ABSTRACT Nivation, the suite of weathering and transportation processes attributed to late-lying snowpatches, is linked to the formation of cryoplanation terraces (CTs). CTs resemble giant staircases arranged in repeating sequences of low-gradient treads and steep scarps that extend over hundreds of meters. The nivation hypothesis of CT development has been supported in recent literature examining weathering and erosion trends, but the mechanisms involved in transporting sediment across CT treads remain underinvestigated. Sorted stripes, a type of patterned ground encountered on CT treads, have been linked to efficient snow meltwater flow across low gradients, indicating that these features could be an important component of CT formation. In this study, we use short-term soil thermal and moisture records, particle-size analysis, and apparent thermal diffusivity calculations to examine periglacial processes operating on two incipient CTs. Initial results indicate that: (1) the coarse (boulder and cobble size) portions of sorted stripes function as subsurface channels for sediment transportation across gently sloping CT treads (generally < 12°) by flowing water; (2) hillslope hydrology is an important component of the erosion processes sculpting upland periglacial environments; and (3) late-lying snowbank environments are highly dynamic during warm weather, with large amounts of sediment transported over short periods.


Restriction fragment length polymorphism of genomic DNA using a repetitive DNA element from Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae as a probe was used to characterize X. campestris pv. zeae, the causal agent of bacterial leaf streak of maize. RFLP analysis of X. campestris pv. zeae revealed a banding pattern distinctively different from that of two other pathovars of Xanthomonas campestris capable of infecting maize.


This work addresses issues related to knowledge about Science in Science education, particularly about the question "what to teach" in relation to metascientific content. We explore the existence of a "Consensus View" (CV) about Nature of Science (NOS) in the literature on the area of Science Education, showing that there are different routes, terminologies, starting points and conclusions when we analyze the literature around this "consensus". We then explore certain characteristics of the CV – related to its form and its content – and present some criticisms already made of it, particularly those regarding the use of declarative knowledge associated with the CV, as well the content of some of the statements. In the final section, we suggest what we consider to be a more open, pluralistic and heterogeneous approach to deal with knowledge about science in the school science curriculum. This approach, based on 'themes' and questions instead of 'tenets', attempts to overcome some of the criticisms previously discussed.


Sickness presence, also referred to sickness presenteeism, applies when the individual goes to work, despite feeling ill. This thesis serves to highlight this fairly new research area in the context of compulsory school teachers in the southern part of Sweden. The response rate of the survey was 37 % (n=71 valid cases). Earlier research states that there are many factors with a connection to sickness presence where sickness absence is one of them. Self-rated health, irreplaceability, work load and work related control are others, which are all related to teachers. The results show that sickness presence is indeed present among the respondents. The results also reveal a connection between sickness presence and sickness absence and a connection between sickness presence and self-rated health. Lastly, a difference occurred in work demands and level of control between teachers employed at municipal and at independent schools. Sickness presence seems to be widespread among the teachers and may play an important role regarding the health of the workforce. A conclusion we draw from this is that it is time to further the field to get a better understanding of what seems to be an important health and work related factor.


The ultrastructure of symmetrical valves oîCentronella reicheltii Voigt, resembling the formerC. rostafinskii Woloszynska, is studied for the first time, and their morphology is compared with the asymmetrical forms. Valve morphology and morphometry of both morphotypes are similar and only differ in the shape and striation pattern of the valve centre and the arrangement of the arm bases. However, since they occur in environments with different trophic status, the new combina tion C. reicheltii f. rostafinskii is proposed for the symmetrical valves, because this distinction may provide ecologically useful information.


In this paper we aim to give a further contribution concerning the analysis of the electromagnetic field of a charge in a gravitational field. This long-standing issue has given rise to a number of paradoxes, solutions to which have been proposed by several Authors, sometimes contrasting each other. Here we focus on the case of a point charge, at rest in the reference frame of a freely falling observer in the Schwarzschild geometry. We discuss the electromagnetic field of such charge as measured by the comoving observer. Working in the Lemaître coordinates, we show that the electric field of the charge does not obey the usual Coulomb law. Instead, a small correction (usually out of the experimental range) gives rise to a distortion in the lines of the electric field, suggesting that the latter lags behind the falling charge, due to tidal effects. We discuss in some detail the results, also in connection with the issue concerning the electromagnetic radiation from the charge and the equivalence principle.


We study the noise properties of ballistic conductors with carriers satisfying fractional exclusion statistics. To test directly the nature of exclusion statistics we found that systems under weakly degenerate conditions should be considered. Typical of these systems is that the chemical potential $\ensuremath{\mu}$ is in the thermal range $|\ensuremath{\mu}|l{3k}_{B}T.$ In these conditions the noise properties under current saturation are found to depend upon the statistical parameter g, displaying suppressed shot noise for $1/2l~gl~1,$ and enhanced shot noise for $0lgl1/2,$ according to the attractive or repulsive nature of the carrier exclusion statistics.


Abstract. The description and illustration of a new case of gynandromorphism in Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) frontalis (Olivier) is presented from a single specimen collected in Tena, Cundinamarca, Colombia and currently deposited at the Museo Entomológico Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia (UNAB). In addition, an updated review and synthesis of the records of gynandromorphy in the subfamily Xylocopinae Latreille is provided. The specimen herein described belongs to the mosaic category of gynandromorphy and correspond to the third record of this species.


The Covid-19 pandemic that has occurred since the beginning of 2020 has had a significant impact on the order of social life and caused a decline in economic performance in most countries in the world, including Indonesia. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on the sustainability of economic life in this country, especially for the lower middle class. With the STAI AL-AZHAR Real Work Lecture (KKN) program, the goal is to empower community entrepreneurs who are affected by Covid 19. This program provides training on how to create fruit peel waste so that it has a high selling value. The result obtained after the STAI AL-AZHAR KKN is to innovate fruit peel waste into eco enzyme


In Missouri v. Holland,' the Supreme Court allowed the federal government to regulate the hunting of migratory birds under a treaty with Canada, even though lower courts had ruled before the treaty that the federal government lacked that power. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes announced for the Court: "It is obvious that there may be matters of the sharpest exigency for the national well being that an act of Congress could not deal with but that a treaty followed by such an act could." The new statute was not "forbidden by some invisible radiation from the general terms of the Tenth Amendment." These broad statements helped trigger the Bricker Amendment controversy in the early 1950s. States' rights partisans in Congress, especially those who then had cause to believe that racial segregation was immune to federal action under the equal protection and commerce clauses, strove through constitutional amendment to close what they saw as a dangerous treaty loophole in the protections of state sovereignty. Bricker failed by a single vote in the Senate, but states' rights issues in the foreign arena are now again at issue, as a result of recent Supreme Court rulings strengthening state powers against federal statutory encroachment. Many of the rulings are based on invisible radiations from the Eleventh Amendment, not the Tenth, but the question remains whether Missouri v. Holland is still good law. And it is not always easy to guess where people will line up in the new battles over federal authority. Most international law specialists, especially human rights advocates, have traditionally been partisans of broad federal power. Some harshly criticized on these grounds the federal government's weak efforts in 1998 to stay the Virginia execution of a Paraguayan national whose case was then before the International Court of Justice (see Breard v. Greene). But many in those same ranks have now seemingly discovered the virtues of states' rights in connection with Natsios v. National Foreign Trade Council? because they approve of the sanctions against Burma adopted by the Massachusetts legislature. The case was just argued in the Supreme Court. Our panel will explore the issues these new developments pose.


Transplantation is now an established form of treatment for organ failure in childhood. Much has been published on the outcome and management of children with organ transplants, the ethical issues have been widely discussed, and the criteria for the diagnosis of brain death have been established. Most transplanted organs are taken from donors who are brain dead but have a circulation and are being mechanically ventilated, and recent publicity has drawn attention to a lack of such donors. Staff working on intensive care units, particularly doctors, have been repeatedly criticised for their lukewarm attitude towards organ donation and their failure to ask relatives of patients for permission to remove organs for transplantation. This criticism is primarily directed at those caring for sick adults but the shortage of organs for donation applies equally to children. The current debate is centred on ways of increasing the number of organs donated; by publicity, by obliging staff to ask relatives about organ donation (required request), or by an opting out scheme to replace the present system of organ donor cards. Surprisingly, there is no information to guide doctors caring for a child who is a potential organ donor. It is assumed that organ donation is a straight forward procedure once brain death has been diagnosed and parental consent has been obtained, but this is not so. An unhappy experience in our own unit recently led to a series of discussions on the subject of organ donation that involved medical and nursing staff and the local transplant team. It became clear that many interests need to be considered, particularly if multiple organ donation is being contemplated: the child and his family, the nurses and doctors responsible for the child's care, the transplant team and its coordinator, the various transplant centres (national and international), the coroner, the pathologist, and the local hospital services such as blood transfusion, theatre, and the mortuary. It was also clear that our unhappiness and unease that had resulted from previous attempts at organ donation arose from divided loyalties and blurring of responsibilities. A series of guidelines were agreed upon and drawn up for future occasions and have since been put into practice successfully. They are presented here in the hope that other paediatricians might find them useful. A few parochial details have been omitted but otherwise the guidelines are applicable to any children's department with intensive care facilities.


