Summary form only given. Semiconductor optical amplifiers are essential elements in all-optical signal processing due to their high gain and high bandwidth. With the increasing bit rate demand in OTDM systems, subpicosecond pulse dynamics becomes important. The superiority of optical amplifiers based on quantum dot (QD) gain materials with respect to temperature stability and low drive current makes these devices especially interesting to study. Experimental results on pulse propagation in an electrically-pumped QD amplifier using a novel phase-sensitive pulse characterization technique are presented. The QD device is a P-I-N structure grown by MOCVD. The active region consists of three layers of binary/ternary InAs/InGaAs QDs separated by 21-nm-thick GaAs barriers, in the center of a 120-nm-thick GaAs layer.


Faced with the information exploration,the enterprises must inplement appropriate orientation strategy of adverstisement so as to produce good effect of information distribution.


The resin (ligand) poly[(2,4‐dihydroxy benzophenone) ethylene] H(DHB‐ED) forms 1:2 metal:ligand chelates with Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Mn(II) and Zn(II). The resin (ligand) and polychelates were characterized by the elemental analyses, IR‐spectroscopy, NMR and Number Average Molecular Weight (M¯n) was determined by Vapor Pressure Osmometry (VPO). The stereochemistry, in the case of the Cu(II) polychelate, is square‐planar, tetrahedral for Zn(II) and octahedral for Ni(II), Mn(II) and Co(II). The stereochemistry in each chelate is proposed on the basis of magnetic susceptibilities. IR spectra shows that the bidentate ligand coordinates through the oxygen atom of the carbonyl group and oxygen atom of the phenolic group with replacement of hydrogen by metal ions. All the chelates are paramagnetic in nature except Zn(II) chelate which is diamagnetic. Thermogravimetric and ion‐exchange studies at different electrolyte concentration, pH and rate have been carried out for selected metal ions Cu2+ and Ni2+. It is found that, Cu2+ has higher binding capacity than Ni2+.


(Tasks) provided in the glass plate surface for compression without excessive stress the display as large a depth of compression stress layer device only by the chemical strengthening without a post-treatment. [MEANS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS] to a molar percentage display of the oxide basis, SiO


The elastic properties of homogeneous, isotropic materials are well constrained. However, in heterogeneous and evolving materials, these essential properties are less well-explored. During sintering of volcanic ash particles by viscous processes as well as during compaction and cementation of sediments, microstructure and porosity undergo changes that affect bulk dynamic elastic properties. Here using a model system of glass particles as an analogue for initially granular rock-forming materials, we have determined porosity and P-wave velocity during densification. Using these results, we test models for the kinetics of densification and the resultant evolution of the elastic properties to derive a quantitative description of the coupling between the kinetics of isotropic densification and the evolving dynamic elastic moduli. We demonstrate the power of the resultant model on a wide range of data for non-coherent sediments as well as sedimentary and volcanic rocks. We propose that such constraints be viewed as an essential ingredient of time-dependent models for the deformation of evolving materials in volcanoes and sedimentary basins.


This paper differs from the formerly method of measuring diversified investment.Based on the sample of the listed companies in 2002~2004,it examines the relationship between diversified investment of Chinese listed companies and the value of enterprises.And it proved that diversified investment puts down the value of enterprises.Moreover,listed companies with different poverty rights restrains have different diversified investment performances.In this kind of situation,listed companies controlled by local government have the worst investment performances,and privately-owned corporations take second place,yet diversification doesnt have obvious effect on the performances of the listed companies controlled by central government.Furthermore,based on the agency theory,the author finds the reason why diversified investment performances would be different under different poverty rights restrains.The conclusion is that operators'self-interest,government intervention and controlling shareholder' self-interest are the most essential elements.


The paper discriminates between library governance and library management from connotation and research content. Itthinks that library governance is mainly related to system and mechanism, and library management is related to library service, knowledge management and management by objectives. Finally, it points out 3 key points of library governance: grasping idea, making policiesand norms, and defining council's responsibilities.


DirectShow is based on COM structure.It has overcome traditional VFW's shortcomings in processing video.VC++ is used to realize a method for frame grab.According to the result,it has better quality and faster speed.


Older consumers have grown in number and affluence in many counties, but past research evidence suggests that they are less likely to be portrayed in advertisement than younger people. Purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which older people are used as models in television advertisements. This study conducted video tape recordings of television advertisements during prime time in major TV channels in Korea and Malaysia. The 1296 recorded advertisements were analyzed by using a content analysis method. Also a survey method was executed to examine consumers' perception towards the portrayal of older people in television advertisements in both countries. Results of a content analysis showed that older people were underrepresented than the proportion of population of older people. Older males were overly presented while older females were underrepresented and older people were featured in the limited product categories of advertisements. However, overall, older people were portrayed in a positive way even though they were minority in the advertisements. In a survey, viewing habits, personal usefulness of advertisement, remembrance of advertisement with older models, general perception towards role portrayals in television advertisements were investigated. It indicated that consumers did not consider older people's portrayal in advertisements were offensive in both countries. Consumers' towards role portrayals in television advertisements among gender, age and country, some significance were found. In terms of testing of hypotheses, hypothesis 1 was supported. It means that there was a strong linkage between role portrayal of older people and company image was found. Also hypothesis 3 indicated that negative portrayal of older people and purchase intention has significant correlation. This study shows value of investigations how older people are portrayed in advertisements and how consumer's perceive the older people in advertisements in Asia countries since there are very a few studies about older people's portrayal in advertisements in Asia.


Abstract As populations and water demand increase, more sustainable water sources are needed. Wastewater reuse is a major opportunity. Treated wastewater is available for non-potable applications and drinking water production. Direct potable reuse and planned indirect potable reuse provide sustainable drinking water; other reuse applications can offset current drinking water uses at lower cost due to lower end-use quality requirements. There is some public reluctance to choose potable reuse, but planned reuse projects provide drinking water of higher quality than typical natural sources. Guidance is available to assure safe and high-quality reused water.


In the past years, INESC TEC has been working on using ns-3 to reduce the gap between Simulation and Experimentation. Two major contributions resulted from our work: 1) the Fast Prototyping development process, where the same ns-3 protocol model is used in a real experiment; 2) the Trace-based Simulation (TS) approach, where traces of radio link qualities and position of nodes from past experiments are injected into ns-3 to achieve repeatable and reproducible experiments. In this paper we present ns-3 NEXT, our vision for ns-3 to enable simulation and experimentation using the same platform. We envision ns-3 as the platform that can automatically learn from past experiments and improve its accuracy to a point where simulated resources can seamlessly replace real resources. At that point, ns-3 can either replace a real testbed accurately (Offline Experimentation) or add functionality and scale to testbeds (Augmented Experimentation). Towards this vision, we discuss the current limitations and propose a plan to overcome them collectively within the ns-3 community.


For the supervision of ESTRACK, its network of ground stations, ESA/ESOC is developing a new system, the Ground Station Monitoring and Control system (GSMC). The monitoring and control systems for the spacecraft missions and for the ground stations were traditionally two distinct fields. This new system builds on existing frameworks and exploits synergy between the two areas. A Common Monitoring and Control Platform (CMCP) has been implemented, starting from the infrastructure used for the spacecraft operations and complementing it with operational concepts currently in use for the ground station domain. This approach brings benefits both for spacecraft operations and for ground station operations. Whereas the previous systems focused on the operations of a single ground station in isolation, this new system provides as well an overall view of the entire ground station network. This gives a better support for the automation of the operations, with enhanced capabilities to coordinate the execution of the scheduled activities prepared by the ESTRACK planning and scheduling system. In addition, the project took into consideration constraints imposed by the transition from an existing infrastructure and configuration, with the goal to provide means to support the migration and to re-use the logic and procedures developed over the years for configuring ESTRACK ground stations for spacecraft support. This paper presents the main elements of the GSMC, providing an overview of the overall monitoring and control concepts for ESTRACK ground stations, highlighting automation aspects for the configuration of the ESTRACK network.


Extracting hydrocarbons from beneath the seabed requires offshore platforms to be installed at strategic offshore locations. Depending on the water depth, multi-legged steel tubular framed structures called jackets can be used to support the topsides, risers and caissons. In the temporary condition, before piles are installed, horizontal steel plates located at the bottom of each jacket leg are used to support the jacket. The steel plates are called mudmats, and may be large due to the size of the structures they support and the harsh environmental loading conditions. Depending on the seabed soil condition, mudmats are usually designed with vertical skirts placed around the perimeter. During loading the skirts improve both the vertical and horizontal loading capacity. The piles are installed through openings in the mudmats called pile sleeves, and then driven to target penetration. Following this the piles are grouted to the pile sleeves resulting in the permanent foundation system. Extending the pile sleeves below seabed is used as a mitigation measure to avoid soil masses occupying the space in the sleeve, interfering with pile driving or grouting operations. Additionally local soil failure within the pile sleeve openings may occur. One method of evaluating mudmat foundation stability is to calculate the bearing capacity based on the net area of the mudmat. The net area in this case is the gross mudmat area minus the pile sleeve openings. However, by extending the pile sleeves to a sufficient depth below seabed, it is ensured that the gross mudmat area can be mobilized for bearing capacity evaluation. This paper describes a method to find the optimal pile sleeve length below seabed related to the size of pile sleeve opening and mudmat skirt length. Mobilizing the gross mudmat area in the bearing capacity evaluation reduces the required area of the mudmat. This results in smaller mudmat area and thus cost and weight savings for the jacket structure.


