Roy Porter, G S Rousseau

Yale University Press, £25, pp 393

ISBN 0 300 07386 0

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Rating: ★★★

Gout has been recognised since antiquity, and descriptions of the disease date back to the Babylonian empire. It was certainly well described by Hippocrates. Called the "king of diseases" and the "disease of kings," gout is more the "disease of plenty." In Gout Porter and Rousseau track medical thinking about the disease across the centuries, from Hippocrates and Galen to Paracelsus, Harvey, Archibald Garrod in the Victorian era, and beyond. They discuss the cultural, moral, religious, and personal qualities associated with the condition, examining social commentary, personal writings, cartoons and visual arts, and literature (including novels by Dickens, Thackeray, and Joseph Conrad).

Many of the quotations still ring true: "gout the bitter fruit of luxury" (Cheyne), "the seeds of this evil are frequently derived from the parents!" (Blackmore), "those most vulnerable were men with hail and athletic constitution," who must pursue "abstinence in eating, temperance in drinking strong liquors and proper exercise." Folklore deemed gout a disease of the better sort, a superiority tax, a celebrity complaint "fit for a man of quality." Gout was the distemper of a gentleman whereas the rheumatism was the distemper of a hackney coachman.

In addition, gout was viewed by Georgian doctors such as Walpole "as one of the nature's solutions to depravities of the humours. If not entirely expelled, peccant humours or morbific matter were exiled to far-flung parts. Hence it should be left to do its work." Gout could be seen as a desideratum, a life insurance rather than a death sentence. While gout was in possession of the body, no truly deadly enemy such as palsy, dropsy, or apoplexy could strike.

However, Walpole's contemporary Samuel Johnson pursued quite different strategies: "That the gout is a medicine I never perceived, for when I had it most in my foot, I had the spasms in my breast. At best the gout is only a dog that drives the wolf away and eats the sheep himself, for if the gout has time for growth, it will certainly destroy and destroy by long and lingering torture."

King George IV mutinied against the royal physicians' policy of "quieta non movere" and phlebotomy: "I have borne your half measures long enough to please you; now I shall please myself and take colchicum."

Gout has been the sign of distinction, the patrician malady to top all others. One of the aims of this book is to delve deeply into how people come to "choose" to be ill and, being ill, which sickness they select and how they sell it. In this inquiry Porter and Rousseau explore in an exemplary manner medical writings, literary texts, journals and diaries, and the visual arts.

Weaving these threads together, the authors provide an enjoyable account that integrates the medical and the moral, the scientific and the humanistic, the verbal and the visual across an impressive sweep of time. Although recently published, the book's appearance has the flavour of the 1950s, with old fashioned notes (40 pages) and an extensive bibliography and index that historians will love.


AbstractThe performance of a 5 A laboratory aluminium cell was studied. The use of boron nitride parts in the cell tended to give erroneous results with respect to current efficiency (CE), probably due to reactions between the boric oxide binder and dissolved aluminium in the electrolyte. Electrode potentials were measured by means of an aluminium reference electrode. The observed rise in cell voltage as the electrolysis progressed was mainly due to increasing anode potential, caused by a local depletion of alumina in the melt adjacent to the anode, which provoked the anode effect after 2–3 h of electrolysis. The temperature dependence of the CE was measured between 935 and 1063°C. Resume Le rendement d'une pile experimentale en aluminium d'une capacite de 5 A a ete mesure. Certaines pieces de la pile etant assemblees avec du nitrure de bore, les mesures obtenues furent entachees d'erreur, ce qu'on peut problablement expliquer par une reaction du ciment a l'acide borique avec l'aluminium dissout dans l'el...


There are many standards and the mark ets tend to standardize in the high te chnology industries.Firstly,the industry standards and standardiza tions were illustrated.Secondly,t he causes why industry tend to standardize are analyzed with networks methodology and it is pointed out that it is network externalities caused by products b e-coming networks in high technology i ndustries that impelled the standardizations.Thirdly,the methods of s tandard-izations are presented in the high te chnology industries.Lastly,the deficiencies in the work of standardiz ations in Chinese industry are indicated and s uggestions to address them are made.


The invention relates to the technical field of underground project structures, in particular to a coarse grid sunk well for physically processing waste water and a construction method thereof. The coarse grid sunk well is a cavity structure which is formed by three layers of reinforced concrete structures. The structure of the first layer is a trapezoid, the left side and the right side of the trapezoid are provided with a plurality of connection pipelines, the upper part of the trapezoid is provided with a corresponding rectangular structure of the second layer, and the upper part of the rectangular structure of the second layer is provided with a corresponding rectangular structure of the third layer. The middle part of the coarse grid sunk well is provided with a horizontal partition, the coarse grid sunk well is divided into two groups of tank bodies through the partition, and the groups of the tank bodies are independently operated. Eight small lattices are arranged in the coarse grid sunk well, the sizes of the eight small lattices are different, and the gravity is offset. The construction method of the coarse grid sunk well comprises a step of preparing at early stage and a step of respectively constructing the three layers in batches. The invention has a simple and firm structure and wide application range, does not need arranging guide pipes and guide pipe platforms, does not need divers to work underwater, has visual concrete casting, controls the quality, saves the investment, improves the efficiency and reduces the risks.


The molecule of the title compound, C17H16Br2N2O2, lies on a twofold axis that passes through the middle atom of the three-atom trimethylene unit. The two aromatic rings are aligned at an angle of 76.02 (4)°.


Abstract A new concept, namely the critical predictable time Tc, is introduced to give a more precise description of computed chaotic solutions of non-linear differential equations: it is suggested that computed chaotic solutions are unreliable and doubtable when t > Tc. This provides us a strategy to detect reliable solution from a given computed result. In this way, the computational phenomena, such as computational chaos (CC), computational periodicity (CP) and computational prediction uncertainty, which are mainly based on long-term properties of computed time-series, can be completely avoided. Using this concept, the famous conclusion 'accurate long-term prediction of chaos is impossible' should be replaced by a more precise conclusion that 'accurate prediction of chaos beyond the critical predictable time Tc is impossible'. So, this concept also provides us a timescale to determine whether or not a particular time is long enough for a given non-linear dynamic system. Besides, the influence of data inaccuracy and various numerical schemes on the critical predictable time is investigated in details by using symbolic computation software as a tool. A reliable chaotic solution of Lorenz equation in a rather large interval 0 ≤ t < 1200 non-dimensional Lorenz time units is obtained for the first time. It is found that the precision of the initial condition and the computed data at each time step, which is mathematically necessary to get such a reliable chaotic solution in such a long time, is so high that it is physically impossible due to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle in quantum physics. This, however, provides us a so-called 'precision paradox of chaos', which suggests that the prediction uncertainty of chaos is physically unavoidable, and that even the macroscopical phenomena might be essentially stochastic and thus could be described by probability more economically.


The tanning power of THPS(Tetrakis Hydroxymethyl Phosphonium Sulfate) and Oxazolidine ZE were researched, by meaturing the change of shrinkage temperature between hide and leather tanned with ZE-THPS tanning sequence during the combination tannage. And the influence of fatliquors on the combination tannage was investigated. The results indicated that synergistic effect, a kind of Tanning Matrix formed, can be found between above two tanning agents. And after fatliquoring, the hydrothermal stability of the combination tanned leather decreased.


In the title molecule, C9H9N3O2, the nitro substituent is twisted by 4.0 (2)° out of the plane of the indazolyl moiety; the ethyl group is perpendicular to the indazolyl plane, with the N—N—C—C torsion angle being 101.4 (2)°. In the molecular packing, C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds lead to supramolecular chains along [001]. Globally, molecules assemble into layers in the bc plane. π–π interactions between five- and six-membered rings consolidate the three-dimensional packing [inter-centroid distance = 3.591 (1) A]. The sample was refined as an inversion twin.


In the course of investigating radiant‐energy detection by high‐resistance superconducting films [≈10 KΩ/square (□)] an unexpected enhanced mode of detection was observed at microwave frequencies. This mode was observed in addition to and differed significantly from the expected thermal or bolometer mode of detection. Since that time detailed measurements have been made of the dependence of the enhanced‐mode response on bias current, incident power, temperature, and sample resistance; these are reported here. Correlation of the characteristics of the enhanced mode with the nonlinear VI (voltage‐current) characteristics of the film is shown. This suggests that the enhanced mode is the result of a nonlinear response to currents induced in the film by the incident radiation, which explains the short wavelength cutoff associated with the enhanced mode. Physical mechanisms which might cause this response are considered and fabrication techniques for these films are presented in detail. Since the initial report...


In the paper a new method of current harmonics observers configuration for selective detection of distortions is proposed. The relationship between the observer tuning factor and the speed of the estimation and the presence of selectivity properties is obtained. Simulation results confirms theoretical findings and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution for shunt active power filters with selective harmonics compensation. References 8, figures 4, table 1.


The Imha watershed is vulnerable to severe erosion due to the topographical characteristics such as mountainous steep slopes. Sediment inflow from upland area has also deteriorated the water quality and caused negative effects on the aquatic ecosystem of the Imha reservoir. The Imha reservoir was affected by sediment-laden density currents during the typhoon 'Maemi' in 2003. The RUSLE model was combined with GIS techniques to analyze the mean annual erosion losses and the soil losses caused by typhoon 'Maemi'. The model is used to evaluate the spatial distribution of soil loss rates under different land uses. The mean annual soil loss rate and soil losses caused by typhoon 'Maemi' were predicted as 3,450 tons/km2/year and 2,920 ton/km2/'Maemi', respectively. The sediment delivery ratio was determined to be about 25% from the mean annual soil loss rate and the surveyed sediment deposits in the Imha reservoir in 1997. The trap efficiency of the Imha reservoir was calculated using the methods of Julien, Brown, Brune, and Churchill and ranges from 96% to 99%.


