To the Editor: Over 30 patients have been documented with interstitial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 17. The deleted segments consistently involve the band pll .2 (Patil & Bartley 1984, Smith et a]. 1986, Stratton et al. 1986, Popp et a]. 1987, Hamill et al. 1988, Lockwood et al. 1988, de Almeida et al. 1989, Colley et al. 1990, Moncla et al. 1991). To date, computerized tomography findings of the brain in this deletion syndrome have rarely been described (Smith et a]. 1986, Lockwood et al. 1988, Shimogaki et al. 1990, Moncla et al. 1991). A female infant with 46,XX,del( 17) (pl1.2pl1.2) and abnormal features of the brain is reported here. The patient, an 1 I-month-old Japanese female, was the fourth product of a 27-year-old gravida 4, para 3 mother and a 29-year-old father, who were nonconsanguineous. The previous pregnancies resulted in three healthy females. Pregnancy and delivery were uncomplicated except for varices in the right leg. She was born at 39 weeks of gestation. Birth weight was 3342 g, length 48.5 cm, and head circumference 33.5 cm. She was first examined by us at 3 months of age because of failure to thrive. She had a small membranous ventricular septa1 defect (VSD) and dysmorphic features. Routine chromosome analysis revealed no abnormality. At 6 months, the VSD spontaneously closed. Reexamination of chromosomes was performed at 8 months because she was developmentally delayed; 17pwas disclosed. She was hospitalized on 3 occasions for acute bronchitis. At 11 months, her body weight was 6.8 kg (-2.3 SD), her height was 69.5 cm ( 1.4 SD), and the head circumference was 43.5 cm (1.1 SD). She was hardly able to sit alone without support, although she was interested in her surroundings. She had a developmental quotient of 65. The main clinical features included brachycephaly with an open anterior fontanelle (1.5 cm x 1.5 cm), midface hypoplasia, broad nasal bridge, short palpebral fissures, mongoloid slant, long eyelashes, high-arched palate, carp-shaped mouth, abnormal dentition, low-set ears with an overfolded superior helix, spatulate thumbs, slightly stubby fingers, and coccygeal sinus (Fig. 1). Her muscle tone was decreased. Deep tendon reflexes were normal. Computerized tomography of the head demonstrated dilated third, fourth, and lateral ventricles, mega cistema magna, and hypoplastic vermis and pons (Fig. 2). She responded slightly to sounds, although auditory brain stem responses could not be performed because of recurrent otitis media. Ocular fundi, EEG, ECG, systemic bone survey, and IVP were unremarkable. Examination of the complete blood count, blood chemistry including CPK, thyroid function, immunoglobins, and urine yielded normal results. Dermatoglyphics were abnormal: distal axial triradii (t') and an accessory digital triradius (d') on the left hand (Table 1). Chromosome analysis was done from peripheral lymphocyte culture at 8 months of age. The karyotype of the proposita by GTG high resolution technique (Ikeuchi 1984) was 46,XX,de1(17) (pl1.2 pl 1.2). At 1 1 months, subsequent chromosome analysis was performed on cultured skin fibroblasts using high resolution GTG banding with thymidine block and deoxycytidine release (Hiramoto et al. 1990). The same karyotype as that of lymphocytes was disclosed (Fig. 3). Chromosome analysis of her parents was not permitted. Our patient had interstitial deletion of 17~11.2 associated with brain abnormalities. Computerized tomography of the head has been performed in only five previous cases: one had calcifications in the basal ganglia with a markedly elevated value of parathyroid hormone (case 1 of Lockwood et al. 1988); others had a normal result (patient 3 of Smith et al. 1986, case 3 of Moncla et al. 1991). The remaining two cases had mega cisterna magna, and one of them also had dilatation of lateral ventricles (Shimogaki et al. 1990). Our patient had


With the fast development of mobile technologies and wireless Internet access, video streaming share grows rapidly. New HEVC (High Efficiency Video Codec) standard was introduced by ITU-T in 2013. It increases compression rate and, in the same time, computational efforts. Thus development of efficient decoding systems for mobile platforms becomes actual problem. This paper is dedicated to analysis of possible issues which arise during design of the important decoder's component - task scheduler. In particular, opportunities of HEVC decoding parallelization on mobile devices using GPGPU (General Purpose Graphics Processing Unit) technique are considered.


In the present work, we have studied the conversion reactions of primary and secondary C1−C4 alcohols over trimethyl phosphite modified ZSM-5 zeolites possessing only weak acidity and the results were compared to those of unmodified HZSM-5 catalyst. FTIR experiments on the conversion of methanol clearly showed that the formation of carbon monoxide can take place via two different reaction mechanisms depending on the amount of water present in the reaction system. We believe that the conversion of methanol to dimethyl ether and then to CO takes place even on the weak acid sites, but that the conversion of dimethyl ether to hydrocarbons requires stronger acidity. Therefore, in the conversion of small alcohols (methanol and ethanol) over the trimethyl phosphite modified ZSM-5 carried out in a flow reactor, the formation of ethers was dominant, and no further conversion was observed due to the incapability of weak acid sites to catalyze the formation of hydrocarbons. In the case of higher alcohols the product...


Polymeric foams with electrical conductivity represent a novel and very interesting class of materials rather sporadically studied. In this study, the feasibility to prepare electrically conductive Rigid Polyurethane (PUR) foams at various densities using multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) at varying contents was investigated. The produced PUR/MWCNT foams exhibited electrical conductivity over a wide range of densities and nanofiller contents. The effect of these two parameters on the electrical conductivity of the final foam system was studied. To explain the behavior, Statistical Percolation laws were employed. Model parameters were elaborated for both cases showing that the percolation model can adequately describe the behavior. The foaming process is analyzed in further detail to assist in the explanation and understanding of theexperimental observations. Finally, a material design map is proposed for the preparation of electrically conductive foams. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers


Data and scripts are provided in support of the manuscript "Efficient inference of paternity and sibship inference given known maternity via hierarchical clustering", and the associated Python package FAPS, available from www.github.com/ellisztamas/faps.

Simulation scripts cover:
1. Performance under different mating scenarios.
2. Comparison with Colony2.
3. Effect of changing the number of Monte Carlo draws

The final script covers the analysis of half-sib arrays from wild-pollinated seed in an Antirrhinum majus hybrid zone.


The unification of the fundamental forces in nature, along with the big bang model, leads to the existence of cosmological phase transitions in the early universe. These transitions might have ...


Abstract An important disconnect in the news view of fluctuations is the lack of consistent evidence suggestive of significant macroeconomic effects of news shocks. Findings from estimated DSGE models that in theory allow news shocks to matter quantitatively suggest that they do not. This disconnect can be resolved once we augment a DSGE model with a financial channel that provides amplification to news shocks. Our results suggest that news shocks to the future growth prospects of the economy are significant drivers of U.S. fluctuations, explaining as much as 50% and 37% of the variance in hours worked and output, respectively, in cyclical frequencies.


Several Mediterranean pine species introduced to South Africa have become invasive plants which displace native flora and deplete limited water resources. A proposal to release host-specific, seeddestroying insects to arrest these pine invasions has created a potential conflict with the lucrative forest industry which is predominantly based on pine species from North America. A survey of European cone insects revealed that pine cones are heavily damaged by larvae of a cone weevil, Pissodes validirostris (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). To determine the host specificity, weevils were collected on 10 pine species throughout Europe. Adult responses to European and North American Pinus species were recorded using both natural choice tests and no-choice tests. Cone use was significantly dependent on the larval host of the weevils with adults originating from northern and alpine pines ( P. sylvestris group) being incapable of developing on Mediterranean pines (P. pinaster and P. pinea) and vice versa. Neither group of beetles utilized cones of five-needle pines or P. patula. Observations of adult maturationfeeding on seedlings produced similar patterns of host specificity. Morphometric and genetic (mitochondrial DNA) analyses on the different populations confirmed that P. validirostris probably consists of a complex of sibling species specialized on different host pines rather than a single generalist species. Therefore, cone weevils originating from P. pinaster appear to be suitable for release in South Africa.


The results of a theoretical treatment are given for the effect of intraparticle diffusion on the Michaelis-Menten kinetic behaviour of enzymes entrapped in spherical hydrogel particles. It is shown that curvature in Lineweaver-Burk plots may be expected, and that the influence of particle size on the activity of entrapped enzymes may be predicted. The effectiveness factor is discussed and analogies with heterogeneous catalysis noted. Experimental results are presented for the hydrolyses of model substrates by gel entrapped trypsin, β-galactosidase, glucose oxidase and urease which are consistent with the theoretical treatment.


The National End of Life Care Programme has published its guide to improving the care of dying people in care homes. Here, we discuss how it can help optimize end of life care in your home.


We demonstrate a tunable electromagnetically induced reflection (EIR) effect with a high Q factor based on a complementary bulk Dirac semimetal (BDS) metamaterial structure in the terahertz region. The proposed design is composed of wire-slot and split-ring resonator slot structures, which serve as radiative and subradiative elements, respectively. Destructive interference between the two elements gives rise to a reflection peak with a high Q factor (∼87.6), enabling sensitive terahertz sensing, in which the sensitivity of the proposed BDS sensor is 302.5 GHz per refractive index unit, and the figure of merit value is ∼19. Interestingly, the EIR window in the BDS metamaterial structure can be dynamically controlled by changing the Fermi energy without reoptimizing the structural parameters. Therefore, our work may open up the possibility for various terahertz functional devices, such as tunable sensors and switches.