To support the search for missing persons during a natural disaster, photos taken by smartphone users staying inside the disaster area can be shared over wireless on-demand emergency networks formed by mobile devices. Detecting faces of persons in images and transmitting only the extracted faces can reduce the amount of transmitted data. However, executing common face detection algorithms on mobile devices is challenging, since these algorithms were not designed to cope with the devices' limited resources. In this paper, we present a novel approach to perform face detection locally on mobile devices in an efficient manner. The approach relies on a two-stage combination of existing face detection algorithms, enhanced by region of interest selection, color space/depth reduction, resolution scaling, face size definition, image scaling, image cropping, and bounding box scaling. Experimental results indicate that the proposed approach improves both the overall face detection rate and the overall runtime compared to the individual face detection algorithms used alone, and also reduces the amount of data that needs to be stored on disk and sent over the network.


[eng] Monocytes are composed of several subsets which differ in sizes, morphology, ontogeny, localization, gene expression, fates and functions. Two principal and functionally distinct subsets have been identified in human, mice and other species. Monocytes are key players of the innate immune system. Their implication in the early events of inflammation makes them extremely attractive to uncover the initial processes that drive multiple pathologies. In this study we present a technique for in vitro generation of Ly6Chi monocytes produced in vitro. Initially, we demonstrated that in vitro generated monocytes showed a high degree of similarity with the natural Ly6Chi monocyte population found in the blood stream of mice. The integration of FACS and real-time PCR data determined that Ly6Chi cells and peripheral blood Ly6Chi monocytes present equivalent surface markers and also confirmed the plasticity of Ly6Chi cells indicating their potential modulatory effects during inflammation. FACS data also confirmed that Ly6Chi cells were capable to differentiate, maturate and activate in vitro. Subsequently, our aim was to evaluate the migratory and differentiation capacities of Ly6Chi cells in vivo. Taking together all our results, we confirmed the infiltration capacity of in vitro-derived Ly6Chi monocytes as well as their ability to differentiate into recruited macrophages in vivo. Finally, we tested the impact that administration of Ly6Chi cells may have in the inflammation onset and progression in several in vivo models. We decided to evaluate this effect in two mice models of acute inflammation, the dinitrofenolbenzene contact-induced hypersensitivity model (DNFB model) and the Notexin-induced myoinjury model (NTX model). We decided as well to evaluate the effect of Ly6Chi cells administration in a model of septic infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP model) and the chronic inflammatory model of experimental autoimmune encephalopathy (EAE model). In conclusion, considering the obtained results from this experimental project we can affirm the phenotypical, migratory and differentiation capacities of in vitro-generated Ly6Chi monocytes. Ly6Chi cells are able to induce changes in pathology progression.


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The liquefied soil will do great damage to buried pipeline during an earthquake.It causes a floating force and leads to floating response that is a dynamic process varying with time.Simplifying the underground pipeline in liquefied soil under the action of seismic loading as a model of a simple beam with elastic supports on two ends and considering the interaction of buried pipeline-soil and fluid-structures,the authors use the mode superposition method to analyze the dynamic seismic response.The influence of various pipeline and liquefied soil parameters on floaing response was discussed.The dynamic floating displacement of pipeline and how it varies with the parameters of flow velocity,fluid pressure,fluid density,axial force of pipe section,damping of pipe material,the specific gravity and relative elastic coefficient of liquefied soil and the amplitude of seismic acceleration was calculated and analyzed.The results indicate that the dynamic seismic response analysis method is successful and meaningful.


The invention relates to a wind-assisted high-pressure area dust removing system which comprises a base. A solar cell panel is installed on the base through supporting rods, a glass protection layer is arranged on the solar cell panel, the supporting rod located on one side is provided with an air deflector, and the air deflector is connected with a fan. The lower surface of the glass protection layer is divided into a plurality of dust removing areas, a plurality of parallel electrodes are arranged on the dust removing areas respectively, the ends of the electrodes are connected with high-voltage switches respectively, and the high-voltage switches are electrically connected with a high-voltage switching module. The output end of the solar cell panel is connected with a power detection module, the power detection module enables detected power data to be transmitted to a data processing and controlling module, the data processing and controlling module is connected with the high-voltage switching module through an intelligent control module, the output end of the intelligent control module is further connected with the fan, and the data processing and controlling module is connected with a host through an NET transmission module. The wind-assisted high-pressure area dust removing system has the advantages of being good in dust removing effect, high in working efficiency and low in energy consumption.


A photochemistry/transport model has been developed for elemental and reactive mercury (Hg) in the atmosphere and used to simulate events in the eastern U.S. and adjacent Atlantic Ocean. Results are compared to aircraft measurements in south Florida. The model is a modified form of CMAQ with a new solver for integrated gas-phase and aqueous chemistry, including O3 and precursors, sulfates, chlorine and bromine. The model predicts episodic high reactive Hg (up to 200 pg m) over the Atlantic Ocean, corresponding to cloud-free periods. Aircraft measurements in South Florida show similar elevated Hg. Reactive Hg is formed photochemically from elemental Hg (Hg(0)) in the gas phase, while aqueous reactions convert reactive Hg back to Hg(0). The model predicts that reactive Hg and Hg(0) will be positively correlated if reactive Hg results from direct emissions and negatively correlated when reactive Hg is produced by photochemistry. The model also predicts that reactive Hg is enhanced by regional pollution events with high O3. INTRODUCTION Reactive mercury (Hg(II)) in the atmosphere represents both a significant environmental problem and a challenge in terms of science. Elevated levels of Hg(II) are sometimes


The thermophysical properties and critical parameters for the alternative refrigerant (51 wt % of 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (R143a) + 49 wt % of pentafluoroethane (R125))very close to the composition of R507 (50 wt % of each mixture component)were investigated using two different acoustic techniques. The critical behavior of the system xCO2 + (1 − x)(51 wt % R143a + 49 wt % R125) was also investigated. Experimental data of speed of sound in liquid (51 wt % R143a + 49 wt % R125) from T = (253 to 338) K and pressures up to 65 MPa were measured using a pulse-echo method. Derived thermodynamic properties were calculated, combining our experimental data with density and isobaric heat capacity values published by other authors. Measurements of the critical temperature Tc and pressure pc on (51 wt % R143a + 49 wt % R125) and mixtures of xCO2 + (1 − x)(51 wt % R143a + 49 wt % R125) were performed using another simple ultrasonic time-delay technique. The binary critical line was determined over the whole composition r...


Abstract10 patients with acute maxillary sinusitis were investigated with regard to L-phase organisms before and after 4 days of antibiotic treatment. L-phase organisms were isolated from 1 case before and from 4 cases during treatment. The concentrations of ampicillin, cephalexin and doxycycline in serum and sinus secretions were determined. Although reliable serum concentrations were obtained, ampicillin was found in low concentrations in sinus secretions.


Some of the chemical compounds in bitter melon fruit that acts as infertility for males, namely saponins, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids and triterpenoids were able to reduce the number of spermatogenic cells. Renal excretory function in carrying out this gets tough task, because almost 25% of all blood flow to the two kidneys. The amount of blood flow to the kidney causes renal exposure to the material circulating in the circulation system is quite high, so that the toxic material will easily cause damage to the kidney tissue. This study aimed to determine the effect of dose delivery infusion of local bitter melon fruit on the island of Timor, East Nusa Tenggara against renal histopathology description of male white rat (Rattus norvegicus). The study was conducted in the 2 treatment groups, namely (P1) bitter melon infusion at a dose of 1250 mg/kgBB/day and (P2) bitter melon infusion at a dose of 2500 mg/kgBB/day. Each treatment group consisted of 6 rats administered for 48 days. Microscopic changes that occur in the kidneys of mice include glomerular congestion, atrophy of the glomerulus, tubular hemorrhage, necrosis of the tubules are composed of cells piknosis, Karyorrhexis cells, karyolysis cells and tubular protein deposits. The average glomerular damage and kidney tubules was higher in treatment P2 than P1 which indicates the ravages caused by high dose bitter melon infusion given to the treatment group P1 and P2 so that the chemical substances to be excessive and toxic, accumulate in the kidneys and cause damage to the kidneys


Ayurveda has increased in the medical world. The reverse pharmacology approach can help in reducing failure rates of the clinical implication of the herbs or their formulations that are already described in Ayurveda. This approach allows seeking new synergistic combinations and improvements in bioavailability and innovative approaches that can play a vital role in drug development. ABSTRACT : Ayurveda is the science of life that practices holistic principles that primarily concentrated on personalized health. It has a rich compendium of formulations that are used extensively with marvelous results. In day-to-day practice, practitioners maybe diverging from the textual references regarding their usage. School of Fundamental Research in Ayurveda has taken initiation and has surveyed the usage of commonly used formulations that helped to understand the extent of their divergence from the literature. This study points out the necessity for adopting measures that should be followed to expect the desired effect from a formulation. The data collected from the survey is useful for further researches related to the standardization and utilization of Ayurvedic formulations.


Hydrogenation of the anthracyclines daunorubicin (1) and doxorubicin (2) gave selective deoxygenation at position 5. Hydride reduction of (1) and (2) gave complementary regiocontrol, leading to 12-deoxygenation or 5,12- bisdeoxygenation. This chemistry allows retention of the 7-glycoside and the side-chain carbonyl groups. It has led to new anthracycline families possessing all of the stereochemical and most of the spatial characteristics of the parent compounds (1) and (2). These are typified by 5-deoxy (12), (15); 12-deoxy (22), (23); 5,12-bisdeoxy (34), (35); and 4,5,12-trisdeoxy systems (36). All possess high anticancer activity.


