Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) frequently develops in patients with craniosynostosis and associated midfacial stenosis. In the past, conservative measures or tracheostomy have been used to manage this condition. Although the course of OSAS in these patients is multifactorial, a major factor is the narrow nasopharyngeal space. Aggressive surgical intervention to enlarge the nasopharyngeal space can reduce the severity of OSAS and therefore avoid the need for tracheostomy. Surgical approaches include adenotonsillectomy, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, and midface advancement.


The method of extracting bromelain by traditional method and new method were compared.The proteins content in the enzyme was calculated by Folin-hydroxybenzene measure,18mg/g and 21.5mg/g.The enzymes activation was calculated with the casein as the substrate,3.29×10~6U/g and 3.33×10~6U/g.The optimum pH and temperature for activating bromelain are 7.4 and 45℃.The effects of various compounds on the enzyme activity were showed that EDTA had important effect on protecting the bromelain.


A method for generating the information to be marked (10) for exposing unauthorized publication. In this method, determining a user identifier (12a), generates a source file (10) containing a substantial portion of the generated information, and generate different based on the source file (10) and a user identifier (12a) for each user the target file (17). In the present invention, a plurality of predetermined modification rule (10b1--10b3,31,32) stored in a file (10,10b, 16) in order to modify the information contained in the source file (10). Using a digital processor, to produce a modified sequence of keys (15a, 15b, ...) according to the user identifier, determining the source file (10) in a position to be modified and modified at these positions, these modified properties and / or the position determined according to a predetermined modification rule (10b1-10b3,31,32) and modification keys (15a, 15b, ...). According to the contents of the target file is transmitted to the user, inferred identifier associated with the particular user and thus deduce the persons responsible for unauthorized copying of responsibility.


Effect of titanium addition on the dry sliding wear behaviour of hypereutectic Al-Si alloys are investigated at elevated temperatures. Wear tests are conducted for varying normal pressure from 0.20 N/mm 2 to 0.98 N/mm 2 , for varying sliding velocity from 0.94m/s to 3.77 m/s and varying sliding distance from 282.74 m to 1696.46 m. In this present investigation, hyper eutectic aluminium based alloys containing 13% and 20% weight of silicon; with addition of titanium is synthesized using casting method. Wear behaviour is studied by using computerized pin on disc wear testing machine. Worn surfaces were examined and analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The wear results show that the wear rate increases with increase in normal pressure (0.20 N/mm 2 to 0.98 N/mm 2 ) and sliding distance (282.74 m to 1696.46 m), but wear rate decreases with increase in sliding velocity from (0.94 m/s to 3.77 m/s). The addition of titanium to Al-Si alloys increases the wear resistance at elevated temperatures.


This research is part of the extensive and structured project "Aquae Patavinae", which over recent years focused on the Euganean thermal basin. The project uses a multidisciplinary approach that includes archaeological excavations, landscape studies, geo-morphological investigations, aerial photographs and remote-sensing-LIDAR analysis. The research, inserted in this more ample organic frame, is based on cartographic documents, spanning from the XVI to the XIX centuries, that represent, in different scales, various portions of the Euganean territory. The documents have been scrutinized to identify any toponymy and topographic information, often signs of a oldest anthropization, to contribute, throughout a diachronic analysis, to the reconstruction of the historical landscape transformation that invested the overall thermal area and Montegrotto in particular.
Written and drawn documents allowed, for example, perceiving the real distribution and concentration of the Montegrotto thermal springs. They were spontaneous, numerous and diffused in the region between Castello mountain, the Prete mountain and the Bortolone hill until to the more southerly belt, near the Terme Neroniane Hotel, where the most monumental roman structures, not only thermal, are preserved.
Extensive swamps belonging to the Carrara family occupied the area between the Castello and the Prete mountains, the area of the sacred protohistoric lake, during the XIV century. This swamp area nearly corresponds to a drained land illustrated in the XIX century cadastral map. This operation may date back to the XV century and could probably be Venetian; it appears more recent than the others. All these data seem supported by a 1835 map; the eleven springs indicated in this area characterize it as sunken and hydrological unstable.
Finally the GIS acquisition of a portion of Montegrotto Napoleon cadastral map (1810) and data contained in attached records have shown the instructive potentiality of XIX funds; they seem to be the best cartographic base for reconstructing the historical landscape according to a 3D model that is being developed at the CNR of Rome.
It started in 2001 with the excavation campaigns in via Neroniana at Montegrotto Terme promoted by the School of Specialization in Archaeology of the University of Padua. Through a diachronic and comparative study of the available cartographic documents and drawings, spanning the late Fifteenth to the Nineteenth century, this research attempts to offer a key to the understanding of the territorial changes occurred within the Euganean thermal basin and to give an answer to those questions - centrals in the history of thermalism - which have not yet been fully answered by official historiography. The cartographic documents that will be considered are mainly drawn annexes to drafts, appraisals and various other activities included in the funds provided by the central government of Venice, which ruled over the region. Therefore, for the complete understanding, these documents can't be separated neither from the descriptive material they belong to, nor from their primary technical function, which gives a full contextualization. Nevertheless, they are often very accurate cartographic surveys and in some cases of considerable aesthetic distinction. The goal of this research is to gather, organise in an proper database and diachronically compare the available drawn material in order to reconstruct, through the centuries, the evolution of some anthropogenic elements (roads, waterways, settlements) and to analyse their relationship with the natural environment, trying if possible to identify signs of an oldest anthropization, with particular attention to the seven historical thermal springs and to the area currently interested by the archaeological excavations. At the same time, it is hoped the investigation on Venetian funds can return precise historical data about in the relationship between the government of Venice and its mainland colonies for the management and the use of thermal waters. The contribution to the reconstruction of the ancient landscape, through analyses and evaluations to be shared through a comparison with other research disciplines, will also fulfil a goal of methodological order linked to the utilisation modalities of the historical cartographic material for the elaboration of the "Preliminary assessments of the archaeological interest "( in compliance with the requirements of Decree Law 109/2005 and with the Code on Public Contracts, Italian Law nr. 163/2006, articles 95 and 96)


This study aims to highlight the significance of data analytics and machine learning in prognosis in health sciences, particularly in detecting life threatening and terminal diseases like cancer. Here, we consider lung cancer for our study. For this purpose, pre-existing lung cancer patients' data are collected to get the desired results. A predictive algorithm is developed to predict the probability of a patient catching lung cancer based on a dataset coming from the Data Science Bowl 2017. Data set (in the form of diagnostic images) is run past Matlab for analysis and forecasting. Image processing is employed for this purpose. Medical image segmentation and classification are done to achieve this. Classification depends on features extracted from the images. The emphasis is on the feature extraction stage to yield better classification performance. This information is then fed to machine learning algorithms to discern a pattern that can give some good insights into what combination of features are most likely to result in an abnormality.


See related article, pages 1232–1240

The role of cGMP as a second messenger in physiological and pathophysiological processes is widely appreciated.1,–,3 The successes of drugs that target the cGMP-signaling pathway (nitrovasodilators and PDE5 inhibitors [sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil]) have inspired interest in other cardiovascular benefits that might derive from a better understanding of this pathway.2,4,–,7 Elevation of cGMP in cardiomyocytes or intact heart is associated with a negative inotropic effect,8 blunting and/or reversal of cardiac hypertrophy,5 protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury,4,7 and changes in apoptosis.9,10 Activation of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG)I and phosphorylation of target proteins is involved in each of these processes, although the precise mechanisms that bring about these effects are not fully understood.1,2 cGMP activation of PKG in cardiomyocytes lowers cellular calcium, which can reduce contractility and counter calcineurin-mediated dephosphorylation/activation/nuclear translocation of NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells), which promotes expression of a cadre of prohypertrophic genes.2,5,6 PKG-mediated phosphorylation of an unknown protein increases opening of mitochondrial K+/ATP channels, thereby diminishing damages resulting from ischemia/reperfusion or myocardial infarction.11,12 Moreover, cGMP elevation suppresses β-adrenergic signaling in the heart and is associated with activation of PKG phosphorylation of troponin (Tn)I.8,13,14 PKG activation increases the GTPase activity of RGS2 (regulator of G protein–coupled signaling 2) and thereby interferes with Gαq/11-coupled signaling.15

Several groups have provided evidence for spatially and functionally distinct cellular pools of cGMP.16, …


Recently, the digital circuit technique has had great success and gained importance in all industries. For the measurment of degree of freshness of plant and animal's tissue, many devices has been developed. But it's data was inacurate and it had difficulty in making database because it was depend on analog circuit technique. The purpose of this paper is the developement of a device based on digital circuit for measurement of freshness degree of wet fish such that its accuracy is very trustworty and it can be measured in a short time. The device is developed by using micro-computer with some interface modules of A-D/D-A converter and digital circuit with IC modules and its effectiveness has been evaluated through two experimental results of electrical Q-value test and chemical K-value test.


