Background and aim: Bladder cancer is the ninth most common cancer worldwide, with an estimated 430 000 new cases in 2012. The worldwide age-standardized incidence rate (per100 000 person-years) is 9.0 for men and 2.2 for women and mortality rate was 3.2 for men versus 0.9 for women in 2012. Tobacco smoking is the most important risk factor for BCa, accounting for approximately 50% of cases. The chlorination of drinking water and subsequent levels of trihalomethanes are potentially carcinogenic, cyclophosphamide and pioglitazone and exposure to arsenic in drinking water increases risk. Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC) represents 90% to 95% of malignant bladder tumors. The present study aimed to analyze age, gender, histological characteristics in patients of bladder cancer. Materials and methods: The whole number of UBC cases diagnosed, treated at Clinical Oncology Department, Zagazig University Hospital from 2013 to 2018 was found 328 cases; 270 males (82.3%) and 58 females (17.7%). Results: Their age ranged from 26 to 92 years, more than half of cases (69.2%) was >60 years. 73.2% of cases live at Rural and only 26.8% at Urban. In our study, 86.6% don't have Bilharziasis and only presented at 13.4%. More than half of them were smokers (63.7%). According to treatment, 49.4% of cases had Chemoradiation treatment, 22.3% had Radiotherapy only , 8.8% had make Cystectomy +CRT, 7.6% had TURBT, 3.7% had Chemotherapy, 3.4% had Cystectomy +Rth, 2.7% had TURBT +Intravesical, while 1.2% had Cystectomy +Cth and 0.9% had Cystectomy. 93.0% had made TURBT. According to chemotherapy, majority of cases 63.1 % treated by chemotherapy, and as regard sitting; 70.5 % were concurrent , 15.9 % were adjuvant, 13.5 % were neoadjuvant, then as regard Chemotherapy regimen; M-VAC in 1.9%, Gem+Cis in 12.13 % , Gem+Carbo in 23.3%, Taxol+Cis in 6.3 %, Taxol+Carbo in 7.28 %, Cisplatin in 14%, and Carboplatin in 20.8 %, while 40% were Unknown, and as regard duration of chemotherapy, 40.2% treated for 3months, 35.4% for 4months, 13.4% for 2months, 1.2 for 8 months. According to radiotherapy, 78.9 % treated by radiotherapy, and as regard sitting; 15.4 % were postoperative, 58.3 % were radical and 11.58% were Radical with palliative, then as regard target volume; 4.63% were Bladder only 74.13 % were Whole pelvis then localization, 4.63% were on Metastatic site. Conclusion: bladder cancer occurs most commonly in the elderly with male predominance.


Communication facilities on the World Wide Web play a key role in the design and implementation of distributed systems for cooperation purposes. Internet communication facilities allow processes to be spread over the Web to communicate and to access remote resources. Performance of the whole distributed system, in particular a distributed communication system, depends on this facility. It was the development of efficient and cost effective interconnection structures on the one hand and the price performance evolution in microelectronics on the other hand which were prerequisites for the development of distributed communication applications. Since the 1990's the widespread use of the Internet and other technology on top of it offer the developers of CSCW systems both a great technological basis with various strengths such as location transparency, operating transparency, standardized protocols, standardized data formats, etc.


The high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) lining shows superior fatigue resistance to conventional roll-bonded (RB) linings of similar composition when compared in terms of local strain ranges experienced in the coatings. In terms of fatigue resistance of the bearing system, our simplified fatigue testing approach indicates that the HVOF coated system shows worse fatigue resistance, due to reduced constraint from the softer steel backing produced by the HVOF process (no work hardening of the steel occurs as it does during rollbonding). The complex mechanics of the layered system are sensitive to bearing architecture (e.g. relative layer thicknesses) as well as the constituent materials' properties. The improved fatigue resistance shown by the HVOF lining has been linked to the very much finer Sn distribution improving fatigue initiation resistance compared with the RB lining, although short crack growth rates are somewhat worse.


Hip pain is a common paediatric presentation and is potentially serious. While hip pain can be attributed to primary hip pathology, the hip area is also a common site for referred pain. This often poses a diagnostic challenge particularly in the young child who may not verbalise the point of pain and may not report an injury.


We demonstrate the structural sensitivity and accuracy of the x-ray standing wave technique at a high repetition rate free-electron laser, FLASH at DESY in Hamburg, by measuring the photoelectron yield from the surface SiO 2 of Mo / Si multilayers. These experiments open up the possibility to obtain unprecedented structural information of adsorbate and surface atoms with picometer spatial and femtosecond temporal resolution. This technique


Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the main attribute of high-quality soil. The amount of nitrogen fixed by Rhizobium symbiotically with Trifolium repens (white clover) is ultimately determined by the quality of the soil environment. The effect of SOC on the total number of symbiotic and saprophytic rhizobia was determined. Subsequently, the amount of nitrogen (N) fixed was assessed by using the N difference technique. Most Rhizobium was detected between a SOC content of 2.03% to 3.80% in both inoculated and non-inoculated soils. Inoculation increased the number of rhizobia in soil. Most N was fixed in the soil with the lowest SOC content. Although the amount of N fixed increased as the level of SOC decreased, the efficiency of N fixation decreased proportionally to SOC. Subsequently, more N was rhizodeposited. It was concluded that symbiotic rhizobia introduced by the inoculant were more efficient than free-living rhizobia in soils with higher carbon content, which highlights the importance of inoculation in improving the sustainable production of T. repens pastures.


We report on the coordination transformation of B3+ ions and migration of Na+ and O2− ions in sodium borate glasses, induced by 250kHz, 800nm femtosecond laser irradiation. Micro-Raman spectra show that the ratio of the integrated intensity of the two peaks at 806 and 774cm−1 decreases at first and then increases with increasing distance from the center of the laser modified zone. Electron dispersive x-ray spectra show that a portion of Na+ and O2− ions migrate from the vicinity of focal point after the femtosecond laser irradiation. A possible mechanism is proposed to explain the observed phenomena.


This submission was prepared by the National Health Law and Family Law Sections of the Canadian Bar Association, with assistance from the Legislation and Law Reform Directorate at the National Office. The submission has been reviewed by the Legislation and Law Reform Committee and approved by the Executive Officers as a public statement by the National Health Law and Family Law Sections of the Canadian Bar Association.


The purpose of the research is to verify which innovation influencing factors are crucial for achieving optimal business results. The study encompassed low and medium-low technology Slovenian companies. The results showed that two key aspects of the innovation and economic performance of companies need to be addressed: smart financial investments in innovation and management of organisational aspects of the innovation process. The most innovative companies invest less in technology, yet more in other categories: external R&D, training, and marketing. In addition, influential organisational factors are related to the vision and strategic aspects of encouraging innovation. We can conclude that smart innovation management is a prerequisite to better innovation results and, in turn, also better economic results. The implications are relevant for managers so that they can appropriately invest in innovation and address organisational issues.


Global ice-covered conditions during a Neoproterozoic snowball Earth seem inconsistent with the survival of eukaryotic algae. The presence of thin ice in the tropics remains a viable alternative to resolve this paradox. The simple method of McKay [2000] for computing ice thickness has been improved by considering separately a short wavelength interval ( 700 nm). The key to determining the plausibility of thin ice models on the snowball Earth is a better determination of the relationship between optical properties of sea ice and freezing rate. If slowly freezing sea ice is optically clear, as field evidence suggests, then mean equatorial temperatures on the snowball Earth warmer than about -45°C imply thin ice that can support photosynthesis.


: Residential load management deals with two major objectives viz. minimizing the cost of monthly electricity bill and peak demand of power consumption. Both objectives can be achieved by effective operational scheduling of smart home appliances. These two objectives are conflicting in nature because rescheduling of appliances in order to minimize one objective may result in the rise of another. To achieve both objectives concurrently, an algorithm is suggested in this paper based on artificial intelligent techniques like cuckoo search, hybrid GA-PSO, and adaptive cuckoo search. The proposed algorithm is tested successfully on seven households of different monthly power consumption and real data of dynamic pricing options for electricity applicable in two utilities. To reduce the risk associated with real-time price, a cost function based on inclining block rates (IBR) is also suggested for both the utilities. A novel approach to find the threshold limit of hourly power consumption is also suggested in this paper. The proposed algorithm solves the optimization problem in two stages and validates its performance by successfully achieving both objectives simultaneously.


Densities and viscosities of ternary liquid mixtures of bromobenzene + 1,4-dioxane + (benzene or + toluene or + carbontetrachloride) and binary mixtures of bromobenzene + 1,4-dioxane + benzene, bromobenzene + benzene, 1,4-dioxane + toluene, bromobenzene + toluene, 1,4-dioxane + carbon tetrachloride, and bromobenzene + carbon tetrachloride have been measured at 303.15 K. From density and viscosity data, the values of viscosity deviations (Δη) and the excess molar volume (V E) for the ternary systems have been determined and fitted to Cibulka's equation.


Cable force of pre-tensioned cables decreased as subsequent cables were tensioned during construction of cable-stayed reticulated structures. Reasonable construction method must be drawn up to ensure accuracy of cable force, reduce construction input and accelerate construction progress. Two methods of positive sequence analysis and inverse sequence analysis for tension construction of cable were summarized and corresponding finite element analysis flow charts were developed. It is pointed out that cable tension force can be achieved only by one-step tensioning in batches according to analysis of inverse sequence method. The passive tension method of cable was put forward and was suitable for cable-stayed reticulated structure whose mast can rotate freely around the bottom joint. Based on characteristic of this type structure, cable force can be realized by method of one-step tensioning in batches. Inverse sequence method should be adopted to analyze construction process of cable. By analysis of inverse sequence method, the passive tension method based on non-stress cable length is studied. Engineering practice proved the passive tension method of cable can precisely control cable force after correct inverse sequence analysis and equipments were further reduced.


