We educators face a pressing need for our courses and curricula to turn out more creative people. Unfortunately, most of our undergraduate engineering environments provide few opportunities for students to engage in creative processes. Engineering instructors habitually design courses that are loaded with instructor controls. Faculty tell students what to learn, how to learn it, when to learn it, and why they should care about learning it. The results are often low student intrinsic motivation, lack of individual internalization of learning goals, and limited learner engagement in higher-level cognitive and metacognitive processes, all of which may lead to decreased creativity. One approach to unleashing students' creative potential may lie in nurturing their selfdirected learning capacities. Creativity research tells us that individual autonomy is a core characteristic of creative people, and that achieving creative potential may require development of a strong sense of self-determination. This paper describes an introductory materials science course built on the premise that student choice and control facilitate engagement, selfmotivation, and creative approaches to learning. The course design leverages existing educational research that suggests strong correlations between self-determination and creativity. By providing students with increasing levels of autonomy – and corresponding increases in creative opportunity – throughout the semester, the project-based learning experiences enable students to connect materials science topics to personal interests and contexts. Students report that the course contributes positively to their creative thinking, and they emphasize the benefits of freedom in choosing topics and learning strategies.


The utility model discloses a tank body for an anti-explosion liquid tank truck. The tank body comprises a front sealing head, a back sealing head and a barrel, wherein the front sealing head and the back sealing head are used for enclosing the barrel to form a tank cavity for accommodating a liquid medium; an anti-explosion body with a porous structure is sleeved in the tank cavity; and the anti-explosion body is arranged along the inner wall of the tank cavity. Compared with the prior art, the tank body has the advantages that the anti-explosion body with the porous structure is sleeved in the tank cavity and can be used for partitioning the inner cavity of the container into a plurality of very small units, and flame balls capable of passing through the units are decomposed into numerous small flame balls, so that the propagation of flame is suppressed, and the combustion pressure wave is attenuated. Meanwhile, the netlike porous structure has very high surface efficiency, and flame passing through the porous anti-explosion body is subjected to heat exchange rapidly, heat is dissipated or absorbed, the final temperature after a combustion reaction is lowered, the expansion degree of reaction gas is reduced, the increasing speed of pressure value is lowered, and the explosion limit is not reached, so that explosion is prevented.


The rollover accidents induced by severe maneuvers are very dangerous and mostly happen to vehicles with elevated center of gravity, such as heavy-duty trucks and pickup trucks. Unfortunately, it is hard for drivers of those vehicles to predict and prevent the trend of the maneuver-induced (untripped) rollover ahead of time. In this study, a lateral load transfer ratio which reflects the load distribution of left and right tires is used to indicate the rollover criticality. An antiroll controller is designed with smooth sliding mode control technique for vehicles, in which an active antiroll suspension is installed. A simplified second order roll dynamic model with additive sector bounded uncertainties is used for control design, followed by robust stability analysis. Combined with the vehicle dynamics simulation package TruckSim, MATLAB/Simulink is used for simulating experiment. The results show that the applied controller can improve the roll stability under some typical steering maneuvers, such as Fishhook and J-turn. This direct antiroll control method could be more effective for untripped rollover prevention when driver deceleration or steering is too late. It could also be extended to handle tripped rollovers.


The paper briefly introduced the course of discovering hidden trouble in phase A accident of CVT during the acceptance of measurement point on certain 500 kV line. The reason for hidden trouble and accident, CVT error and its harm were analyzed in detail from the structure of capacitive voltage transformer, in which the problem in manufacturing technology of products was one of major reason for the accident.


In many applications, such as construction, manufacturing, ground robotic vehicles, and rescue operations, there are many issues that necessitate the capability of transmitting digital video and that such transmissions should be performed wirelessly and in an ad-hoc manner. Recently, we proposed an ad-hoc, cluster-based, multi-hop network architecture for video communications (see Gharavi, H. and Ban, K., 3G Wireless Conference, 2002). For implementation, the IEEE 802.11 FHSS wireless LAN system using 2GFSK modulation was employed. To enhance the overall throughput rate for higher quality video communications, we present a performance evaluation of the IEEE 802.11 FHSS when 4GFSK modulation option is selected. Unfortunately, the 2 Mb/s system utilizing 4GFSK modulation is not very efficient in terms of RF range. Therefore, to improve its performance for multi-hop applications, a combination of diversity and non-coherent Viterbi based receiver is considered. For the video transmission part, we have considered a bitstream. splitting technique together with a packet-based error protection strategy to combat packet drops under multipath fading conditions. Finally, the paper presents simulation results, including the effects of receiver design and diversity on the quality of the received video signals.


The global crisis of 2008 provoked a heightened interest among scientists to study the phenomenon, its propagation and negative consequences. The process of modelling the spread of a virus is commonly used in epidemiology. Conceptually, the spread of a disease among a population is similar to the contagion process in economy. This similarity allows considering the contagion in the world financial system using the same mathematical model of infection spread that is often used in epidemiology. Our research focuses on the dynamic behaviour of contagion spreading in the global financial network. The effect of infection by a systemic spread of risks in the network of national banking systems of countries is tested. An optimal control problem is then formulated to simulate a control that may avoid significant financial losses. The results show that the proposed approach describes well the reality of the world economy, and emphasizes the importance of international relations between countries on the financial stability.


Argues the position that, given different sensory equipment, and therefore a different data base, the congenitally blind child necessarily develops and organizes his perceptions of the world in an intrinsically different way from the sighted. Aspects of sensory, cognitive and affective development are examined within this conceptual framework.


Mango based horticulture was promoted as a livelihood option as early as in seventies in Kashipur block of Rayagada district in Odisha but quite a few tribals took it seriously. Technological interventions over the period of eight years by experts made mango orchards commercial and paved the way for significant increase in mango area in the tribal villages. Fruit fly management, hot water treatment (HWT), fruit packing and transportation as pre and post harvest interventions and social mobilization through village meetings and orchard management were attempted regularly from 2003 to 2010 in the tribal areas. The interventions yielded healthy marketable fruits to a distance of 500 KM. Neighborhood effect in tribal villages motivated 260 households for mango planting in 13 hamlets of 5 Gram Panchyats (GPs) planted on an area of 588 acres under high density mode (5 X 5 m) on unused foot hills, gentle hillocks and sloppy land. The results indicated that technological interventions through result demonstrations, social mobilization and development of marketing channel could develop confidence among tribals for mango cultivation and thereby resulted in expansion of area under mango cultivation. The perceived constraints of the mango farmers in tribal areas were lack of result oriented demonstrations, motivation, marketing channel and confidence of mango growers.


This paper introduces a mathematical analysis of scintillation pulses based on their frequency magnitude squares spectrum in order to determine the most discriminated frequency band of two different pulse-types spectrums. The proposed analysis showed that the most discriminated frequency band depends on the two decay-constant values of the pulse-types. Based on this analysis, a digitization criterion is proposed to determine the optimum sampling rate , number of used samples and the anti-aliasing filtering requirements. Therefore, the sampling rate , the number of samples and the cutoff of the anti-aliasing filter can be optimally selected to reduce the discrimination complexity. Moreover, determining the most discriminated frequency band reduces the number of needed frequency components and provides the highest discrimination performance with the lowest number of required computations. The proposed digitization criterion is applied on two pulsetypes with different decay-time constants (1 = 20 and  2 = 40 ns) and shows that the most discriminated frequency component is 5. 627 MHz and one of optimum digitization selections is sampling rate of 24 MHz, 8-samples, and anti-aliasing filter with 8 MHz cutoff frequency.


This study aims to elaborate on the implementation of Islamic education values in Madrasah Tsanawiyah Adzkia Kertaharja, Ciamis Regency. The research method used is the method of Qualitative Research (Qualitative Research). Qualitative research is methods to explore and understand the meaning that some individuals or groups of people ascribe to social or humanitarian problems. The implementation of Islamic religious education values is based on (1) aqidah (2) morals (3) respect for reason (4) humanity (5) balance (6) mercy for all nature (rahmatan lil'alamin). Obstacles in the implementation of Islamic religious education values are religious education materials that only focus on enriching knowledge (cognitive) and minimal in forming attitudes (affective) and habituation (psychomotor); lack of participation of teachers of other subjects in motivating students to practice the values of religious education in everyday life; lack of teacher resources in developing more varied approaches and methods; the lack of various training and development facilities, as well as the low participation of parents.


