animal. The low cottonseed meal group (CSML; n = 17) was supplemented with a mixture including 181 g of SBM and 227 g cottonseed meal (CSM; 0.09 % FG). The high cottonseed meal group (CSMH; n = 16) was supplemented with 454 g CSM/animal. The daily intake of FG/animal for SBMG, CSML, and CSMH was 0.0, 0.20, and 0.41 g, respectively. Beginning 8/14/03, BW, BCS, and serum blood samples were collected weekly, until 11/20/03. Ultrasonography, for pregnancy detection, was performed for all does on 11/20/03 and 12/15/03. The SBMG (-49.83±4.08 g/animal/d) lost less (P<.01) BW than CSML (-73.84±4.08 g/animal/d) or CSMH (77.01±4.08 g/animal/d). Average daily BW loss did not differ (P>.1) between CSML and CSMH. Body condition score (5.36±0.09), pregnancy rates (100%), and time between weaning and conception did not differ (P>.1) among treatments. Doe serum progesterone concentrations were reduced (P<.05) in CSMH relative to SBMG and CSML. Among lactating does, BW and BCS at weaning was correlated (P<.01, R= -0.50 and P<.05, R= -0.41, respectively) with time between weaning and conception. Despite reductions in BW gains and serum progesterone concentrations, consumption of CSM (8.1 mg FG/kg BW; 0.41 g FG/animal/d) did not affect reproductive performance of fallow deer.


Beckmann rearrangement of the title compound gave only a derivative of an isoquinoline structure and its catalytic hydrogenation afforded the cis isomer of 1-amino-3-phenyl-1,2-dihydroindenes.


In this paper, with the method of adaptive dynamics, we investigate the coevolution of phenotypic traits of predator and prey species. The evolutionary model is constructed from a deterministic approximation of the underlying stochastic ecological processes. Firstly, we investigate the ecological and evolutionary conditions that allow for continuously stable strategy and evolutionary branching. We find that evolutionary branching in the prey phenotype will occur when the frequency dependence in the prey carrying capacity is not strong. Furthermore, it is found that if the two prey branches move far away enough, the evolutionary branching in the prey phenotype will induce the secondary branching in the predator phenotype. The final evolutionary outcome contains two prey and two predator species. Secondly, we show that under symmetric interactions the evolutionary model admits a supercritical Hopf bifurcation if the frequency dependence in the prey carrying capacity is very weak. Evolutionary cycle is a likely outcome of the mutation-selection processes. Finally, we find that frequency-dependent selection can drive the predator population to extinction under asymmetric interactions.