The research is devoted to the study of the emotional sphere of psychoactive substance users at the stage of rehabilitation. The aim of the study is to compare the content and dynamic characteristics of the emotional state of patients with chemical dependence who receive and do not receive psychotherapeutic help. Subject of research: the possibility of correcting the emotional state of drug addicts through the use of art therapy methods. Experimental research base: rehabilitation center (Krasnoyarsk). Experimental sample of the study: 24 drug-addicted men aged 25 to 40 years. Research methods: the study of the locus of control of J. The study of the level of anxiety (the scale of C.D. Spielberger, Y.L. Khanin); the Rosenzweig test "The technique of pictorial frustration"). Data processing was carried out using the program "SPSS Statistics 21". The reliability of the differences between the indicators in the experimental group and the comparison group was calculated using the U-Mann-Whitney criterion for independent samples. The results of the study showed that a psychocorrection program with elements of art therapy can relieve emotional tension, reduce anxiety and frustration. In addition, the shift of the locus of control towards the internal type contributes to an increase in the level of responsibility for one's own actions and a decrease in the level of aggressiveness. And increasing the level of social adaptation improves interaction within the group, which leads to a decrease in the number of external and internal conflicts. Additionally, patients' motivation for recovery increases due to the support of the group, which is very important for the effective and successful completion of the rehabilitation program. The obtained data and the proposed psychocorrection program can be used by medical psychologists in working with drug-dependent patients to correct their emotional state during treatment and rehabilitation measures.


Correspondingly, I have two main aims. First, I want to challenge the currently prevailing view that there was only one version of Czech national identity available in the nineteenth century: the identity of the Czech nation as a Hussite nation. In opposition to this view, I propose an alternative version, which allows for a plurality of Czech national identities. I will concentrate on the religious dimension of this plurality and argue that there were at least three contending versions of Czech national identity: Liberal, Protestant, and Catholic. Viewed from this perspective, the Hussite identity of the Czech nation was constructed and circulated by the Liberal and Protestant parts of the national movement with the aim of strengthening their position within the nation. My second aim is to show that this invention of Hussite national identity profoundly influenced religious practice among the Czechs: following the establishment of independent Czechoslovakia in 1918 it led to one of the greatest religious changes in modern European history.


Photoinduced structural change in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) has been studied by a sensitive bending detection method using an optical lever. We observed that a-Si:H films show not only thermal expansion due to a photothermal effect but also residual and persistent expansion after light soaking. The volume change is recovered by thermal annealing at 200 °C. A dehydrogenated sample annealed at 550 °C and a microcrystalline sample, in which photoinduced defects are not created, show little photoinduced expansion. The photoinduced expansion and photoinduced defect density show identical time evolution. These results suggest that the photoinduced expansion is related to the photoinduced defect creation. A quantitative evaluation of the photoinduced expansion indicates that the photoinduced structural change is spread over several molecular volumes around a photocreated defect.


Based on the scientific quality education, some general methods are put forward to perform quality education and some misleading points are clearly pointed out. The fusion of different subsystems, such as the interaction of teachers and students, the close communication between leaders and teaching personnel and the combination of science and humanism and the linking of inheritance and innovation, is discussed within the system of quality education.


We agree with Professor Savitt (2002 [this issue]) that there is a paucity of research on competition andmarkets. It is our hope that our original article and these remarks will act as catalysts for work that will increase the number of articles appearing in the "Competition and Markets" section of the Journal of Macromarketing. Professor Savitt certainly has some things he feels are important to say that may contribute to our understanding of the transition process. Most of his remarks touch on topics, defined below as "H0," on which we chose not to expand—because we wanted to focus on others. It is regrettable that he was not encouraged to submit a manuscript on his topic for review rather than using the method of commenting on our article as a vehicle.We show that his characterizations and criticisms are imprecise, incorrect, or surprisingly reiterative of our arguments. Because Savitt's (2002) argumentation intermingles many topics and levels of aggregation, we have not organized this reply employing his section headings. It is important to remind readers that the focus of our original article (Carman and Dominguez 2001) was on organizational transformation in the context of the interplay between societal and organizational transformation (in both directions); therefore, we will focus the discussion on this level. Curiously, his section entitled "Reformulating theHypotheses" underscores rather than contradicts our hypotheses. He attacks the perspective we have taken by emphasizing that in hypotheses 1 and 2, the greater the degree to which market distortions have been eliminated in a nation and industry may be easier said than done. In fact, our areas of disagreement on this point are few. He simply wants to focus on the Czech Republic and to give more emphasis to obstacles encountered there on the path to successful transition to becoming a country that can compete successfully in a global environment. In the course of doing this, he has made a number of sweeping assertions, relying at times on sources that purportedly support them. Savitt's (2002) assertions may be grouped into five categories. He asserts that we propose a static model of convergence that prescribes convergence to a unique state that imposes a U.S. prescription while ignoring issues of equity and fairness, our treatment of environment is inappropriate, transformation is uniquely more difficult in Central and Eastern Europe than elsewhere, there are important hurdles in privatization, and organizational learning is not taking place—and cannot take place—quickly in that region of the world. We find that either the assertions are reiterative of our article or that they do not stand close scrutiny and are not supported by the evidence.


On August 31, 1970, the Philadelphia Daily News published a photograph snapped by Elwood Smith of several Black Panthers being forced to strip by gun-wielding Philadelphia police officers. Within days, Smith's image became known as "that photo," widely recognized throughout the city. Through a visual analysis of Smith's photograph alongside reader and editorial responses to the image, this essay interrogates the role of journalism in mediating the relationship between the past and present. I argue that the "history" witnessed by Daily News readers extended beyond the violence sanctioned by Philadelphia police against the Panthers in that frozen moment. Invoking discourses surrounding a past of racial violence perpetrated by Whites against Black bodies, Daily News readers discursively linked the strip search to historic rituals of bodily trauma. In calling readers to witness Smith's photograph, journalists summoned the visual's power to challenge structures of police authority within the city of Philadelphia and to complicate rituals of violence endemic throughout the United States. Sanctioning the interpretive contestation of Smith's photograph, the Daily News legitimated readers' competing, albeit interconnected, positions regarding the appropriation of police power within Philadelphia. In so doing, the newspaper undercut the potentially catalyzing power of Smith's photograph, emphasizing instead the necessity of bearing witness while containing the photograph's meanings. This case study thus offers a site to consider the ways in which Northern newspapers limited visual discourse and its opportunities to engage structural issues of racial inequality and police authority during the so-called "long 1960s."


The invention provides a heterojunction battery and a manufacturing method thereof. The heterojunction battery comprises a substrate, a passivation doped layer and a conductive layer, wherein the passivation doped layer and the conductive layer are arranged on the lower surface of the substrate, a first interface of the passivation doped layer and the conductive layer is a plane or a slowly smooth curve so that photons which pass through the substrate and arrive on the first interface are reflected to the interior of the substrate. According to the heterojunction battery disclosed by the invention, the lower surface of the substrate is flattened so that the surfaces of the passivation doped layer and the conductive layer formed on the lower surface of the substrate are flatter; according to the first interface, the photons emitted from the upper surface of the heterojunction battery into the first interface can be reflected to the interior of the substrate so that the loss of light power is avoided and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is improved; and furthermore, the surfaces of the passivation doped layer and the conductive layer formed on the lower surface of the substrate are flatter so that the composition of current carriers on the lower surface of the heterojunction battery is reduced, and the flattened lower surface of the substrate provides an excellent formation basis for each membrane layer so that the quality of each membrane is improved and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the heterojunction battery is improved.


This article explores the complexity and implications of sustained sexual relationships between ethnographers and people in the field with whom they work. It explores influences on the kinds of knowledges the ethnographers acquire and the kinds of ethnographies they produce, as well as insights into issues of race, gender, and social and economic differences. This specific discussion revolves around a relationship the author had with a fellow capoeira angola player in Salvador, northeastern Brazil. Representations of Otherness and its relationship to tourism, economic inequality and concepts of self as well as to gender norms, are argued as playing an active and politicized role in the insights gained through the participant/observation methods of anthropology.


Today's society is characterized by inter-human relations network increasingly globalized; rapid transformation of everyday life dictated by new technologies; productivity and trade continues to increase. Everything generates a educational distance between generations whit the result of adults against the growing subjects. The latter are increasingly victims of consumerism and technology, without making movement, physical activity, sports. Consequently, society, perhaps because responsible for all this, finally wonders about issues related to such behaviors, as a result, produce physical inactivity, laziness, lack of exercise, overweight and obesity whit all associated pathological complications.


The ground-state properties of the S = 1/2 frustrated Heisenberg spin chain with interactions up to fourth nearest neighbors are investigated by the exact-diagonalization method and density matrix renormalization group method. Our numerical calculations clarify that the ferrimagnetic state is realized in the ground state in spite of the fact that a multi-sublattice structure in the shape of the system is absent. We find that there are two types of ferrimagnetic phases: one is the well-known ferrimagnetic phase of the Lieb–Mattis type and the other is the nontrivial ferrimagnetic phase that is different from that of the Lieb–Mattis type. Our results suggest that a multi-sublattice structure of the shape is not necessarily required for the occurrence of ferrimagnetism.


