In aeronautical gas turbines, entropy waves commonly exist at the outlet of the combustion chamber, which may affect the heat and flow environment in the downstream turbine stages. In this work, an analysis of heat transfer and flow characteristics around a turbine guide vane (LS89) is evaluated for two configurations: one with a steady inflow and one with an unsteady flow, where an entropy wave at a given frequency is set at the inlet. Two different turbulence models (k − ω and SAS model) are used and each one is coupled with Menter's γ − Reθ transition model. In the steady case, the k − ω model misses the laminar-to-turbulent transition of the boundary layer on the suction side, while the SAS model shows a good capability in describing flow structures such as the vortex shedding, the boundary-layer transition and reflected waves at the throat. The forced results indicate that the wall heat transfer appears as a periodic variation as the entropy wave passing through. The instantaneous maximum heat transfer coefficient at the leading edge is nearly doubled compared to the steady case while the minimum coefficient remains small. Besides, after imposing the entropy wave, other variables like the torque on the vane and the largest Mach number in the flow field are also modified. Moreover, the transition of the boundary layer is delayed by the inlet entropy wave. INTRODUCTION Turbine guide vanes are essential components of gas turbines. They are located directly at the exit of the combustion chamber, experiencing a complex flow and harsh heat environment, such as various turbulence intensity, different scales of vortices, entropy waves generated by unsteady combustion, etc. Besides, complex geometry like cooling holes and different wall roughness make the analysis of the aerothermal conditions in the turbine stages more difficult, especially for the wall heat transfer on turbine guide vanes. (Wheeler et al., 2016) used direct numerical simulations (DNS) to investigate the influence of free stream turbulence intensity on the surface flow physics and heat transfer. They found that free stream turbulence tends to induce near-wall streaks and increase the surface heat transfer. (Morata et al., 2012) predicted the wall heat transfer of a high pressure turbine blade by Large Eddy Simulation (LES), and proved that the increasing free-stream turbulence will enhance the heat transfer on the vane surface. (Wang et al., 2018) simulated the conjugate heat transfer on a turbine guide vane subjected to inlet swirl and hot streaks by unsteady ReynoldsAveraged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulations, and found that the clocking positions of hot streak coming from the combustion chamber as well as swirl will change the heat transfer of the vane. In practice, the influence of entropy waves on the downstream turbine guide vanes has also been observed and studied. (Cumpsty and Marble, 1977) proposed a theory for the interaction of entropy, vorticity and acoustic waves with compact vanes. The work of (Papadogiannis et al., 2015) and (Wang et al., 2016) evaluated the propagation mechanisms of the indirect combustion noise generated by entropy plane waves in the Oxford MT1 High_Pressure (HP) stage, and


The normal tongue: the development of the tongue, anatomical features, surface of the tongue, sensory modalities, muscles of the tongue, blood supply of the tongue, normal tongues of all ages, changes in taste examination of the mouth and tongue dehydration, saliva and the tongue large tongues small tongues coatings of the tongue "portcullis" syndrome and angular stomatitis ulcers of the tongue acute glossitis, including drug-induced glossitis geographic tongue or glossitis areata migrans general disorders with clinical signs on the tongue vesiculo-bullous diseases of the tongue specific disease and surface lesions infections, including viral, bacterial, fungal, sexually transmitted colour changes tongue changes in congenital and developmental abnormalities: small tongue or microglossia, predominantly large tongues, fissured tongues, lobulation and fusion defects, ankyloglossia (or "tongue-tie") palsies, paralysis, myoclonus and muscle disorders tumours, haemangiomas, cysts, ranulas and cancers specialized examinations.


Breast Cancer is the most widespread Cancer among women. Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women. The number of new cases of breast cancer was 124.8 per 100,000 women per year. The number of deaths was 21.9 per 100,000 women per year. These rates are age-adjusted and based on 2008-2012 cases and deaths. This represents about 12% of all new cancer cases and 25% of all cancers in women. Conventional diagnosis methods of Breast Cancer include biopsy, mammography thermography, and Ultrasound imaging. Among these methods, mammography is the most efficient method for the early diagnosis of Breast Cancer. Detecting Breast Cancer and classifying mammography images are the standard clinical procedures for the diagnosis of Breast Cancer. In order to classify mammography, is provided automated computer-based detection methods. In this study, Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix and Cumulative Histogram features were used. We also use a Decision Tree as a classifier system. Then we introduce a new algorithm that called "Discrete Version of Imperialist Competitive Algorithm" as a global optimization algorithm in discrete space, and we use this algorithm for finding the best features of the extracted features.


The study of epidemiology and significance of the parasitic fungus Sphaeropsis sapinea in Serbia and Montenegro shows that some parasitic and saprophytic fungi occur in connection with this pathogen. Among the 13 identified species, the most frequent are Truncatella hartigi and Cenangium accum. Dothistroma septospora is a fungus with the most expressed pathogenic properties among those that colonize Austrian pine needles. A new data is that the above two fungi can occur also on the needles of the same current-year shoots, i.e. that D. septospora can be in succession with S. sapinea when it colonizes the needles on the shoots which were previously infected by S. sapinea. The remaining identified species occurred individually and they are the weak parasites or the saprophytes.


Nucleo-base functionalized lipids belong to the recently reported group of bio-surfactants. This kind of lipids bear the same common structural features as conventional surfactants, but the presence of nucleic acid constituents leads new features such as structural complementarity and biochemical specificity. The present review is a broad survey of the key results achieved in the issue of molecular interactions mediated by nucleo-base functionalized lipids. In particular, special emphasis is focused on the role played by base-base molecular interactions into the general nature of self-assembly of amphiphilic materials. As is described, nucleo-base functionalized lipids are of highly different nature giving great challenges in the understanding and analyzing the subtle balance between different interactions. Recent works have emphasized the role of charge and molecular moiety of nucleolipids, as well as hydrophobic interactions.


S u m m a r y The fatigue and the wear behavior of coatings with various mechanical strength and thickness, on cemented carbide substrates are investigated experimentally in milling and analytically using a Finite Elements Method (FEM) simulation. The hereby-required coatings and substrates mechanical properties are determined by means of FEM supported evaluation procedure of nanoindentation test results. The initiation and progress of the coating and tool wear, for all the investigated cases, were studied using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Further investigations using a novel (Ti,Al)N based Supernitride PVD coating, with an AlN content close to the conductivity limit of 65-67mol-% AlN, were conducted and the results extracted are compared to the corresponding ones of an effective state of the art (Ti46Al54)N coating, thus demonstrating a superior performance of the Supernitride coating, especially at elevated cutting temperatures. The oxidation resistance growth, as well as the deterioration of the thermal conductivity though the increasing of the AlN content was taken into account to depict enhanced cutting performance of the examined supernitride coating. Through the reconditioning of worn coated cutting tools by means of appropriate de-coating, microblasting and physical vapour deposition (PVD) recoating procedures, a production cost decreasing is intended. However, the cutting performance of recoated tools may be impaired compared to the corresponding one of new tools, due to the fact that during the reconditioning processes strength properties modifications in the substrates are induced, resulting in a potential wear behaviour deterioration. In this way, the cutting performance reliability and in general the tool cost management could be unfavourably affected. In the investigations described, the previously mentioned procedure based on nanoindentations and a finite elements method (FEM) supported evaluation of the corresponding measurement results is applied. This method enables the determination of related internal stress alterations at every stage of reconditioning procedures. The occurring surface stress modifications in cemented carbides inserts during reconditioning procedures might affect the tool cutting performance. Investigations in milling and gear hobbing showed that the inferiority of the tool wear behaviour when using reconditioning cemented carbides tools, could be drastically reduced. The methodology introduced, contributes to the achievement of this target, since it facilitates the accurate assessment of the reconditioning procedures effect on the tool mechanical properties.