ThinPrep (TP) Papanicolaou (Pap) samples containing excessive blood often result in unsatisfactory preparations, possibly leading to undetected gynecologic disease, and added inconvenience to patients and clinicians. Reprocessing of these samples with a glacial acetic acid wash is effective at eliminating blood, providing satisfactory preparation and detection of lesions. However, it increases laboratory costs and decreases work flow efficiency. We report the use of a color standard for gauging the necessity of performing a glacial acetic acid wash before TP processing. This "preprocessing" was found to reduce the costs associated with reprocessing by 48%, while maintaining high preparation quality by improved sample adequacy. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:321–325. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Today's targeted therapeutics exert their anti‐cancer effects mainly by blocking molecular signals that promote tumor cell proliferation, obstruct cell death, hamper cellular differentiation, or facilitate angiogenesis. However, the molecular pathways that underlie these cellular processes are multifaceted and often redundant, allowing tumor cells to escape these drugs. Another approach may be to target tumor cell metabolism. In the 1920s, Warburg noted that cancers exhibit increased rates of glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen, a phenomenon known as aerobic glycolysis or the 'Warburg effect'. The switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis that underlies the Warburg effect represents an alteration to tumor cell metabolism that permits cancer cells to adapt and thrive in conditions that kill normal cells. Such adaptations may include the upregulation or alteration of molecular pathways to increase energy production, expansion of the cell's biosynthetic capacity, and/or adoption of an enhanced redox state to cope with elevated levels of deleterious reactive oxygen species. Understanding the energy sources and metabolic pathways utilized by cancer cells to survive in a hostile microenvironment should allow the exploitation of this knowledge to design more effective anti‐cancer drugs.


A technique for calibrating the charge quantity using the pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) method is described in this paper. The space charge calibration technique is shown to depend on the electric and acoustic properties of the samples when the standard signal for calibration isobtained from the sample itself. Moreover, an advanced calibration technique using the reference signal measured from a different material is described in detail The experimental results obtained using the advanced calibration technique show that the error of every measurement is less than 10 %.


Gold is valuable as a scarce resource. Gold sits at the top of a hierarchy of resources with more abundant materials below that reinforce its value. This analogy can be applied to the research and journal articles that shape clinical practice and professional knowledge in optometry and ophthalmology. The concept of gold standards infers that there are many other less valuable supporting materials with each raising the value at the top. In healthcare, gold standards refer to a quality benchmark with respect to efficacy or reliability of a test, treatment, or research methodology. Journal reviewers frequently receive articles from work that can contribute to professional knowledge although not being rigorous in their application of methods or principles that would produce the strongest results. Sometimes referred to as gold standards, prospective, double masked, controlled, randomized (add your favorite qualifier here) research is like gold in its scarcity and the base that leads to it. This is not unique to optometry and ophthalmology journals. Clinical and scientific knowledge is built from the base of observation, forming a hypothesis, and testing with many contributions along the way to get to the peak of an objective result. Simply, this is the scientific method that we all learned very early in school and which can be applied with benefit in many ways. Although not as often discussed for laboratory research, the topic of validity or credibility of research often comes up for clinical research and many efforts are underway to develop this field. It may seem evident that clinical practice should flow from gold standard research, but this is not often the case and would severely limit the growth of medical knowledge and practice. The field of evidence-based medicine (EBM) is developing to promote the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. Evidence-based medicine is not limited to the most rigorous, gold standard studies, and schemes have been developed to recognize and rank differences among research studies and how they may contribute to knowledge in the field. These schemes create levels of evidence based on preset criteria pertaining to methodology and analysis for the kind of question being asked and research being conducted. Two in particular, the US Preventive Services Task Force and the Oxford Centre for EBM, start by recognizing expert opinions as the base and proceed through case series, cohort studies, unrandomized studies, controlled studies, and recognize properly designed randomized controlled trials (RCT) as the most reliable contributors to clinical science. Each level of evidence rests on the one below: the knowledge gleaned in the first few levels being used to improve and focus the higher level research. As the value for gold standard studies is widely recognized, how prevalent are they in professional journals? Several authors in the field of EBM have tabulated the quality of studies that have been published in other fields of medicine and have generally reported a wide range for the proportion of articles or therapies based on prospective, randomized, controlled studies. Neufield and Graham1 reported on techniques for antireflux surgery and found that 8% of surgical articles were from RCTs and 14% of general thoracic surgical treatments were supported by RCTs with 22% supported by case reports and small case series. Hui et al.2 retrospectively reviewed treatments in an acute medical ward and reported that 52% were based on RCTs and 48% of treatments were not supported by evidence from any study. More pertinent for articles published in professional journals for eyecare, Lai et al.3 reviewed 1,919 articles from the American Journal of Ophthalmology, Archives of Ophthalmology, British Journal of Ophthalmology, and Ophthalmology and reported that 58% were expert opinion articles, 16% case series articles, 8% cohort or casecontrol studies, and 18% from RCT studies. There is not uniform agreement that the peer review process works well and complaints have risen to the US Supreme Court, who substantiated complaints about this fundamental aspect of scientific research.4 Rather than agreeing that peer review ". . . is a non-validated charade whose processes generate results little better than does chance,"4 authors and reviewers should recognize that variance is inherent in the peer review process, agreement is more rare than frequent, and gold standard material grows from a foundation of many good contributing sources. How does this information help journal reviewers, readers, and authors? Shaughnessy et al.5 have proposed that clinical practice results from synthesizing information from sources that range from objective to individual cases and tempered with training, standards of care, patient preferences, ethical issues, and economics. He calls it clinical jazz. Maybe we need to better recognize the place and contribution of elements that go into the mix of clinical opinion and decision making for professional journals and value the best contributions when they can be mined. Journal authors, reviewers, and readers would benefit by appreciating the place of each level of evidence in relation to the others and to the evolution of EBM. Good RCTs are built on individual case reports that point to opportunities for cohort or case-controlled studies that lead to RCTs. By understanding and appreciating how levels of evidence support the gold standard, practitioners are better able to critically appraise and apply information from all sources to make their clinical decision.


Digital reading is a topic of rising interest in digital libraries, particularly in terms of optimizing the reading experience. However, there is relatively little data on the patterns of digital reading, including issues of where and what users read, and how they organize, plan and conduct their reading sessions. This paper reports the first data on mobile reading, combining insights from three different studies of users, including diary studies, interviews and ethnomethodological work. The data reveals that reading often depends on highly developed and rehearsed practices, especially when the reading is related to study or research. From this, we are able to identify a number of opportunities for further digital library research to better support the needs of users.


The evaluation and usefulness of lightning prediction for Indian subcontinent are demonstrated. Implementation of the lightning parameterizations based on storm parameters, in Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF), with different microphysics schemes are carried out. With the availability of observed lightning measurements over Maharashtra from the lightning detection network (LDN), lightning cases have been identified during pre-monsoon season of 2016–2018. Lightning parameterization based on cloud top height defined by reflectivity threshold factor of 20 dBZ is chosen. Initial analysis is carried out for sixteen lightning events with four microphysical schemes for the usefulness in lightning prediction. Objective analysis is carried out and quantitative model performance (skill scores) is assessed based on observed data. The skills are evaluated for 10 and 50 km square box from the 1 km domain. There is good POD of 0.86, 0.82, 0.85, 0.84 and false alarm ratio (FAR) of 0.28, 0.25, 0.29, 0.26 from WSM6, Thompson, Morrison and WDM6 respectively. There is an overestimation in lightning flash with a spatial and temporal shift. The fractional skill score is evaluated as a function of spatial scale with neighbourhoods from 25 to 250 km. These high skill scores and high degree of correlation between observations and model simulation gives confidence to use the system for real-time operational forecast over India. The skill for 2019 and 2020 pre-monsoon are calculated to address the predictability of operational lightning prediction over India.


An approach is provided in which a first virtual machine, executing on a host computer system, generates a data packet with a target destination at a second virtual machine over a computer network. The host computer system identifies a data flow corresponding to the data packet based the data packet's header information, and analyzes path weightings of available paths that are made available to the identified data flow. In turn, the host computer system assigns one of the available paths to the identified data flow corresponding to a pre-defined physical layer path from the first virtual machine to the second virtual machine.


In this article, the effects of secondary schools, teachers, and classes on mathematics achievement are explored. The results of multilevel analyses indicate important recruitment differences between schools and classes within schools. After controlling for this, the group composition at the class level remained very important for the explanation of differences in mathematics achievement. Also the learning climate in the class, which correlates positively with group composition, explained an additional part of the variance. The effect of other educational process variables disappeared when group composition variables were entered into the model. At the school level, the proportion of girls was positively related to mathematics achievements. Indications of differential effectiveness of classes and schools and of heteroscedasticity related to SES, average class SES, average class SES, sex, and learning climate were found.


Government expenditure on water supply and sanitation (WSS) aims to improve both the quality of life and health conditions. Using budget analyses, this article highlights the trend and composition of WSS expenditure in Uttar Pradesh covering the period 1990–1991 to 2018–2019. The article also presents political regime wise trend of WSS expenditure and finds that political regime affects WSS expenditure. Regression analysis reveals that net state domestic product is negatively related to WSS expenditure. This is not a good sign for the state where unsafe drinking water, sanitation and hygienic condition is the fourth leading risk responsible for disease burden, and the current status of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) condition is quite low. The overall budget for WSS in Uttar Pradesh is grossly inadequate, irresponsive and out of sync with the development reality. There is an acute need of government intervention with higher budgetary allocations for the overall development of water and sanitation facilities in Uttar Pradesh.