The paper presents studies into the kinetics and mechanism of AS12 silumin produced by sand casting, chill-molding, and die casting in acidic and alkaline solutions. The research uses such methods as gravimetry, titrimetry, photometry, and microstructure analysis. Sand-cast specimen demonstrate a coarse-grained heterogeneous structure featuring needle-like silicon precipitates, while the die-cast alloy has a fine-grained and more homogeneous structure. The researchers have analyzed the kinetic dependencies of the corrosion process occurring in the alloy under consideration and describe the AS12 alloy corrosion in solutions of various pH values. It is proven that the silumin casting method does affect its corrosion resistance to various media, as the greater structural hetero-geneity of sand-cast AS12 makes it more vulnerable to corrosion compared to its die-cast counter-part. The data are confirmed by the photometry and titration of AS12 silumin corrosion products. Notably, silumin corrosion in electrolyte solutions is an electrochemical process, where the sili-con/silicon-oxide precipitates and impurities in the grain structure function as cathode areas. Emphasis is made on how the corrosive-medium composition affects the silumin corrosion process. It is found that the high oxidative activity of vanadates causes them to trigger the corrosion process in acidic media, which amplifies the depolarization of cathode areas, thus accelera-ting the corrosion. Regardless of the production method, AS12 is extremely unstable in alkaline media due to the amphoteric properties of aluminum. The paper demonstrates results of analyzing the alloy corrosion resistance as affected by inhibitory additives. It is shown that phosphates effec-tively protect AS12 silumin against the effects of acidic media while not inhibiting those of alkaline solutions.


Tetrabutyl titanate(TBOT),tetraethoxysilane(TEOS),and [3-(methacryloxy)propyl]trimethoxysilane(MPMS-SSO) were used as raw materials for the preparation of Si-Ti hybrid(Si-Ti) coatings,poly[3-(methacryloxy)propyl]silsesquioxane(MPMS-SSO) coatings,and the hybrid of poly[3-(methacryloxy)propyl]silsesquioxane(MPMS-SSO) and tetrabutyl titanate(MPMS-SSO-Ti) coatings by sol-gel method.These coatings were cast onto PPMA to form optical protecting films for PMMA.FT-IR,UV-VIS,pencil hardness,and dynamic scratch tests were used to characterize the structure,optical transparency,mechanical and thermal properties of these films.The results showed that Si-Ti,MPMS-SSO and MPMS-SSO-Ti films could effectively improve the abrasion resistance of the PMMA photo-slices without sacrificing its excellent transparency properties with the MPMS-SSO films showing the best abrasion resistant and the Si-Ti films showing the worst abrasion resistance.It can be reasonably explained why the abrasion resistance of Si-Ti,MPMS-SSO,MPMS-SSO-Ti coatings is in proper order by analyzing the abrasion resistance of the organic-inorganic hybrids from the perspective of surface stress,static sliding friction,dynamic friction.All of the Si-Ti,MPMS-SSO,MPMS-SSO-Ti films shows good thermal stability with MPMS-SSO-Ti film being the best.Hybridization of POSS with regular network structure and TiO2 at a microscopic size plays an important role in abrasion resistance and thermal stability.


The Great East Japan Earthquake of March 11, 2011 had a devastating impact on the northeastern part of Japan. In a quasi-experimental situation, using panel data collected six months after the earthquake from the Japanese Study of Aging and Retirement (JSTAR), this study examines the causal effects of the disaster on both the economic and psychological well-being of elderly survivors affected by the earthquake and tsunami. The results show that the subjective well-being of female survivors in their 60s and of those who had high financial assets significantly dropped. However, people in the other age and gender brackets did not exhibit a significant diminishment in their life satisfaction in the aftermath of the earthquake. These latter results may be due partially to the early economic recovery experienced in the surveyed city six months after the earthquake.


Based on the distributed drive intelligent electric vehicle, considering the collision avoidance effect of the planned path, the path tracking accuracy, and the body stability requirements in the process of steering collision avoidance, this article proposes a control strategy for emergency steering collision avoidance. First, the fifth‐order polynomial method is used to generate collision avoidance paths, and then a designed cost function is used to evaluate and select the optimal collision avoidance path. Second, a decision‐making strategy that integrates multiple risk judgment models is built. Based on the model prediction method, a path tracking controller is built, and an optimization objective function is established to improve the tracking accuracy. In order to ensure the stability of the vehicle body, a vehicle stability controller is designed based on fuzzy theory. Finally, a vehicle‐in‐the‐loop intelligent driving algorithm test platform is built, and the control algorithm is tested through this platform. The test results show that compared with the pure path tracking control method, the control strategy is reasonable and effective and can better reduce the path tracking error and improve the vehicle's driving stability in the collision avoidance process.


In the western Dabie Mountain area, the eclogites have similar compositions and tectonic environment, which could be contrastively researched. Except for the reservation of the early structural deformation inside and outside of the eclogite lens, there is no obvious difference between the characteristics of the foliation and lineation in the eclogite lens from the one in surrounding region. So this paper concludes that the eclogites or blueschists (high pressure metamorphic rocks, i. e. HPM) are basically situated in the original position. The eclogites are mostly superposed by the ductile shear zone and show the feature of structural displacement, but so far we have not discovered any large-scale structural zone to uplift eclogite return. Based on the analyses of finite strain measure, petrofabric analysis and TEM image for some minerals such as quartz and garnet, we could efficiently know the deforming characteristics of the eclogite in the prophase and anaphase of the main deforming epoch, and finally determine the forming condition of eclogite according to the strain and the differential stress. This paper puts forward preliminary conclusion that some HPM rocks could be formed by the deep-layer embedding and local stress concentration in the process of regional metamorphism.


For ambiguous sentences, traditional semantics construction produces large numbers of higher-order formulas, which must then be β-reduced individually. Underspecified versions can produce compact descriptions of all readings, but it is not known how to perform β-reduction on these descriptions. We show how to do this using β-reduction constraints in the constraint language for λ-structures (CLLS).


Three successful experiences of Environmental Education (EE), which have been applied and evaluated in the last four years at the high school level (Centro d...


Dependence of the activity for alkane cracking on the Bronsted acidity of HY and cation exchanged HY zeolites was clearly revealed by the periodic DFT calculation and the experimental confirmation.


Pupils love playtime, but for teachers and supervisors monitoring the activity, it can be anything but a break. Behaviour expert Nicola S Morgan offers some solutions.


Serological differences of Photobacterium damsela subsp. piscicida (= Pasteurella piscicida) isolates were determined using yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) and rabbit antisera. In Oita, Japan, from June to October, 1995, Ph. damsela piscicida was isolated from net-pen cultured diseased yellowtail and sera were collected from fish cultured in the same net-pen. Antisera against formalin-killed cells of three representative isolates were raised in yellowtail and rabbits. The yellowtail antisera were absorbed with homologous or heterologous isolates and used for the agglutinating antibody absorption test. Crude lipopolysaccharides were extracted from the isolates and analyzed by immunodiffusion with rabbit antisera. As a result, three types of antigenic differences were revealed among the isolates by the agglutinating tests with the sera of naturally infected fish and by the absorption tests using yellowtail antisera. Some common and distinctive antigens of the isolates were found by immunodiffusion analysis with rabbit antisera.


The problem of this research is how to increase the writing ability through Problem Based Learning and Project Based Learning in Vocational School in SMK Sri Langkat Tg. Pura Based on their high and low self concept . The objective of this research is to describe the writing process and the writing ability through Problem Based Learning and Project Based Learning Strategy. The method of this research is qualitative descriptive through classroom action research ( CAR ) in three cycles. The objects of this research is the students of class on Vocational School in SMK Sri Langkat Tg.Pura. The result of this research shows that the passing grade of writing in the first cycle is 66,67 %, the second cycle is 72,73 % and the third cycle is 90,48 %. The teacher activities in the first cycle gives the score of 88,9, APKG( Analysis Of Assessment Of Teacher Performence ) in the second cycle is 91,7 and APKG in the third cycle is 95,83. Teacher assessment is assessment of the process and assessment of the result. The conclusion of this research is improving the writing ability through Problem Based Learning and Project Based Learning based on self – concept of the students in vocational class in SMK Sri Langkat Tg. Pura had been increased


About the research of enterprise compensation theory, the academy has gradually formed two opposite opinions-tournament theory and behavior theory. However, how firms do choose the appropriate compensation theory according the different executive types, the existing literature hasn't given a clear answer. This paper makes an analysis of the relation between executive compensation theory and executive types by making a questionnaire survey. The result indicates that the market-oriented executive and the project oriented executive, whose outputs can be easily measured by performance directly, are appropriate to apply tournament theory, while other executive types, whose outputs cannot be easily measured directly by performance, are appropriate to apply behavior theory.


In this paper, an improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) BP neural network model is proposed. For standard particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) is the "premature" and lack of diversity in the late, this paper puts forward an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm (IPSO), using the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm to optimize the BP neural network, which improves the learning ability of the BP neural network and accelerates its convergence speed. The IPSO-BPNN prediction model was constructed by using the BP neural network optimized by improved particle swarm optimization, and was applied to the prediction of residual strength of corroded pipeline. The experiment was carried out by the real pipeline test blasting data set. The results show that the prediction accuracy of IPSO-BPNN is better than that of BPNN and PSO-BPNN.


Gender differences have aroused much attention in the area of pharmacokinetics. Gender differences in pharmacokinetics are the major factors causing interindividual differences in drug therapy. It is helpful to know about gender differences in pharmacokinetics for increasing the safety and efficacy of drug therapy. In recent years, great progress has been achieved in the study on gender differences in pharmacokinetics. The recent results in this area were reviewed in this paper.