The full-scale syndrome of pericarditis or subclinical changes in pericardium, as seen during transthoracic echocardiography, are detected in large number of patients with COVID-19 or or those who have recovered from COVID-19, and can persevering for about a year. There is a significant accumulation of reported cases of pericarditis following vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. Questions remain about subclinical pericardial involvement in vaccinated patients. The study is aimed to examine pericardial changes through transthoracic echocardiography in patients vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2, and describe their dynamics and compare the ultrasound views with symptoms and inflammatory changes in blood tests. Methods. Inclusion criteria: The patient's consent, the intention to be vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2, no confirmation and suspicions about COVID-19 in the past, unchanged pericardium as of Visit 0, as well as no diseases which may cause any changes in the pericardium throughout the time of the study. Exclusion criteria: SARS-CoV-2 infection during the study, refusal or any impossibility to make more as 1 scheduled visit for check-up. Echocardiography was performed according to a standardized protocol at unchanged brightness settings with a focus on the pericardium in dynamics: before the vaccination (Visit 0), within a week after the first dose (Visit 1) and the second dose (Visit 2), and in a month (Visit 3), 2 months (Visit 4), 3 months (Visit 5) and 4 months (Visit 6) after the latest dose of the vaccine. Complete venous blood count with a leucogram and determination of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was performed at visits 0 and 2. Results. 52 patients completed their participation in the study. Low-intensity changes in the pericardium after the first dose of the vaccine were found in 67% of patients. Ultrasound changes arose as a more enhanced echocardiographic signal in the basal segments of the inferolateral area in 57%, spread up to the basal segment of the anterior lateral area in 13%, the area around the atria in 15%. Pericardial layer separation for 3 and more mm was found in 23%. After the second dose of the vaccine was administered, 74% demonstrated the enhancement of the pericardium, including signs of minor effusion in 20% of patients. The pericardium image got slightly less bright in 4 ± 1 weeks after the second dose: up to the conditional normal state (the visual quality of the pericardium in a specific person as of visit 0) in 2 patients. However, the pericardium remained brighter in 71%, with the minimal effusion in 1 patient. 68% of patients demonstrated the pathological TTE image in the 8th week after the vaccination, with effusion being discovered in 2% of patients. The hyperechogenity of the pericardium was detected in 66% in 12 ± 1 weeks, without effusion being found. The pericardium still remained brighter in 16 ± 1 weeks in 7% of patients than it was before the vaccination. Low-intensity pericardial chest pain is detected only with active questioning and is recorded in up to 8% of cases in the first 4 days after the administration of the 1st and /or 2nd doses of the vaccine, did not correlate with the duration of hyperechogenity, but did- with exudation: r = 0,22 (p = 0,05). Of the analyzed blood parameters, an increase in the percentage of neutrophils by 2.8% was registered after vaccination, the increase in their proportion correlated with the presence of a combined point, including any of the considered echo parameters of the pericardium, at visit 2: r = 0.5, p < 0, 05; in 6% of patients, neutrophils exceeded normal values. Also, after vaccination, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate significantly increased (on average, by 4.2 mm/h), which correlated with the presence of a combined point of pericardial changes (r = 0.6, p < 0.05). The erythrocyte sedimentation rate threshold was exceeded in 12% of the subjects: all of them had a recorded effusion according to echocardiography. The appearance of band forms neutrophils by 1 week after the administration of the 2nd dose of the vaccine was registered in 50% of patients. None of the observed required hospitalization and died. Conclusion. The overwhelming majority of patients demonstrated the TTE phenomenon of the enhanced or effused pericardium as a result of the vaccination. Minimal changes completely disappeared in 4 months. The presence of ultrasound changes in the pericardium correlates with an increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate and / or the proportion of neutrophils is accompanied by a stab shift in 50% of the analyzes. We believe more aimed research is needed to evaluate systemic effects of virus antigens on the body. Drawing upon the experience of the center, the above TTE changes are much less intense in terms of TTE signs than it happens after contacting a live pathogen. Therefore, it can definitely be more preferable than "natural" immunization due to illness Key words: COVID-19, complications, echocardiography, pericarditis, vaccination


: In the past, teaching materials were mainly compiled using teaching theoretical knowledge, which resulted in that the textbooks could not achieve a reasonable combination of practical skills and professional post business processes. Based on this, in the context of the current quality improvement and excellence training, this paper studies the new loose leaf and workbook style textbook writing strategies. First, it analyses the characteristics of the new loose leaf and workbook textbooks. On this basis, the professional teaching standards of the course are clarified, and the curriculum objectives of textbook compilation are determined according to the teaching content and class hours of the course. The loose leaf scheme of the textbook is designed, and new loose leaf and workbook textbooks are prepared, with a view to providing some help for improving the universality of vocational education textbooks.


A number of studies have found a negative relationship between IQ and delinquent involvement. Some researchers maintain that IQ is a spurious variable in the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and delinquency, whereas others assert that IQ bears a causal relationship to delinquency that is independent of the effects of SES. Results from two Danish prospective longitudinal studies are presented that support the latter view, In each study a significant negative correlation between IQ and level of delinquent involvement remained after SES effects were partialled out. It is posited that low IQ children may be likely to engage in delinquent behavior because their poor verbal abilities limit their opportunities to obtain rewards in the school environment.


B-cell infiltrates has been observed in kidney biopsies undergoing clinical cellular or mixed rejection. Some studies suggest poorer graft survival is associated with the presence of B cell infiltrates in biopsies diagnosed with cellular rejection, whereas others have not. We have developed a mouse kidney transplant model to study the role of donor-specific B cells infiltrate kidney allografts undergoing acute rejection. To this end, C57BL/6 female mice were subjected to left nephrectomy and were transplanted with kidneys from BALB/c mice expressing 2W-OVA, transgene. Donor-specific B and T cells were identified with donor MHC Class I & II tetramers. All graft were rejected by D28 post-transplant and showed an average 36-fold increase in donor specific antibodies (DSA). At D14, ~5% of the donor specific B cells had a Fas+GL7+ germinal center phenotype in both SLO's (pooled spleen and peripheral lymphnodes) and kidney allografts. In addition, about 47% of donor-specific T cells in both the SLO and allograft had a CD4+ICOS+ expression, suggesting Tfh phenotype. ~4000 and ~900 Anti Kd-IgG secreting B cells (ASC's) were detected in both SLO's and in kidney allografts, respectively. Our data raise the possibility that in situ donor-specific T and B cell interactions are occurring in SLOs and also in the rejecting allografts. We plan to use this transplant model to further investigate whether graft infiltrating B cells serve as antigen-presenting cells to alloreactive T cells mediating acute rejection, whether these B cells differentiate into ASC in situ, and to define the relationship between the intrarenal B cells and ASCs in the allograft and those expanded in the SLO.