Online customer participation has been increased as social media has been developing. Consumers participate actively online community writing online reviews, so online reviews are one of the important factors consisting reputation economy. Online consumer review is considered as a strong word-of-mouth, and it affects decisions of other consumers. Online reviews include various information and opinions like quality, discount, user experience, and complaints on products, services, and company. Even young parents communicate not only individual but also social issues in online parenting community. This study examined the factors influencing the response of online reviews in parenting community. To do this, 1,470 comments and reviews were collected in Moms-Holic, the biggest online community of parenting in Korea. Using content analysis, number of read, number of reply, product item, brand, information contents, contents direction, picture, characteristics of information were analyzed. As results, number of reply, necessary item, local brand, availability of pictures, and real experience contents affect the number of read of the review. Implications are suggested in the conclusion.


Wei Xi's A Wine-seller's Biography collected in Yuchu New Collected Legend which is written by Zhang Han,a literary-sketch writer in the Qing Dynasty is an excellent biography.The protagonist Guo Jie was a common wine seller who gained his wealth through making wine.He had never cheated others and was honored as a "wiser".Also,he helped and supported the poor and the weak and paid the debts for others.Besides he could deal with his wealth wisely and face the life and death directly.So he is a benevolent seniority and also a far-sighted wiser.We can learn a lot from Guo Jie in the process of developing our social market economy and also in the promotion of cultural and ideological progress and a harmonious society.


The utility model relates to the field of vehicle suspensions, in particular to a vehicle suspension auxiliary part. A commercial vehicle suspension lowering device comprises a shock absorber, a pressure energy storage tank and a liquid storage tank. An upper oil cylinder of the shock absorber is provided with an upper oil outlet and an upper oil inlet. A lower oil cylinder of the shock absorber is provided with a lower oil outlet and a lower oil inlet. A decompressing valve is arranged on a piston of the shock absorber. The upper oil outlet is communicated with the pressure energy storage tank through an upper oil outlet pipeline, the lower oil outlet is communicated with the pressure energy storage tank through a lower oil outlet pipeline, the liquid storage tank is communicated with the upper oil inlet through an upper oil inlet pipe, the liquid storage tank is communicated with the lower oil inlet through a lower oil inlet pipe, one-way valves are arranged on the upper oil outlet pipeline, the lower oil outlet pipeline, the upper oil inlet pipe and the lower oil inlet pipe, and control valves are in parallel connection with the one-way valves on the upper oil outlet pipeline and the lower oil inlet pipeline. The commercial vehicle suspension lowering device is capable of lowering the height of a suspension without the need of external energy, brings convenience to loading and unloading of heavy goods, and saves energy resources.


Graph neural networks (GNN) present a dominant framework for representation learning on graphs for the past several years. The main strength of GNNs lies in the fact that they can simultaneously learn from both node related attributes and relations between nodes, represented by edges. In tasks leading to large graphs, GNN often requires significant computational resources to achieve its superior performance. In order to reduce the computational cost, methods allowing for a flexible balance between complexity and performance could be useful. In this work, we propose a simple scalable task-aware graph preprocessing procedure allowing us to obtain a reduced graph such as GNN achieves a given desired performance on the downstream task. In addition, the proposed preprocessing allows for fitting the reduced graph and GNN into a given memory/computational resources. The proposed preprocessing is evaluated and compared with several reference scenarios on conventional GNN benchmark datasets.


Abstract Geranium section Brasiliensia (Geraniaceae) consists of three species centered in Southern Brazil: G. arachnoideum, G. brasiliense, and G. glanduligerum. Fruits with "Erodium-type" dispersal have been found in all species of section Brasiliensia, which allows classifying this section within subg. Erodioidea. Diagnostic morphological features are analyzed and compared to other sections of Geranium subg. Erodioidea. No new characters explaining phylogenetic relationships within subg. Erodioidea or supporting its monophyly are found. A new key is provided, as well as new and detailed descriptions. Geranium brasiliense and G. glanduligerum are here illustrated for the first time. Three lectotypes are designated, and a distribution map is presented.


In this study, the influence of manganese substitution on the photocatalytic activity of heterogeneous Fe3-xMnxO4 catalyst were investigated. The Fe3-xMnxO4 catalysts were synthesized through co-precipitation method at varies manganese (Mn) substitution ratio (x) of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5, respectively. The photocatalytic performance of the resultant catalysts were tested in photo Fenton-like degradation of AOII dye in the presence of 22Mm H2O2 at initial pH of 3. Interestingly, discoloration of 95.9% AOII was achieved at optimized x value of 0.3. Enhancement of nearly 98% was observed compared to pristine catalyst (x=0) which was able to degrade up to 48.4% only. In addition, it also demonstrated that the AOII degradation kinetic using Fe3-xMnxO4 catalyst at x=0.3 by photo Fenton-like reaction was fitted well with the first order reaction kinetic (k = 0.018 min-1 and R2 = 0.9862). Thus, it can be suggested that the substitution of Mn into the matrix of iron oxide provides a positive influence in enhancing the overall photocatalytic peformance of heterogeneous Fe3-xMnxO4 catalyst during the photo Fenton-like reaction.


observation. The essays challenge readers to ask crucial first questions about the matters and lives that take up our concerns. Included in this is the expanse of our data as biblical scholars. The Bible is taken here to be a key to liberation and incarceration. It is an exhibition of a people's past and a projection of desired futures. We witness the Bible bringing both healing and death. Latent in these analyses is the question of how the Bible is made to mean so much. Furthermore its threading of these concerns in regard to black lives and women's stories is so compelling that further quietude on such matters would be heretofore conspicuous. Womanist theological scholarship has confounded the assumption that only black, Christian women can substantively engage womanist thought. The sociocultural lifeways of Maparyan ("raised in the Bahá'í faith" while informed by many other traditions as well, pp. 331-32), Sakenfeld (a "white feminist," p. 349), and Kaalund ("Indian," p. 211) among others demonstrate a similar expansiveness in imagining the interpretive circle of womanist biblical studies. Thus, the work's bibliography is remarkably diverse in terms of intellectual contributions and interpreters. It must be said that this beckons reciprocation from sectors of biblical studies where homogeneity persists. On the whole, the collected essays present readers with a useful sampling indicative of womanist biblical scholarship. It is an excellent addition to classes on biblical interpretation and a great resource for those wanting to stay abreast of recent developments in biblical studies.


We have analyzed the motion of a bouncing ball by representing it through an equivalent mass-spring system executing damped harmonic oscillations. We include the property of elasticity of the system by the force constant (k) and viscous damping effect causing loss of energy by damping constant (c). By including these two factors we form a differential equation of the equivalent mass-spring system of the bouncing ball. This equation is then solved for studying the properties of under-damped harmonic motion. These properties are expressed in terms of experimentally determinable physical quantities like contact time, coefficient of restitution etc. At room temperature we have used our analysis for two types of balls-rubber (lawn-tennis and squash balls) and plastic (table-tennis ball). All the experiments have been performed using special audio and surface-temperature sensors that were interfaced through USB port with the computer.


The ability of the majority of drugs currently in use to diffuse rapidly throughout the body has meant that they can be delivered by a variety of routes with little assistance from delivery systems or devices, other than to maintain stability and ensure uniformity of dose. Two broad categories of agents require additional assistance: large hydrophilic molecules, especially if they are labile or rapidly cleared in their native state, and drugs with a high toxicity. The latter need targeting to specific sites reducing to a minimum the exposure of non-target tissues. This aim is far from achieved in most cases, in spite of the efforts over decades. The former require carrier systems (polymers, particles, dendrimers, vesicles) to ensure protection form hostile enzymes and conditions in vivo, or even to secure absorption also by new routes. These might include uptake through the lymphoid tissue of the gut, nose, bronchus etc, or the tight junctions between epithelial cells or by receptor mediated endocytosis. Carrier particles can provide the locus for the attachment of specific ligands to aid specific interactions with cell surfaces. There have been proposed many targeting strategies but sober examination of the success, as measured by target tissue/plasma ratios often reveals only modest trends to specific uptake. Some complexes like antibody-drug complexes have been disappointing because their molecular bulk and poor diffusional characteristics have been less than optimal and because, for example, tumour antigens either change in the course of disease progression, or are not expressed on accessible surfaces. Biopharmaceutics has in the last 30 years taken the subject of pharmaceutics, which was very materials oriented into the area of understanding the interactions of delivery systems with the body, in terms of absorption and distribution. Molecular biopharmaceutics is the development of this trend where interactions between carriers and targets are sought at molecular level. The interaction of drugs has long been considered in this way, but the increased complexity and size of carriers means that new science has to be learned, for example about the cooperativity involved in the interactions between carriers bearing perhaps several hundred specific ligands with multiple cell surface groups. New materials for new carriers are also required to ensure that we can build specific supramolecular structures of defined properties and dimensions to achieve uptake. Nature has evolved many ingenious systems to deliver endogenous molecules to desired sites. We would do well to understand and replicate the super efficiency of neurotransmitter vesicles, for example, in the search for biomimetic systems, or systems which respond to stimuli preferably generated by the pathological tissue being targeted. Nanotechnology and its application to pharmaceutical science will bring rewards in the design of systems and devices. Submicron-scale devices have already been fabricated as reservoir systems; three-dimensional printing technology now allows the production of micro-precision 'tablets'. On another level, there is the need to individualise therapy for a patient population varying in age, ethnicity and pathologies; we must invent a simple patient profile which will be useful to prescribers and pharmacists in the choice of the most appropriate delivery system. Without these macro-developments the microand nano-scale progress will be to little avail. The prospects are good, but the challenges great.


Family practitioners consider social support to be a significant resource for individuals and family members encountering stress. There has, however, not been an adequate way to assess an individual's or a family's perception of the social support they are receiving. A new definition of social support is presented, along with a way to measure two dimensions of social support: (a) the kinds of support available, such as emotional support; and (b) the sources of support, such as friends. The instrument described here has been used most extensively with first-time parents, but has potential as an aid for therapists and educators to help individuals and families in other contexts and roles.