Nearly all spinal cord injured patients have ejaculation dysfunctions; only 5-10% of patients with full injury and 25-35% with incomplete injury have ejaculation, which is often retrograde with alterations in both qualityand quantity. The prolonged stasis of the sperm and the sperm cells may lead to the production of antisperm antibodies. The diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms that are applied in spinal cord injured patients are examined in particular. Vibromassage is the first procedure to be advised for all such patients. In the authors' experience results are relatively satisfactory with 66% of patients reporting ejaculation after about 5-10 minutes of vibrostimulation without notable complications. The second method to recover sperm, transrectal electroejaculation (EEJ), has widespread international consent. In patients with incomplete injury general anaesthesia is necessary and the quality and quantity of the ejaculate is less compared to that obtained with vibromassage; furthermore assisted medical procreation techniques are always required. This technique (EEJ) obtains sperm in 88% of cases and is repeatable; freezing the material that is not used for fecundation is recommended. More invasive techniques such as Pesa -Tesa - Tese - Stw or Mesa are rarely used. Assisted reproduction techniques are different according to the clinical situation: a) patients with a total number of sperm exceeding 10 x 10 6 who can use intravaginal insemination techniques b) total number between 0.5 and 10 x 10 6 are candidates for intrauterine insemination techniques (IUI) or in-vitro fecundation (FIVET) c) number less than 0.5 x 10 6 , where intracytoplasmic insemination techniques (ICSI) are recommended. Data has been examined from literature on patients treated with electroejaculation and pregnancy rates vary from 29% to 70%. Semen is obtained in almost all cases using conservative techniques. Knowledge of urinary infections and the substances in the seminal fluids that affect the fertility of these patients should, however, be studied. It is very important for these couples to be assessed also psycho-sexually and socially during application of the assisted medical procreation techniques.


Spatial point pattern analysis was conducted on evergreen broadleaved forest in Tianmu Mountain,Zhejiang province by fractal correlation dimension(D).First of all,a tree-tree distance matrix(Dn×n) was established in accordance with the coordinates of trees.Secondly,distance scale(r) of different step length(△r) and the number of trees N(r) of r was calculated according to the D.Finally,based on the calculation of the correlation dimension D,the spatial point pattern of plant species in the tested area could be calculated.The results showed that point pattern of trees in the study area was clumped,and the correlation dimension could determine the spatial point pattern.


Dyads of the hypsochromically absorbing energy donor benzoperylenetriscarboximide and the more bathochromically absorbing perylenebiscarboximide with various spacers were synthesized by means of the Sonogashira reaction where the transition moments of the donor and the acceptor are orthogonal causing zero for the geometry factor of κ for the simple p-phenylene spacer. Exciton interactions were extinguished; however, the energy transfer by RET (resonance energy transfer) proceeded unaltered efficiently in contrast to the theory where vibronic effects were made responsible therefore. A lateral shift of donor and acceptor by means of a disubstituted naphthalene as the spacer was of no influence. The replacement of the naphthalene by the more electron rich pyrene caused a switch from RET to a photo-induced single electron transfer (SET). RET as a very fast feeder allowed the suppression the formation of triplets of the donor and subsequent the generation of singlet oxygen and allowed to protect the dyad against photochemical degradation. Finally, the influence of the distance between donor and acceptor was studied.


This article advances the notion that wealth creation, innovation and technology (WIT) are cumulative derivatives over time drawing from cultural perspectives that are unique to a nation. We follow qualitative analysis of the factors that affect wealth creation in Zimbabwe. We review and synthesize literature on culture as an endogenous factor affected by intervening variables and yet simultaneously, culture being an exogenous factor of economic development. The paper extends literature on the causal effect of culture and economic development thereby promoting indigenous knowledge systems (IKS), thus providing evidence for the salience of African culture in WIT. The study contributes to the new cultural economics in an in-depth study of an economic possibility story - where Zimbabwe's am bi-cultural influences economic outcomes as a transmission mechanism (Hjort, 2010) from historical to current institutions. We argue that previous models on economic growth, change and development have ignored the role played by culture perhaps this is the reason why Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) and other domestic programmes have not been successful. We aver that to bridge this gap, subsequent models to be adopted should encapsulate the importance of culture in WIT in Zimbabwe. This paper's approach is to combine a literature review and discussion of issues. The analysis in this paper indicates that culturally-specific views of management, are the very origins of comparative-competitive advantage and economic success in wealth creation, sophistication in innovation and technology as they pass through culture in stages, offering economic advantages to architects, which are never revealed to emulators. Until and unless there is a paradigm and mind-set shift that WIT is culturally embedded, Zimbabwe's economic growth will remain stagnant.


Objective:To obtain short peptides which specifically bind to drug resistant cells by means from 7 peptide libraries. Methods: Multidrug-resistant gastric cancer cells SGC7901/VCR were used as the target cells and GES as the absorber cells as well drug-sensitive gastric cancer cells SGC7901 for subtraction biopanning from a Ph.D.-C7C library. The positive phage clones were identified by cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the amino acid sequences were deduced by DNA sequencing. Results: After 4 rounds of screening, the 14 positive phage clones were identified only specific bind to the SGC-7901/VCR of human gastric cancer not to SGC-7901, DNA sequence was CTLQNRTLC and CGASNLKSC, the phages containing CTLQNRTLC were positive. Conclusion: A candidate peptide special binding to gastric resistant cancer can be selected, thus providing the potential for improving gastric tumor chemotherapy or targeted drug delivery in chemotherapy.


Joining of metal based materials are very essential for performing the required function in the industries because production of such material as a single unit is very difficult which results in huge production cost. This article gives a glimpse of different metal joining process and a novel route of metal joining using Microwave hybrid heating (MHH). In MHH technique, the metallic materials are joined using microwave energy which works on the principle of heating of materials from inner surface to outer surface of the materials. This heating pheno menon differentiates the microwave heating compare to conventional heating of the metallic materials.


Kathleen Mansfield is one of the outstanding twentieth century short story writers. Her short story Bliss (1922) describes a day in the heroine, Bertha Young's life who is preparing for a grand dinner party to be held in the evening in her own house. She intends to reveal to all her guests her utter exultation and contentment with husband Harold. She imagines that she has everything she hopes for in her marriage to him. Eventually, the experiences of the party climax into a disastrous realization both of her husband's deception of her and her own naive and unconscious perception of the true meaning of the status of the bliss in her life with him. She also discovers that complete happiness or rapture is either non–existent or superficially achieved within the social reality of male domination and female role playing. As a modern writer, Katherine Mansfield adopts different means, such as magic realism, symbolism, psychoanalysis, Marxism and feminist theories in delineating her female protagonist's real dilemma. This paper attempts to examine the different techniques that are used by Mansfield in dealing with her central character's dilemma. The paper also aims to shed light on the female predicament in the late Victorian era and to promote a clear understanding of the true meaning of happiness in human life. The nature of the heroine's moral, personal and social crisis and her progression to a state of maturity will be thoroughly investigated in the paper.


Objective: To summarize current clinical acupuncture treatment for ischemic stroke and analyze the insufficiency and development prospects of the treatment.Methods: Collecting,analyzing and summarizing almost 100 articles published in the last decade on acupuncture treatment for ischemic stroke.Results: The shortcoming of simple acupuncture treatment for ischemic stroke had been gradually revealed in clinical study over the last decade.More and more doctors began to treat ischemic stroke with combined methodologies,such as combining acupuncture with medication,acupuncture with rehabilitation and acupuncture with new medical devices,etc.The curative results were satisfactory.Conclusion: Acupuncture has positive effects on treating ischemic stroke.However,acupuncture alone is insufficient to treat ischemic stroke.Better results will be achieved through combined application of acupuncture and various medical measures.


KCLS, (epaicas. Some further points. On p. 54, Mandilaras wrongly asserts that the language of Cretan literature of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries 'presented mixed literary and demotic elements, and among them dialectal features were unsystematically scattered'. Such a stricture is in no sense true of the theatrical works of the seventeenth century, or of the Erotokritos, which are written in a new literary language based on spoken Greek of east Crete, with some west Cretan forms, the so-called 'archaisms' being mainly lexical and admitted only when justified by the context. The failure of this language to become pan-Hellenic cannot be ascribed to its own deficiencies, but to 'the disunity of the Greek-speaking world, and the lack of prestige of vernacular literature as compared with that in the learned tongue' (R. Browning, Medieval and Modern Greek, •969) P95)The genitive -drov in neuter nouns of the type ypdnfia, ypafifidrov as used by Psichari is not due solely to his 'dislike of third declension nouns' (p. 104), but is a well-attested form in medieval vernacular texts (see G. N. Hadzidakis, MeaaictiViKa xal Nea 'EXh-qviKa, I9°5> °l* 2, p. 14). Pp. 51, 92, 222, Fallmerayer is misspelt 'Falmereier'; p. 106 x<uptoAoAia means 'peasant speech', or 'village speech', not 'local idiom'; p. n o 'first draft' is surely intended for 'first draught'; p. 127 for <£uAa read <j>vXXa. Finally, the uneven quality of the English, and the occasionally turgid style ('marvellous'—and 'marvelous'—occurring with maddening frequency), act as additional irritants to the reader's patience.


The synthetic technology process of urea-formaldehyde(UF) resin adhesives with modifier was studied under the condition of subacidity-alkalescence-subacidity.The experiment results showed that the influence of the mole ratio of formaldehyde and urea [namely n(F)/n(U) ratio],pH value of system,adding urea wise and modifier on free formaldehyde content and agglutinative strength of UF resin were great.The mass fraction of free formaldehyde content was less than 0.10%(met request of GB/T 14 074.16-1993) in UF resin adhesive,the agglutinative strength was 4.70 MPa,and integration performance was better when n(F)/n(U) ratio was 1.06,the pH value of system was between 4.75 and 4.80 in polycondensation reaction stage,urea was appended for three times,reaction temperature was 90 ℃,content of PVA and melamine-modifier were right amount.


Objective To investigate the relationshi p between telomerase activity and the expression of p27~kip1in hepatocellu lar carcinoma (HCC). Methods TRAP-ELISA assay was used to determine the telo merase activity in 27 cases of HCC as well as in 23 cases of cirrhosis. The expr ession of p27~kip1in 27 cases of HCC was examined by immunohistochemical m ethod. Results Telomerase activity was positive in 24 ou t of 27 cases of HCC, whereas only 3 out of the 23 cirrhotic liver samples with the difference being significant (r=0.484, P0.001). The average labeled index (LI) of p27~kip1in HCC was 50.30±19.83. The telomerase activity wa s positively correclated iwth p27~kip1(P0.05). Conclusion The determination of telomerase activity mig ht be beneficial to the early diagnosis of HCC. Telomerase activation may be ass ociated with p27~kip1protein expression.