Background: After a surgical choledochotomy, T-tube drainage used to be the norm, but some centers now choose to predominantly close the common bile duct. This study's objectives were to evaluate the safety of primary closure for potential future use and compare the clinical outcomes of primary closure versus T-tube drainage following open choledocotomy. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in the Department of General Surgery at tertiary care medical college and hospital of north east region of India. In this study, 35 patients between the ages of 25 and 70 underwent primary closure on 15 (Group-A) of them, and 20 (Group B), T-tube implantation. Purposive, non-probability, quasi-experimental sampling was used. Operating time, length of hospital stay, sub hepatic drainage, and postoperative complications were the primary outcome measures. Data analysis was done using SPSS software. P value of 0.05 or less was considered statistically significant. Result: The mean hospital stay for patients in Group A was 4.11 days, compared to 6.20 days for patients in Group B. In Group-A, the overall complication rate was 53.3%. In Group-A, there was no need for re-exploration. 90% of Group B's complications were overall. Conclusion: After an open choledocotomy, primary closure of the common bile duct


All the Letters to the Editor in this issue are in the same PostScript or PDF file. Contents Narrow-band interference filters for lecture demonstrations A P Ovcharenko, B M Valiyov and V D Yegorenkov Kharkov State University, Ukraine Static electricity and the gas lift chair P Cooke Department of Physics, University of South Australia, Levels Campus, Pooraka, South Australia Relativistic mass Simon Carson Norton College, Langton Road, Norton, Malton, North Yorkshire YO17 9PT, UK Magazine or journal? Philip Britton Head of Physics, Leeds Grammar School, UK


AIM To investigate if the effects of endosulfan on spermatogenesis in rats are related to oxidative damage. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups with 6 rats in each. Animals in the 1 st to 4 th groups were orally administrated with endosulfan of 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mg·kg -1 daily, 6 times a week for 10 weeks. Those in the 5 th and 6 th group were given intraperitoneally with vitamin C 20 and 40 mg·kg -1 synchronously with the oral administration of 7.5 mg·kg -1 endosulfan. Daily sperm production (DSP), sperm count and morphology were studied after the treatments. Lipid peroxidation product (LPO) and 8 hydroxy 2′ deoxyguanosine (8 OHdG) in serum, liver and testis homogenates were determined with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The DSP and epididymal sperm count decreased, whereas the incidence of sperm abnormality increased significantly in the endosulfan treated groups compared with those in control group. LPO and 8 OHdG in serum, liver, and testis homogenates increased significantly in the endosulfan treated groups compared with those in control group. The acknowledged antioxidant vitamin C administered simultaneously with endosulfan partly protected against the endosulfan induced sperm toxicity and the oxidative damages to liver and testis. CONCLUSION These results implied that the oxidative damage may be involved in the mechanism of endosulfan induced reproductive toxicities.


This submission is the AAR forecast of the third quarter 2023 All‐Inclusive Index and Rail Cost Adjustment Factor, filed in Ex Parte No. 290 (Sub‐No. 5) (2023‐3) Quarterly Rail Cost Adjustment Factor. The versions of RCAF‐related indices covered in this filing are: the All‐ Inclusive Index (initiated in the second quarter of 1985), the Unadjusted RCAF (produced since October 1982), the Adjusted RCAF (first published in the second quarter of 1989), and the RCAF‐5 (created by the STB in its Ex Parte No. 290 (Sub‐No. 7) decision served October 3, 1996). The table below summarizes the third quarter 2023 results and compares to the previous quarter. Both quarters are shown on a 4Q\2022=100 base.


Juvenile Colossoma macropomum were fed ad libitum diets containing either 30% or 40% protein, while the dietary lipid level varied between 5% and 20%. Growth and protein utilization efficiency increased with the dietary lipid level. However, the economic feasibility of the addition of extra dietary lipid to C. macropomum diets is questionable, as for every extra gram of protein deposition it was necessary to replace 20–25 g of dietary carbohydrates by lipids. Moreover, increased dietary lipid levels resulted in increased lipid deposition. In C. macropomum, feed uptake was regulated by the dietary protein level and unaffected by the dietary lipid level. Dissection of the body into head, viscera and trunk revealed that 45–48% of the body lipids were stored in the trunk, independent of diet composition. A positive relation between dietary and body protein level was confirmed in this experiment. However, the dissection of the body revealed that the body protein concentrations in head + viscera and trunk are not changed significantly by the dietary protein level. The higher protein contents offish fed higher-protein diets are due to an increase in the relative weight of the trunk (muscle) to the total body weight.


Regardless of the benefits blockchain provides to the accounting information systems, its adoption and application is limited. This study: (1) investigated the underlying reasons for this limited adoption of blockchain in a developing country context; (2) explored the potential benefits and challenges of adopting blockchain; and (3) proposed how accounting and auditing should be facilitated to adopt blockchain technology. The study utilized a qualitative general inquiry approach by conducting 13 in-depth interviews with professionals and practitioners involved in the adoption process in organizations that had adopted blockchain technology, or are researching this technology and have plans to adopt this technology in the future. Findings revealed five reasons for the lack of blockchain adoption, contributing to Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework and Institutional theory. In addition, the study identified the benefits and challenges of introducing blockchain into accounting and auditing while proposing a framework to facilitate blockchain adoption in these disciplines. this


This paper presents a solution for conceptually modeling the training domain knowledge of computer-assisted instructional environments. Conceptual organization of the training domain knowledge, with learning stages phasing, can constitute a solution to the problem of adapting the instructional system interaction to users with different cognitive style and needs. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL COGNITIVE STYLES Correlating the assistance capability of instructional systems with different cognitive styles of potential users has lately become an important study and research subject in the area of computer–assisted instruction. The possibility of personalizing the educational process is the main demand in building computer-assisted learning systems for any form of education, continuous education and professional re-conversion included. In the case of these education forms, the subject of study frequently consists of groups of users; between these users there can be significant differences concerning the training level, age or internal goals pursued through study. Consequently, the way the educational process is approached – the cognitive style – can be extremely different among the users who form the study groups (Nicola 1992, Larmat 1997). When computer-assisted learning systems are used for any of these forms of education, they have to be able to dynamically adapt to the various cognitive necessities and demands of the users, in order to ensure the efficiency of the educational act. Considerable research effort has gone into implementing adaptive (depending on the cognitive style) training systems. A direction pursued by many systems designers is to dynamically build a behavioral–cognitive profile of each user. Another trend in implementing adaptive web-based training systems consists of a specific structuring of the content elements included in the Domain Model. This structuring is achieved either from the training phases of the instructional process, or from a hierarchy of clearly stated instructional goals and sub-goals. In both cases, knowledge space browsing is monitored in order to dynamically adjust it whenever the user correctly performs certain acts, or reaches certain stages (La Passardiere and Dufresne, 1992, ). The organization model of the training material, which is tightly connected to the representation of the training domain knowledge, has to allow multiple views (presentations) of the concepts in the training domain (Messing, 1990). Studies of computer-based training systems have shown that if they contain a structural model, they facilitate learning. A network-like model with interconnected knowledge nodes would best reflect the structure-based learning paradigm. Network nodes should contain the description of concepts or of their instances, and the links should contain logical relations between these concepts. A THEORETICAL MODEL FOR REPRESENTING THE DOMAIN KNOWLEDGE The model described herein is destined to represent the domain knowledge of an instructional system. The model was called COUL-M (COnceptual Units' Lattice Model). The mathematical formalization of the COUL-M model has been developed in (Pecheanu, 2003a), and has been derived mainly from two mathematical theories: the Formal Concepts Analysis, (Ganter and Wille, 1999) and the Logical Concept Analysis, (Ferre, 1999). In the COUL-M approach, the key elements in modeling the domain knowledge of a CAI system are the followings: the Conceptual Unit, the Conceptual Structure, and the Conceptual Transition Path. These three elements will be defined below. Definition 1: A Conceptual Unit Ci is a group of related concepts belonging to the domain knowledge of an instructional system. Conceptual Units are obtained by applying a relation (or a set of relations) over a set of concepts belonging to that domain knowledge. Definition 2: A Conceptual Structure S is a tuple (N, RN, CS, LS), where N is a set of concepts belonging to the domain knowledge of course or discipline, RN is an order relation over N, CS is the set of Conceptual Units obtained by applying the relation RN over the set N, and LS is the set of traversal paths of the structure S . Definition 3: A Conceptual Transition Path Ts ∈ LS is a set of conceptual units (C1s , C2s , ... , CNs) interconnected within a Conceptual Structure S. A Conceptual Transition Path Ts has as origin a Conceptual Unit C1s, considered initial, and as destination a Conceptual Unit CNs, which encapsulates a set of concepts comprising a study goal within an interactive course. A Conceptual Structure is a model meant to represent the domain knowledge of an interactive course. A Conceptual Structure should map the cognitive structure of the domain knowledge, and should also reflect the pedagogical vision of the teacher/author of that course. The model has to allow for flexibility, i.e., to provide as many as possible transition paths for learning the domain's main concepts. The COUL-M model (Pecheanu, 2003b) is a solution for building the Conceptual Structure covering the domain knowledge of a CAI system. The starting pointing in developing the COUL-M model (and thus, the Conceptual Structure) for a certain domain is the analysis of the pedagogical relations between that domain's concepts. From a logical point of view, several types of relations can exist among the concepts within a domain knowledge: hierarchical order, implication, equivalence, influence etc. From a pedagogical point of view, two such relations might be of interest: 1. The Precedence Relation between concepts, which refers to the order of presenting the concepts within an interactive course; 2. The Contribution Relation between concepts, which refers to the explicit contribution (participation) of a concept in the presentation of another concept. The mathematical formalization of the relations above (the Precedence Relation and the Contribution Relation), combined with their transformation into incidence relations (Pecheanu, 2003a), allows for building a formal context and then, the concept lattice for this context. The terms of formal context, formal concept and concept lattice are considered in the sense of the Formal Concept Analysis approach. (Ganter and Willle, 1999). The resulting model, a complete lattice of formal concepts, expresses the relations among the course concepts, as described by the teacher/author. The lattice-like model implicitly includes the generalization-specialization relation (a complete lattice is a hierarchical generalization-specialization mathematical structure). The formal concept lattice is isomorphic to a complete lattice of Conceptual Units (Pecheanu, 2003a), which is the structure (the model) aggregating the related concepts within the domain knowledge. This aggregation model, lattice-like, can constitutes a Conceptual Structure for the domain knowledge (Pecheanu, 2003a). Example 1: We will consider the domain knowledge of a training system which is meant for assisted instruction in an IT discipline: Operating Systems. Furthermore, we will consider a set of concepts belonging to a specific chapter of this discipline (domain), the "Processes' Mutual Exclusion" chapter. The most important concepts of the "Mutual Exclusion" chapter are considered to be (in the author's pedagogical vision) the following ones: MEP, CR, CS, WA, Sem, SA, PC, where these abreviations stand for: A = MEP = Mutual Exclusion; B = CR = Critical Resource; C = CS = Critical Section; D = WA = Wait-Activation Method; E = Sem = Semaphore; F = SA = Strict-Alternation Method; G = PC = Producer-Consumer. It is assumed that the professor who authored the interactive course has specified the pedagogical precedence between these concepts (according to their signification within the subject of study and according to the professor's pedagogical vision) as an ordered list: CR, MEP, CS, Sem, SA, WA, PC. The representation of these Mutual Exclusion chapter's concepts using the COUL-M model is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. The COUL-M model, for the Precedence Relation within a domain knowledge. Figure 1 shows, intuitively, that the COUL-M model (the lattice of Conceptual Units), preserves the significations of the Precedence Relation that has been established initially: • the formal concepts C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8 correspond, respectively, with the course concepts identified as: B, A, C, D, E, F, G (CR, MEP, CS, Sem, SA, WA, PC); the C2 formal concept is a formal representation for the course concept called CR (Critical Resources), the formal concept C3 is a formal representation for the course concept called MEP (Mutual Exclusion of Processes), and so on. • a Conceptual Unit includes all the concepts belonging to the other "smaller" Conceptual Units, which is an adequate expression of the pedagogical rule: a concept (notion) of a course should be presented (in order to be 'learnt') to students only after all the preceding concepts have been presented (understood, assimilated); • the complete lattice making up the COUL-M model has the shape of a simple chain, which corresponds to the precedence in any training activity: learning content's pieces in succession, similarly to the linear reading of printed text. These observations lead to the idea of adequacy of the complete lattice model for representing instructional content of an interactive course. ABCDEFG ABCDEF ABCDE


