The information processors in a decentralized computing system must trust each other enough to be mutually supportive, yet they must also protect themselves to maintain autonomy. In a decentralized system, data security is especially important because the effects of compromise or sabotage can be so wide-ranging. The trusted function is an ad hoc solution to a problem with present data security models. This "consistency" problem, never previously addressed in a formal manner, is aggravated in the decentralized processing setting. The paper examines the consistency problem and proposes an addition to existing security models to address the problem. Using the model, the impact of the trusted function on secure, decentralized-processing system design is assessed.


Psychological game theory, as defined by Colman, is meant to offer a series of solution concepts that should reduce the indeterminacy of orthodox game theory when applied to a series of situations. My main criticism is that, actually, they introduce a second-order indeterminacy problem rather than offering a viable solution. The reason is that the proposed solution concepts are under-specified in their definition and in their scope.


As the United States braces for possible repeated incidents of international terrorism in the United States, there may be lessons to be learned from the experiences of other countries which have suffered prolonged onslaughts of terrorism. The utility of each approach, as well as of specific measures, can depend on a variety of factors, including the nature and organization of a terrorist group, public attitudes toward it, and the depth of support for it. This paper looks briefly at some cases where judgments have been made on the effectiveness of different policy measures, and raises questions relating those outcomes to the current situation.


We show that every bridgeless cubic graph G on n vertices other than the Petersen graph has a 2-factor with at most 2(n−2)/15 circuits of length 5. An infinite family of graphs attains this bound. We also show that G has a 2-factor with at most n/5.83 odd circuits. This improves the previously known bound of n/5.41 [Lukoťka, Máčajová, Mazák, Škoviera: Small snarks with large oddness, arXiv:1212.3641 [cs.DM]].


The article shows a new model of Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT) diagrams of structural steels and engineering steels. The modelling used artificial neural networks and a set of experimental data prepared based on 550 CCT diagrams published in the literature. The model of CCT diagrams forms 17 artificial neural networks which solve classification and regression tasks. Neural model is implemented in a computer software that enables calculation of a CCT diagram based on chemical composition of steel and its austenitizing temperature.


Element laminate (10) for installation on a floor base (266) without bonding or adhering elelemento floor (10) to the floor base (266), the floor element (10) comprising a first deelemento of ground (14) closed periphery which includes an upper surface (192) for walking thereon Yunos side edges upper peripheral (26, 34, 48, 56), and a second part of the floor element (16) displaced from the side edges upper peripheral of the first part of the floor element (12), estandodicha second floor member (16) laminated to the first part of the floor element (14) ypresentando a bottom, said bottom being formed with a plurality of dispersion channels dehumedad including channels (220) with elongated side wall portions spaced (228) formed with unpatron repetitive juxtaposition, such that said channels (220) are defined by the repeating pattern d edichas sidewall portions elongated spaced (228) to allow moisture that develops between labase floor (266) and the bottom of a floor element which is installed on a floor base (266) to flow into said channels ( 220), and said floor member includes means for attaching one dedichos plurality floor elements in adjacent relationship on a floor base, to form a derevestimiento ground facility to cover a desired amount of the floor base, wherein said derevestimiento ground facility a more outer side peripheral edges (320, 322), characterized porquedicha second floor member (16) is peripheral closed side edges perifericosinferiores (32, 40, 46, 50), said second part of the floor element (16) having a bottom (208) formed of a material of waterproof plastic.


On the NMR dose sensitivities of polyacrylamide-based gel dosimeters irradiated by X-ray, the additive effect of various inorganic salts (electrolytes) is investigated. Among the various combination of cations (Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Zn2+ and Al3+) and anions (Cl−, NO−3 and SO2-4), MgCl2 is shown to be the most effective sensitizer. In the result, it is suggested that the extent of the increase of the dose sensitivity may correlate to the hydration power of cations rather than anions. Contrary to the dose sensitivity enhancement, the depression of melting point caused by the additives is also pointed out.


Nowadays, communication systems are moving towards higher data rate
transmission. MIMO is one of the techniques which is new and widely explore by
the rcs~.:archcrs . MIMO concept can achieve by implement Beam forming Network
into the system. This project will design the beam forming network by using Butler
Matrix com:cpt. This paper presents the design, simulation and fabricate of a fourport
Butler matrix to feed an any antenna for Wireless Local Area Network
(WLAN) at 2.4 Gll z. The design process begins with calculation of design
specifi cati on such transmission line, width and length. The Butler matrix consists
o r the main components, which is the hybrid coupler, crossover and phase shifters.
Then, the design circuit will be simulate using Microwave Office Software 2004.
Tht: design wi ll be (~bricated by using an etching technique and will be
implemented on fR4 board. Results from simulation and fabrication is then being
compared in term of return loss (S ii), transmission coefficient (Sji), isolation (Sij)
and the phase difkrence between each port.


Introduction The creative industry is a new approach for Malaysian government to establish several art sectors, like craft, batek, songket, silk, wood curving, furniture, literature, theater, music, and film. Ministry of Arts, Culture and Heritage takes responsibility to ensure that the implementation of creative industry in Malaysia becomes reality (Rais Yatim, 2006). Basically, the terms creative industries are often focused on creating and exploiting intellectual property on creative products or providing business-to-business creative services (Wikipedia, 2006). Today it is internationally accepted and acknowledge that art/culture sector is an essential factor in promoting and achieving economic growth (Rais Yatim, 2006). Enarsson (2002) has done studies and describe the creative industry in Iceland are really emphasizing the importance of entrepreneurs in small and medium sized enterprise (SMEs) within cultural sector and highly contributed to the gross-domestic-product (GDP). The purpose of government highlighted creative industry in Malaysia is to encourage local artist involved in business and develop their thinking toward market opportunities and competitive (Rais Yatim, 2006). Hatta Azad Khan (2006) has argued in his paper to choose appropriate approaches that are applicable to develop creative industry in Malaysia. He also suggested the important of business chain in creative industry, such as; distribution and retailing, supplier, finance institutions, government bodies, and education and training institutions. The developments of human capital play an important role to supply people in this industry. Entrepreneurship training is the grass root implementation in a creative development to produce number of practitioners in creative industry. Existing research highlighted the entrepreneurship training has a high contribution toward entrepreneurial motivation in term of creativity and innovation, risk propensity and need for achievement (Nieman, 2001). Meanwhile, Shane, Locke and Collins (2003), has found in his studied that entrepreneurial motivation highly contributed to the successful entrepreneurs in a small and medium enterprises. Stevenson and Gumpert (1983) also agree and describe the successful entrepreneurs as a high motivation and innovative individuals who recognize opportunities and marshal resources to achieve their goals business performance. Meanwhile, Deakins (2000) has described in his studied that training can build the skills, knowledge and abilities in different stages in the process of entrepreneurial development. Therefore, this study explores the relationship between training and entrepreneurial motivations toward successful entrepreneurs in a creative industry in Malaysia. Being entrepreneurship training are basic elements that we need to emphasis in term of entrepreneurial motivation toward successful entrepreneur among SMEs in a creative industry in Malaysia.


The purpose of this review of reviews is to assess if FIFA 11+ is effective for injury prevention in football. A search for systematic reviews published after 2014 was performed in the PubMed and PEDro databases and the included reviews were evaluated through the AMSTAR checklist. In total, four systematic reviews were included, three of them with meta-analysis. The quality of the evidence found is moderate to high quality. In conclusion, there is moderate to high evidence that using the FIFA 11+ protocol reduces the total number of injuries and specific lower limb injuries.


This paper examines the causes for privatization in Ethiopia. As believed strongly, the decline trend of industrial output and capacity utilization of SOEs were the major causes at micro level behind the privatisation of SOEs in the country. Budget deficit and external debt coupled with the external pressure from the International donors were considered as the strong factors to justify why the government of Ethiopia implemented privatization in the country.


In the following article the info is given on the means of the transport used in the caravan routes in the trade-economic relations of khanate of Bukhara with neighboring countries in medieval times. Included there, the starting of domestication and usage of horse drawn vehicles, camels, donkeys and others, the capacity of daily load of camels, horses, donkeys which were core of caravans, their daily distance, the necessary tasks in the incidents occurred in caravan routes (injuries, bruises, contagious diseases) the stopping regulation of caravans (sand storm, in heat and frost) is thoroughly analyzed.


The excavation of soil for the construction of basements or cut-and-cover tunnels results in ground movements. One particular concern is that the excavation-induced lateral soil movements may adversely affect any nearby pile foundation. The lateral loads imposed by the soil movements induce bending moments and deflections in the pile, which may lead to structural distress and failure. This paper presents the results of an actual full-scale instrumented study that was carried to examine the behavior of an existing pile due to nearby excavation activities resulting from the construction of a 16 m deep cut-and-cover tunnel. The pile was located 3 m behind a 0.8 m thick diaphragm wall. Excavation to the formation level that was 16 m below the ground surface resulted in a maximum lateral pile movement of 28 mm. A simplified numerical procedure based on the finite-element method was used to analyze the pile response. Generally, the theoretical predictions were in reasonable agreement with the measured results.