We are interested in understanding how trees die for two reasons. Firstly, the mode of tree death indicates underlying casual factors that contribute to the death (Putz et al. 1983, Arriaga 2000, Cherubini et al. 2002). Secondly, the way in which trees die also affects the ensuing forest dynamics, including the mortality, regeneration and growth in the ecosystem, and potentially its floristic composition and diversity (Franklin et al. 1987, Phillips et al. 1994, Arriaga 2000). The modes of death of an individual tree can be categorised most simply as died standing, uprooted, or snapped off. Trees which


Catalytic  properties  of benzoylferrocene,  as  a  representative of  cobalt‐free drier, was  investigated on alkyd resin modified with soybean oil. Mechanical  tests, performed on alkyd films, revealed promising activity at low metal concentrations. A detailed analysis of time resolved infrared spectra was used for in‐depth investigation of chemical curing in the films. The experiments, performed in transmission mode, enabled determination of kinetic parameters for the autoxidation process. Effects of film thickness was investigated using ATR‐technique.


Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that progressively compromises motor control and cognition. Recently, the new generation of video games has been used to promote motor cognitive training. These studies have shown improvement on postural control, cognition and performance of daily living activities in patients with Parkinson's disease. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of playing Microsoft Kinect Adventures™ on postural control of patients with Parkinson's disease. The design of study was a case series that was conducted at the Associação Brasil Parkinson, Brazil. Six patients (four males, two female) with Parkinson's disease (Hoehn and Yahr Stages 1 to 3) participated of this study. Patients performed fourteen 60-minute sessions, three times per week, playing four games of Kinect Adventures. The main outcome measures was the Limits of Stability. Secondary outcome was the safety. One patient had back pain during the period of training. The Limits of Stability before training and after training were 118.5 (28.0) and 163.7 (38.3), respectively. The training with Kinect Adventures™ games were safety and promoted improvement on postural control of patients with PD on stages 1 to 3 of Hoehn & Yahr scale.


The present study aims to develop a plastic flexspline part for a harmonic gear drive. Due to its high stiffness and strength, polyetheretherketones (PEEK), a semi-crystalline polymer, is used as a molding material. To ensure radial flexibility, the flexspline is designed with a thin-cup shape attached with micro-teeth. This thin-wall molding results in not only filling difficulties in injection molding, but also the deterioration of mechanical properties due to low crystallinity. Among various processing parameters, the effect of mold temperature on crystallinity and relevant mechanical properties is investigated through a tensile test and a Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) test. Use of a composite polymer containing carbon fibers is also discussed for improved stiffness and strength of the product. Induction heating, an efficient way to heat a mold surface, is applied to the injection molding of a flexspline in order to improve moldability and the resulting crystallinity. It is shown that micro-teeth profiles are successfully filled by raising the mold temperature rapidly, and the resulting crystallinity is improved.


The aim of this study is to develop a sequential examination procedure to be used by low-level health-care practitioners in the identification of high-risk pregnancies in the Republic of Korea. Data collected in 1981 from 3,838 pregnant women are used to determine the significance to birth outcomes of 48 variables selected for consideration. The 26 variables shown to have a high correlation with undesirable outcomes are then included on an examination chart. (summary in ENG)


This paper analyzes and compares the orthogonal,n-simplex and OFFO fingerprints. Through theory analysis and simulation experiment,the results show that OFFO outperforms the other two kinds of fingerprints,and n-simplex performs a little better than orthogonal fingerprints when suffering from averaging attack with additive noise.


(57) Abstract: mixed with other enzymes optionally, dough or bread modifying composition comprising the branching enzymes of the effective amount, and the use of said compositions in the preparation of dough and baked products.


Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a gamma-herpesvirus that infects over 90% of the adult human population, causing most notably infectious mononucleosis, and is a known contributor to cancers such as Hodgkin and Burkitt lymphoma. While EBV is a species-specific virus, it has been studied in many animal models including non-human primates, guinea pigs, humanized mice, and tree shrews, but none are considered the gold standard for EBV research. Recently rabbits have emerged as a viable alternative model as they are susceptible to EBV infection, and the disease is able to progress after immune suppression with cyclosporine A (CsA), modeling the disease after proliferation of infected B-cells. We sought to refine this model to represent a primary EBV infection with concurrent immune suppression with either CsA or via antibodymediated depletion of immune subsets. Seven adult New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits were used to repeat the model of reactivation from latency, with treatment beginning 4 weeks postinoculation. Seven 3 month old to 1 year-old NZW rabbits were then used to model the primary form of the disease, receiving CsA concurrent to EBV inoculation. All rabbits receiving CsA followed a dosing schedule of 15 mg/kg SC at time 0, repeated for 4 days, then increased to 20 mg/kg SC twice weekly for two weeks. Finally, fourteen, 18 – 22 week old, NZW rabbits were inoculated with EBV intravenously and concurrently treated with either: anti-CD4 T-cell antibody, anti-Pan T-cell antibody, anti-HPV antibody (unrelated antibody control), or CsA. Rabbits receiving antibody were treated 3 times. Weights, temperatures, and clinical signs were monitored and rabbits were sedated once weekly for blood collection. Serial blood samples were analyzed by qPCR, flow cytometry, and ELISA. A novel imaging modality, the Toponome Imaging System (TIS), was utilized to obtain information on protein interactions in tissues from EBV infected rabbits. Samples of liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes were processed for histology. We found that treatment with anti-CD4 antibody resulted in fewer clinical signs compared to the CsA-treated rabbits, and higher levels of virus detection via qPCR in


This paper aims to study the steady-state response of the practical sliding mode controlled system (SMC). The nonlinearity of the switching term is approximately characterized by using its equivalent describing function. The parasitic dynamics is modeled as a first order lag transfer function, and the possible transport delay is particularly considered. Subsequently, the frequency domain method is used for the prediction of limit cycles. The stability-equation method accompanying with the parameter plane method is proposed to graphically predict limit cycles in the system coefficient plane. Then the steady-state analyses for system containing imperfect realization of the switching part and the transmission delay are demonstrated. The analysis offers a way to design a practical switching controller to achieve the disturbance-rejection and to maintain the steady-state invariance with respect to plant uncertainties. Index terms limit cycle, parameter plane, sliding mode, stability equation.


User interface has long been one of the most important parts of a software system, holding a unique position in its life cycle. Software quality control depends on the effectiveness, extensibility and adaptivity of UI management. Traditional management concerns with the source code, which may cause great trouble for large scale systems. This paper introduces PDUIMS, a persistent UIMS for the business process domain which stores UI and related process information in database and applies a common engineering management and dynamic distribution method with consistent description and separation of application semantics. An example demonstrates the benefits of UIMS presented in this paper.


The aim of the present study is to probe self-efficacy, educational aspiration and academic achievement among secondary school students. In sample selection, random sampling was exercised and final sample comprised 106 boys and 104 girls of IX class of two Government senior secondary schools of Directorate of Education, Delhi. Self-Efficacy Scale (Singh & Narain, 2014) and Educational Aspiration Scale (Sharma & Gupta, 2015) were administered as standardized tools for data collection. Summative Assessment-I scores were used as academic achievement scores. The collected data was analysed by employing t-test and Karl Pearson's Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation (r). It was found out that girls had statistically significant higher scores in self-efficacy, educational aspiration and academic achievement than boys. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between self-efficacy & educational aspiration, self-efficacy & academic achievement and educational aspiration & academic achievement of secondary school students.


Making sense of anomalous experiences often require s that people experiment with a variety of cultural narrative resources. Le Horla, by Guy de Maupassant, tells the tale of a 19 th century intellectual, a lightly fictionalized accou nt of Maupassant's own experiences, who draws on diverse cultural resources to interpret a comple x array of highly unusual experiences. The seminal experience of the tale is a vivid account o f hypnagogic hallucinations with sleep paralysis (SP). SP experiences have frequently been implicated as sources of traditional narratives of alien spirit attacks and abductions a nd, more recently, as the experiential foundation of a modern legend of abduction by extraterrestrial aliens. I argue that one effect of the increasing availability and popularization of scien t fic worldviews in the 19 century, with specific reference to psychology, psychiatry and ne urology, provided new and ever-changing grounds and material for explaining bizarre and unc an y experiences. The resulting accounts did not, however, simply replace traditional narrative th mes with scientific explanations but often conflated them. These hybridized accounts are often most at odds with mainstream scientific explanations, because scientific accounts change wi th time but discarded scientific theories often remain sedimented in the cultural tradition.