People with schizophrenia die 15‐20 years prematurely. Understanding mortality risk and aggravating/attenuating factors is essential to reduce this gap. We conducted a systematic review and random‐effects meta‐analysis of prospective and retrospective, nationwide and targeted cohort studies assessing mortality risk in people with schizophrenia versus the general population or groups matched for physical comorbidities or groups with different psychiatric disorders, also assessing moderators. Primary outcome was all‐cause mortality risk ratio (RR); key secondary outcomes were mortality due to suicide and natural causes. Other secondary outcomes included any other specific‐cause mortality. Publication bias, subgroup and meta‐regression analyses, and quality assessment (Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale) were conducted. Across 135 studies spanning from 1957 to 2021 (schizophrenia: N=4,536,447; general population controls: N=1,115,600,059; other psychiatric illness controls: N=3,827,955), all‐cause mortality was increased in people with schizophrenia versus any non‐schizophrenia control group (RR=2.52, 95% CI: 2.38‐2.68, n=79), with the largest risk in first‐episode (RR=7.43, 95% CI: 4.02‐13.75, n=2) and incident (i.e., earlier‐phase) schizophrenia (RR=3.52, 95% CI: 3.09‐4.00, n=7) versus the general population. Specific‐cause mortality was highest for suicide or injury‐poisoning or undetermined non‐natural cause (RR=9.76‐8.42), followed by pneumonia among natural causes (RR=7.00, 95% CI: 6.79‐7.23), decreasing through infectious or endocrine or respiratory or urogenital or diabetes causes (RR=3 to 4), to alcohol or gastrointestinal or renal or nervous system or cardio‐cerebrovascular or all natural causes (RR=2 to 3), and liver or cerebrovascular, or breast or colon or pancreas or any cancer causes (RR=1.33 to 1.96). All‐cause mortality increased slightly but significantly with median study year (beta=0.0009, 95% CI: 0.001‐0.02, p=0.02). Individuals with schizophrenia <40 years of age had increased all‐cause and suicide‐related mortality compared to those ≥40 years old, and a higher percentage of females increased suicide‐related mortality risk in incident schizophrenia samples. All‐cause mortality was higher in incident than prevalent schizophrenia (RR=3.52 vs. 2.86, p=0.009). Comorbid substance use disorder increased all‐cause mortality (RR=1.62, 95% CI: 1.47‐1.80, n=3). Antipsychotics were protective against all‐cause mortality versus no antipsychotic use (RR=0.71, 95% CI: 0.59‐0.84, n=11), with largest effects for second‐generation long‐acting injectable antipsychotics (SGA‐LAIs) (RR=0.39, 95% CI: 0.27‐0.56, n=3), clozapine (RR=0.43, 95% CI: 0.34‐0.55, n=3), any LAI (RR=0.47, 95% CI: 0.39‐0.58, n=2), and any SGA (RR=0.53, 95% CI: 0.44‐0.63, n=4). Antipsychotics were also protective against natural cause‐related mortality, yet first‐generation antipsychotics (FGAs) were associated with increased mortality due to suicide and natural cause in incident schizophrenia. Higher study quality and number of variables used to adjust the analyses moderated larger natural‐cause mortality risk, and more recent study year moderated larger protective effects of antipsychotics. These results indicate that the excess mortality in schizophrenia is associated with several modifiable factors. Targeting comorbid substance abuse, long‐term maintenance antipsychotic treatment and appropriate/earlier use of SGA‐LAIs and clozapine could reduce this mortality gap.


A polyimide compound of particular are soluble in solvents such as and high molecular weight and provides a method for preparing said compound by industrially advantageous method. The A amino acid or a salt thereof with a polyamine in the presence of a protonic acid by dehydrating condensation in an organic solvent, to produce a polyimide compound crosslinked with soluble polyamine in specific solvents. Generating particular lysine, when using a low polyamine solubility in organic solvents ornithine, etc., by the addition of the polyamine before the start of the polymerization reaction or reaction initial stage, or in the dehydration reaction contained in the raw material water becomes a good solvent for the polyamine, it is possible to increase the reaction rate of the polymerization. .BACKGROUND


Abstract The increased density in the basal cisterns and the subarachnoid space on CT scans is a well-known characteristic of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Have been described diverse conditions that can emulate subarachnoid hemorrhage, such as purulent leptomeningitis, intrathecal contrast material and leak of high doses of intravenous contrast material to the subarachnoid space. We present the case of a male patient who presented a subdural hematoma in the setting of non-diagnosed sickle cell disease. To this patient was performed a panangiography which discard any aneurismal hemorrhage origin


The authors present Monte Carlo and series results for the mean valence ( nu )F of non-percolating clusters on the square lattice and corresponding series results for the simple cubic lattice. Mimic functions have been constructed from the series which, for the square lattice, agree well with the Monte Carlo data, for a wide range of densities. They have shown that if the percolation probability is continuous at rho c then ( nu )F is continuous at rho c, and have presented a heuristic argument which indicates that ( nu )1, the mean valence of a site in a percolating cluster, is greater than ( nu )F, at rho c. This allows one to infer the asymptotic behaviour of ( nu )F in the region of rho c.


T E speaker mentioned that Wexler (Monthly Weather Review, 65: 225, 1937) and Schmidt (Kon . Ned. Meteorologisch Instituut, nr. 125; Mededeelingen en V erhandelingen, Serie B, I, nr. 4) in discussing the formation of thermal highs and lows had in fact developed a theory of large-scale circulations of the air caused by the production of a solenoidal field. However, they had neglected the influence of friction which he could bring qualitatively in the process, but which he would not discuss now. He demonstrated the simple theory of Wexler for an ideal case of frontogenesis along a snowcovered coastline bordering an open sea. The production of solenoids considered perpendicular to the coastline is here not a linear function of the distance measured along this line, but a function of the form of a "hyperbolical tangent" (see FIGURE 1). This means that at the surface over the continental coastline a zone of high pressure will develop and over the sea coastline a zone of low pressure (see F I G U R E ) . Proceeding from land toward sea, at the surface we will encounter in succession: a weak zone of cyclonic shear, a strong zone of anticyclonic shear, a strong zone of cyclonic shear, and a weak zone of anticyclonic shear. Vertical circulations will develop, causing two cloud systems, a major one connected with the main "frontal" cyclonic shear zone over the sea, and a minor one over the land. Above the "front" in the lower layers we have the jet in the higher layers. The circulation may be so strong that it even penetrates into the stratosphere and causes the cooling over the oceanic side of the jet and warming over the continental side (compare Palmen, Journal of Met., 5: 20, 1948, and Riehl, Trans. Am. Geoph. Un29: 175, 1948). The "front" is therefore a vertical circulation system (ef. Raethjen, Met. Zeit., 54: 393, 1937 and Ann. Hydrv 46: 97, 1938); the real front being the well-known vertical zone of solenoid concentration. When the front moves out over the ocean a turbulence or convection inversion is developed which often erroneously is considered as a frontal surface. The speaker demonstrated the complex structure of the front also noticed by Bjerknes (Meteor. Off., Geoph. Mem. No. 50) by showing several autographic traces of temperature, pressure, and wind during frontal passages in De Bilt, Holland; main and secondary cyclonic shear zones separated by an anticyclonic shear zone with downward motion are found. (Important to consider cloud height variation for aviation.) On weather maps the double structure of the frontal circulation system can often be detected. * Abstract of a paper read before the Chicago Seminar of the A. M. S., on 30 Oct. 1948. FIG. 1. Some remarks also were made with regard to the development of fronts and jets along the borders of heated continents. With reference to the model of the "frontal" circulation as presented we have to revise our textbook picture of the land and sea breeze circulation, since also here the heating is not linear in the cross coast direction. During the day we may have a zone of high pressure over the sea, of low pressure over the land; during the night the opposite is the case. The anticyclonic shear zone may sometimes pass the coast with a sharp backing of the wind (anticyclonicphase of the Seabreeze). Such Unauthenticated | Downloaded 07/15/22 08:44 AM UTC V O L . 30.. No. 5, M A Y , 1949 191 cases have been described by Bleeker and Postma (Hemel en Dampkring, 42: 32, 1943) ; an example is demonstrated. He mentioned the large scale land and sea breeze in the higher layers, parallel to the coastline, found in Dutch pilot balloon observations (Bleeker, Kon. Ned. Meteorologisch Instituut, nr. 102; Mededeelingen en Verhandelingen, nr. 44) , and compared this system with the jet. A detailed study of fronts as vertical circulation systems and their relations to the jetstream will appear in the future. Associations between the Vorticity of the Large-scale Air Currents and the Occurrence of Subsidence and Convection S V E R R E P E T T E R S S E N Director of Scientific Services, Hq., Air Weather Service, Washington 25, D. C. I view of the widespread use of vorticity considerations in current discussions on the behavior of the large-scale pressure systems of the free atmosphere, it might be useful to record some statistical relationships that have been found to exist between the relative vorticity of the largescale currents and the occurrence of subsidence and various types of convection. For a more complete discussion, reference is made to the papers cited below [1, 2] . The relative vorticity around a vertical axis is defined by