Program Funding Austrian Marshall Plan Foundation, Ungargasse 37, 1030 Vienna Applicant DI Stefan Strohmeier (PhD Student) University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Institute of Hydraulics and Rural Water Management, Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria Hosting Dept. Department of Agronomy, Lilly Hall of Life Sciences, 915 W. State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054


This present work deals with the social organizations of three non-human communities: chimpanzees, dolphins and wolves. In presenting such a study from a sociological perspective, a level of analysis is permitted beyond that of individual behavior. In viewing behavioral characteristics in accordance with group relations and actions — with particular emphasis on progeny — information is gathered pertinent to societal analysis. In order to lay a foundation for such a perspective, the first section of the paper includes a review of literature that puts forth the basic ideas, theories, observations, and provides a synopsis of the development of social ethology. With this background the format is set for the subsequent description of specie behavior in the following sections. Within each of these social species, the group's structure and both their methods of organization and cooperative maintenance are detailed in conjunction with, and by, four key social influences. Although it is c l e a r / • that each of these group facets are associated and are not singularly operative, concentration is on-: enyirohmeh ta 1 influences, the interaction processes and resulting rela tionships, the internal group structure, and the social learning process for the young of each species. Throughout the study a significant factor considered is the inevitable bond of the group with the young, and the process ess of their social development. Finally, in the concluding section a summation of key behaviors, reaction, and their possible effects is presented. Additionally, the four areas of action previously concentrated on are discussed in relation to their influences on each species In this study.


M Trent, Judith S. and Robert V. Friedberg (2008). Political Campaign Communication Principles & Practices (6th ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, pp. 436. Behind every successful politician is a team of visible and sometimes not so visible supporters who help shape a candidate's policies, write speeches, and strategize news media coverage that the public views. In the most recent edition of Political Campaign Communication Principles & Practices, Judith S. Trent and Robert V. Friedberg deftly capture the nuances of U.S. elections and the hard decisions that campaign managers and their candidates face at each juncture of the election process. While some Americans and media observers still grapple with the impact of President Barack Obama's 2008 election and his first year in office, Political Campaign Communication dissects the influence past elections have had on the political landscape, the public, and the news media. The book is an excellent primer for students and educators who are interested in learning more about the decision making that takes place to sell a candidate and his or her ideas to the public. The book also provides historical references that help bolster critical issues some candidates dealt with that involve political advertising, political debate strategies, and speechwriting. About fifteen to eighteen months before an election, Trent and Friedberg tell readers, campaign managers are hard at work mapping out advertising strategies for their candidate. This information coincides with news accounts of the 2008 presidential election that had then-Sen. Hilary Clinton establish her presence as a leading Democratic candidate very early in the campaign. The book breaks down the different methods of political advertising that range from bumper stickers, direct mail, lawn posters, print, radio, and television, to, of course, the Internet and the associated financial costs. It points out the obvious: that the Internet is a "high-return, low-cost means of dispensing information" (p. 377) first used in 1993 when the late Massachusetts Sen. Ted Kennedy had his own Web site, and a year later when California Sen. Dianne Feinstein created the first candidate Web site. Books are still being written on the Obama campaign and its Internet use that reached young and old tech savvy voters. However, Political Campaign Communication surprisingly points out that radio is the most "often underestimated vehicle for political advertisements" (p. 368). One would think radio advertisements would be a given solution for any serious campaign - but radio is better used for the "rural campaign and those who are running for local offices" (p. …


Computational investigations are carried out on a high-speed centrifugal compressor with the vaneless diffuser to study the combined pinch and rotation effect. The axial inlet width of the rotating vaneless diffuser is reduced at diffuser inlet, either at the hub wall or at the shroud wall, or both the walls. The reduction is varied from 0% (base case) to 20% at an interval of 5%. Numerical simulations are conducted for different speed range by varying the rotating diffuser diameter ratio from 1.25–1.75. Among all these cases, the best performance of 25% increase in pressure recovery with uniform diffusion and 2.3% increase in isentropic efficiency is obtained with 15% shroud pinch at a diameter ratio of 1.375 at the design mass flow rate.


PurposeThis paper focusses on the roles and experiences of the human resource managers and safety, health and environment managers in promoting environmental sustainability in automobile industry.Design/methodology/approachThe exploration uses the data generated from ten in-depth interviews with human resource managers as well as safety, health and environment (SHE) managers from three automobile companies.FindingsThree main themes were derived from the inductive analysis in support of environmental sustainability. They comprised environment-oriented perspectives, green human resource management (HRM) practices and supportive mechanisms. These findings served as insights for the HR managers who played a supportive role in environment sustainability. This study also found that Green HRM practices within the automobile industry were confined to green training and development, green rewards, green employee involvement and green orientation.Research limitations/implicationsThe outcome of this study carries implications for managers and businesses in designing a more sophisticated framework for Green HRM practices for their companies so as to achieve a more progressive sustainable goal. For instance, HR managers who are environment-oriented can play a more active role in environmental sustainability. They can participate directly in developing policies by co-partnering with their SHE colleagues. They can encourage and motivate their employees to apply green practices both at work and in their homes. This integration would eventually create a cascading effect that could reduce the industry's negative impact on environment, thereby developing a more environmentally-friendly society.Practical implicationsThis study provided practical implications for both the HR and SHE managers in taking up responsibilities in environmental sustainability. This study also indicated the practical implications for the top management in the automobile industry, especially in the designing of the environmental sustainability framework.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the Green HRM area by understanding and comparing the roles of the HR managers and their counterpart, the SHE managers, in support of environmental sustainability. The comparison would provide a clearer picture on how the implementation of Green HRM can be implemented within the automobile industry.


a topic of the requester's choice generates more excitement (one librarian calls it the "aha! effect") and a more lasting impression than do other forms of publicity, and gives the searcher an opportunity to demonstrate both the ease and problems of searching. Since it began offering computer-assisted search services, the Norris Medical Library at the University of Southern California has followed a policy of


Consumer complaints against the blandness of modern lean meat and the frequent reference to the more strongly flavored meat that was available years ago have prompted reconsideration of high fat-depositing typical pig breeds. Casertana and Large White pig breeds are characterized by a different tendency toward fat accumulation as they exhibit opposite genetic and physiological traits with respect to the energy metabolism. These physiological differences were investigated in longissimus lumborum muscles through proteomics (2-DE, MS/MS) and microarray approaches. Data were analyzed for pathway and network analyses, as well as GO term enrichment of biological functions. As a result, Casertana showed a greater amount of proteins involved in glycolitic metabolism and mainly rely on fast-mobilizable energy sources. Large White overexpressed cell cycle and skeletal muscle growth related genes. Metabolic behavior and other implications are discussed.


Background: Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) enterography combines neutral enteric contrast with intravenously administered contrast material. The optimal intravenous (IV) contrast material protocol has still not been established. Purpose: To determine the optimal delay time to image patients with small-bowel Crohn's disease during MDCT enterography. Material and Methods: After oral administration of 1350 ml of neutral contrast medium, 26 patients with small-bowel Crohn's disease underwent MDCT enterography; scans were obtained 40 s (enteric phase) and 70 s (parenchymal phase) after IV administration of 100 ml of iodinated contrast material. Three radiologists, blinded to clinical and pathological findings, independently and retrospectively evaluated each scan in two separate reading sessions for the presence or absence of CT features of Crohn's disease activity. The interobserver agreement was evaluated, and the efficacy of each phase in detecting active disease in the terminal ileum for each reader was determined. The gold standard was pathology (n = 13), endoscopy (n = 3), and clinical evaluation (n = 10). Results: No statistically significant difference was present between the enteric and the parenchymal phase for each reader in each segment regarding the presence or absence of CT features of Crohn's disease. The interobserver agreement for the presence of five main features of active Crohn's disease in the terminal ileum ranged from poor to excellent. The sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value, and accuracy for active Crohn's disease in the terminal ileum ranged from 40 to 90%, 88 to 100%, 70 to 94%, 44 to 100%, and 69 to 96%, respectively. There was no statistical difference between the two phases for each reader. Conclusion: MDCT enterography in patients with suspected active Crohn's disease can be obtained at either 40 s or 70 s after IV contrast material.


The paper describes a model of the intruder and examines the issues related to the activities of a community of penetration testers. Projects related to standardization of network scanners and the ability to generate reports that contain a description of vulnerabilities with links in the catalog CVE, are reviewed.


Author(s): Wegman Ostrosky, Daniel | Advisor(s): Ma, Ernest | Abstract: The extended left-right supersymmetric model (eLRSUSY) has the correct particle content to have gauge coupling unication, also three coexisting dark matter candidates; a neutralFermion n in a SU(2)_R doublet, an exotic Higgsino eta_R, with no gaugino mixing, and thelightest neutralino chi^0with MSSM-like behavior, the three candidates have different interactions.We study their possible phenomenological impact on present and future experiments.The model also has a neutrino that acquires a small radiative Majorana mass from darkmatter via a loop in a Ma-model.


A sideline official at a soccer game waves his flag to signify that the ball has been kicked out of bounds. He is wearing black shoes, black socks, black shorts, a light blue top, and white cap. To his right lies a soccer ball. In his field of vision a soccer game is going on a dry field and in the distance a tree line is visible.


In order to solve the problems of insufficient accuracy of long-term power load forecasting and poor applicability of the model, this paper considers the coupling of a number of macro indicators, such as regional economic development and social development indicators, with the time series data of regional power load. BP neural network and Autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA) are used to integrate and improve the forecasting model, so as to improve the trend forecasting ability of annual load forecasting model. The non parametric function method is used to forecast the periodic load data in the monthly load data, the annual load forecast is combined with the monthly load forecast to improve the overall forecasting accuracy of the model. Finally, through the comparison of grey prediction and other models and the verification of MAPE error analysis method, the prediction accuracy of the model method considering the combination of data periodicity and trend is significantly improved, which is suitable for the long-term prediction of regional power load.