PURPOSE: An apparatus and method for operating a portable information terminal are provided to reduce unnecessary power supply by operating on a system in case that a user pushes a determined area of a touch panel for a fixed time. CONSTITUTION: A touch panel coordinate recognition unit(202) recognizes whether a touch panel coordinate value of a system operation area set on a touch panel is pushed. A touch panel pushing time check unit(204) confirms whether the coordinate recognized by the touch panel coordinate recognition unit(202) is pushed for a fixed time. A control unit(206) receives determined signals from the touch panel coordinate recognition unit(202) and the touch panel pushing time check unit(204), and controls a power supply unit(208), which provides the power to a system.


The effect of a single injection of hydroxyurea (HU) on cell population kinetics in the jejunal crypt of the rat was studied using autoradiography with tritiated thymidine and metaphase arrest with vincristine. HU appeared to act selectively on cells in the S phase producing inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell death. The deficit in proliferating cells was made good by a decrease in cell cycle time and an increase in growth fraction. Particular attention was paid to the basal, slowly cycling (and possibly clonogenic) crypt cells; early in the recovery sequence an increase in cell production rate was found in the base of the crypt.


To reduce the complexity involved in achieving the intricate motion and hence complexity mechanism, a new concept of Micro Flapping wing Rotor is firstly proposed to achieve active flapping and passive rotary motion. Secondly, aerodynamic analysis is made to understand schematic principles of this MFWR. Thirdly, parametric study (flapping amplitude, flapping frequency and initial angle of attack) using Theodorsen's theory for lift prediction makes a significantly role for aerodynamic characteristics. At last, the prototype of a piezoelectric drive mechanism is designed and tested to compare the experimental data with theoretical values. The comparison shows that the lift prediction is closer to the experimental results.


Dexamethasone (DEX) is used to treat several diseases and medical conditions in both animals and humans. But the administration of synthetic glucocorticoids, including dexamethasone, as a treatment, brings about endocrine misbalance. Such a disequilibrium underlies pregnancy complications. The current study investigates effects of High Dose of DEX (HD) (1.125 mg) and Low Dose of DEX (LD) (0.562 mg) on Progesterone (P), Progesterone Receptors (PR) and Calcitonin (C) in domestic pregnant does (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Sixty pregnant does were caged in the animal house and divided into six groups; A, B, C, D, E and F (n=10). These groups are treated as follows: Groups A and B (as an experimental groups) were daily injected by (1ml) from day 5 to 9 of gestation (dG) with HD and LD, respectively; whereas group C was injected by (1 ml) of sodium chloride (0.9%) (as a control group). Then, all the groups (A, B and C) were dissected at 10 and 28 dG.


The stability under pressure of the charge-density-wave in the insulating phase of YNiO3 was studied by infrared spectroscopy and synchrotron diffraction techniques up to 23 GPa. YNiO3 undergoes a pressure induced insulator-to-metal transition at approximately 15 GPa in the pressure domain, coinciding with the melting of the charge ordered phase. The optical band gap is non-zero above 15 GPa, as is the case above the reported insulator-metal transition (585 K) in the temperature-domain. There is a similarity between the infrared spectral profile around 15 GPa and the infrared spectral profile above ca. 700 K. We conclude therefore that the pressure-induced structural/electronic transition induced around 15 GPa, probably having an as-yet unreported counterpart in the temperature domain at a temperature in excess of 585 K.


In spin caloritronics, ferromagnetic samples subject to relatively large in-plane temperature gradients ∇T have turned out to be extremely interesting. We report on a preparation technique that allows us to create freely suspended permalloy/Pt hybrid structures where a scanning laser induces ∇T on the order of a few K/μm. We observe both the anisotropic magnetoresistance at room temperature and the magnetic field dependent anomalous Nernst effect under laser heating. The technique is promising for the realization of device concepts considered in spin caloritronics based on suspended ferromagnetic nanostructures with electrical contacts.


Nationwide, only 24 percent of community college students earn a degree or certificate within three years of matriculating.1 Students who enroll in summer classes at the end of the freshman year are more likely to persist and graduate.2 Summer enrollment enables students to earn additional credits, reducing the time it takes to earn a degree. Summer enrollment also keeps students engaged in school, which may reduce the likelihood that they will drop out between spring and fall. Despite these potential benefits, only 30 percent of community college students enroll in summer courses, leaving much room for improvement.3


Abstract.
 The adults and gall of the sexual generation of the oak gall wasp Disholcaspis quercusmamma (Walsh and Riley) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) are described and matched with the alternate asexual generation for the first time. We also provide notes on the taxonomy, life history, and mode of sex determination of these insects. Chalcidoid parasitoids reared from the sexual generation were Sycophila dubia (Walsh) (Eurytomidae), Torymus denticulatus Breland (Torymidae), Mesopolobus sp., and Pteromalus sp. (Pteromalidae). This rearing of T. denticulatus is a new record for Colorado and a new associate of D. quercusmamma.


Three Sigma Leadership is a practical guide through the challenges of leadership. It provides an overview of 24 key leadership skills, each described fully and backed with relevant real-life experiences from the author's career.


We present a new ray tracing primitive---a curved ribbon, which is embedded inside a ruled surface. We describe two such surfaces. Ribbons inside doubly ruled bilinear patches can be intersected by solving a quadratic equation. We also consider a singly ruled surface with a directrix defined by a quadratic Bézier curve and a generator---by two linearly interpolated bitangent vectors. Intersecting such a surface requires solving a cubic equation, but it provides more fine-tuned control of the ribbon shape. These two primitives are smooth, composable, and allow fast non-iterative intersections. These are the first primitives that possess all such properties simultaneously.


Western scholar is called Yin official conduct,one is the self-discipline of the inexpensive and poor regions of the official life is hard,but to be honest.The second is to the government public management frontier pay attention to " work".Thirdly,XU Min Jen,work is for the people.Fourth,body 's loyalty,fight for this country always loyal to publicity personality.Because of our so spiritual ideal attitude to act,they also won the respect of people with a permanent memory.


We analyzed the role of the nitrate transporter-encoding gene (nrtA) of Aspergillus oryzae by gene disruption. Southern hybridization analysis indicated that homologous recombination occurred at the resident nrtA locus. Real-time PCR showed that the nrtA gene was strongly inducible by NaNO3. The nrtA disruptant did not exhibit normal growth when nitrate was available as the sole nitrogen source. These results indicate that NrtA is essential for nitrate uptake in A. oryzae. Kojic acid (KA) production was inhibited by the addition of a small amount of sodium nitrate. The nrtA-disrupted strain was deficient in the uptake of nitrate. As a result, KA production in this strain was not considerably affected by the presence of nitrate. Graphical abstract The expression levels of the KA biosynthesis genes (kojA, kojR, and kojT) increased markedly in the nrtA-disrupted strain in the presence of nitrate.


The scientific community's growing interest in green marketing research can be traced through the abundance of published literature on the topic. However, there is still a lack of a comprehensive and systematic research focusing on the evolution of this field. The main objective of this paper was to consolidate the state-of-the-art research on green marketing through a bibliometric study of articles published from 1977 to 2020, and to analyze and present the results from the perspective of growing trends in the field; productive and influential countries, institutions, authors, articles, and research journals; keywords; authorship patterns; and international collaborations. The study results indicate a gradual increase in green marketing research from 1977 to 2020, more so in the last five years. A total of 1025 scholarly documents were published in 634 journals during this period and listed in the Web of Science (WOS). The top 10 most productive countries were then analyzed. A great number of institutions from both developing countries (in terms of article count) and developed countries (in terms of citation scores), were compared. Finally, based on keywords and a three-factor analysis, it was concluded that green marketing, sustainability, sustainable development, environment marketing and sustainable marketing have attracted extensive attention during the past decade as keywords.


An estimated 6% of pregnant women receive prescription topical corticosteroids (TCS), which are pregnancy risk category C. Animal studies show teratogenic effects, but data are limited and conflicting regarding use in pregnant women. Investigators performed a retrospective cohort study using data from the U.K. National Health Service. They documented type and dosages of TCS prescriptions filled at pharmacies by 2658 pregnant women over a 7-year period, who were …


The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of motivational climate intervention task on sports ability beliefs, self-determined motivation and boredom in phys - ical education classes. We used a sample of students in the sixth grade of primary school, aged between 11 and 12 years ( M = 11.53, SD = 0.50), which was divided into an experimental group with a transmitted climate task (n = 20) and a control group ( n = 20) with no manipu - lation. In the experimental group, the results revealed a signiAcant increase in incremental ability belief and self-determined motivation. In addition, the ability of an entity belief and boredom signiAcantly decreased. The control group showed a signiAcant decrease in self-de - termined motivation.