How do you lay the groundwork for systemic change in such a way that those within the system take ownership of both the transformation and the transformed system? The short answer is strategically, subversively, humbly and patiently. The longer answer can be gleaned from a project we've just completed that brought land use, with all of its social, economic and environmental dimensions, to the forefront of public awareness in Kalamazoo County, Michigan.


NTAUTHOR poyIe, Walter TITLE 'Managing Classroom ACtivities in Junior High English. Classes: An Interim Report. INSTITUTION Texas Univ., Austin. Research and-Development Center for Teacher Education. SPONS AGENCY National Inst. of Education (ED), Washington, DC. REPORT NO RDCTE-6131 PUB DATE Apr 81 GRANT OB-NIE-G-80-0116 NOTE 48p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (Montreal, Canada, April 11-15, 1983). AVAILABLE FROM R&D Center for Teacher Education, Education-Annex 3.203, The University of Texas at Austin, TX 78712 ($2.25). PUB TYPE Reports Research/Technical (143) -Speeches/Conference Papers (150) DOCUMENT RESUME


The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in the field of wireless communications has seen a substantial growth. The terrains where terrestrial communication setup is difficult, or hotspot areas in need of network capacity, or areas where the terrestrial setup is disrupted due to natural calamities, the UAVs play a major role. We have derived a closed form expressions for outage probability of UAV communications over the Weibull fading channel using Decode and Forward (DF) protocol at the UAV, concerning both half duplex (HD) and full duplex (FD) architecture. Moreover, we present the impact of loop back self interference (SI) on the system performance in case of FD system and investigate its performance through outage probability and throughput.


In this paper, we study the linear Diophantine equation only in the form of mn2x + qm2y = pm2n3 which has a positive integer solution (x, y) under some conditions where m,n, p and q are prime numbers. Mathematics Subject Classification: 11D61


Linear relationships between inflation, unemployment, and labor force are obtained for two European countries - Austria and France. The best fit models of inflation as a linear and lagged function of labor force change rate and unemployment explain more than 90% of observed variation (R2 greater than 0.9). Labor force projections for Austria provide a forecast of decreasing inflation for the next ten years. In France, inflation lags by four years behind labor force change and unemployment allowing for an exact prediction at a four-year horizon. Standard error of such a prediction is lower than 1%. The results confirm those obtained for the USA and Japan and provide strong evidences in favor of the concept of labor force growth as the only driving force behind unemployment and inflation.


This paper concerns the research on grade separation bridges in progress at the Portland Cement Association Laboratories. The bridges consist of separately placed pre-cast-pre-tensioned girders, combined with a cast-in-place roadway slab. Continuity is estabushed by addition of normal bar reinforcement over the girder ends acting together with girder end diaphragms. The research includes studies of component parts as well as integral behavior of tl1e bridge as a whole. It be to 10 miles without crossing over at least one these Most are of length-60 or consist of at of Some and enclosing the girder ends in diaphragms. While some degree of continuity be obtained by making the roadway continuous, few designers have included this advantage in their calculations. This subject of continuity is of major interest for several reasons:


The paper investigates the role of mutual aid in the provision of social protection. Methodological triangulation involving survey interviews, focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, documentary reviews and participant observations were used to collect data. Findings show that mutual aid groups of different types have existed in different epochs during periods of peace, prosperity and even during calamities. Some mutual aid groups are organized on gender lines. These differences are also observed at the level of age groups, educational attainment, marital status and religious affiliation. Mutual aid groups in rural areas cover almost all kinds of contingencies while those in urban areas cover specified risks. Although mutual aid groups provide short-term protection against social and economic risks, their capacity for protecting members against long-term risks is impaired. The paper concludes by making suggestions for improving mutual aid groups so that they may provide adequate protection against all risks as well as for removing the inequities inherent in the system.
African Journal of Social Work Vol.17(2) 2002: 45057


A revolution is under way. Within a generation, more households will be supported by women than by men.In The Richer Sex, Liza Mundy shows why all the data points in this direction, and how this reality will transform the sexual, dating, marriage, and domestic habits of men and women. This book will be rich in extensive personal anecdotes, and entertaining and poignant personal stories told by real people who are living the shift first hand. Included in Mundy's findings are: young men for the first time will be making bets on the potential earning power of their prospective wives; rates of cohabitation will continue to rise and so will rates of being single, but women won't be lonely; women will behave more like men sexually, and men will long for intimate connections.The first in-depth examination of this cataclysmic social revolution, The Richer Sexis one of those rare nonfiction books that will cause men and women to rethink how they are living their lives and what the changes around them mean.


The invention relates to health food, that is a forest frog oil softgel and a preparation method thereof. The forest frog oil softgel is prepared from the following raw materials by weight: 3-5 parts of forest frog oil, 2-4 parts of palm oil, and 5-7 parts of corn salad oil. The preparation method comprises the following steps: cleaning selection, drying, crushing, sieving, immersion, extraction,filtering, solvent recovery, drying, crushing, mixing grinding, glue melting and softgel preparation, and the softgel is prepared according to the softgel preparation technology. Based on the examination, the softgel of the invention has obvious effects for delaying aging and resisting fatigue, and is convenient for taking and carrying.


The development of traditional SLAM technology has gradually encountered bottlenecks in recent years. With deep learning, especially vision-based machine learning, a new and improved way of development has been found for SLAM named Semantic SLAM. The study of semantic SLAM has been a very hot topic in recent years. However, the related research is still in its infancy and is not systematic. In this paper, we will discuss the existing SLAM systems, semantic segmentation networks and semantic SLAM systems, introduce secondly the multiple effects of semantic network on localization, mapping and their applications, and finally put forward an idea of semantic Fusion.


We studied the effects of the indirect pathway of allograft recognition using T cells from TCR transgenic Marilyn mice, which recognize the male Ag H-Y in an I-A b -restricted fashion. The T cells are not alloreactive to the H-2 k haplotype, because they are not activated when adoptively transferred into recombinase-activating gene-2 2 / 2 common g -chain 2 / 2 double-mutant H-2 k male or female mice. However, skin from H-2 k males, but not from H-2 k females, is acutely rejected by recombinase-activating gene-2 2 / 2 transgenic female recipients. In vitro, Marylin spleen cells primed by H-2 k skin grafting proliferated and secreted both IL-4 and IFN- g in response to H-2 k male stimulators. However, the removal of H-2 b APC from the responding population abolished the response. Taken together, these results show that the indirect recognition that triggers rejection in this model is due to the recognition of H-Y Ag shed from H-2 k male allograft and presented by the recipient's own I-A b APC to transgenic T cells. This study demonstrates unequivocally the capacity of naive CD4 1 T cells to promote the rejection of allografts through mechanisms that involve indirect destruction of grafted tissues. The Journal of Immunology, 2001, 166: 4879–4883. (clone RA3-3A1; American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA). cells submitted to complement lysis (rabbit complement; Cedar-lane Laboratories, Saratoga, Canada) for 45 min at 37°C. Purity as- sessed by flow cytometry with FITC-conjugated anti-I-A b -specific mAb (clone 25-9-17; BD PharMingen) specific to an epitope on the class II MHC molecule other than recognized by M5/114 Abs. After depletion, , 0.3% of cells expressing MHC class II Ag detected in responding populations.


Wheat production is one of the most important sector of Hungarian crop production. The continental climatic conditions highly affect the yield, yield stability and baking quality of wheat in Hungary. Among the meteorological elements the water supply (quantity and distribution of precipitation, reserve of water in soils) is the most important which could modify the vegetative and generative developments of wheat. The dry matter production of wheat strongly modified by crop year, meteorological parameters (Spanik-Karjcirova 1984, Pikryl 1983, Pommer 1983, Kiibler-Hobelsberger 1984). There is a strong correlation between the dry matter production and the yield in wheat production (Damisch-Wiberg 1982, Green 1984, Baier et al. 1987, Pepo 1991).