The invention relates to the technical field of organic coating production and aims at providing an epoxy ester primer capable of being applied to a rusty surface and a preparation method thereof. The epoxy ester primer is made of the following components by weight percent: 20-30 percent of epoxy ester resin, 20-30 percent of diluting solvent, 15-25 percent of filler, 15-25 percent of rust stabilizing agent, 1-3 percent of activated antirust pigment, 0.05-0.3 percent of drier, 0.1-0.3 percent of penetrating agent. The epoxy ester primer can be directly coated on a metal surface with residual rust, has good penetrating and stabilizing effects on the rusty metal surface, and can act with rust components to generate compact and stable passivated components. Therefore, a protection effect on metals is taken, the antirust workload can be reduced, the construction technology is simplified, and the coating film has good antirust performance, durability and mechanical properties.


The invention relates to a method and device for the early detection of fire and for fighting fire indoors and outdoors, especially in living areas, of homes and buildings. According to the invention, a central freely programmable domestic control block comprising an intelligent bus system, sensors, and actuators controls, regulates and monitors the domestic technical system and, at the same time, sensors detect the direct and indirect fire characteristics, which are monitored by a separate check, control and regulating block that activates an extinguishing agent supply system when a set value has been exceeded. The aim of the invention is to improve a method and device of the aforementioned type such that the extinguishing agent is variably and selectively discharged with a high degree of efficacy by the provision of a system which can be modularly integrated in the security design of a building. The extinguishing agent is variably and selectively discharged according to the origin and progression of the fire while simultaneously minimizing the water consumption, decreasing the damage caused by water in the case of a fire, and increasing the economic efficiency. To this end, the invention provides that the check, control and regulating block interactively communicates with the control block of the domestic technical system, and that an extinguishing agent supply system is actuated which integrates all available extinguishing agent sources of a house and initiates the discharge of extinguishing agent with a variable quantity and distribution according to the origin and progression of the fire.


Many self-driving vehicles use a multi-sensor system comprising multiple 3D LiDAR and radar sensors for robust all-round perception. Precise calibration of this multi-sensor system is a critical prerequisite for accurate perception data which facilitates safe operation of self-driving vehicles in highly dynamic urban environments. This paper proposes the first-known automatic targetless method for extrinsic calibration of multiple 3D LiDAR and radar sensors, and which only requires the vehicle to be driven over a short distance. The proposed method first estimates the 6-DoF pose of each LiDAR sensor with respect to the vehicle reference frame by minimizing point-to-plane distances between scans from different LiDAR sensors. In turn, a 3D map of the environment is built using data from all calibrated LiDAR sensors on the vehicle. We find the 6-DoF pose of each radar sensor with respect to the vehicle reference frame by minimizing (1) point-to-plane distances between radar scans and the 3D map, and (2) radial velocity errors. Our proposed calibration method does not require overlapping fields of view between LiDAR and radar sensors. Real-world experiments demonstrate the accuracy and repeatability of the proposed calibration method.


The perceived hypothetical role of inflammation has been bolstered by epidemiological observations linking infections and chronic inflammatory conditions to cancer (Balkwill and Mantovani, 2001). It is estimated that about 15% of human cancers are associated with chronic infections and inflammation (Coussens and Werb, 2002). Several recent studies have confirmed that inflammation may produce chronic damage leading to certain types of cancer (Shacter and Weitzman, 2002; Samsami Dehaghani et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2010). Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), given its place as master regulator at the center of inflammation, is natural suspect in providing a mechanistic link between inflammation and carcinogenesis. NF-kB, a family of dimeric transcription factors which control the expression of numerous genes affecting cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis (Baldwin, 1996; Pahl, 1999), appears to be a good candidate for studies on the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory


This article presents an overview of the individual income tax data series from 1913 to 1982. Included are some background on the history of Statistics of Income, an analysis of the tremendous growth and change in the nature of individual return filings, as well as a review of the average individual income tax rate and its recent decline. Finally presented is a detailed historical tabulation which summarizes the 70 years of the modern individual income tax.


Experimental and theoretical data are presented showing the energy spectra of auto-ionizing electrons from atomic oxygen. The experimental data were obtained by bombarding oxygen gas with 100-keV ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ ions; the theoretical results were obtained in a close-coupling calculation which coupled the $^{4}S$, $^{2}D$, and $^{2}P$ terms of the ground-state configuration of ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ in electron-${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ scattering.


The present invention relates to a method for electrically isolating at least one unpackaged electronic component (1) with at least one each on a top surface (3) and / or a bottom (5) arranged in connection surface (7) for fixing and / or for making electrical contact, with steps - fixing and / or electrically contacting the connecting surface (7) on the bottom (5), each one of the connecting surface (7) opposite pad (9) on a pre-patterned substrate (11), - generating a structured encapsulation of the electronic component (1) by forming an electrically insulating mass (13) between which the electronic component (1) bearing side of the substrate (11) and a mold (15), through the mold (15) in the electrically insulating compound (13), trenches are formed on the top thereof, and - generating planarized in the ditches conductor tracks (27). A planar electrical contact according to the WO 03/30247 A2 This considerably simplifies that no thin film and then laminated therein no openings need be produced. The present invention is suitable for high-performance components, in particular for the high-voltage range above 1000 V.


There are many controversies which surround the public schools, but none have been more fiercely debated in recent years than the question of the extent to which students should be afforded constitutional guarantees. Many parents lament the breakdown of discipline in the schools, the decline of adult authority. They attack what they perceive as a rampant permissiveness which is gradually eroding the structure and values of American society. These parents, joined by some educators and courts, emphasize the immaturity of school children,' the need for restrictions in the special environment of the school, 2 and the need to preserve a large degree of order if the educational goals of compulsory schooling are to be achieved. Others perceive the schools as authoritarian institutions which promote order for its own sake, which stifle the free development of children, which crush spontaneity and creativity.4 They fear that the impartation of skills has been submerged by the emphasis on institutional values such as silence and docility. They look to the courts to redress both the inhumanity and educational futility of conditions in the modem public schools. These parents too have found their allies in the community of educators, judges, and lawyers.5 In many ways, the debate boils down to what is the most appropriate model for governing the public schools-a Puritan model or a legal model. 6


Since the 1990s, digitalization has encouraged the integration of the discourse on literature with that of mediated communication. Thus, theoretical reflections on the nature of media have stimulated growing critical concerns with remediation (Bolter and Grusin), intermediation (Wolf, Rajewsky, Hayles), 'media convergence' (Jenkins and Thorburn), and its impact on culture since, according to Manovich, cultural categories and concepts are being substituted on the level of meaning and/or language by new ones which derive from the computer's ontology, epistemology and pragmatics


The Zagros Basin, which extends in a NW-SE orientation across southwestern Iran, is a large tectonically disturbed sedimentary basin that is oil-rich and which has an elevated natural seismicity level. Much of the region appears to be close to criticality, and anthropogenic perturbations can lead to triggering of seismic activity. This article assesses the baseline seismic rate and induced seismicity linked to oil and natural gas development activities in the reservoir structures in the Zagros Basin in the south and southwest of Iran. According to the location analyses of the earthquake data and the b-values map, some reservoirs have a particularly high b-value and these sites of concentrations of induced earthquakes were selected for further analyses. Among these selected reservoirs, Field B, one of the biggest producing oil fields located in the southwest of Iran, was studied. The injection and production history of the field is compared with the annual seismicity recorded for the field and a good correlation was found. The data are discussed in the context of criticality in the natural stress field. A few simple calculations of injection and depletion effects suggest that the seismicity field represents a valuable data source for improved geomechanics management of oil and gas production activities in critically stressed cases.


The increased morbidity and mortality following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) may be due to the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Leukocyte, especially neutrophil, plays a crucial role in SIRS during and after CPB, so the leukocyte removal by filtrations appears to be a logical anti-inflammatory strategy. Many articles reported that leukocyte depletion filter can decrease the potential adverse effects during CPB and reduce the morbidity and mortality following CPB. But the protective effects of the filter varied greatly from paper to paper. This may be due to the different design and biocompatibility of the filter at present. But, because the leukocyte plays a central role in SIRS, leukocyte depletion filter would be an important apparatus in therapy of non-infectious inflammation induced by CPB after it was improved.


As incomes increase, interest in ocean leisure picks up. As a result, a lot of research and developments on hull form design and production of planing boats, mostly used for ocean leisure, are needed. Analysis in researches on resistance of planing boats shows that resistance characteristic of planing boats is different from resistance characteristic of general boats because the former is fast, and its wetted surface is very small. Using Savitsky formula widely used in the calculation of effective horse power in shipbuildingyards, and propulsion system and engine manufacturers, this study calculated total resistance of a research planing boat. Then it analyzed the flow characteristics of the planing boat through theoretical analysis and wind tunnel experiment, and computed air resistance and lift force by changes of speed and trim angle. It also compared and analyzed result of theoretical analysis and experiment of the ratio of air resistance to total resistance under variations of velocity and trim angle. When the study is used to estimate more accurate effective horse power, it is expected to remedy abuses of unnecessarily installing high-powered engine. As nature disasters due to abnormal changes of weather increase, interest in greenhouse gas grows. International Maritime Organization (IMO) legislated Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) and Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI) to reduce ship greenhouse gas emissions. But this index will be applied to over 400 tons ships, small ships, emitting more greenhouse gases than larege ships per unit power, will dodge the regulations. Thus, this study indicated a problem by calculating greenhouse gas emissions of an ocean leisure planning boat (a small ship), and suggested the need for EEDI of small ships.