The hardware used in the computational studies is part of the UMBC High Performance Computing Facility (HPCF). The facility is supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation through the MRI program (grant nos. CNS{0821258 and CNS{1228778) and the SCREMS program (grant no. DMS{0821311), with additional substantial support from the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC). See hpcf.umbc.edu for more information on HPCF and the projects using its resources. Co-author Graf acknowledges financial support as HPCF RA.


Twenty‐two strains of Streptococcus cremoris, seven strains of Streptococcus lactis and three strains of Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetilactis, each with a different plasmid complement, were isolated from a starter culture used in a Finnish dairy plant. By using DNA‐DNA hybridization, with cloned 6‐P‐ß‐galactosidase gene of the Strep, lactis plasmid pLP712 as a probe, the lactose fermentation genes were located, in each strain, in the large ( 30 MD) plasmid.


A method for reconstructing a 3D surface model from several 2D strip profiles is proposed. The process starts from several 2D strip profiles, and then four steps are needed for matching lines, calculating 3D coordinator, forming 3D strips, interpolating at 1D, at last the 3D surface model was reconstructed. As an experiment example, a 3D surface model of a plaster model have been successfully reconstructed on a platform of PIII 800 personal computer.


Three‐dimensional (3D) printing has had an evolving role in cardiology, although has been largely reserved for planning of structural heart disease interventions. We present a case whereby multimodality imaging, including 3D printing, played a pivotal role in planning a technically feasible approach for complex percutaneous coronary intervention of a chronically occluded anomalous right coronary artery, with creation of a customized guide catheter.


Aim: The purpose of this randomized split-mouth clinical study was to assess the effect of three adhesive systems on the 2-year clinical success of Class I composite resin restorations.
Methodology: In the treatment of the Class I carious lesions of 20 participants aged 18–24 years with at least three similar carious lesions, three adhesives—Clearfil SE Bond (CSE; Kuraray, Osaka, Japan), Single Bond 2 (SB2; 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA), and Tri-S Bond (TSB; Kuraray, Osaka, Japan)—and a Filtek Z550 nanohybrid composite resin (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) were cured. The baseline and 2-year results of the restorations were assessed according to the World Dental Federation (FDI) and the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. The chi-square test was used to analyze the data obtained.
Results: There was no loss of restoration in any group at 2 years. No significant differences were observed in any criteria (marginal staining, fracture retention, secondary caries, and postoperative sensitivity) evaluated except marginal adaptation, in accordance with FDI and USPHS criteria (p > 0.05). At 2 years, SB2 showed the best marginal adaptation, followed by CSE and TBS. There was a statistically significant difference between SB2 and TSB (p ˂ 0.05).
Conclusion: All three adhesive systems can be used successfully in the restoration of Class I carious lesions.

How to cite this article:
Çakır Kılınç NN, Demirbuğa S. Two-year clinical evaluation of Class I composite resin restorations using three adhesive systems: A double-blind randomized clinical trial. Int Dent Res 2023;13(2):67-74. https://doi.org/10.5577/idr.2023.vol13.no2.4

Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.


A modification of Fenton's reagent has been applied successfully to the rapid and safe mineralisation of samples of up to 10 g of sodium carboxymethylcellulose in order to determine lead, cadmium and mercury by spectrophotometric methods based on the use of dithizone. Recoveries and reproducibility were satisfactory at the 0.05–1.5 p.p.m. levels.


Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Smith) Davis et al., is the causal agent of bacterial canker of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum (Mill.)). The disease was first described in 1910 in Michigan, USA (Smith, 1910). The disease is widespread and destructive in the main tomato-growing areas, including the USA, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Africa, Asia and South America. It was found to infect Lycopersicon and Capsicum species. Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) as well as Solanum mammosum, S. douglassi, S. nigrum and Nicotiana glutinosa are also natural hosts. Furthermore a number of other solanaceous hosts are susceptible on artificial inoculation (Thyr et al., 1975, Fahy and Persely, 1983, Smith et al., 1988).


Typhoid fever is an endemic disease caused by Salmonella typhi that
infects the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in inflammation of the small
intestine and the intestinal lumen. In Indonesia, cases of typhoid fever occur
most commonly in children aged 3-19 years. Generally, clinical symptoms
are fever, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. The purpose of this study
is to evaluate of antibiotics for children with typhoid fever in Inpatient
RSAU Adi Soemarmo based on the Pedoman Pelayanan Medis Ikatan
Dokter Anak Indonesia (2009) and Panduan Praktik Klinis Bagi Dokter di
Fasilitas Pelayanan Kesehatan Primer (2014) by evaluating the right
indication, right patient, right drug, and right dose.
This research conducted non-experimental method by retrospective
data collection. The data were analyzed descriptively to obtain whether the
antibiotic prescription, for children with typhoid fever inpatient RSAU Adi
Soemarmo are in accordance with right indication, right patient, right drug
of choice, and right dose parameters.
Antibiotic for typhoid fever used in RSAU Adi Soemarmo is mostly
ceftriaxone (30,56 %). The results of this study points out that antibiotic
prescription were 100% right indications; 88,9% right patients; 41,67%
right drug; and 0 % right dose.

Keywords: typhoid fever, antibiotics, right indications, right patient, right
drug, right dose.


The chlorine resistance of reverse osmosis membranes was investigated with a cross-linked aromatic polyamide composite membrane, an N-substituted polyamide composite, and a cellulose acetate asymmetric. The degradation was observed as the increase in both solute and water permeation coefficients, which can be expressed as functions of a quantity of chlorine concentration to the Xth power times the chlorine exposure time. It was found that values of X are in the range of 0.5-0.7 for the cross-linked aromatic polyamide composite, 1.2 for the N-substituted polyamide composite, and 1.5 for the cellulose acetate asymmetric. The value of X seems closely related to the degradation mechanism. `In the case of rapid degradation, the degradation might be mainly caused by chlorination, and the value of X should be close to 0.5. On the other hand, in the case of slow degradation, the degradation might be mainly caused by oxidation, and the value of X should be close to 2. The morphological and structural changes due to the chlorination degradation were observed using electron microscopy and ESCA, and the membrane transport characteristic change was discussed from the observed results such as membrane thickness, its looseness, and its fixed charge density.


Dear Sir, Dr. Henley and Dr. Thun presente d the latest results from the ACS/CSP-I study, a cohort study begun by the American Cancer Societ y in 1982.1 Consistent with their earlier null findings, no association was observed between use of permanent hair dyes and deat h from bladder cancer , irrespective of subjects' smoking status. Our case-contro l results, 2 which are based on incident data, are clearly incompatibl e with the ACS cohort findings, which are based on mortality data. As Dr. Henley and Dr. Thun pointed out in their letter,1 it is conceivable but unlikely that use of permanen t hair dyes may affect disease incidence but not disease mortality. We have no fully satisfying explanation for the discrepanc y between these data sets, but we provide additional evidence below that we think further support s acausal association between hair dye use and bladder cancer risk. Among published studieson hair dyeuseand bladder cancer risk, the National Bladder Cancer Study3 is by far the largest, involving close to 3,000 population-base d incident cases and roughly 5,800 population controls in 10 geographi c areasof the United States. Thestudy comprised 733 femalecasesand 1,500 female controls. Types of hair dyes were not investigated in that study. We examined whether our results are consistent with those of Hartge et al.3 by mimicking their Tables 2and 3, which show distributions of frequencies and duration of use of hair dyes, respectively, in femalecasesand controlsseparately. Among cases , both the National Bladder Study and our study observed a 61% rate of hair dye use (Table I). Likewise, the rates of use in the two sets of controls were very similar (58% in the National Bladder Study versus 55% in Los Angeles). Distributionsby frequency of useweresimilar between the two data sets, among both case patient s and control subject s (Table I). On the other hand, the subject s (both cases and controls) in Los Angeles generall y had longer duration of use than their counterpart s in the National Bladder Cancer Study (Table I). This discrepanc y could reflect a cohort effect in prevalence of hair dye use among US women: the National Bladder Cancer Study was conducted in the late 1970s, while the Los Angeles Study was conducted in the 1990s. Table II shows the simultaneous effects of cigarette smoking and permanent hair dye use on female bladder cancer, based on the Los Angeles Study data. Highest risk was observed in smokers who were users of permanent hair dyes. The smoking 3 hair dye interaction data are suggestive of an additive, rather than multiplicative, effect of the two exposures on bladder cancer risk. In our earlier paper, 2 we had presented separat e relative risks for lifelong nonsmokers and ever smokers (last paragraph on page 576). These latter relative risks are not as easy to interpret as those presented in Table II , since the baseline risk in smokers differs from that in nonsmokers. Certai n aromati c amines, such as 4-aminobipheny l and bnaphthylamine , arerecognized human bladder carcinogens . We and others have hypothesize d that the aromati c amines in hair dyes may be the putative carcinogens responsibl e for increased bladder cancer risk in users. 2 Aromatic amines require metabolic activation to realize their full carcinogeni c potential , and hepati c N-acetylation, catalyzed by the N-acetyltransferas e 2 enzyme, is a recognized detoxification pathway. 4 Consistent with this biological understanding , NAT2 slow acetylators have been shown in multiple studies to exhibit increased bladder cancer risk, especiall y among those with documente d exposures to carcinogeni c aromati c amines. 5 The NAT2 phenotype was assesse d using acaffeine-base d urinary assay6 on all consenting participant s of our Los Angeles study, including 124 (61%) of the203 femalecasepatient sand 122 (60%) of the 203 female control subjects. Table II I present s the salient hair dye-bladder cancer association s stratified by subjects' NAT2 acetylation status. Irrespective of the exposur e index under