Toddlers with slow expressive language development were compared to normally speaking age-mates on three global measures of phonological behavior: the average level of complexity of their syllable structures, the number of different consonant phonemes produced, and the percentage of consonants correctly produced in intelligible utterances. The groups were found to differ significantly on all three variables. Further analyses were done, breaking the groups down into narrower age ranges. These comparisons also revealed differences between late-talking and normal youngsters. Detailed analyses of the range of phonemes and syllable structures produced, as well as the appearance of phoneme classes within syllable structures and positions, revealed that late talkers showed a delayed rather than a deviant pattern of phonological development. The implications of these findings for identifying and monitoring expressive delay in toddlers are discussed. It is known that older preschoolers with language delays are at a very substantial risk for long-term language, But little is known about the prognosis for toddlers with slow acquisition of expressive language. Normative data for expressive language growth have been well established in the literature, and a variety of sources have reported average vocabulary size of substantially more than 50 words and the use of some two-word combinations at 18-24 months reported average expressive vocabulary sizes of 110 words at 18 months and 312 words at 24 months in normal toddlers. Rescorla (1989) showed that 10-14% of middle class children sampled with the Language Development Survey failed to produce 50 different words or combine words in two-word utterances by their second birthday. What is not known is what proportion of these "late talkers" will go on to show chronic deficits in language and related skills, and which will grow out of the delay as normal "late bloomers." The present study examined phonological behavior in toddlers with slow expressive language development (SELD), that is, those in that lower 15% of the normal distribution who did not produce 50 words or did not combine words by 18-24 months. Stoel-Gammon (1991) has shown that there is a strong correlation between number of consonants in phonetic inventories and vocabulary size in normal 2-year-olds. Thus there is reason to suspect that toddlers with abnormally small vocabularies would show phonological differences from their normally speaking peers. Stoel-Gammon (1987) argued that isolated word-naming tests are not appropriate tools for evaluating phonological performance in children under 3 and suggested that conversational interactions are more valid …


Two closely related Shorthorn calves, born into a small herd, each had a single large tumorous gonad. The tumor was diagnosed in each case as a Sertoli cell tumor.


The fertility transition in Asian Countries is part of the worldwide fertility transition- one of the most fundamental events of the last half of the 20th century. In general, this has been associated with greatly increased child survival and changes in the economy and society resulting from economic development. But there have been puzzling differences between countries. The fertility crisis used to refer to the countries with high fertility; now attention has shifted to those with very low fertility, a number of which are in Asia. Increasing non-marriage is an important factor in very low fertility. Non-marriage is closely related with educational levels, though the nature of the relationship is quite different for males and females.


Nafion tube dryers were tested for applications of sample preparation prior to gas chromatographic analysis. Steady-state and timedependent drying efficiency were measured for four similar dryers using a 50-mL/min sample flow at 95 percent relative humidity at room temperature. A procedure was developed in which water removal efficiency was temporarily enhanced by a factor of 20 as compared with the steady state. This was accomplished by heating the dryer while purging it with a dry sample stream immediately prior to processing the gas sample of interest. The procedure was tested on an automated gas chromatographic system equipped with a cryogenic sample preconcentrator. Data for 15 volatile organic compounds of interest showed no effect of this procedure on sample integrity; some improvement in run-to-run precision was observed.


Variable names are important to understand and maintain code. If a variable name and the value stored in the variable do not match, then the program suffers from a name-value inconsistency, which is due to one of two situations that developers may want to fix: Either a correct value is referred to through a misleading name, which negatively affects code understandability and maintainability, or the correct name is bound to a wrong value, which may cause unexpected runtime behavior. Finding name-value inconsistencies is hard because it requires an understanding of the meaning of names and knowledge about the values assigned to a variable at runtime. This paper presents Nalin, a technique to automatically detect name-value inconsistencies. The approach combines a dynamic analysis that tracks assignments of values to names with a neural machine learning model that predicts whether a name and a value fit together. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to formulate the problem of finding coding issues as a classification problem over names and runtime values. We apply Nalin to 106,652 real-world Python programs, where meaningful names are particularly important due to the absence of statically declared types. Our results show that the classifier detects name-value inconsistencies with high accuracy, that the warnings reported by Nalin have a precision of 80% and a recall of 76% w.r.t. a ground truth created in a user study, and that our approach complements existing techniques for finding coding issues.


A 64-year-old man with chronic sinusitis and frequent antibiotic use failed a visual acuity examination. Funduscopy showed right papilloedema. There was tenderness to palpation over the right mastoid. Physical examination was otherwise normal.

T2-weighted MRI of the brain demonstrated right otomastoiditis (figure 1A). Post-gadolinium T1-weighted MRI showed extensive right-sided dural enhancement (figure 1B). MR venogram of the head revealed cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) involving the superior sagittal sinus (figure …


An average daily wind regime along the Northern Adriatic eastern coast has been examined at 10 meteorological stations for summertime sea/ land breeze circulation. The stations considered are Pula-Airport, Opatija, Rijeka, Senj, Malinska, Omi{alj, Mali Lo{inj, Rab, Zadar and Zadar-Airport. The aim was to examine the frequency, the times of onset and cessation, the average duration of sea/land breezes, and the impact of the Coriolis force on the wind vector rotation at chosen stations. The results are comparable with corresponding studies of mid-latitude locations. For two stations, an anticlockwise rotation has been discovered (Malinska and Senj), while the remaining stations showed a clockwise rotation, which prevails on the northern hemisphere coasts.


A typical assumption is that ensemble data at each spatial location follows a Gaussian distribution. We investigate the consequences of that assumption when distributions are non-Gaussian. A sufficiently acceptable interpolation scheme needs to be devised for the interpolation of non-Gaussian distributions. We present two methods to calculate interpolations between two arbitrary distributions and compare them against two baseline methods. The first method uses a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) to represent distributions. The second method is a non-parametric approach that interpolates between quantiles in the cumulative distribution functions. The baseline methods for comparison purposes are: (a) using a Gaussian distribution and interpolating the means and standard deviations, and (b) forming a new distribution based on the interpolation of individual realizations of the ensemble. We show that the two proposed non-Gaussian interpolation methods have the following behavior: the interpolated distributions do not decompose to more constituent Gaussian distributions than the highest modality of those being interpolated, and do not have variances less than the smallest variance from the grid points being interpolated. Finally, we compare these four interpolation methods when used in the analysis of scalar and vector fields of ensemble data sets, particularly in areas where the distribution is non-Gaussian. Index Terms —Interpolation, non-Gaussian, visualization, flow, uncertainty, ensemble


A high elevation atmospheric monitoring station has been in operation at the summit (1689) of Whitetop Mountain, Virginia (N 36{degrees}38', W 81 {degrees}36') since the fall of 1985. The primary focus of measurements made at this station is to characterize acidic input to the surrounding spruce fir forests of Whitetop Mountain and neighboring Mount Rogers. The purpose of this paper is to describe the measurement results of a subset of the existing data base-those cloud water measurements made during the first two summers of the project (1986 and 1987). Analysis of cloud water concentration, cloud type, and air mass origin are made for each cloud event occurring during three to four week long measurement intensives. Also, both qualitative and quantitative analyses are made of regional source/receptor relationships.


The invention relates to an apparatus for cleaning an object, in particular a two-wheeler, wherein a cleaning means (1) comprising retaining housing (3) having an open side is formed (5) at which the object and the housing (3) are positioned to each other and from which the cleaning means (1) interacting providable to the object, wherein the cleaning device (1) comprises a control means (4) for controlling the cleaning device (1). The apparatus allows for easy cleaning in particular of bicycles with simultaneous low consumption of materials, energy and costs.


Researchers worldwide seek to develop convenient, green, and ecological production processes to synthesize chemical products with high added value. In this sense, lignocellulosic biomass photocatalysis is an excellent process for obtaining various outcomes for the industry. One issue of biomass transformation via heterogeneous catalysis into valuable chemicals is the selection of an adequate catalyst that ensures high conversion and selectivity at low costs. Titanium oxide (TiO2), is widely used for several applications, including photocatalytic biomass degradation, depolymerization, and transformation. Graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a metal-free polymeric semiconductor with high oxidation and temperature resistance and there is a recent interest in developing this catalyst. Both catalysts are amenable to industrial production, relatively easy to dope, and suited for solar light absorption. Recent investigations also show the advantages of using heterojunctions, for biomass derivates production, due to their better solar spectrum absorption properties and, thus, higher efficiency, conversion, and selectivity over a broader spectrum. This work summarizes recent studies that maximize selectivity and conversion of biomass using photocatalysts based on TiO2 and g-C3N4 as supports, as well as the advantages of using metals, heterojunctions, and macromolecules in converting cellulose and lignin. The results presented show that heterogeneous photocatalysis is an interesting technology for obtaining several chemicals of industrial use, especially when using TiO2 and g-C3N4 doped with metals, heterojunctions, and macromolecules because these modified catalysts permit higher conversion and selectivity, milder reaction conditions, and reduced cost due to solar light utilization. In order to apply these technologies, it is essential to adopt government policies that promote the use of photocatalysts in the industry, in addition to encouraging active collaboration between photooxidation research groups and companies that process lignocellulosic biomass.


This article seeks to sketch out alternatives to neoliberal penality by seeking to undermine the four institutional logics of neoliberalism as identified by Loïc Wacquant (2009). It begins by critically analysing the potential value of public criminology as an exit strategy, suggesting that whilst this approach has much value, popular versions of it are in fact rather limited on account of their exclusion of offenders themselves from the debate and their optimism about the capacity of existing institutions to challenge the current punitive consensus. It suggests that a genuinely 'public' criminology should be informed by an abolitionist stance to both current penal policies and the neoliberal system as a whole. This may be the best means of truly democratizing penal politics.