The following article generically describes the requirements to be fulfilled by an engine mount system under a vibrational point of view. Besides a general description of the «state of the art» of engine mount systems today, the vibrational excitation caused by road surface irregularities, tire non-uniformity and engine internal vibrations are discussed


The indium tris(amide)s [(Et2N)3–nIn{N(C6F5)(2-C5H4N)}n] [n = 1 (15), 2 (16) or 3 (9)] have been prepared by treatment of [In(NEt2)3]2 (3) with a stoichiometric amount of (2-C5H4N)(C6F5)NH (1). The analogous reaction of Bi(NMe2)3 (2) with 3 equiv. of amine 1 and the treatment of BiCl3 (5) with a stoichiometric amount of (2-C5H4N)(C6F5)NLi (4) both lead to [Bi{N(C6F5)(2-C5H4N)}3] (10). In contrast, only the difluoride 11 or the monofluoride 12, which are the products of intramolecular ortho-directed exchange of NMe2 and F substituents, are obtained from the reaction of 2 with 1 or 2 equiv. of 1, respectively. The reaction between Me3Sb(Hal)2 [Hal = Br (7) Cl, (8)] and 1 or 2 equiv. of lithium salt 4 gives the corresponding stable monoamides [Me3(Hal)Sb{N(C6F5)(2-C5H4N)}] [Hal = Br (17), Cl (18)] or bis(amide) [Me3Sb{N(C6F5)(2-C5H4N)}2] (19), respectively. The structure of 9 has been confirmed by an X-ray structure analysis, and density functional calculations data have been used to explain the possible reaction pathway of the ortho-directed metathetical fluoride/amide exchange.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)


Vaccines have been spuriously linked to sudden infant death syndrome,1 paediatric asthma,2 autism,3 inflammatory bowel disease,4 and permanent brain damage.5 Recently US researchers have suggested that vaccination after 28 days after birth may induce type 1 (autoimmune) diabetes mellitus in susceptible individuals.5 This theory, pounced on earlier this year by the US media, may have led to a lowering of confidence in childhood routine immunisation. In May several institutions (including the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Centres for Disease Control, the World Health Organisation, and the UK's Department of Health) sponsored a workshop at the US National Institutes for Health to assess the evidence of a possible causal link.

Immunologists, diabetologists, epidemiologists, policymakers, and observers debated the available evidence for two days and concluded that it does not support a causal link between vaccination and the onset of type 1 diabetes. Some short and longer term observational studies to test the hypothesis are currently underway. However, the results of a large randomised controlled trial of vaccine against …


Though homeland security has been the focus of ample rhetoric since the 9/11 attacks, empirical accounts of actual innovations in local American policing have been lacking. This study considers the measurement of homeland security innovations within small municipal departments in the state of Illinois. Using survey data, the analysis examines perceptions of risk, engagement in preparatory measures, and perceptions of response capacities within these small agencies. The analysis also considers whether innovation and associated issues are influenced by being located in the Chicago metropolitan area, an urban county, or a rural county. Results suggest limited differences across these regions, with most differences likely emerging due to variation in respondent's proximity to larger peer agencies. The results are discussed within the context of extant literature on policing in small agencies and rural communities.


High performance liquid chromatograph was widely used in the determination of agricultural byprod-ucts because of its advantages of high performance,high sensitivity and rapid analysis speed.The application of high performance liquid chromatograph in the determination of agricultural byproducts including nutrients analysis,pes-ticide residues,bacteriotoxin and animal medicine residues were summarized,and the tendency was predicted.


How do low-income countries improve the health of their least-advantaged citizens? Never has this question mattered more than today. In the Global Monitoring Report 2006, published recently by the World Bank, the appalling lack of progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is made all too starkly clear. Understanding how to put the lives of a nation's most vulnerable citizens fi rst—matching political with public interest—will be the key to accelerating action on health and development. But just what is the public interest? In a Demos report, The Slow Race, Melissa Leach and Ian Scoones propose a set of citizens' commissions to fi nd out. These groups would gather views and refl ections about the kinds of policies that are needed to meet community needs. This study follows their wide-ranging analysis of what citizenship means when considering the application of knowledge to the problems of the poor. They warn of falling into the trap of glib solutions. Participation sounds good. But if it means having to submit oneself to the power, organisation, and agenda of another institution, perhaps participation is bad. Taking part can neutralise your message, dilute your advocacy, and isolate you within a process that aims to strip you of your infl uence. The issue of what we mean by the public interest was taken up last week in the UK at a Nuffi eld Trust meeting led by Iona Heath (a general practitioner), Martyn Evans (a philosopher), and Stephen Pattison (a theologian). Their premise was that the public interest is often neglected in the formulation of government policies. Policymakers are frequently poorly informed about the lives of citizens on whose behalf they are designing policies. This defi cit of understanding is rarely acknowledged. Yet it leads to a desperate alienation between a population and its centre of


Summary form only given. Suitable probing of an accumulated population grating can induce destructive interference among various order wave-mixing processes under strong saturation conditions, resulting in the suppression of the scattered signal. A similar effect is predicted in transient four-wave-mixing (FWM) with stochastic pumps. Experimental results for the latter case are presented.


De-escalation of a cyber conflict can be substantially more difficult than de-escalation of a conventional military conflict. This paper will first explain the reasons why de-escalation of a cyber conflict can be so difficult, and then present a list of suggestions about how to overcome these specific difficulties.


In the last couple of decades many studies have been carried out on the association of moderately high plasma levels of total homocysteine (tHcy) with coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral artery disease and venous thromboembolism. Most studies showed a positive association between tHcy and thrombosis risk. However, despite this, many investigators are still skeptical about the importance of hyperhomocysteinemia as a thrombosis risk factor, because some important aspects of the association of hyperhomocysteinemia with cardiovascular diseases still need to be clarified. In the following few lines I will try to explain why I consider hyperhomocysteinemia a proven risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and then I'll address the question of whether or not it is an important risk factor. Is Hyperhomocysteinemia a Proven Cardiovascular Risk Factor?


Flow metering plays a major role in modern life. In the process industry, flow metering is critical in industries ranging from food processing to cosmetics. It is also essential in custody transfer ...


In recent years, Taiwan has seen a surge of interest in the foodways of indigenous Austronesian people. Public and scholarly discourse tends to focus on either indigenous foodways9 cultural significance or the healthiness of food items eaten by indigenous people. These two dominant perspectives, however, have obfuscated the issue of labor. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in an urban indigenous community in the Taipei region, this article addresses what I call risky labor behind the maintenance of indigenous foodways today, especially in urban contexts where many indigenous people have settled over the last forty years. It discusses two forms of risky labor: (1) the gendered labor of urban indigenous women who acquire food items by encroaching upon state and private properties and (2) the intellectual labor of urban indigenous people who share knowledge about indigenous foodways with nonindigenous Han Chinese urbanites.


Critical reasoning ability was regarded as an essential skill for the 21stcentury, and it was crucial for pupils to develop this skill beginning from a young age. This research was based on the problem where pupils could not provide critical ideas in writing and could not generate various ideas during their pre-writing stage. This study proposed to improve young learners' reasoning ability using the Socratic questioning strategy when reading graphic novels in the English Literature classroom. Throughout this research, "Socratic cues" was introduced as a means of assisting pupils in doing their writing tasks and trigger pupils' reasoning ability regarding a certain topic. This case study adopted a mixed-methods approach in which three instruments were used to obtain triangulated data that included a pre-and post-test, a semi-structured interview, and an observation checklist. The research participants were selected through nonprobability convenience sampling consisting of fifteen pupils from a rural primary school in Negeri Sembilan. The results indicated that using "Socratic cues" had a positive impact on improving all fifteen participants' reasoning ability through graphic novels. Through the use of Socratic cues, it was evident that pupils felt empowered and engaged in the classroom


Muhammadiyah is one of the largest religious organization in Indonesia that has stood more than a century and became an organization with the world's greatest asset, however up to now Muhammadiyah still does not have a definite format of economic movement. The dialectic of Muhammadiyah economic movement remains a fascinating debate. This study aims to examine the ideas of Muhammadiyah's economic format that have been outlined by Muhammadiyah figures, experts, and scholars in the form of writing to look for the intersection of thought into a single entity the main idea of Muhammadiyah Economic Format. This research using the method of the library research with the source data that is be retrieved from the secondary data that have been written by scholars, scientists, and experts of the Muhammadiyah economic movement have ever written about the format of Muhammadiyah economic movement. The results show that there are three groups of main ideas about the format of the Muhammadiyah economic movement, that is; Firstly, Incorporated Movement, is incorporated in the management merger business which it strengthened networking either in vertical or horizontally. Secondly, Community economic empowerment movement, This movement emphasizes full structural involvement in economic empowerment by providing information on market opportunities, capital, business training, financial management and making business innovations. Thirdly, the Comprehensive Economic Movement, namely; the Economic Movement that integrates Incorporated and Empowerment. Muhammadiyah's economic movement needs to be built in two directions by combining Incorporated and Empowering, through structuring and merging Muhammadiyah's business entities with economic empowerment of Muhammadiyah citizens.


The aim of this work is to study gravitational anomalies that have arisen in the region of the sources of strong underwater earthquakes with a magnitude of Mw > 8. For this purpose, data obtained by the GRACE space system were used. Variations of the EWH program with a period of 30 days were investigated relative to the focal area of the 2011 Japanese earthquake for the period 2010-2012. It was found that during the preparation of an earthquake, the EWH values significantly increase in this area for three months, with aftershock activity, the EWH values decrease within a month. Maps of variations of the EWH parameter in the conditions of a disturbed geomedia and in background seismic conditions are constructed. The indices of the anomaly δEWH were calculated, which made it possible to analyze in more detail the local gravitational field for the investigated focal zone.


Among the several Roman ceramic production centres identified in the Tagus and Sado basins of Portugal, three were studied – Quinta do Rouxinol and Porto dos Cacos (Tagus) and Herdade do Pinheiro (Sado). Due to the homogeneity of the used raw materials (estuarine sediments), the distinction and establishment of signatures for each production center becomes difficult. In this work a multivariate statistical approach after normalization of the chemical contents to a conservative element (Sc) was done, which able the differentiation among the three productions centers, allowing the establishment of provenance for amphorae. A normalization procedure has been commonly used; however the criteria for its selection may vary. In this work it is emphasised the importance of taking into account geochemical behaviour of the element chosen for normalisation.