We previously reported that early (less than 3 days) small bowel graft failure occurred in preoperatively blood-transfused rat recipients who had developed antibodies reactive to non-MHC-related antigens on the small bowel graft.1 This study describes the histologic changes seen in these failing small bowel grafts and a detailed analysis of the responsible antibodies.


As the geological exploration in old mines periphery is developed quickly,fully hydraulic drill rig will become the main rig for future deep drilling.In order to realize scientific drilling,digital drilling,and ensure the drilling work safety,drilling parameter monitoring system matching to fully hydraulic drill is studied.The drilling parameter monitoring system is module-designed according to the characteristics of hydraulic drill,and can not only real-timely monitor,display and store drilling parameters,but also have some significant advantages such as forecasting hole accident and data wireless transmission.The drilling practice show that the drilling parameter monitoring system has stable and reliable performance,its technology is advanced and effect is good,can satisfy the need of deep drilling.


The Major Urinary Proteins (MUPs) of the house mouse, Mus musculus domesticus, are 19 kDa beta-barrel lipocalins that are involved in chemical communication between individuals. Many of them are excreted in urine where they play multiple roles, including coding of owner identity and transport, and slow release of bound volatile pheromones. It has been shown that mass spectrometric analysis of intact proteins, is capable of dissecting subtle structural differences between the members of this class of proteins. Moreover, mass spectrometric analysis of the intact proteins can contribute towards molecular phenotyping of MUPs .


CARLQUIST, S., 1991. Leaf anatomy of Bruniaceae: ecological, systematic and phylogenetic aspects. Quantitative and qualitative data are given for 60 species of the 12 genera of Bruniaceae; most data are based on liquid-preserved material. Leaves of Bruniaceae are basically linear (broader forms are probably derived) with an apicula that contains phellogen activity. Most bruniaceous leaves have some degree of isolateral construction, with transition to normal bifacial construction in a few species, but more commonly transition to 'inverse' bifacial structure (stomata on adaxial face, palisade on abaxial face). The latter type is correlated with the tendency for leaves to be appressed to stems. Tannins and very likely other dark-staining materials are very characteristic of mesophyll cells. Six genera have a large strand of fibres on the midvein and rhomboidal crystals in bundle sheath cells. The other six genera have few or no fibres on veins and have druses in mesophyll cells (but not in bundle sheath cells). These distinctions may relate to intrafamilial taxonomy, but they also support the primitive position usually accorded to Audouinia, Thamnea and Tittmannia. A key to genera based on leaf antomy is offered. Details of epidermal cell shape, cuticular relief and trichome form and structure based on scanning electron microscopy are given. Leaf anatomy, combined with other features, favours a relationship between Bruniaceae and Grubbiaceae in particular and in broader contexts allies Bruniaceae to rosalean and possibly hamamelidalean families.


A Complicated Peace: Nationalism and Antisemitism in Interwar Poland by Joanna Dobrowolska, Master of Arts Utah State University, 2018 Major Professor: Dr. Tammy Proctor Department: History During the interwar period, Poland hosted a large Jewish minority, but relations between Poles and Jews were not always peaceable. The 1920s and 1930s gave rise to antisemitic political movements, such as the National Democratic Party (NDP). Anxieties about the stability of Poland soon after it achieved independence in 1918 were driving factors in the NDP's ideological conclusion that in order for Poland to remain on the map of Europe, it would have to be ethnically pure. Jews, in particular, posed a special threat in the eyes of many of these nationalists. The National Democratic Party (NDP) was a leading nationalist party that exacerbated these tensions. Starting in the mid-1930s, the NDP began to encourage Poles all around the country to boycott Jewish businesses in the hope of encouraging their emigration. However, with these boycotts came increased reports of vandalism and violence targeting Jewish businesses and families. This work adds to a broader understanding of the motivations for European antisemitism in the interwar period and the impacts of rhetoric that others an ethnic group.


Purpose: To compare failure rates, and patient functional outcomes, using the Dynamic Hip Screw (DHS) and Medoff Sliding Plate (MSP) for unstable intertrochanteric hip fractures. Method: One hundred and sixty three consecutive patients with unstable intertrochanteric hip fractures, from three hospitals, were prospectively randomized to DHS or MSP. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were designed to focus on isolated unstable intertrochanteric hip fractures in ambulatory patients over age 60, without previous hip fractures or significant subtrochanteric extension. Patients were stratified by mental status and treating hospital. Randomization was performed intra operatively, after placement of a 135 degree guide wire. Follow up assessments were performed at regular intervals for a minimum of six months. The primary outcome was re-operation rate. The secondary outcome was patient function, using a validated outcome measure, the Hip Fracture Functional Recovery Score. Tertiary outcomes included: mortality, hospital stay, quality of reduction and mal union rate. Results: 86 patients were randomized to DHS and 76 to MSP. The groups had similar patient demographics and pre fracture status (medical and functional). The patients had similar hospital course except there were more transfusions in the MSP group (2 vs. 1 unit). The quality of reduction was the same for each group but the operative time was longer in the MSP group (61 vs. 50 min). The rate of re-operation was low (3/86 in DHS and 2/76 in MSP) with no statistically significant difference. The indication for re-operation differed for the two groups as all three failures in the DHS group were related to screw cut out and both failures in the MSP arm were because of non union. The functional outcomes were the same for both groups with functional recovery scores at six months of 51% in the DHS arm and 49% in the MSP arm. Conclusion: The two techniques produced similar results for the clinically important outcomes of the need for further surgery and functional status of the patients. For this challenging sub group of hip fractures, based on the equivalent results in this study either implant is a reasonable choice.