DOI: 10.1111/iju.13890 There has been growing concern about resistance to FQ, and in response, the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the FDA have discouraged the use of FQ for uncomplicated urinary tract and other infections. In the present study, we evaluated the rates of FQ prescription by Medicare urologists, and evaluated whether FQ prescriptions are more common in states with higher antibiotic resistance. The Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data: Part D Prescriber Public Use File was queried for urologists who prescribed antibiotics in 2016. The number of claims per provider was divided by the number of prescription beneficiaries to determine the rate of re-prescription to a single patient. The number of beneficiaries was censored if there were <11 beneficiaries, thus we only included providers with at least 11 beneficiaries of a medication so that re-prescription rates could be accurately calculated. We obtained data for FQ prescriptions, as well as other common antibiotics. We determined the rates of FQ prescription in USA states/territories with high FQ resistance (including Puerto Rico, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Alabama, Florida, Tennessee, Delaware, California, Nevada, Arkansas, Oklahoma and Kentucky) according to the CDC Patient Safety Atlas. Highly resistant areas were defined as those having the highest percentage of FQ resistance (>35.8%) of catheter-associated urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli (https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/PSA/Ma pView.html). The v-test was used to analyze categorical variables, while the Mann–Whitney U-test was used for continuous variables. Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin were the first and fifth most commonly prescribed antibiotics by the number of claims (771 248 and 124 043, respectively; Table 1). By provider, the rates of re-prescription to the same beneficiary ranged from 1.00 to 4.68 for ciprofloxacin and 1.00–2.65 for levofloxacin. By state, median rates of re-prescription ranged from 1.10 to 1.32 for ciprofloxacin and 1.10–1.34 for levofloxacin. The claim count in high-resistance states was significantly greater than in low-resistance states for ciprofloxacin (median 80 vs 63, P < 0.001) and levofloxacin (median 31 vs 29, P = 0.001; Table 1). Re-prescription (≥2 claims per beneficiary) was not more common in higher resistance states for either agents (P = 0.89 and 0.96, respectively; Table S1). We show that FQ are the most commonly prescribed antibiotic type among Medicare urologists. This high rate of utilization when other agents could likely be used is concerning. Additionally, urologists prescribe significantly more FQ in areas with high resistance, suggesting a relationship between physician behavior and resistance rates. Finally, we show that although most physicians do not re-prescribe FQ, there is a subset of physicians with high re-prescription rates that might be problematic. We conclude that there is a need for greater education and closer scrutiny of antibiotic prescribing practices. Efforts should be made to slow rates of antibiotic resistance, which is associated with increased patient morbidity, greater costs and risk of hospitalization. Concern for FQ side-effects is an additional reason to avoid use of these antibiotics unless necessary. Indeed, the FDA updated the 2008 black box warning in 2016 to highlight risks of damage to tendons, muscles, joints, nerves and the central nervous system, and in 2018 issued a warning regarding mental health effects and serious blood sugar disturbances. It is not clear whether providers are indeed aware of these warnings and FDA recommendations to use alternative agents when possible. There were several limitations to this study. First, the Medicare Part D database does not report indications, thus it is unknown if prescriptions are for treatment of urinary tract infections versus procedural prophylaxis versus other. Second, the database only includes Medicare providers, and might not reflect prescribing habits among privately insured patients. Third, just 70% of Medicare patients enroll in Medicare Part D, therefore this dataset is a subset of the Medicare patients. Fourth, physicians who had claims for a medication with <11 claims were not included because of privacy concerns. However, considering the large sample size, we do not expect that low-volume prescribers would significantly alter findings. Finally, other factors could play a role in regional drug resistance, such as the presence of food reservoirs of drug-resistant E. coli. Because of the lack of granularity in the Medicare Part D database,


The population dynamics of Orchis militaris L. in different ecological and climatic conditions was defined. General patterns of spatial and age structure of tuberoid orchids was found using Ripley function and pair-correlation function. The dynamics of tuberoid orchids populations structure is determined by a combination of factors (weather conditions, zoogenic, phytogenous and anthropogenic impacts).


The very rich oil fields of Azerbaydzhan and Turkmenia lie in the northern half of the South Caspian depression. The structure in Azerbayzhan involves the most deeply depressed part of the depression and the Kura and Transcaspian marginal regions, the latter two with the notable Azerbaydzhan and Turkmenian tectonic steps. These steps, related to the shallows around the submerged parts of the Caucasus and Kopet Dag mountain structures, are the result of downwarping along deep faults at the edge of the depression. Evidence of the faults is periodic eruptions of mud volcanoes along the line of the faults. Records over the last 150 years show a cycle of activity every 50-60 years — 1852, 1886, and 1952. Cyclic behavior is attributed to periodic uplifting of the Main Range in the Caucasus. Latitudinal strike of Apsheron Peninsula coincides with direction of deep regional folding and associated deep faults. Volcanoes represent these faults above Upper Tertiary cover. Numerous blocks of Tertiary and Mesozoic str...


Two new, probably exotic, species of aphidiid parasites of aphids are described: Aphidius pelargonii, parasitic in Acyrthosiphon mahae (Mosley) on Pelargonium spp. in New South Wales, Tasmania and South Australia; and Aphidius similis, parasitic in Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), R. nymphaeae (L.), Sitobion miscanthi (Takahashi) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and known from all the mainland states. Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) is recorded for the first time from Australia.


In March 2017, Xinjiang, a territory in northwest China, enacted the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Regulation on De-Radicalization ("2017 Regulation"), which designated fifteen types of statements and actions as "primary expressions of radicalization" and authorized punishment for nonconformity, including criminal penalties and forced participation in "individual and collective" education programs. Many of these designated statements and actions are not only common practices in Muslim communities but also mandated by traditional Islamic law. The 2017 Regulation, through restricting religious expression, has the effect of further stigmatizing the Islamic faith and dismantling the social infrastructure of Muslim communities in Xinjiang.


Based on the practice, this article described that scientific accomplishment and research ability could be cultivated by participating research. Also, the mode that combining research and experimental teaching was presented.


Glycogen storage disease type I1 (GSDII) is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from inherited deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme, acid a-glucosidase (acid maltase). The clinical spectrum ranges from a generalized infantile onset disorder characterized by cardiomegaly and hypotonia (Pompe disease) to a slowly progressive adult onset disease limited to skeletal muscle (Hers et al., 1989; Hirschhorn, 1994). The gene has been localized to human chromosome 17q23, and both the structural gene as well as the cDNA have been isolated and characterized (Martiniuk et al. , 1986, 1990a, 1991; Hoefsloot et al., 1988, 1990). We have identified a new missense mutation (M519V) in a patient (GM3329) with infantileonset GSDII of slightly later onset and longer survival than that of classic infantile Pompe disease.


It is expected that the vibration characteristics of NC machine tools are affected by the contact between tool and workpiece during the cutting operations. However, the influences of the contact have not been clarified up to now. This study investigates the influence of contact between tool and workpiece onto vibration characteristics of machine tools. In this study, frequency response of a vertical type milling machine during cutting operation is evaluated. The evaluation tests of the contacting effect are carried out with and without cutting operations. In order to clearly evaluate the influence of the contact between a tool edge and a workpiece, boring operations of 50 mm diameter are carried out. The frequency responses are measured by using feed motor torque. Impulse signal is applied to the motor torque command during the cutting operations to oscillate the machine tool, and the axial acceleration of the table is measured to obtain the frequency responses. The impulse signal can be applied by refereeing the spindle rotational angle to control the relationships between the cutting edge and workpiece surface. As the results of the evaluations, it is clarified that the proposed method can evaluate the influence of the contact adequately. The natural frequency slightly increases and the vibration amplitude decreases when the tool contacts with the workpiece, regardless of whether non cutting or cutting. It has also been confirmed that the vibration amplitude of the frequency characteristics is changed due to the contact length of the cutting edge.


Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare the movement of the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) tendon on the distal radius during wrist and finger motions before and after removal of a volar plate in patients with distal radius fractures using transverse ultrasound and to evaluate the kinematic effects on the FPL by the removal. Methods: Twenty-five patients with distal radius fracture were evaluated quantitatively by transverse ultrasound using coordinates for the movement of the FPL on the distal radius during wrist and finger motions before and after the plate removal. Results: At all wrist positions, during finger motion, the FPL moved significantly more palmarly away from the radius after plate removal compared to before. However, the FPL was still situated more dorsoulnarly compared with unaffected side. Moreover, the FPL moved significantly most dorsally both before and after removal at the wrist dorsal flexion position with finger flexion. Conclusions: These findings suggested that any adhesion between the FPL and the pronator quadratus (PQ) muscle was released by removing the plate and that the FPL would approach original tendon movement. Additionally, it is speculated that any remaining atrophy and fibrosis of the PQ may be the reason for more dorsoulnar location of the FPL in the affected side compared with the unaffected one. This ultrasound evaluation may be useful in further understanding the FPL kinematics on the distal radius, and in appropriate treatment of the distal radius fracture with plate fixation for preventing FPL rupture.


In mice, rejection of intrastrain male-to-female grafts is due to an antigenic cell surface component that is present in the tissues of all males but absent from those of normal females. This cell surface component is called H-Y (histocompatibility-Y) antigen (reviewed by Lengerova 1969 and Gasser & Silvers 1972) because it is associated with presence of the Y-chromosome, which is presumably the only genetic difference between male and female members of the same highly inbred strain. H-Y antigen has been studied extensively, both as a prototypical weak transplantation antigen (in a system that may represent a simple genetic disparity between donor and host) and as a plasma membrane component concerned in the morphogenesis of the heterogametic (XY) gonad. What follows is a summary of some of the genetics and early serology of H-Y antigen, and a more comprehensive review of recent serological studies focusing on the possible role of H-Y antigen in the primary determination of vertebrate sex.


The control of stock is imperative to ensure efficiency and effectiveness of municipal e-procurement. The main purpose of this study is threefold: to identify critical factors influencing e-procurement; to assess strategies used by inventory stock control to improve successful e-procurement; and to explore significant relationships between inventory stock control and e-procurement, in the South African municipalities, with specific reference to the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) Province. This study uses the 5Ps theoretical framework (purpose, principles, processes, people and performance). This census study was descriptive, cross-sectional and quantitative in nature with 62 questionnaires administered by members of staff at procurement of the South African municipalities. Data are analyzed with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. The results indicate that stock inspection, control strategies, organizational support, staff skills and involvement, and sustainability of the 5Ps attributes are the main promotional tools for inventory stock control to improve e-procurement in the South African municipalities. Interestingly, the hypotheses of the study are accepted and the departments reveal a significant relationship with purpose (p = .008*), people (p = .021*), principles (p = .004*), and organizational support (p = .008*). The study recommends strategic advancements in the stock control to improve e-procurement, and it also recommends that other researches to test and validate a proposed model.