An Introduction to Analytical Molecular Biology Quality in the Analytical Molecular Biology Laboratory DNA Extraction Quantification of Total DNA by Spectroscopy PCR: Factors Affecting Reliability and Validity Inhibitors and Enhancers of PCR Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Analysis Developments of Multiplex PCR Membrane Hybridisation Automated Fluorescent DNA Cycle Sequencing Subject Index.


A large area streamer tube detector, located within the KASCADE experiment, has been built with the aim to identify muons and their directions from extensive air showers by track measurements under more than 18 r.l. shielding. 1000 streamer tube chambers of 4 m length have been produced and tested. The detector concept is presented. The influence of the design and operational factors on the detector performance are shown. Various approaches to determine the angular resolution of the muon tracking detector are discussed. r 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights


The booming biofuel industry has profound impacts on the economy, environment and society at national, regional and local levels, and it imposes significant challenges to the existing infrastructure systems that support the rapid growth of the biofuel supply chain under the ethanol production mandates. The economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of the biofuel industry will be highly dependent on the strategic design of the biomass-to-biofuel supply chain, where many factors, such as geographical features (e.g., land and water resources), economy structure (e.g., availability, type and price of feedstock and energy), spatial distribution of feedstock supply and energy demand, and transportation infrastructures (e.g., modes, network and cost), play important roles. These factors are interdependent and, in turn, influenced by the overall supply chain configuration. This dissertation aims to develop advanced systems optimization models and decision-support tools that help create viable strategies and design guidelines on how biofuel production infrastructure should be expanded to achieve the nation's ambitious bioenergy production targets.


Introduction to The Problem: In 2016-2017 the fintech model in Indonesia was usually in the form of a payment system or online loan service. However, in 2019-2020 the fintech business model had 23 services. After the pandemic in Indonesia in 2020, fintech services continued to overgrow. Purpose: This study aims to explain the positive that the use of fintech has increased dramatically compared to previous years, and one of them is caused by the co-19 pandemic.Methodology: This type of research is qualitative and descriptive, and data collection methods are done with library research.Findings: This study shows that the Covid-19 pandemic made fintech and e-commerce experience a significant increase because these two products accelerate quickly. The use of fintech by both producers and consumers has at least helped people survive the pandemic. Likewise, with e-commerce, people can still meet all their living needs, especially clothing and food. The acceleration of digital transformation in Indonesia predicts that Indonesia will dominate the ASEAN internet economy in 2025.Paper Type: Research Articl


The interactions of FD & C Red No.3 (erythrosine) in 1 or 2% concentrations with various types of pharmaceutical gelatins were studied. In visible region spectroscopy type A gelatin showed 6 nm bathochromic shift in of erythrosine, but no shifts were observed in other gelatins. Various results were obtained in the decrease of absorbance from 0.06 to 0.25. In dissolution study, the gelatin that showed the greatest spectral change exhibited the worst profile. From above results, it is concluded that erythrosine interacted to the greatest extent with type A gelatin and in the case of type B gelatin the degree of the interaction in different according to their specifications.


The mononuclear palladium(II) complex trans-[PdCl2(PhPPy2)2] (1) reacts with [Cu(CH3CN)4]ClO4 to afford the heterobinuclear [(PhPPy2)2PdCuCl2]ClO4·2CH3CN (2), bridged by two PhPPy2 ligands in a new mode. Complex 2 crystallizes in space group P21/c with a = 12.947(1), b = 9.142(1), c = 33.454(2) Å, β = 99.698(1)°. The copper(I) and palladium(II) ions in 2 adopt distorted tetrahedral and square-planar geometry, respectively. At room temperature, the complex is photoluminescent in solution.


Despite the weak involvement of families in the school life of their children, there is a widespread perception and a tacit acceptance of the importance of this involvement and implication, by the strong and positive correlation that it has with the school and educational success of children, adolescents and youngsters. In a research carried out under the PhD in Educational Sciences and from the perception of parents and teachers who play the roles of Class Tutors, it was possible to identity very significant benefits that can result from a close and constructive relationship between the school, the surrounding community, and particularly families. The joint reflection on these results as well as the objective to put it at the service of the improvement of the school educational activity, the project "Parents and Teachers in Training/Action" was born. Aiming the promotion of an active and informed participation of families in their children's school careers and relying on the commitment of the internal actors, this project chooses as primary intervention strategy the training of parents and teachers as they are more directly responsible in the educational process. Through the development and deepening — by specialized teams — topics, mostly suggested by recipients, a contribution to the construction of a space of reflection around the complex daily school life is provided, in joint pursuit of the most appropriate responses to the problems and constraints that characterize it.


Waste management accordingly from concept and practices that are used in different countries there are differences, particularly between developed and developing countries. Our country takes part in the context of small developing countries where waste management right is almost at the beginning. In order to have better knowledge about waste management in Kosovo is done a research. The research has included the institutions that are responsible for waste management, including central and local level, service companies and citizens. In the context of survey this research is done in two cities: Mitrovica and Pristina. The survey was conducted with the drafting of legislation, service companies and civil waste collection. The survey has included questions about waste management problems, if they are satisfied with the services offered, where complete waste and what need for a better management of them. The survey results are developed with descriptive statistical method, SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software). Despite legislation drawn up in conformity with that of the EU, raising the level of awareness, many stock and commitment to change in waste management based on the results of research, it remains much to be done for a better management and right where waste will not be seen as a burden but as an asset, and one day every corner of Kosovo will be really clean and desired to be seen.


Mobile learning (m-learning) can be considered as an intersection of e-learning and mobile computing. From the perspective of m-learning, it is important to deliver dynamic instant learning content in an efficient way anytime and anywhere. An m-learning system should present optimal personalized content to the mobile user and encourage collaborative learning. The purpose of this paper is to devise a functional architecture that supports the above m-learning objectives using agent technology and improves the quality of teaching and learning processes. This architecture gives users the ability to collect, analyze, distribute and use e-learning contents from multiple knowledge sources. The architecture is able to adjust the m-learning content based on the progress of the participants. The agent technology is particularly suitable for developing m-learning systems because it supports intelligent and distributed storage, allows an optimal personalized m-learning environment, and enhances modularity, reusability, flexibility and reliability


Rich face models already have a large impact on the fields of computer vision, perception research, as well as computer graphics and animation. Attributes such as descriptiveness, semantics, and intuitive control are desirable properties but hard to achieve. Towards the goal of building such high-quality face models, we present a 3D model-based analysis-by-synthesis approach that is able to parameterize 3D facial surfaces, and that can estimate the state of semantically meaningful components, even from noisy depth data such as that produced by Time-of-Flight (ToF) cameras or devices such as Microsoft Kinect. At the core, we present a specialized 3D morphable model (3DMM) for facial expression analysis and synthesis. In contrast to many other models, our model is derived from a large corpus of localized facial deformations that were recorded as 3D scans from multiple identities. This allows us to analyze unstructured dynamic 3D scan data using a modified Iterative Closest Point model fitting process, followed by a constrained Action Unit model regression, resulting in semantically meaningful facial deformation time courses. We demonstrate the generative capabilities of our 3DMMs for facial surface reconstruction on high and low quality surface data from a ToF camera. The analysis of simultaneous recordings of facial motion using passive stereo and noisy Time-of-Flight camera shows good agreement of the recovered facial semantics.


Introduction: Tricyclic antidepressant overdose is the one of the most common in self-poisoning. Amitriptyline is the most common single agent. The high rate of mortality in tricyclic antidepressant overdosing is due to central nervous system and cardiovascular system toxicity. Evidence of cardiovascular toxicity is present in the majority of tricyclic antidepressant overdoses. Cardiotoxicity is hypotension, QRS widening and ventricular arrhythmias. Myocardial infarction however is rare. Objective: This paper reports a case of overdose of tricyclic antidepressants, resulting in an acute coronary syndrome. Case Report: This is a 59-year-old patient, with a chronic active smoking as cardiovascular risk factor at 53 BP, age and male sex, followed for psychosis under antidepressant treatment for 5 years with poor compliance (amitriptyline 25mg 1cpx2/d), admitted in our training for the management of infarct chest pain dating back to 16 hours, following an overdose in tricyclic antidepressants. This patient ingested probably 450 mg of amitriptyline hydrochloride following a marital dispute. On admission, the patient was conscient, hemodynamically and respiratory stable, with no evidence of right or left heart failure. The ECG was in regular sinus rhythm, with negative T waves in the septo-apical leads, extended to the right. Troponin was positive at 110ng/l. The TTE was free of significant abnormalities, He was commenced on a sodium bicarbonate infusion that was continued overnight and discontinued the following morning. A coronary angiogram performed in the emergency setting showed angiographically healthy coronary arteries. Discussion and Conclusion: Tricyclic antidepressant overdose is known to cause cardiopulmonary and central nervous system complications. As with other cardiovascular complications, amitriptyline toxicity may cause acute myocardial infarction. The physicians should be aware of acute myocardial infarction in patients with tricyclic antidepressant overdose. This complication may occur during the late period of observation in patients without tendency to acute cardiac ischaemia.


Purpose – This paper aims to examine the significance of, difficulties with, and issues driving the change process of curriculum innovations as well as the roles of leadership both in formal and informal structures that could facilitate the process in Hong Kong preschools.Design/methodology/approach – With the aid of an illustrative case study, this paper discusses the implementation of a new assessment system in a local preschool and its complexity of the management of change process.Findings – This paper illustrates the problems of technical and quick‐fix approach to change that disregards the political and cultural variables existing within the school environment. If the approach for change focuses only on the "know‐how" aspect of the new assessment system, it is likely that only some superficial changes would be made and the new practices would hardly be institutionalized as an on‐going part of the school system.Originality/value – Minimal research on management and leadership in preschools has been c...