In this article, I studied how we can heal resentment (㝨) and regret (恨) in the present and future world that are deeply rooted in our society, and I sought out the theoretical and practical measures to realize peace and mental well-being of the Korean people. For this purpose, firstly, I reinterpreted the content of 'Hongik Ingan Humanitarianism (弘益人間)' as an idea and its practical methods into a critical perspective, and confirmed that it is the ideological and emotional root of the Korean people. And I looked at concrete action plans for the present and in the future. Next, I studied the contents of the 'Accompaniment Society (大同社會)' for studying abroad and how to realize its ideals. Through this process, it was confirmed that Accompaniment Society is also deeply rooted in the sentiments of the Korean people. I also found out that more active and * 안양대학교 교수, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com 132 󰠐대순사상논총 제30집 / 연구논문 practical theoretical methodological studies are necessary to heal the resentment and regret common in our society. Lastly, I studied the fundamental and essential meaning of 'The Resolution of Grievances for Mutual Beneficence (解冤相生),' the major, representative concept of 'The Truth of the Great Itineration (大巡眞理).' Through this process, I confirmed the possibility that the Resolution of Grievances for Mutual Beneficence could be transformed into a universal value and could be sublimated to a practical norm in the future. In particular, I found that the logic of "the Resolution of Grievances for Mutual Beneficence" is highly practical in resolving feelings of resentment in the Korean people. Through the above study, 'The Resolution of Grievances for Mutual Beneficence' of 'The Truth of the Great Itineration' can emerge as a 'win-win' system of ethics in the future through the synthetical comprehension of the ideals of 'Hongik Ingan Humanitarianism' and Accompaniment Society.


Medicine and human health are closely related, so the development of the pharmaceutical industry has attracted public attention.Since the reform and opening up, with the rapid development of our national economy, improve people's living standards, the health needs of the growing, the development of China's pharmaceutical industry is facing a very good opportunity, usher in a bright future. However, there still exist some problems and challenges need to be solved. This paper analyzes the current situation and opportunities for the development of China's pharmaceutical industry, explores the problems and challenges existing in the process of its development, and puts forward some countermeasures, to promote the rapid development of China's pharmaceutical industry, health, protect the health of the masses.


Interband and intersubband transitions in self-assembled InAs quantum dots embedded in an InGaAs graded well have been investigated for their use in visible to mid-infrared (0.4 - 20 μm) detection applications. The materials were grown by molecular beam epitaxy and characterized using atomic force microscopy and photoluminescence. Devices were fabricated from the multiple quantum dot structures in order to measure the normal incident photoresponse at 77 and 300 K. In addition, the dark current was measured in the temperature range of 77 - 300 K for the devices. A dual broadband photoresponse from the interband and intersubband transitions was measured to be 0.5 to 1.0 μm and 2.0 to 14.0 μm, respectively.


[Objective] The aim was to discuss the feasibility of indoor microclimate regulation by water curtain filtration and negative-pressure pumping longitudinal ventilation,to provide basis for standard rabbit hutch excogitation.[Methods] The rabbit hutch with water curtain filtration and negative-pressure pumping was chosen with the one with an axial flow fan in room,the variation of indoor temperature,humidity,ammonia concentration and air velocity were determined when the relevant equipments were turned on.Finally,the reproduction numbers,death numbers and input-output of baby rabbits were stated and compared in both hutch.[Result] The differences of hutch temperature were significantly compared with that in the control hutch(P0.05);ammonia concentration had extremely significant differences(P0.01);and a radical rise was in reproduction rate of mother rabbit,while death number of baby rabbits and unit production cost decreased significantly.[Conclusion] The equipment of water curtain filtration and negative-pressure pumping can control indoor microclimate effectively,and is an economical method that give consideration to cooling and ventilation,which is worth for extension in Southern China.


Literature shows a distribution of importance in the economic losses after earthquakes of: a) structural elements, b) nonstructural elements, and c) contents. These reports correspond to buildings used like hotels, offices and hospitals, same that keep very important contents in value, and not necessarily the typical furniture and contents that are lodged in a house. Additionally, there are studies on structures built in the west coast of the United States and Japan. This work presents a methodology to determine the percentage of participation of these three headings in masonry houses of two levels and buildings of apartments of up to four levels for the city of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. In order to elaborate the proposed methodology were used: data of field, information of the population censuses 2005, studies of market, and statistical tools. The obtained results show the distribution costs for structural and non structural elements of typical houses and apartments in the south part of México.


In this chapter, the authors present MatCos 3.0 software aimed at the primary school. First, the pedagogical-didactic and training bases on which the construction of the software is based will be exposed, albeit briefly. All the buttons on the user interface and all the axiomatic and genetic commands available are presented. The method used is a direct presentation aimed at technical use. Some pedagogical-educational observations will be given. Numerous examples and screenshots will be given. The commands will not be displayed in strictly alphabetical order, but a more logical and consequential line has been preferred. At the end of the chapter, the alphabetical list of all the commands available in the programming environment will be shown.


We implemented the free energy from adaptive reaction coordinate forces (FEARCF) method and applied it to the conformational investigation of carbohydrate ring puckering. The method allows for significantly enhanced sampling of reaction coordinate space. The free energies associated with the ring pucker motion of β‐D‐ribose (a furanose) and β‐D‐glucose (a pyranose) were calculated. These can be used to interpret catalytic mechanisms of glycosylases.


W e present results for spectroscopic factors ofthe outerm ost shells in 40 Ca and 208 Pb,which have been derived from the com parison between the available quasielastic ( e;e 0 p )data from N IK H EF-K and the corresponding calculated cross-sectionsobtained within a fully relativistic form alism .W e include exactly the e(cid:11)ect ofCoulom b distortion on the electron wave functions and discussitsrolein theextraction ofthespectroscopicfactorsfrom experim ent. W ithout any adjustable param eter, we (cid:12)nd spectroscopic factors of about 70% ,consistent with theoreticalpredictions. W e com pare our results with previous relativistic and nonrelativistic analyses of( e;e 0 p ) data. In addition to Coulom b distortion e(cid:11)ects we discussdi(cid:11)erentchoices ofthe nucleon currentoperatorand also analyze the e(cid:11)ectsdue to the relativistic treatm entof the outgoing-distorted and bound nucleon wave functions.


Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder manifested by abnormally
high levels of blood glucose, resulting in hyperglicemia that affected on the oral
cavity, leading to periodontitis. The junctional epithelium (JE) is the epithelial
component of the dento-gingival unit that is in contact with the tooth surface,
located between a non-renewable tooth surface and gingival connective tissue. In
addition, apoptosis is a highly regulated form of programmed cell death that can
be triggered by various signals and is characterized by well-defined morphologic
changes and biochemical features. Caspase-3 is involved in the underlying
mechanisms of apoptosis and the activation of caspase-3 is considered to be the
final step in many apoptosis pathways. Hence, the aim of this study was to
investigate the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) on the expression of caspase-3
and the thickness of JE.
Sixteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were used, and divided equally into two
groups: Group I, as diabetic groups that injected intraperitoneal by streptozotocin
(STZ). Group II, as negative control groups. Measurement of blood glucose levels
were analyzed before and at 2, 4 weeks after STZ injection. In addition, JE
thickness and expression of caspase-3 were examined too after 2 and 4 weeks. JE
was stained by hematoxylin eosin (H&E) staining for thickness measurement and
the immunohistochemistry by using anti-caspase-3 antibody for caspase-3
expression measurement, and examined under light microscope. The results were
analyzed by Two Ways Anova and Least Significant Difference (LSD) tests.
The results of the present study were showed that decrease of JE thickness
and increase of caspase-3 expression followed with increasing of the diabetic
duration. Thus, there were significant different in the thickness of JE between all
groups, except in control groups after 2 and 4 weeks and caspase-3 expression of
JE between all groups, except in control groups after 2 and 4 weeks, and diabetic
groups after 2 and 4 weeks (P > 0.05). It can be concluded that diabetes mellitus
(DM) affected on the thickness and caspase-3 expression of JE and suggested that
high expression of caspase-3 were associated with the diabetes-induced apoptotic
cell death resulting in reduction of JE thickness.


In t h i s s tudy . w e tes ted and comparcd several state-of-art machine-learning niethods for au tomated classification of obstructive lung diseases based on t h e fea tures from text,ure analys is using HRCT (High 1Zesolution Computerized Tomography) images. I-IRCT can provide accura te images for t h e detect ion of various obstructive lung diseases, including centrilobular emphysema, panlobuclar emphysema and constrictive bronchiolitis. Fea tu re s on t h e HHCT images. however, can be sub t l e , part icularly in t h e ear ly s tages of d isease . and image based diagnosis is subject to jnter-observer variat ion. In order to suppor t t h e clinical diagnosis and improve i t s accuracy. t h r ee different types of au tomated classification sys tems were developed and comparcd based on t h e classification performance and clinical applicability. Not only Bayesian classifier, a typical kind of s ta t i s t ic method, b u t also ANX (Artificial Neural Network) a n d SVM (Suppor t ' This work w a s suppor ted by t h e Second S t a g e of Rrain Korea 21 Project in 2007. Department of Industr ial Engineering, Seoul National University. Email : s h k a n g @ s n u . a c . k r "' Depar tment of Industr ial Engineering, Seoul National University. Emai l : sp ic io3Bsnu.ac .kr Vector Machine) were employed. We tested these three classifiers for the differentiation of normal and three types of obstructive lung diseases. The ANN showed the best performance of 86.0% overall sensitivity and there is significant difference among other classifiers (one-way ANOVA, ~ ( 0 . 0 1 ) . In discussion, we addressed what characteristic of each classifier made differences in the performance and which classifier was more suitable for clinical applications and proposed appropriate way to choose t h e best classifier and determine i t s optimal parameters to discriminate the diseases bet ter . This result can be applied to the classifier for differentiation of other diseases.


This paper presents a systematic constraint-based approach to the topology design of large motion range XY flexure stages. A generic parallel-kinematic constraint pattern is proposed with consideration to important performance metrics such as error motions, actuator isolation, and stiffness variation. Single DOF flexure modules are employed as constraint elements to construct XY flexure designs based on the proposed constraint pattern. Variations in the choice of constraint modules and the degree of geometric symmetry result in the evolution of high-performance flexure stages. Tradeoffs in performance are highlighted as these designs are discussed and compared. Analytical prediction and experimental measurement of the performance of a selected design are presented.