If any part of the broad emission line in an AGN is coming from an accretion disk, it is theoretically possible that the line profile will vary in one day or less. In a particular application of the reverberation mapping technique (Stella 1990), variability of the line profile corresponding to a light crossing time of 5(r/1000rg)M8 days might be observed if the optical emission line region is ∼1,000 gravitational radii in size, as has been inferred for several double‐peaked emitters (Chen & Halpern 1989; Eracleous & Halpern, this volume). If the disk is photoionized by a central, variable source, as is inferred from X‐ray observations of several AGNs, then bumps in the optical line profiles will move from the wings to the core, as the wave of fluorescent emission proceeds from the inner, high velocity part of the disk to the outer, low velocity edge. Ideally, it is possible to make a direct measurement of the mass of the black hole with this technique. We report on a preliminary search for this effect in ...


With the widespread applications of the Internet of Things (IoT), e.g., smart city, business, healthcare, etc., the security of data and devices becomes a major concern. Although blockchain can effectively enhance the network security and achieve fault tolerance, the huge resource consumption and limited performance of data processing restrict its deployments in IoT scenarios. Observing the heterogeneity and resource constraints, we intend to make blockchain accommodate both wimpy and brawny IoT devices. In this article, we present <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\textsf {Tornado}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, a high-performance blockchain system based on space-structured ledger and corresponding algorithms, to enable blockchain in IoT. Specifically, we first design a space-structured chain architecture with novel data structures for promoting the network scalability. To address the huge heterogeneity of IoT, a novel consensus mechanism named collaborative-proof of work is developed. Moreover, we propose the space-structured greedy heaviest-observed subtree (S2GHOST) protocol for improving the resource efficiency of IoT devices. Additionally, a dynamic weight assignment mechanism in S2GHOST contributes to reflect the trustworthiness of data and devices. Extensive experiments demonstrate that <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\textsf {Tornado}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> can achieve a maximum throughput of 3464.76 transactions per second. The optimizations of propagation latency and resource efficiency are 68.14% and 30.56%, respectively.


Administrative tendency in China's charity organization often leads to bureaucratization.From the point of formation mechanism of charity organization,the authors find that the problem is caused by lack of power-control for charity organization in the process of social progress,and also by the cultural fault of folk consciousness on charity.To solve the problems,it is necessary to construct social governance mode of charity.Besides,the cooperative and competitive modes between the government and char-ity organizations should be promoted.


This paper presents simulation and analysis of a Stacked Electromagnetic Gap Coupled Rhombus Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna (SEGCRSMPA) to increase the bandwidth. The aim of this paper is to improve the bandwidth of Electromagnetic Gap Coupled Rhombus Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna (EGCRSMPA). To improve the bandwidth, stacking principle has been used. In this paper an assembly of one central rectangular patch with four triangular patches forming rhombus shaped microstrip patch antenna is discussed. IE3D simulation software is used for simulation. The performance of the proposed microstrip patch antenna is compared with that of a conventional rectangular microstrip antenna and EGCRSMPA having same dimensions. The proposed designed microstrip patch antenna offers much improved impedance bandwidth 47.62%. KeywordsBroadband, Stacked, Electromagnetically coupled, FR4 Substrate, Gain


The biological action of magnetic field variations has been clearly pointed out in the last years particularly on migratory birds. They have seen that it is possible to change the direction of preflight excitement in the experiments with registration cages, as well as of the mean vanishing point in homing pigeons during the flight with appropriate magnetic artificial stimuli. More recently deviations of migratory behaviour correlated to magnetic storms of solar origin have been also reported. Our observations con cern the decrease of the "homing efficiency" in pigeons during races, with the increasing of solar spots. This is shown by a negative correlation between the Wolf nos. of solar spots and the two tests used: the % of arrivals within the first nightfall and the speed of the first arrival in each race.


By applying the generating function of Fibonacci and Lucas sequences,using the differential properties,the purpose of this paper is to give the following Mixed-Convoluted Formulas for Fibonacci and Lucas Sequences∑a1+a2+…+ak+b1+b2+…+b1+c1+c2+…+cm=na1Fa1+1…akFak+1·Fb1…Fb1·Lc1+1…Lcm+1


Differing of the transport and quasiparticle properties, three different spectral densities are used in the reproduction of bosonic renormalization effect observed from ARPES in a sample of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ optimally doped (Bi2212) as an extension to obtained results for Pb.


This thesis shows how the appeal to the transcendent characterizes aspects of the debate amongst leading contemporary philosophers of science regarding the value-free ideal and the attendant aim of attaining objective knowledge. It compares the positions of leading feminist philosophers of science (Longino and Harding) with influential figures in the historically rooted Western belief who appeal to the transcendent in the pursuit of knowledge of the necessary and of the contingent. Chapter 2 relates the historically rooted Western belief in appeal to the transcendent in the pursuit of knowledge and includes two components: the pursuit of knowledge of the necessary and knowledge of the contingent. Chapter 3 assesses how contemporary leading feminist philosophers of science have contended with beliefs of influential 20th century thinkers (Weber, Kuhn and Quine) regarding this problem. Through this comparison, I provide commentary on how current leading philosophers of science have addressed the value-free ideal issue through the prism of appeal to transcendent reason as justification, as opposed to the historically rooted appeal to the transcendent itself via reason as justification and how this apparent disparity has bearing on the debate concerning the value-free ideal and the attendant goal of achieving objective knowledge.


Changes of molecular conformation in the solid state play a vital role in many advanced technologies. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), serving as a common structural determination technique, has been widely used to perform structural analysis. In this work, variable-temperature XRD characterization has been utilized to "see" the static conformational change (SCC) and dynamic trajectory (DT) of tetraphenylethylene (TPE) in the solid state, which exhibits an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect. Five kinds of motions, stretching, torsion, twisting, rocking, and wagging, are observed and analyzed. In terms of the SCC, the middle double bond in TPE becomes short and twisted and the peripheral phenyl rings as a whole tend to be more twisted with increase of the testing temperature (150 to 298 K). For the DT, phenyl-ring rocking and wagging are found to be more and more vigorous along with the increase of temperature, which is closely related to the synchronously decreased luminescent intensity. This work affords direct structural evidence for the AIE mechanism of restriction of intramolecular motions and provides a new platform to investigate the photophysical processes.


Welcome to Volume 9! To begin this new look volume of ECO we have, among others, brought together a special collection of papers and articles that are drawn from no less than three recent complexity conferences. All of the academic and practitioner section papers were selected from the recent ANZSYS/ISCE collaboration that resulted in the International 11th ANZSYS / Managing the Complex V conference that was held December 5-7, 2005 in Christchurch, New Zealand. The purpose of this event was to provide a lively forum for discussion and debate for a wide range of academics and practitioners in the fields of systems thinking, complexity science and management. People from other disciplines who had an interest in the application of systems thinking and complexity approaches were also invited to participate. The event brought together thinkers and practitioners in the fields of systems and complexity as it seemed to the organizers that there had been a significant international resurgence in these areas in recent years. The fields of systems and complexity have many similarities, yet they are being developed by two overlapping research communities that have unique insights to bring to bear on the management of 'wicked' problems. By providing forums in which people working at the frontiers of complexity and systems thinking can learn from one another, significant new insights for action can emerge. At the end of the day, it is important to the vast majority of those working with complexity and systems ideas that they are able to make a positive difference in people's lives. It is therefore vitally important that we share our insights and build a community of practitioners that can take the research agenda forward. A primary goal of the 11th ANZSYS / Managing the Complex V event was to bring together as many people as possible engaged in complex environmental, social and business issues, with the intention of promoting an intense and lively debate with real implications for systems and complexity practice. The hope of the organizers is that this conference was a step in the right direction. It is no secret that in recent issues of E:CO we have attempted to raise awareness amongst complexity thinkers of the extensive systems thinking literature, and its relevance to our community. The Christchurch event was a major step in this endeavor. From the complex systems perspective, papers were submitted by experienced complexity thinkers, as one would expect. A series of papers were also submitted by systems researchers who took the opportunity at ANZSYS 11 to attempt to use the language and ideas of complexity thinking in their systems research. This led to some interesting syntheses in which complexity ideas were applied in ways not necessarily familiar to E.CO's audience. One reason to be particularly interested in these papers is because they emerge at the boundary between 'systems' and 'complexity'. Purists might argue that if people want to use complexity concepts differently, this should be discouraged. Such linear thinking is often associated with calls for the solidification of definitions that can enable measurable progress. Apparently, flexible and fluid applications hinder such efforts. For some reason the need to measure progress often accompanies the need to establish boundaries - actually the need for boundaries is derived from the need to measure. So measuring progress in complexity thinking requires that we first determine exactly what we mean by the term 'complexity', thus allowing us to define exactly what complexity thinking is; its tools, its methods, its areas of applications, etc. If we accept this, then complexity thinking would be squeezed into the form of a nice and neat '-ism', such as reductionism or holism. To those purists who would support such an endeavor, the following quote from Dewey is offered: "For in spite of itself any movement that thinks and acts in terms of an 'ism becomes so involved in reaction against other 'isms that it is unwit- tingly controlled by them. …


Employers were divided on the issue of protective legislation. Gray claims that employer opinions were not simply determined by industry and region, but were also influenced by religion and paternalistic ideology. Another important part of the debate on "the factory question" was the written word. Descriptions of factories by Ure and Baines promoted the factory system; novelists such as Frances Trollope, Elizabeth Gaskell, and Charlotte Bronte depicted the evils of factory work. After factory legislation was passed, many employers resisted it by noncompliance. Male workers were not pleased when the ten-hours bill failed to reduce their hours of work to ten, and industrial protests over working conditions continued. Parliament, meanwhile, gradually extended protective legislation to other industries. The book presents a wealth of details, but no strong thesis. Gray does not try to argue for or against the factory acts, nor does he claim that one particular motivation was the cause of the legislation; he just presents the debate from which the factory acts emerged. The strength of the book is in its careful analysis of various players in the drama, based on extensive use of primary sources. Much of this analysis is particularly useful for the historian who would like to use the evidence contained in the parliamentary reports. For example, Gray analyzes the reports given by medical men in Sadler's report and finds that opponents of the legislation generally had higher professional status and weaker links to local communities than supporters. Gray provides details about some of the individuals involved, such as the factory inspector Leonard Horner and the Tory advocate of reform Richard Oastler. The details presented show that even within social groups individuals had varied motivations for supporting or opposing the factory acts, leading to the conclusion that there was not one single reason for the factory acts, but many.