N‐Benzyl‐N′N″‐dimethylguanidine, a new anti‐adrenergic drug, was estimated in urine by treatment with alkaline hypobromite, extraction of the bromo derivative with carbon tetrachloride and spectrophotometric estimation of the iodine liberated from acidified potassium iodide. Some peculiarities of the bromo derivative are described.


In the present paper we enlarge the list of black dihole spacetimes by introducing the notion of asymmetric black diholes which describe configurations composed of two static charged black holes endowed with unequal masses and equal but opposite charges. The asymmetric dihole solutions are considered both in the Einstein–Maxwell and Einstein–Maxwell–dilaton theories.


The degree of linear polarization of the main-belt asteroid 47 Aglaja was measured at low phase angles. The data obtained made it possible to construct a complete branch of the negative polarization. Comparison with asteroids of the same spectral type and having equally high albedo values showed that asteroid 47 Aglaja has a much smaller negative polarization branch, which indicates a possible difference in the chemical composition or structure of matter on the surface.


Under the high temperature of fire, the temperature change of the reinforced concrete beam is very important to the structure study. This paper, with heat transfer theory as its theoretical basis, explores the analytical method, the common method for analysis, calculation method of numerical value and finite element analysis by analyzing the temperature field of the concrete component cross sections under high temperature. With the help of MATLAB, it calculates and analyzes the temperature field of the reinforced concrete beam under the high temperature of fire, determines the temperature rise curve of the reinforced concrete beam in case of fire, and calculates the cross section temperature fields of the beam or pillar under the circumstances of different cross section sizes and different timings of fire on three sides.


This paper is a first attempt to describe and compare the adoption of e-Infrastructure across the UK, continental Europe, and the USA in the social sciences and humanities. A survey of early adopters identified three differences across these countries, each potentially affecting adoption: funding approaches, the technical configuration of projects, and research support. Our findings also suggest that the sustainable adoption of e-Infrastructure co-varies with the role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations and the involvement of other people in the adoption decision.


The design of oil recovery processes by gas injection or vapor solvent relies on knowledge of diffusion coefficients to enable meaningful production predictions. However, lab measurements of diffusion coefficients are often performed on bulk fluids, without accountability for the hindrance caused by the pore network structure and tortuosity of porous media. As such, our ability to predict effective diffusion coefficients in porous rocks is inadequate and, additional laboratory work is needed to investigate the impact of the medium itself on transport by diffusion. In addition, experimental data on multi-phase diffusion coefficients are particularly scarce for tight rocks. This study therefore proposes an experimental methodology, based on a pressure-decay technique, to measure diffusion of injected gas in oil saturated porous rocks. A diffusion experiment of gas into bulk oil (without porous medium) provides an upper limit estimation of this gas-liquid diffusion coefficient. Diffusion experiments using limestone and Bakken shale provide insight into different degrees of restriction in high permeability versus low permeability media. Two analytical models and one numerical model were implemented and compared to determine the diffusion coefficients from the time-dependent experimental pressure-decay data. These diffusion coefficients were found in agreement with literature on corresponding data, demonstrating the validity of the modeling approaches used. Results indicate considerable hindrance to diffusion in porous media relative to bulk oil and relates to the tortuosity and constrictivity of the rock matrix. The diffusion coefficient of methane in bulk oil is 3.8 × 10−9 m2/s. In our limestone sample, this diffusion coefficient drops by one order of magnitude, ranging between 1.5 to 6.5 × 10−10 m2/s and, it drops by another order of magnitude in the Bakken shale sample to 2.0 × 10−11 m2/s.


Several key aspects of HgCdTe metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) device physics affecting the interpretation and analysis of admittance‐voltage data are discussed. The effect of degenerate statistics on the capacitance–voltage (C–V) characteristics of n‐type devices biased into accumulation and p‐type devices biased into inversion is demonstrated experimentally on MIS test devices with native oxide interfaces. Theoretical calculations using degenerate statistics and the k⋅p approximation are shown to predict the observed C–V behavior. Tunneling via Shockley–Read levels as it affects thermal equilibrium measurements of admittance‐voltage data is compared for the cases of p‐type and n‐type devices. Inversion layer quantization effects are observed in p‐type device tunneling phenomena, while n‐type devices exhibit tunneling behavior which is very sensitive to band‐gap states near the surface. Oscillations in conductance–voltage (G–V) data on p‐type devices are attributed to inversion layer quantization effects while the droop in low‐frequency G–V data on anodic oxide interface devices on n‐type material is attributed to a high density of subsurface band‐gap states introduced during the anodic oxide growth process. Multiple flatband effects in anodic oxide MIS devices with opaque and transparent gate regions can be induced by visible light exposure which creates a lateral nonuniformity in fixed charge at the oxide–HgCdTe interface.


Star Boating Club Wellington Submarine Mining Volunteer Corps in camp at Shelly Camp, Wellington, in 1899, on board the defence vessel 'Ellen Balance'. Photographer unidentified.
Source of descriptive information - Notes on file print.
Quantity: 1 b&w copy negative(s).
Physical Description: Film negative


: Clause 188.8.131.52. of the Eurocode 2 (EC2) recommends a slenderness limit ( λ lim ) for compressive members where second order effects can be ignored. This equation shall be used to study the effects of lateral reinforcements in the compressive member. The effects of spiral-shaped steel confinements on the reinforced concrete columns of 9 numbers of 125mm×125mm×500mm reinforced concrete columns, all exceeding λ lim were investigated with one control column i.e. without any reinforcements, another four were confined with single spiral of 50mm pitch and the last four were confined with double spiral of 100mm pitch. This result in having the same volume of confinements introduced for all the confined concrete columns. The confinement used for the concrete were mild steel rebars of 6mm diameter. It was found that with the introduction of spiral-shaped steel confinements, the ultimate failure load of these columns exceeded the control sample and hence there is a possibility of increasing the λ lim factor of EC2 by considering concrete confinements.


The medical certificates for seafarers is one of the documents which certifies seafarers accord with employment qualifications,it is restricted by the proposed consolidated maritime labour Convention,2006 and STCW/1978.This article analyzed the character、effect and qualification of the medical certificates for seafarers.The existent difference and consistency were found by comparing the provisions in our country with above convention.


The principle and efficiency of the neutron activation method for determining isotopic abundance is demonstrated on the elements Hf, Os, W, Ru, and Br. The results of the radiometric analyses were compared with mass spectrometric controls and showed good agreement (W.D.M.)


Abstract Media selection and acquisition is highly dependent on a number of variables, perhaps the most important of which is changing technologies. New technology is a wonderful and frightening thing, with a high level of impact on media collection development. New technologies can improve sound and visual quality, but can also play havoc with established collections and budgets. Availability of various media formats and titles is a very fluid phenomenon, which poses a unique set of challenges to media librarians and selectors.


Lean Manufacturing is a systematic approach to identifying and eliminating waste through continuous improvement. Lean is about doing more with less: Less time, inventory, space, people, and money. Lean is about speed and getting it right the first time. From an operations perspective, Lean is helpful in cutting production cuts costs & inventories rapidly to free cash, which is critical in a slow economy. It also supports growth by improving productivity and quality, reducing lead times and freeing huge amounts of resources. Lean manufacturing is a technique, which, by focusing on the overall picture and waste reduction and removal programs creates higher stocks and increases the bottom line profits. It is among one of the few programs that cover its impact on such a vast group. Lean manufacturing has its effect on the employees and the customers alike.


The triumph of effective mass theory in describing the energy spectrum of dopants does not guarantee that the model wave functions will withstand an experimental test. Such wave functions have recently been probed by scanning tunneling spectroscopy, revealing localized patterns of resonantly enhanced tunneling currents. We show that the shape of the conducting splotches resembles a cut through Kohn-Luttinger (KL) hydrogenic envelopes, which modulate the interfering Bloch states of conduction electrons. All the nonmonotonic features of the current profile are consistent with the charge density fluctuations observed between successive ${001}$ atomic planes, including a counterintuitive reduction of the symmetry---a heritage of the lowered point group symmetry at these planes. A model-independent analysis of the diffraction figure constrains the value of the electron wave vector to ${k}_{0}=(0.82\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03)(2\ensuremath{\pi}/{a}_{\mathrm{Si}})$. Unlike prior measurements, averaged over a sizable density of electrons, this estimate is obtained directly from isolated electrons. We further investigate the model-specific anisotropy of the wave function envelope, related to the effective mass anisotropy. This anisotropy appears in the KL variational wave function envelope as the ratio between Bohr radii $b/a$. We demonstrate that the central-cell-corrected estimates for this ratio are encouragingly accurate, leading to the conclusion that the KL theory is a valid model not only for energies but for wave functions as well.