There are many methods to prove inequality in advanced mathematics which was with strong flexibility and skills,but some inequalities are not easy to prove.Combining the typical examples,five basic methods of proving inequality utilizing derivatives are introduced in this paper.the goal is to help the students improve understanding ability,expand divergent thought and master the proof method.


The utility model relates to a kitchen knife, which is mainly composed of a knife body, a handle and a handle elongated slot, wherein, the handle is arranged on the knife back of the knife body, and the lower side of the handle is provided with the handle elongated slot. When the kitchen knife is used for cutting articles, compared with the traditional kitchen knife, the utility model is laborsaving, and the user is not easy to feel tired when the knife is used for a long time.


The invention relates to an opening device for a test handler. The opening device for the test handler comprises a lifting module, which is configured to be capable of ascending and descending and is equipped with an operation part; an opening plate, wherein a lower surface has an installation part and an upper surface has multiple opening pins which enable to open an insertion part of a carrier plate, the installation part is disposed at the upper side of the lifting module and is lifted up and down with the elevation of the lifting module, and according to the operation state of a manager on the operation part, the formation of the state of installation to the lifting module may enable to release the installation state; and a driving part providing a driving force for lifting the lifting module up and down. According to the invention, the installation which enables to easily assemble and disassemble the opening pate is disclosed, thereby making the replacement of the opening plate easier. In addition, the carrier plate and the opening plate are located at different level conditions, and a proper surface contact between the carrier plate and the opening plate is allowed, further preventing the damage to the insertion part.


Objective The aim of this study was to assess the quality of information available through the Internet for a variety of search terms for fecal incontinence (FI). Methods Using the Google search engine, searches were performed for 4 terms: "bowel control problem," "accidental bowel leakage," "fecal incontinence," and "leaking stool." The DISCERN quality analysis tool and JAMA benchmark criteria were implemented by 2 independent reviewers to evaluate the first 20 search results for each term. To determine if 1 term provided higher-quality information, mean DISCERN and JAMA criteria scores as well as Web site category were compared using analysis of variance and Pearson &khgr;2 tests. Results Mean DISCERN scores for all terms fell in the middle range of possible scores. DISCERN questions addressing risks of treatment options, effects of treatment on quality of life, and gaps in knowledge/differences in expert opinion had the lowest scores across all search terms (range of scores, 1.1–1.7/5). JAMA criteria on authorship and attribution were most frequently missing on average in 48 of 80 and 42 of 80 Web sites, respectively. There were significant differences in mean DISCERN scores among the terms, with "fecal incontinence" yielding the highest mean score. The term "accidental bowel leakage" yielded the highest number of marketing Web sites, whereas "leaking stool" had the highest proportion of social Web sites. Conclusions The quality of available information about FI on the Internet is variable, and key components are often missing. The term "fecal incontinence" yielded the highest quality information of all search terms.


We study electrostatic and phonon properties of Yukawa crystals. It is shown that in the harmonic approximation these systems which is in use in the theory dusty plasma can be described analytically by the model from the theory of neutron stars and white dwarfs. Using this approximation we consider properties of body-centred cubic (bcc), face-centred cubic (fcc), hexagonal close-packed (hcp), and MgB$_2$ lattices. MgB$_2$ and hcp lattices have never been studied earlier in the context of Yukawa systems. It is shown that they never possess the smallest potential energy and the phase diagram of stable Yukawa crystals contains bcc and fcc lattices only. However, corrections to the charge density $\propto (\kappa a)^4$ can noticeably change the structural diagram of Yukawa systems. The developed analytical model also allows to describe low-temperature effects where numerical simulations are difficult.


Sandia National Laboratories is one of the nation`s largest multiprogram research, development, test, and evaluation (RDT&E) facilities, with headquarters in Albuquerque, New Mexico, a laboratory in Livermore, California, and a test range near Tonopah, Nevada. Smaller testing facilities are also operated at other locations. Established in 1945, Sandia is currently operated for the U.S. Department of Energy by Lockheed-Martin`s energy and environment sector. Sandia`s responsibility is research and development for national security programs in defense, energy, and environment, with primary emphasis on nuclear weapons research and development. This article describes Sandia`s program of remedial action which aims to use technology to reduce costs of decommissioning and decontamination, positioning itself for future opportunities.


We report the formation of high aspect ratio ∼0.3 (height/width) oxide features with noncontact mode atomic force microscopy assisted lithography. The process requires high humidity levels, series of short pulses 25 V, a tip oscillation amplitude ∼20 nm, and feedback "on." We also show that the application of a voltage at magnitude higher than a certain limit damages the surface.


ABSTRACT Background This study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of intravenous granisetron as adjuvant therapy for spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in type I diabetic parturients undergoing CS. Methods This double-blinded, parallel-group, randomized trial enrolled 68 adult parturients who were scheduled for CS under spinal anesthesia. The patients were randomly allocated to two groups (34 parturients each). In the granisetron (G) group, 1 mg of granisetron diluted in 10 mL of normal saline was administered intravenously 10 minutes prior to spinal anesthesia. While in the control (C) group, 10 mL of normal saline was administered in the same manner. The primary outcomes were total ephedrine consumption and frequency of use. Secondary outcomes included the total atropine consumption and frequency of use, nausea, vomiting, estimated intraoperative blood loss, patient satisfaction, Apgar score, and hemodynamic parameters. Results Group G had a significant reduction in the total ephedrine consumption (P = 0.009) and its frequency of use (P = 0.034). While the total atropine consumption and frequency of use, intraoperative blood loss, and patient satisfaction were not significantly different between the two groups. Nausea and vomiting were significantly reduced in group G. After 5 minutes of delivery, the Apgar score was significantly elevated in group G. The reduction of heart rate and hypotension was significantly lowered in group G. Conclusion In type I diabetic parturients, prophylactic use of granisetron can be effective in reducing ephedrine usage and attenuating the spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension during CS.


To assess the influence of both effective microorganisms and some antioxidants as post-harvest coating treatments on storability and fruit characteristics of Mandarin cv. Balady. Treatments applied significantly showed a reduction pattern of their fruit weight losses, decay percentage, and total losses. The combined treatments of both effective microorganisms (EM) and antioxidants were the most effective in that reduction. Also, fruit quality parameters were still maintained their quality after 45 days of storage and delayed the senescence of fruits. A gradual increase in TSS was shown. Moreover, some physiological parameters, chilling injury, and ion leakage showed a similar pattern, that highly significant values were shown on the studied fruits. Also, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content can be applied as an indicator of lipid peroxidation (LP) to measure the storability of tested fruits. The effect of antioxidants and effective micro-organisms have to be in an increasing pattern in all applied treatments that are used after 45 days of storage; the highest concentration of H2O2 was observed in control ones, the lowest content was observed at combined treatment, which may reflect the critical roles in reducing reactive oxygen species and mitigation of chilling injury. In addition to total phenol content were decreased significantly, as the obtained results showed a positive relationship among ascorbic acid and loss of phenolics. After 15 days of storage higher percentage of antioxidant capacity (DPPH) was observed, then a gradual decrease was recorded in fruit treated with combined treatment. Both treatments of antioxidant and effective microorganisms significantly affected the levels of antioxidant enzymes i.e catalase activity (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Therefore, the combined treatment may be the best treatment that maintaining the quality of stored fruit of Balady mandarin.


(77.1%), VN (44.7%), and control (31.4%) groups. Longitudinal and transverse vessels were found more frequentlyintheMSA(74.3%and37.1%)andpolyp(65.7% and 22.9%) groups than in the VN (34.3% and 12.9%) and control (25.7% and 5.7%) groups. Tangled vessels werefoundonlyintheMSAgroup(8.6%).Abruptchanges in the caliber of the vessels and sinuous vessels were observed only in the polyp (21.4% and 5.7%) and MSA (61.4% and 27.1%) groups. Conclusions:The main differences in the incidence and characteristics of visible blood vessels occurred between2pairsofgroups:MSA-polypandVN-control.The incidencewassignificantlyhigherintheMSAgroupthan in the polyp group, and the incidence in both the MSA group and the polyp group was also significantly higher thanthatintheVNandcontrolgroups.Thegreatestvariations were found in the MSA group, including the presence of tangled blood vessels (which was observed only in this group).


This study deals with the properties of a new molecular architecture for organic thin film transistors obtained by introducing 10-decylanthr-9-yl-ethynyl moieties at the anthracene 9,10 positions. The resulting structure, formally a ter-anthrylene-ethynylene (D3ANT), is stable and endowed with sufficient solubility to guarantee the formation of good quality films. The molecule was characterised by 1H NMR, mass spectrometry, IR, UV–vis and photoluminescence both in solution and in the solid state. Cyclic voltammetry measurements, combined with solution UV–vis, permitted the evaluation of HOMO and LUMO energy levels. A series of D3ANT-based OTFT devices were built both in bottom and top contact configurations by a spin coating technique. Top contact OTFT devices exhibited the best semiconducting characteristics, showing an average mobility of 1.2 × 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1 with on–off ratios higher then 104, while the highest mobility obtained was 0.055 cm2 V−1 s−1. AFM thin-film characterization showed evidence of a granular structure. High-resolution STM images of D3ANT monolayers adsorbed on Au(111) and HOPG reveal highly-ordered self-organized domains with molecules lying flat on the substrates, but, remarkably, no reflections were recorded by out-of plane GIXRD of spin coated films on SiO2.