Inflammation is a complicated process mediated through the multifaceted interactions of innate and adaptive immune cells. Among biomedical model organisms, zebrafish (Danio rerio) possess several inherent advantages for studying inflammation, including their small size, relative cost, high fecundity, near transparency, and amenability to genetic manipulation. Numerous fluorescent transgenic lines have been created that enable live imaging of innate and adaptive immune cells including neutrophils (Mathias et al., 2006; Renshaw et al., 2006), macrophages (Ellett et al., 2011), and lymphocytes (Hui et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2017; Ferrero et al., 2020). The zebrafish genome shares over 70% conservation with the human genome, and over 80% of genes associated with human disease have a zebrafish homolog (Howe et al., 2013; Gomes and Mostowy, 2020). Therefore, zebrafish are useful to investigate the regulatory processes of inflammation associated with human diseases. In this Research Topic, we have collected two reviews and three original articles that provide a glimpse into the breadth of research being conducted using zebrafish inflammation models. These articles provide new insights in cardiac and retina regeneration, angiogenesis and hematopoiesis, and disease mechanisms in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Inflammation is critical for the tissue regenerative response. Grivas et al. and Iribarne and Hyde explored the use of the zebrafish model to untangle the role of new molecular and cellular mediators in heart and retina regeneration, respectively. Grivas et al. provided evidence that zebrafish heart regeneration is inflammation-dependent. In zebrafish, cardiac regeneration requires an initial deposition of scar tissue followed by its degradation. The team explored the role the multifunctional cytokine Mdka plays in the resolution of collagenous scars that arise following cardiac injury and developed aMdka-deficient zebrafish line (mdka). The authors found that mdka zebrafish failed to regenerate cardiac tissue and had more scarring. In addition, mdka fish had increased levels of collagen and periostin, and TGF-beta signaling, each associated with fibrotic scarring. They also observed that mdka zebrafish exhibited OPEN ACCESS


The nacelle control system of intelligent wind generator is based on fuzzy control. Host computer adopted the fuzzy controller 80C552 of single chip microcomputer. One of the parallel ports was used to output the system information to LED nixie tube. The other parallel port was used to output the information to the power amplifier. With the control table, the coefficient was adjusted by system through central control single chip microcomputer. While wind speed or wind direction was deviated from the fixed value, the wind generator stopped and departed from the electricity net. When sensors detached information, and the result was within the range of fixed value, the system would compare the former information with current information; and the error values of wind speed and wind direction were achieved to realize fuzzy control.


The manuscript was apparently never proofread, for the chapter 5 footnotes are misnumbered; several books appear in notes under one title and in the bibliography under a slightly different one; and the Presbyterian Hainan NewsLetteris listed at the Methodist archives (p. 193 n. 119). Schools are given in the index by individual names (by place would be more helpful), which results in some institutions whose names changed over time, Kachek Daughters' School and Kachek Gospel Girls' School for example, appearing as several entries instead of as one. To use Sun Yatsen but change Chiang Kai-shek to Jiang Jieshi is to raise the romanization problem to ridiculous new heights. The Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions is never mentioned, although it recruited many missionary teachers. John Leighton Stuart is mentioned, but Graham apparently did not read Yu-ming Shaw, An American Missionary in China: John Leighton Stuart and Chinese-American Relations (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992), as it is not cited.


Chirality is a property of asymmetry which determines the pharmacokinetic and pharmacological profiles of optically active pharmaceuticals. Verapamil (VER), a calcium channel blocker phenylalkylamine derivative used in the treatment of cardio-vascular diseases, is a chiral compound, marketed as a racemate, although differences between the pharmacokinetic and pharmacological attributes of the enantiomers have been reported. The aim of our study was to develop a new chiral separation method for VER enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis (CE) using cyclodextrins (CDs) as chiral selectors (CSs). After an initial screening, using different native and derivatized CDs, at four pH levels, heptakis 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-β-CD (TM-β-CD), a neutral derivatized CD, was identified as the optimum CS. For method optimization, a preliminary univariate approach was applied to characterize the influence of analytical parameters on the separation followed by a Box–Behnken experimental design to establish the optimal separation conditions. Chiral separation of enantiomers was achieved with a resolution of 1.58 in approximately 4 min; the migration order was R-VER followed by S-VER. The method analytical performance was evaluated in terms of precision, linearity, accuracy, and robustness (applying a Plackett–Burnam experimental design). The developed method was applied for the determination of VER enantiomers in pharmaceuticals. Finally, a computer modelling of VER–CD complexes was used to describe host–guest chiral recognition.


During 2001, two Ohio surface mined sites were re-examined to assess soil development in Bethesda and Fairpoint minesoils that have been in continuous, tall cool-season grass cover, principally tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb.), since reclamation in 1975-76.11581158 Topgrowth was cut and removed from 197994 while being utilized for forage research. Bethesda (loamy-skeletal, mixed, acid, mesic, Typic Udorthent) and Fairpoint (loamy-skeletal, mixed, nonacid, mesic, Typic Udorthent) have each been mapped on more than 60,000 hectares of minespoils in Ohio and neighboring states. Five years after reclamation (1981), morphological descriptions and physical and chemical characterization of samples collected from pits showed negligible evidence of pedogenesis. Twenty-five years after reclamation, morphological descriptions and physical and chemical analyses of samples were again obtained at these sites. During the 20 year interval from 1981 to 2001, organic carbon content has increased $2.6-fold in the surface 9 to 11 cm, soil structure now extends 23 to 27 cm below the Ap horizon into the spoil, soil consistence has become more friable, rooting depths have increased, the release and oxidation of Fe has yielded higher chroma colors in the uppermost portion of the spoil, significant quantities of extractable Na and K have been released by mineral weathering, and calcite has been removed from the Fairpoint minesoil by dissolution. These changes indicate that significant soil development has occurred during this 20 year period. Whereas the minesoils were described in 1981 with only A and C horizons, the uppermost portion of the spoil in 2001 was described as a Bw horizon in Bethesda and as a CB horizon in Fairpoint. Because both the Bw and CB horizons qualify as cambic horizons, both the Bethesda and Fairpoint minesoils now classify as Dystric Eutrudept and Typic Eutrudept, respectively. Additional


Objective To explore causes and prevention methods of urinary system injury in the vaginal radical hysterectomy(VRH).Methods We analyzed the intraoperative situations of VRH in 43 patients with malignant tumor of uterus based on studying on two female cadavers.Results To protect bladder,we should be more careful when we do these following steps :separation of the space between bladder and vagina,opening the vaginal kaminaka diaphragm,separation of paravesical space and cutting off the superficial layer of vesico-cervical-vaginal ligament(VCVL).To protect the ureter,we should pay more attention to the anatomy of the superficial layer of VCVL when finding the knee of the ureter,the resection of cardinal ligament(CL)and the resection of uterosacral ligament(USL).When doing VRH,one patient got bladder injury and another one had her right ureter injured among the 43 patients.The rate of the urinary system injury is 4.65%.Conclusion According to the causes,surgeon can take corresponding measures to avoid urinary system injury.


The bulk of this thesis is concerned with the calculation of molecular wavefunctions - calculated within a Different Orbitals for Different Spins framework.

Initially other important methods of constructing molecular wavefunctions are considered, and the DODS method is discussed in relation to them. Two different DODS methods are considered in detail, namely the Alternant Molecular Orbital method and the Non-Paired Spatial Orbital method. Other workers have previously used these methods and obtained satisfactory wavefunctions. Both methods make good allowance for electron correlation, but for benzene, and several other hydrocarbons, the NPSO method proves superior. Pauncz has stated that, (67), because the NPSO calculations are cumbersome,"one cannot expect to apply this method to larger systems." In this thesis this NPSO method is extended to larger molecules, namely azulene, anthracene and phenanthrene. In all cases the NPSO method proves superior to the AMO method • With azulene, for example, a better ground state energy is obtained using a one-parameter NPSO wavefunction, than with a five-parameter optimised AMO wavefunction.

Having found satisfactory ground state wavefunctions for these molecules, and observed that most endorse the suggestions that k - mln 0.25 , the NPSO method was applied to open shell systems, such as benzyl radical, and butadiene negative ion. The results for the benzyl radical are more satisfactory than for other open shell systems. ~he spin density distribution of the benzyl radical was calculated by various approximations, but with limited success. In this context we developed a fully spin projected NPSO method.


Objective
To evaluate the value of a CT ribs unfolding algorithm in the diagnosis of rib fracture.

Methods
Retrospective analysis of 180 patients who suffered chest trauma to do the chest or/and abdominal CT examination, and they also had the surgical or CT referral information. The images of these patients were postprocessed by software(Bone Reading software)and hand-drawn method(multi-point hand-painted CPR method). The rib fracture was observed and the time of reading was record. The diagnosis of fractures was confirmed by follow-up review or surgery. The fractures diagnosis sensitivity of the two post-treatment methods were measured, and the McNemar test was used to compare the difference between the software method and the hand-drawn method.

Results
Eight patients were excluded due to program failure, 172 cases were included in the study. Of the 172 patients, 63 patients suffered 259 fractures(178 ribs). The sensitivity of the software group was 91.7%(475/518), which was higher than that of the hand-painted group(86.3%, 447/518), the difference was statistically significant(P=0.005). The time of reading were (30.3±3.3)and(173.2±4.5)s, respectively, and the difference had statistically significant(P=0.001).

Conclusion
Compared to the traditional CPR method, the bone reading technique was used in patients with rib fractures during thoracic CT postprocessing can shorten the reading time and increase the sensitivity of the diagnosis.

Key words:
Rib fractures; Tomography, X-ray computed; Comparative study


This study discusses the way of Cigugur traditional community in Indonesia doing their calculating on farming. By using realist ethnography, this study reports objectively the information that collected from participant in the Cigugur traditional communitythrough observation, interviews, documentation, and field notes. The findings from this study show that the farming system carried out by the community used formal mathematics principles. The hari cycle and pasaran cycle in Sundanese are as the same as the concept of relations and functions in mathematics. The function in question is injective function. The results of the relations between day "hari" and "pasaran" can be expressed in an order pair to pair. To determine a finest day, the mathematical concepts used by the Cigugur traditional community are the concepts of addition and the concept of comparison. The sum concept is used to add the values of each day to the value of each pasaran. Meanwhile, the concept of comparison is used to compare the value of the sum results with the criteria for determining the finest day for tandur. Ethnomatematics provides different perspectives regarding mathematical conceptuality.


We derive the single-spin-dependent cross section for the Drell-Yan lepton-pair production and the direct-photon production in the $pp$ collision induced by the twist-3 three-gluon correlation functions in the transversely polarized nucleon in the leading order with respect to the QCD coupling constant. Combined with the contribution from the twist-3 quark-gluon correlation functions in the literature, this completes the twist-3 cross section for these processes. We also present a model calculation of the asymmetry for the direct-photon production at the relativistic heavy ion collider (RHIC) energy, demonstrating the sensitivity of the asymmetry to the form of the three-gluon correlation functions. In particular, we show that the asymmetry in the backward direction of the polarized nucleon is determined by the small-$x$ behavior of the correlation functions.