The objectives were to investigate the effect of selection phase, fasting time and transportation on porcine stress and on the occurrence of pale, soft and exudative (PSE) pork. The first selected pigs had the lowest blood creatine kinase (CK) activity and were least susceptible to PSE development. Whereas, the second selected animals were most stressed during transport and showed the highest frequency of PSE. On the other hand, the last selected pigs had elevated CK values from the farm up to stunning, and also showed a slow pH fall in M. tongissimus dorsi (LD) 45 min postmortem (p.m.). Furthermore, the pigs of the first and last selection had, respectively, the lowest and highest lean meat content. Muscle traits such as glycogen and lactate content 0 min p.m. and pH 45 min p.m. suggested that the most acceptable pork quality for meat products manufacture could be obtained after a fast of 6—7 hif the pigs were fed twice a day. Whereas, overnight holding had a negative effect on muscle glycogen and lactate content. During transport, pigs were under greatest stress if they were loaded just before feeding period, or if they were transported in warm weather (over 10°C). Moreover, high mortality and CK values occurred at the same external temperatures during transportation. In addition, increased transport time elevated the CK activity from the farm up to the abattoir. Index words: selection phase, fasting, transport, creatine kinase, PSE meat


We performed a phase I study combining gemcitabine and interferon (IFN)-&agr; 2b in patients with advanced solid tumors to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended doses for phase II trials. Five dose levels of gemcitabine (mg/m2)/IFN-&agr; (×106 IU) were planned: 500/5, 1000/5, 1000/7, 1000/10 and 1200/10. Gemcitabine was given once weekly and IFN &agr; 3 × weekly for 3 consecutive weeks followed by 1 week of rest (28-day cycles). Between February 1997 and June 1999, 21 patients with advanced pancreatic (n =3), ovarian (n =1), renal (n =10) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC;n =7) were enrolled. The MTD was reached at gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 and IFN-&agr; 7 × 106 IU, with two of three patients having dose-limiting toxicity (thrombocytopenia). The predominant hematologic toxicities (grade 3/4) were neutropenia and thrombocytopenia (13 and five patients, respectively). Three patients had moderate neutropenic fever and one had grade 4 AST/ALT; none required hospitalization. Of the 18 evaluable patients, responses included one partial response (NSCLC) and 10 stable diseases (eight renal cancer). We conclude that the recommended phase II study regimen is gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 and IFN-&agr; 5×106 IU, every 28 days. The results, particularly those in metastatic renal carcinoma, are encouraging and worthy of further evaluation in phase II trials.


River network formation in the northeast part of the East European Plain was discussed. The relevance of the study is due to a lack of knowledge about the functioning and development of the Upper Kama River basin in the Pleistocene. Most of the available data quite schematically describe the scope and stages of the change in the direction of development of channel processes in space and time. The decoding of satellite images from the Landsat-8 OLI, SPOT-5 satellite for the period of 2014–2018 and the ESRI ArcGIS World Imagery open mapping service data were used as the main method for studying the structural features of the river network, mesoand microrelief, vegetation distribution, as well as the nature and degree of moisture of the Upper Kama River basin. For geomorphometric analysis, digital elevation models from freely available (ArcticDEM, Alos DEM, TanDEM-X) and created on the basis of vectorization of maps of scales 1: 100 000 and 1:25 000 were used. As a result, events of different scales were highlighted: inter-basin – the union or rupture of the basin of the western pra-Kama River with adjacent river systems (Vychegda, Vyatka); regional – breakthroughs of lake waters through the Kirsa–Veslyana and Urolka–Vishera watersheds, which formed a single Kama River valley from the source to the mouth of the Vishera River. The formation of the South Keltma River (the left tributary of the Kama River) can also be attributed to the regional level of events. This river, by its location, inherits the lower course of the pra-Kosa River, which still flowed north in the middle Pleistocene and belonged to the pra-Vychegda River basin. The local events include the formation of macrobends in the valleys of the tributaries of the pra-Kama River and the formation of the Late Pleistocene incisions of channel systems on the low terrace of the Kama River. The composition of the sediments (according to drilling data) and the geomorphological data clearly indicate the Late Pleistocene age of watercourses that developed here earlier. In the modern landscape, their channels are represented by an erosive microrelief preserved among the bog geosystems.


In this paper, the authors describe a technique for laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) data processing using two Kalman filters in order to detect the presence of particles in the probe volume and to estimate their velocities. This method turns to be suitable for designing real-time integrated velocimeters. A first Kalman filter estimates the magnitude of the Doppler signal and then compares the estimated amplitude to a threshold. A second estimator uses an extended Kalman filter (EKF) to estimate particle velocity which is supposed to be a constant. Finally, this estimator is used in order to perform air velocity measurements in a pipe


1 Marketplace Marketplaces are an important system in our society. The marketplace is the embodiment of a society's economy, a system whereby objects exchange hands. Marketplaces are also an important social center, one of the primary places in which people casually meet and interact. Marketplaces range in scale from neighborhood garage sales to nationwide mall chains to global commodities markets. As individuals participating in consumer markets we experience the marketplace not as a whole system but rather as a set of constituent pieces. We understand markets in terms of goods to buy, money to buy with, the places where we perform our transactions and the people we talk to while dealing. The marketplace may be a complicated system but we experience it as a collection of familiar objects, places, people. But in the past century the marketplace has changed, has become more of a virtual experience. We are becoming removed from the objects we purchase, buying items unseen from catalogs and television shows. The physical space of the market has disappeared into the television screen and web pages. But one aspect of the traditional marketplace largely remains intact: the social process of making a transaction. Buying a commodity usually requires talking to another human being, if not in person then at least on the telephone or via email. But even the social aspect of negotiation is changing. Making a transaction in person takes time, attention, resources. The Kasbah system being developed in the Software Agents group at the MIT Media Lab aims to replace the process of human to human negotiation with the interaction of software agents, virtual 1


The number of vehicles on the road will continue to expand as cities worldwide grow in population. This increases transportation congestion, especially in major cities and especially during rush hour. This phenomenon continuously pushes academics, city authorities, and urban planners to enhance traffic control systems for safety and efficiency. The application of Internet of Things (IoT) in the field of intelligent transportation systems is getting the attention of many parties. A well-controlled transportation management system can reduce congestion, especially at intersections and roads. This study was conducted to observe and study the development of research in transportation management, especially the use of IoT technology. There are 743 documents according to the keywords given related to IMS and ITS, the period 2012 until September 2021. Mapping of these articles, both in terms of publishers, the relationship between authors, and the methods used from keywords, abstracts, and titles, is expected to help the author determine research gaps and future research directions.


Summary A study of the resistance to the intraperitoneal injection of Type I pneumococci of 39 rats showing pantothenic acid deficiency in contrast to 36 controls fed pantothenic acid failed to reveal a significant change in the susceptibility of the experimental group. Similarly, no marked change in susceptibility was observed in 175 mice showing pantothenic acid deficiency in contrast to the survival percentage of 141 controls receiving the vitamin (normal animals). However, the difference is great enough to warrant the conclusion that acute pantothenic acid deficiency in mice may slightly increase the resistance to Type I pneumococcus. Certainly the results give no indication of decreased resistance to this organism in pantothenic acid deficiency.


Intraocular inflammation causes disruption of the blood–ocular barriers and entry of proteins and inflammatory cells into the aqueous humor. Slit-lamp examination allows only a subjective and arbitrary grading of cells and flare (protein) in the anterior chamber. Laser flare photometry is the only objective and quantitative method to reliably measure intraocular inflammation. Flare measurements by laser flare photometry enables exact monitoring of both acute and chronic uveitic entities. Recent studies showing the predictive value of flare levels for disease outcomes have revolutinized therapeutic approach in uveitis, placing flare to the center of inflammatory parameters to be targeted for better outcomes.


The intelligent connected world needs adaptable accelerated computing. As a result, more engineers are turning to FPGA as a service, via cloud computing platforms.


The feasibility of using cork oak bark for phosphorus removal from wastewater was evaluated in this study. Recently, development of more cost-effective media while maintaining high efficiency in pollutants removal has received concern. Barks have a negative surface charge and, hence, tend to show a high affinity to bind cations, and they need to undergo chemical modification to increase their adsorption capacity of anions. Bark was hydrolyzed by HCl solution and it received modification using an aqueous solution of high molecular weight polyethylenimine(PEI). Surface modification with HCl and PEI resulted in a decrease of specific surface area of the bark from 1.932 /g to 1.094 /g. The adsorption experiments were carried out in batch tests and the data were fitted to the Langmuir isotherm and Freundlich isotherm equations. Phosphate removal rate was higher at the lower solution pH possibly due to the form of phosphate ion in solution. For the initial phosphate concentration of 10 mg/L, maximum adsorption was 20.88 mg P/g at pH 3 and 12.02 mg P/g at pH 5. Mechanism of phosphorus sorption onto the HCl-PEI bark was examined through FT-IR spectrometer. Ion exchange between and appeared to be a key mechanism of phosphate adsorption onto the HCl-PEI bark surface.