This paper assesses the role of the 4th and 5thNational Assembly in the domestication of treaty instruments in Nigeria. Using both primary and secondary data, it argues that treaty making was an important means by which the National Assembly participated in foreign policy in the 4th and 5th Assembly. However, frequent discord between the executive and the National Assembly, external influence on the Assembly, politicization of treaty Bills and the lack of political will on the part of the legislators were important drawbacks that impacted on the performance of the National Assembly in domesticating treaties. It is recommended that since treaties are indispensable instruments in formalising external relations, the executive should improvise the involvement of the National Assembly at negotiation levels in order to close knowledge and communication gaps between the two arms of government. In the same vein, the National Assembly should expand the scope of public consultation and participation in the process of legislating treaty Bills so that treaties domesticated can be more acceptable to the people.


Currently, microplastic pollution poses a great threat to diverse ecosystems. Microplastics can potentially change soil characteristics and impact soil microorganisms, and then affect the production of CO2, CH4 and other greenhouse gases. However, experimental study on different ecological soils is lacking. Herein, we experimentally analyzed the CO2 and CH4 production potential affected by four types of microplastics in freshwater (Poyang Lake in Jiangxi province, paddy soil in Hunan province) and saltwater (Salt marsh in Shandong province, mangrove soil in Fujian province) ecosystems. Microplastics promoted CO2 production, of which polyethylene terephthalate (PET) had the greatest impact. In our study, the microplastics that had the greatest impact on CH4 concentration emissions were high-density polyethylene (1276 umol·g−1·L−1), followed by polyvinyl chloride (384 umol·g−1·L−1), polyethylene terephthalate (198 umol·g−1·L−1), and polyamide (134 umol·g−1·L−1). In addition, the largest impact on CO2 concentration emissions was displayed by polyethylene terephthalate (2253 umol·g−1·L−1), followed by polyvinyl chloride (2194 umol·g−1·L−1), polyamide (2006 umol·g−1·L−1), and high-density polyethylene (1522 umol·g−1·L−1). However, the analysis results based on one-way ANOVA showed that CO2 emission was most significantly affected by soil properties rather than microplastics types. In comparison, the influencing factor on CH4 production changed from soil types to the interaction between soil types and microplastics, and finally to the microplastics with the increase in incubation time. Further, by comparing CO2 and CH4 production and Global Warming Equivalent (GWE) affected by microplastics, freshwater ecosystems were more sensitive than saltwater. For all the soil types used in this study, high-density polyethylene had the greatest impact on CH4 production potential. In conclusion, our study provided basic data for further understanding the effects of microplastics on soil greenhouse gas emissions from different sources.


Susan Bisom-Rapp is aJ.S.D. candidate and a Wien Fellow at Columbia University School of Law. Her work is funded, in part, by a dissertation grant in women's studies provided by the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation. The initial draft of this essay was written for a graduate seminar in legal education taught by Professors Peter Strauss and Carol Liebman during fall semester 1993. This article was written in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of the Science of Law in the Faculty of Law, Columbia University. My sincere thanks go to Peter Strauss, Martha Fineman, Mark Barenberg, Lance Liebman, and two anonymous Journal of Legal Education referees for constructive commentary and encouragement. I would also like to thank the 1 10 law professors who took time to respond to the survey that forms the basis for this essay.


The fish community structure of Weija Reservoir after twenty eight (28) years of impoundment was investigated to formulate management strategies and interventions for sustainable fisheries development. Monthly fish sam-pling was undertaken with gill nets of various mesh sizes from March to December 2005. Sixteen species repre-senting 11 genera and 7 families were recorded, indicating declining fish species richness due to disappearance of marine species and restructuring of the fish community in response to change from riverine to lacustrine con-ditions. Cichlid, mainly, Tilapia guineensis and Hemichromis fasciatus and Cyprinids, mainly B. macrops supp-orted about 69.6 % of total weight (mass) and 93.8 % of total number. About 37.14 % of all fish species ever recorded from the reservoir have disappeared and about 6 % have appeared, indicating that the fish community is undergoing restructuring. Semi-pelagic omnivores and aufwuchs-detritus herbivores constituted the most im-portant trophic groups accounting for about 65 % of both total weight and number. The Forage/Carnivores (F/C) ratio of 4.97 and 2.43 in terms of weight and numbers indicated acceptable ecological balance among the fish population. For effective fisheries development, regular biological monitoring of the major fish species, contr-ol of unapproved fishing practices and anthropogenic activities that accelerate habitat destruction and environm-ental degradation must be instituted.


In this paper, Three generalizations based on a basic fractional inequality are given, some related results are generalized and improved.


The article analyzes symbolic contents of the political relations, and place and role of the political parties in them. The first part of the paper reveals value of the symbolic components in the social and political integration of the society. The author analyzes in details interpretations of the 'symbolic' idea in the symbolic interactionism, structural functionalism and poststructuralism theories. The second part of the work deals with the political parties' functioning in the symbolic space of the Russian politics. Basing upon the sociological analysis the author concludes that the modern parties are not just political institutions, but symbols of the new political hyper-reality, in which there is no real political struggle, only the symbolic one. The parties don't defend or struggle for something real, they mimic the political struggle and feign opposition.


The purpose of this study is to compute view factors for a finite rectangular box type enclosure by using the discrete-ordinate method. A transparent medium is enclosed by the walls, which are opaque and black. A protrusion may exist in the system that reduces the radiant exchange between some of the surfaces due to shading. The discrete-ordinate weights and directions based on the spatial divisions on the boundary surfaces are derived. The effects of the number of spatial and angular divisions on the accuracy of view factor results are studied. Whether there is shading in the system or not, view factors for a three-dimensional rectangular geometry can be obtained by using the discrete-ordinate method. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 28(2): 129–137, 1999


Objective:To Compare the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis(2D-PAGE)with cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)of Parkinson's disease patients and control group(patients with headache),and to find out the disease-specific proteins(DSPs)which are closely correlated with Parkinson's Disease. Methods:proteins extracted from CSF were run in immobilized pH gradient isoelectic focusing(IPG-IEF)at the first dimension,and then run in vertical flat sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PA GE)at the second dimension. The protein spots in gels were visualized by silver staining protocol followed by gel scanning and analysised by Pdquest 8.0 software.Then differentially displayed protein spots were searched and identifiyed by MALDI-TOF-MS.Results:Three DSPs were found and they were Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B,Apolipoprotein E and E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Conclusion:There were different protein expressing in 2D-PAGE of Parkinson's disease and control group.These proteins may be the DSPs of Parkinson's disease and may be taked as biomarkers of Parkinson's disease.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To eliminate a printing failure such as interference fringes in a machine such as a xerographic printer using coherent irradiation as exposure source by suppressing or eliminating intense specular reflection from an interface between an undercoat layer and a substrate. SOLUTION: A multilayer photoreceptor 20 is provided with a substrate 11 and an undercoat layer 12 covering the substrate 11. As to the surface roughness of the substrate 11, the substrate 11 is formed being so set that the core roughness depth Rk is in a range of 0.1-0.7μm, the centerline average roughness RZISO of five upper crests and five upper roots is in a range of 0.1-1.2μm, the average inclination Da of all the crests of a roughness curve is smaller than 0.08μm, and the size average value Ra of all the crests and roots is in a range of 0.05-0.5μm. At the time of coating the formed base substance 11 with the undercoat layer 12, the addition of a film thickener and humidification are dispensed with.


Objectives: To study the viscosity index for oil used as biodegradable lubricant using tree methods.
Methods: Viscosity index for oil used as biodegradable lubricant (coconut oil, soybean oil, corn oil, rapeseed oil) was determined using a set of Schott Ubbelohde-type viscometers selected according to the values of their constants, so that the margins of the uncertainty, inherent in the Hagebach–Couette correction, does not exceed the error allowed for the measurements. The measurements were carried out at 40 ± 0.1 and 100 ± 0.1 °C, according to the recommendation of ASTM D2270.
Findings: The viscosity index of soybean oil is the highest and the viscosity index of rapeseed oil is the lowest. The viscosity index determined with the calculator for coconut oil is one unit higher than that obtained by the formula (1). The viscosity index of corn oil determined with relation (1) is 151, and the one determined by computer is 25 units higher. The viscosity index of rapeseed determined with relation (1) is 143, and the one determined with the computer program is 23 units higher. The viscosity index determined for soybean oil determined using the program has a negative value. The viscosity oils used as biodegradable lubricant were determined using tree methods: ASTM D 2270 and method graphically using ASTM D 341. Viscosity index calculation was performed with a computer program using kinematic viscosity at 40 °C and 100 °C. The viscosity-temperature coefficient for oils used as biodegradable lubricant can vary by a factor of 10 depending on the temperature. The viscosity of oil oils used as biodegradable lubricant is dependent upon temperature. Viscosity decreases as temperature increases because the molecules vibrate more, and interact less.
Application: The three methods for determining the viscosity index can be applied both to vegetable oils used as biodegradable lubricants and to oils of SAE class. The term biodegradable lubricant includes a wide range of lubricants, such as: vegetable oils; hydrogenated vegetable oils; vegetable oils with high oleic acid content; synthetic esters produced from vegetable oils.
Keywords: Viscosity Index, Viscosity-Temperature Coefficient.


a computer worm is malicious software that has the capability to spread and replicate itself into a computer network. A polymorphic worm is a specific type of worm that changed its structure in every appearance or new instance. A polymorphic worm is considered as one of the most dangerous threats over the Internet because it is hard to detect. It also has the ability to change its payload in every new infection of every new victim to avoid detection by security systems. This survey paper reviews and discusses the recent methods that are used to detect and generate automatic signature for zero day polymorphic worm.