Proportionality, accepted as a general principle of constitutional law by many countries, requires that government intrusions on freedoms be justified, that greater intrusions have stronger justifications, and that punishments reflect the relative severity of the offense. Proportionality as a doctrine developed by courts, as in Canada, has provided a stable methodological framework, promoting structured, transparent decisions even about closely contested constitutional values. Other benefits of proportionality include its potential to bring constitutional law closer to constitutional justice, to provide a common discourse about rights for all branches of government, and to help identify the kinds of failures in democratic process warranting heightened judicial scrutiny. Earlier U.S. debates over "balancing" were not informed by recent comparative experience with structured proportionality doctrine and its benefits. Many areas of U.S. constitutional law include some elements of what is elsewhere called proportionality analysis. I argue here for greater use of proportionality principles and doctrine; I also argue that proportionality review is not the answer to all constitutional rights questions. Free speech can benefit from categorical presumptions, but in their application and design proportionality may be relevant. The Fourth Amendment, which secures a "right" against "unreasonable searches and seizures," is replete with categorical rules protecting police conduct from judicial review; more case-by-case analysis of the "unreasonableness" or disproportionality of police conduct would better protect rights and the rule of law. "Disparate impact" equality claims might be better addressed through more proportionate review standards; Eighth Amendment review of prison sentences would benefit from more use of proportionality principles. Recognizing proportionality's advantages, and limits, would better enable U.S. constitutional law to at once protect rights and facilitate effective democratic self-governance. A U T H O R. Thurgood Marshall Professor of Constitutional Law, Harvard Law School. An earlier version of this paper was given as my Chair Lecture in October 2013 at Harvard Law School. With deep thanks to friends and colleagues for helpful comments on drafts and for discussions over the years of these topics, including Aharon Barak, David Cole, Richard Fallon, David Fontana, Nancy Gertner, Tom Ginsburg, Jamal Greene, Dick Howard, David Law, Jud Mathews, Martha Minow, Iddo Porat, Judith Resnik, Fred Schauer, Kim Lane Scheppele, Mike Seidman, Greg Shaffer, Joseph Singer, Gerry Spann, Carol Steiker, Nick Stephanopoulos, Geoff Stone, David Strauss, Laurence Tribe, Mark Tushnet, Barbara Underwood, and Katharine Young; with thanks for opportunities to present precursors to this paper in George Washington University Law School's Comparative Constitutional Law Roundtable, at a Law and Society meeting in Boston, and at a faculty workshop at the University of Chicago Law School; and with great appreciation for excellent research assistance from Harvard Law students, including Tom Burnett, Abby Collela, Jess Eisen, Dylan Lino, Ezra Marcus, Karthik Reddy, Andres Salinas, and Jason Shaffer.


OBJECTIVES: To characterize inappropriate shock delivery during pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA). DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: An international pediatric cardiac arrest quality improvement collaborative Pediatric Resuscitation Quality [pediRES-Q]. PATIENTS: All IHCA events from 2015 to 2020 from the pediRES-Q Collaborative for which shock and electrocardiogram waveform data were available. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We analyzed 418 shocks delivered during 159 cardiac arrest events, with 381 shocks during 158 events at 28 sites remaining after excluding undecipherable rhythms. We classified shocks as: 1) appropriate (ventricular fibrillation [VF] or wide complex ≥ 150/min); 2) indeterminate (narrow complex ≥ 150/min or wide complex 100–149/min); or 3) inappropriate (asystole, sinus, narrow complex < 150/min, or wide complex < 100/min) based on the rhythm immediately preceding shock delivery. Of delivered shocks, 57% were delivered appropriately for VF or wide complex rhythms with a rate greater than or equal to 150/min. Thirteen percent were classified as indeterminate. Thirty percent were delivered inappropriately for asystole (6.8%), sinus (3.1%), narrow complex less than 150/min (11%), or wide complex less than 100/min (8.9%) rhythms. Eighty-eight percent of all shocks were delivered in ICUs or emergency departments, and 30% of those were delivered inappropriately. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of inappropriate shock delivery for pediatric IHCA in this international cohort is at least 30%, with 23% delivered to an organized electrical rhythm, identifying opportunity for improvement in rhythm identification training.


In this paper, we present a new measure to evaluate the interestingness of association rules. Ultimately. to evaluate whether a rule is interesting or not is subjective. However, an interestingness measure is useful in that it shows the cause for pruning uninteresting rules statistically or logically. Some interestingness measures have been developed in association rules mining. We present an overview of interestingness measures and propose a new measure. A comparative study of some interestingness measures is made on an example dataset and a real dataset. Our experiments show that the new measure can avoid the discovery of misleading rules.


Engine bench scale test was performed to compare the existing flameproof diesel to the general diesel engine, monitor the change of power, torque and smoke in the fixed revolving speed, process the data, and then compare and analyze the flameproof diesel performance, put forward the improved blue print and conduct the experimental comparison. At last, data basis will be provided for the flame-proof diesel researching and designing.


In the present paper, we investigate the exciton effect on the shift current in single-walled boron-nitride nanotubes using effective mass theory combined with the Bethe-Salpeter equation to include the exciton effect. We found that the shift current is enhanced by the exciton effect compared to that of free electron-hole pairs and that the direction of the shift current is determined by the chiral index of the nanotube even in the presence of excitons. We provide a simple explanation of why the chiral index determines the direction of the shift current from a bond structure viewpoint via the Rice-Mele model.


The principle of a simple and inexpensive optical-fibre-based correlation technique is demonstrated for the monitoring of the slow rotation of a shaft of an electric motor. The use and possible extension of the techniques employed are discussed.


The reflections contained in this essay seek to the call attention of professionals, professors and students of Social Work to the importance of research in the various contexts of activity in this field, despite the challenges and difficulties presented in its realization. It offers possibilities for conducting research from a critical professional intervention, in keeping with the concrete reality - the context of professional practice. It also highlights the importance for the preparation of a history of Social Work based on theoretical-methodological postures that consider the wealth, complexity and essence of reality, breaking with the 'pseudoconcreticity', with the utilitarian, manipulative praxis that is constructed in the dimension of a 'common consciousness'. Despite the importance attributed to research, it sought to avoid separating it from human-social reality, given that it is in this context that research acquires meaning, becomes accepted and considers the needs of Social Work as a historic profession.


The paper presents results of investigations of the content of selected accompanying elements in identified zinc oxide inclusions in the charge mixture and dusts emitted from a sintering machine into the environment from the pyrometallurgical production process of zinc and lead. The average content of the elements determined, i.e. Si, Al, Mn, Mg, Ca, K, Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Se, Sb, Sn, shows large variation, both in the charge mixture and furnace dust, and statistically low coefficients of correlation with zinc oxide and identified phases that form admixtures in ZnO, i.e. FeO and PbO.


A power window safety device according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises: door glass which is arranged to move up and down in a vehicle window; a safety pulley in which a wire to raise or lower the door glass is wound around an outer circumferential surface and which has a pin groove formed on one side of an inner circumferential surface; an intermediate cylinder which is placed to correspond to the inner circumferential surface, and whose rotational center is connected to a driving source, thereby rotating independently of the safety pulley; a pin which is placed in the intermediate cylinder, and whose one end is inserted into or protrudes from the pin groove, and which selectively transfers the rotation of the intermediate cylinder to the safety pulley; and an elastic member which elastically supports the pin to be inserted into the pin groove. When an external force is applied in the opposite direction of the door glass movement, the pin comes out of the pin groove, therefore, the torque of the intermediate cylinder is not transferred to the safety pulley. As a result, the door glass is lowered or stops when a more subtle crash occurs compared to a method for controlling door glass operations using a current value, thereby improving safety. Also, motor durability can be deteriorated when the motor is reversely rotated using a current value, however, according to the embodiment of the present invention, a motor always rotates forward, thereby preventing durability from deteriorating and failure. Moreover, an encoder, a contact sensor, and a current control motor which are required to control motor using a current are not required, thereby reducing production costs, and door glass movements can be easily controlled by adjusting the elasticity of the elastic member.