The waste generated from the industries cause environmental problems. Hence the reuse of this waste material can be emphasized. To produce low cost concrete by replacing cement with stone waste & to reduce disposal and pollution problems due to the use of stone waste. It is most essential to develop low cost building materials from stone waste.The innovative use of stone waste in concrete by replacing OPC cement with this material was the other alternative of the traditional concrete. The OPC cement has been replaced by stone waste accordingly in the range of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% 40%, & 50% by weight for M-25 grade concrete. Concrete mixtures were produced, tested and compared in terms of workability and strength to the conventional concrete. These tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties for 7, 14 and 28 days. As a result, the compressive increased up to 30% replacing of stone waste. This research work is concerned with the experimental investigation on strength of concrete and optimum percentage of the partial replacement by replacing OPC cement via 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of stone waste. Keeping all this view, the aim of the investigation is the behavior of concrete while replacing of waste with different proportions of stone waste in concrete by using tests like compression strength.


To quantitatively evaluate the carbon sequestration of artificial forest in the Loess Plateau,a comparative study was conducted on the organic carbon density of soil,litter and plant organs in an 6-year-old Pinus tabulaeformis plantation and nearby barren land using fixed plot method for sampling.The results indicated that the value of soil organic carbon density was 5.086 kg·m-2 in the depth of 0~80 cm in wasteland,whereas that of 6-year-old P.tabulaeformis was 5.840 kg·m-2,which increased by 14.83 % compared to the wasteland.Comparing with the barren land,the organic carbon density in its aboveground organs,root system increased by 123.31% and 4.93%,respectively.Litter layers of the young P.tabulaeformis had no significant change.A total organic carbon density increased by 22.94% annually.All these results demonstrated that remarkable carbon sink effects had performed in artificial forest of P.tabulaeformis in the Loess Plateau.


Abstract The nutrient fluxes between sediment and water column in Kertinge Nor, a tidal inlet, during the period following a major reduction of nutrient loading, were determined by means of the numerical, hydrodynamic model "MIKE11". The fluxes of the nutrients total-N and total-P were simulated over the two year period 1991 and 1992. The model results were verified through direct measurements of total-P transport at the outlet and through total-P and total-N exchange experiments on sediment cores. The advantages of the presented numerical simulation of flux rates are: 1) that the fluxes represent the integrated effect of the entire sediment area, and 2) that extraordinary release events can be simulated with an adequate resolution in time (1–2 days), which is high compared to the simulation period of almost two years. Sediment fluxes determined from the model indicate that during the biologically important summer periods in 1991 and 1992 the sediment was the dominant source for both total-N and total-P.


The intermittency, volatility and randomness of wind power will inevitably affect the accuracy of wind power prediction. In order to improve the accuracy of wind power interval prediction and evaluation, a method of wind power interval prediction and evaluation based on K-means clustering is proposed. First, use K-means clustering to classify wind power prediction error data; second, combine the climate type to more accurately divide and process historical data, and apply multiple linear regression models to establish preliminary prediction models corresponding to each subset; Finally, according to the distribution characteristics of forecast errors, the results of wind power forecasting are analyzed and evaluated with interval coverage and interval average bandwidth as indicators. Comparing the K-means clustering algorithm with the BP neural network algorithm, the results show that the method proposed in this paper can better capture the characteristics of wind power error data, and can obtain more accurate wind power interval prediction and evaluation results.


The Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) includes multiple domains that measure pain and physical functioning which are valid and reliable for use in children with sickle cell disease. The responsiveness of these measures to detect changes in health status over time among children with sickle cell disease is unknown.


In contrast to active radar systems, in which the transmitted waveforms are carefully selected and designed in relation to the radar operational modes and requirements, passive radars (PRs) exploiting noncooperative illuminators of opportunity need to cope with waveforms that are not tailored for the radar applications. In the latter case, it is likely that target echoes are masked by echoes from other strong targets in multitarget scenarios. This fact inspired us to model the multitarget detection problem in the PRs as an M-ary hypothesis testing problem. We then employ the generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) principle to derive the GLR-based detector. A parallel and recursive implementation of the detector is presented for computationally efficient implementation, in which the targets are detected sequentially and the previously detected targets are treated as interferences to be removed yielding the detection of the weakest ones. The false alarm and detection performance of the proposed sequential GLR-based detector are analytically studied using asymptotic distribution and also their accuracies are verified numerically. Simulation results show that there is a high agreement between asymptotic performance and the one obtained by simulation results. Extensive simulation results for both FM- and DVB-T-based PRs are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed detection algorithm. Furthermore, it can be revealed from our simulation results that the proposed detection algorithm significantly outperforms the existing methods without adding significant complexity to them.


In response to a short-range radio signals, a system for accessing information, wireless handheld devices, software is provided. The system was connected to a network such as a cellular network, a wireless gateway device. The wireless gateway device, in response to the first short-range radio signals, including network management software components for accessing network information. This network may be a network, a private network or a public network such as the Internet, companies. The first wireless device is connected to a wireless gateway device. The first wireless device provides a first short-range radio signals. In an embodiment of the present invention, the first wireless device has a Bluetooth processor and transmitter, a cellular telephone, PDA (personal digital assistant), or a thin terminal. In an embodiment of the present invention, the network management software component loads the software in the first wireless device, for executing includes a plug-and-play software component. The second wireless device using wireless gateway devices, can access information on the first wireless device.


Energy-efficient transmission of battery-powered devices is becoming more important in the mobile industry to improve device communications times on a battery charge. In this paper, we present a method to maximize energy efficiency (EE) at the mobile station transmitter for a packet-based multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) system. The system leverages channel state information for energy-efficient transmission with linear precoding. Methods and simulation results show that the solution of maximizing transmit energy efficiency depends on various factors such as transmit power, modulations, packet length, linear prccoding schemes and channel realizations.


Thank you very much for reading cities sin and social reform in imperial germany. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look hundreds times for their favorite books like this cities sin and social reform in imperial germany, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they cope with some harmful virus inside their desktop computer. cities sin and social reform in imperial germany is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can get it instantly. Our digital library spans in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Kindly say, the cities sin and social reform in imperial germany is universally compatible with any devices to read.


Cyrogenic etching of silicon is envisaged to enable better control over plasma processing in the microelectronics industry, albeit little is known about the fundamental differences compared to the ...


A portable remote meter reading apparatus is provided which communicates, via a power line conductor, with remote inaccessible electrical meters. A keyboard is provided to enable an operator to enter command and address information to identify a unique inaccessible meter. A baseband data message is formulated to include the unique address and command information. After being modulated with the high frequency carrier signal, the baseband data message is amplified and injected onto the power line conductor for receipt by a remote meter that is equipped with a transmitter and receiver. In response to the command message, the remote meter transmits electrical energy information for receipt by the present invention. The present invention incorporates receiver circuitry which filters lower frequencies from the incoming sinusoidal signal and hard limits the signal to provide a rectangular wave signal to a microprocessor which is capable of demodulating the signal and converting the incoming information into usable energy units, such as kilowatthours, for display on a visual display. Portable direct current power is provided in order to enable the present invention to be completely portable and not depend on the provision of power from external sources.


In this paper, we study a singular solution to a stationary Schrödinger equation with the harmonic potential and the Sobolev supercritical nonlinearity in the spirit of Merle and Peletier [9]. Contrary to the situation Merle and Peletier [9] considered, our spatial domain is the whole space Rd and our equation is non-autonomous. For these reasons, there are several points we need to take another approach in proving the existence and the uniqueness of the singular solution.