The invention provides a biological tissue puncture device and a biological tissue puncture method. The biological tissue puncture device comprises a first tube body and a second tube body, wherein the first tube body comprises an injection tube, a piston and a first syringe needle; the injection tube is filled with a medicine; the second tube body comprises an extracting end, a sampling tube and a second syringe needle; and the second syringe needle is a dual-head syringe needle and comprises a capture end and a collection end. The collection end, in the extraction end, of the second syringe needle punctures and runs through the interior of the sterile and negative-pressure sampling tube, and the sampling tube captures a specimen of a sampled tissue in a differential pressure manner through the capture end of the second syringe needle. The medicine in the injection tube can be injected before the first syringe needle and the second syringe needle puncture the surface of the sampled tissue and after the first syringe needle and the second syringe needle are extracted out of the sampled tissue but before leaving the body surface, so that the risks of diffusive infection and even metastasis of pathological cells are avoided.


We investigate the possibility of increasing students' performance and motivation in e-learning through choice: allowing students to choose educational material and questions while learning online. We ran a user study in which 5th grade students were repeatedly able to choose between a pair of math questions that were chosen from ascending skill levels based on performance. Our results show that students answered more difficult questions and obtained better grades when they were allowed to choose the questions than a baseline approach which did not allow choice. Also, we found a strong correlation between the skill levels that were obtained by the students in the choice based system and their class grades. Finally, most students preferred the choice system over a non-choice system.


Key Points Question Does implementation facilitation promote increased adoption of medications for opioid, alcohol, and tobacco use disorder in HIV clinics? Findings In this randomized clinical trial of 3647 patients with opioid, alcohol, or tobacco use disorder, during short-term follow-up compared with the control period, implementation facilitation was not associated with a statistically significant increase in observed provision of medication for opioid use disorder (27% vs 28%) or alcohol use disorder (8% vs 13%). There was a significant increase in provision of medication for tobacco use disorder (33% vs 40%). Meaning These findings suggest that implementation facilitation can increase provision of medications for alcohol and tobacco use disorder in HIV clinics, although additional efforts may be needed to improve its impact, especially for medications for opioid use disorder.


Tumors of the rectum can be primary or metastatic, as observed with the other organs. Primary cancer of the rectum is not rare and accounts for one-third of all cases of colorectal cancer. Invasion of a cancer originating from other pelvic organs might also be seen. Beyond malignant diseases, rectal polyps are reported with a prevalence of 750% in the general population, especially in older patients (1). Congenital and developmental cysts, diffuse cavernous hemangioma, infiltrating forms of endometriosis, and lesions secondary to inflammatory processes may be found in the rectum as well. Diffuse cavernous hemangioma is a rare, benign vascular malformation. It consists of a network of vascular structures located in the intestinal wall, but it can also infiltrate the surrounding connective tissues. Diagnosis of rectal hemangioma is very important because of its tendency to cause massive rectal bleeding that may be lifethreatening (2). We describe a patient with infiltrating cavernous hemangioma of the rectum, which mimicked a malignant process. A 50-yearold male patient presented with abdominal distention and lack of appetite; no history of rectal bleeding was defined. Physical examination was normal except for a nodular lesion in the anterior wall of the rectum. Thereafter, an abdominal computed tomography (CT) was performed, which demonstrated a mass causing asymmetric wall thickening in a 5 cm-long segment and invading the connective tissue in the mesorectal and ischiorectal fossa (Figure 1). Additional findings in the abdominal CT were deep inguinal enlarged lymph nodes on the left side, but no sign of vessel thrombosis or pelvic phleboliths. The presence of phleboliths is common in colorectal hemangiomas and is a useful sign in patients, but was absent in our case. According to these findings, pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and endoscopic examination were recommended. Endoscopy of the rectum showed no sign of a mucosal lesion, but revealed a nodular mass thought to be localized in the submucosa in a 6-7 cm segment of the rectal wall. The pelvic MRI of the patient revealed that the mass was tubular with low vascularity. The mass infiltrated the pelvis deeply, causing partial invasion of the left rectal wall and extending to the left gluteal muscular structures (Figure 2). The differential diagnosis of the mass included plexiform neurofibroma, angiofibroma and cavernous hemangioma, and biopsy for histopathologic examination was suggested. Hence, a fine needle aspiration biopsy was performed, and the pathologic examination revealed fibroadipose tissue, which was insufficient for the diagnosis. The mass was resected with abdominopelvic approach. Pathology result of the surgically removed mass was diffuse cavernous hemangioma. The patient has been followed for two years with colostomy, and there have been no further complaints. Follow-up CTs demonstrated the residual mass.


This article describes a new passivation process of Ga2O3, which consists by sputtering, for a vertical GaN p–n junction diode on a free-standing GaN substrate with a field-plate (FP) structure. We demonstrated reduced plasma damage during the sputtering process by cure annealing, and succeeded in improving the breakdown voltage (VB) to −550 V with the FP, compared with VB of −200 V without the FP. Ga2O3 is a suitable material for the FP because its dielectric constant is similar to that of GaN and it is more easily etched than Al2O3, which is used as a conventional insulator.


Key Points Question Are mental health problems during childhood and adolescence associated with health behaviors during adolescence? Findings In this cohort study including 9369 participants, adolescents with self-reported mental health problems at both ages 7 years and 14 years and at age 14 years only were less likely to have at least 9 hours of sleep and to consume fruit and vegetables and reported greater use of social media compared with individuals who had no parent-reported mental health problems at age 7 years or self-reported problems at age 14 years. Meaning These findings suggest that mental health during childhood and adolescence was associated with health behavioral outcomes, and this should be considered in future efforts to improve health behaviors and in noncommunicable disease prevention efforts.


Objective To investigate the effects of chondroitinase ABC injection on motor and acetylcholinestarase(AchE) expressed in the motor end-plate of gastrocnemius in adult rats with spinal cord injury.Methods The spinal cords in T10 of 40 male Wistar rats(10 weeks old) were exposed and the right sites were semi-transected.The left sites were considered as the control(group A),the transected sites were as the injured group(group B) and chondroitinase ABC-treated group(group C).The rats were assessed with Basso,Beattie Bresnahan(BBB) score for ethological test,and sacrificed 3 d,7 d,14 d and 28 d after operation.The AchE expressed in gastrocnemius was detected with zymochemistry staining.Results BBB score in group C was significant higher than that in group B 14~28 d after operation,while the AchE activity in group B and C was lower than that in group A(P0.05),and lower in group B than in group C(P0.05).Conclusion Chondroitinase ABC injection can enhance AchE activity and promote the locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury in adult rats.


Abstract Let $X$ be a connected complex manifold and let $Z$ be a compact complex subspace of $X$. Assume that ${\rm Aut}(Z)$ is strongly Jordan. In this paper, we show that the automorphism group ${\rm Aut}(X,\, Z)$ of all biholomorphisms of $X$ preserving $Z$ is strongly Jordan. A similar result has been proved by Meng et al. for a compact Kähler submanifold $Z$ of $X$ instead of a compact complex subspace $Z$ of $X$. In addition, we also show some rigidity result for free actions of large groups on complex manifolds.


Using hardness measurement and metallography observation,the evolution of microstructure and property of ultra-fine acicular ferrite/bainite Mn-Mo-Nb-B steel during reheating at 500~700℃ were investigated.The experimental results show that the hardness curves of testing steel fluctuate during reheating and isothermal holding.The two hardness peaks appear when holding at 550 ℃ and 650 ℃.While holding at 700 ℃,only single hardness peak is found.The recrystallization occurs at 650℃ for 20 h,when the holding time is 48h,the most of non-equilibrium microstructure transform into polygonal ferrite.However,while holding at 700 ℃ for 48 h,the evolution process is accelerated at each period.Finally,the complete paralleled polygonal ferrite forms as holding for 48 h,but the prior austenite boundaries can be seen to some extent.Compared with the established works,the ultra-fine non-equilibrium microstructure rolled in labs has better thermal stability.


Convolutional Neural Networks stand the current state-of-the-art in image recognition, as well as many computer vision tasks. Nevertheless, these architectures have been shown to be vulnerable to image manipulations, which may undermine the reliability and safety of CNN-based models in autonomous and robotic applications. We present a rigorous evaluation of the robustness of several high-level image recognition models and investigate their performance under distinct image distortions. We propose a testing framework which emulates ill exposure conditions, low-range image sensors, lossy compression, as well as commonly observed noise types. One one side results measured in terms of accuracy, precision, and F1-Score, indicate that most CNN models are marginally affected by mild miss-exposure, heavy compression, and Poisson noise. Severe miss-exposure, impulse noise, or signal-dependent noise, on the other side, show a substantial drop in accuracy and precision. A careful evaluation of some typical image distortions, commonly observed in computer vision and machine vision pipelines, provides insights and directions for further developments in the field.


The present study is fourth in a series that has examined the general perceptions of teachers during various points in their preparation and careers (pre-service field experience, student teachers, and experienced teachers) using journals written by the subjects. First-year music teachers (N=19) teaching in seven states in the US kept a daily journal for a period of seven weeks. Journals included a daily prediction, or expectation score, regarding how they thought the day would go, a brief summary the day's activities, specific comments about the best and worst aspect of their day, and an evaluation score indicating how well that day had gone. Comparisons are made to earlier studies with pre-service field experience students, student teachers, and experienced teachers currently in the field. Recommendations for teacher education programs and directions for future research include support from mentors, training in collaboration and cooperation, and a focus on developing skills in dealing with issues related to the job of teaching and control of student social behavior.