In a Note, communicated to the Royal Society in August, 1900, a short account has been given of Lepidocarn , a new genus founded to receive certain Lycopodiaceous strobili, of Palaeozoic age, which bore integumented megasporangia, identical with the "seeds" described by Williamson under the name of Cardiocarpon anomalum . In the present memoir it is proposed to give a further statement of the evidence on which this conclusion is based, to describe and illustrate the structure of the remarkable fructification in question, and finally to discuss its morphology, audits possible bearing on the line of evolution of the seed-bearing plants. The fact that an organ which has hitherto been accepted without question as a true seed, was borne on a typical Lycopodiaceous strobilus, is a somewhat surprising one, and demands very careful consideration, if we would avoid being led into too hasty conclusions. The discovery of the strobilus of Lepidocarpon due to Messrs. G. Wild and J. Lomax, who, at my request, published a short joint note on their observations in the 'Annals of Botany' for March, 1900, under the title "On a New Cardiocurpon bearing Strobilus." The relation of the new cone to Lepidostrobus was recognised by these authors, who deserve great credit for the discovery, and for their essentially correct interpretation of it. The sections were placed by the discoverers in my hands for further botanical investigation.


randomized, placebo-controlled, phase III trial on the use of the anticholinesterasedonepezilforsurvivorsofirradiatedbraintumors.The chronic effects of radiation brain injury are characterized by a diffuse encephalopathy resulting in cognitive impairment. This vascular damage and the loss of neuroglial progenitor cells, particularly in the hippocampalarea,canhavearealeffectonthepost-therapycognitive functionofsurvivingpatients. 2,3 Icommendtheauthorsforconducting this study, which shows significant improvement in memory, motor speed, and dexterity for patients treated with a 24-week course of donepezil. Withparticularreferencetothe66%ofpatientsinthestudywith primary brain tumors, as radiation oncologists, fully appreciating the life-changing effects of cognitive impairment for long-term survivors causedbyourtreatmentcanbedifficult.Evenatpresentation,patients may already be experiencing cognitive impairment from the primary tumororaftersurgicalresection.Ouronlyinsightintothepremorbid functional level is often from the history provided by relatives or caregivers who may be present at the consultation. My perspective on thisissuehasbeenaffectedbyseeingtheeffectofchronicneurocognitive toxicity after diagnosis and treatment of a high-grade glioma in a friend and long-term survivor. Knowing the premorbid intellectual function in this case and the consequent neurocognitive impairment and detrimental effects on work, relationships, and family life has underscored to me the importance of survivorship.


We treat a variation of domination which involves a partition V = (V1, V2, . . . , Vk) of V (G) and domination of each partition class Vi over distance d where all vertices and edges of G may be used in the domination process. Strict upper bounds and extremal graphs are presented; the results are collected in three handy tables. Further, we compare a high number of partition classes and the number of dominators needed.


In this paper we introduce the distributional function families Sα(x) and R α (u) named Bessel Elliptic kernel and Bessel Ultrahyperbolic kernel, where α is a complex number. In particular when α = 2k, S2k(x) and R 2k(u), k = 1, 2, . . . appear in [1]. We found some relations between the operator ∆B and ∆ k and between R α (u) and R H α (u), where R H α (u) is Marcel Riesz Ultrahyperbolic kernel, ∆B is the Laplace-Bessel operator and ∆ is the Laplacian operator. We give a sense to the properties ∆B {Sα} , Sα∗Sβ , ∆B {Mα} , ∆B {N2k} ,¤B { R α } and ¤B { R 2k } , where Mα is defined by (1.17), N2k by (1.49) and ¤B by (2.21). Finally, we study R α (u) at α = 0, taking into account the signature p, q of u(x1, x2, . . . , xn) = x1 + · · ·+ xp − xp+1 − · · · − xp+q and we obtain the equation ¤B {E2k} = δ which means that E2k is elemental solution of the operator ¤B , where E2k is defined by (2.21).


This paper reviews the current economic theories and the available empirical evidence concerning vertical price restraints. In light of this review, the antitrust ramifications of RPM are drawn and the appropriateness of the current legal treatment of the practice is assessed. The current policy of prohibiting RPM as per se illegal while allowing certain exceptions to the general rule appears to-be unnecessarily costly when evaluated in terms of economic efficiency. Failure to make express allowances for the informational role of distribution systems is doubtlessly what leads to public policy error in this area. The uncritical extension of competitive reasoning from horizontal restraint of trade to vertical price control should be abandoned and the efficiency gains from RPM should be acknowledged by the law.


In Japan, many fathers consider their spouse to be their children's primary parent while casting themselves in a supporting role. Yet, in the majority (>70%) of reported child maltreatment cases in Japan, the child's father is recorded as the perpetrator. The present study qualitatively examines fathers' experiences of parenting anxiety, focussing on those relevant to maltreatment. Eleven fathers from low-risk, middle-class families with pre-school aged children were interviewed on their experiences as a parent, particularly about times when they felt anxious, stressed or challenged. Data analysis followed a grounded theory approach. It revealed that fathers wish to contribute to the lives of their children in a supportive and nurturing way. However, participants felt incompetent as caregivers and experienced social pressure to be less involved as a parent than they would like. The fathers reported that they were more likely to maltreat their children, especially boys, in situations which triggered anxiety and frustration. Anxiety was particularly heightened when they feared public embarrassment. These findings are discussed with reference to the Japanese social and cultural context, and contrasted with previous research into the parenting experiences of Japanese mothers. The findings indicate that fathers may benefit from tailored support programmes which strengthen their self-efficacy before building resilience for the challenging situations they may encounter as fathers.


Objective: Results from studies examining associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations and depressive symptoms are equivocal. We investigated the relationship between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress in a cross-sectional analysis of a population-based sample of young adults participating in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. Methods: Participants provided a blood sample at the 20-year follow-up (March 2010-April 2012) for the measurement of serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Mental health symptoms were assessed using the 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21). Associations between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and total DASS-21 scores and subscale scores of depression, anxiety and stress were explored in males and females using negative binomial regression, adjusting for age, race, body mass index (BMI) and physical activity (n=735). Models examining subscale scores were also adjusted for the other subscale scores. Results: After adjusting for confounders, an increase in serum 25(OH)D concentrations of 10 nmol/L decreased total DASS-21 scores in males by 9% (rate ratio (RR) 0.91; 95%CI 0.87,0.95; p<0.001) and depression subscale scores in males by 8% (RR 0.92; 95%CI 0.87,0.96; p=0.001). However, in adjusted models there were no significant associations between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and symptoms of anxiety and stress in males. There were no significant associations between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress in females. Conclusions: We found an association between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and symptoms of depression, but not anxiety and stress, in males. Randomised controlled trials are necessary to determine any benefit of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention and treatment of depressive symptoms in young adults.


. We describe how to efficiently compute L ′ / L ( 1 , χ ) using the Fast Fourier Transform algorithm. In particular, we will show how to combine the decimation in frequency (DIF) strategy with the reflection formulae of the spe- cial functions involved in the computations. We will also mention how to efficiently compute such special functions.


In this variation of the well-known card game Go Fish, players seek to pair prime factors contained within the cards� face values.


Allergic reactions in the brain are basically the same as those in other tissues. It is instructive, however, to consider the extent to which they may be modified by factors peculiar to the central nervous system. The most striking difference stems from the fact that oedema in the brain and cord is a far more serious matter than oedema elsewhere. A degree of inflammatory swelling giving rise to only minor transitory effects in the liver or skin might well result in serious functional disturbance and irreversible neural damage in the brain stem. Less obvious differences may derive from the unique location and composition of the extravascular fluid, and from the inability of the serum proteins, including antibody, to diffuse freely into the brain and cord.


The present investigation was carried out the genetic analysis of breeding material through components of variance, nature and magnitude of gene effects, genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation coefficients, general and specific combining ability effects and heterosis among yield and it components in parents and F1's hybrids. Ten diverse parents i.e., UP Chari-1, HC-308, UP Chari-2, HC-171, Pant Chari-8, CSV-17, Pant Chari-6, CSV-84, Pant Chari-5 and Rajasthan Chari-1, germplasm selected from SVPUA&T, Meerut, U.P. Ten parents diallel set excluding reciprocals was made during the season of kharif 2018 by raising the crop at Crop Research Centre of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut. All the 45 crosses and their ten parents were grown during kharif season 2019. All the 45 F1's hybrids along with ten parents were sown in randomized block design with three replications. Observations were recorded on days to 50% flowering, plant height, leaf breadth, leaf length, stem girth, leaves per plant, leaf area, leaf stem ratio, total soluble solids and green fodder yield. Analysis of variance for parents and crosses showed highly differed significantly for all the characters. Parents vs crosses exhibited highly significant for the attributes namely, days to 50% flowering, plant height, leaf breadth, leaf length, leaf area and green fodder yield, which indicated that wide genotypic differences among the parental lines and F1's hybrids. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for the traits viz., plant height, and leaves per plant, leaf area, stem girth, leaf stem ratio and green fodder yield, suggesting that the genes governing these characters may have additive effect.


goil-Plant -Atmosph erc-Watcr (S PAW) model has been applied 10 sim ula te soil-moistureprofiles for .... hea l in Delhi. Prescr ibed Inrorrnation on wheat growt h characteristics and soils alongwit h dailymeteorological data on evaporation an d rainfall were used to estima te soil- moi sture 31 a locat ion in Delhi for I Iyear s. Soil moisture simulations from model runs of consecu tive f,."T"0P seasons from 1979-80 10 1989-90 were infa vourable agreement with the gravimetrically measured obse rved dat a. Comparisons were also made for themo del gene rat ed eva pot ra nspi rat ion values. Ccrrcla tionv between observed a nd simu la ted soil-moisture in tho:different layers ra nged from 0 .7 to 0.85 for the tl -year period . Similarl y. integrated co lumn moisture amountsduring d iffe rent stage; of the crop also sho wed sign ificant cor rela tio ns ra nging from 0 .4 to 0 .8 . The model exhibitsa tendency to syste-n nicall v over estimate soil-moist ure du ring the final stage s of crop. possibly due I,)im perfections in in put . model a rt ifacts an~ observationa l ina deq uaci es. H ONe..-er-. the overall ability of the modelto rep roduce obser ved changes m soil-moisture for activ ely growing wheat crop In Indian con ditions, underlinesito; uti lity.


This paper describes implementation of web-based hotel reservation system which enables users to book hotel rooms by means of a web browser. The system is based on JavaServer Faces technology in the presentation layer, Spring Framework in the service layer and iBatis library for the data access layer.


Considering the model in wh ich the effective interaction between any two quarks of a baryon can be approximately described by a simp le harmonic potential, and making use of the exp ression of the energy obtained in Cartesian coordinates for the above mentioned model, we find a general exp ression for the radii of baryons. We then apply the expression to some baryons and find very consistent values for the radii of baryons and an experimental confirmation for the ground state of − Ξ .