Kinetic Monte Carlo studies (confirmed by integration of the corresponding differential equations) are used to demonstrate the fundamental differences between the two most often accepted schemes of segmental exchange. Modeling of reshuffling systems, originally composed of homopolymers of various , various mass distributions, and different compositions, is carried out until the equilibrium copolymers are obtained. It is shown that one of the schemes leads always to a random microstructure (Bernoulli statistics) whereas modeling of the other one indicates possibility of formation of all achievable distributions of comonomer units (from multiblock to nearly alternate). The concepts of the degrees of randomness and reshuffling are discussed and new definitions are proposed.


The last decade has seen a number of changes in welfare policy, starting with state waivers under the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program and culminating in the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant implemented by the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996. These reforms produced changes in the structure of benefits, introduced time limits, strengthened requirements for mandatory participation in work-related activities, and changed various administrative procedures.


Introduction: The Florence Nightingale´s centenary celebration and the Index Foundation initiative of reading aloud her work has allowed us to reflect in the book "Nursing notes", which objective has been focused on the ecologic contents of the work. Method: We have done a "content analyze" of the text looking for the ecological and environmental and we have contrasted with the probably influences or concordance with other authors of her period and with the actually notable concepts of environmentally health. Results: We emphasize the worry with alimentation themes, specially the advice of eating brown bread made at home, hygienic and ventilation. All her work is full of advices and practices to favor ill people´s welfare and rehabilitation. We result the emphasis that she put in the nursing care's scientific validation, empirically proved along the time and frequently with a better electivity and less risk than other pharmacologic therapies. Conclusions: In spite of the 150 years since her work has been written, it is very actual, we have to admit that she was a very informed woman and with scientific thinks, which was extraordinary for a woman of this period. The most similar case in Spain was the work of the liberal woman Concepcion Arenal, who wrote "The poor people´s nurse". For all those things we recommend the Nigthingale´s work Reading to the young nursing generations.


Procedure of automatic treatment of individual hand luggage (8) between two storage areas, the luggage presenting respectively a base (10) topped by two opposite side flanks (12, 14), said luggage being able to rest in balance supported on its base during its transfer from one storage area to the other by means of a longitudinal transfer platform (58, 78), said longitudinal transport platform being able to support the luggage; this procedure is characterized by comprising the following steps: - in one of said storage areas, rows of luggage are formed supported on its base, the luggage of each of said rows being placed against each other, flank against flank, and according to one direction substantially perpendicular to said flanks; - each of said rows is sequentially moved, according to a first direction, on said longitudinal transfer platform so that each of said luggage rows extends longitudinally on said platform; and, - each of said rows of luggage supported by said platform is moved according to a second direction substantially perpendicular to said first address to be transferred to another storage area.


How complex trauma features and criminogenic needs co-vary within youth justice populations requires examination. This study applies latent profile analysis to a sample of 311 justice-involved Canadian youth (211 male, 100 female) to identify if unique profiles of youth would emerge delineated by different combinations of comorbid needs pulled from complex trauma and personality/social learning models. Two similar profiles emerged for males and females alike: a complex trauma with criminogenic needs profile (70% of females, 58.8% of males) and a low overall needs profile (30% of females, 41.2% of males). Surprisingly, the Youth-Level Service/Case Management Inventory predicted recidivism well among the complex trauma/criminogenic need female cases (AUC = .71), but poorly among the complex trauma/criminogenic need male cases (AUC = .59). Trauma-informed approaches that target criminogenic needs in both genders is a clear implication of the findings.


Central Sterile Supply Department(CSSD) is a service unit in a hospital that processes, issues, and controls the sterile stores supply to all departments of the hospital. The essentials of this department are correct design, appropriate equipments, skillful operators and a unidirectional work flow. The CSSD should have four zones - 1) The unclean and washing area, 2) The assembly and packing area, 3) The sterilization area and 4) The sterile area. Each of these has equipments in place in order to perform specific functions towards sterilization of articles for immediate use in patient care. All The hospitals should establish an adequate CSSD set-up and adopt strict quality control processes with the latest technology to mitigate hospital acquired infections.


This study provides an ex ante analysis of the welfare effect from the improvement of border road infrastructure in Nigeria. It assesses how changes in the price of food commodities induced by border road improvements would affect different types of households. Finally, we also examine how simulated changes in local transportation costs, stemming from road improvements, would affect local prices of imported rice, and taking into consideration the effect of simulated price changes on household welfare across household head, gender, and household location (rural and urban households). Results indicate that policies aiming to improve border roads and thereby lower transportation costs, and subsequently the price of the regularly consumed household commodity, would be more beneficial to rural than urban households. Such policies would likely produce larger welfare gain for poorer households than richer households and would be more beneficial for the poorest female-headed households than their male counterparts.


Responding to health plan requests to verify and update directory information is a significant administrative burden on providers and may be undermining the accuracy of directories.


For a long time, people suffering from epilepsy have been feared, suspected, and misunderstood, socially stigmatized and viewed as outcasts. On the other hand, epilepsy was attributed to many remarkable personalities, among whom are Julius Caesar, Alexander the Great, Socrates, Aristotle, Joan of Arc, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Ivan the Terrible, Newton, Peter the Great, Napoleon, Walter Scott, Paganini, Byron, Van Gogh, Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy, and many others. The article is aimed to confirm on historical facts or debunk the myths about the essence of epilepsy in some of these individuals.


Taiwan's financial industry remains highly fragmented and competitive after a series of financial liberalization and restructuring. With the enforcement of these fiscal policies, domestic financial institutions face a more dynamic, increasingly intense and highly competitive environment even as the banking industry's overall efficiency has gradually been enhanced. This structural change has further forced financial institutions to inspect the performance of their strengths and weaknesses and to identify improvement directions so as to gain further competitive advantages. To provide sufficient details of managerial performance and competitive advantage for financial holding companies (FHCs) in Taiwan, a multiple-factors performance model based on two-stage series model is employed to assess managerial performance and subsequently identify determinant governance mechanisms and risk factors of the FHCs in Taiwan by the truncated regression model. The results of managerial performance indicate that the a FHC' s profitability plays a critical role in the overall competitive advantage and small-size FHCs are suitable types in


Abstract This article explores a history of contemporary pastoral theology closely related to issues of identity and methodology. Pastoral theologians and caregivers have attempted to find out pastoral, theological, and professional identities appropriate to their faith traditions and communities, while working with careseekers and supervisees in an interdisciplinary and multicultural context. In the process of finding proper identities pastoral theologians have sharpened their methodology of constructing pastoral theology by interweaving lived experience with pastoral practice, pastoral action with reflection, and theological wisdom with cultural perspectives. This article addresses historical lessons and implications for future directions.


IND stimulate adrenergic β2 receptors in the smooth muscle of the airways. IND prevents airway spasms caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This drug is indicated for the treatment of COPD. This causes relaxation of the muscle, thereby increasing the diameter of the airways, which becomes constricted in asthma and COPD [1,2,3]. Glycopyrronium bromide (GLY) is a chemically 1, 1 -dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium-3-yl 2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy phenyl acetate bromide (Figure 2).


Purpose – The research activity presented in this paper has the objective of developing models for the evaluation of technological risk and loss of production due to failures, which are among the criterions that enable the choice of optimal scenarios for energy supply. This activity is based on the European Project "Risk of Energy Availability: Common Corridors for Europe Supply Security" (REACCESS), which aims to develop an analytical tool to analyse scenarios for future secure European Union (EU) energy supply.Design/methodology/approach – The paper proposes an innovative approach, since nowadays a generalised analytic model for risk assessment in large‐scale energetic systems does not exist. In particular, the methodology adopted includes models to assess risk for people safety, risk for the environment and availability for corridors and the related infrastructures. As regards technological risk, accidents producing loss of lives in the population and environmental damage are taken into account; while ...


OBJECTIVE
To locate the locus of predisposing gene for Han Chinese keloid pedigree.

METHODS
One large Chinese keloid pedigree with affected family members in five generations was investigated and confirmed. Venous blood samples from 32 members in this family were collected and extracted genomic DNA. Fas gene was assumed as one of the candidate genes resulting in keloids in this pedigree. Four markers, D10S1687, D10S1765, D10S1735 and D10S1562 next to the all known genes relating with apoptosis or tumorigenesis in the 10 Mbp region around Fas gene on chromosomes 10q23.31 were selected as microsatellite markers. Subsequently, these markers were amplified by PCR, and all PCR products were genotyped and the linkage analyses were performed.

RESULTS
After linkage analyses, D10S1765LOD(ZMAX) was 1.74, D10S1735LOD(ZMAX) was 1.51. These findings supported the linkage. D10S1562LOD(ZMAX) was 0.59, which did not exclude the linkage. All LODs for D10S1562 were less than - 2, at 0 = 0.0 - 0.10, which excluded the linkage.

CONCLUSIONS
This study provides the first genetic evidence that the predisposing gene for this Han Chinese keloid pedigree may be mapped to the region about 1 Mbp on chromosomes 10q23.31, between marker D10S1765 and D10S1735.