I. The Early Evolution of the Fourth Amendment Standard A. Olmstead and Goldman 1. Olmstead v. United States 2. Goldman v. United States B. On Lee v. United States C. Silverman v. United States D. Katz Out of the Bag II: The Fourth Amendment and Electronic Surveillance A. The Infancy of Electronic Surveillance: Knotts and Karo 1. Knotts v. United States 2. United States v. Karo 3. Kyllo v. United States III: The Fourth Amendment and United States v. Jones A. United States v. Maynard: The Decision Below B. United States v. Jones: Background and Overview C. The Majority Opinion of Justice Scalia 1. Turning An Old Test Into A New Test 2. The Construct of the Trespass-First Test D. Justice Alito, Concurring in Judgment Only E. Justice Sotomayor Concurring IV: Conclusion At the apex of the pyramid comes Big Brother. Big Brother is infallible and all-powerful. Every success, every achievement, every victory, every scientific discovery, all knowledge, all wisdom, all happiness, all virtue, are held to issue directly from his leadership and inspiration. Nobody has ever seen Big Brother. He is a face on the hoardings, a voice on the telescreen. We may be reasonably sure that he will never die, and there is already considerable uncertainty as to when he was born. (3) Many thought that, with the United States Supreme Court's anticipated decision in United States v. Jones, (4) we would no longer harbor any uncertainty as to when Big Brother was born. Because motorists generally travel on public streets, some predicted the Court in Jones would hold that the totality of those public movements enjoy no Fourth Amendment protection. A parade of horribles, debated at water coolers everywhere, included the fear that law enforcement, based on a hunch, could attach a Global Positioning System ("GPS") device to any vehicle and discover the pattern and intricate details of a motorist's daily life over an extended period of time. This could allow law enforcement to track a driver's travels to a psychiatrist's office; to a mistress's home; to a political rally; or to an AIDS clinic. With the decision in Jones, however, it appears that we should have been less concerned with the birth of Big Brother and more concerned with the death of Katz v. United States. (5) This article explores the Court's recent retreat from the two-part Katz test, and an unexpected shift in the considerations the Court declared it will primarily rely upon when evaluating whether a Fourth Amendment search has occurred. Part I recounts the Court's early evolutionary Fourth Amendment cases, leading to the establishment in Katz of the "reasonable expectation of privacy" test by which a Fourth Amendment violation has since been measured. Part II explores significant cases involving electronic surveillance--GPS in particular, but also electronic eavesdropping through wiretapping and other then-evolving technologies. Part III analyzes the Court's decision in United States v. Jones, the newly-minted test proposed by Justice Scalia in the majority opinion, and its potential impact on the test first formulated in Katz. I. THE EARLY EVOLUTION OF THE FOURTH AMENDMENT STANDARD One of the earliest cases in this area required the Court to determine whether persons had an expectation of privacy in sealed letters and papers sent through use of the United States mail. (6) The Court later addressed whether the Fourth Amendment extended to the interception of oral communications, and depended largely on the existence of a trespass upon a constitutionally protected area to find that a search had occurred. It was not until the decision in Katz v. United States that the Court abandoned the requirement of a physical trespass and focused instead on the protection of persons--not property. …


ABSTRACT In this work, an oxide memristor was utilized for analog computing, which exhibited controllable transitions within its stable resistive states. The memristive ON and OFF states were considered to be logic 1 and logic 0, respectively, whereas the intermediate memristances represent the possible resistive states within the memristive state machine (MSM). This MSM was sprucely tailored to perform tunable edge detection. In contrast to other software based conventional edge detection systems such as Canny, Sobel, and Prewitt, the proposed MSM system performed better with around 8% improvement in accuracy of edge detection. With the level of simplicity and accuracy, the proposed system exhibits potential to be an efficient alternative to the conventional systems for edge detection and laid a concrete path for future low hardware based smart system design due to the suppression of analog-to-digital conversion.


A set of Gaussian wavelet filters were used to decompose the averaged EC G into three frequency bands. Four subaverages from the leads X, Y and Z were filtered. The endpoint of beat related activity in each lead and frequency band were determined by using ensemble correlation on the four subaverages. Endpoints of QRS-related activity as obtained from the subband filtered data were compared to those of highpass filtered data.


t = 170µs t = 530µs t = 495µs t = 495µs t = 304µs t = 230µs t = 754µs t = 705µs t = 622µs t = 316µs t = 236µs Figure 2 Outcomes of impact of a 157 µm diameter water drop with 0.83 m/s velocity


The reliability of tomographic attenuation images depends critically on the a priori assumptions of the inverse procedures. One important assumption is that the radiation patterns can be represented by formulas for dipole antennas located in a homogeneous full-space. Modeling studies suggest that this assumption is valid for gas-filled boreholes, but is violated for water-filled ones. To test experimentally these numerical results we developed a special packer system. This allows us to isolate the effects of the borehole filling by comparing data gathers measured with (gas-filled hole) and without the packer system (water-filled hole). Our experimental results demonstrate that the radiative characteristics of borehole antennas do indeed differ substantially for gas- and water-filled boreholes and that the dominant effects are correctly predicted by simple modeling approaches.


Dr. Ambedkar is one such great leader, thinker and intellectual of his time in India who has not only changed the life of millions of untouchables but also shaped India as the biggest democratic nation in the world by writing constitution. What are well known to all of us about Ambedkar are his efforts towards elimination of caste system in India. But what is not known to many of us about Ambedkar is his economic thoughts and contribution to our country. Hence, a detailed deliberation about his contribution to Economics, more particularly to Indian economy is the need of the hour.


This study uses the concept of mode of experience and achievement goal theory to further our understanding of active sport tourists. Research suggests there are three types of mode (i.e. place, activity and social group) and two types of achievement orientation (i.e. ego, or 'Being the best', and task, or 'Doing your best'). Cluster analyses of athletes attending the 2005 World Masters Games resulted in four groups, all high on activity mode and task orientation, but different in terms of: (1) moderate social group and place modes and either low or moderate ego orientations; and (2) neutral social group and low place modes and either low or moderate ego orientations. Similarities and differences in trip, activity and socio-demographic characteristics were found amongst the four groups. Findings are discussed with regard to support for an active sport tourism taxonomy and framework based on mode of experience and achievement orientation, and practical and conceptual implications are outlined.


Corporate branding is a "strategic tool" that fortifies firms to stay competitive in ruggedly saturated global market as it is exploited for market share increase, high profitability and operational cost reduction via reduction in employee turnover ratio. Maximally, achieving this requires that the greatest and most available asset of the organization, employees, are in good shape, in that they would be the first and best brand ambassadors. Better put, employees must be committed, connected and engrossed with their employer at emotional, social and physical levels, hence their engagement. This paper explores the strengths and weaknesses of employee engagement strategies as a mechanism of breeding best corporate brand giving the practices of telecommunications organization in Ghana. The main research approach adopted was quantitative with 137 responses collected and analysed. In order to heighten the rigor and robustness of the findings, four additional interviews were conducted which qualifies the approach to best described as triangulation. Interestingly, the outcome of the findings revealed that the engagement practices in action at the company currently are yielding desired results which underpins why it was considered most valuable brand in the continent of Africa. Notwithstanding, the best could only remain best when there is persistent improvement.


This paper summarises the latest experimental results on single top quark physics by the ATLAS
and CMS collaborations using LHC proton–proton collisions at ps = 8 TeV. Searches for single
top-quark production in the s-channel and associatedWt mode are presented and a determination
of the CKM matrix element jVtbj is discussed. Evidence for s-channel production is reported by
the ATLAS collaboration and theWt process has been observed at the LHC.


Multiple scientific disciplines face a so-called crisis of reproducibility and replicability (R&R) in which the validity of methodologies is questioned due to an inability to confirm experimental results. Trust in information technology (IT)-intensive workflows within geographic information science (GIScience), remote sensing, and photogrammetry depends on solutions to R&R challenges affecting multiple computationally driven disciplines. To date, there have only been very limited efforts to overcome R&R-related issues in remote sensing workflows in general, let alone those tied to unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) as a disruptive technology. This review identifies key barriers to, and suggests best practices for, R&R in geospatial UAS workflows as well as broader remote sensing applications. We examine both the relevance of R&R as well as existing support for R&R in remote sensing and photogrammetry assisted UAS workflows. Key barriers include: (1) awareness of time and resource requirements, (2) accessibility of provenance, metadata, and version control, (3) conceptualization of geographic problems, and (4) geographic variability between study areas. R&R in geospatial UAS applications can be facilitated through augmented access to provenance information for authorized stakeholders, and the establishment of R&R as an important aspect of UAS and related research design. Where ethically possible, future work should exemplify best practices for R&R research by publishing access to open data sets and workflows. Future work should also explore new avenues for access to source data, metadata, provenance, and methods to adapt principles of R&R according to geographic variability and stakeholder requirements.