PurposeThe purpose of this study is to better understand the factors influencing the attraction of Indigenous workers to the Quebec forestry sector.Design/methodology/approachUsing a collaborative approach, 64 semi-structured interviews were conducted between 2016 and 2018 with workers and stakeholders from three Indigenous communities in Quebec, Canada.FindingsThe results highlight the motivations for choosing a job in the forestry sector, including family and friends, attachment to the territory, financial necessity, the search for a challenge and a sense of pride. They also show some of the obstacles to holding a job in forestry, namely work–life conflict, transportation, job insecurity, education and personal problems.Social implicationsIndigenous people have a lower employment rate than non-Indigenous people, which can be explained by a number of factors that hinder their integration into the labour market. They nevertheless represent an interesting labour pool for companies working in the natural resources sector. This study sheds light on the opportunities and barriers to attract this workforce.Originality/valueThe study is one of the few to use theoretical frameworks focused on motivation and a qualitative approach to data collection in order to examine to examine the attraction of Indigenous workers to the forestry sector in Quebec (Canada) from a worker's perspective.


Abstract The rapid developments in the field of electrochemistry, enabled lithium-ion batteries to achieve a very good position among all the other types of energy storage devices. Therefore they became an essential component in most of the modern portable and stationary energy storage applications, where the specific energy and the life time play an important role. In order to analyze and optimize lithium-ion batteries an accurate battery model for the dynamic behavior is required. At the beginning of this paper four different categories of electrical models for li-ion cells are presented. In the next step a comparison between equivalent circuit diagrams and fractional rational functions with the complex variable s is shown for lithium-ion battery modeling. It is described how to identify the parameters of the models in the time domain and also in frequency domain. The validation of the different models is made for high and low dynamic current profiles. In the first step the dependency of all model parameters on the temperature and on the battery age is neglected. These effects will be taken into account in the continuation of this work


This paper examines the psychological and behavioural consequences of a perceived or anticipated loss of purchasing power. Thanks to a quantitative approach, it is shown that consumers adopt daily compensa- tory preservation strategies as such favouring discounters and preferring store brands. These strategies depend on the strength of a motivational state that we name "concern for purchasing power.


Institutional issues are recognized as being the major obstacles to the establishment of resource recovery facilities. However, it is suggested that by addressing critical technological problems and pre-processing aspects associated with waste utilization, implementation of such facilities may be facilitated. General areas in needs of further research and development are identified and some specific tasks outlined.


A high incidence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variations was observed in both hypervariable region (HV) 1 and HV2; most mtDNA sequence variations were localized at poly C tract at nucleotides (nt) 303-315 (CCCCCCCTCCCCC, 7CT5C) in the HV2. Another poly C tract variant in HV1 at nt 16184-6193 have been suggested to be related with diabetes, dilated cardiomyopathy and some cancers. Poly C tract in HV2 is part of the conserved sequence block II located in 92-bp from the heavy strand replication origin. It is not yet clear whether poly C variants at nt 303–315 would lead to alterations in mtDNA replication. We hypothesized that some severe alterations in poly C tracts may lead to impairment of mtDNA replication. Here we present the profile of length heteroplasmy in HV from blood cells and its biological significance. A total of 57 maternally unrelated healthy donors were included and heparinized bloods were obtained from five age groups including 12 cord bloods. We amplified and sequenced the 1,121-bp control region including HV1 and HV2. In an attempt to investigate mtDNA length heteroplasmy, we carried out a qualitative and quantitative profiling length heteroplasmy using size-based PCR product separation by capillary electrophoresis (ABI 3100 Genetic Analyzer and ABI Prism Genotyper version 3.1). Length heteroplasmy was further confirmed by cloning and sequencing. Quantitative analysis of mtDNA molecules was performed using the QuantiTect SYBR Green PCR kit (Qiagen) and Rotor-Gene 3000 (Corbett Research) and standard plot was obtained from cloned cytochrome b gene. The mtDNA control region sequences showed 57 different haplotypes resulting from 77 polymorphic positions. Common polymorphisms were 73A>G (98%), 263A>G (91%), 16223C>T (47%), 16189T>C (35%), 150C>T (25%) and 152T>C (18%). The patterns of length heteroplasmy in the HV2 region were classified into 6 types. In the HV1 region, length heteroplasmy showed 8 variant peak patterns. The distribution of length heteroplasmy in poly C tracts at nt 303 – 315 was mtDNA mixture of 7CT6C+8CT6C (53%), 8CT6C+9CT6C (26%), 8CT6C+9CT6C+10CT6C (11%), 9CT6C+10CT6C +11CT6C (5%), 9CT6C+10CT6C (3%) and 7CT6C+6CT6C (2%). The distribution of length heteroplasmy pattern in poly C tract at nt 16184 – 16193 was 5CT4C+5CT3C (60%), 9C+10C+11C+12C (21%), 9C+10C+11C (5%), 3CT6C+3CT5C (3%), 9C+10C+11C+12C+13C (3%), 3CT4C+3CT3C (3%), 10C+11C+12C (2%), and 8C+9C+10C+11C+12C (2%). Interestingly, this study revealed that all healthy subjects showed length heteroplasmy in the HV1 and HV2 regions in contrast to previous studies. Length heteroplasmy in poly C 303–315 showed two groups of two peaks (n = 48) and more than three peaks (n = 9). MtDNA content from group with three peaks in poly C 303–315 (61,983,373 molecules/ul ± 33,219,871, mean±SD) was markedly lower than those with two peaks (133,777,955 molecules/ul ± 87,209,377). In conclusion, significantly higher rate of length heteroplasmy was observed in HV1 and HV2 from healthy donors and the presence of more than three mtDNA types in poly C at nt 303 – 315 might be associated with impairment of mtDNA replication.


It is very well known that traffic dynamics are inherently time delayed because of the limited sensing and acting capabilities of drivers against velocity and position sensing. Furthermore, as experimentally validated time delay is not a constant physical entity, but slowly time-varying. However, due to further complications, this has been ignored in the literature up until today, as to our best knowledge. We respond to the question of robust stability with respect to time varying time delays and present sufficient conditions on this time varying component guaranteeing the robust stability of a conceptual traffic flow scenario.


The etching of dielectric substrates, such as quartz-plate masks for VLSI chip lithography, requires precise control of ion bombardment energy. With inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) sources this is achieved by applying high-frequency bias to the stage holding the substrate. The most straight-forward way to do this is to drive both the ICP antenna ("the source") and the substrate bias at the widely used industrial frequency of 13.56 MHz, where many standard moderately priced RF generators and matchers are available. However, due to concerns about interference between source and bias RF fields, often the one or the other frequency is changed by a few MHz, requiring more costly custom-made generators and matchers and more stringent electromagnetic shielding.


Objective To observe the changes of the functional states of lymphocyte subgroup and immunoglobulin level of patients with Henoch-Schonlein(HSP) in acute phase,and to explore their roles in the pathogenesis of HSP.Methods The immunoglobulin concentration was detected with nephelometer and lymphocyte subgroup CD_3~+,CD_4~+,CD_8~+,CD_4~+/CD_8~+,CD_(19)~+,CD_(16+56)~+ level of acute state with flow cytometry(FCM).Results The contents of CD_4~+ in actue state,ratio of CD_4~+/CD_8~+,CD_(16+56)~+ cell were lower than that in control group(P0.05,P0.01,P0.01);CD_(19)~+cell were higher than that in control group(P0.01).IgA concentration was significantly higher than that in control group.Conclusion There are abnormal changes in body fluid immunity and cell immunity in HSP actue state,and related with progress of the ill.The immune regulation therapy can be used in routine.