This article describes first and second grade children's writing and focuses on the uses of punctuation as they develop awareness of the orthographic features of texts. This exploratory study was carried out with a group of first and second grade bilingual children in a school in Tucson, Arizona. Our research project focused on observing the process bilingual children followed when writing the story of Caperucita Roja to analyse thje content of their texts in the different episodes of their stories and the use of punctuation around dialogue and narratives. The findings show that the mejority of children were aware of the use of punctuation marks in their writings. We found a direct relation between puntuation and the use of dialogue (indirect speech) in children texts. Children used additional (sintactic and lexical) forms in their texts that demostrate that they know the use of direct speech. children's texts exhibited very little use of punctuation in their narratives; they only used period and capital letters.


The robust output tracking control problem is considered for single-input single-output plants with multiple operating points and with both parametric and unstructured uncertainties (i.e. interval parameter uncertainties and norm-bounded unmodelled dynamics). The parametric uncertainties can involve parameter perturbations as well as degree variations. The plant with uncertainties is assumed to be of minimum phase, but is not required to have a fixed number of unstable poles. A new method is presented by which a linear time-invariant robust controller is designed in two steps: first, a nominal controller is designed to get exact output tracking for the nominal plant; then, a robust compensator is added to achieve robust properties. It is shown that robust stability, robust static state property, robust transient property and robust tracking property can be achieved simultaneously. A computationally tractable design procedure is presented. A salient feature of our results, shown in the present paper, is that we can tell the users how to tune on-line the parameters of the controller with the proposed structure.


Measured seismic wavefields have complexity that cannot be fully modeled by seismic processing, such as wave equation migration. Traditionally, a separation of data into signal and noise components is attempted, but it is difficult to isolate the noise component that cannot be modeled to be discarded. In this paper we use an alternative approach and assume that most energy in a measured wavefield is signal, and then we use variational methods to separate this signal into a simple part, which can be modeled by conventional seismic processing, and a complex part that is not amenable to investigation by these methods. In this approach, the complex part does have interpretation value and should not be discarded as noise. The simple part may be input to numerical processing such as depth migration, residual static after depth migration, and multiple attenuation, among others.


In this preclinical study, we investigated the utility of antimicrobial blue light therapy for Candida albicans infection in acutely burned mice. A bioluminescent strain of C. albicans was used. The susceptibilities to blue light inactivation were compared between C. albicans and human keratinocyte. In vitro serial passaging of C. albicans on blue light exposure was performed to evaluate the potential development of resistance to blue light inactivation. A mouse model of acute thermal burn injury infected with the bioluminescent strain of C. albicans was developed. Blue light (415 nm) was delivered to mouse burns for decolonization of C. albicans. Bioluminescence imaging was used to monitor in real time the extent of fungal infection in mouse burns. Experimental results showed that C. albicans was approximately 42-fold more susceptible to blue light inactivation in vitro than human keratinocyte (P=0.0022). Serial passaging of C. albicans on blue light exposure implied a tendency for the fungal susceptibility to blue light inactivation to decrease with the numbers of passages. Blue light reduced fungal burden by over 4-log10 (99.99%) in acute mouse burns infected with C. albicans in comparison to infected mouse burns without blue light therapy (P=0.015).


Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit The appointment of an entirely new membership of the United States Sentencing Commission presents the Commission with an opportunity rarely enjoyed by any institution?to rethink the basic policy issues that were resolved at its creation. When the first Sentencing Commission was appointed in 1985, it faced the enormous task of devel oping a set of sentencing guidelines, as required by the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984. Though rather simple guideline models then existed in a few states, the first Commission, endeavoring to be faithful to its statutory mandate, resolved to fashion an elaborate guideline structure, covering virtually all conduct punishable under the federal criminal code. That task obliged the Commission to resolve sev eral major issues, and to do so under the twin handi caps of time pressure and the massive scope of the assignment. Among the key issues were:


Accurate detection and classification of breast cancer is a critical task in medical imaging due to the complexity of breast tissues. Transformers have recently impacted the computer vision area, also in the eld of medical image analysis. However, breast cancer classification from histopathological images using transformers faces a big challenge: Transformers are not suitable for small sets of data and medical datasets are more difficult to obtain. Therefore, breast cancer classification from histopathological images using Transformers is of great significance. In this study, we propose a breast cancer classification method using transformers without large sets of data. The network automatically extracts features through a supervised phase from images with specified size, and presents the result as a probability matrix as either a positive sample (malignant) or a negative sample (benign). The proposed model can achieve the accuracy about 89% when training from scratch on public dataset BreaKHis. The simple and compact model is made accessible to those equipped with basic computing resources and trained them in less than half hour. Consequently, the proposed method is better than the traditional ones, as it automatically learns the best possible features and experimental results show that the model outperformed the previously proposed transformers.


Deposition mechanism, structure and properties of Ni-P based electroless composite coating with nano particles were introduced,and influencing factors on structure and properties were discussed. Major problems in electroless composite plating with nano particles were presented, such as stability of solution,dispersion of nano powder in solution and coating. Current study of electroless composite plating with nano particles was reviewed, and suggestions were proposed for the study in future.


The Diels–Alder cycloaddition reaction of the fumarate of methyl lactate or methyl mandelate with α-hydroxy-ortho-quinodimethane produces an unexpected exo product with very high asymmetric inducti...


The dormitory building design is a comprehensive procedure that requires the integration of multiple objectives to meet the demands of occupants and society. However, building energy consumption and thermal and visual comfort are often contradictory during the preliminary design process. This study proposes a multi-objective optimization framework based on Pareto front solutions to optimize the energy, thermal and visual performance of dormitory buildings in a cold climate. Three typical spatial layouts and important design variables of dormitory buildings, including orientation, geometric dimension, window-to-wall ratio, U-value and solar heat gain coefficient of glazing, shading type, openable window area ratio and green roof are systematically discussed. The results show that compared to the reference design, the multi-objective optimization method can simultaneously reduce energy use density by 27%–46% and summer thermal discomfort time by 6%–10% and improve Useful Daylight Illuminance by 0%–5%. The potential for energy saving and thermal comfort of the double-sided corridor layout is the greatest, while the single-sided open corridor layout has the greatest daylighting potential. Furthermore, optimal ranges of design variables for different spatial layout types are recommended. Architects can choose appropriate space layout types and corresponding design variable values according to actual engineering needs towards a sustainable indoor built environment.


This study purpose is to examined the influence of knowledge, motivation, and
perception on the student investment decision with information technology as
moderating variable. The population used in this research were participants of
Sekolah Pasar Modal. Questionnaires were used to collect data from
respondents. Questionnaires were distributed to 50 students which were chosen
by purposive sampling. Analysis method which used in this reasearch is multiple
regression method. The result of this study showed that the knowledge has no
effect on investment decision, motivation has effect on investment decision and
perception has no effect on investment decision and the information technology
can strengthen of knowledge, motivation and perception on investment decision.
Keywords: knowledge, motivation, perception, information technology, and
investment decision


This master thesis stems from the need to develop a Pedagogy of Excellence in School, in an innovative movement of practices, actions and training to make all stakeholders part of it. It is necessary to cause significant changes in students and awaken the school to the ethic, political, aesthetic and social dissemination. In the Knowledge Society, professionals are trained, motivated, inventive, creative, proactive, entrepreneurial, ethical, and transform information into knowledge. Build a dialogue at School, identifying the factors that affect the quality of education, is fundamental. It was conducted a survey and analysis (in loco) of a School Grouping and proposed a humanistic, technical and social transformation approach, involving all stakeholders. Hope is crucial for that an organization alone can become transformed. Therefore, it is urgent a collective and real educational project that develops the training of teachers, parents, students and assistants, and a proactive and human leadership. Everyone should be accomplices to engage, teach and be an entrepreneur.


The present study is an attempt to investigate the basic living quality of landless farmers during the process of urbanization using the farmer's details from villages of Yunshang,Luoping,Dazhai,Jilin,Huaxi in Huaxi District,Guiyang City.Some problems were exposed during the investigations which included excessively low land requisition compensation standards,lack of guarantee for basic living quality of landless farmers,lack of trust in interest representatives,etc.In order to guarantee landless farmers' basic rights and interests,some strategies have been proposed including enacting a scientific and sound land requisition compensation system,guiding landless farmers to use land requisition compensation rationally by government,arranging employment for landless farmers,setting up security system for landless farmers,etc.


This ESRC-SDA funded project took a demographic approach using new metrics to studying population ageing. Key project findings mentioned in Policy Brief:• Until now, most notions of dependency are false.• As an average, the UK population is younger rather than older compared to 1950.• Old age dependency has declined rather than increased since 1980 as life expectancy at older ages and female labour force participation have increased.


The paper describes the functional requirements and system constraints in the development of reconfigurable fixtures for both the machining and the assembly applications in the medium to high volume automotive engine manufacturing. A new reconfigurable machining fixture satisfying the operational and economic requirements has been developed and validated in the laboratory. Various options for a reconfigurable engine assembly fixture have also been developed. Preliminary results on their technical feasibilities and economic cost effectiveness are presented here.


Density-functional theory calculations of the LiNbO3 21̄1̄0 , 11̄00 , and 0001 surfaces, commonly referred to as X, Y, and Z cuts, are presented. In case of the Z cut, we find a pronounced dependence of the surface structure and stoichiometry on the direction of the ferroelectric polarization. In contrast, the influence of the chemical potentials of the surface constituents is limited. Rather electrostatics governs the surface stability. Different from the Z cut, the stoichiometry of the X cut and Y cut is clearly dependent on the preparation conditions. The surface charge observed for the nominal nonpolar Y cut is traced back to the formation of a strong surface dipole.