The utility model discloses a novel urban overpass, belongs to the road bridges and aims to provide an urban overpass with small occupied area and simple structure. The novel urban overpass comprises a viaduct erected on the roadway; the viaduct (1) traverses a cross road; two ends of the viaduct are smoothly connected with the roadway through an approach bridge (2) respectively; U-shaped turning auxiliary bridges (3) are arranged on two sides of the viaduct (1) respectively; two ends of each turning auxiliary bridge (3) are smoothly connected with the roadway through the approach bridge (2) respectively; and branch bridges (4) smoothly connected with the turning auxiliary bridges (3) are arranged on two sides of the viaduct (1) in the right turning directions respectively. The utility model has the advantages of small occupied area, less construction investment, simple structure, small work amount, short construction period and the like, and relates to an ideal traffic facility which solves the problem of traffic jam at the prior urban intersection.


Over the past few decades, there have been concerns regarding the humanization of healthcare and the involvement of family members in patients' hospital care. The attitudes of hospitals toward welcoming families in this respect have improved. In Arab culture, the main core of society is considered to be the family, not the individual. The objective behind involving family in patient care is to meet patients' support needs. Consequently, this involvement affects nurses and their attitudes toward the importance of family involvement in patient care. Objectives: To describe nurses' and nursing students' perceptions of family involvement in the care of hospitalized adult patients in Saudi Arabia. Design: This study used a quantitative descriptive cross-sectional design. The data were collected using a convenience sampling survey via social media. Results: A total of 270 participants (staff and students) took part in this study, including 232 (85.9%) females and 38 (14.1%) males. Moreover, a high percentage of participants (78.8%) acknowledged that family presence strongly affected the improvement of the patient's condition. However, 69.3% of participants thought that involving family members during special care processes or cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) would be traumatizing for these individuals. Moreover, there was a significant diffidence between the attitudes of the nurses and nursing students toward family involvement and the number of years of employment (F = 3.60, p < 0.05). On the contrary, there were insignificant differences between the attitudes of the nurses and nursing students toward family involvement and their gender, nationality, age, education level, and years of work experience in Saudi Arabia (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the regression analysis showed a significant negative correlation between nurses' years of employment and their support of family involvement in patient care (ß = −0.20, SE = 0.08, t = −2.70, p = 0.01). Conclusions: Nurses with more experience showed no support for family involvement in patient care. We have to consider the clinical barriers that affect nurses' support for family involvement in patient-centered care, such as hospital polices, guidelines, and the model used for family-centered care integration in the hospital system to facilitate the interaction between healthcare providers and family members.


Stress is the way our body reacts to the threat and any kind of demand. Stress happens when your nervous system releases the stress hormones including adrenaline and cortisol that lead to an emergency response of the body. Body earthing technique is used to resolve this problem. Body earthing is a method that is used to neutralize positive and negative charge in the human body by connecting to the earth. EEG signals can be used to verify the positive effect of body earthing. This project focuses on the classification of EEG signals for body earthing application. First, EEG signals from human brainwaves were recorded by using Emotive EPOC Headset, before and after body earthing for the 30 subjects. The alpha band and the Beta band were filtered by using Band-pass filter 'Butterworth'. After filtering, the threshold of signal amplitude was set in the range of -100 μV to 100 μV in order to remove the noise or artifact. For feature extraction, Short-time Fourier Transform (STFT) and Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) were used. Lastly, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model is employed to classify EEG signal taken from samples, before and after the body earthing. A number of neurons chosen for this project are 55 with the mean square error 0.0023738. The result showed that Alpha band signals before body earthing are low compared to after body earthing. Whereas, for the Beta band signals, the result before body earthing is high compared to after body earthing. The increased signals of the Alpha band show that subjects are in relax state, while the decreased of Beta band signals shows the sample in stress state. These results imply for both features of STFT and CWT. Based on the confusion matrix, the result for the ANN classification yields 86.7% accuracy.


Terminator is a DNA sequence that give the RNA polymerase the transcriptional termination signal. Identifying terminators correctly can optimize the genome annotation, more importantly, it has considerable application value in disease diagnosis and therapies. However, accurate prediction methods are deficient and in urgent need. Therefore, we proposed a prediction method "iterb-PPse" for terminators by incorporating 47 nucleotide properties into PseKNC- I and PseKNC- II and utilizing Extreme Gradient Boosting to predict terminators based on Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Combing with the preceding methods, we employed three new feature extraction methods K-pwm, Base-content, Nucleotidepro to formulate raw samples. The two-step method was applied to select features. When identifying terminators based on optimized features, we compared five single models as well as 16 ensemble models. As a result, the accuracy of our method on benchmark dataset achieved 99.88%, higher than the existing state-of-the-art predictor iTerm-PseKNC in 100 times five-fold cross-validation test. It's prediction accuracy for two independent datasets reached 94.24% and 99.45% respectively. For the convenience of users, a software was developed with the same name on the basis of "iterb-PPse". The open software and source code of "iterb-PPse" are available at https://github.com/Sarahyouzi/iterb-PPse.


A new technique for single-mode fibers chromatic dispersion measurements using phase-shift measurements is presented. The poor dynamic range and the perturbation of the rf interferences are the main drawbacks of the well-known method using a LED filtered by a monochromator as a light source and a vector voltmeter for the phase mea surements.1 These problems are overcome by our technique, which also uses a high-frequency modulated LED whose filtered light is launched into the fiber. This HF modulation gives rise to sensitive phase shifts. But between the fiber and detector the modulation frequency is downshifted to the kilohertz range, which enables a low-frequency ultrasensitive detection scheme to be used. Actual downshifting is performed by an acoustooptic intensity modulator. The acoustooptic modulation frequency is very close but different from the LED frequency, so that sum- and difference-frequency signals are generated which conserve the phase of the initial signal. The LF detector only detects the difference-frequency signal whose phase is measured by a lock-in amplifier.


Lightweight design for automotive applications gains more and more importance for future products, independent from the powertrain concept. One of the key issues in lightweight design is to utilize the right material for the right application using the right value at the right place. This results irrevocably in a multi-material design.In order to increase the efficiency in manufacturing car components, the number of single parts in a component is decreased by increasing the complexity. Examples for the state of the art are tailored welded blanks in cold forming, tailored tempering in press hardening or metallic inlays in injection molding of polymers.The challenge for future production scenarios of multi-material components is to combine existing technologies for metal- and polymer-based applications in efficient hybrid process chains.This paper shows initial approaches of hybrid process chains for efficient manufacturing of hybrid metal-polymer components. These concepts are feasible for flat as well as for tubular applications. Beside the creation of the final geometric properties of the component by a forming process, integrated joining operations are increasingly required for the efficiency of the production process and the performance characteristics of the final component. Main target of this production philosophy is to create 100% ready-to-install components. This is shown in three examples for hybrid process combinations.The first example deals with the combination of metal forming and injection molding of polymers. Example number two is the application of hybrid metal-polymer blanks. Finally, example number three shows the advantages of process integrated forming and joining of single basic components.Copyright © 2016 by ASME


Deposition conditions that provided low absorption related to both band tail and deep localized states have been found for both materials Ge:H and Si 1Y Ge Y :H. Phosphorous incorporation on Si 0.01 Ge 0.99 :H films and boron incorporation on Ge:H films were deposited by low frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (LF PECVD). The phosphorous incorporation in solidphase was observed to preferential with the increase of the doping in the gas phase to 2.5 %, and 2.5% to 4% was observed preferential Si 0.01 Ge 0.99 film, boron incorporation in solid phase increase linearly with the increase of the doping gas phase. The content of solid phase was characterized by Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) profiling. Hydrogen concentration in the films was determined from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and SIMS measurements. Optical measurements provided optical gap, localized states, and band tail. A significant reduction of both band tail and deep localized states were observed at boron incorporation in solid phase = 0.004% on Ge:H films and the same were observed at phosphorous incorporation in solid phase = 0.29% on Si 0.01 Ge 0.99 :H films.


This chapter discusses the relationship between textual criticism and historical criticism. It presents three examples from the end of chapter 23 and the beginning of chapter 24 of the book Kings to show and draw some methodological remarks on the textual criticism and historical criticism. Keywords:critique historique; critique textuelle


The practical use of high-fidelity multidisciplinary optimization techniques in low-boom supersonic business-jet designs has been limited because of the high computational cost associated with computational fluid dynamics-based evaluations of both the performance and the loudness of the ground boom of the aircraft. This is particularly true of designs that involve the sonic boom loudness as either a cost function or a constraint because gradient-free optimization techniques may become necessary, leading to even larger numbers of function evaluations. If, in addition, the objective of the design method is to account for the performance of the aircraft throughout its full-flight mission while including important multidisciplinary tradeoffs between the relevant disciplines the situation only complicates. To overcome these limitations, we propose a hierarchical multifidelity design approach where high-fidelity models are only used where and when they are needed to correct the shortcomings of the low-fidelity models. Our design approach consists of two basic components: a multidisciplinary aircraft synthesis tool (PASS) that uses highly tuned low-fidelity models of all of the relevant disciplines and computes the complete mission profile of the aircraft, and a hierarchical, multifidelity environment for the creation of response surfaces for aerodynamic performance and sonic boom loudness (BOOM-UA) that attempts to achieve the accuracy of an Euler-based design strategy. This procedure is used to create three design alternatives for a Mach 1.6, 6-8 passenger supersonic business-jet configuration with a range of 4500 n mile and with a takeoff field length that is shorter than 6000 ft. Optimized results are obtained with much lower computational cost than the direct, high-fidelity design alternative. The validation of these design results using the high-fidelity model shows very good agreement for the aircraft performance and highlights the need for improved response surface fitting techniques for the boom loudness approximations.