Objectives To study the role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Materials and methods All medical databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Springer were searched for relevant data and the studies were published according to specific criteria and all materials available on the internet from 2011 to 2018. Search methodology All medical databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Springer were searched for relevant data. Data sources All medical databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Springer were searched for relevant data and all materials available on the internet from 2011 to 2018. Language covered English. Study selection (a) Published in English language. (b) Focused on NETs and lupus. (c) We used the latest publication giving the most relevant data. (d) All materials available on the internet from 2011 to 2018. Data extraction If the studies not fulfill the above criteria, then they were excluded. Data synthesis Short reviews were made on NETs and its role in SLE. Recent findings NETs are involved in the pathogenesis of SLE. They are associated with increased disease activity and considered as a potential therapeutic target. The ineffective clearance of NETs in patients with SLE exposes self-molecules to the immune system and contributes to the development of autoantibodies and proinflammatory cytokines, driving the pathogenesis of SLE. Conclusion Being in its early phase, studies related to the role of NETs in autoimmune diseases including SLE should be directed toward a better understanding of SLE pathogenesis and focusing on the association between the formation of NETs and various clinical aspects in SLE. Moreover, the relation between NET formation and other pathological and genetic determinants of SLE development is a rich area of future research.


Objectives: Patellar tendinopathy is prevalent in elite jumping athletes, with a particularly high risk in basketball players. Previous prospective research has demonstrated that ultrasound (US) findings, primarily the presence of hypoechoic regions within the tendon, are prevalent in both symptomatic and asymptomatic elite jumping athletes and thus do not necessarily indicate patellar tendon pathology. Other studies have suggested that hypoechoic regions within asymptomatic tendons are predictive of new onset symptomatic patellar tendinopathy. None of these previous studies evaluated the utility of patellar tendon thickness as a predictive measure. The purpose of this study is to build on the previous literature to identify whether preseason US is a clinically relevant preseason screening tool in elite basketball players. We hypothesized that increased preseason anteroposterior (AP) thickness of the proximal patellar tendon, as well as hypoechoic regions, are predictive of symptomatic patellar tendinopathy and associated sequelae. Methods: Thirty-one male National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I basketball players voluntarily participated in this prospective cohort study. Both patellar tendons of each athlete were evaluated at preseason, midseason, and postseason time points, resulting in a total of 52 patellar tendons from 27 athletes included in this analysis after exclusion of 4 tendons that were previously operated on and 6 tendons from 3 athletes who transferred to a new team during the season. Basic demographic data were collected for each athlete. At each time point, Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment – Patellar Tendon (VISA-P) scores, patellar tendon AP thickness, and presence of proximal patellar tendon hypoechoic regions were evaluated. Outcome measures included 1) proximal patellar tendon hypoechoic region, 2) trip to the training room (TTR), 3) time-loss symptomatic patellar tendinopathy (TLPT), and 4) patellar tendon rupture. TTR was defined as symptomatic patellar tendinopathy causing the athlete to seek evaluation by team medical staff. TLPT was a binary outcome that involved 1 or more missed game due to patellar tendinopathy symptoms. Measurement of patellar tendon AP thickness was performed using the Butterfly iQ portable US probe (Butterfly Network, Inc., Burlington, MA) and accompanying iPhone mobile application (Apple, Cupertino, CA) (Figure 1). Two distinct images were saved for each patellar tendon at each time point. Each of these images were independently evaluated by two reviewers, one of which was a fellowship- trained musculoskeletal radiologist. Intra- and interrater reliability was calculated. Covariates evaluated in multivariate regression model included age and body mass index (BMI). Significance was set to p<.05. Results: Of the total of 52 tendons (mean age 20.67 ± 1.22 years, mean BMI 24.1 ± 1.57), the mean preseason AP thickness was 4.78 ± 1.22 mm. Intra- and interrater reliability for AP thickness were both excellent (ICC=0.99, p<.01 and ICC=0.98, p<.01, respectively). Compared to preseason values, there was a significant increase in mean AP thickness at both midseason (p<.01) and postseason (p<.01) evaluation (Table 1, Figure 2). VISA-P scores decreased from preseason to midseason (p=.04), but increased from midseason to postseason (p=.03) (Table 1). A total of 9 patellar tendons resulted in a TTR (17.31%) (Table 2). Preseason AP thickness was associated with an increased odds of TTR (aOR=7.58 [2.09, 29.66], p<.01). Assuming mean age and BMI, an 8mm tendon at baseline predicted a 97.19% probability of a TTR during the season, while a 4mm tendon predicted a 0.90% probability. Of the 9 tendons that demonstrated preseason hypoechoic regions, 5 (55.56%) resulted in a TTR (aOR=12.60, p<.01). Preseason VISA-P scores (p=.36) were not predictive of TTR. There were 4 cases of TLPT (7.69%) (Table 2). There was a significant association between preseason AP thickness and increased odds of TLPT (aOR=1.61 [1.02, 2.54], p=.04). Assuming mean age and BMI, an 8mm tendon at baseline demonstrated a 24.83% probability of resulting in TLPT, while a 4mm tendon demonstrated a 4.26% probability. Preseason VISA-P scores (p=.39) were not predictive of TLPT. Conclusions: This is the first analysis evaluating patellar tendon thickness and patellar tendon sequelae in elite basketball players at more than two time points. This study demonstrated the ability for preseason US screening to identify symptomatic patellar tendinopathy and associated sequelae during the season. Additionally, there was a significant increase in mean AP thickness from preseason to midseason as well as from midseason to postseason. This is in contrast to VISA-P scores, which initially increased, but then decreased to preseason levels at postseason evaluation. Patellar tendon AP thickness may thus serve as a more stable and precise measure of patellar tendinopathy severity when compared to VISA-P scores. Further research with increased sample size may establish US as a clinically relevant screening tool in elite jumping athletes.


This paper presents an overview and comparison of some of the known families of polyphase sequences for direct sequence spread spectrum multiple access (DS/SSMA) communication systems. A comparison between Zadoff and Chu (Frank and Zadoff 1962; Chu 1972) (ZC), Opperman and Vucetic (1997) (OV), and constant-envelope root-of-unity (CE-RU) filtered generalized chirp-like sequences is presented including the special class of analytical bandlimited complex (ABC) spreading sequences. The comparison is based on aperiodic correlation characteristics rather than traditionally discussed parameters like periodic, even, and odd correlations. The emphasis is based on practical considerations rather than rigorous mathematical derivation as found in literature. This paper is unique in the sense that it also presents the effects of filtering on polyphase sequences by using proper filtering methods.


ABSTRACT It is widely acknowledged that China is much wealthier than ever before. However, many have witnessed rising cases of moral disorders and the inefficiency of school-based moral education. As one of the most widely known theoretical frameworks in the social sciences, Bronfenbrenner's bio-ecological systems theory of human development can provide an insightful perspective in identifying the root causes of the problem. Based on the theory, this article argues that the longstanding trend of: (1) overstressing school-based values education and moral agency; (2) neglecting the impact of contextual factors; and (3) ignoring the significance of proximal processes that mediate the individual and contexts, have been leading to the unsuccessful problem-solving efforts in China. Moral education in China, therefore, should stress the contextual factors at all levels, promote proximal processes and finally establish moral ecology systems where individuals could flourish morally.


Microwave reaction sintering of tungsten- carbon-, cobalt mixtures is described as a method that combines the liquid phase reaction sintering of tungsten carbide cobalt hardmetals with the enhanced densification behavior of hardmetals in the microwave field. Starting with green parts composed of W-, Co- powder, soot as carbon source and with varying amount of additives a dense and extremely fine grained hardmetal can be obtained in one pressureless microwave reaction sintering step. By this method hardmetals with improved mechanical properties can be obtained in a drastically simplified processing cycle, without time consuming steps such as carburizing and milling.


FIELD: mechanical engineering; engines. SUBSTANCE: engine has at least two opposite pistons interconnected by common rod with cam member in its central part engaging with bushing through sinusoidal groove which permits turning of bushing at axial displacement of rod and conveying of torque to consumer. Rod is installed in guide supports to preclude turning of pistons. Using additional bushing with sinusoidal guide for rod, driving of valve timing gear can be provided. Lengths grooves are made multiple of two at equal amplitudes of sinusoids of grooves. EFFECT: enlarged operating capabilities. 2 cl, 1 dwg


Let ?n ×n be the set of all n × n matrices over a skew ?eld ?. The positive integer k is called the index of the matrix A in ?n ×n if k = min{l|Al X = Al for some X ∈ ?n }. The matrix X is called the Drazin inverse of A if X +1 ×n satis?es the equations: AX=XA, X2A=X and Ak X=Ak. Denote A#=ADwhen k=1, and A# is called the group inverse +1 of A. The existence conditions and representations of Drazin inverses and group inverses for some partitioned matrices in ?n ×n are given.


This study will conduct a comprehensive laboratory evaluation of conventional and innovative mineral fillers including manufactured fillers obtained from industrial wastes and will identify the most promising fillers for enhanced mix durability and life-time extension. In addition, it will develop possible modifications to the current specifications for the acceptance of mineral fillers. It will also improve pavement performance by optimizing mix durability against major distresses including moisture damage. As part of Task 6, the research team will develop an implementation plan that presents a strategy to incorporate the results into the state-of-the-practice, pavement rehabilitation, and specifications of the Department. This research will influence DOTD, highway contractors, transportation and civil engineers, and Louisianans in general.