It has always been recognized that during the fifteenth century the vigorous and affluent commercial towns of the Low Countries served as centres of artistic excellence, especially in respect of painting and of manuscript production and illumination. That the region was no less fertile a generator of practitioners and composers of music—especially of music for the Church—has also long been appreciated. If for present purposes the Low Countries be defined—rather generously, perhaps—as the region coterminous with the compact area covered by the six dioceses of Thérouanne, Arras, Cambrai, Tournai, Liège, and Utrecht (see map), then it was an area if not packed with great cathedrals, yet certainly thickly populated with great collegiate churches, which sustained skilled choirs and offered a good living and high esteem to musicians who composed; the area also sustained a catholic and generous patron and consumer of artistic enterprise of all sorts, sacred and secular music included, namely, the House of the Valois Dukes of Burgundy and its Habsburg successors. From the end of the fourteenth century to the first half of the sixteenth, the region produced church musicians in such numbers that it became the principal area of recruitment for those princes of the south of Europe who were seeking the ablest men available to staff their household chapels. The Avignon popes of the 1380s and 1390s, the dukes of Rimini and Savoy, and the Roman popes of the mid-fifteenth century, and from the 1470s onwards the fiercely competitive dukes of Milan and Ferrara, the popes, cardinals, and bishops of the Curia, the king of Naples, the prominent families and churches of Florence and Venice, all alike recruited from the North; and though many of the ablest, like Ciconia, Dufay, Josquin, Isaac, and Tinctoris, were lured south to spend their lives in the sunshine, many more remained at home to maintain the Low Countries tradition.


Beginning with Muhammad and his historical and cultural context, this book recounts the tale of the thirteen-century-long encounter of Western and Islamic civilizations. Chapters include: - Muhammad and the Establishment of Islam - The Spread of Islam - The First Christian Responses to Islam - Islam in the Eyes of the Medieval West - The Western Counteroffensive: The Re-conquest of Spain and the Crusades to the Holy Land - Christian Attempts to Convert Muslims - The Renaissance, Explorers and Western Colonization - Modern Views of Islam - Zionism and the Establishment of the State of Israel - An Overview of Islam and the West Today


Objective The aim of this study was to compare the findings of clinical examination, CT angiography and DSA in evaluation of infrarenal peripheric arterial disease


We calculate the dimensionless Fermi liquid parameters (FLPs), F{sub 0,1}{sup sym} and F{sub 0,1}{sup asym}, for spin asymmetric dense quark matter. In general, the FLPs are infrared divergent due to the exchange of massless gluons. To remove such divergences, the hard density loop (HDL) corrected gluon propagator is used. The FLPs so determined are then invoked to calculate magnetic properties such as magnetization and magnetic susceptibility chi{sub M} of spin polarized quark matter. Finally, we investigate the possibility of magnetic instability by studying the density dependence of and chi{sub M}.


The key thermophysical properties necessary for the successful design and use of CoCrFeNi alloy in thermophysical applications have been measured experimentally, and the results have been compared with literature values and results previously obtained for commercial Ni-Cr alloys and equiatomic CoCrFeNi alloy. In particular, the thermal diffusivity, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), and specific heat capacity were measured for the as-cast and homogenized equiatomic CoCrFeNi alloy over a temperature range allowing the thermal conductivity to be calculated up to 1173 K. The thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the equiatomic CoCrFeNi alloy were found to deviate from monotonic behavior in the temperature range from 773 to 1100 K. Such a deviation was previously observed in the behavior of the temperature dependence of CTE and specific heat capacity of the equiatomic CoCrFeNi alloy. The non-linear behavior is primarily the result of order/disorder phenomena for the as-cast and homogenized sample, as well as non-equilibrium solidification under arc melting conditions for the as-cast sample. The measured data of thermophysical properties are provided for thermally differently treated samples, and it is shown that there is a difference in the behavior of the temperature dependences of CTE, thermal diffusivity, and heat capacity.


While Banham and Faith are keenly aware of the significance of local complexity, the scope of their analysis is sufficiently wide enough to draw out general trends in the Anglo-Saxon countryside. The resulting narrative hinges on the identification of two key turning-points: a post-Roman 'abatement' when there was a general relaxation in farming from a Romano-British apogee, with an attendant shift in emphasis from cereal production to animal husbandry; this was followed by a 'Middle Saxon' (eighth–ninth centuries) intensification when the land was generally made to "work harder" (p. 269). The latter finds expression in a renewed emphasis on cereal production ("cerealization", p. 39), particularly geared towards free-threshing bread wheat, underpinned by the closer integration of livestock and crop husbandry, and involving such strategies as systematic manuring and the implementation of different rotational systems that permitted the same land to be kept under cultivation. Although the authors demonstrate that we have much still to learn about the pace and precise mechanics of these developments in different corners of the AngloSaxon realm, the various strands of change taken cumulatively point towards a real revolution, "which gave rise to the beginnings of traditional English farming" (p. 293).


Pepsins 1, 2, 3 and 5 were isolated from the histamine-stimulated gastric juice of individual patients by the method of Etherington & Taylor (1971). Qualitative agar-gel electrophoresis con-firmed the homogeneity of each isolated enzyme. The yields were small, ranging from 10 to 100,ug.


The paper considers the phenomenon of teacher professional autonomy through defining relation between teacher autonomy and administrative control of university teacher activity within the context of the transformation of contemporary higher education in Russia. The article defines a complex of intrinsic and extrinsic conditions, which are able to ensure an optimal correlation between teacher autonomy and administrative control of teacher's activity in Russian higher education. The revealed extrinsic conditions make the core of autonomy-oriented type of administrative control, which allows teacher's being a self-regulating actor through taking control of his professional activity and developing positive type of perceived teacher autonomy.


Overall comments: I went through the paper and I must say that I was overwhelmed about the detail of elaboration which, on one hand, is quite appreciable; however, on the other hand, I have strong doubts about the practicability. The whole paper has probably a highly theoretical value, in the sense that some kind of sensitivity analysis is done with a huge number of parameters inside. Aim of evacuation should be to evacuate all (or a maximum of exposed people). Aim of an evacuation plan should be to reach this aim and provide with proper means and to identify potential bottlenecks.


Abstract A series of oligomeric azo dyes has been prepared by coupling various aromatic diazonium salts to 1-naphthol-furfuraldehyde (1-NF) and 2-naphthol-furfuraldehyde (2-NF) oligomers. They were evaluated in terms of their softning points, yield, colour, solubility and UV-Vis spectra. Structure-property relationships are discussed and dyeings on polyester PET and nylon-6,6 assessed. Dyeings on polyester and nylon-6,6 resulted in yellow, orange and brown to red colourations having excellent fastness to light and washing.


BACKGROUND
Non cardiac chest pain is a frequent symptom in general population. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is the first cause of chest pain without cardiac etiology.

AIM
This review aimed to determine the specific mechanisms for esophageal-induced chest pain, to evaluate the results of the available methods of diagnosis, and to precise the therapeutic options in these patients.

METHODS
Literature Review

RESULTS
Gastroesophageal reflux disease is the most frequent etiology of "DTPA".The mechanism of pathogeny is complex. After eliminating coronary disease, diagnosis is based on esophagus ph-metry and markers. Therapeutic test with PPI would be an alternative option to ph-metry. Treatment is based on PPI with appropriate dose and duration. Surgical treatment is indicated only for selected patients.


Corporations increasingly subscribe to the principles of corporate sustainability, which is generally described as the integration of economic, environmental, and social dimensions. As sustainability presents a new source of ideas and visions leading to new business opportunities and competitive advantage, the role of Sustainability-Oriented Innovation (SOI) is ever more emphasized. However, developing products under the paradigm of SOI is risky: both the product's market success and (non-economic) sustainability effects are uncertain. Product- Service System (PSS) - i.e. a combination of products and services – constitutes a significant approach to overcome some of the limitations of SOI and, additionally, can spur the diffusion of SOI. In this chapter, we use an exploratory research strategy to further investigate the links between SOI and PSS. We present a case study on off-grid lighting in Kenya and analyzes the sustainability effects on the product and PSS level. The complexity of SOI and the sustainability potentials of PSS are illustrated. Moreover, we also emphasize the role of a joint achievement of sustainability-oriented product innovations and PSS innovations.