We are pleased that our case reports have raised awareness about the need for accurate characterization of the mental state of children following sevoflurane-induced "emergence delirium." Clearly, it is yet undetermined as to what constellation of symptoms can be classified as an emergence delirium, and reports vary as to its severity and prognosis. Further, we are currently studying the mechanistic neuro-cognitive-behavioral processes underlying this syndrome. Dr. Krane offers a unique Freudian perspective to these events on which we are not expert to comment. We do, however, welcome new knowledge from both ourselves and others about emergence delirium from the neuro-behavioral sciences.


Forest management activities are increasingly analyzed through a lens that quantifies their effects on soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage because forest soils are an important C sink. Data on...


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 From an approach on the relationship between digital technologies as tools for mediation, we analyze the role of a specific case: electronic portfolios, to improve generic skills in the university environment. The results suggest that improvements are obtained, at least from the perception of the students themselves, in some dimensions related to the capacity to select and organize information, as well as learning planning.


OBJECTIVE
To carry out genetic testing and prenatal diagnosis for 29 Chinese pedigrees affected with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and assess efficacy of combined next generation sequencing (NGS) and multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) for the diagnosis.

METHODS
NGS and MLPA were used in conjunct to detect variants of TSC1 and TSC2 genes among the probands of the pedigrees. Paternity test was carried out to exclude maternal DNA contamination. Prenatal diagnosis was provided to 14 couples based on the discoveries in the probands.

RESULTS
Twenty-seven variants were identified in the TSC1 and TSC2 genes among the 29 pedigrees, which yielded a detection rate of 93.1%. Respectively, 5 (18.5%) and 22 (81.5%) variants were identified in the TSC1 and TSC2 genes. Twelve variants were unreported previously. Prenatal diagnosis showed that five fetuses were affected with TSC, whilst the remaining nine were unaffected.

CONCLUSION
Above finding has expanded the spectrum of TSC1 and TSC2 gene variants. Combined NGS and MLPA has enabled diagnosis of TSC with efficiency and accuracy.


An incoming gravity wave being a stress wave is a surface with intrinsic curvature. When a light beam is parallel transported on this non-Euclidian surface it acquires an excess phase which accumulates with each curcuit. We calculate the separate contributions to excess phase from the wave geometry as well as the dynamic response of mirrors in a Michelson interferometer. Using these results and a combination of analogue and digital signal processing techniques we show how a compact interferometer can be made sensitive to gravity waves of amplitude density $10^{-23}/\sqrt{Hz}$ within a frequency range $10^{-4}Hz$ to $10^4Hz$. As an example we describe a 10cm Michelson interferometer designed to measure gravity waves from sources as far as the Virgo cluster.


This paper is concerned with existence of eventually positive solutions and oscillation of first order neutral difference equation with positive and negative coefficients,the "sharp" conditions of oscillation for the equation have been obtained,i.e.the conditions are sufficient and necessary when their coefficients are constants.


BACKGROUND: Aging is part of a biological, psychological and social process, and is a growing phenomenon of this century. With increasing aging population there is an increase in seeking health services as a result of diseases such as diabetes mellitus (DM) and systemic arterial hypertension (SAH). These conditions negatively impact the quality of life of individuals. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of life of elderly patients with diabetes and hypertension who attend the clinic school Univates. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted between August-November 2015, the Clinical School Univates. To obtain the data, questionnaires were used to identify data, sociodemographic, and the specific questionnaire WHOQOL-Bref. RESULTS: Of the 12 individuals evaluated, the average age was 67 and most were women (58%), 67% were married. The average schooling was six years, BMI was 30 kg / cm2 on average and 75% were sedentary. Still, 4 had diabetes mellitus and all the participants had hypertension. Regarding the quality of life score noted that the total number of participants was the worst scores in the physical domain (3 ± 0.4) and the highest score in the field social relations (3.5 ± 0.3), but both are considered regular. When compared the group that presented the DM + SH with the group with isolated hypertension was observed similar results, but with no significant differences between groups. CONCLUSION: The quality of life is negatively altered in the presence of chronic conditions. Key-words: Quality of life, Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus.