Prolonged operation of the gas-transport system in conditions of partial loading involves frequent changes in the volume of gas transportation, which necessitates prompt forecasting of system operation.
When forecasting the modes of operation of the gas transport system, the main criterion of optimality implies the maximum volume of gas pumping. After all, in this case, the largest profit of the gas-transport company is achieved under the condition of full provision of consumers with energy.
In conditions of incomplete loading of the gas-transport system caused by a shortage of gas supply, optimality criteria change significantly. First, the equipment is operated in ranges far from nominal ones which leads to growth of energy consumption. Secondly, changes in performance cause high-amplitude pressure fluctuations at the outlet of compressor stations.
Based on mathematical modeling of nonstationary processes, amplitude and frequency of pressure fluctuations at the outlet of compressor stations which can cause the pipeline overload have been established. To prevent this, it was proposed to reduce initial pressure relative to the maximum one. Calculated dependence was obtained which connects the amplitude of pressure fluctuations with the characteristics of the gas pipeline and the nonstationary process.
Reduction in energy consumption for transportation is due to the shutdown of individual compressor stations (CS). Mathematical modeling has made it possible to establish regularities of reduction of productivity of the gas-transport system and duration of the nonstationary process depending on the location of the compressor station on the route. With an increase in the number of shutdown compression stations, the degree of productivity decrease and duration of nonstationarity reduces
The established patterns and proposed solutions will improve the reliability of a gas-transport system by preventing pipeline overload and reduce the cost of gas transportation by selecting running numbers of shutdown stations with a known decrease in productivity.


Objective
To evaluate the right heart function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by echocardiography, and to find out the correlation between echocardiographic findings and severity of COPD.

Methods
A total of 85 patients with COPD were selected and staged by pulmonary function test (PFT), of which 36 were mild, 33 were moderate and 16 were severe. And 60 healthy volunteers were as controls. All the subjects were evaluated by echocardiography.

Results
Right ventricular (RV) basal diameter, tricuspid regurgitation (TR) maximum pressure and pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) were significantly greater in mild group than in control group [(3.28±0.71)cm vs. (3.20±0.79)cm, (22.22±1.76)mmHg vs. (18.31±2.17)mmHg, and (35.63±2.25)mmHg vs. (23.83±2.56)mmHg, respectively, all P<0.01]. Compared with other three groups, E/E′ in severe group was significantly increased (7.79±1.73 vs. 5.04±1.78, 5.37±1.19 and 5.64±1.81, respectively, all P<0.01), right ventricular fractional area change (FAC) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) significantly lower [29.11%±8.41% vs. 38.38%±9.45%, 37.41%±8.49% and 35.98%±10.59%; (18.08±4.62)cm vs. (22.37±4.09)cm, (21.09±2.46)cm and (20.71±4.82)cm, respectively, all P<0.01]. RV basal diameter, TR and PASP in the three COPD groups were significantly different [(3.28±0.71)cm vs. (4.58±0.57)cm vs. (4.92±0.80)cm; (22.22±1.76)mmHg vs. (31.00±8.51)mmHg vs. (49.00±7.45)mmHg; (35.63±2.25)mmHg vs. (40.17±2.97)mmHg vs. (59.00±2.54)mmHg, all P<0.01], and increased with the severity of COPD.

Conclusions
With the deterioration of lung function in COPD patients, pulmonary artery pressure is increased. Structural changes appear firstly in right heart, and then right ventricular diastolic and systolic dysfunction appears. Right ventricular diastolic dysfunction appears earlier than significant systolic dysfunction.

Key words:
Echocardiography; Pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive; Pulmonary function; Right heart function


For example, Muzzio suggests that Nixon's decision to fire Cox bears "the appearance of irrationality . . . since only one of the major consequences of the president's actions [the removal of Cox] . . . was foreseen and intended. Among the unforeseen and unintended consequences were the resignations of Richardson and Ruckelshaus and the instant and enormous increase in public and congressional demands for resignation or impeachment" (pp. 106-107). In fact, there is more than the mere "appearance of irrationality." Muzzio suggests that, "an element of irrationality . . . lies in the president's reliance on intermediaries to deal with Richardson. Given the tremendous potential costs involved in his actions, the president failed to determine directly Richardson's preferences" (p. 107). However, when the popular and the rational choice definitions of rationality are directly juxtaposed, Muzzio's conclusion is that "the president's extreme fear of and antipathy to Cox and his 'liberal enclave' could be considered, in a popular sense, to be 'irrational.' However, given this antipathy, Nixon acted rationally in respect to it. He fired Cox" (p. 108).


The male palpal organs of Acartauchenius scurrilis (0.P.-C.) and Syedra gracilis (Menge) are described in detail, and the taxonomic position of the two species is discussed.


We propose a novel framework which integrates human hand detection and pose estimation into one single pipeline. Unlike most of previous works which only focus on the pose estimation part subject to some strong assumptions or relying on a weak detector to detect human hands, we employ a deep learning architecture to complete both aforementioned tasks. By letting three different neural networks share the convolutional layers, this deeply learning architecture can efficiently and accurately detect human hands and compute their hand pose configuration. Moreover, we propose a new energy function to optimize the predicted result of convolutional neural network. To validate the proposed framework, experiments have been conducted and the results show that our approach is highly reliable and suitable for real-world applications.


The statistic data of safety accidents in coal enterprises of China showed that the safety situation of coal industry was still quite severe. Much attention has been paid to improve the safety management level of coal mine by coal industry. By applying the system theory mechanism and combining the characteristics of coal industry, the paper resulted that by the methods of system theory, thinking and guilding the safety work of coal mine was the essential way to solve the safety problems of coal mine.


In order to know the macroscopical influences of grouting in weakness plane to jointed slope,a numerical calculation model is founded by FLAC3D which is based on the method of fast lagrangian analysis of continua three dimensions.The differences of stress field and displacement field in slope before and after grouting are analyzed.The analysis results show that before grouting,the vertical tensile stress and horizontal tensile stress increase from outside to inside of slope,and the direction of these stress is parallel to the joint plane.The stress beside the joint plane change obviously.The static and dynamic displacement decrease from outside to inside of slope,these displacements change a lot in the joint plane.The joint plane is the most important factor for instability of slope.After grouting,the area of tensile stress becomes smaller,the phenomenon of connection of tensile stress area disappears,the grads of the stress become smaller.The value of static and dynamic displacement obviously become smaller,the mutation of displacement in the joint plane disappears.Damage to slope by the joints is repaired.Shear resistance strength and shear stiffness are increased after grouting.Stress field and displacement field of rock mass are more symmetrical and continuous.Areas of tensile stress are reduced and the large amount of displacement in joint plane is restrained.The integrity and stability of slope is improved after grouting.


The electrical and optical characteristics of a 12 kW transverse flow C02-laser with rf excitation will be discussed. The rf discharge with its bulk plasma and the electric boundary layers covering the ceramic electrodes are analysed on the basis of refined measurements of the complex discharge impedance. The dissipative influence of the electrical boundary layers on the electrodes is deduced from heat balances. The phase distribution in the discharge zone measured with a Mach Zehnder interferometer characterizes the optical effect of the gas density gradient in flow direction. Measured small signal gain distributions give the optimum location of the double pass unstable resonator. The overall performance of the system will be demonstrated by the measured output power and the far field intensity distribution.


In present study four green leafy vegetables which widely consumed in diet as salad in Yemen have been evaluated for antioxidative constituents and free radical scavenging activities. Phytochemical screening of 70% methanol leaf extracts of Eruca sativa, Lactuca sativa L, Raphanus sativus and Allium porrum was showed present carbohydrates, steroids, triterpenoids, polyphenols, flavonoids and alkaloids. All these extracts exhibited antioxidant activity in rapid screening by dot-blot assay and TLC analysis with DPPH. Free radical scavenging activities were ranged from 32.23±4.18% for Allium porrum to 91.33±4.01% for Lactuca sativa. Results of this study may confirm the nutrients, pharmacological properties and explain partially the uses of selected green leafy vegetables in prevention of many illnesses.


The Bayesian ying-yang learning system and theory developed by the present author (1995, 1996) is further elaborated in a general formulation, focusing on systematically introducing the key points of the theory for empirical learning, data smoothing based regularization, structural regularization, and model selection. Moreover, discussions have been made on the relationship and difference between this theory and the existing approaches, especially the Helmholtz machine, information theory as well as information geometry theory.


Two new red luminescent asymmetric squarylium dyes (designated "Red‐1c and Red‐3") have been shown to exhibit absorbance shifts to longer wavelengths upon the addition of protein, along with a concomitant increase in fluorescence emission. Specifically, the absorbance maxima for Red‐1c and Red‐3 dyes are 607 and 622 nm, respectively, in the absence of HSA, and 642 and 640 nm in the presence of HSA, making the excitation of their protein complexes feasible with inexpensive and robust diode lasers. Fluorescence emission maxima, in the presence of HSA, are 656 and 644 nm for Red‐1c and Red‐3, respectively. Because of the inherently low fluorescence of the dyes in their free state, Red‐1c and Red‐3 were used as on‐column labels (that is, with the dye incorporated into the separation buffer), thus eliminating the need for sample derivatization prior to injection and separation. A comparison of precolumn and on‐column labeling of proteins with these squarylium dyes revealed higher efficiencies and greater sensitivities for on‐column labeling, which, when conducted with a basic, high‐salt content buffer, permitted baseline resolution of a mixture of five model proteins. LOD for model proteins, such as transferrin, α‐lactalbumin, BSA, and β‐lactoglobulin A and B, labeled with these dyes and analyzed by CE with LIF detection (CE‐LIF) were found to be dependent upon dye concentration and solution pH, and are as low as 5 nM for BSA. Satisfactory linear relationships between peak height (or peak area) and protein concentration were obtained by CE‐LIF for this on‐column labeling method with Red‐3 and Red‐1c.