The dehydrin family of proteins is upregulated in response to desiccation and cold stress and is thought to protect the plant by stabilizing the plasma membrane. This study characterizes the interaction between a typical dehydrin (Lti30) and lipid membranes. Dehydrins are intrinsically disordered plant proteins whose expression is upregulated under conditions of desiccation and cold stress. Their molecular function in ensuring plant survival is not yet known, but several studies suggest their involvement in membrane stabilization. The dehydrins are characterized by a broad repertoire of conserved and repetitive sequences, out of which the archetypical K-segment has been implicated in membrane binding. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of these K-segments, we examined the interaction between lipid membranes and a dehydrin with a basic functional sequence composition: Lti30, comprising only K-segments. Our results show that Lti30 interacts electrostatically with vesicles of both zwitterionic (phosphatidyl choline) and negatively charged phospholipids (phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl serine, and phosphatidic acid) with a stronger binding to membranes with high negative surface potential. The membrane interaction lowers the temperature of the main lipid phase transition, consistent with Lti30's proposed role in cold tolerance. Moreover, the membrane binding promotes the assembly of lipid vesicles into large and easily distinguishable aggregates. Using these aggregates as binding markers, we identify three factors that regulate the lipid interaction of Lti30 in vitro: (1) a pH dependent His on/off switch, (2) phosphorylation by protein kinase C, and (3) reversal of membrane binding by proteolytic digest.


The adsorption behavior of asphalt and functionalities representative of those present in asphalt on aggregates precoated with antistripping agents was investigated. The amount of adsorption obtained was compared with that of uncoated aggregate. The aggregates used were a high-surface-area synthetic silica and low-surface-area actual siliceous aggregates; Warrior River sand from Alabama; and greywacke from California. The aggregates were precoated with commercial polyamine antistripping agents. The acidic functionalities benzoic acid and phenol demonstrated enhanced adsorption with the antistripping agent precoating, whereas the nonacidic functionalities phenylsulfoxide, benzylbenzoate, benzophenone, quinoline, and pyrene did not. The adsorption of AC-20 asphalt onto precoated silica and Warrior River sand showed decreased adsorption compared to that on the uncoated aggregate. The adsorption of AC-10 on precoated greywacke also showed decreased adsorption compared to uncoated greywacke. The ranking of the AC-20 adsorption on different uncoated aggregates when aggregate surface area was taken into account was Warrior River sand > silica > greywacke. Likewise, AC-20 adsorbed more on precoated Warrier River sand than on precoated silica. Desorption of AC-20 asphalt from precoated silica using distilled water appeared to be less than that from uncoated silica.


ABSTRACT Cancer is one of the greatest challenges that worry the minds of scientists and threatens human life. Despite the presence of several drugs on the market, their effectiveness remains limited by its resistance. In this research, the Monte Carlo approach was used for QSAR modelling applying the representation of the molecular structure by the SMILES and optimal molecular descriptors. Correlation Ideality (IIC) and Correlation Contradiction Index (CCI)) were introduced as validation parameters to further estimate the predictive ability of the developed models. The statistical quality of the model developed with (IIC) was good compared to those without (IIC). The best QSAR model of the following statistical parameters: (R²train= 0.816, R²valid = 0.825) was selected to generate the activity-increasing and decreasing promoters studied, and these are the basis for the design of seven new candidates as an antiproliferative inhibitory agent. Additionally, the newly designed molecules, the most active compound in the dataset, erlotinib and melphalan as control compounds were docked in the EGFR receptor binding site. The docking results discovered that the proposed candidates had the highest potential and energy affinity. Besides, Lipinski's Rule of Five, Synthetic Accessibility and ADME/Tox were performed to assess bioavailability and drug-likeness of proposed compounds. In addition, MD simulation accompanied by MM-PBSA analysis discovered that compound A1 and the screened compounds were stable and did not show significant fluctuations throughout the simulation time. Generally, this research showed that the selected model well explains the antiproliferative activity and also that the proposed compounds have high activity, good binding affinity and stable conformation with the reported target protein.


Purpose: The aim of the present study is to compare the effect of visual acuity in different amount of deviations in Exotropia. Methods: A pilot, cross sectional, observational study was performed at tertiary eye care centers. Subjects with Ocular deviation between 10 to 40 prism diopters, Corrected distance Visual Acuity should be greater than 6/18 and Age should be between 10 to 40 years of age were included in the study. Visual Acuity was assessed with Log Mar chart. Results: 30 subjects were included in the study. Out of that, 16 subjects were in the age group of 11-20 years, 12 subjects were in the age group of 21-30 years and 2 subjects were in the age group of 31-40 years. 60% subjects were Female and 40% subjects were Male. The mean visual acuity was considered in each amount of deviation. It shows that visual acuity will be deteriorated more as ocular deviation increases in cases of Exotropia. Conclusions: In ocular deviation of Exotropia, as amount of deviation increases, visual acuity decreases gradually.


This book contains a wealth of information and scientific details with a lot of tables and figures, relevant, up-to-date references and a subject index. The 28 chapters are written by scientific authorities, who cover the visual pathways, the ocular motor system and fundus. A few examples: Lars Frisen discusses the correlation between loss of visual acuity (Snellen) and the pathophysical lesion. Perimetry is still only a qualitative method. K. H. Ruddock discusses the X-, Yand W-ganglion cell system and spatio-temporal mechanisms. C. Kennard discusses the two visual systems hypothesis (retino-geniculo-striate pathway = what things are and the retinocollicular-pathway = where things are). The following interesting chapters mention face-perception, unilaterale neglect, topographical amnesia. Increased thresholds of object motion perception during simultaneous self motion (relation to car driving). The relation between strabismus and latent nystagmus (visual cortex), but not congenital nystagmus (brainstemlesion) are studied with optokinetic and persuid methods (infrared reflection recordings) by G. Kommerell. The newest results of neuro-anatomical studies with tracer substances in visual cortex are mentioned (horse radish peroxidase, wheat germ agglutinin, cytochrome oxidase etc.). MRI studies in multiple sclerosis with two types oflesions: new and old, separated by T1/T2 ratio or gadoliniuminjection. Smooth persuid function and vestibulo-ocular reflex are studied in Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases, electromyography in myasthenia gravis and myopia congenita etc. Pupil-pharmacology (pilocarpine, phenylephedrine, hydroxyamphetamine) is age dependent, the normal range-table should be consulted in pharniacological pupiltests. This book gives the newest basic knowledge concerning the function of the neuro-ophthalmological system in health and disease. It is of great interest for neurologists, ophthalomologists and optometrists. M o g m NOT)^


Based on a large number of data of environment monitoring,reference inventory of the level of environmentally naturally external exposure penetrating radiation in Wuyi Mountain Primeval Forest Park is made known.Environment monitoring data is applied first to analyzed quantitatively the state of tour resource,which is able to provide scientific gist for decision-making during tour programming,and it is necessary to sustainable development of tourism.


The present invention relates to a screen-type diffusion board and its manufacturing method and a liquid crystal display device. Producing a screen by pulling the diffuser plate having a predetermined film tension, instead of the backlight in order to improve egg spot generated based on the diffuser plate of conventional extrusion process. The liquid crystal display device comprising: a liquid crystal panel displaying an image; and mounting a plurality of lamps to provide light to the liquid crystal panel below the liquid crystal panel; a plurality of optical sheets mounted between the liquid crystal panel and a plurality of lamps; lamp mounted in a plurality of side the reflection plate; and a diffusion plate, the diffusion plate is formed of a wire mesh having a predetermined tension, and is mounted between the plurality of lamps and an optical sheet.


Objective To realize accurate localization of moving vehicles from single monocular intensity image. Methods The new modified Hausdorff distance(M2HD) was adopted, which used dominant points instead of edge maps as features for measuring similarity between image and model projection. Modified simulated annealing (MSA) algorithm was used to find optimum localization parameters. Results M2HD reduces the computational complexity, and improves the matching precision. Furthermore, MSA can fast find global optimum instead of getting into partial one because of its high parallel and robust performance. Conclusion Experiments confirm that the combination of MSA and M2HD can effectively localize the vehicles that are changed both in translation and rotation


An important contribution of post-structural thinking to planning theory has been the elaboration of fluid and inclusive approaches to planning. Yet, this openness only presents one face of post-structural thinking. Drawing on assemblage theory, this article presents a conceptual journey to discuss the creativity as well as fixity of an emerging planning concept, namely, that of Light Rail. As a case, local ambitions for Light Rail investment in Nijmegen, the Netherlands, are situated in global processes of circulation of ideas and practices, and an expanding world of 'Light Rail'. In the analysis, the concepts of 'coding', 'diagram', 'attractor', 'distributed agency' and 'territorialization' are used to understand how a planning concept like Light Rail builds local capacities and proliferates globally.


A B S T R A C T Abscission was studied in Psoralea argophylla Ptursh, a prairie tumbleweed. This process is responsible for the detachment of the stem from its perennial base. In a single plant abscission may proceed through one or more intercalary meristems located at or near ground level. During senescence a separation layer differentiates within each of these meristems. Chemical changes occur within the compound middle lamellae which result in the conversionl of insoluble pectic compounds into soluble forms. Cell separation takes place only after removal of the pectic compounds, meristematic activity, and attenuation of cell walls. Unlike reports of other angiosperms the protective layer is not formed adjacent to the separation layer, btut forms some distance undergrouind at the stem-root junction.