Digital average current (DAC) control has high accuracy, strong anti-interference ability, and easy to realize current sharing and overcurrent protection. It is very suitable for multiphase interleaved parallel converters. However, the load transient response of the DAC control is too slow. This paper analyzes the principle of DAC control and its transient performance in detail, and proposes load current compensation to improve the system's transient response speed. Simulation results verify the theoretical analysis.


This article takes as its starting point Phil Cohen's exploration of the subcultural significance of the postwar housing policy of slum clearance and relocation of families on suburban housing estates (the 'worst of all possible worlds'). This article discovers that relocation, or dislocation, at the heart of both the iconography of suburbia and the commercial packaging, and repackaging, of one of the most pervasive and elusive of the postwar subcultures: punk. Drawing on Young and Willmott's now classic account of the crisis of family and kinship in the East End, 'The worst of all possible worlds?' traces the cultural genealogy of punk as a response to what has been happening in the suburbs (the privatization of the family, the suburban uncanny, the ubiquitous television) and begins to question the transgenerational dynamics of punk culture. If this is to tell the story of suburbia as a family romance, it's one that promises to reintroduce into our histories of popular culture the class dimension of the 'blankness' and the 'madness' embedded in a punk iconography of the suburbs.


Background: Menopause age is a determinant of health status and the risks for future diseases. Aim: The current study aimed to determine the average age of menopause among Iranian women in a meta-analysis. Method: This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed in August 2017. The articles were searched in Persian databases, including Iran Medex, SID, and Magiran, as well as international databases, including Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Knowledge, without any time limitation. The search process was accomplished using the following keywords: "Menopause" OR "Menopause age" OR "Age of menopause" OR "Menopause age and Iran". Begg's and Egger tests were used to identify publication bias. Data analysis was performed in Stata statistical software (version 14) using random effect model. Results: The search process resulted in the inclusion of 28 articles with a total of 40,042 subjects published during 1998-2017. The mean age of menopause was evaluated as 48.57 years (CI: 47.96- 49.18). Analysis of subgroups indicated that the mean ages of menopause were evaluated as 47.21 (CI: 46.94-47.48), 48.43 (CI: 47.76-49.10), 47.53 (CI: 47.17-47.88), 47.80 (CI: 47.49-48.11), and 47.83 (CI: 47.34-48.32) in smoking women (based on nine studies), non-smoking women, women with normal body mass index (based on eight studies), overweight women (based on seven studies), and obese women (based on six studies), respectively. The minimum mean age was 47.97 years, which belonged to the north region. Implications for Practice: The results suggested that the average age of menopause is still within a normal range despite its rise with a normal slope. It seems that the changes in the women's lifestyle have affected the menopause age. Consequently, special attention should be paid to some factors confounding menopause age among Iranian women to promote their health and reduce the health problems related to menopause.


Abstract In this article, I address the general mechanisms of argument selection in language, and specifically the role played by type coercion operations in linguistic theory. The view presented here is that compositional mechanisms must be open to more information than just the base type of an expression. Such "compositional flexibility" in the type that accommodates to the one selected by the verb has been the topic of considerable research recently. In this article, I position how such coercion mechanisms operate in the larger context of general selectional strategies in the grammar. I first outline my assumptions regarding the general theory of type selection, adopting a model of Generative Lexicon Theory (GL). I distinguish between two strategies at work in language, type matching and type coercion, both treated as strong compositional mechanisms. A library of possible coercion operations is defined, as well as apparent constraints on their application in language. I conclude with a discussion of corpus-based experiments based on the formal models of coercion and selection presented here.


With the arrival of 5G, networks will increase in complexity, heterogeneity and scale. Further, 5G is expected to cater to a diverse use cases with widely varying performance requirements with the help of network slicing - extending beyond enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) and Ultra-reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) use cases. Given this context, it is essential to ensure that service KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) are adhered to through timely detection of fault or performance issues to enable resolution in accordance with the use case's requirements. The monitoring framework should thus enable timely detection of fault or performance issues based on service/slice KPIs under dynamic network conditions, taking into consideration user characteristics, location and other relevant criteria. This paper presents a context-aware and adaptive network data collection, aggregation and analysis framework for effective fault or performance anomaly-detection based on context (location, user and service/slice characteristics, environment factors), dynamic network conditions and service/slice target KPIs. An open-source based implementation of the proposed solution is also presented.


In this paper there is presented the structure and proprieties of the modeling cast magnesium alloys in the as cast state, after heat treatment and laser surface treatment. The aim of this work was to improve the surface layer properties of the Mg-Al-Zn cast magnesium alloys by melting and feeding of TiC, VC, WC, SiC, NbC and Al2O3 particles on the surface. Laser processing was carried out using high diode power laser (HDPL). A series of experiments was carried out with varying scan rate and laser power. The resulting surface layers were examined using metallographic light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, hardness and micro hardness measurements and corrosion resistance tests. The improvement of the manufacturing technique and chemical composition as well as of heat treatment and cooling methods leads to the development of a material designing process for optimal physical and mechanical properties of the new developed alloy.


In this article, the comic is analysed from a social, artistic-literary and educational perspective. The study focuses on the French model, in which comic strips play a prominent role, both as an artistic mean and as a reading document. More specifically, the benefits of the comic in the teaching of languages in Primary Education are also analysed. The results show how the comic is the ideal choice for this educational stage, because it allows carrying out reading comprehension and creative expression activities, while encouraging the children to read at the same time.


This study aims to find solutions for saving electricity consumption in households. This electricity consumption savings need to be done because it is seen from the supply side management, the availability and limitations of natural resources, especially for fossil materials that are widely used in power plants, are decreasing in number, not to mention the issue of potential CO2 emissions polluting the environment due to activities at this power station. Whereas seen from the demand side management, the savings in electricity consumption will reduce electricity expenditure for the consumer community, especially household customers. The method of research is carried out with a survey in the field. Respondents were divided into two groups, namely the experimental group from prepaid electricity customers and control groups from postpaid electricity customers. By applying the same load to the control group with the experimental group, then the level of accuracy is measured. Samples taken randomly. From the data generated in the analysis of whether there are significant differences in the experimental group can bring changes in electricity consumption in the control group. Furthermore, from the results of data analysis can be used to draw conclusions. This is where there will be benefits to be gained, namely a new concept of how to use electricity that is economical. and this concept is ready to be implemented in the community, through a community service program, which is certainly very useful for stakeholders and published through international seminars and made as a supplementary textbook for electrical power installation courses.