The invention provides a red light avoidance system. The red light avoidance system comprises a smart phone where a red light application program is installed and an automobile with a speed control module. The automobile automatically runs according to an optimum vehicle speed so as to avoid a red light. The red light avoidance system can save energy and reduce pollution and does not influence running safety. A universal device (such as the smart phone) rather than a customized device is adopted for the red light avoidance system to achieve the goal of red light avoidance. An existing traffic control system and an existing vehicle-mounted electronic device do not need to undergo too much modification. Therefore, the red light avoidance system is very low in hardware cost.


Sir, Syringocystadenoma papilliferum (SCAP) is a rare benign adnexal skin tumour of apocrine or apoeccrine type with characteristic histopathological features, and varied and non-distinct clinical findings (1). The vast majority of lesions are solitary and occur in the head and neck region. Their occurrence at other anatomical sites is uncommon, and linear arrangements of these lesions are particularly rare (2). We report here an unusual case of multiple SCAP in a linear distribution presenting on the arm.


The paper presented the study of the issue of shaping the general-purpose learning operations (GPLO) in junior school children, and the entity of influence exerted by the educationalist' guidance on the progress that resulted in awareness of the necessity to elaborate guidance procedures (techniques) for educationalists. The study considered guidance by the educationalist in shaping the general-purpose learning operations from the standpoint of personal involvement and axiological approaches that made it possible to specify it as a multidimension procedure of interaction between teacher and students having on the grounds a scenario, aimed at shaping the general-purpose learning acts/ operations in junior schoolchildren. Operation of the teacher being the agent guiding in the shaping of the general-purpose learning operations in students shall be filled with guidance' and upbringing' content, which shall be implemented in cumulative actions and operations in certain sequence, all of them assuming an optimal attainment of results.


A method for the evaluation of melody is presented. The method is based on a connectionist operationalization of the aesthetic ideal of unity in diversity. It is demonstrated that one can determine the degree of unity in diversity of a stimulus by measuring the mean activation levels of a competitive network. This measure is then used to show why stepwise motion is favoured in melodies, and why there tends to be a family resemblance between successive melodic groups. Four sets of simulations were then run to further test the model. In the first, it was shown that the model predicts that positive affect is an inverted U-shaped curve as a function of melodic complexity, in accord with human data. The second treats affect and exposure; the model predicts that exposure to a melody will increase affective response to it, but that this quantity will fall off with over-exposure. In the third set of simulations, it is shown that there is positive affective transfer within a musical genre, but relatively little transfer between genres. Finally, it is shown that degraded good melodies induce a decrease in the model's evaluation function. Difficulties with the model are then discussed, and it is suggested that these problems may be addressed by altering the network dynamics but by preserving the affective measure


Soot emissions from diesel engine combustion are harmful both for the health and the environment. Soot is also a limiting factor in the work to lower the emissions of nitrogen emissions (NOx) and to improve the fuel consumption. In the present work, experimental and simulation methods were used to study soot processes during the combustion. In the combustion chamber, soot is first formed but then to a large extent oxidized again. The final exhaust emissions level is a results of a competition between these two processes. Actions to lower the soot formation during the fuel injection period by for instance high fuel injection pressure tend to increase NOx. One efficient method to lower NOx is to use cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). A major problem with this method is that the availability of oxygen decreases for efficient fuel and soot oxidation. It is therefore needed to find methods capable to lower both soot and NOx. Additionally, general knowledge about soot emissions processes is useful to adapt the combustion to new non-fossil fuels.

The work shows that soot oxidation is equally important as soot formation. Control of the soot oxidation late in the combustion cycle can be done with a comparatively small increase of NOx. Using an approach to systematically break down the combustion history in a number of events, the soot oxidation process was divided into three phases: during the fuel injection period, directly after the end of injection and finally, oxidation of rich zones late in the cycle. The last phase was identified to be important to study more in detail. Studies of flame to wall interactions indicated that the turbulent mixing after wall impingement takes place on a longer time-scale than in the free part of the flame, which is an effect that can have an impact on the local rate of soot oxidation.

The work was partly funded by the Swedish Energy Agency (project 30754-1&2).


Abstract A method of inhibitor evaluation based on measurement of hydrogen evolved during corrosion, apparatus used, evaluation procedure and typical test results are given. The method was developed to simulate oil well corrosion as closely as possible and still give rapid evaluation results. Hot brine is passed continuously by an iron coupon and subsequently discharged from the system to prevent build-up of corrosion products. Simulation of fluid flow is accomplished by rotating the sample and provision is made for introduction of a gas in the brine. The gas and liquid leaving the iron coupon are separated and the amount of hydrogen .in the gas stream determined. This provides a means of continuously measuring the rate of hydrogen evolution and consequently of the corrosion rate. Effect of a chemical on this rate is determined by injecting it into the flow stream in front of the sample and recording the change in rate of hydrogen evolution. Oil is not used in the liquid stream because oil well corrosion ...


School curriculum system is a well-structured,relatively stable system of procedures,processes and regulations formed or developed in school and abided by all staff,representing the value of school education.Constructing school curriculum system is both an inherent requirement of curriculum reform and prerequisite of implementing the teaching ideas of the new curriculum reform.Our country has long been adopting a highly uniformed and centralized curriculum management system,which leaves school curriculum system construction an unexplored or under-explored area.Research into school curriculum system construction is of great significance.school curriculum system construction includes curriculum planning,curriculum development,curriculum implementation,curriculum management,curriculum evaluation,school-based teaching and research and so on.


Delhi Psychiatry Journal 2008; 11:(1) © Delhi Psychiatric Society 234 What is Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia? Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) is autosomal recessive.Earlier it was known as Immotile Cilia Syndrome. Kartagener syndrome (KS) is the most serious form of it. Although Kartagener syndrome refers to the triad of Situs inversus, sinusitis and bronchiectasis, infertility in males (due to immotile sperms) and females can also be seen. The Incidence ranges from 1 in 20,000 to 1 in 60,000. Only half the patients present with all the symptoms. viz., situs inversus, infertility, sinusitis, and bronchiectasis, a condition designated as complete KS, compared with incomplete KS, typically defined as cases in which situs inverus does not occur. Associations with Polysplenia, asplenia, and congenital heart diseases have been described. The underling defect is in the cilia lining the respiratory tract including the sinuses and the estachian tube, middle ear, and the cilia responsible for the transposition of the organs in the embryo. Sometimes, a large percentage of sperms (flagellar motility) are also immotile in these patients. We present a case coming to the Psychiatry outpatient department with PCD, infertility, oligospermia and Generalized Anxiety Disorder.


Very little has been written about Lennox Lewis, an athlete who won the Olympic gold medal for Canada in 1988 but who was widely hailed as Britain's boxing savior when he unified various world titles in 1999. This article begins to address some of the gaps in our knowledge by placing Lewis alongside intellectual debates arising from Paul Gilroy's work on a Black Atlantic. It argues that some of the major themes of Gilroy's work—nationalism, double (or poly) consciousness, Americocentricity, and Black masculinity—are extremely useful tools for us to plot Lewis's career and to contend that a brief description of his career reminds us of the Canadian gaps in Gilroy's attempt to chart Black identities that are not just African, American, British, or Caribbean.


Several neuronal populations in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) continue to be generated from dividing precursor cells well into adulthood. A large number of factors regulating adult neurogenesis have now been identified, including specific experiences, as well as hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors. Distinct factors control neuronal precursor proliferation and survival of the young neurons, and distinct, though somewhat overlapping, factors control these processes in the dentate gyrus and olfactory bulb. Although no coherent picture has emerged to connect all of the regulatory factors, there appears to be a direct relationship between the ability to increase neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and anti-depressant properties, either in humans or animal models. This review discusses the large number of factors currently known to regulate cell proliferation and survival of young neurons in the dentate gyrus and olfactory bulb.

Keywords:

neurogenesis;
granule cell;
hippocampus;
dentate gyrus;
subventricular zone;
olfactory bulb;
cell birth;
cell death;
survival;
antidepressants


Audio captioning is a multi-modal task, focusing on generating a natural sentence to describe the content in an audio clip. This paper proposes a solution of automated audio captioning based on weakly supervised pre-training and word selection methods. Our solution focuses on solving two problems in automated audio captioning: data insufficiency and word selection indeterminacy. As the amount of training data is limited, we collect large-scale weakly labeled dataset from Web with heuristic methods. Then we pre-train the encoder-decoder models with this dataset followed by fine-tuning on the Clotho dataset. To solve the word selection indeterminacy problem, we use keywords extracted from captions of similar audios and audio tags produced by pre-trained audio tagging models to guide caption generation. The proposed system achieves the best SPIDEr score of 0.310 in the DCASE 2021 Challenge Task 6.


The high-speed train (HST) air brake system (ABS) is crucial to guarantee a safe and reliable operation environment for passengers on board. Recently, a novel combined index has been proposed for incipient fault detection of the ABS. Following detection, fault isolation is quite desired so as to find out the root causes of the occurred fault and provide valuable information for preventive maintenance and repairs. In this work, the combined index is briefly revisited and its detectability analysis is first formally developed, which can reveal certain detection properties theoretically. Then, a fault-recovery-based optimization strategy is presented for fault isolation purpose. Through theoretical reasoning it is indicated that, with accurately assumed fault direction information, the proposed methodology is able to accomplish correct isolation. Extensive tests on a practical ABS platform demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed fault detection and isolation approaches.