This paper contains a categorification of the ${\frak sl}(k)$ link invariant
using parabolic singular blocks of category ${\cal{O}}$. Our approach is
intended to be as elementary as possible, providing essentially
combinatorial arguments for the main results of Sussan. The justification
that our combinatorial arguments and steps are correct uses
non-combinatorial geometric and representation theoretic results (e.g., the
Kazhdan-Lusztig and Soergel's theorems). We take these results as granted
and use them like axioms (called {\it Facts\/} in the text).
We first construct an exact functor valued invariant of webs or ``special''
trivalent graphs labelled with $1, 2, k-1, k$ satisfying the MOY relations.
Afterwards we extend it to the ${\frak sl}(k)$-invariant of links by
passing to the derived categories. The approach of Khovanov using foams
appears naturally in this context. More generally, we expect that our
approach provides a representation theoretic interpretation of the ${\frak
sl}(k)$-homology, based on foams and the Kapustin-Li formula, from Mackaay,
Stosic, and Vaz. Conjecturally this implies that the Khovanov-Rozansky link
homology is obtained from our invariant by restriction.


Development and displacement seem to be directly related to each other. As India is a densely populated country, any development project leads to the displacement of lakhs of people. Displacement is not just the physical relocation of displaced people but is also associated with social and economic consequences that disrupt the lives of people. The insecurities resulting from the same are manifold. They include human insecurity, social insecurity, economic insecurity, food insecurity, health insecurity, and gender-based insecurity. This paper briefly analyses the situation of displacement in India and reflects on the insecurities faced by the people displaced due to development projects.


The aim is to know the effect of bedload sediment to river hydraulics parameters. The research was conducted by taking samples in three-part of the river. Each location is taken ten cross-sections with left, middle, and right parts of the river. Bedload sediment is calculated by the grain analysis method. There are several approaches in determining the roughness: Manning, Raudkivi, Subramanya, Meyer, and Muller roughness. From the analysis results, sediment in the form of fine sediment (d ≤ 0.15 mm) located in the middle of the cross-section does not settle due to high velocity. In contrast, in the wet area, the velocity is smaller so that grain material is deposited. The relationship of bedload sediment to the morphological form of the river shows that the middle part has the most material content in grain sediment (d ≤ 0.15 mm). The wet edge has the most content in gravel and sand (d < 6 mm). The Manning equation obtained a minimum roughness of 0.0257 and a maximum coefficient of 0.0365 with an average value of 0.0311. This value is matched with the coefficient of roughness on the Manning table does not differ much, i.e., natural, straight, and meandering channels.


Trapping of Hooded Crows Corvus corone cornix has been conducted for decades in an attempt to regulate population size. However, the effect of trapping activity on the breeding performance of crows is more or less unknown. In this study, trapping activities, involving Larsen‐traps and decoy birds, were conducted at 14 Hooded Crow nest sites. Trapping was successful at eight nests, and a total of 12 individuals were caught. Hooded Crow breeding ceased within a few days following the trapping sessions and the territories were abandoned. This also happened at nests without trapping success, suggesting that the trapping activity itself, and not the actual trapping and handling of the birds, caused the cessation of breeding. The very high density of crow nests in the study area and the associated high risk of conspecific predation on the eggs is suggested as the most likely explanation for the observed effect on Hooded Crow breeding performance.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on nine in‐depth case histories of manufacturing firms introducing significant new service innovations. Manufacturing firms are under increasing pressure to diversify into lines of business that offer unique contributions to long term profitability and this paper increases understanding of how incumbent firms successfully accomplish this transition.Design/methodology/approach – Using analytical induction the authors sample published announcements of significant new service offerings by well‐established manufacturing firms. An example of this type of service innovation would be General Motor's offering of OnStar remote driver support systems (not included in this sample). A total of nine cases (43 percent of the companies contacted) participated in this case study approach.Findings – The paper identifies two primary strategies pursued by these firms development and launch of significant new service innovations representing important diversification moves for...


—Over the years, email has evolved into one of the most widely used communication channels for both individuals and organizations. However, despite near ubiquitous use in much of the world, current information technology standards do not place emphasis on email security. Not until recently, webmail services such as Yahoo's mail and Google's gmail started to encrypt emails for privacy protection. However, the encrypted emails will be decrypted and stored in the service provider's servers. If the servers are malicious or compromised, all the stored emails can be read, copied and altered. Thus, there is a strong need for end-to-end (E2E) email encryption to protect email user's privacy. In this paper, we present a certificateless one-way group key agreement protocol with the following features, which are suitable to implement E2E email encryption: (1) certificateless and thus there is no key escrow problem and no public key certificate infrastructure is required; (2) one-way group key agreement and thus no back-and-forth message exchange is required; and (3) n - party group key agreement (not just 2-or


During the speeding up of urbanization,we must focus on the sustainable development,and balancing the assign between population,land and water resource. With the sustainable development strategy to guide the practice of urbanization,we must know broad urbanization is not only the weight of population,but also including the infrastructure,land,employment style,as well as industry structure. Population scale is the basis to assure the city scale,and traditional population scale forecast measure meets the challenge of the continuous development of urbanization. We must emphasize the restraint of environment carrying and bearing,and put the population scale on the basis of resources carrying,and make the best way of "environment-economy-society" with complex development,to suit the demand of sustainable development.


The term 'industrial mineral' is not defined so strictly as the term 'ore' which is mostly a source of metal, or as that of 'fossil fuel' (coal, oil, natural gas), which is predominantly a source of energy. In both the latter cases the characteristic feature is the chemistry of the ore (besides the content of impurities, dressability, etc.) or fuel (besides the content of dirt bands, sulfur, etc.). The characteristic features of industrial minerals, however, líe in their physical properties (e.g., fibrosity of asbestos, insulatory properties of mica, the high specific gravity of barite). In this artiele raw materials of several types are considered under the term "industrial mineral s and rocks":


(Tetrathiotetracene)2(iodide)3, (TTT)2I3, is metallic and can be crystallized with varying amounts of disorder. The crystal structures of highly disordered, h.d., (TTT)2I3 and (TTT)2I3 with significant lower disorder, l.d., have been solved. For (TTT)2I3 (l.d.) the basic structure, defined primarily by the TTT molecules, was refined in the space group Cmca. The doubled cell, which includes data from the strongest diffuse layer line, was refined in Pmc21. All iodide sites in (TTT)2I3 (l.d.) have less than full occupancy, indicating that the contents of cells vary and suggesting the presence of species such as I3−, I2, and I−. The crystal structure of (TTT)2I3 (h.d.) was investigated at room temperature (∼294 °K), 164, 74, and 19 °K. At all four temperatures the symmetry of the basic structure, defined primarily by the TTT molecules, remains orthorhombic. The basic TTT structure at all four temperatures was successfully refined in the space group Cmca. During slow cooling the diffuse layer lines were carefu...


Part 1 Pascal and programming - an overview: about pascal about problem solving and programming. Part 2 Writing simple programs: the structure of a pascal program some basic concepts producing output from the computer supplying input to the computer doing repetitions making choices designing a user-friendly interface. Part 3 A first look at functions and procedures: the importance of modularization structure of a Pascal module functions procedures scope of variables top-down programming. Part 4 More on syntax, decision making and loops: Pascal's grammar pascal's types type definition case statement goto statement conditional loops. Part 5 Manipulating structured data sets and arrays: sets one-dimensional arrays searching and sorting passing array parameters to procedures and functions strings multi-dimensional arrays conformant array parameters. Part 6 Files: files in general files in pascal. Part 7 Records and variants: records arrays of records variants. Part 8 A second look at procedures and functions: subprograms as parameters recursion mutual recursion and the directive forward. Part 9 Manipulating dynamic data: pointers linked linear structures binary trees. Appendices: reserved symbols and words predefined identifiers ASCII table.


The response of ion plasmas to external radiation fields is investigated in a quantum mechanical formalism.We focus on the total electric field within the plasma. For general bandpass signals three frequency regions can be distinguished in terms of the plasma frequency. For low frequencies, the external field is shielded. For high frequencies, the field is not modified. Resonant behavior of the plasma appears for frequencies near the plasma frequency: large internal electric fields and induced currents are present. These effects may be relevant for biological systems. The model is therefore extended to a two-species plasma and additional interactions are studied. The response is not essentially altered. To make the models more realistic, a so-called bath is included. In the weak coupling approximation the resonance frequency is shifted and some damping occurs. Finite temperature effects on the electric field are absent. The energy of the system, however, depends on temperature.


The focus of this paper is on the role choices in phonological systems (Brazil
 1997; Halliday & Greaves 2008) play in the ideological work of a text.
 Using an instance of news reporting of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, we show how prosodic choices – both those shared with other
 texts in this register, and those specific to this instance – contribute to the ideological force of the text. The ideological
 effects of prosodic choices in this text, we argue, include projecting a very particular interpretation of the invasion as if
 distant and objective, and giving prominence to claims that the invasion was measured and targeted, and by implication in
 accordance with international law.


In plants this nutrient is assimilated mainly by roots, and capacity to accumulate in tissues is variable [11], being several monocots such as Oryza sativa and Triticum aestivum considered silicon accumulator, with absorption active by root system, and it present leaf levels normal‐ ly higher that 10.0 g kg-1 of Si [12]. In other hand, many dicots like as Phaseolus vulgaris and Glycine max are characterized as not accumulator of silicon, and its presents passive absorp‐ tion, with leaf tenors minors that 5.0 g kg-1 of Si [13].