An integral shutter is a device that integrates a white‐beam stop, monochromatic‐beam (mono‐beam) shutters, a safety stop, and a collimator into one assembly to save space in the photon beamline. Various integral shutters have been developed as standard components for the beamlines at the advanced photon source. The integral shutters are designed to be operated in white‐beam mode or mono‐beam mode. With regard to safety, each mode of operation is secured by locking certain devices in their up or down positions. Some of the components of the integral shutters share designs similar to the front‐end shutters or fixed masks. Design details of the integral shutters are presented.


Abstract The present study aims to calculate a new database of conversion coefficients from fluence and air Kerma to personal dose equivalent in two terms: absorbed dose and Kerma-approximations. In this work, we propose a new equation to perform an analytical fit of our Monte Carlo (MC) calculated conversion coefficients for photons for different angles. Also, we have calculated the conversion coefficients using the EGSnrc code. The conversion coefficients have been calculated for beams of monoenergetic photons from 0.015 to 10 MeV, incident on phantom ICRU for angles of incidence from 0° to a 75° in steps of 15°. Our computed values agree well when compared with those published for the ICRU 57 in Kerma-approximations with statistical uncertainties in the calculation around 2%. We can conclude from this work that the analytical approach is successful and powerful such as Monte Carlo methods to calculate the operational quantities.


Touchscreen based-mobile phone is developing gradually caused by the full LCD mobile phone trend. Mobile phones adapted a touchscreen in part begin selling in the mobile phone world market, as well. Touchscreen has many features like a instinctive and simple operation, besides, a flexible interface. In addition, advanced interaction styles which enable us to apply many merits of the touchscreen are presented in many ways. However, a existing touchscreen based-mobile phone provides limited and typical interactions like using a stylus. And the presented interaction style has difficulties to apply directfy to a touchscreen based-mobile phone up to the present. We present interaction styles for a touchscreen full LCD mobile phone through research on advanced interaction styles, especially one pointing and multi-pointing interactions. For studying about interaction styles which is applicable to touch screen, we proceed both document researches and case study about diverse digital-appliances based touchscreen. In addition, we conduct user test and interview for understanding user' s behaviors when they use the digital-appliances based touchscreen. Interaction styles proposed in this study will allow users to get various experiences and those are also effective to use interface of mobile phone which has various functions and high quality.


The in situ magneto-optic Kerr effect was used to study the magnetic properties of Co ultrathin films grown on a flat and a sputtered Pt(111) surface. The perpendicular magnetic anisotropy appears for Co on the flat Pt(111) surface with a thickness of less than 4.0 ML and it changes to in-plane after the coverage of Co is more than 6.5 ML, whereas both the out-of-plane and in-plane anisotropy occur on the sputtered Pt(111) surface. The coercive force decreases as the Co coverage increases for the flat Pt(111) surface, but it is independent of the thickness for the sputtered one. A surface in island growth and surface roughness seem beneficial to the reversal of a magnetic domain wall. Thermal energy also helps the domain wall motion. The perpendicular Kerr intensity increases in a linear relation with thickness of Co before the magnetization turns to in-plane for the flat surface, and it is a smooth curve with a maximum at 5.5 atomic monolayers of Co for the sputtered surface. The Curie temperature of Co thin films on the flat Pt(111) was measured. The Curie temperature increases as the thickness of Co increases. An enhancement of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy was observed when a Co-Pt alloy is developed. The hybridization of electronic states in the formation of a Co-Pt surface alloy and the large spin-orbit coupling in this system are possible mechanisms for the enhancement.


Abstract Using the example of Herta Müller's novels written after her emigration into the Federal Republic of Germany, the article shows how digital tools can be used to classify the fragmented space that unfolds in the writings of the Nobel Prize winner into a clear model structure. Quantitative research methods are combined with a database-driven GIS analysis toolkit to illustrate the weighting of the fictionalized locations given their gravity centers and polarities. The series of maps show both the density and spread of the action places, as well as the meanings which are attached to the literary space.


Abstract Various objectives are used for the loading problem in flexible manufacturing systems. Because of the complexity, objectives commonly used in real fields may not be employed when solving the problem. This paper examines relationships between these objectives and ones that are relatively easy to deal with and are used in most research on this problem, i.e. balancing workloads of machines. Also defined are pertinent measures of balance for an objective function of the problem. Computational tests show that balancing workloads helps to reduce tardiness and makespan while enhance system throughput in a system with the characteristics of open job shops.


Results of empirical research which the author conducted in 2013 are given in article. Diagnostics of culture of consumer behavior of the personality became an objective of this research. At the first stage the author carried out the content analysis of the array of scientific publications on a research problem. At the second stage by interview the author conducted survey among producers of goods and services, distributors and teachers. Main conclusions: 1) researches of the Russian scientists are focused on consumption marketing, but don't study a problem education of culture of consumer behavior; 2) ideas of the ideal consumer are various at different groups of experts; 3) mass media, family and school are the main institutes of education of culture of consumer behavior, according to experts; experts belittled the importance of club as forms of influence on consumer behavior.


This paper aims to justify propositions that the dynamic political capabilities of collaborative partners to manage their institutional contexts are important drivers of collaborative synergies which can be valued by real options. To date, the institutional context of collaborative corporate strategies (strategic alliances, mergers, and acquisitions), particularly the analysis of the influence of government agencies on the synergies or unrealized synergies of collaborative ventures, remains unexplored. Moreover, the interdependence between the institutional dimensions of the collaborative strategies, the dynamic political capabilities of the collaborating partners, and collaborative synergies are needed to be integrated into new conceptual models and a new framework. This paper contributes to this request by providing a cohesive framework of micro-foundations with dynamic political capabilities and demonstrating an application of simple and compound sequentially combined real options for collaborative synergies' valuation in the findings and discussion section. This paper makes several theoretical and empirical contributions to international business, strategic management, and corporate finance. The practical implication of the research is evidence that food retailers who want to grow with the latest consumer trends will need dynamic political capabilities to deal with the impact of an institutional context. Finally, this paper discusses research limitations and future work.


Chloride ions are a potential cause of rebar corrosion in a reinforced concrete (RC) structure. Corrosion causes the rebar to expand, thereby stressing the concrete and causing the structure to deteriorate in time. An embedded chloride ion sensory system would enable real‐time detection of chloride ions in the pore solution which enables timely corrective action to be taken to save the structure. Ideally, such a sensory system would be a miniature, low‐cost and durable integrated circuit (IC)‐sized device. This would enable widespread deployment of such a system inside many of the RC structures being built around the world. This literature review paper endeavours to look at currently existing technology in a bid to identify technology areas which can be developed through future research to design an operational IC‐sized chloride ion detection system. Such a review is highly innovative as such sensors have not yet been miniaturised to the microscale IC level. The paper also uses a specifically developed parametric score system through which the best technology for miniaturisation could be identified. After comparing the various technologies which can be used to build the miniaturised chloride ion detection, the area which was found to be most promising was one based on potential measurement using galvanic voltage measurement.


The paper presents the results of a 83-cases study that have been admitted into the local hospital, with from gall stones, between September 1st, 2006 and April 1st, 2007. The study purpose was the research of gall suffering affections and/or together with other pathologies, in order to highlight age and gender peculiarities, as well as to show other pathologies that seems to have a connection with gall suffering. Paraclinical investigations were necessary for the diagnosis, and complication monitoring.


This research explores the adoption of Twitter by government organizations in the U.S. The recent growth of Twitter by government organizations makes it appear to be in the early adopter stage. As different government agencies utilize Twitter to extend their outreach to specific audiences, one finds novel uses for this communication medium. Since Twitter is designed to deliver short messages with a personal tone, extended conversations in which fragments of information about the users are revealed enable this channel to communicate the social presence of the users. Twitter is used in the governmental context not only for engaging stakeholders in conversation, but for building relationships by creating a social presence with these constituents. In addition to providing a status update and conversation, Twitter can be used for reporting news, sharing information, providing information sources, and coordinating projects. Since Twitter is easily accessed by wireless devices, the reach of this medium is expanded. In all, Twitter is a unique new medium enabling many novel and powerful uses for government applications.


With the wide application of Internet,search engine has become an indispensable tool for Internet information retrieval.Traditional search engine fails to consider the user's personal interests and hobbies,it cannot satisfy the people's need for information,and diverse trends.Therefore,personalized search engine based on user's interest has come into being,and develops gradually,this user-friendly search engine is becoming more and more popular among users.


Structural relationships between Paleogene-Miocene and Cretaceous sediments in Central and South Kobystan are important to gas and oil exploration in this region. Geological surveys and drilling indicate that the most favorable targets are the Cretaceous sediments of Central Kobystan, where they dip beneath the predominantly clay complex of the Paleogene-Miocene. Total normal thickness of the Paleogene-Miocene increases from north to south from 1000- 1500 to 3000-4000 m, and in the central part of this belt it is even more. The folds here are asymmetric. Overthrusting has occurred in which north or northeast flanks of structures have thrust to the south and southwest. Displacements are 1000-1500 m and more. Structural-exploration drilling and deep drilling in the Alyat Range have shown that on most of the uplifts of this belt there is a reduction in the thickness of the Pliocene sediments at the crests of the structures. This is particularly marked in the Tashmardan and Durandag areas where deeper horizons are encountered. In deep well no. 1 located on the south flank of the Tashmardan fold (Fig. the thickness of the middle-upper Miocene is 440-600 m, and in the more northern zones it reaches 1500 m. The Oligocene-lower Miocene sediments have a thickness of about 800 m, which is considerably less than in Central Kobystan where their thickness reaches 2000 m. In the Durandag area, which is the structural high of the hinge of the Alyat Range, the thickness of the Eocene sediments is 50-60 m, and that of the Oligocene-lower Miocene is 300-400 m.