This paper presents an inverse modeling technique using dynamic strain responses to identify the prestressed concrete beam parameters: the pretension in the cable and the prestress in the concrete. The direct problem corresponds to 2D elastodynamics equations. To get the beam parameters, we minimize a classical data misfit function using a gradient-like algorithm. A low-cost computation of the functional gradient is performed using the adjoint problem


Mechanical damages of fresh fruits may happen in traditional packaging methods. The aim of research is to find some alternatives methods to reduce the mechanical damage during transportation. The variable used in the study are vibration and drop test, and the study was implemented for avocados. mangoes, bananas, and papayas. Using equivalent bruise index percentage, it is known that the packaging models suggested are capable to reduce the mechanical damages (% EBI) from 15,01%-22,33% through 1,57%-9,17%. The result obtained give alternatives for each commodity. The best packaging model for mangoes is the corrugated cartoon, followed by the wooden box V type, the plastic basket and traditional packaging (bamboo basket). Where as for avocados. the best packaging model is the plastic basket, followed by the corrugated. On the other hand, the corrugated cartoon is the best for papayas, followed by the wooden box V type, the plastic basket and traditional packaging (partition). The final result of the result suggests that the wooden box V type is the best for all commodities. This packaging uses a linked hinge which is easier for returning distribution, and surely it needs only little of space on transportation vehicles.


Purpose: Evaluate the volume fraction enclosed by maximum isodose (isodosemax) within a structure as a quantitative criterion for assessing the benefits of using nanoparticles in Radiotherapy.Material and Methods:Dose enhancement can be evaluated in a volume with and without nanoparticles by the ratio between mean doses, defining an average‐dose‐enhancement‐factor (DEF). Decompounding DEF in multiplicative terms is possible to define a maximum‐dose‐enhancement‐factor(DEFmax) and a dose‐gradient‐factor(GF). GF express what fraction of volume is enclosed by the isodosemax present in the analyzed structure. GF close to 1 express that the isodosemax present in the analyzed volume increase its value. GF close to 0 indicates that the isodosemax decrease its value. Soft and lung targets with 3×3×1cm3 containing and not containing 0.11mM concentration of goldnanoparticles (AuNP) were considered to Monte Carlo simulations, performed with PENELOPE‐2008. Adjacent‐volumes were delimited as tissues 1cm far from the target in all directions. A 120kV x‐ray beam was considered to simulate Intra‐Operative‐Radiotherapy situations. Results:Dose distributions visually revels changes in dose‐gradient and depth dose curves presents it quantitatively. In target soft tissue: DEF soft‐tissue target = 2.44 and DEF max soft‐tissue target = 2.40; To adjacent‐volume DEF soft‐tissue adjacent volume = 1.14 and max soft‐tissue adjacent volume = 2.44. It indicates that in target isodose max changes not so much, presenting almost the same values in situations with and without AuNP; However in adjacent‐volume isodosemax had its value increased. In target lung tissue: DEF lung‐tissue target = 2.43 ; DEF max lung‐tissue target = 2.49; DEF lung‐tissue adjacent volume = 0.92; DEF max lung‐tissue adjacent volume = 2.30. These parameters indicate that the isodosemax changes its value not so much in lung‐target but radically in lung‐adjacent‐tissue. This behavior is expressed in each corresponding GF of these structures: GF soft‐tissue target = 1.02; GF soft‐tissue adjacent volume = 0.47; GF lung‐tissue target = 0.97; GF lung‐tissue adjacent volume = 0.39. Coclusions: AuNP increase the mean dose in target and decrease radically the maximum isodose in adjacent tissues. The GF express quantitatively how attenuation and dose‐contribution effects are balanced providing information to guide clinical cases of nanoparticle added to Radiotherapy.


The odd title of this book suggests a hodge-podge of unrelated contributions; actually these conference proceedings concern the use of carbamazepine (Tegretol) in the treatment of seizure, behavior disorders, and pain syndromes. The participants at this St Moritz conference were predominately from the German-speaking countries of central Europe, with a sprinkling from France, England, Spain, and Sweden. The New World was represented by individuals from the United States (Penry), Mexico, and Brazil. The presentations were in several languages and most of the discussion was in German, but the proceedings have been completely translated into English. Much basic information about carbamazepine is presented. The serum half-life in normal subjects always exceeds 30 hours; epileptics receiving long-term treatment, however, metabolize carbamazepine more rapidly, necessitating at least twice daily dosage. The marked interindividual variation in oral dosage required to reach a given blood level emphasizes the clinical values of serum carbamazepine determinations. Several


BOSWELL AND MRS. PIOZZI EVER since Mrs. Piozzi's manuscripts began to be dispersed, about forty years ago, it has been increasingly apparent that she was Boswell's competitor not only as a biographer of Johnson but also as a tireless scribbler of autobiography. Were all her extant journals, diaries, notebooks, and commonplace-books (listed as Appendix C in Mr. Clifford's biography)1 to be published, she would be revealed almost as intimately as Boswell and Pepys and the other great diarists. The trouble is that most of her autobiographical remains are compounded of so many disparate elements-anecdotes, reflections, domestic happenings, reminiscences-that the task of reducing them to an orderly and readable form appears almost superhuman. We are promised in the near future, however, a complete printing of the six volumes (over sixteen hundred pages) of "Thraliana," under the editorship of Miss Katharine C. Balderston. This vast collection of whatever struck her at the time (to use her own phrase), together with Mr. Clifford's admirably full and factual account of her life, will possibly give to the world all it will ever want to know about her. Besides the manuscripts mentioned above, Mr. Clifford (in his Appendix D) lists nearly three thousand surviving letters from Mrs. Piozzi. The advantages and disadvantages to her biographer of such a wealth of widely scattered source material are obvious. Mr. Clifford has accepted the challenge, and it is unlikely that his work will need to be done again. Every Johnsonian on both sides of the Atlantic must be aware of the single-minded devotion with which the author has pursued his subject during the last six or eight years. He has, in fact, run half over England and America in tracking down Piozzi manuscripts and "association" materials.2 His pilgrimage has led him to Edinburgh, Manchester, Ashbourne, Oxford, and various places in Wales; and he has crossed our own continent o get to San Marino in California. His modesty has not permitted him to chronicle his adventures here, but they would doubtless make an interesting book in themselves. In order to convey a firsthand impression of Mrs. Piozzi's personality as well as to present a record of the facts of her career, Mr. Clifford has wisely 1 Hester Lynch Piozzi (Mrs. Thrale). By James L. Clifford. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1941. Pp. xix +492. 2 As an example of the latter and also of the odd byways into which he has been willing to venture, consider p. 188, n. 5, where we learn that, upon discovering some musical compositions by Gabriel Piozzi in the British Museum, Mr. Clifford caused them to be rotographed and heard them performed.


D16 is one of ILL's cold neutron diffractometer. It is a 2-axis small-momentum transfer diffractometer with variable vertical focussing, for the study of partially ordered structures such as stacked membranes or clays. The scattering geometry obtained with large, vertically oriented samples, profits the most from the large vertical cross section of the beam at the sample position. A highresolution SANS setup is used routinely in experiments requiring the 1% wavelength band width and the high angular resolution of the instrument. Because of its special characteristics, D16 remains unequaled for the study of a wide range of systems in biology, physics and material science. In the last decade D16 has undergone several major upgrades: in 1999 with a completely new design, in 2007, in the frame of the ILL millennium program the instrument has been re-sitted and the design revisited. In 2008 D16 will have a new high resolution, high count rate detector (MILAND). The poster will present the new design, the major characteristics and performances of the instrument, as well as recent examples of experiments performed on D16.


The position of a well known and well publicized conservative economist of the United States is critically evaluated, focussing on the myths of consumer preferences, equal access to and use of service, and the notion that less insurance for moderate-sized hospital bills with associated greater out-of-pocket expense will in some mysterious way be beneficial to the public.


The paper is a contribution to a sociological reading of a decisive moment in the history of Austrian and Viennese sociology: the early 20th century. In this early period of its establishment, the Austrian (and especially Viennese) sociology is known for its intellectual vitality, the diversity of its competing circles, its methodological innovations. At the same time, sociology appeared as a highly fragmented scientific field with dominant strands, today on the fringes of the discipline, and with peripheral and marginalized trends and positions, appreciated today as pioneers of modern sociology. By applying a topographic approach, the paper elaborates specific characteristics of this field, including the different degree of institutionalization in and outside the Universities, in connection with political and ideological struggles for discursive hegemony, or the deep gap between theoretical and empirical approaches, related to the effects of multidimensional and intersectional marginalization on protagonists of the sociological field who are today recognized as important innovators. With its focus on the material dimension of knowledge production and its particular attention to places and the localization of actors, methods, and thoughts, and the related (unequal) positions in the social field of science, the paper aims to contribute to a critical understanding of processes of marginalization as a constitutive, and driving, element in science history.