This experiment was conducted to assess the microbial safety and quality of smoked Clarias gariepinus using different concentrations of pepper and salt spice mixture as preservatives. Ninety catfish, Clarias gariepinus (1,000 – 1,250g) were allocated to five treatments and replicated twice. The prepared weight to weight spice mixture of pepper 50% and salt 50% was neatly rubbed on the Clarias gariepinus using different concentrations after degutting: E 1 = 0%, E 2 = 5%, E 3 =10%, E 4 = 15%, E 5 = 20%. The Clarias gariepinus were cold smoked in an oven between 40℃ to 65℃ for 6hrs and hot smoked between 120-150℃ for 18hrs. This study were carried out for 18 weeks were proximate composition, organoleptic assessment, Total Viable Count (TVC), biochemical parameters such as Peroxide Value (PV), Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA), Free Fatty Acid (FFA) and Total Volatile Base (TVB) were investigated. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p = 0.05. Results showed that crude protein of Clarias gariepinus were better in treated groups compared to the control and increased with increasing level of pepper and salt spices at 18weeks. Also, better organoleptic assessment was recorded in treated groups compared to the control, best assessment was recorded in 20% spice mixture (6.72,5.80,4.91,4.51) compared to the control (6.49, 4.91, 4.07, 3.03) after 24hours, 6, 12 and 18 weeks respectively and were significantly different (p <0. 05) from the control. Total viable count from the study revealed that bacterial loads in smoked Clarias gariepinus were more affected by pepper and salt spice mixture than the control after 24hours and 18 weeks and this were significantly different ( p <0. 05) than control. The PV, TBA, FFA and TVB were lower in the treated groups compared to the control after 24 hours, 6, 12 and 18 weeks. These results indicated that using pepper and salt spice mixture may be useful in improving the shelf life and consumer acceptability of smoked Clarias gariepinus and it was concluded that 20% spice mixture would positively influence shelf life, reduce and prevent infections in smoked Clarias gariepinus .


Oil prices are once again at the centre of the economic debate, as the recent surge in crude oil prices following the nuclear stand-off with Iran raises concerns for the fragile economic recovery in Europe and in the US. The monthly average price of Brent crude oil rose by about 16 per cent between January and March this year, reaching $125 per barrel. In 2011, Barrell, Delannoy and Holland reviewed the macroeconomic effects of a rise in oil prices, describing direct effects on consumer prices, indirect effects through production costs, and secondround effects resulting from weaker aggregate demand and nominal wage bargaining. Currently, in the UK, fuel prices have reached new record levels, with diesel prices at £1.48 per litre in the last week of April 2012, up 7 pence per litre since the beginning of the year (DECC, 2012a). Still higher prices are on their way as part of the government's fiscal plans for 2012–13, with fuel duty rising by 3.02 pence per litre from August 2012, a 21⁄2 per cent price increase based on March pump prices.


PurposeThis research aims to investigate consumers' food waste prevention behaviour through the lens of an extended theory of planned behaviour. The extension includes the examination of the role of social media usage in affecting consumers' decision-making process of food waste prevention behaviour.Design/methodology/approachA survey questionnaire is developed based on measurement items of previously validated studies. 210 samples are collected and analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM).FindingsThe results show that social media usage has a significant influence on attitude and injunctive norms. In addition, intention can be predicted by injunctive norms, moral norms and perceived behavioural control but not attitude. Lastly, the intention to reduce food waste is a significant predictor of food waste prevention behaviour.Originality/valueOverall, the extended theory of planned behaviour is useful in explaining consumers' food waste prevention behaviour. Interestingly, this study reveals that a negative attitude towards food waste behaviour does not translate into the intention to engage in food waste prevention behaviour. Furthermore, it is found that social media usage plays a significant in shaping consumers' attitudes towards food waste and injunctive norms.


In the reform of the existing teaching mode of physics, it is necessary to maintain the students' strong curiosity and great spirits of seeking differences, about which this paper makes an exposition in the following aspects: 1. new ideas come from questions which are from curiosity and query; 2. questions can stimulate the psychological analysis of creativity; 3. questions are classified and evaluated; and makes a probe into the teaching of consolidating the awareness of questions.


Using BRITE photometric data for several close binary systems we address the problem of damping pulsations in close binary systems due to proximity effects. Because of small number statistics, no firm conclusion is given, but we find pulsations in three relatively close binaries. The pulsations in these binaries have, however, very low amplitudes.


Objective To investigate the effects of Kakkonein on pulmonary fibrosis of rats in lab research. Methods The rats were divided into three groups: controls, untreated and Kakkonein groups. HE stain, collagen stain, RT-PCT and immunohistochemical methods were applied to rats' lungs on the 29th days after the beginning of the experiment. The statistical analysis was performed on the data. Results There was more decreased value of total collagen, Type I collagen and TGF β-1 mRNA in Kakkonein group than in the untreated animal groups. Conclusion Kakkonein can restrain the formation of pulmonary fibrosis by decreasing inflammation, fibroblast proliferation, Type Ⅰ collagen formation and gene expression of TGF β-1.


This chapter focuses on a number of specific rights and entitlements of Palestinian refugees under international law, including the rights to self-determination, return, and compensation, as well as a number of civic, cultural, economic, political, and social rights, relevant because of the protracted nature of Palestinians' exile and the main vulnerabilities to protection threats, as discussed in Part II. Despite being firmly established in international law, and being reaffirmed multiple times by the United Nations, both the right to self-determination of the Palestinian people, and the right to return and compensation of the refugees, remain unmet. This is largely because of the lack of a solution in accordance with international law. The chapter argues that recognizing other fundamental rights of the Palestinians as refugees, stateless persons, and/or protected persons under international humanitarian law, and above all, as human beings, does not undermine the right to return and rather helps ensure human dignity while a just and lasting solution remains pending. These rights remain an important benchmark for assessing the treatment of Palestinian refugees in the MENA region and beyond, for as long as the more fundamental rights to self-determination, return, restitution, and compensation remain unrealized.


Abstract Both reported and unreported judgments on contact after parental separation and on shared residence, made since the implementation of the Children Act 1989, are examined in order to establish whether the Act has brought about changes in the criteria relied on by the courts. The judgments are evaluated in the light of research on the effects on children of divorce and of shared residence arrangements. It has been found that there is greater consistency in the decisions on contact following parental separation than before the Act came into force. The application of the principle that cogent reasons must exist for denying contact has led to a clear judicial trend towards allowing contact even in cases where a parent is implacably opposed to it. In the area of shared residence old assumptions about its unusual nature and undesirability in most cases still prevail, though it is recognized that the courts have the power to make such orders when they are clearly for the benefit of children.


Introduction: Pandemic situation of COVID 19 had an impact on medical education globally leading to cancellation of lectures, laboratory exercises, clinical postings and exams To continue with the academic program, the online classes are started in different academic streams in large scale This came with challenges and new learning opportunities for medical students and potential to adopt some changes The objective of this study is to find out the effectiveness of online classes for medical and dental students of Gandaki Medical College (GMC) during COVID 19 pandemic period in Nepal with questionnaire based survey distributed to the students attending the online classes
Materials and Method: This is a descriptive cross sectional questionnaire based online survey The questionnaires were distributed to the undergraduate medical and dental students of GMC, Pokhara, Nepal
Result: Amongst the students who responded, majority 205 (98 1%) were attending online classes The device used by most of the student to attend the classes was smart phone 156 (74 6%) The strength of internet of the students was good in 41 (19 6%) and satisfactory in 99 (47 40%) The internet was disturbed by electricity cut down as responded by 66(31 6%) students Almost 140 (67%) of the respondents rated the online classes were interactive and 124(59 33%) rated the classes were not disturbing Despite the classes being interactive and non-disturbing, 162(77 51%) of respondents rated that the online classes were not effective The online classes with one to 51 number of students showed good interactions as compared to classes with 51 to 100 number of students (p<0 01) There was no differences seen in the effectiveness in online classes between these medical and dental students (p=0 414)
Conclusion: Good numbers of students had participated in online classes in medical and dental streams at GMC The students faced problems in internet connectivity due to electricity cut down The online classes were not that effective as class room classes In country like Nepal, various factors affecting the online education should be looked upon to make the online learning effective


This article discusses the relationship between psychological health and physical exercise by investigating and analyzing the psychological health status of university students,and expounds the importance of psychological health education.It also puts forward some suggestions on how to make full use of physical education to promote the students' psychological health and health standard.


3D, in the content display to the user and immersive system to enable the content and the interaction is made in real environment. The system includes a non-planar, and immersive display component to a single factor (factor) to produce a user experience, and offers an extended field of vision to the user. The system includes a tracking sensor components to track the user's face. The tracking sensor component may comprise one or more 3-D camera and the 2-D camera. In addition, the tracking sensor component may track the face or the hair, and keep track of another part of the body, for example, hand and arm. Image time adjustment module processes the data from the track face, and by the user to sense the three-dimensional content in motion parallax. The hands and other parts of the body output data is used by the gesture detection module that detects a collision between the hand and the three-dimensional content for the user. The detection of collision may be tactile feedback indicating a connection to the three-dimensional object to the user. All the components show the generation of immersive, and realistic environment, which contributes to the three-dimensional direction to interact with the content.


Sixteen adults with physical disabilities participated in this emancipatory research study to document their recollection of institutionalization in Toronto's Bloorview Hospital, Home and School between 1960 and 1989. This study suggests that: there were two distinct cohorts of residents, with the latter group having a relatively more positive experience; residents operationalized a hierarchy among themselves; residents experienced emotional, physical and sexual abuse while in residence; peer relationships were valued, both within and outside the institution; residents found creative ways to be rebellious; reprisals took the form of physical abuse related to disability; most residents had difficulty expressing their sexuality; family relationships were highly valued by residents; therapeutic interventions were not valued; recreational programs were highly valued by residents and contributed to self‐esteem; and educational experiences were highly valued, but deemed inadequate. Respondents, in retrospect, support an ongoing role for institutions as a resource for technology and for fostering independence.