A dynamical technique for the study of tokamak energy and particle transport has been developed. The plasma in the medium-sized DITE tokamak was perturbed by the application of modulated electron cyclotron resonance heating, with wave-launching from the high-field side. These experiments were carried out with absorption at various distances from the plasma centre, over a range of densities. Energy transport through the electron channel was dominant, and the variations in electron temperature and density were measured using the soft X-ray, electron cyclotron emission and microwave interferometer diagnostics. Analysis in the frequency domain enabled the propagation of the thermal wave to be followed. The observed behaviour was generally indicative of diffusive propagation of the thermal perturbation. Further observations indicated a modulation of the horizontal plasma shifts, diffusive propagation to the edge and a low modulation level of line-averaged density. In some atypical cases, the observed behaviour was qualitatively different; this type of behaviour was accompanied by a pronounced sawtooth oscillation locked with the modulation. Two models have been employed for the interpretation of these results. The first model, based on the diffusive thermal transport of the perturbation, has led to results in good agreement with the experimental data. Values of the electron thermal diffusivity were deduced, in good agreement with those obtained from the alternative techniques of power balance analysis and sawtooth heat pulse propagation analysis; such agreement has not been universally obtained in similar experiments. The width of the absorption region has emerged as an important consideration in this analysis. A more complex model, including non-linear, coupled equations of particle and energy balance, has produced results in partial agreement with the experimental data, supporting, to some extent, the presence of coupled transport. It has been demonstrated how perturbation techniques can afford a useful means of testing transport models.


RESUME The author compares contemporary Woodland Indian fine arts with the artistic traditions of the Eastern Woodland region in prehistoric times. She suggests that the notable similarities of subject and form stem in part from the position of art in both periods as an element of cultural revitalization. The Canadian Journal of Native Studies IX, 2 (1989): 187-203. L'auteur compare les beaux arts des autochtones contemporains de la région boisée aux traditions artistiques de la région boisée de l'est à l'époque préhistorique. Elle suggère que les ressemblances remarquables entre sujet et forme proviennent en partie de la, position que l'art occupe dans les deux périodes comme un element du renforcement culturel. 188 Amelia M. Trevelyan Could the paintings of 20th century artists such as Norval Morrisseau and Daphne Odjig have much in common with Native American art produced two thousand years ago? Do they? Odjig and Morrisseau are members of the so-called "New Woodland School", a Native fine art movement which developed in the late 1960's in western Ontario. The movement "came of age" in 1983 when the Art Gallery of Ontario mounted a show devoted exclusively to works by this group. The show was spectacular. Its rich imagery and formal strength was as brash and sophisticated as any group show of contemporary fine art. At the same time, fundamental relationships to ancient artistic traditions were also unmistakable with similarities in form, content, and iconography. These relationships provide evidence of an ancient and ongoing artistic tradition that continues to serve both the individual and the community in very direct ways. Furthermore, this continuity suggests that at least some aspects of the cultural tradition and world view which supported ancient art in the Eastern Woodlands are as vital and active today as they were two thousand years ago. Still, it is difficult to Imagine what those acrylic paintings and graphic arts could have in common with ritual artworks produced so much earlier. Of course, all of the artists involved are or were Native North Americans. But the training, lifestyles and creative motivation of contemporary Native artists are radically different from those of their ancient counterparts. So are the media employed, the channels of distribution and the economic and subsistence realities associated with the production of "fine art". Nevertheless, comparison reveals some remarkable points of contact in content, form and historical context. There are also important relationships between contemporary Woodland art and the traditional arts of the last two or three centuries. These similarities are undeniable and have been discussed frequently in the literature (see for example, MacLuhan and Hill, 1983:49-55). This first historical link established, it is perhaps less incredible that some aspects of the modern tradition might have an even longer history. Understanding the ways in which art functioned in Native societies during the post-contact years is a complex problem, however. The influence of European trade and the pressures towards acculturation were so pervasive that it is difficult to separate wholly traditional structures from those altered by European influence. To understand the purely traditional contexts within which art operated, one must explore the nature of art produced before European contact and the ways in which it functioned. Those earlier traditions will be the focus of this discussion. It is easiest to document similarities in subject matter. Three main categories of representational imagery, other than human, appear on ritual Art of the Eastern Woodlands 189 Plate 8: Saul Williams, Homage to Morrisseau 1979-80. Plate 8: Couch shell: 13 1⁄2" long. Spiro Mound Le Flore County, Oklahoma, U.S.A. 190 Amelia M. Trevelyan artworks from the prehistoric periods: 1) large carnivorous animals (bears and panthers); 2) snakes; and 3) raptorial birds (especially hawks and eagles). Other naturalistic subject matter occurs but is relatively uncommon. Often references to these creatures are combined with human representation, especially in the last centuries before European contact (Plate 7). Imagery involving these same three categories abounds in the art of the New Woodland School (Plate 8). The range of subject matter is, of course, much broader today but references to birds, large carnivores and snakes in the modern tradition are too frequent to be merely coincidental. Suggestions of transformation or simultaneity of being are also common in the modern corpus, as for example Norval Morrisseau's large diptych, The Storyteller: the Artist and his Grandfather, 1978. A similar combination of abstract animal and bird references is commonly found in pre-contact ritual material done almost two thousand years before. The composite bird and human imagery in Morrisseau's Thunderbird Man, 1962 and a work by Daphne Odjig with the same title (Figure 1) is strongly reminiscent of the human/bird images engraved on copper and shell from the Southeastern Woodlands (Plate 11). Another example of contemporary composite imagery is Tim Restoule's My Grandfather the Bear, 1981 (Plate 9). The Wray Figurine, a small Hopewell sculpture, presents a very similar idea (Plate 10). Figure 1: Daphne Odjig, Thunderbird Man 1973. Art of the Eastern Woodlands 191 Plate 9: Tim Restoule, My Grandfather the Bear, 1981 192 Amelia M. Trevelyan Plate 11: Shell gorgety. Dallas Culture. Late Mission A.D. 1300-1500 Plate 12: Spaghetti style shelll gorget. Dallas Culture. Late Mission A.D. 1300-1500 Art of the Eastern Woodlands 193 Another prominent theme in both the New Woodland School and in ancient Native arts from the Eastern Woodlands Is the symbolic depiction of spiritual interaction or combat between both animal and human entities. Two more works of the same name, Conflict Between Good and Evil, 1975, by Carl Ray and Daphne Odjig, offer fine examples of this type of imagery. It is also significant that although these two Native art traditions share relationships in subject matter, there is obviously no direct copying or specific reinterpretation of the ancient pieces. In fact, many of the ancient works are neither widely published nor well known. Areas of similarity reflect a common approach to, and interpretation of, subject matter more than nostalgic reinterpretation, an important indication that an ancient and ongoing tradition may form the basis for at least some of the art of the New Woodland School. Neither the significance nor the formal rules governing the complex design traditions of prehistoric Woodland artists has ever been successfully explained. Specific characteristics of the tradition have been identified, nonetheless. The tendency to elaborate stylized naturalistic form with nonnaturalistic designs is a pervasive trait in ancient Woodlands art. This is especially true of the treatment of the eyes in both human and animal Figure 2: Shell gorget. Crab Orchard Spring Mound, Kentucky, U.S.A. 194 Amelia M. Trevelyan representation (Figure 2). A similar tendency is also common in the naturalistic imagery of the New Woodland School (see Plates 8 and 9). One of the most common characteristics of prehistoric Woodland design is the use of inconsistent (often confusing) relationships between figure and ground (Figure 2). This trait is so pervasive in the ancient art tradition that it is probably fundamental to the symbolic system. Similar inconsistencies are apparent in many modern works from the Eastern Woodlands, although, once again, the formal devices in use are far more varied than they were in the ancient corpus (Plate 13). This common tendency to be indefinite in the description of positive and negative space is particularly intriguing. It was so basic to the ancient Native tradition that it probably reflects the alternative ontological structures and classification systems of the cultures that produced the art. If so, similar ambiguity in modern Native art tradition suggests the persistence of those alternative approaches, despite considerable acculturation. Although the similarities identified above are important, other relationships between ancient and modern art in the eastern Woodlands are more fundamental. The most significant connections between contemporary Native art and the pre-contact tradition lie in the essential character of the art produced and the historical contexts in which it functions. There is as much disagreement about the nature and definition of ancient Woodlands art as there is regarding definition of the modern school. Archaeologists and art historians, critics and patrons argue continually about the character of both art traditions. A primary focus in popular and scholarly commentary on the New Woodland School is the attempt to define the precise nature of the school itself; whether it should be considered an essentially ethnological tradition or "fine art"; whether its content is primarily didactic and cultural, or distinctly personal. A related controversy revolves around the identification of the audience for this art: is it produced for Native people or EuroAmericans? The content of these discussions is less important for the purposes of this study than the fact of their existence, although the debate includes plausible and, in some cases, very fine scholarly examination of both sides of these issues (as, for example, in Phillips and Blundell, 1983). It is the debate itself which links the art of the New and the ancient Woodland schools. Precisely the same questions arise throughout the scholarship on Native North American art, regardless of historical context. Is it art or is it craft? Luxury or necessity? Elitist or communal? Ritual or mundane? Whether ancient or modern, Native arts consistently defy traditional academic classification. The multifaceted character of so much of the art of the New Woodland School provides equally valid arguments for each side of the controve


An estimated 30% of antibiotic prescriptions in outpatient settings may be inappropriate. Antibiotic exposure increases an individual's risk of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) and acquiring drug-resistant pathogens. To quantify the increased risk of CDI and drug-resistant pathogens posed by antibiotics prescribed in outpatient visits, we examined a two-year cohort of patients seen in primary care clinics at VA Community-Based Outpatient Clinics (CBOC) associated with a large VA Medical Center.