With the arrival of knowledge economy and later finance age,the current enterprises in our country are facing the worsening economic environment,the employment rate of contemporary college students began to decline.Meanwhile students from the current colleges and universities could not meet the enterprise's requirements.Therefore,the college student's venture work is becoming a global issue.But college student's venture work in our country has just started,more improvement and research are needed.This paper tries to build the college student's venture model,combining with the present situation of domestic and foreign venture mode based on the concept of the college student's venture model.


Distributing quantum mechanically secured key over optical fiber networks, will substantially enhance the security of digital communication. Current QKD systems however require a dedicated point-to-point fiber between sender (Alice) and receiver (Bob) to act solely as the quantum channel. This is needed because additional signals, in particular classical telecommunication signals, on the same fiber lead to high levels of noise and in most cases the weak quantum signal cannot be recovered afterwards. The high cost of a dark fiber which is exclusively used for the quantum data transfer is likely to prohibit a large scale roll-out of QKD over metropolitan area networks (MAN) and passive optical networks (PON). It is therefore essential for the further growth of QKD in telecommunication networks when the quantum signal and classical data are transmitted over the same fiber. Integrating a quantum signal and classical channel on the same fiber, also referred to as coexistence scheme, has recently been demonstrated in a number of QKD implementations. The theoretical scheme how a QKD system is implemented into a telecom system is shown on the left side of Figure 1. In contrast to these approaches that use attenuated laser pulses our coexistence scheme exploits polarization entanglement of two photons. The right hand side of Figure 1 shows the experimental setup that was used to determine the performance of such integration. Photon pairs of 1310nm (O-Band) and attenuated classical signals are hereby transmitted on a shared fiber and separated afterwards with the help of Far Wave Division Multiplexers (FWDM) and suitable filters. The corresponding 590nm photon is measured locally in two non-orthogonal bases.


More and more applications of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) rely on a low electron energy because it decreases the depth of specimen radiation damage. It also enables a clear visualization of nonconductive samples, surface structures are better resolved, and new types of contrast can be observed [1, 2]. In the case of backscattered electron (BSE) imaging, working at low primary beam energies (and currents) puts high demands on the actual detector design because of the weak signal intensities. The sensitivity of the most commonly used scintillation detectors drops rapidly in the region of energies under 3 keV.


Objective To evaluate the application of pedicle screws fixation in multi-level thoracic lumbar spine fractures(MSF).Methods Twenty-seven cases of multi-level thoracic lumbar spine fractures were fixed with pedicle screws,decompressed centrum,and grafted bone.Results All of the patients were followed up for 18-36 months.X-ray displayed that bone graft fused without injection.The height of centrum recovered from 38.4% to 85.3%;Cobb recovered from 25.4° to 7.1°.Conclusion MSF are common in young and middle aged male mostly associated with neurological injuries.Careful examination,early correct diagnosis and treatment are very important for treatment.


We focus on assisting mobile robot teleoperation in a task-appropriate way, where we model the user intention as an action primitive to perform a contextual task, e.g. doorway crossing and object inspection, and provide motion assistance according to the task recognition. This paper contributes to formulating motion assistance in a data-driven manner. With the motion clusters obtained in our previous report [1], we apply a fast online Gaussian Mixture Regression (GMR) approach to the most probable motion cluster classified during operation, to estimate the local trajectory the human user intends to follow in the short term for the corresponding task execution with the recognized contextual information. To regulate the estimation accuracy, we compute the Mahalanobis distance of each estimated trajectory way point. By thresholding the distance, we can achieve the trajectory estimation within a pre-defined tolerance bound regarding the regression outliers. The experimental results from both the qualitative and quantitative tests using the real data confirmed the effectiveness and real-time performance of the proposed approach.


The gravitational sedimentation characteristics of phosphoric acid slurry were studied by adding polyacrylamide with different dosages.By comparing the effects of polyacrylamide flocculants with different molecular weights (the molecular weight of polyacrylamide A was about 3,000,000 and that of polyacrylamide B was about 8,000,000) on the sedimentation performance of phosphoric acid slurries, some conclusions were made as follows:When polyacrylamide B was added with dosage of 10 ppm and the temperature was controlled at about 60oC,the best sedimentation performance could be obtained.The results provided some guidance for the improvement of separation efficiency of the wet-process phosphoric acid slurry and the selection of separation machines.


In this article we present a characterization of the vibrational spectrum of the H molecule using the correlation function quantum Monte Carlo (CFQMC) method and a genetic algorithm study of the topology of the potential energy surface (PES) used. The vibrational modes associated with the H-H2 torsion and stretching possess very flat minima. As a consequence the fundamental frequencies corresponding to these modes are poorly described in the harmonic approximation. In our genetic algorithm study of the PES using Cartesian coordinates we have found some unexpected minima. A careful analysis shows that, in the curvilinear coordinates in which the potential is described, some of these minima have identical coordinates. Nevertheless, they represent nonequivalent molecular geometries. The vibrational frequencies obtained in this work are not in good agreement with available experimental data as well as other computational methods. It shows that our method of detailed analysis of PESs could reveal shortcomings introduced by the use of curvilinear coordinates. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008


Abstract
To strengthen the competitiveness the manufacturing industry strives for a continuous
development of cost efficient manufacturing processes and improved product quality.
These research and development issues are addressed by increasing the implementation
of simulation tools based on finite element method (FEM). To represent the material
response during the machining process, reliable and well-defined constitutive and fracture
models are required. In the current work the well-established and widely used visco-plastic
Johnson-Cook (JC) constitutive model is utilized for the stress response in the material.
To account for the ductile damage in the material the JC-fracture model is combined with
the JC-constitutive model. However, the major drawback with the JC- fracture model is
that it exhibits a pathological mesh dependence. Therefore, relating the local continuum
damage theory with principles of maximum dissipation, combined with concepts from the
phase field modeling, two different mesh objective damage models were derived. Numerical
examples, re
ecting the highly localized plastic shear deformations that occur in the
vicinity of the cutting edge during machining, were utilized to validate and verify the mesh
objective damage models. The general example, verifying the mesh objective strategy,
considers the shearing of a pearlitic plate with structured mesh. The results indicate that
the mesh dependence is removed when strain-rate and temperature dependence is excluded
from the model. Additionally an investigation regarding the in
uence of element distortion
was conducted. For this emphasis a hat specimen with unstructured mesh was subjected
to severe shear deformation while neglecting the temperature and strain-rate dependence.
The results show that realistic damage path is captured, and also quantitatively, a good
agreement is obtained for the effective stress and plastic strain levels compared to literature.
Extending the JC-constitutive model by incorporating visco-plasticity (and excluding
the mesh objective enhancement), still results in a pathological mesh dependence which
is contrary to what has been argued in literature. The perforation of a Weldox 460 E
steel plate by a blunt-nosed projectile was used to validate the modeling. The numerical
simulations were compared with results from literature and experimental findings and
were found to be in a good agreement. Based on the numerical examples conducted the
models are able to predict damage evolution at ductile fracture in a reliable manner.
This enables a possibility to accurately evaluate the machining process with respect
to operating parameters e.g. cutting force, temperature distribution, chip morphology
and residual stresses. Hence, improving the understanding of the complex phenomena
occurring during the machining process and the product quality while increasing the cost
efficiency of the process.


We have measured and calculated electron-impact excitation cross sections from the laser-excited Yb (…6s6p 3P1) level to the higher-lying Yb (…6s6p 1P1), (…6s5d 3D1, 2, 3) and (…6s7s 3S1) levels at 20 eV impact energy. Measurements were performed using a crossed-beam apparatus, with resonant laser radiation incident on the electron–atom interaction region, providing excited-state atomic targets. Calculations were performed in the relativistic convergent close-coupling (RCCC), convergent close-coupling (CCC), and relativistic distorted-wave (RDW) approximations. We present measured and calculated partial differential cross sections (), which relate to differential cross sections and electron-impact coherence parameters through the target state anisotropy introduced by the laser geometry. Using theoretical predictions of the h electron-impact coherence parameter, we present the differential cross section for the 3P1–3S1 excitation.


A number of methods have been developed to assess the enrichment of polygenic risk variants – from summary statistics of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) – within specific gene-sets, pathways, or cell-type signatures. The assumptions made by these methods vary, which leads to differences in results and performance across different genetic trait architectures and sample sizes. We devise a novel statistical test that combines independent signals from each of three commonly-used enrichment tests (LDSC, MAGMA & SNPsea) into a single P-value, called the block jackknife GWAS joint enrichment test (GWASJET). Through simulations, we show that this method has comparable or greater power than competing methods across a range of sample sizes and trait architectures. We use our new test in an extensive analysis of the cell-type specific enrichment of genetic risk for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Counterintuitively, we find stronger enrichments of IBD risk genes in older gene expression data from bulk immune cell-types than in single-cell data from inflamed patient intestinal samples. We demonstrate that GWASJET removes many seemingly-spurious enriched cell-types identified by other methods, and identifies a core set of immune cells that express IBD risk genes, particularly myeloid cells that have been experimentally stimulated. We also demonstrate that many cell-types are differentially enriched for CD compared to UC risk genes, for example gamma-delta T cells show stronger enrichment for CD than UC risk genes. Author summary Genetic association studies have discovered a number of DNA variations that are associated with heritable human diseases and traits. One method of investigating the functions of these variants is to test whether they are enriched in parts of the genome associated with specific cell-types or cell conditions – defined by gene expression data or other similar data types. However, there are a number of published statistical methods to test such enrichments; these methdos make different assumptions and their results can vary, sometimes dramatically. We present a novel consensus method, called GWASJET, that combines the results of these different methods to produce a single result. We show that GWASJET can outperform individual methods in simulations. We apply this method to gene expression data from a number of tissues and conditions relevant to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Our method removes potentially false results based on a priori biological knowledge, and reveals that IBD genes are generally clustered in a large number of immune cell-types, especially myeloid cells treated with specific stimulatory molecules.