The Western Trauma Association presently dictates that for minor penetrating chest trauma due to a stab wound in a hemodynamically stable patient, an upright chest radiograph should be sufficient to determine the main injuries. In children, performing a chest CT after minor trauma is discouraged because the findings rarely influence the clinical management.1 Furthermore, the routine use of CT in children can be detrimental because of the increased radiation exposure; children are more radiosensitive and have a longer potential lifespan in which to express radiation-induced tumors. But, is chest X-ray enough to identify potential foreign objects retained after penetrating injuries? We present a case of a retained piece of glass in the chest cavity unable to be detected in seven chest radiographs over the course of one week (Fig. 1). A 16-year-old male presented to the emergency department after a penetrating chest injury. The caretaker reported that the patient had been pushed into a shattered picture frame; a piece of glass had caused a small laceration to the right lateral chest. The patient complained of shortness of breath, dry cough, and right chest pain. On physical examination, the patient had diminished breath sounds on the right, a 0.5 to 1 cm-puncture wound in right lateral chest, and moderate subcutaneous emphysema. Chest X-ray showed a moderate right-sided pneumothorax, no pleural effusion, and mild shift of the mediastinum to the left. No foreign bodies were seen on two consecutive X-rays. A right-sided 8-Fr pigtail was placed with subsequent re-expansion of the right lung. The pigtail was removed two days later and the patient was discharged home in stable condition. A total of seven chest X-rays were performed throughout his admission. Two weeks later, the patient returned to the emergency department with severe chest pain, a chest X-ray revealed a radiopaque foreign body along the right diaphragm. A CT of the abdomen/pelvis was performed which showed a linear foreign body in the right costophrenic angle. The patient was urgently taken to the operating room for right video-assisted thoracoscopy and removal of the foreign body. A 5-cm piece of glass was found in the right pleural cavity, adjacent to one of the lower ribs. The imaging protocols that have been developed in the adult population after trauma do not apply to children. Most adults undergo a total body scan after a blunt traumatic injury or focal tomography after penetrating injury. In the pediatric population this has been discouraged. The increased use of imaging adds substantially to the radiation burden and, consequently, to the cancer risk estimates for the exposed population.2 CT scans are particularly discouraged. The radiation dose of one chest CT can equal that of approximately 250 chest radiographs and the routine addition of a CT scan, in most occasions, does not alter patient management.2 CT becomes effective when the information obtained from it is expected to have a substantial value. This is the case when glass foreign bodies are involved in a penetrating injury to the chest, abdomen, or pelvis. Glass is very particular in terms of its radiographic visibility compared with other foreign objects. Plastic and organic foreign bodies (such as wood) are not usually visible on radiographs as they are radiolucent. These are easily seen on ultrasound.3 Stone foreign objects (such as porcelain) are radiopaque and generally visible on X-rays.3 All glass foreign objects are radiopaque, but their visibility is greatly affected by location, depth, surrounding tissue, and density of the object. Tomography has the highest sensitivity to detect all foreign objects.3 The location and surrounding tissue of the foreign body greatly limits its detection on radiograph and ultrasonography.3, 4 Ultrasound imaging is user dependent and greatly affected by surrounding characteristics and depth of Address correspondence and reprint requests to Clara Angeles, M.D., Department of Surgery, Westchester Medical Center, Taylor Pavilion, Room E-130, 100 Woods Road, Valhalla, NY 10595. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com.


The dynamic subsidence characteristics due to super-large working face (SLWF) are the basis for further understanding of land ecology damage in fragile-ecological mining areas. In order to acquire the evolution characteristics of dynamic subsidence parameters and surface cracks, a series of field monitoring and comparisons with previous studies were conducted. The results indicate that (1) the subsidence trough is characterized with self-healing characteristics, including rapid formation of subsidence trough, the convergence of deformation, a steep trough edge, the smaller range of surface cracks; (2) the dynamic curves of dynamic subsidence parameters conformed to the exponential function curve with an inflection point when the SLWF advanced ca. critical dimension, which is the commonality of the dynamic subsidence characteristics; and (3) the optimized monitoring strategy for land ecology damage is recommended, and more attention should be paid to the quantitative prediction of root damage due to coal mining. The research results would benefit mining damage control and civil engineering protection in fragile-ecological mining areas.


In this study, pressurized boiler had been set up to extract locally cultivated momordica charantia. Momordica charantia is one of the members of Cucurbitaceae species and known for its medicinal properties. The pressurized boiler used water as solvent to boil and extract sample. The optimum operational condition of this pressurized boiling system was studied. The pressure applied was at excess pressure which was above atmospheric pressure. The build-up of pressure in boiler was from the steam formed when the water boiled. Analysis of the extract was performed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify compounds in the extract. The result from this study showed that the highest yield was determined at pressure 2.5 bar. The result was compared with conventional method extractions which was Soxhlet extraction and boiling. It showed that pressurized boiler was effective to extract valuable compounds from momordica charantia.


Researchers claim that the American skinhead subculture largely has been a racist phenomenon since its emergence. Moreover, researchers posit that the American skinhead subculture emerged primarily as a result of social network connections between organized American racists and British skinheads. This study challenges and adds to these claims. In particular, analyses of music lyrics, primary subcultural artifacts, and secondary sources indicate that the development of the American skinhead phenomenon largely was influenced by an indigenous and nonracist subculture known as "hardcore." Findings contribute to a more complete understanding of American skinhead subcultural origins. Findings also provide support for recent theories about evolution and schism among contemporary youth subcultures.


MOTIVATION
Elucidating the molecular taxonomy of cancers and finding biological and clinical markers from microarray experiments is problematic due to the large number of variables being measured. Feature selection methods that can identify relevant classifiers or that can remove likely false positives prior to supervised analysis are therefore desirable.

RESULTS
We present a novel feature selection procedure based on a mixture model and a non-gaussianity measure of a gene's expression profile. The method can be used to find genes that define either small outlier subgroups or major subdivisions, depending on the sign of kurtosis. The method can also be used as a filtering step, prior to supervised analysis, in order to reduce the false discovery rate. We validate our methodology using six independent datasets by rediscovering major classifiers in ER negative and ER positive breast cancer and in prostate cancer. Furthermore, our method finds two novel subtypes within the basal subgroup of ER negative breast tumours, associated with apoptotic and immune response functions respectively, and with statistically different clinical outcome.

AVAILABILITY
An R-function pack that implements the methods used here has been added to vabayelMix, available from (www.cran.r-project.org).

CONTACT
firstname.lastname@example.com

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Supplementary information is available at Bioinformatics online.


Ganz's theory of contour displacements is summarized, and it is pointed out that its success or failure in explaining the illusions depends upon establishing the identity of the illusions and figural after-effects. Evidence is quoted which casts doubt on Ganz's claims for such an identity. Moreover, it is shown that predictions from Ganz's theory about some common illusions do not correspond with observed phenomena.


Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand activated transcription factors that are involved in variety of processes, such as metabolism, development, and reproduction. The farnesoid x receptor (FXR) is a NR that is involved in maintaining lipid homeostasis in the liver. When FXR is downregulated in the liver, diseases such as fatty liver disease can arise. Using the ligand-trap system in zebrafish, a novel ligand for FXR, 8215 Ethyl, was identified. This ligand was characterized and it was discovered that 8215 Ethyl induces FXR expression robustly and selectively in the liver at non-toxic concentrations. 8215 Ethyl is also able to induce activation of the NRs PPARγ and RORγ in zebrafish. FXR, PPARγ, and RORγ are regulated by 8215 Ethyl through the direct binding of the ligand to the ligand binding domains of these NRs. These findings indicate that 8215 Ethyl may have therapeutic potential to treat diseases associated with downregulation of FXR.


Rocky Flats Plant Transuranic Waste Drums were sampled for gas composition. Combustibles, plastics, Raschig rings, solidified organic sludge, and solidified inorganic sludge transuranic waste forms were sampled. Plastic bag material and waste samples were also taken from some solidified sludge waste drums. A vacuum system was used to sample each layer of containment inside a waste drum, including individual waste bags. G values (gas generation) were calculated for the waste drums. Analytical results indicate that very low concentrations of potentially flammable or corrosive gas mixtures will be found in vented drums. G(H{sub 2}) was usually below 1.6, while G(Total) was below 4.0. Hydrogen permeability tests on different types of plastic waste bags used at Rocky Flats were also conducted. Polyvinylchloride was slightly more permeable to hydrogen than polyethylene for new or creased material. Permeability of aged material to hydrogen was slightly higher than for new material. Solidified organic and inorganic sludges were sampled for volatile organics. The analytical results from two drums of solidified organic sludges showed concentrations were above detection limits for four of the 36 volatile organics analyzed. The analytical results for four of the five solidified inorganic sludges show that concentrations were below detection limits for allmore » volatile organics analyzed. 3 refs., 5 figs., 2 tabs.« less


An attempt has been made to catalogue goal statements at each level of government in the U. S. At the federal level, comprehensive transit goals are lacking. The survey of local transit operators and state agencies clearly revealed the tensions existing between service and social objectives on the one hand, and the desire to operate transit in a cost-efficient manner on the other. The lack of a unified set of well-articulated, priority-ranked goals at each level of government has hampered efforts to develop a rational nationwide policy of support for public transit.


Information is considered as a fundamental building block of reality, along with matter and energy. Yet the word information is often employed as a container term that represents many different modalities ranging from information constituting a physical parameter to the daily transmission of the news in human culture. Information is particularly known from the description of nature at its micro-level and from computer science (bits an qbits), but also is essential in understanding the evolution of macrostructures in the Universe. The interactions of subatomic waves/particles subsequent to the Big Bang, guided by feedback loops and backward causation, created a dynamic network of quantum information, that finally enabled the formation of highly complex macromolecular structures and first life. Parallel innovations in biophysical complexity occurred, expressed in quantum states that can be brought in superposition, after an "intelligent" search and selection process in nature, aiming at a future path. Therefore, both the becoming and future of the Universe can be viewed as an unfolding as well as a continuous measurement and creation of basic information. A collective memory of nature or a universal consciousness is considered as a prerequisite for the origin of life and further evolution of intelligence. Current information theory implies that information can both be described as a physical entity, bearing an entropic element, in which the impact of information is inversely related to the probability that it will occur (Type 1 information), versus the concept that information reflects the certainty of a message and is directly related to its probability and meaning (Type 2 information). This dual aspect of information reflects the perspectives of sender and receiver in the transmission process and resembles wave/particle duality in which (proto)-consciousness can be instrumental in transition of the Type 1 to the Type 2 information aspects. It is shown that basic information is largely hidden from us, due to observation-induced perturbation of this intrinsic information. Information may be transmitted in very different ways and at very different levels. In the living cell this may constitute chemical and electrical signals, but also specific spatial perturbations, for instance, in the 3-dimensional structure of proteins. At the level of human communication, vibration patterns can be expressed in electromagnetic waves in the form of light, sound, music, as well as in images and stories (transmitted by radio, telephone, internet and TV, for example). Such information is transferred to the brain through specifically tailored sensory organs that accommodate complex patterns of wave activity, that subsequently are converted to neural activities in a cyclic workspace of the nervous system. The emergence of human information, knowledge and understanding, in itself, can be seen as a creative force in the physical universe, which can influence the generation of complexity of Nature in all domains. A new information paradigm has been 1 Em. Professor of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Mail:


The patient-physician relationship can be understood from the two aspects of patients′ trust and patients′ satisfaction.Compared with patients′ satisfaction,dimensions and attributes of patients′ trust indicate to better match with the measuring capacity of patients.Thus,the evaluation of the quality of medical services based on patients′ trust is justified theoretically.The existing literatures assert that the research on patients′ trust could help understand patient-physician relationship and eventually improve the quality of medical services.The conceptual model in this paper entails the concept,dimensions and attributes of patients′ trust.Also,this paper points out its effect on the measurement of the quality of medical services through the comparison of patients′ trust and patients′ satisfaction.