 Among patients with an in-person visit at 13 CBOCs in 2018–2019, we examined rates of antibiotic-associated adverse events (AEs), defined as community-onset CDI or acquisition of resistant Gram-negative bacteria (R-GNB), in the 90 days following those visits. For each visit, we used administrative databases to determine if systemic antibiotics were prescribed, if there was an associated infectious diagnosis, and the subsequent occurrence of AEs. We summarized quarterly rates of prescribed antibiotics and AEs, characterized patients with and without AEs, and estimated the risk ratio of AE for an antibiotic prescription.

 Following 236,665 primary care visits, we observed 62 and 225 AEs due to CDI and R-GNB, respectively (0.12% combined rate) among 278 patients (5 with both). Patients who developed CDI or R-GNB had a higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (3.6 ± SD 3.0 and 2.68 ± SD 2.7, respectively) compared to those without AEs (0.72 ± SD 1.3; Table). The rate of new antibiotic prescriptions was 4% in visits without and 10% in visits with a subsequent AE, yielding a risk ratio of 2.5 (95% CI: 1.7–3.7). The rates of both antibiotic prescribing and AE were steady over the examined two-year period (Figure).
 Table

 Figure

 Among all patients with a CBOC visit between 2018–2019, an AE, defined as CDI or R-GNB acquisition, was observed following only 0.1% of primary care visits. Among patients who experienced an AE, only 10% of primary care visits preceding those events included a new antibiotic prescription. While this analysis does not address antibiotics during inpatient stays or prescribed by specialty clinics, these findings suggest that among Veterans, outpatient antibiotic exposure may have only a modest contribution to the risk of AE.

 Robin Jump, MD, PhD, Accelerate (Grant/Research Support)Merck (Grant/Research Support)Pfizer (Grant/Research Support, Advisor or Review Panel member)Roche (Advisor or Review Panel member) Federico Perez, MD, MS, Accelerate (Research Grant or Support)Merck (Research Grant or Support)Pfizer (Research Grant or Support)


The advanced development of music makes the musician do the same thing. The music store nowadays already answered every needs, but there's no music store which become the center where every music instrument are provide there. This music center is a design that has never existed before in Indonesia, where the design includes a complete music equipment sales according to each classification, and also a facility for musician and non-musician to gather and learn together about music. By combining those two aspects, which has the benefit of each aspect, aims to spurring interest in music as well as expand relations and to support productivity in the world of music society, especially at Surabaya


Objective:To synthesize the penicillin antibiotic temocillin disodium.Methods:Temocillin disodium was produced from ticarcillin disodium through 3 steps.Results:The chemical structure of target material was confirmed by MS and 1H-NMR,the total yield was 56.46%.Conclusion:A practical synthesis procedure is developed with advantages of easier operation and higher yield than ever reported,and it is suitable for industrialization.


We present numerical algorithms for solving two problems encountered in random matrix theory and its applications. First, we compute the boundary of the limiting spectral distribution for random matrices with a separable variance profile. Second, we evaluate the Stieltjes transform of such a distribution at real values exceeding the boundary. Both problems are solved with the use of Newton's method. We prove the correctness of the algorithms from a detailed analysis of the master equations that characterize the Stieltjes transform. We demonstrate the algorithms' performance in several experiments.


The aim of this paper is to trace how a perverted understanding of the human – of human nature, growth, and well-being – came to form the foundation for classical liberal economic thought and to identify some of the negative consequences of this development. My suggestion is that, in response to the social upheaval of the 16, 17, and 18 centuries that would lead to the rise of capitalism and make possible the industrial revolution, moral philosophers applied to humans and to human society mechanistic principles from the highly successful natural sciences in an effort to make sense of a social world that had ceased to make sense. Thus emerged the impoverished view of the human that lies at the foundation of mainstream economic thinking: homo economicus – the human as a rational, utility-optimizing machine, driven by unlimited desires.


The International Photovoltaics Program Plan is in direct response to the Solar Photovoltaic Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1978 (PL 95-590). As stated in the Act, the primary objective of the plan is to accelerate the widespread use of photovoltaic systems in international markets. Benefits which could result from increased international sales by US companies include: stabilization and expansion of the US photovoltaic industry, preparing the industry for supplying future domestic needs; contribution to the economic and social advancement of developing countries; reduced world demand for oil; and improvements in the US balance of trade. The plan outlines programs for photovoltaic demonstrations, systems developments, supplier assistance, information dissemination/purchaser assistance, and an informaion clearinghouse. Each program element includes tactical objectives and summaries of approaches. A program management office will be established to coordinate and manage the program plan. Although the US Department of Energy (DOE) had the lead responsibility for preparing and implementing the plan, numerous federal organizations and agencies (US Departments of Commerce, Justice, State, Treasury; Agency for International Development; ACTION; Export/Import Bank; Federal Trade Commission; Small Business Administration) were involved in the plan's preparation and implementation.


Abstract Lvcium andersonii A. Gray is an accumulator of Li. Assays were made of 200 samples of it collected from six different locations within the Northern Mojave Desert. Mean concentrations of Li varied from location to location and tended not to follow loge normal distribution, and to follow a normal distribution only poorly. There was some negative skewness tp the loge distribution which did exist. The results imply that the variation in accumulation of Li depends upon native supply of Li. Possibly the Li supply and the ability of L. andersonii plants to accumulate it are both loge normally distributed. The mean leaf concentration of Li in all locations was 29 μg/g, but the maximum was 166 μg/g.


Objective To observe the anti-hypertension effect of selecting Taichong(LR3) as the major point plus its common-meridian acupoint on the spontaneous hypertension rat(SHR), and to explore the effect of acupoint compatibility on the action of acupoints. Method Ninety SHRs were randomized into a model group, a non-acupoint group, Taichong group, Neiguan(PC6) group, Taichong plus Neiguan group, and Taichong plus non-acupoint group, 15 rats in each group. The acupuncture needles were retained in acupoints for 30 min, once every day, 15 times in total; the model group didn't receive acupuncture treatment. The blood pressure was examined on the day 1, 3, 7, and 15 of the acupuncture treatment. Result The non-acupoint group didn't show significant anti-hypertension effect. On the day 3, 7, and 15 of the acupuncture treatment, the reductions of systolic blood pressure(SBP), diastolic blood pressure(DBP), and mean arterial blood pressure(MBP) of Taichong group, Neiguan group, Taichong plus non-acupoint group, and Taichong plus Neiguan group were significantly different from those of the model group(P0.01,P 0.05); on the day 15, The reductions of SBP, DBP, and MBP of Taichong plus Neiguan group were superior to those of Taichong group, Neiguan group, and Taichong plus non-acupoint group(P0.01,P0.05). On the day 1, 3, 7, and 15, the reductions of SBP, DBP, and MBP in Taichong plus Neiguan group were statistically significant(P0.01,P0.05), and the reductions on the day 15 were significantly better than those on the day 1, 3, and 7(P0.01). Conclusion Acupuncture at Taichong and Neiguan has better anti-hypertension effect than acupuncture at single acupoint or at Taichong plus non-acupoint. Meanwhile, it's found that the anti-hypertension effect of acupuncture is an accumulative effect.


Recent studies have suggested that micronutrients such as magnesium, manganese and copper etc. have beneficial effects on metabolic syndrome (MetS)‐related disorders. The objective of this study was to evaluate among magnesium, manganese and copper intakes, and investigate the relation with risk of MetS among Korean adults using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2007–2008. A total of 3,103 adults (male: 1,140, female: 1,963) who aged 19–49 years were included in the analysis. MetS was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria with a modified waist circumference cutoff (male ≥90cm; female ≥85cm). In females, subjects with high glucose had lower manganese intake than those without such abnormalities (p=0.0366). Also, among male subjects, the OR of MetS in the subjects in the highest copper intake quartile were 0.91 (95% CI: 0.46–1.80) times lower than those in the lowest quartile after adjusting for age, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity and energy intake (p for trend=0.0316). However, no associations were observed between magnesium intake and MetS incidence in our subjects. These finding suggest that copper and manganese intakes may be associated with a decreased risk for MetS in the general Korean adults.


Hybrid structures combining conjugated organic molecules and inorganic semiconductors hold the promise to merge the better of two worlds. To achieve optoelectronic functionality exceeding that of the individual constituent, both the electronic and the optical properties of the hybrid interface must meet certain requirements. Charge redistribution occurring upon deposition of conjugated organic molecules on semiconductor surfaces modulates the electrostatic potential at the hybrid interface. Here we show at the example of ZnO-based hybrid systems that even minuscule charge redistribution is accompanied by a profound modification of the excitonic absorption of the semiconductor. The changes in the optical spectra are detected in real time by differential reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) during the deposition of the molecules. Appropriate modeling of the spectra yields the magnitude of the change of the electrostatic potential. Our findings provide insight into the subtle interplay between optical and electron...


Ultrathin 2-nm-thick carbon coatings are needed to increase the storage density in magnetic hard disks. We show how x-ray reflectivity, surface Brillouin scattering, resonant Raman scattering, and electron energy loss spectroscopy can measure consistently the structural and mechanical properties of these thin films. 2 nm films retain a Young's modulus of 100 GPa.