-1. Guiding principles of the next generation of learning at a distance.-2. The future of distance learning technology: It's not about the technology, and it's not about the distance.-3.An analysis of success and failures: Planning the foundation for the next generation of distance education.-4. Rethinking design and learning processes.-5. Needs assessment: Identifying teachers' expectations and perceptions of an online P-6 engineering professional development program.-6. Collaborative problem-solving in virtual environments: Effect of social interaction, social presence and sociability on critical thinking.-7. Using the community of inquiry framework to inform effective instructional design.-8. The design critique as a model for distributed learning.-9. Data, information, knowledge, wisdom: A revised model for agents-based knowledge management systems.-10. Higher education and post-industrial society: New ideas about teaching, learning, and technology.-11. CyGaMEs: A full-service instructional design model harnessing game-based technologies for learning and assessment.-12. Learning-communication interfaces model: Implications to virtual learning.-13. The influence of backchannel communication on cognitive load.-14. The next generation of research in distance and online learning: Unconstrained by comparisons to classroom instruction.-15. The effect of delivery method of instructional materials to meet learning goals and objectives in online and open learning environments.-16. Engaging learners in collaborative authentic learning activities.-17. Learning communities.


OBJECTIVE To develop GouJu medicinal herbs' quality standards and facilitate the standardization of traditional and herbal drugs,so as to make GouJu medicinal herbs more widely used in medical region.METHOD The TLC and HPLC methods were used for identification and quantitative determination of naringin.RESULT GouJu could be identified by TLC.Naringin showed a good linear relationship in the range of 20~100μg,r=0.9993.The average recovery was 99.8%,and RSD was 1.53%.CONCLUSION The methods can be used for the quality control of GouJu.


A shuttle vector is provided to be used as a backbone vector for expressing foreign genes and useful genes by securing excellent transformation efficiency and the characteristic of being stably maintained after being transformed into a lactobacillus sp. strain. A shuttle vector consists of a sequence of SEQ ID : NO. 1, is prepared by linking a plasmid p84 having a cleavage map described in Fig. 3 and derived from Lactobacillus plantarum to pUC19-CAT vector derived from E.coli and is replicable in the E.coli and Lactobacillus, wherein the plasmid p84 includes a replication sequence(Ori) of SEQ ID : NO. 2, a RepA gene having a sequence of SEQ ID : NO. 3, and a Mob gene having a sequence of SEQ ID : NO. 3. A lactobacillus sp. transformant is transformed by the shuttle vector.


Objective To explore a simple,rapid and highly-reproducible culture technique of human periodontal ligament fibroblast(hPLF)with higher success rate.Methods Primary hPLF were cultured utilizing tooth enzymatic digestion technique.Cell growth and morphology were observed under an inverted microscope.Immunocytochemical staining was used to characterize the cell lineage.The fourth passage of cells was used to draw growth curve evaluating the biological features of hPLF.Results We could obtain fibroblasts in 8~14 d for experiment and the success rate of primary culture of hPLF was 90%.The cells were spindle-shaped and tested positive to antibodies against vimentin while negative to antibodies against cytokeratin.These characteristics were similar to those of typical hPLF.Conclusion Tooth enzymatic digestion technique is a simple and highly-reproducible method for isolating and culturing hPLF in vitro.


Dear Editor, We thank Ollitrault et al1 for their letter and for introducing the concept of the "V1 continuum," particularly regarding the presence of a fragmented QRS complex in lead V1 (fQRSV1) in the ECG of some athletes. The latter was defined as a quadriphasic QRS complex (RSR'S' pattern) with a duration <120 ms. These authors recently reported the presence of fQRSV1 in healthy athletes.2 In their pioneer study, an RSR'S' pattern was a prevalent ECG feature in athletes (~22%) compared to non-athletic controls (~5%). This finding was suggested to reflect exercise-induced right ventricle (RV) remodeling and was independently associated with RV outflow tract dilation. Our findings on the presence of the crista supraventricularis pattern (CSP, ie, QRS width ≤100 ms with an RSR morphology in lead V1 and a narrow S [≤40 ms] in I or V6) in young healthy athletes3 might also reflect, at least partly, a sports-induced RV remodeling. Remodeling of contiguous areas of the RV (such as the subpulmonic or outflow tract region) might indeed be among the numerous cardiac electromechanical adaptations to sports participation, which in turn can be reflected in ECG tracings as CSP or RSR'S' patterns. In this regard, the fact that the athletic cohorts of both studies2,3 showed a very narrow QRS (ie, <100 ms) largely rules out the presence of a conduction delay in the His-Purkinje network as the pathophysiologic substrate—instead of RV remodeling—for these two patterns. Of note, the athletes in our study3 were much younger than in the Ollitrault et al2 study (mean age of 11 vs 27 years, respectively). Thus, several years of regular, intense exercise training are usually needed before ECG singularities appear, with the latter thus more prevalent in the more experienced young athletes.4 Regular strenuous exercise might indeed lead to a disproportioned afterload and wall stress to the RV, which could potentially induce RV dilation and remodeling in the long term.5 On the other hand, whether some of the sports-associated changes in the RV that are reflected as ECG abnormalities are potentially deleterious remains to be clearly elucidated.6 We believe that more research is needed to assess the potential clinical significance of RV-associated ECG features, especially in the context of pre-participation screening programs.


For decades, business executives have concentrated on the art and techniques of management. But in today's competitive times, more is required. Successful executives must be leaders as well.


Fibromyalgia (FM) has been associated with a higher prevalence of suicidal behavior. Nevertheless, much remains unknown about suicide risk factors for this chronic pain disorder. In the present study, the relationship of suicidal ideation in FM with a number of sociodemographic, clinical, and psychological variables was analyzed.


The muscarine-like activity of acetylcholine(Ach) and 2-aminoethanol(ETA) derivatives and the acute toxicity of tropolone(TRP) derivatives were discussed on the basis of the molecular orbital theory. The order of the activity of Ach and ETA derivatives is in agreement with that of the nucleophilic reactivity index, fr(N) of the nonbonding, vacant p2-orbital of the central atom (N+, P+, or As+) in the onium group. The activity in the acute toxicity of TRP derivatives is explained in terms of the nucleophilic reactivity index, DR(N)= _??_ _??_ fr(N4), of the vacant π -orbitals.


Objective To observe the clinical effect of microscissors on uterine septum excision under hysteroscope followed by artificial cycle for preventing intrauterine adhesion after the surgery.Methods 210 patients with uterine septum(including two cases with complete uterine septum) were randomly divided into control group and trial group(105 cases in eachgroup,2 cases with complete uterine septum in the control group).Patients in the control group received uterine septum electrotomy under hysteroscope assisted by artificial cycle after the surgery.Patients in the trial group received uterine septum excision with micro scissors under hysteroscope followed by artificial cycle after the surgery.Patients in both groups were followed up for three months; the state of intrauterine adhesion one month after the surgery and the state of endometrial coverage three months after the surgery were recorded.Results Hysteroscopy re-performance after uterine septum excision with microscissors under hysteroscope followed by artificial cycle treatment revealed thatthe intrauterine adhesion was obviously reduced and the endometrium recovered well.Conclusion Uterine septum excision with microscissors under hysteroscope followed by artificial cycle for preventing intrauterine adhesion is safe and effective.


An ePortfolio or an electronic portfolio is a web-based information management system that uses electronic media and services. The learner builds and maintains a digital repository of artifacts, which they can use to demonstrate competence and reflect on their learning. Having access to their records, digital repository, feedback and reflection students can achieve a greater understanding of their individual growth, career planning and CV building. Accreditation for prior and/or extra-curricular experiences and control over access makes the ePortfolio a powerful tool. The software development of ePortfolio module was awarded to IGNOU under the Education Resource Planning (EdRP) project, an extension to the Brihaspati-3 (an open source learning management system) under the National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology (NME-ICT) initiative of Ministry of HRD, Government of India. In this paper, we intend to discuss the significance of ePortfolio, the details like the mindmap, data flow diagrams, architecture of the ePortfolio module, the issues and the challenges faced during and due course of its development.


An ultra compact projection system based on a high brightness OLEd micro display is developed. System design and realization of a prototype are presented. This OLEd pico projector with a volume of about 10 cm³ can be integrated into portable systems like mobile phones or PdAs. The Fraunhofer IPMS developed the high brightness monochrome OLEd micro display. The Fraunhofer IOF desig ned the specific projection lens [1] and in tegrated the OLEd and the projection optic to a full functional pico projection system. This article provides a closer look on the technology and its possibilities.


Context plays a significant role in teaching probability and statistics; although its importance has been contended in previous studies, there is not sufficient research on the role of context. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the actual use of context in problem solving through pre-service mathematics teachers. We focussed on the Tuesday Birthday Problem, which requires awareness of context. Data were obtained from surveys involving 98 teachers and analysed by classifying answers based on the answer types related to context. Results revealed that there are three hurdles related to context in this problem: 'generation of the idea of conditional probability,' 'identification of the necessary and sufficient context for the condition,' and 'correct use of the context.'