Analyzing the landslide situation is one of the urgent scientific and practical problems in determining the conditions for carrying out construction works and protecting human life and economic sectors from danger. Landslides can cause economic damage, disable large structures and roads, destroy large areas of crops, and destroy villages and cities. In this study, for Akhangaran reservoir lands, techniques for assessing slope stability, ground mass stability during landslides, and landslide pressure were established for the scenario when soils exhibit both frictional and viscous qualities. These approaches took into consideration the internal factors impacting landslides. The obtained results are based on the development of activities that suppress the factors affecting the movement of landslides.


This paper defines the model and attributes of the cell phone integrated antenna design for the mobile RFID reader using 13 and 56 MHz frequency. This HF frequency band is the most common and fastest growing band used in RFID applications.Radio frequency identification (RFID) is becoming more and more common and its application range is widening continuously. The benefits of RFID are obvious compared to former identification systems, like barcodes. For example, RFID does not need a direct line of sight between the reader and the tag. The development of RFID tags has put pressure on the development of the readers, too, and especially the need of mobile readers has increased through the significant widening of the application range. Because of the presumption that cell phones are nowadays carried by almost all people, they would make a suitable and useful platform for mobile RFID readers as well, as presented in reference. The possibilities and techniques of integrating the RF-part and the user interface (UI) of the RFID reader in the cell phone are presented in future references.


In this article we offer a novel method for interrogating cancellous bone using ultra sound measurements. The problem is first modelled in terms of the acoustic pressure in the water bath surrounding the bone sample, the pore pressure and the displacement of the elastic matrix describing the cancellous bone specimen. The fluid pressure in the water tank is represented in terms of a boundary integral equation. Source points are placed on a parallel line on one side of the bone; whereas, receivers are placed on the other side of the bone. Sensitivity tests are run for two frequencies which show that the corresponding inverse problem leads to reasonable good results.


Today, when a global consensus has been formed on the issues of sustainable development and the role of «green» economy in this concept, the governments of the regions of the countries are sometimes ahead of the federal government in their strategic plans, trying to respond promptly to the emerging challenges to development at the global level. The purpose of this study is to investigate the degree of penetration of «green» economy principles into regional economic systems. The analysis is carried out in two directions. The first direction is to study the distribution of «green» investments. The second direction is to analyze the disclosure of the principles of the «green» economy in regional strategic planning documents. The results show that «green» investments occupy a small share of the total volume of investments and are distributed extremely unevenly across the regions of Russia. The integration of the principles of the «green» economy into the strategic documents of the subjects of the Russian Federation is due to the current problems of the region's development. Apparently, the choice of a «green» economy is not yet conscious, the benefits of which are calculated, and the prospects are consciously evaluated. It is expected that the results of the study will be of interest to politicians who seek to solve the problem of regional development using global trends for this purpose.


Objective To establish a method for the determination of nitidine chloride,ethoxychelerythrine and toddaloactone in Zanthozylum nitidum(Roxb) DC.f.fastuosum How ex Huang simultaneously.Methods The RP-HPLC system consisted of Promosil C18 column(250 mm × 4.6 mm,5 μm) with the mobile phase of acetonitrile solution-water solution(containing 0.2% phosphate acid and 0.2% triethylamine)(28∶72).The detection wave length was 273 nm,328 nm.The flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1 and the column temperature was 30 ℃.Results The linear response ranges were 0.011-0.139 μg(r=0.999 7),0.010-0.125 μg(r=0.999 9) and 0.102-1.23 μg(r=0.999 9),respectively.The average recoveries(n=6)were 95.8%,103.7%,and 99.3%,respectively.Conclusion The method is quick,simple,and reproducible for the determination of nitidine chloride,ethoxychelerythrine and toddaloactone in Zanthozylum nitidum(Roxb) DC.f.fastuosum How ex Huang simultaneously.


This article reveals the necessity of the interrelation with educative influences at schools and the local community in function of its own self development. It is important to highlight how the educative influences that are so important to the contribution of the development of the personality of people, who live within a community, are not exercised only by neighbors who live in the community, but also each social agent an agency that creates a road for the development. It is in a community where people interrelate and take advantage of all that exist within the community and therefore use the resources, whether material or human in favor of their development. In this interrelation process certain educative influences are generated that guarantee the adequate sensibilities that allow for the correct function of self development of the community in each sphere of knowledge and life.


A general approach to routing by a scanning window is presented, and an experimental switch-box router based on this approach is described. This router first grades conductor segments that are candidates to enter the window according to their estimated contributions to routing success, and then uses a quasi-maximal set of segments. A grade function that imitates human intuition is also described.


An acid lipase active toward tripalmitin and having the characteristics of lysosomal enzymes was shown to occur in the red lateral line tissue of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). The enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 4–4.5. Triton X-100 (0.2–2.0%) strongly stimulated the activity of the acid lipase, but it inhibited markedly the lipolytic activity above pH 7. NaF (20 mM) and Na-p-chloromercuriphenyl-sulfonate (1 mM) partially inhibited the acid lipase. Fractionation of the total homogenate by differential centrifugation in 0.25 M sucrose showed that the acid lipase was present at highest concentration in the light mitochondrial fraction. Palmitic acid and dipalmitin were the two main products of hydrolysis of tripalmitin.


In the current context of global urbanization, interdisciplinary research is needed to identify planning and management practices in urban green spaces (UGS) that would enhance both biodiversity and visitors' well-being. The perception of landscape heterogeneity, a core ecological concept, has been demonstrated to have a positive impact on visitors' psychological restoration. In order to apply these findings within UGS to planning and management practices, we need to characterize visitors' perception of landscape heterogeneity. We gathered data on 390 visitors' perception of landscape heterogeneity. Our results highlighted that visitors perceive landscape heterogeneity through the mixing of different heights of three vegetation strata and flower areas. Planning and management practices should enhance this landscape aspect within UGS to simultaneously promote biodiversity and visitors' psychological well-being.


The concept of microturbulence in spectral line formation is generalized by introducing turbulent eddies with a finite size. Line calculations with this simple velocity pattern yield apparent microturbulent velocities which are appreciably smaller than the actual velocities, and which depend on the physical line parameters. (auth)


This paper aims to reveal the relationship of the democratic style of faculty deans with the job satisfaction of faculty members in private universities in Jordan. To achieve the goals of the study, the study instrument was developed to measure the job satisfaction of faculty members in those universities, and the questionnaire was distributed to the study sample in a random and systematic manner, which consists of (345) members. The study concluded that there is a positive relationship between the style of democratic leadership and the job satisfaction of the faculty members.


China has witnessed rapid economic growth since 1978,and deep changes in population and labor force as well during the reform process. The total population increased from 960 million in 1978 to 1. 35 billion in 2012,while the annual growth rate of the population decreased from 1. 2% to 0. 5% in the same time period and the share of urban residents in the total increased from 17. 9% to 52. 6%. The employment structure underwent significant change during the same time: the share of labor force employed in agriculture decreased from 70. 5% in 1978 to 34. 8% in 2011,while that of industry and service sectors increased from 17. 3% and 12. 2% to 29. 5% and 35. 7%,respectively. One of the major forces behind the demographic change and labor migration is the economic growth,revealing some common pattern following economic growth. However,the unique population policies implemented in China also resulted in some distortions in demographic structure. Currently,China is still among the low- mid income countries,but the population growth rate has reached the level as revealed in developed countries at the stage of completing industrialization. Therefore,China is facing population aging and labor shortage that typically occur when countries entered post- industrialization era,while in fact is still far away from completion of industrialization and urbanization. In the near future,China needs to adjust its population policies in order to meet the challenges.


Results obtained by thermography and angiography in surveying vascular access have been compared in 33 haemodialysis patients, including 23 with Cimino arteriovenous fistulae and 10 with homografts and heterografts. In 23 of 30 patients, blood flow stealing through collateral veins, or venous stenosis was detected by thermography and confirmed by angiography. Thermography seems a quick and simple method in routine conditions, restricting angiography to selected patients for whom a surgical revision of the fistula or of the graft is needed.


The objective reduction has been regarded as a basic issue in many-objective optimization. Existing objective reduction methods identify one set of essential objectives using an approximate nondominated front. However, if the Pareto front (PF) of a many-objective optimization problem (MaOP) is irregular, one single set of essential objectives may not be efficient for objective reduction. This article proposes to produce several different sets of essential objectives in objective reduction. More specifically, we use the Gaussian mixture model clustering to classify the obtained nondominated front into different subsets and perform objective reduction on each subset. Both an offline objective reduction method and an online objective reduction method are developed. The experimental results indicate that our proposed methods work well for MaOPs with degenerate or nondegenerate PFs.


A method to detect vehicles based on multi-features:shadows,edges and symmetry is presented.Shadows are first used to mark areas that may have a vehicle,edges then are used to eliminate some areas without vehicles and shrink the areas,symmetry is used at last in order to locate the vehicles.Experiments show that this method can detect vehicles with low error rate.


The word length effect refers to the finding that lists of short (i.e., 1 syllable) words are recalled better than otherwise comparable lists of longer (i.e., multisyllabic) words (Baddeley, Thomson, & Buchanan, 1975).1 Although this effect has been observed with numerous different tests (e.g., forward serial recall, free recall, serial recognition, single item probe recognition, complex span), there are few studies that examine whether the word length effect is observable with backward recall. Only two models -the Primacy Model (Page & Norris, 1998, 2003) and the Feature Model (Nairne, 1990; Neath & Nairne, 1995; Neath, 2000) -address both word length and recall direction, and both predict that the word length effect will remain with backward recall. Bireta et al. (2010) reported an experiment in which the subjects did not know which recall direction would be tested until after list presentation. This ensured that whatever processing was performed during list presentation, it was likely to be the same for both


ABSTRACT A simple method for the direct determination of trace molybdenum in low alloy steel and pure iron with selectivity and sensitivity is reported. In the presence of TritonX-100 and sulphuric-phosphoric acid medium, a new chromogenic reagent dimethoxyhydroxyphenyl-flurone (DMHPF) forms a red complex with molybdenum(VI). The molar absorptivity is obeyed from the range of 0˜ 8 μg/25 ml for molybdenum(VI). Most of metal ions and 35000-fold amounts of iron do not interfere with the determination of molybdenum. The proposed method has been successfully used for the determination of trace amounts of molybdenum in steel and pure iron specimens.