The invention discloses a smart APD array reading device which comprises an input module A, a power conversion module B, a direct current conversion module C, an APD array, a smart control module D and a reading system E. The input module A is used for rectifying and filtering of the mains supply input. The power conversion module B is used for converting voltage after mainly supply rectifying and filtering into stable multi-path direct current voltage (positive voltage and negative voltage). The direct current conversion module C is used for further converting direct current voltage output by the power conversion module B into accurate direct current voltage needed by the reading system, and supplies electricity to the smart control module D and the reading system E. The invention further discloses an APD array imaging smart correction method which includes three steps: standard image collection, image comparison and automatic correction. The smart APD array reading device is high in accuracy, small in size and smart.


There are many indications that the center of our Galaxy hosts a supermassive black hole, corresponding to the radio source Sgr A*. Thanks to the observations in the near infrared band, it has been possible to determine the orbits of several stars moving in the neighborhood of the Galactic center. General Relativity tells us that the central black hole, acting as a gravitational lens, bends the light rays of these source stars. As a consequence of this fact, a secondary image and two infinite series of relativistic images will be generated. In the framework of Schwarzschild black hole, we have calculated the light curves for the secondary and the first two relativistic images for each star examined. In this way, we have been able to estimate the best times to observe the secondary images, which will happen when the stars approach the minimum distance from the black hole. The detection of such images by future astronomical instruments will provide very useful information about the physical nature of the Mi...


This paper summarized recent progresses on the studies and application of electrochemical oxidation, electrochemical reduction, electrokinetic remediation(EKR)and electrodialytic remediation(EDR)in solid wastes. Some suggestions on further studies of electrochemical technology(ECT)in solid wastes were also presented.


In this study, a technique was developed to combine information from two precipitation datasets with different spatial and temporal resolutions. Precipitation datasets that are solely gauge-based are expected to have less time mean systematic error, as they only include actual precipitation measurements, but are generally only available at a fairly low resolution. Datasets that incorporate other data, such as radar, are available at higher resolutions, but the additional data may contain systematic errors or biases. For many applications, a user would like a dataset with minimal systematic error, and at a high spatial and temporal resolution. A technique was developed to generate a third dataset that inherits the long-term statistical properties of the lower resolution dataset, and the short-term spatial and temporal variability of the high resolution dataset. The technique was developed to be general (eg. applied to different fields, such as temperature, and with any resolution datasets), but was specifically used in this study to combine information from the 1/8th degree 24-hour Climate Prediction Center's gauge-based Unified Precipitation Analysis and the 4 km 6-hrly River Forecast Center Quantitative Precipitation Estimate datasets.


The invention relates a back exposing technology of a TSV structure in the micro-electronic processing technology. The back exposing method of the TSV structure comprises after thinning the back surface of the wafer substrate of the TSV into a distance of 1-10 mu m from the bottom of a TSV copper column through a back surface grinding process, processing the back surface of the wafer substrate through a CMP (chemical mechanical polishing) process until the TSV copper column is exposed out of the back surface; then performing chemical replacement on the copper of the end surface of the copper column exposed out of the back surface of the wafer substrate to form a layer of metal protective film on the end surface of the TSV copper column exposed out of the back surface of the wafer substrate; then etching substrate materials to expose a TSV bottom and manufacturing a passivation layer on the back surface of the wafer substrate. Due to the fact that the copper exposed out of the back surface of the wafer is protected before the silicon etching of the back surface of the TSV wafer, copper contamination caused by direct contact of copper and silicon during the back surface etching process can be avoided; meanwhile, low process integration scheme complexity and low processing cost can be guaranteed.


The paper considers the main methods of processing oily mill scale and oily sludge for iron and steel production. At present, the issue of processing such waste is highly relevant for iron and steel works. The iron content allows regards them as a valuable technogenic raw material. But direct processing is complicated by the high oil content. The authors describe thermal processing variants with and without regeneration of oil products, physicochemical methods and briquetting. A desludging method with the help of Rotor Impulse Machines (RIM) is described in sufficient detail; its main advantages are presented. A very promising direction in the development of new technologies for the processing of oily sludge is the combination of physicochemical, mechanical, magnetic and other methods of desludging with the regeneration of oils.


The MATLAB method for solving the linear equations is given.The direct operation can be used to solve the liner equations immediately without programming. It is practical,directly observable, simple, and rapid.A program of Jacobi iterative method is introduced.


AN INVESTIGATION OF MATERNAL MORTALITY An inquiry undertaken by the New York Academy of Medicine into the maternal mortality of that city has yielded results of great interest and importance.' The director of this investigation, Dr. Ransom S. Hooker, after referring to the failure of previous inquiries in New York to achieve results, describes the plan which was eventually evolved by the Public Health Relations Committee of the Academy, in consultation with -an Obstetrical Advisory Committee, consisting of men of great experience and distinction. They decided to conduct a continuous inquiry, limited to New York City, oVer a period of three years, weekly reports of all maternal deaths being received in order that the investigation should run concurrently with the deaths, and the inquiries be made while the circumstances were still fresh in the minds of the attendants. The task of collecting the material was entrusted to two medical women, who personally sought all the information, with the assistance in respect of midwives' cases of a registered nurse-midwife. All persons who had been in attendance upon the patients at any time were interviewed. The material thus obtained was reviewed monthly by the Obstetrical Advisory Committee in consultation with the investigators themselves. The alternative method of eliciting facts by questionary had been tried before and shown to be unreliable. The authors believe that their method of direct personal inquiry by selected investigators is much more likely to yield accurate data, an opinion in which all who have had experience of the answers received to a questionary will concur. The data thus obtained were analysed, classified, and correlated by the Advisory Committee before conclusions were drawn. In all 2,041 maternal deaths were passed in review. The maternal mortality rate for 'New York City (5.76 per 1,000 in 1931) is admittedly high, though considerably below that for the whole registration area of the United States, which was 6.6 per 1,000 in the


The Experience of Being Unsheltered in Atlanta by Ikeranda Smith MS, Walden University, 2014 BS, National Louis University, 2012 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy


Treatment of adult male rats with hydrocortisone acetate in a dosis of 5 mg/Kg of body weight daily during 20 days produced a decrease in the concentration of hyaluronic acid, chondroitin-6-sulfate and heparin in gingiva. These effects are at least partially due to a decrease in the rate of synthesis of such compounds, as measured by incorporation of acetate-C14 and sulfate-S35 into mucopolysaccharides.


Proceed from applied point of view,relation between the triangle normal operators in common use is analysed.A new Fuzzy synthetic evaluation criterion and method is given.A applied example is analysed at the same time.


Why is the sea salty? (Robert
Moran, Middlecove)
The short answer is that water dissolves the salts contained in rocks, and these salts are carried in the
water to the sea.


Thus when applying Bailliart's method, the pulse of any other artery must be examined simultaneously, and the moment of reversal of the rhythm is to be regarded as the indication of minimal pressure. The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure in the central retinal artery will then be much smallerand will no doubt correspond with the actual state of affairs. Taking into account that in the off-branchings of the central artery rebounding movements are usually accentuated onlyvery slightly, we mnay assume that the differences in 'pressure in these arteries will also be very small., It is of no special importance to which artery the measurements by Bailliart's method are applied, as the results can be only relative, although their clinical value will be indisputable. I believe that the application of this modification of Bailliart's method in determining the indicator will help to eliminate to a considerable extent the disparities. in the results obtained by various authors.


Endometriosis is a common gynecological disease and the pathogenesis is not clearly understood. Previous studies have demonstrated via microarray techniques that microRNA (miR)-449b was significantly downregulated both in ectopic and eutopic endometrium in patients with endometriosis. In the present study, the aberrant expression of miR-449b was further confirmed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. It was demonstrated that miR-449b-3p was downregulated in ectopic and eutopic tissues from women with endometriosis, and the same expression pattern was observed in endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) of eutopic endometrium from women with endometriosis and normal endometrium from women without endometriosis. Functional analysis, including an MTT assay, apoptosis conducted by flow cytometry, capillary-like tube formation assay and invasion assay, indicated that the upregulated expression of miR-449b-3p inhibited the proliferation of ESCs and that the supernatants of miR-449b-overexpressing ESCs inhibited the formation of tubular structures in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, whereas it has no effect on ESC apoptosis and invasiveness. These results suggest that the aberrant expression of miR-449b-3p was involved in the development and progression of endometriosis.


The ALICE collaboration at CERN has dedicated a significant part of its physics program to study jet formation and modification in the hot and dense environment formed in heavy-ion collisions. These proceedings will summarize the latest insights we have gained about this process using data collected during Pb-Pb collisions at s NN = 2.76 TeV. In particular π0-hadron correlations, jet mass measurements, and jet shapes of small-radius jets show a significant influence of the hot and dense medium on the measured jet fragmentation process.