The ability to recognize a familiar sequence, use that sequence to predict future events, and then monitor the prediction's accuracy comprise core cognitive skills whose neural underpinnings are poorly understood. To characterize neural responses associated with prediction-violating events, we asked subjects to learn novel visuomotor sequences. In this task, subjects viewed a disk that traversed a quasi-random sequence of five linear motion components, and then tried to reproduce the disk's path from memory. The fidelity of subjects' imitations improved over four presentations of each sequence. To create unexpected, prediction-violating stimuli, deviant segments were occasionally inserted into a sequence with which the subject had become familiar. A high-density scalp EEG system examined the difference between signals evoked (i) by an expected, predictable motion component, and (ii) by an unexpected component. A realistic head model localized sources of neural activity generated as subjects viewed the two types of motion components. Although ventral pre-frontal areas were active throughout viewing of both expected and unexpected segments, the timing and location of other sources differentiated the two. Cerebellar areas were active only during segments whose directions were expected, beginning approximately 150 ms after the disk began to move. In contrast, during unexpected segments, anterior cingulate cortex showed activation, beginning approximately 300 ms after the disk began to move. The time course of such activation may shed light on processes that integrate sensory input with top-down predictions. Our results suggest that the mechanisms responsible for monitoring the validity of visual predictions for motions in a sequence are similar to those that detect errors in responses, as demonstrated previously in simpler, discrete motor tasks.


We present our investigation of the THz radiation emission from InAs nanowires (NW) grown on a GaAs substrate. We also compare the emitted power of the radiation from InAs nanowires with a p-InAs crystal, a standard THz emitter. The absolute emitted power from InAs nanowires is found to be higher than the THz power emitted from the p-InAs for the same incident power of the infrared excitation. We are investigating the mechanism for this observed power emission enhancement effect.


Public policies in contemporary contexts: national and international Tendencies * (Menicucci, Telma Maria Goncalves and Gontijo, Jose Geraldo Leandro. Gestao e Politicas Publicas no Cenario Contemporaneo: Tendencias Nacionais e Internacionais. Rio de Janeiro: FIOCRUZ, 2016)Organizing an edited volume is an intellectual endeavor that, when wellexecuted, results in a rich collection of perspectives, interpretations and contributions about a given subject, offering the reader valuable material for broadening their knowledge. This is the case for 'Gestao e Politicas Publicas no Cenario Contemporaneo' (Management and Public Policies in a Contemporary Context), organized by Telma Menicucci and Jose Geraldo Gontijo. It brings together articles by specialists and researchers from different teaching and research institutions in Brazil and abroad with experience in areas such as political science, public policy, public administration, sociology, and urban planning, among others. Throughout the 17 chapters, organized in five thematic sections, the authors introduce different frameworks, methodologies and perspectives, supplying the reader with a diversified overview of management and contemporary public policy.The first part of the edited volume brings together four chapters that look at the theoretical and empirical dimensions of governance, emphasizing different aspects of state performance and their interaction with society in the contemporary production of public policies. Jon Pierre's chapter highlights what he considers to be one of today's biggest paradoxes: the reduction of state capacity at the exact moment when society is becoming more complex. The argument developed by Pierre is that political leadership consists of an essential element for re-articulating the role of the government and reestablishing state capacity.Next, Volker Schneider investigates another aspect of governance: the distribution of power in public policy networks. Analyzing environmental policy networks in Germany, he examines the 'post-democracy' thesis, according to which advanced democracies should be in decline. His study reveals changes in the power structure of environmental policy networks, but in the opposite direction to that which would be expected by a 'post-democratic' perspective. This points to a more equitable distribution of power in more recent years.The conceptual debate about governance is next used by Eduardo Marques as the base for his study about urban public policies in Brazil. He introduces the debate about governance in Latin America and problematizes some associations that are commonly found in the literature. Investigating the case of Sao Paulo, he identifies distinct patterns of governance that vary depending on the actors participating, the structure of the decision-making process, and the degree of insulation of the state, among other elements. This contributes to the operationalization of the concept of governance in city-oriented public policy.The theoretical discussion about governance is taken up again by Roberto Pires and Alexandre Gomide, who examine the dimension of state capacity by looking at institutional arrangements for the implementation of public policies. Such a theoretical reflection sustains the empirical analysis about the recent experience of the Brazilian government. Pires and Gomide identify similarities between these programs, such as the formation of a complex network of actors during the implementation process, with an emphasis on the participation of state-owned enterprises and public banks and their interactions with the private sector. They also verify distinct aspects related to the participation of federal entities in the arrangements, openness to social participation, and intra-governmental centralization. Such findings help characterize the model of governance present in the federal government's arrangements of implementation, and contributes to studies about governance and state capacity in Brazil. …


After China joined the WTO, certainty about exports to the US ignited growth in urban areas, write Wenya Cheng and Andrei Potlogea


Abstract Deverbal nominalizations are often said to occupy an intermediate position between nouns and verbs. Here I describe the morphological, syntactic, and semantic properties of three deverbal nominalization strategies in Shiwiar, a Chicham language of Ecuador and Peru. Although nouns and verbs in Shiwiar are clearly distinguished in the grammar, deverbal nominalizations display a combination of both nominal and verbal traits. Furthermore, the three nominalizations types discussed here each have different proportions of noun-like and verb-like characteristics, thereby forming a gradient cline between the two major word classes.


In the hybrid energy storage system of electric vehicles (EVs), supercapacitors (SCs) are configured to supplement high frequency power loads to reduce battery strains. Continuous supply and quick response to power load through bidirectional power control is of great importance to attain power balance and keep the stability of bus voltage. In this paper, we propose a reference modulation based power management strategy to tackle this problem. Specifically, an adaptive SCs reference current regulation is designed to maintain sustainable power supply for SCs. A discrete lead compensator based reference smoothing control technique is integrated in to bottom layer control in order for quick transient response to stochastic power demand. With the designed SCs current regulation and reference smoothing technique, we aim to reduce the fluctuation of bus voltage. US06 driving cycles are applied in simulation and experiment to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.


The influence of color on the "shittori" sensation, a Japanese term defined as the sensation perceived with smooth, warm, and soft for a fabric, were investigated. Two fabric structures such as an artificial leather and a velvet were chosen and six colors were prepared for each structure. The "shittori" feeling for fabrics was evaluated by manipulating fabrics according to the Scheffe's method of paired comparison (modifies method by Nakaya). The color cards were also used to obtain the profile of individual color images and their lightness, hue, and chroma were measured. The "shittori" evaluation of fabrics was influenced by the color. The "shittori" feeling for fabrics were more evoked by tactile sensation than by the color stimuli.


We discuss a membrane-based calculus for the combination of conceptual spaces during runtime. Since our goal is to support emergent properties of behavior (and due to the fact that it is not possible to define a complete calculus for all situations) we introduce the notion of self-modification. Terms from situational description can evolve according to simple rules thus providing various possibilities for reactions.


It would be presumptuous to draw conclusions on the basis of such meager data as we have so far on hand. But for those who care to follow whatever lead may be hinted in this article it may not be amiss to recapitulate the basic features encountered by us during our observations of these cases. There seem to be three main features shared by all the patients included in this study, namely, the origin of the patient, which is the Island of Leyte on the southeastern part of the Philippines, and the common presenting symptom for which they were confined to the Quezon Institute, which is hemoptysis. No two of the five cases presented received the same treatment. One was given Fuadin injections alone, another both Fuadin and Lipiodol, a third Prontosil, a fourth emetine hydrochloride, and one received no treatment in the hospital because of an expressed desire to be treated by a private physician of his own choosing. All told only the patient who received emetine hydrochloride injections manifested clinical cure. This is by no means a blanket indorsement of emetine as the best remedy for these lung-fluke infestations but it does pave the way for further studies on this interesting disease which in our opinion deserves to be included in Dr. King's list of conditions giving rise to roentgenographic shadows (pp. 536–38, October 1949 issue of the American Review of Tuberculosis), similar to that of tuberculosis.


Following Hochschild's The Managed Heart, which emphasized the problematic features that emotional labour had for women flight attendants, a critical literature emerged which focused on the more enjoyable aspects of emotional labour in service employee experience. This article draws on this literature and analyses emotional labour as a gendered cultural performance but takes issue with the individualizing and pluralistic tenor in the post-Hochschild discussions. Using a qualitative and quantitative study of nearly 3000 Australian flight attendants, it focuses on organizational and occupational health and safety variables, as well as sexual harass-ment and passenger abuse — factors barely discussed by Hochschild's critics. The qualitative data indicate that emotional labour is both pleasurable and difficult at different times for the same individual. Gender is still pivotal, as Hochschild suggested, linking emotional labour with sexual harassment. At the same time, the most significant predictors from the quantitative study of whether emotional labour would be costly were organizational. Variables such as whether flight attendants felt valued by the company show that the airline management context is highly influential in the way in which emotional labour is experienced. As a means of understanding the complex relations in this important and eroticized area of service work where flight attendants, airline crews, airline management and passengers have convergent and conflicting interests, the article also deploys a new concept: 'demanding publics', to refer to trangressions of the legitimate boundaries of the service worker.


Celso Furtado's intellectual production on the theme of regional development in the Northeast is well-referenced, so it is necessary to permanently revisit his theoretical and methodological postulates. To this end, we aim to analyze the scientific production available in international and national databases on the concept of Northeastern regional development. Methodologically, it was decided to use the historical method of analysis associated with an integrative literature review, defining descriptors to integrate opinions, concepts and ideas on the theme. It was observed that the works that discuss the researched descriptors are of a longitudinal nature contributing to the concept of regional development in sectorial public policies. In conclusion, Furtado's studies influenced other authors in demystifying that the relationship between drought and the development of the Northeast was only a policy of dependency, as well as the relevance of the author for research on regional development, given his detailed analysis of the theme.
Keywords: Dry. Development policy. Semiarid.