Natural disaster is the hotspot question in international society and academy.Guard of typhoon disaster is very important since the increasing of its intensity,frequency and extent.Coastal zone is an important area and strategic focus of population concentration,national economy and society development,so the loss from typhoon disaster is very fierce and fatal.At present,the main discussed questions in this field are: remote sensing sources of typhoon disaster condition information,method of disaster condition assessment based on remote sensing imagery,the indexes system and model of typhoon disaster condition assessment,typhoon disaster risk assessment and management.In the background of global warming and quick urbanization,our research should focus on these aspects: the indexes system and dynamic assessment model of typhoon disaster,the RS-GIS tools of coastal zone typhoon disaster risk dynamic assessment and management,mechanism of typhoon disaster information share and distributing management.It can not only realize the quick evaluation and mapping of the situation in disaster area,but also provide scientific foundation for typhoon integrated disaster risk management and the implementation of sustainable development in coastal zone of China.


The invention discloses a wireless communication method, a system and an apparatus. The method comprises steps: a first terminal generates communication information, and the communication information is broadcasted by means of a non-cellular radio frequency in a broadcast relay mode; and a second terminal receives the communication information in the broadcast relay mode, so that wireless communication is realized where no internetwork is connected. By adopting the technical scheme of the invention, addition of hardware and reformation of a terminal are not needed, the existing hardware, the existing software and the existing protocol of the terminal only need to be used for realization, the realization mode is simple, the realization cost is low, the power consumption is low, and popularization is facilitated.


BACKGROUND
There is a paucity of studies in published literature that examines the effect of hand dominance on the resolution of symptoms following a carpal tunnel release. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of hand dominance on the resolution of symptoms following surgical decompression in patients with severe and moderate carpal tunnel syndrome.

METHODS
Bilateral carpal tunnel release (total 90 open and 84 endoscopic) was performed on 87 patients (11 males, 76 females) presenting with bilateral severe or moderate carpal tunnel syndrome of equal severity. Patient-reported outcome of resolution of symptoms were recorded, with patients followed up until complete resolution of symptoms or last recorded consultation (mean follow-up duration 11.4 months, range 3.1 to 32.4 months).

RESULTS
In patients with bilateral severe carpal tunnel syndrome, a larger proportion of non-dominant hand (75.4%) achieved complete resolution compared to dominant hand (72.1%), and did so at a statistically shorter time (mean: 52.3 days) than the dominant hand (mean: 81.0 days). However, there was no statistically significant difference between proportion of patients and time taken before complete resolution of symptoms between dominant and non-dominant hand in patients with bilateral moderate carpal tunnel syndrome.

CONCLUSIONS
Symptoms in the non-dominant hand resolved faster after carpal tunnel release in patients with severe carpal tunnel syndrome. We postulate that greater daily activity by the dominant hand compared to the non-dominant hand may be a contributing factor to its slower rate of symptoms resolution post-surgically in patients with bilateral severe carpal tunnel syndrome. This effect of hand dominance is not evident in post-surgical patients with moderate carpal tunnel syndrome.


The authors discuss the major movement disorders that can be induced by psychotropic medications and summarize what is known to date about ethnic differences in susceptibility. They discuss acute dystonias, parkinsonism, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, acute akathisia, tardive dyskinesia, and postur


Three of the 10 herbal drugs tested showed toxicity based on chicken embryo assay of water and oil extracts. These herbal drugs (golden seal root, black walnut and herbal tea) taken to improve memory, exhibited fatal effects on the chicken embryo four days past inoculation. This finding does not support the superfluous therapeutic claims that go with these drugs. Mutagenicity test using the Ames-Salmonella bacterial test system employing rat liver homogenate (S9) as mammalian metabolic activator revealed that eight of the herbal drugs were not mutagenic. The possibility, however, of mutagenicity with higher doses cannot be ruled out. The mutagenicity potential of golden seal root and black walnut was not revealed at 20% water extract concentration used due to the direc t toxic effect on the tester strain. Such determination was shown to be possible at 2 % water extract concentration for black walnut. Nevertheless, this shows the validity of the method when used in conjunction with S9 which could be prepared locally from Sprague-Dawley rats. This further confirms the necessity of using S9 in assessing mutagenicity potential.