The fiber laser scribing was performed on the surface of grain-oriented (GO) electrical steel, in order to investigate the influence of surface magnetic domains modification on its magnetic losses components. The domains refinement was carried out by the laser beam in continuous regime with the power up to 30 W, and two constant distances between the neighbouring scribing lines, respectively, 4 mm and 10 mm. It was shown that laser radiation induces the thermal residual stresses at the area of interaction with steel surface that allow to effectively refined surface domain structures, and decrease the hysteresis losses and excess losses of treated steel. The total losses and its components on samples treated by the individual laser scribing regimes were measured in DC and AC magnetic field up to 50 Hz at maximum flux density of 1.5 T. The obtained results clearly show that experimental samples were characterized by significant decrease of hysteresis losses and excess losses after the surface laser processing.


On the relationship between crime and penalty,the academic circle always emphasizes the restriction of crime to penalty,but ignores the restriction of penalty to crime.Penalty can play a decisive role in the affirmation of crime that is the reverse restriction of penalty to crime.The basis of reverse restriction is the independence of penalty relative to crime,the dependence of penalty on crime,the complex connection between penalty and crime,the restriction of the penalty purpose to crime.The reverse restriction of penalty to crime is not only embodied in the criminal idea,but also embodied in the criminal legislation and criminal justice.


Exposure to particulate matter (PM) provokes a variety of pathological responses to multiple organ systems. PM particles with a size less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) have the most physiological relevance, as they are capable of both manifestation into the lung epithelium, and entrance into the bloodstream. Therefore, PM2.5 has the capacity for both direct and lung‐mediated indirect effects on the heart. In the present study, we cultured isolated rat cardiomyocytes with PM2.5 at various concentrations for 3 hours. Additionally, various concentrations of PM2.5 were added to the apical compartment of polarized human bronchial epithelial cells, 16HBE14o‐ to mimic lung exposure. The basal media was collected 24 hours later and used to culture myocytes for 3 hours. Myocytes from both treatments were stimulated in contractile buffer at 1 Hz, and functional analyses were performed using the real‐time IonOptix system. Baseline % Peak Height was significantly reduced with direct PM2.5 culture (7.05±2.07% vs. 4.85±2.68% at 100 μg/ml) and in co‐culture from epithelial cells treated at various concentrations (7.37±3.00% vs. 4.58±2.05 at 100 μg/ml). These results indicate the presence of both direct and indirect effects of PM2.5 on cardiomyocyte function. Future work will elucidate the mechanisms involved in these pathways.


ABSTRACT This research entitled "the Function of Subject in the Book of Genesis" aims at identifying and classifying the functions subject and analyzing the realizations of functions subject. The method of this research is descriptive method. There are three steps to finish this research. First step is preparation, the writer reads the book of Genesis and several books that are related to this research. Second step is data collection, the writer collected the data from the book of Genesis then the writer identified and classified the functions subject according to the theory of Aarts and Aarts (1982). Third step the data were analyzed in terms of the realizations of functions subject, used the theory of Aarts and Aarts (1982). The results of this research shows that : first, there are four criteria of functions subject found in this book, those are Position (28 data), Concord (28 data), Passivization (4 data) and Repetition in tag-questions (1 data). Furthermore, there are six realizations of function subject found in this book, those are Noun Phrase (25 data), Finite Clause (4 data), Non-Finite Clause (3 data), Anticipatory It + Finite/Non-Finite Clause (1 data), Unstressed There (7 data) and Prepositional Phrase (5 data) found in the book of Genesis. Keywords: Function Subject; book of Genesis, Syntax; Aarts and Aarts.


Rutting is the permanent deformation along the wheel paths of an asphalt pavement caused by repeated traffic loading. It is considered as one of the primary distresses of asphalt pavements. Recently, Hamburg Wheel Tracking Device (HWTD) has shown to measure the rutting performance of an asphalt mixture in the laboratory. In this study, this device has been used to measure rutting of asphalt concrete (AC) and relate them with the mixture's dynamic modulus. To this end, the rut deformation of AC mixtures were modeled in this study using a semi-empirical |E*|-based rut predictive model based on the HWTD rut depth data of 25 mixes. This model utilizes creep compliance (D(t)) interconverted from laboratory tested DM (|E*|) results to predict rut depth. The model provides a fairly good prediction of AC rutting performance. Despite the fact that asphalt binder make up 4 to 8% of a pavement mix structure, it provides a level of rigidity and structural bonding which holds the total pavement mixture


Increased salinity of irrigation water is a major constraint affecting crop productivity in the Southern High Plains of United States of America. Adapting salt tolerant crops could be a viable option for the region. Yield formation and physiology of diverse spring safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes was studied under a range of salinity levels in a greenhouse experiment. Five irrigation salinity levels of 0.5 (control), 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 dS m -1 along with five genotypes of diverse origin were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Seeds per head and harvest index were the most sensitive parameters to salinity, declining 98% and 99% at 10 dS m -1 compared to control, respectively. In contrast, biomass per plant and 1000-seed weight were reduced only 43% and 56% with the same 10 dS m -1 . Plant height and head numbers were only affected at the highest salinity level (10 dS m -1 ). Increasing salinity levels decreased relative water content (RWC), leaf water potential (�� 1), osmotic potential at full turgor (�� �a 100), photosynthesis and transpiration. However, chlorophyll fluorescence was unaffected by salinity treatments. Salt tolerance of PI199898, among all the genotypes, was manifested by higher 1000-seed weight and Harvest Index (HI); this tolerance was associated with its ability to maintain higher �� 1, osmotic concentration, RWC, photosynthesis and transpiration. Safflower can be planted under moderate salinity levels of < 5 dS m -1 .


Metastable defects can decisively influence the diode factor and thus the efficiency of a solar cell. The diode factor is also influenced by the doping level and the recombination mechanisms in the solar cell. Here we quantify how the various parameters change the diode factor by photoluminescence measurements and simulations. In addition, we show that backside recombination reduces the open circuit voltage in CuInSe 2 solar cells by more than 40 mV. Passivation by a Ga gradient is shown to be as efficient as a passivation by dielectric layers. Increased backside recombination reduces the diode factor, not because of less metastable defect transformation but because of a sublinear increase in photo generated carriers with excitation. This reduction in diode factor is unwanted, since the increased recombination reduces the voltage. A


objective: To present the photosensitization and fluorescence guided parathyroidectomy in the treatment of the secondary hyperparathyroidism. Report the cases. Discuss its applications and limitations. Patients and method: Patient 1. MJSM, 57 year old female with chronic renal insufficient from a renal tuberculosis and hemodialytic treatment since 8 years. She had serology test positive for hepatitis C virus. Patient 2. PSF, 21 year old male with a chronic renal insufficiency from a non-determined etiology and hemodialytic treatment since 7 years. Patient 3. JVM 57 year old male with renal failure and hemodialytic treatment since 1998 secondary to arterial hypertension. He was submitted a two surgical procedures without success. Oral administration of 5-aminolevulinc acid hydrochloride (5ALA) 30mg/Kg (Fluka ® ) 4 hours before the surgery. Observation of the parathyroid's sites with normal light conditions and with a specific light filter (360- 440nm). Results: All parathyroids glands were clearly identified after the blue light exposition. The response induced by 5ALA administration is a typical fluorescent red light- 635 nm. The adjacent structures as thyroid and lymph nodes remained non- fluorescents. The histological analysis showed parathyroid hyperplasia in all removed fluorescent tissues. The parathormone post-surgical in the 15th day were 43 in the first patient, 52 in the second, and 57 in the third. Conclusion: The fluorescence guided parathyroidectomy is easy to apply and was efficient to detect the parathyroids with hyperplasia.


In the ХХ-th century, the most important place belongs to the history of the international communist movement. Many regional and national pages of this history have not yet been written. And the story of the Communist Party of Bolivia remains unexplored by historians. This party was created later than all other communist parties in the region, only in 1950. This article for the first time not only in domestic but also in Bolivian historiography addresses the plot of the creation and first decades of the activity of the Communist Party, relying on the analysis of party documents, the press, archival documentation. The article analyzes the internal and external factors of the activities of the Bolivian Communists, the causes of numerous party crises and splits in which the party had to face. In all these crises, the party's life took place in the struggle of opposing currents, between reformists and revolutionaries, and relied more on external, international factors and ideas than on internal political experience and critical analysis of national reality. The exposition touches on several such crises, from the struggle against reformism and Stalinism to the split into pro-Soviet and pro-Chinese parties.


The effect of Mueller-Hinton (MH), MH+blood or brain heart infusion medium (agar or broth) on 13 Enterococcus isolates was determined, when testing their antibiotic susceptibility. Disk diffusion and Vitek methods were used to determine vancomycin resistance, while broth dilution and E-test methods were used to measure the minimum inhibitory concentration. The data were correlated with the presence of vancomycin resistance genes. A definite correlation pattern could not be established between the presence of van genes and vancomycin resistance in any plating medium, when tested by the disk diffusion assay. The broth dilution, irrespective of the plating medium, and Vitek methods were more reliable than the E-test method in testing isolates with vanA or vanB genes. However, for vanC2/C3 genotypes, the E-test method, irrespective of the plating medium, tested better than the broth dilution assay.


The harmful effect of S-caused hot cracking to the iron and steel parts and desulphurazing methods used for casting iron melt and blast furnace iron melt was briefly introduced.As examples,the desulphurazing methods used for typical castings and its result were described.It was pointed out that to conduct deep desulphurizing and accurately controlled desulphurizing to the casting iron melt will be one of the future development directions.