Honey is a natural product that honeybees produce from some plant parts or excretions of some insects that feed on plant sap [Karabagias et al., 2014]. More than two hundred components have been found in honey; it is an important source of energy due to its high sugar content, mainly fructose (38%) and glucose (31%) [Alvarez-Suarez et al., 2010; Bueno-Costa et al., 2016]. Moreover, it has small amounts of amino acids, proteins, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, organic acids, ascorbic acid, enzymes, α-tocopherol, and oligosaccharides [Alvarez-Suarez et al., 2010]. The composition and characteristics of honey are primarily determined by the food source (plants); however, environmental factors, processing, and storage affect its composition as well [Saxena et al., 2010]. Phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity have been widely used as indicators to evaluate the characteristics and bioactive properties of honey [Tahir et al., 2017]. Honey contains a variety of phenolics, and is rich in antioxidants, which increases its usability potential for therapeutic purposes [Küçük et al., 2007]. In addition, several other authors have mentioned the antimicrobial potential of honey [Alvarez-Suarez et al, 2010; Bueno-Costa et al., 2016; Küçük

http://journal.pan.olsztyn.pl/pdf-118528-49002?filename=Altitude Effect on the.pdf


At an archives source of the beginning of the 15th century (1415),found at the Archivio di Stato di Venezia, mention is made of the liberationof the villeins of Crete. Fr. Thiriet who has published a summary of thissource - which he has also used in his basic work tilled La Romanie Venitienne- believes that the above source refers to an organized and bold movementthat had then spread all over Crete and whose goal was the total liberationof the island's villeins. However, from a careful examination of the sourcecombined with information from other published documents, it becomesclear that we are not dealing here with a liberation movement but withappeals to the Venatian courts on the part of certain villeins who wereaiming at winning their freedom, which they had been illegally deprived ofby the feudal lords of the island.


In the United States and other parts of the world, various cities, states, and regions are developing multitiered systems for the care of patients with acute stroke. These systems often involve a range of healthcare components supported by various rules and regulations. The present policy statement will put forth concepts and elements for stroke systems of care that are intended to optimize patient care and management processes and improve patient outcomes, are practical to implement, and are supported by existing clinical data or expert consensus opinion. We will also make policy recommendations for the key elements of a stroke system of care.

The public health implications of stroke care in the United States and worldwide are profound. Stroke is currently the fourth-leading cause of death in the United States and a major cause of long-term disability. Advancing age is a major risk factor for stroke, and the demographics of the US population and elsewhere reflect a continued growth of the aging population, with a resulting increase in the absolute incidence and prevalence of stroke.1 Improved stroke systems of care can ensure proper treatment of these patients and a reduction in death and disability. This is consistent with current American Heart Association and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Healthy People 2020 public health goals and initiatives.2

There are several new care paradigms and technologies that are emerging as important elements of a stroke system of care. These include the development and proliferation of various levels of stroke centers; the expanded use of telemedicine technologies; advanced medical, endovascular, and surgical interventions; and comprehensive rehabilitation strategies and programs. Prehospital care and triage and the efficient transfer of patients between hospitals are also key components of stroke systems.

The present …


A current Ping Heng circuit comprising a first, a second current sensor, a mean, a first and a second control module and the first and second voltage-controlled variable resistance element, the first and the second current sensor is connected to a voltage source and connected to the first and the second control module, the first and the second current source receives a voltage outputted into corresponding first and second voltage after the transfer, a first averager coupled to the second current and and a second sensor to receive a first voltage, and its average output voltage is obtained after the first and second control modules are abutting the first voltage and the second voltage and the average voltage and the average voltage corresponding to the received computes after the outputs of the first and second control signals to the first and second voltage varistor element controls the first and second voltage varistor element conduction capability of the first and second current to control the output of voltage source current is substantially the same. The present invention maintains dynamic balance of the current input to the first and the second power path.


New geological maps and descriptions on radiolarian ages, metamorphism, and mode of occurrences and geochemistry of greenstones are provided for a very low-grade metamorphosed accretionary complex (ldonnappu Zone: Chapter I l) and a high-PIT metamorphosed accretionary complex (lwashimizu Complex: Chapter III) in southern part of the Sorachi-Yezo Belt. Unconformity and clastic composition in the Yezo Supergroup are also described (Chapter IV). Cretaceous forearc structure and its tectonic evolution are reconstructed based on these informations. Cretaceous accretionary complexes of the ldonnappu Zone in the Urakawa area consist of five lithological units,' 翌?ich are combined into tvvo geologic complexes: the greenstone-dominant Naizawa Complex and the clastic-dominant Horobetsugawa Complex. Radiolarian ages were determined for each unit. The Naizawa Complex is an alternating stack of slabs of depleted tholeiitic greenstone, and fragments of Triassic seamount volcanics vvith Triassic 一 Lower Cretaceous ocean floor to trench-fill deposits. The Horobetsugawa Complex is a pile of Upper Cretaceous ocean floor to trench-fill deposits, which intercalates sheared MORB-type greenstones. Lower Cretaceous to Upper Cretaceous submarine slide and debris flow deposits and latest Cretaceous ・一 Paleocene slope basin deposits (T-Unit) are also intercalated. The Lower Cretaceous lwashimizu Complex in the southern Kamuikotan Zone (MitsuishiShizunai area) comprises a pile of four nappe sheets (=units), each of which represents a stacks of greenstone slices vvith minor chert and clastic rocks. AII units suffered a high-P/T metamorphisni. An inverted distribution of metamorphic grade is recognized between the lower three units. A gap of metamorphic grade exists at the structural top, where blueschist facies metabasites are overlain by zeolite to lawsonite-albite facies rocks. Most of greenstone slices are of oceanic island type basalts (OIB), except a few slices and blocks of depleted tholeiite. The Middle Yezo Group in the Mitsuishi area unconformably overlies both the lwashimizu Complex and the Lower Yezo Group. Sedimentary structures and rootlets show that the Albian basal conglomeratic member (Mo member) is fluvial deposits, lt contains abundant greenstone clasts, part of which are accompanied by high-P/T metamorphic minerals. These stratigraphic and clast composition analysis lead a consequence that the lwashimizu Complex vvas rapidly exhumed and subaerially exposed until the Albian time. Accretion styles of greenstones changed from the Early Cretaceous to the Late Cretaceous, as the subducted oceanic crust got younger, sediment supply into the trench increased, and subduction djrection changed fi'om highly oblique to near orthogonal. Seamounts subduction drove an abundant accretion of OIB greenstones in the Early Cretaceous. Whereas thick terrigenous sediments with minor


Although the validity and usefulness of psychiatric diagnosis have long been subject to debate, important efforts to evolve more dynamic and meaningful classification schemes seemed under way in the literature of the sixties (2, 3). In 1966 a study of the nature of referral questions posed to psychologists testing in a psychiatric hospital suggested a parallel between clinical practice and the literature. Psychiatrists and psychiatric residents referring patients for testing requested explicit diagnoses or specific diagnostic labels significantly less frequently than they had done in the previous decade (1). Recently, clinical psychologists testing at the same hospital noticed what seemed to be a reversal of the trend. Interest in specific diagnostic labels seemed to have been revived in the form of increased requests for traditional psychiatric diagnoses. The survey done in 1966 was consequently extended by examining referral practices in 1975. The sample included all patients referred for psychological testing in 1975, 1965 and 1956. Approximately half of the hospital population is referred for evaluation, and the referral form includes the question, "What specific information do you want concerning this patient?" The number of times the psychologist was asked to assign a diagnostic label was tallied for each year. Also recorded by year were the numbers of instances of what might be termed semi-diagnostic issues, e.g., "thought disorder?" "ego strength." In 1956, of 134 diagnostic referrals a specific label (from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association) was requested in.64% of the cases. In 1965, 29% of the 155 diagnostic questions, and in 1975 53% of 161 questions, were of this kind. The difference between the proportions of the two kinds of diagnostic questions in the three years yielded chi squares as follows: 1956 vs 1965, x1 = 35.8 (p < .001); 1965 vs 1975, x3 = 19.36 (p < ,001); 1956 vs 1975, not significant. This analysis suggests an apparent return to reliance on traditional diagnosis concurrent with the interest exemplified in the presently on-going revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual and may reflect a broader return here to the perception of psychiatric patients as classifiable in a useful and valid manner, despite lack of supporting evidence (4 ).