ABSTRACT The purpose of this research was to articulate the pressures faced by USA higher education leaders lived experiences and the relationship to problem definition, attention focus, and strategy choice. A conceptual Model of Strategy Choice by Higher Education Leaders is proposed to capture the dynamics between exogenous pressures and problems and leaders' choice of strategy, and decision-making. The model addresses two social processes (sense-making and decision-making) associated with reproducing and altering institutional logics. The findings highlight distinctions between conventional, pre-transformative, and transformative leadership thinking and their association with different dimensions of problem definition, organizational learning, and strategy choice.


Background Understanding trends in public attitudes towards people with mental illness informs the assessment of ongoing severity of stigma and evaluation of anti-stigma campaigns. Aims To analyse trends in public attitudes towards people with mental illness in England and Scotland using Department of Health Attitudes to Mental Illness Surveys, 1994–2003. Method We analysed trends in attitudes for 2000 respondents in each survey year (6000 respondents in 1996 and 1997) using quota sampling methods and the adapted Community Attitudes Toward the Mentally Ill scale. Results Comparing 2000 and 2003, there was significant deterioration for 17/25 items in England and for 4/25 items in Scotland. Neither country showed significant improvements in items between 2000 and 2003. Conclusions Public attitudes towards people with mental illness in England and Scotland became less positive during 1994–2003, especially in 2000–2003, and to a greater extent in England. The results are consistent with early positive effects for the 'see me' anti-stigma campaign in Scotland.


With today's increasing competition and desire for innovation in our society, engineering schools must also improve students' creativity. However, according to a prior study (Genco, Holtta-Otto, Seepersad, 2012), the creativity of mechanical engineering students decreases over the course of an engineering program as measured through the originality of ideas for a design problem outside the mechanical engineering domain. In this paper we seek to answer two questions. First, how does the creativity of mechanical engineers change over time, as measured against four standard metrics of creativity – quantity, quality, variety, and novelty? Second, how do different bio-inspired design methods enhance student performance? This paper provides a high level summary of the project. To answer the first question, we provide evidence from two data sets: a within-subjects and between-subjects longitudinal study that analyzes and compares students who have generated solutions for the same design problem during their freshman and senior years. For both the within-subject and between-subject data, there is an increase in the variety of solution and the number of high quality solutions. In contrast to the prior study, using a slightly different quality metric, we observe a decrease in average quality likely due to the participants searching a larger portion of the solution space. Also in contrast to the prior study, we observe no change in average novelty and an increase in the number of highly novelty solution found by seniors. The design problem within this study is clearly within the domain of mechanical engineering so it may be that students learn to be more creative as they progress through the engineering curriculum within their domain, but decrease in creativity for design problems outside their domain. To answer the second question, we provide evidence from a biologically-inspired design course. This study, conducted over two semesters, evaluates the effects of a senior level Bio-Inspired Design course and various methods of performing bio-inspired design. Students learn 5 methods: Directed Method, Case Study, AskNature.org, BioTriz, and Functional Basis Keyword. Each method is compared through the quantity of ideas, quality, and number of solutions generated. The results show various strengths and weaknesses associated with each tool. The students were also given Carberry et al's Engineering Design Self-Efficacy survey before and after the course to assess the effects of the course. The results show increases in confidence, a high level of motivation, and decreases in anxiety in conducting engineering design.


The relationship between intelligence and memory has been investigated mostly from the perspective of relatively short-term memory. This study focused on the relationship between intelligence and the longest term memory, the individual's reported earliest recollection. Age of earliest memory and three measures of intelligence were obtained from 66 university students. Significant relationships were found for two of the three measures of intelligence. Possible interpretations and related findings are discussed.


Experimental determinations have been made of the peak optical gain as a function of spontaneous recombination current density for GaAs quantum wells of width 25 and 58 A bounded by AlGaAs barriers. These data were obtained from measurements of spontaneous emission spectra, observed through narrow windows in the 50‐μm‐wide contact stripes of oxide isolated lasers, using only a single reference value of the optical absorption coefficient above the band edge to calibrate the measurements in absolute units. These results are in good agreement with gain‐current curves calculated using a model which includes unintentional monolayer well width fluctuations, band‐gap narrowing and intraband carrier‐carrier scattering. The characteristic intraband scattering time is calculated from first principles as a function of electron energy and carrier density on the basis of a 2‐dimensional Auger‐type process. This lifetime gives a much better representation of our observed spontaneous spectra than a lifetime which is sim...


The present study is concerned with static and free vibration analyses of laminated functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composite rectangular plates on elastic foundation based on nth-order shear deformation theory. Four types of carbon nanotubes distributions along the plate thickness are considered, which include uniformly distributed and three other functionally graded distributions. Governing differential equations are derived by means of Hamilton's principle. The differential quadrature method is developed to formulate the problem, and rapid convergence is observed in this study. A numerical comparison with available results in the literature is carried out to show the validity of the proposed theory. Furthermore, effects of the carbon nanotubes volume fraction, thickness side ratio, aspect ratio, foundation parameters, different thermal environments, the number of layers, lamination angle, boundary condition, and carbon nanotubes distribution types on the static response of laminated functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composite plates are also investigated.


The issue of the subjects that are conducting the educational activity is set forth in the given article. The standard comparison of the Federal law of 29.12.2012 № 273 "About education" and the laws "About Education" of 1992 and "About the higher and postgraduate professional education" of 1996 is given. It is noted that the new law expands the circle of the subjects having the right to conduct the educational activity; the legal opportunities of access of "non-educational" organizations to the educational activity are fixed.


In this article, we propose a networked control architecture to ensure the plant's safety in the presence of cyber‐attacks on the communication channels. In particular, we consider systems subject to both state and input constraints that must be preserved for safety reasons despite any admissible attack scenario. To this end, first, two different detectors are proposed to detect attacks on the setpoint signal as well as on the control inputs and sensor measurements. Then, an emergency controller (EC), local to the plant, is designed to replace the networked controller whenever an attack is detected. Finally, the concept of robust N‐step attack‐safe region is introduced to ensure that the EC is activated, regardless of the detector performance, at least one‐step before the safety constraints are violated. It is formally proved that the plant trajectory is uniformly ultimately bounded in an admissible region regardless of the attacker's actions and duration. Finally, by considering a continuous‐stirred tank reactor system, numerical simulations are presented to show the proposed solution's capabilities.


With the new thinking and view of sustainable development, the concept of rainwater resource is appearing. The pattern of urban rainwater comprehensive utilization in Anyang City can change rainwater drainage to ecological circulation and reutilization, which can solve the problems such as the increasing amount of rainwater runoff because a city enlarges, the increasing investment year by year into facilities of controlling flood and draining flooded fields and shorter and shorter supply of urban water resource. Comprehensive utilization of rainwater will play a great role in dispelling urban heat islands, reducing the groundwater funnel area, improving the urban environments of nature, ecology and atmosphere.


We present measurements of the Brownian motion of long, fluorescently labeled DNA molecules and observe power-law scaling of the diffusion coefficients with chain length


This paper develops readily applicable methods for estimating the intrinsic dimension of multivariate datasets. The proposed methods, which make use of theoretical properties of the empirical distribution functions of (pairwise or pointwise) distances, build on the existing concepts of (i) correlation dimensions and (ii) charting manifolds that are contrasted with (iii) a maximum likelihood technique and (iv) other recently proposed geometric methods including MiND and IDEA. This comparison relies on application studies involving simulated examples, a recorded dataset from a glucose processing facility, as well as several benchmark datasets available from the literature. The performance of the proposed techniques is generally in line with other dimension estimators, specifically noting that the correlation dimension variants perform favorably to the maximum likelihood method in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency.


prevent people from becoming moral rebels, can be mitigated by the same over-the-counter pain killers that we use to treat a sprained ankle or a mild headache. Although I highly recommend this book and think it is particularly well suited for undergraduate teaching, like all works it has limitations. Its focus on social psychology and neuroscience, for example, at times leads to an overemphasis on individual characteristics at the expense of broader sociological forces. Apart from the network study highlighted above and a brief discussion on the relationship between neighborhood efficacy and emergency aid, the book often fails to link the individual determinants of moral rebellion to broader institutions, networks, or group affiliations. In part this can be explained by the fact that most of the work reviewed by Sanderson is conducted in countries that are western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic. It could therefore be worthwhile to complement Why We Act with more comparative work that examines cross-cultural differences in micropsychological processes to shed light on how broader societal forces shape dispositions toward obedience, authority, social exclusion, peer pressure, and immoral behavior. This should not distract, however, from how successful Sanderson is in what she sets out to do.


In this paper, a realistic thermal-hydraulics of nuclear reactor was visualized by adopting multi-physics approach. Multi-dimensional thermalhydraulics in the reactor core was calculated by coupling the reactor kinetics code. Thermal-hydraulics were obtained by the CUPID code which is aimed for the analysis of transient two-phase flows in nuclear reactor components. For neutron kinetics behavior, two different codes were taken into account: MASTER code based on neutron diffusion code and the DeCART code to consider transport effect. In addition, different methodologies for multi-physics simulation according to which neutron kinetics code is applied were explained in detail. Steady state power distribution of nuclear reactor was considered for the preliminary calculation.


Two methods to achieve the formal aldol reaction between acetone and two oxabicyclic [3.2.1] ketones are reported. The trimethylsilyl-protected beta-hydroxy ketones are converted by a Wittig reaction into vinyl chlorides as synthetic precursors to alkylidenecarbenes. Selective 1,5 C-H over 1,5 O-Si insertion has been applied to the synthesis of a model for the ABC ring system of ingenol.