Hugoniots of lower mantle mineral compositions are sensitive to the conditions where they cross phase boundaries including both polymorphic phase transitions and partial to complete melting. For SiO_2, the Hugoniot of fused silica passes from stishovite to partial melt (73 GPa, 4600 K) whereas the Hugoniot of crystal quartz passes from CaCi_2 structure to partial melt (116 GPa, 4900 K). For Mg_2SiO_4, the forsterite Hugoniot passes from the periclase +MgSiO_3 (perovskite) assemblage to melt before 152 GPa and 4300 K, whereas the wadsleyite Hugoniot transforms first to periclase +MgSiO_3 (post-perovskite) and then melts at 151 GPa and 4160 K. Shock states achieved from crystal enstatite are molten above 160 GPa. High-pressure Gruneisen parameters for molten states of MgSiO_3 and Mg_2SiO_4 increase markedly with compression, going from 0.5 to 1.6 over the 0 to 135 GPa range. This gives rise to a very large (>2000 K) isentropic rise in temperature with depth in thermal models of a primordial deep magma ocean within the Earth. These magma ocean isentropes lead to models that have crystallization initiating at mid-lower mantle depths. Such models are consistent with the suggestion that the present ultra-low velocity zones, at the base of the lowermost mantle, represent a dynamically stable, partially molten remnant of the primordial magma ocean. The new shock melting data for silicates support a model of the primordial magma ocean that is concordant with the Berkeley-Caltech iron core model [1] for the temperature at the center of the Earth.


Suzhou United League members down the Cheng and welcome Chen and caused an event,Cheng Dequan,Jiangsu military governor full in advance to know and to remove quickly.The failure of Xi Chenghui,Yuan Shikai became the President and the constitutionalists who old bureaucratic combination of suppressed revolutionaries,revolutionary forces so frustrated change.Within the revolutionary split,lax is the important reason for early Republic to the gradual loss of the power.


Energy Efficient Relay Selection Schemes For Cooperative Uniformly Distributed Wireless Sensor Networks Wafic W. Alameddine Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are commonly used in many applications. The energy efficiency of the system has become the subject of extensive research lately. In this thesis we will introduce relay selection schemes that attempt to optimize the transmission of data. We use a two phase WSN model where a message is broadcasted from the source then relayed by the overhearing sensors (nodes) to a fusion center (FC). These schemes will reduce the number of bits transmitted from the sensors to the destination as well as minimize the activity of these sensors and lead to a more energy efficient system. The main idea is to have the smallest subset of sensors that contain the entire information relay the message; in an ideal situation the subset will only contain a pair of sensors. We then investigate the addition of error correcting codes (ECCs) to the node-FC channels. We observe the outage probability of the relay selection schemes using turbo codes on the node-FC channels. We also examine the expected number of bits (including extra parity bits) in the transmissions. We show that under certain channel conditions introducing turbo codes to the node-FC channels leads to longer sensor lifetimes.


Much attention needs to be paid to different types of security threats and related attacks in the LAN and the interconnected environment. A variety of controls and counter mechanisms covering different layers of TCP/IP protocol suite are already available. But most of them have several issues related to cost, compatibility, interoperability, manageability, effectiveness etc. and hence multiple protection devices need to be installed. In this paper we propose a comprehensive security mechanism which can detect and guard against a variety of spoofing and sniffing based cyber attacks in the local area networks. The solution does not require any additional hardware and is fully backward compatible with existing versions of ARP as no modifications are required to the existing LAN protocols. It also provides necessary detection and mitigation mechanism for the common type of DoS, MITM attacks & provides mobility along with a consistent working environment to the users as they roam around on different networks Index Terms – ARP Spoofing, Denial-of-Service (DoS), LAN, Man-In-The-Middle (MITM), Security 1.0 INTRODUCTION & RELATED WORKS Although a lot of effort has been made by the research community for securing the network based communication, but still there are problems which need to be resolved. More attention needs to be paid to different types of security threats and related attacks in the LAN and the interconnected environment. Malicious users can launch different types of network attacks based upon the sniffing and spoofing techniques and gather information which could be used for penetrating further into network for thefts and damages to data. TCP/IP protocol suite was initially developed with the prime consideration of communications and as such much attention was not paid to concerned security aspects. Attackers are exploiting some of the known weaknesses of the individual protocols like ARP, ICMP, IP, TCP and UDP etc. of the TCP / IP suite. Senior Systems Manager, Birla Institute Of Technology, Mesra, Jaipur Campus, Rajasthan, India, Email Id: firstname.lastname@example.com Professor & I/C Director, Narmada College of Computer Application Bharuch, Gujarat, India, Email Id: firstname.lastname@example.com Some common attacking strategies adopted by attackers are by way of Intrusions, Denial of Services [1] (DoS and DDoS), Interception and re-routing of the communication. In a typical LAN environment, internal user can launch different types of network attacks based upon sniffing, spoofing techniques and capture sensitive information like user name, passwords, IP addresses, port numbers and other proprietary data [2] and use it for penetrating further into network for thefts and damages to data. Capturing and analyzing a TCP/IP packet on a network for stealing network based information is called Sniffing [3]. Another well known technique for launching attacks in network environments is Spoofing[4]. This underlines the need for reliable techniques for detection of sniffing and spoofing based activities and related attacks on the network. Attackers craft and inject bogus packets by exploiting the feature of Raw Socket Programming which is offered by most of the programming languages today. Spoofing is the process of creating and injecting fake TCP/IP packets with some oneelse's identification on networks [5] whereas in MITM the entire session is hijacked by the attacker for stealing of data. Protocols like IP and ARP are exploited [6] for launching attacks like Port Scanning, ARP Cache Poisoning, Changing of Default gateway, ICMP redirect, DHCP poisoning, DNS poisoning etc. Based upon IP spoofing, which involves forging of IP addresses of the source device, different types of attacks can be launched [7] whereas attacks like DoS and MITM can be achieved using ARP spoofing. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used for finding out the MAC address [8] of the destination device on a LAN. ARP stores such mappings of IP addresses to MAC addresses in temporary storage called cache for future usage [9]. This cache is updated from time to time. Whenever the system has to transmit a frame it first checks its ARP cache for locating the corresponding MAC address of the receiver[10]. It uses two types of messages namely ARP request and ARP reply which are encapsulated inside an Ethernet frame. It contains MAC addresses of sending and receiving devices along with a value of 0x0806 in Ethernet type [11]. The frame also contains the IP and MAC addresses of the sender and receiver along with an operation code as part of the ARP message. The entries to the ARP cache can be added either statically or dynamically[12]. For supporting the DHCP enabled hosts, these entries are removed periodically form the cache. The devices update their ARP cache whenever they receive an ARP Reply even if they had not sent out the corresponding ARP request earlier as ARP is stateless protocol [13,14]. Thus, BIJIT BVICAM's International Journal of Information Technology Copy Right © BIJIT –2016; July December, 2016; Vol. 8 No. 2; ISSN 0973 –5658 1012 despite its crucial importance ARP provides ground for launching ARP spoofing & ARP cache poisoning attacks [12]. For genuine communication both Ethernet and ARP headers should match. But since there is no mechanism to check consistency of these headers, attackers intentionally craft packets having different or forged values of IP-MAC addresses [15,16,17,18]. This is called ARP Cache Poisoning. Thus attacker modifies the entry for gateway or any other genuine host with mapping of their IP Addresses and its MAC address in ARP Cache of victim system. After this a variety of attacks can be launched [14, 19] namely Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, Man in the Middle (MITM) attacks etc. The attackers craft different types of packets based upon IP, ICMP, TCP, UDP etc protocols and try to disrupt various functionalities of the network. A variety of controls and counter mechanisms like Antivirus, Anti Spam, Anti Malware, Encryption and other related software covering different layers of TCP /IP protocol suite are already available. Some higher-end expensive hardware and software based devices like Switches, Firewalls, IDS, UTM etc. are also available for mitigating specific types of individual or group of attacks at various layers. But most of them do not cover the range of Sniffing, Spoofing, ARP Poisoning, Packet Crafting for Port Scanning and Flag Manipulation based DoS attacks actually taking place. Besides these, the issues related to cost, compatibility, interoperability, manageability, effectiveness etc. are also involved As a result multiple protection devices need to be installed. Although solutions based upon Static ARP Cache entries to prevent ARP spoofing attacks exist yet they have some major issues like effort required for manual configuration of static entries, limited scalability and workability in static and DHCP based networks [14]. Some of the typical works done in this category include the DAPS (Dynamic ARP spoof Protection SystemCisco) technique suggested in [20] which is a solution to ARP spoofing that snoops DHCP packets. Katkar et al. [21] have proposed a light weight approach for prevention & detection of ARP Spoofing. A server based solution has been proposed by Ortega et .al. [22]. Another mechanism to prevent ARP spoofing based upon the use of static ARP entries was suggested by Ai-Zeng Qian[23]. A combination of using static ARP entries and SNORT-IDS is suggested in [24] for resolving the ARP spoofing problem.


In the title compound, [Fe(H2O)6](NO3)2·2C6H12N4·4H2O, the ferrous ion is coordinated by six O atoms from six water molecules and is in a slightly distorted octahedral geometry, lying on an inversion center. All the N atoms of the hexamethylenetetramine molecules, all the O atoms in the nitrate anions and all the water molecules contribute to the formation of hydrogen bonds. This leads to the formation of a three-dimensional network.


SUBTITLE: HOW AN INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING AND DISTRIBUTION DEPARTMENT IS STRUCTURED IS ONE OF THE KEYS TO ACHIEVING OPTIMAL EFFICIENCY IN THE GLOBAL DELIVERY OF PRODUCTS: BUT NO HARD AND FAST RULES APPLY, AS WAS MADE CLEAR TO DAVID ELLER WHEN HE CANVASSED THE VIEWS OF SHIPPERS IN THE US, CANADA, THE UK AND SWITZERLAND.