Modified colloidal carbons were prepared by reacting colloidal carbon obtained from rice straw with thermal oxidation, nitric acid and urea treatment. The textural and chemistry characteristics of the surface of non-modified and modified carbons were obtained from nitrogen adsorption at -196oC, elemental analysis and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. The uptake of cationic neutral red (NR) dye from aqueous solutions by these carbons was determined by kinetic and equilibrium experiments. The surface area and the total pore volume decreased, whereas the pore radius increased after the treatment with nitric acid.The surface pH of un–modified carbon was basic while those of modified carbons were acidic. Urea treated carbons with the lowest acidic character and high nitrogen content presented the lowest NR dye uptake capacity. The maximum removal of NR dye was obtained at a pH of 4. The amount of adsorption by the investigated carbons was found to depend on the amount of surface acidity. The adsorption results were analyzed considering Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R) models. The adsorption of NR dye onto the assessed adsorbents is of the physical sorption type following pseudo – first – order kinetic.Nitric acid modification brought about a significant rise in NR dye adsorption which was ascribed to the formation of oxygen containing acidic groups on the surface of adsorbent.The equilibrium adsorption data of NR dye were well fitted with Langmuir and D-R models.


IoTs generally rely on resource-constrained devices to sense, relay, and collect data, which are highly vulnerable to Distributed-Denial-of-Services (DDOS) attacks on network throughput. In this paper, we propose a trust-based method to optimize the network throughput of IoTs under DDOS attacks. Specifically, with the assistance of a small number of dedicatedly deployed defense nodes as defenders, a network controller can first measure the behavior of other IoT nodes and categorize them into three types (i.e., innocent, selfish, and attack) through a well-designed trust evaluation model. Then, a Stackelberg game model is constructed accordingly, where defenders are leaders and other nodes are followers. We carefully define the utilities of the leaders and the followers in the game, and transform the optimization problem of the network throughput into the maximization problem of the defenders' utilities considering the utilities of the followers. We adopt the Dinkelbach Programming (DP)-based algorithm to solve the maximization problem such that a Stackelberg equilibrium can be reached with optimized network throughput. Extensive simulations are performed to demonstrate that the proposed defense method can significantly increase the IoT network throughput under different DDOS attack intensities.


Earnings is one indicator used to estimate management performance. Earnings information is often the target of management's opportunistic manipulation actions to maximize satisfaction. The behavior of management to manage earnings according to their wishes is known as earnings management. This study measures earnings management with the value of Dechow's discretionary accrual model. This study aims to obtain empirical evidence of the effect of information asymmetry, profitability, and the employee stock ownership program (ESOP) on earnings management. This research was conducted at state-owned enterprises listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2010-2019. The population in this research is 12 state-owned enterprises. Determination of samples using purposive sampling technique. Data analysis using panel data regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that information asymmetry and the employee stock ownership program have no effect on earnings management, while profitability has a positive effect on earnings management. The results of this study can theoretically confirm Agency Theory which explains the interests between agents and principles as the cause of earnings management actions as well as Positive Accounting Theory which explains the motivation of managers who practice earnings management.


Introduction. Botulism is a neuro -intoxication caused by a toxin secreted by Clostridium botulinum. Due to extremely high toxicity and lethality, this toxin can be used as an agent in a biological warfare. Case report. We presented six patients, mean age 28.8 years, who ate canned food and in whom the diagnosis of disease was made based on the typical clinical picture. Predominant symptoms were blurred vision, double vision (diplopia), dry mouth and constipation which were present in all patients. The patient whose disease was recognized only after 23 days and who did not receive the anti botulinum serum underwent the longest hospital treatment. All the patients received antibiotics and 4 patients received antitoxin. Neostigmine and enemas were used for the treatment of the disorder of intestinal motility and constipation. Conclusion. The diagnosis of botulinum was made based on afebrility, preserved states of consciousness, double vision, dry mouth and history data on consumption of suspicious food. Polyvalent serum anti botulinum should be applied as soon as possible because it reduces the occurrence of complications, length of hospital stay and mortality rate.


The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of brand personality and the promotional mix to the formation of brand equity.The methods of this research conducted with quantitative methods with the quota sampling strategy sample. The research was conducted in June-September 2011 with the entire student population Rahmaniyah High School Sekayu, with a sample of 350 college students and the scale used is likert. The result of this research shows that the brand personality has a significance impact on brand equity and the promotional mix also has significance impact on brand equity , then there is a dominant impact in the promotional mix . Both variables, both brand personality and the promotional mix are equally significance impact on the formation of brand equity. The results turned out to support the candidate of the ELECTION where Pahri Azhari - Beni Harnedi gained the victory due to the mix of promotional activities during the campaign such as that shown in the results of the analysis of the promotion mix variables and brand equity analysis in which the pair candidate has an average value greater than other pairs of candidates in applying the method of winning the right target


The V(V) catalytic effect on the colour reaction, in which the sodium diphenylamine sulphonic acid salt was oxidized by KClO_(3) forming purple product, was examined in detail. The optimum conditions for determining V(V) were established. The max absorption lambda was 560nm, the sensitivity of determination was 0-0.02 mg/L. This method has been used in determing in the trace amount of V(V) in hair and cake of oil-tea camellia.


The primary hemostatic response involving the platelet-blood vessel wall reaction in mammals resembles, to a significant extent, the basic cellular defense mechanisms of more primitive forms such as invertebrates. Mammalian primary hemostasis appears to have retained a phylogenetic vestige of primitive leukocyte behavior (Salt, 1970). In this evolutionary sense, the platelet might be thought of as a special form of leukocyte. Human platelets contain intracellular granules similar to the classic lysosomes of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (Marcus et al., 1966) and contribute to the inflammatory response accompanying tissue injury by releasing constituents which may alter blood vessel reactivity. Platelets have long been known to contain vasoactive amines which are released upon aggregation. Platelets interact with many types of particulate matter including bacteria and viruses and immune complexes which lead to the release of intracellular constituents, including serotonin (Mustard and Packham, 1970), prostaglandins (Smith and Wallis, 1971), cationic proteins (Packham et al., 1966), and various proteolytic enzymes such as cathepsin A (Nachman and Ferris, 1968), elastase (Robert et al., 1970), and collagenase (Chesney et al., 1974).


This study deals with the relation between traffic assignment and line planning model in railway network. Traffic assignment in railway network means the distribution of OD demand to all lines under assumption that some train operation plans including especially the frequency of each line are given. And then, line planning model calculates the frequency of each line based on the result of traffic assignment. However the inconsistency occurs frequently between the supposed frequency in traffic assignment and resulting frequency of line planning. This study describes the inconsistency between traffic assignment and line planning using some typical traffic assignment models and cost-minimizing line planning model


This is a year of transition for the Next Generation Fire Suppression Technology Program (NGP). The future funding level has been reduced, and the goal has been modified to "develop and demonstrate, by 2005, technology for economically feasible, environmentally acceptable and user-safe processes, techniques, and fluids that meet the operational requirements currently satisfied by Halon 1301 systems in aircraft." The NGP strategy has been updated and can be found at the NGP web site: www.dtic.mil/ngpl. The demands on the new fire suppression technologies have not lessened, but expectations from the NGP were reduced. By FY2001, the NGP would deliver an understanding of how chemicals must interact with flames to be as effective as Halon 1301, appraisal of the world of useful chemicals, identification of the best places to look for alternative suppressants and a first set of "best looks," a suite of screening tests, and a method for comparing the life-cycle costs of new fire suppression technologies. At the end of FY2000, the NGP has completed its fourth year of research, having produced nearly all of these deliverables. The following sections highlight the new knowledge gained from recent NGP research and where the research will proceed from this time forward.


The significance of natural products in the drug discovery and development has been reported extensively. The natural products from mangrove fungi, which are known to be a rich source of bioactive metabolites, are of biotechnological interest. As most of these fungi grow in a unique and extreme habitat, they certainly will play a crucial role in meeting the demand for screening n ov l bioactive compounds. This is the first report on isolation of basidiomycete endophytic fungus, Aphyllophorales sp. (JQ34006) from mangrove plants, Breguiera cylindrica. Among the 44 strains isolated, the ethyl acetate extract of Aphyllophorales sp. exhibited pronounced activity in preliminary antimicrobial screening. The isolated bioactive compound showed an Rf value of 1.5 in Thin layer chromatograpy (TLC) analysis. In high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) a prominent peak was detected at retention time 2.314 minutes. The FT-IR analysis showed the presence of a benzene ring in the compound represented by characteristic functional group vibrations. The isolate exhibited protease activity. The results indicated that further investi gations are still needed to discover other potential of this isolate.


Strobe photographs were taken of over 200 spinning samaras from seven species of trees. These were used to measure the rate of descent, angular velocity, orientation, and other parameters of the samaras as they fell. These data were then used to compare the aerodynamic behavior of samaras, helicopters, and theoretical ideal rotors. Plotting morphological data for each samara against its rate of descent showed that this rate was highly correlated with the square root of the samara's wing loading (samara weight divided by wing-surface area). This plot demonstrated the existence of two distinct groups of samaras, distinguished by their morphology, spinning motion, and rate of descent. These results are of greatest use in characterizing local dispersal


There exists a need for antennas that combine low profile nature and the ability to operate over a multioctave band without appreciable degradation in impedance bandwidth or radiation pattern. The authors present a new antenna configuration which has a height of 1.75 meter and employs either two or three monopole elements in conjunction with a multifeed switching circuit. The antenna system is designed to perform over the 30-450 MHz band.<<ETX>>