He I photoelectron spectra (PE) of several β,γ-unsaturated polycyclic ketones, their parent ketones, and alkenes have been measured. The assignment of spectra is based on semiempirical MO calculations (PM3 method) and empirical arguments. Endo-derivatives showed larger HOMO/SHOMO band separation than exo-cyclic unsaturated ketones. The results of MO calculations are in good agreement with this general trend. Strikingly different photochemical transformations and π←n electronic transition intensities, exhibited by the two groups of compounds, can be rationalized within the framework of oxygen lone pair↔π bond interactions


I was eager to reviewthis book. I hoped that it would help me to understandbetter what is a complex and confusing subject. Unfortunately I was disappointed and by the end of the book I was left with more questions than answers. To be fair to the author, perhaps my approach was wrong. As a collection of up-to-date reviews on the neurobiology of human violence it is excellent. If this is what you are looking for readthis book, I will certainlygo back and re-read some of the chaptersagain. The author'smethodological,detailedapproachand clear style is evident as early as the Introductionand the chapter on Definitions and Classifications. The next section of the book contains chapterson neuro chemistry, the neurological, neuropsychological and electrophysiologicalcorrelatesof violence. In my opin ion the authorperhapsstraysoutsidethe neurobiologi cal remit of the book when reviewingpersonalityand mental disorder and their relationshipwith violence. This chapter on personality disorders concentrates on diagnosis rather than the neurobiological research on impulse control. The chapters on mental disorder similarlyfocus on diagnosis and risk assessmentand do not have a strong neurobiologicalfocus. Throughout the book one cannot fail to be im pressed by the author's breadth of knowledge and the fairness of the research reviews, nevertheless I must admit that at times there was such a concentrationof detail that I found myself seeking out the crisp sum maries that are to be found at the end of most of the chapters. I could not recommendthis book as essentialread ing for the busyclinician,althoughit will be of interest to general psychiatrists, forensic psychiatrists and others who wish to update and upgrade their knowl edge of this subject. It should certainlybe purchased for an academic or professional library and I would suggest that those interested should certainly dip into the last group of chapterswhich focus upon violence and psychoactive substances, pharmacological treat ments and the reviews of risk assessment in hospital and in the community. In conclusion, as the author himself states in the summary of the last chapter, "¿ the work (in this field) remains fragmented―.I am afraid this book did not help me simplify the puzzle.


Background: Interest in the use of learning theory to inform sport and physical-education pedagogy over the past decade beyond games and team sports has been limited. Purpose: Following on from recent interest within the literature in Eastern philosophic traditions, this article draws on the Japanese concept of mushin and complex learning theory (CLT) to propose a CLT-informed pedagogy for coaching the 'technique-intensive' sports of track running and swimming. Method: This article grounds theoretical discussion about learning in specific examples of practice to establish a dialectic relationship between theory and practice. The suggestions we make draw on first hand teaching/coaching experiences and CLT as a broad theoretical framework within which we draw on Eastern concepts of learning expressed in the Japanese concept of mushin as a state in which mind and body are united. Conclusion: The pedagogy we suggest challenges a dualistic view of theory and teaching and the mind/body binary that has long dominated physical education teaching and sport coaching. It offers a means of recognizing and accounting for the body in learning and of offering positive pedagogy for teaching technique-intensive sports.


An analysis technique was developed for e_-rpanding the aerothermodynanr-ic enver-_P e of the Space Shuttle orbiter without subjecting the vehicle to sustained flight a= more stressing heating conditions. A transient analysis program was deve_!oped to take advantage of the transient maneuvers that were flown as part of thi_ analysis teahnique. This program derived heat rates from flight test data for various locmti:us on the orbiter. The flight-derived _,eat rates were _sed to update _eating mo_iels based on predicted data. Future missiGns were then analyzed base_ on these f!i?_ht-ddjusted models.


ABSTRACT In today's world of advanced technology tacked with Artificial Intelligence and neural networks, dealing with geopolymer composites that involve multiple variables, there is tremendous scope for methods that can accurately predict the strength parameters, as no standard mixed design IS code has been developed. Since the quantities of silica modulus, Na2SiO3 material, water to binder ratios, curing time, curing temperature all have a significant impact on compressive strength. A multi-layer ANN can therefore be built for geopolymer compressive strength prediction by the use of the backpropagation architecture. Such computing tools will be better, cheaper, time-saving, and labour-saving in terms of resource allocation. In the current study, compressive strength prediction of geopolymer composite containing fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag was performed using a type of artificial neural network (ANN), specifically multilayer perceptron (MLP). In this paper, a total of three hundred seventy-six fact points were accumulated from the literature. The coefficient of determination (R2) was used to assess the proposed model's accuracy in this analysis. The MLP model proposed will forecast geopolymer compressive strength with an R2 value of 0.968. The algorithm trained and tested the model.


The rapid spread of SARS‐CoV‐2 in 2019 and 2020 has resulted in a worldwide pandemic characterized by severe pulmonary inflammation, effusions, and rapid respiratory compromise. The result of this pandemic is a large and increasing number of patients requiring endotracheal intubation and prolonged ventilator support. The rapid rise in endotracheal intubations coupled with prolonged ventilation requirements will certainly lead to an increase in tracheostomy procedures in the coming weeks and months. Performing tracheostomy in the setting of active SARS‐CoV‐2, when necessary, poses a unique situation, with unique risks and benefits for both the patient and the health care providers. The New York Head and Neck Society has collaborated on this document to provide guidance on the performance of tracheostomies during the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic.


We consider a system arising from an application of the Maximum Principle to a free endpoint trajectory optimization problem arising in control. The system involves a small parameter, and has the property that the optimal control associated with the reduced problem ( \epsilon=0 ) moves on and off the boundary of the control region a finite number of times. We show how a technique involving a nonlinear chgnge of independent variables can be used to obtain uniformly valid parameter expansions for the solution of the full problem for e small, and we establish conditions on the Hamiltonian under which this procedure may be carried out.


Abstract:Unquestionably, data analysis is the most complex and mysterious of all of the phases of a qualitativeresearch, and the one that receives the least thoughtful discussion in the literature. The aim of this reviewpaper that adapted from methodology section of doctoral dissertation was outlines the descriptivephenomenological psychological method of research and explain of data analysis based on Giorgi approachwith objective examples to cause further insight and reflection by later researchers who may this choose asmost appropriate method to analyze their data. Data analysis based on Giorgi framework follows Husserltradition. Description and clarification of the phenomenon being studied is cornerstones of thisphenomenological method. The stages of analysis method based on Giorgi are: 1) assuming phenomenologyattitude, 2) read of interview to attain of Sense of the whole, 3) determination of primary meaning unites, 4)transforming of meaning unites to psychological statements , and 5) synthesize of psychological General orEssential structure of experience based on constituents.Among the analysis approaches of qualitative data, analytical method of Giorgi has been as least preferredmethod by local researchers. However, the review of literature suggests that many foreign studies have usedthis approach to analyze data, describing the data analysis with comprehensive details has not beenmentioned. Providing more details on the method of data analysis, allowing researchers access to necessaryinformation and will be useful as a guide for future research. therefore, The data analysis procedures aredescribed in detail in the paper and this matter has been resolved.Keywords:Qualitative Researches, Phenomenology, Descriptive phenomenology, Giorgi analytic approach


The following paper describes the METAL machine translation system in its present state, as part of a computer integrated translation environment. During the past few years, the system has been considerably refined and extended, although the design of some main parts has remained unchanged. These changes and extensions are due to the fact that METAL has become an operational system; this is explained in the first chapter. The second chapter describes the architecture of the text handling environment which has become more and more important; the third chapter deals with the translation core engine. The remaining chapters deal with productivity and maintenance tools.


Introduction Gastrointestinal stromal tumour is a rare mesenchymal tumour of the gastrointestinal tract. The stomach and small intestine are the favoured sites for these tumours. Pre-operative diagnosis is difficult on clinical basis for such tumours and only a detailed histopathological examination of specimen reveals its true nature. The aim of this research study was to examine abdominal gastrointestinal stromal tumour in a general surgery ward. Materials and methods A retrospective case review study of patients, who had a diagnosis of the abdominal gastrointestinal stromal tumour, was performed. Clinical presentation, operative findings and a follow-up was recorded for these patients. Recurrence and development of a new tumour was recorded during the follow-up. Results Twelve patients, who had an abdominal gastrointestinal stromal tumour, were examined. There were nine male patients and three female patients. Eight patients were diagnosed with an abdominal mass, one patient had peritonitis, one patient had an upper gastrointestinal bleeding, one patient had rectal bleeding and one patient was diagnosed with an intestinal obstruction. All the patients had exploratory laparotomy and postoperative imatinib was given to them. Conclusion Gastrointestinal stromal tumour in the abdomen is a rare cancer. These tumours have variable clinical behaviour, with abdominal mass being the common symptom. Surgical resection with negative margin is the preferred modality of treatment for gastrointestinal stromal tumour.


Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. review of six patients Background: Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma corresponds 2 to 5% of all thyroid cancers. It affects mainly women in the sixth or seventh decade of life, appearing as a hard, fast growing cervical mass that is adhered to surrounding structures. Treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Aim: to report a series of patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Patients and Methods: Review of medical records of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer operated between 2002 and 2008. Results: The records of six patients aged 46 to 82 years (four males), were retrieved. A bilateral total thyroidectomy was performed in four patients. Two patients required tracheostomy during the postoperative period. Mean hospital stay was six days. None received neoadjuvant or adjuvant radio-chemotherapy. Three patients died within one month of the operation. The rest died at 115, 184 and 283 days after surgery. Conclusions: All these patients were diagnosed in advanced stages of the disease, a fact that can explain the dismal evolution observed.