The article examines the representation of the concept nation through precedent names. One of the central issue of the work is the speakers attitudes in case of such representation. The cases of «false» categorization are also investigated in the article.


The chapters in this volume focus on the international system of monitoring media coverage of global problems such as peace and war, human rights, and the environment. The kind of media criticism advocated by the media monitoring idea is motivated by scientifically based description and assessment of media performance carried out by methods of content analysis.


Extreme ultraviolet single-order harmonic pulses, separated by a pulse-front-tilt compensator, were spatially and temporally characterized to have a spot size of 58 μm at focus and a pulse duration of 47 fs.


Apis dorsata is one of the important honeybee species in tropical and subtropical regions that forages on various plants including herbs, grasses, forest trees and plantation trees. However, information on the spatial distribution of various pollen sources of Apis dorsata is still lacking. This study aimed at mapping the spatial distribution of the major honeybee plants that serve as pollen sources to Apis dorsata using an integrated Geographical Information System (GIS)-Remote Sensing (RS) approach. Mapping of pollen sources was based on SPOT-5 satellite imagery within a GIS environment. The SPOT-5 imagery was enhanced, classified and vectorized using ENVI 4.7. Image classification techniques were used to separate the pollen sources into six classes. Ten observation plots, each measuring 10×10 m, were established for each pollen source class using a randomized sampling technique. Results showed that Melaleuca cajuputi covered a total of 2,398.8 ha (5.5%), Acacia sp. 11,377.8 ha (25.9%), Elaeis guineensis 19745.1 ha (44.9%), non-vegetation 4,647.2 ha (10.6%), water bodies 973.5 ha (2.2%) and cloud/haze/shadow 4830.5 ha (10.6%). The overall classification accuracy was 91.5% and the Kappa coefficient was 0.8. The GIS-RS map showed that almost all of the Apis dorsata nesting sites were located in the Elaeis guineensis area. This study clearly demonstrates that Apis dorsata prefers to build its nest in close proximity to the pollen source.


The ideology of centralization of power, formed during the Warring States Period, was perfected and reinforced in the Qin and Xihan dynasties while the ideology of democracy in the mean time was also deeply rooted. The two seemingly opposite ideologies are uniform, because both were rooted in the economic foundation of China's agriculture. Hence, for later rulers, the coordination of the two for a stable and eternal government would be a permanent problem.


Bioactivity-guided fractionation of an alcohol extract of the soft coral Sarcophyton sp. collected from the intertidal areas and the fringing coral reefs near Hurghada, Red Sea, Egypt afforded a new lactone cembrane diterpene, sarcophytolide 1. The structure was deduced based on its spectroscopic data and from comparison with the spectral data of known closely related cembrane-type compounds. This compound exhibits good antimicrobial activity towards Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae activity.


Two cucumber cultivars'D0328'and'Dongnong 806'with widely different low-nitrogen tolerance indices were chosen as test materials,in order to find the changing mechanism through studying the changes in several indices of both cucumber roots during the whole period of duration.The result showed that in the case of low-nitrogen stress,the root volume,root dry weight and root vigor of both cultivars all increased before the full bearing stage and then decreased.However,the bleeding flow rate of both roots increased before the bearing primary stage and then decreased.And the root vigor increased straightly.The difference of root bleeding flow rate was the most significant during the initial bearing stage,so it could be used as the most suitable screening index for cucumber under low-nitrogen stress.


This article presents a modal analysis of an elastically constrained Rayleigh beam that is placed on an elastic Winkler foundation. The study of beams plays a crucial role in building construction, providing essential support and stability to the structure. The objective of this investigation is to examine how the vibrational frequencies of the Rayleigh beam are affected by the elastic foundation parameter and the rotational inertia. The results obtained from analytical and numerical methods are presented and compared with the configuration of the Euler–Bernoulli beam. The analytic approach employs the technique of separation of variable and root finding, while the numerical approach involves using the Galerkin finite element method to calculate the eigenfrequencies and mode functions. The study explains the dispersive behavior of natural frequencies and mode shapes for the initial modes of frequency. The article provides an accurate and efficient numerical scheme for both Rayleigh and Euler–Bernoulli beams, which demonstrate excellent agreement with analytical results. It is important to note that this scheme has the highest accuracy for eigenfrequencies and eigenmodes compared to other existing tools for these types of problems. The study reveals that Rayleigh beam eigenvalues depend on geometry, rotational inertia minimally affects the fundamental frequency mode, and linear spring stiffness has a more significant impact on vibration frequencies and mode shapes than rotary spring stiffness. Further, the finite element scheme used provides the most accurate results for obtaining mode shapes of beam structures. The numerical scheme developed is suitable for calculating optimal solutions for complex beam structures with multi-parameter foundations.


The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of 1,2-propanediol by hydrogenation of glycerol by means of hydrogen gas, wherein the glycerol with hydrogen in at least i fluidically interconnecting, each having a hydrogenation catalyst reactors R 1 to R i is converted to 1,2-propanediol, wherein - in the first reactor R 1 hydrogen gas and a glycerol phase P glycerol are introduced and a first, preferably liquid 1,2-propanediol-containing phase P 1 and a first, preferably even R 1 are formed, - in each of the following reactors R n , where n is an integer from the range from 2 to i, the phase P formed in the above-arranged reactor R n-1 , preferably liquid 1,2-propanediol-containing phase 1-1 and hydrogen introduced and a preferably liquid 1,2-propanediol-containing phase P n and a vorzu gsw reactor R n , wherein the glycerol phase P glycerol at least 60 wt .-%, based on the total weight of the glycerol phase P glycrine , glycerin includes. The invention furthermore relates to the 1,2-propanediol obtainable by this process, to an apparatus for producing 1,2-propanediol and to a process for preparing a compound which has at least one ether group, at least one ester group, at least one amino group. Group, at least one ...


This study examined the pedagogical approaches on the development of creativity in fashion design education for the 21 st century. In this paper, the concept of the creativity was analyzed with the purpose of devising detailed educational methods by investigating into cognitive and pedagogical natures of the constituents of creativity. One of the most crucial aspects of the creativity is problem solving capability and it was reviewed how creative problem solving capability is applied to the areas of arts and designs. This study particularly explored the specific roles intuition plays in the development of creativity. Insights are very important in enhancing and maintaining creativity and it was shown that intuition can stimulate and reinforce the insights. Also it was suggested was that the development stages of intuition are consistent with the development sequences of creativity in arts and designs. Recommendations for further studies were included.


A new mechanism is considered which could contribute to the lack of Solar neutrinos. If neutrino is a Majorana particle (νe=νe) and its mass mν≠0 or/and right‐handed admixtures exist in the weak interactions, the β‐β decay between the pairs of single β emitters without emission of neutrinos is possible. The estimations of the effective neutrino mass which could twice decrease the emission rate of Solar 8B and 7Be neutrinos give however the value of 〈mν〉 more than 104−107 GeV which is in contradiction with experimental limits 〈mν〉≤1−4 eV founded in direct experiments devoted to search for neutrinoless double beta decay of atomic nuclei.


ABSTRACT It is well known that many factors can influence the rate at which a machine degrades. In this article, we study a multi-state repairable system subject to continuous degradation and dynamically evolving regimes. The degradation rate of the system depends not only on the system states but also on the regimes driven by the varying external environments. Movements between the system states are governed by continuous-time Markov processes but with different transition rate matrices due to different regimes; meanwhile, the evolution of regime is also governed by a Markov process. Such a system can be developed by the Markov regime-switching model. To derive the system performance such as the first passage time distribution, a Markov renewal process is introduced by giving its semi-Markov kernel. We also consider the system in the context of periodic inspections and maintenance and give the limiting average availability. Finally, some numerical examples are given to demonstrate and validate the proposed framework.


AbstractPublic transportation systems provide the opportunity for efficient and sustainable mobility. Twenty-first century technological innovation, as well as efforts to promote alternative modes ...


The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of street life on the sociopsychological problem of street children who live and work full-time on the streets of Khulna, Bangladesh. For this, the study used survey design to collect data from purposively selected 150 samples of street children aged between 6 to 17 years in Khulna City of Bangladesh. The findings of the study explicate that the street children face harsh reality and are deprived of the basic necessities of life. The study found that a large number of street children (51.3%) lived in rail station. Most of them (43.3% street children) are living alone that forced them engaging in work at early years of life. It was revealed that the street children worked for long time (on an average 10.62 hours daily) in dirty environment but their income was considerably very low (average weekly income 362 BDT). While the majority of the street children (56.7%) took meal once in a day, about one seventh (25.3%) of the children took meal only twice in a day. Drug taking of street children was found significantly associated with the person respondents living with (p< .001). Taking vitamin D and Zinc contains food of street children was found significantly associated with how much the respondents earn last week (p< .001). The study concludes that realistic steps are needed for improving the condition of street children with collaboration of GO and NGOs.


In this paper, we study the nonlinear stability and the pointwise structure around a constant equilibrium for a radiation hydrodynamic model in 1‐dimension, in which the behavior of the fluid is described by a full Euler equation with certain radiation effect. It is well‐known that the classical solutions of the Euler equation in 1‐D may blow up in finite time for general initial data. The global existence of the solution in this paper means that the radiation effect stabilizes the system and prevents the formation of singularity when the initial data is small. To study the precise effect of the radiation in this model, we also treat the pointwise estimates of the solution for the original nonlinear problem by combining the Green's function for the linearized radiation hydrodynamic equations with the Duhamel's principle. The result in this paper shows that the pointwise structure of this model is similar to that of full Navier‐Stokes equations in 1‐D.