Army Medical Service: Temporary Honorary Major William J. Richard, M.B.Glasg. (1892), to be temporary Honorary Lieutenant-Colonel whilst employed at Merryflatts War Hospital. Temporary Major Hamilton C. Marr, M.D.Glasg. (M.B., 1892), to be temporary Lieutenant-Colonel. Temporary Honorary Lieutenant Wallace A. Pride, M.B. Glasg. (1895), to be temporary Honorary Captain whilst serving with Crookston War Hospital. Temporary Captain J. A. Conway, M.B.Glasg. (1911), R.A.M.C., to be Major. Major Conway has, we learn, recently been awarded the D.S.O., and received the Military Cross a few months ago for attending the wounded under fire, although severely wounded himself.


Singer study aims to determine how the Effect QUALITY review Service Customer Satisfaction KRL Commuterline in Kebayoran Station. Population Research hearts Singer Was All users Train Station Commuterline in Kebayoran Lama. Searching Google Articles 45 Passengers taking samples, sampling methods accidental WITH collecting data using questionnaires, while the measurement of the variables which are used scale you Likkert WITH five stretches. Methods Data Testing done is test the reliability and validation. Methods of Data Analysis Performed: Correlation analysis, Classical Assumption Test, Multiple Linear Regression Analysis, t test and f test and coefficient of determination (R2). Research shows that physical evidence, Responsiveness and Assurance NOT have an influence KRL Customer Satisfaction Commuterline while reliability and empathy has influence KRL Commuterline Customer


Typically, perylene diimide radical anions have broad and strong absorption in the near-infrared light region and excellent photothermal conversion performance, so they are considered as new potential organic photothermal materials....


In recent years some non-professional low-technical quotation and some professional high-technical quotation have triggered the controversial topics on the capacity of the construction sites,ignorance of the quality of the construction sites and the awareness of the security management,cost increase of the projects and the result in malfeasance competition.In order to cope with the irrational subentry quotation,instruction on the workout of the tender documents,strict management on the bidding process and thorough analysis on the subentry quotation should be carried out.


In a uniform domain Ω, we present a certain reverse mean value inequality and a Harnack type inequality for positive superharmonic functions satisfying a nonlinear inequality −∆u(x) ≤ cδΩ(x)u(x) for x ∈ Ω, where c > 0, α ≥ 0 and p > 1 and δΩ(x) is the distance from a point x to the boundary of Ω. These are established by refining a boundary growth estimate obtained in our previous paper (2008). Also, we apply them to show the existence of nontangential limits of quotients of such functions and to give an extension of a certain minimum principle studied by Dahlberg (1976).


The development of science in the 21st century science has an important role, especially natural science. Scientific developments in the field of education require students to have skills that will continue to be used to improve the quality of human resources. One of the skills needed is scientific literacy skills which are important for students to have because they can make students not only memorize subject matter but can make students able to understand and analyze science concepts and processes that occur contextually. Scientific literacy has indicator aspects namely explaining phenomena scientifically, evaluating and designing scientific investigations, and interpreting data and evidence scientifically. This research is descriptive research. Research subjects of grade 8 students in the academic year 20 21/2022. The purpose of this study was to analyze the scientific literacy abilities of SMPIT Al-Ghozali students in science learning on environmental pollution. Data collection techniques used scientific literacy tests with reference to aspects of scientific literacy indicators and interviews. The results showed that students' scientific literacy achievement was 54.14% with sufficient criteria and the highest achievement indicator was 60% in the aspect of the indicator explaining phenomena scientifically. The results of this study indicate that students' scientific literacy needs to be improved in science learning activities


In the field of organizational behaviour, interactional justice and perceived supervisor support have a critical role in directing employees' behaviour in either positive or negative direction. Keeping this in mind, this paper looks at the effect of interactional injustice on employees' deviant behaviour with perceived supervisor support as a mediator. To link the study variables, equity and social exchange theories were used. The extensive literature on destructive deviance has been reviewed. To empirically test the relationship, a two-phase sampling technique (first clustering and then purposive) was applied through which 160 responses from the Hotel and Tourism industry of KP province were collected. A single structured adapted questionnaire was employed. The findings of the study reveal the presence of a negative relationship between interactional justice and deviant workplace behaviour. Further, the results demonstrated that perceived supervisor support mediates this relationship. All the results of the study are statistically significant. The study has theoretical as well as practical implications. Theoretically, the results of the study would help the organizational behaviour scholars to understand the issue in a different organizational environment. Practically, the findings will assist managers to understand the critical role of the supervisor which is instrumental in enhancing the morale of employees at the workplace. This will help them understand how supervisor support can affect the frequency and intensity of deviant workplace behaviour. The study has some limitations like sampling, subjective opinion of the participants, and limited numbers of the variables. In future, this research can be replicated in other sectors like education, health, banking, and other industries.


The Coulomb interaction between electrons of opposite spin orientations in a metal or in a doped semiconductor results in a negative off-diagonal component of the electrical resistivity matrix\char22{}the so-called ``spin-drag resistivity.'' It is generally quite difficult to separate the spin-drag contribution from more conventional mechanisms of resistivity. In this paper I discuss two methods to accomplish this separation in a spin-valve device.


This paper dealt with the mechanical properties of SiC f /SiC composite materials, in conjunction with detailed analysis of their microstructures. SiC f /SiC composites were fabricated by liquid phase sintering process(LPS) using a commercial SiC powder with an average size of about 0.3㎛. SiC f /SiC composites were sintered by a hot press process at 1820℃ under an applied pressure of 20 ㎫ for 1hr. The sintering additives was a complex mixture of Al₂O₃ and Y₂O₃ particles. The condition of sintering additives was selected as the constant composition ratio(Al₂O₃/Y₂0₃) of 1.5 and the total amount of 10wt%. Two-dimensional Tyranno SA fabrics with carbon coated layer were utilized as the reinforcing materials for ㎫ composites. The fiber preform for ㎫ composites were prepared by the infiltraion of complex mixture slurry with SiC, Al₂O₃ and Y₂O₃ powders into the fabric structure. The microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated by SEM and three point bending test at the room temperature.


Ambroxol is widely used as a mucolytic agent in respiratory disease.Besides its mucolytic property,other pharmacological effects have also been the focus of recent researches.Ambroxol,a powerful anti-oxidative agent,neutralizes oxidative and nitrosative stress and reduces tissue lipid peroxidation.Ambroxol is also an anti-inflammatory agent which significantly reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines,chemotaxis and respiratory burst of inflammatory cells.Ambroxol increases production and secretion of pulmonary surfactant as well.In addition,its effects include suppression of anti-allergy,suppression of respiratory virus replication,interference with the biofilm of pseudomonas aeruginosa,local anaesthetic effect and so on.Many mechanisms of ambroxol's pharmacological effects have not been clarified thoroughly,and more researches are needed.


We propose a novel procedure to generate pseudo mandarin speech data named as CAMP (character audio mix up), which aims at generating audio from a character scale. We also raise a method for building a mandarin character scale audio database adaptive to CAMP named as META-AUDIO, which makes full use of audio data and can greatly increase the data diversity of the database. Experiments show that our CAMP method is simple and quite effective. For example, we train models with 10 hours of audio data in AISHELL-1 and pseudo audio data generated by CAMP, and achieve a competitive 11.07 character error rate (CER). Besides, we also perform training with only 10 hours of audio data in AIDATATANG dataset and pseudo audio data generated by CAMP, which again achieves a competitive 8.26 CER.


in the casesof acuteobstruction,is not easily drawn, and discussion of itdoes not fall within the compass of this article, but the decision is usually madebythe surgeonand the anaesthetist in consultation. In cases which fall into the second group the anaesthetist's taskis renderedconsiderably easier,for with the aid ofgastric suction, . the ready availability of accurately crossmatchedstored bloodandthe increasein our knowledge of fluid and electrolyte balance, patientswho initially presentthemselves ina severely toxic statecan,by the judicioususeof the measuresmentionedabove,be converted into reasonable anaesthetic risks, with a correspondingreductioninthe morbidityand mortality rates. In this group of casesthe only problem which arises before actual induction of anaesthesiatakes place is that of premedication, andinthe presenceof a normalcirculationa standard premedication, such as Omnoponand scopolamineor morphiaand atropinemaybe given one hourbeforeoperation. In the other group of cases which require almostimmediateoperationthe problemsare more acute, forifit should be decided that delay will endanger the patient's lifeit becomesthe anaesthetist'sduty to correct, as faras possible during the operation, such abnormalstates asloss of blood or dehydration which in the other group have already beendealtwith. In addition,in the presence of a depressedcirculation due to shock or toxaemia premedicationmay itself giverise The Dangersof Anaesthesia for the AcuteAbdominal Emergency