THE sebaceous glands are racemose in form and furnish a consistent fatty secretion ta anoint the skin and hairs. There are three types-those which are appendages of the hair and its follicle, those which are associated with the lanugo hairs and open directly upon the cutaneous surface, and those which are unassociated with other structures and open directly on the skin surface or glanopi. the Iycous orifices, including the glandulae odorifer-w of the genitalia. They are halocrine glands and the secretion of fatty material which originates in the cuboidal cells lining the acini is exuded from these cells as they are pushed out of the duct. The amount of oily material that is excreted is a personal characteristic, probably hereditary and the control seems to lie in the endocrine chain balance. It has been suggested that the same substance which stimulates the skin glands in pregnancy, especially the mammary gland, also stimulates the sebaceous glands of the fetus, and the vernix caseosa is the result of this. After birth this stimulus is absent, and during infancythe sebaceous glands are inactive, excepting in rare instances and at most up to five years of age, when we do see scalp seborrhoa in infants. The tendency reappears at puberty and also some senile disturbances manifest reactivity of the sebaceous glands. Mammary gland activity may produce an internal secretion which throWs off the balance of sebaceous secretion, and the suggestion that dairy products in the diet as milk, cream, butter and cheese may have some bearing on acne may be well founded on the animal endocrines present from mammary gland activity causing overactivity of sebaceous secretion. Apart from new growths the most diverse disturbances are seen in asteatosis or xerosis, with deficiency of sebaceous secretion, in xeroderma, where the glands are almost absent, and


In the present study, effects of essential oils isolated from various plants have been evaluated on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced release of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E $_2$ (PGE $_2$ ) and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF- $\alpha$ ) by the macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Among the tested e...


This study was designed to prepare and evaluate low-phenylalanine toast bread made from gliadin-free wheat flour and hydrocolloids. Wheat protein fraction (gliadin) rich in phenylalanine was extracted using aqueous alcohol solution for the production of low-phenylalanine wheat flour. Pectin, gum arabic and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) were used separately to improve the quality of bread at levels of 1, 2 and 3%. Chemical, rheological, organoleptic, baking, staling and microstructure of bread were studied. Phenylalanine content of gliadin-free bread samples reduced by 43.2% compared with control. Separation of gliadin negatively affected the rheological properties of dough and baking quality of bread, while rheological properties, baking quality and staling were improved upon hydrocolloids addition. Microscopic examination of crumb structure revealed remarkable differences in control and treated breads. It was found that acceptable bread could be produced using gliadin-free wheat flour with the addition of pectin or CMC up to 2 and 3%, respectively.


From company value of issuing stock,classic finance study analysis frame and non-classic finance theory,this article divides the theories of stock pricing into stock value theory,modern investment theory and other stock pricing theories,and conducts an overview of the above theories.


The marine industry is rapidly developing as a result of the increase in various needs in the marine environment. In addition, accidents involving ship fires and explosions and the resulting casualties are increasing. Generally, manpower and safety problems exist in fire fighting. A fire fighter in the form of an autonomous surface robot would be ideal for marine fire safety, because it has no manpower and safety problems. Therefore, an autonomous surface robot with the abilities of fire recognition and tracking, nozzle selection, position and attitude control, and fire fighting was developed and is discussed in this paper. The test and evaluation results of this robot showed the possibility of real-size applications and the need for additional studies. Received 23 February 2018, revised 8 April 2018, accepted 12 April 2018 Corresponding author Hyun-Sik Kim: +82-10-3880-9430, firstname.lastname@example.com ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4821-9784 It is noted that this paper is revised edition based on proceedings of KMRTS 2017 in Pohang c 2018, The Korean Society of Ocean Engineers This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution non-commercial license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


Introduction: Erythromelanosis Follicularis Faciei et Colli is a rare variant of Kerastosis pilaris, characterized by a clinical triad of erythema, hyperpigmentation and follicular papules involving bilaterally cheeks, preauricular and maxillary areas of young male or, more rarely, female patients Case presentation: A 21-year-old Caucasian woman presented symmetrical patches of hyperpigmentation, erythema with microscopic telangiectasias and tiny follicular papules involving cheeks, preauricular and maxillary areas, forehead, pinna and neck since childhood. Lesions were asymptomatic but caused profound cosmetic disfigurement and had a negative impact on her social life. The patient underwent a non-invasive diagnostic procedure with epiluminescence and confocal microscopy. Dermoscopic examination revealed prominent yellowwhitish follicular keratotic plugging over a reddish background with short fine telangiectasia in the perifollicular and interfollicular areas. Furthermore, RCM features displayed the presence of enlarged the presence of enlarged follicular openings, absence of demodex mites within the follicles and slight infundibular hyperkeratosis. At the level of the epidermal-dermal junction hyperpigmentation of the epithelial basal cell layer and dilation of dermal capillaries inside dermal papillae were observed, correlating to typical histological features of EFFC. Our patient benefited from the topical use of tretinoin 0.05% cream, with attenuation of the instrumental pictures. Conclusion: Characteristic plugging over a reddish background and morphological features revealed by RCM may be helpful for assessment and monitoring in patients with EFFC. Starting from the observation of this case we would like to underline the importance of a noninvasive diagnostic procedure and an effective therapy for such a rare condition. Keywords: Erythromelanosis Follicularis Faciei et Colli; Erythromelanosis Follicularis Faciei diagnosis; Dermoscopy; In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy.


This article talks about mini-novels in the new period of indonesian chinese literature. through the overall developing tren of mini-novels corpuses, analyses the individual creative features : firstly, the humor of mingmiaos mini-novels secondly the compassion of xiao xings mini-novels, thirdly, yuan ni s emotional sonata of the lost key-ring. by combination of themes and techniques of the three mini-novels curpuses, the article focuses on the analysis of the three writers distinctive writing style.


Germicidal irradiation with a dose of UV-C light is an effective method for disinfecting surfaces, water, and air. New commercial devices are abandoning mercury gas-arc lamps in favor of UV-C LEDs, but UV-C LEDs are less efficient. This requires optical designs that use lenses to deliver UV-C light with high irradiance values to the target. This paper presents metallic optical reflectors (MORs), made with stamping processes, as a new lens for UV-C LEDs. Designs are described, tested, and validated for applications in SMD packages and chip-on- board (COB) modules. Aspherical mirror surface in MORs narrow the beam and achieve viewing angles as small as 15° FWHM with high efficiency. Simulations and tests conducted with a gonio-spectroradiometer agree sufficiently well so that the optical model can be used to design germicidal irradiation systems for surfaces or air in upper-room applications.


Abrtract Incubation of photomixotrophic cell suspension cultures of rape (Brassica napu) and heterotrophic cell suspension cultures of soya (Glycine mar) with 1-0-[l'-"Cjhexadecyl-snglycerol or mc-1-0-[ l'-14C]hexadecylglycerol leads in high yield (up to 78%) to labeled l-O-hexadecyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3phosphocholines. Alkaline hydrolysis of the choline glycerophospholipids yields pure l-O-[l'-14C]hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. 1-0-[1'-'4C]Hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phos


1. Eighteen persons after eating a certain batch of pork-cheese, or vegetables infected from it, suffered from severe illness and three died. 2. The illness was caused by a Gaertner bacillus of the Aertrycke sub-group isolated from one of the fatal cases. 3. This bacillus was contained in the meat used for the pork-cheeses (brawn), infection being antecedent to preparation. 4. Part of the meat was obtained from a pig suffering from local injury or disease of one leg and the bacilli were no doubt etiologically connected with this condition. 5. The outbreak points to the need for a more complete and thorough veterinary inspection of meat before sale, and of the necessity for extended investigation into the diseases of animals used for human food caused by Gaertner bacilli.


This study aims to investigate qualitatively the role of goal orientation in reading comprehension both in native (L1) and second or foreign languages (L2), and the reading strategy use in L1 and L2 of the Turkish advanced students of an English Language Teaching (ELT) Department in order to understand the pedagogical aspects of reading. The data of this phenomenological study come from one-on-one, semi-structured interviews carried out with 8 Turkish ELT students; 4 preparatory class students, 4 firstyear students, who take a reading course. The results of the study demonstrated that the participants had a variety of goal orientations which lend support to the multiple goal approach that claims the reasons students have for engaging in the academic endeavours influence the goals they adopt. All the students perceive the reading strategies as helpful. The data of the study evidenced that mastery goal oriented, and high mastery and low performance-approach participants use more strategies than the performanceapproach (except for one) and work-avoidant participants. Mastery goal oriented students seemed to be more persistent when they confront a comprehension problem in English. All of them think that there is a necessity to teach reading strategies to the students both in their L1 and L2. Keywords: Goal Orientation, Reading Strategy Use in L1 and L2, Reading Motivation, Multiple Goals, Phenomenology Reading is a skill that human beings need both in their daily and academic lives. Among the four language skills, it has a key role in that it is a means to improve other language skills, and it is crucial in grammar and vocabulary learning. Grabe (2002) claims that reading ability, in a second language (L2), is one of the most important skills in academic settings, because it is through reading that people learn new information and have a chance to obtain alternative explanations and interpretations about certain information. However, it is a complex and multifaceted activity as the readers perform this activity through orchestrating cognitive, metacognitive, motivational, and social processes. Reading is a cognitive process in that it requires mental capacities such as attention, memory, ability to analyse, ability to make inferences, and visualization. Besides all this, the readers need to know and regulate their cognition which is referred to as metacognition (Baker & Brown, 1984). These two processes are carried out by the readers by employing reading strategies which are according to Afflerbach, Pearson, and Paris (2008) "deliberate, goal-directed attempts to control and modify reader's efforts to decode text, understand words, and construct meanings of text" (p. 368). As these strategic processes are seen as inevitable elements to attain desired reading comprehension by the L1 and L2 reading researchers (Sheorey & Mokhtari, 2001), reading researchers have attempted to investigate and shed light on the reading strategies, and the issues related to them such as the relation between reading strategy use and reading