Ultra violet NIL (UV-NIL) [1] and thermal NIL (T-NIL) [2] are expected to be next-generation patterning techniques for fabricating nanopatterns. UV-NIL method uses UV curable resins and enables a very high throughput with nano-scale resolution (e.g. 18 m/min with UVroll to roll NIL (R2RNIL) [3]). This is possible because of the short curing time of UV curable resin. On the other hand, the material cost of UV resins is expensive and the flexibility of the material design is low. In contrast, T-NIL, that uses thermal plastics as transferred substrates, is greatly required to fabricate nanopatterns at a low cost. This is due to the price of thermal plastics which is lower than that of UV resins. Furthermore, there are many choices of thermal plastic with desired properties on the contrary than the UV curable resins since thermal plastics have various properties respectively, such as superior transparency, chemical durability or high hardness. In the case of the T-NIL process, master moulds made by silicon or quartz substrates are normally used because of its high resolution. However, the fabrication cost of master moulds is very expensive, because complex processes such as electron beam lithography, metal deposition, lift-off and dry etching are typically required. In addition, the silicon and quartz substrates are not flexible, so it is impossible to perform thermal R2RNIL (T-R2RNIL) using the master mould. Therefore, replica moulds made by nickel electroplating are used for the T-R2RNIL process [4]. Although the nickel replica mould is widely used because it has a high resolution and does not require a release agent, some chemicals are needed for the electroplating, resulting in an environmental load. Therefore, the effective and eco-friendly method for fabricating a release-agent-free replica moulds for T-R2RNIL is also strongly expected. In this study, we perform T-R2RNIL using a replica mould made by a special UV curable resin (PARQIT OEX-028-X433-3, Autex Co., Ltd., hereafter X433-3). Previously, we have reported that the replica mould fabricated by X433 shows high performance for UV-NIL process [5]. The UV-cured resin had a high hardness (pencil hardness of 4H) and the fluorinated component contained in X433-3 segregates at the surface of the cured resin after heat treatment. This effect allows release-agent-free NIL process. To investigate the T-NIL performance of X433, we prepared the replica moulds using three kinds of UV curable resins, not only X433-3, but also PAK-01-CL (hereafter PAK, TOYO GOSEI. Co.) and ETAX003XC (hereafter ETAX, Autex Co., Ltd.). The hardness order of the cured resins are X433 > PAK > ETAX. Figure 1 shows that the transform of the pattern height of the fabricated moulds before and after planar T-NIL process. The transferred substrate was a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) film. In this case, the release agent was coated on three resin patterns each other because the release property of the mold made by PAK and ETAX is poor. As a result, the pattern height of PMMA using the replica mould made by X433-3 produced the sufficient height and it becomes clear that the mould made by X433 has higher possibility to perform T-NIL, compared to the mould made by PAK or ETAX. Next, we examined T-R2RNIL using the replica mould made by X433. In this case, no release agent was used. Figure 2 shows the schematic view of our T-R2RNIL equipment. In this study, the upper roll was heated by an internal electrical heater, whereas the lower roll was unheated. The imprinting load was 800 N and the imprinting speed was constant 0.4–0.5 m/min. The widths of line and space of the fabricated replica mould made by X433-3 were 400 nm and 670 nm, respectively. As a result, we succeeded in T-R2RNIL using replica mould made by UV curable resin without any release agent. We will exam the transfer characteristics of T-R2RNIL in detail using the three kinds of UV curable resin. [1] J. Haisma, et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 14 (1996) 4124-4128. [2] S. Y. Chou, et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B 14 (1996) 4129-4133. [3] H. Yoshikawa, et al., Microelec. Eng. 112 (2013) 273-277. [4] T. Mäkelä, et al., Microelectron. Eng. 88 (2011) 2045-2047. [5] Y. Otsuka, et al., Microelec. Eng. 123 (2014) 192-196.


: This research discussed are the use of silent demonstration method to improve the students ability in writing. This research is conducted using a quasi-experimental method  was carried out. The population of the research was the Seventh grade of Mts DDI PacongangPinrang in academy years 2014- 2015 which consisted of two classes VII a and  VII b  were taken as the sample which consist of (30 students). The sample was drawn using cluster random sampling technique. While class VII B  was chosen as the experimental group, while VII a  was chosen as control group. The instrument for collecting data were writing test. The data obtained through the test were analyzed  using t-test.The result of this research was use of silent demonstration significant difference with the use of conventional away / direct instruction   (English book / script) of the students writing ability.This Indicate the mean the  experimental group is higher than control group (75.8 > 68.83).There was also the result of t-test  value is higher than t-table value (8.648 > 1.671) In other word hypothesis ) is that null hypothesis  ( Ho) is rejected and Hypothesis Alternative (H1) is accepted. It is concluded ; the writing ability the seventh grade students of MTs DDI PacongangPinrang be improved through silent demonstration method by  procedure text .


SUMMARY

A method is described for the simultaneous visualization of membrane-bound cytoskeletal elements and cellulose microfibrils in cortex cells of tobacco explants. The method consists of sectioning polyethylene glycol embedded material, dry-cleaving and electron microscopy.


This study aims to identify the typology of settlement and analyses spatial pattern, infrastructure and settlement conditions by literary review and field observation. The results show that the largest of Bajo Tribe Settlement in north Maluku is located in Kayou District of South Halmahera with the 2609 population in 2016 in Laluin and 1071 in Posi-posi Villages. Typology of settlements is almost similar in both villages; during the period of 1970-1990, the settlements was deployed on shallow and potential coastal area, but in period 1990 until now, several houses is deployed on mainland area due to change of living from a fisherman to civil servant, businessmen, dealer, etc. House condition consists of three categories: traditional or temporary dwelling, semi-permanent, and permanent house. The back and below of house is used for boat mooring and storing equipment because it is easy in maintenance. A house around the main road of settlement is generally developed to permanent house with wall made of brick or zinc made of concrete and roof. However, the pattern of settlements is different; linear in Posi-posi and circular in Laluin village because it is influenced by the condition of the shallow area.


AbstractDynamic experiments were carried out in two reactors with anaerobic sludge as the seed sludge under low dissolved oxygen concentration (lower than 1.0 mg/L) condition, one reactor with magnetic particle and the dosage being 4 g/L determined by the static experiments and the other as the blank control. The synthetic glucose solution was used to culture the micro-aerobic sludge. The results indicated that the reactor with magnetic particles had a higher chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency and mixed liquid suspended sludge than the blank in which no magnetic particles existed. The sludge under the influence of weak magnetic field had better settling property with the average value of sludge volumetric index (SVI) lower than 100 mL/g, while in the reactor without magnetic particles, the sludge had a loose structure, poor setting property, and a SVI value higher than 200 mL/g. The influence of the weak magnetic field on the flocculation capability of the sludge was investigated through the testin...


In this study, a novel fractal watermarking which confines the search space of domain blocks by odd-index/even-index domain partitions is proposed to accomplish data hiding based on interlacing domain partition when we applies fractal code to embed watermark. Experimental result shows the proposed method is promising to protect the copyright of images against the attack JPEG compression.


The process of identifying the generation and development of tornadoes using weather radar data is conducive to improving the accuracy and time of early warning forecasts for tornadoes. The tornado recognition algorithm mainly determines the tornado occurrence and area of influence by identifying tornado vortex signature in velocity data. In this paper, firstly, the possible occurrence area of tornado is detected by the motion detection algorithm, secondly, the tornado vortex signature is recognized in this area, finally, the tornado occurrence position is determined by the fuzzy logic algorithm. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, the tornado radar data collected in Jiangsu Province in the past ten years was used to detect the tornado location. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can more accurately identify tornadoes in weather radar data than TVS detection algorithms.


Purpose of the study: The objective of this study is to analyze the legal framework regarding village funds in Indonesia and analyze the budgeting of some villages in Central Java along with the relation of village funds to their development and poverty. Lastly, this paper will hand over recommendations to solve these problems.
Methodology: The research method employed in this legal research is normative-empirical research, whereas the research material used includes primary and secondary data. The primary data is obtained based on field research by conducting interviews with the related respondents, while the secondary data obtained through literature studies of various sources.
Main Findings: The authors found out that although with the existence of the village fund, there is still some village that is underdeveloped and there are many poor people.
Applications of this study: The findings can be useful as a source to improve the effectiveness of Village Funds, whether for the Central Government or the Village Government.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The new findings in this study would advance the existing knowledge in Village Funds, especially its implementation through village expenditure.


To mitigate the advents effects of distributed generations' integration on the operation of distribution network and allow for the benefit of multi participants, a voltage regulation method for the active distribution network was proposed. Based on the cost/benefit model of each participant and nodal power market, the method was modeled as a generalized Nash game. Then the game was converted to a norm problem. And the existence of the Nash equilibrium was proved. A practitioner method was also proposed to solve the problem. The simulation was carried out in modified IEEE-33 Bus system with 3 DGs and 3 MGs participating the voltage regulation market. Simulation results show the effectiveness of our method to realize the voltage regulation while taking each participant' benefit into consideration.


002 043 for the original study and EC 073 113 for a more detailed summary EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 HC-$1. ABSTRACT Reviewed is an American Institutes for Research (AIR) study to identify predictors of Optacon success and to develop and field test appropriate Optacon training materials for use by 112 blind elementary and secondary students in 15 U.S. public and residential schools. Potential use of the Optacon (an optical to tactile conversion device that enables blind individuals to read ink print materials) is briefly discussed, a drawing of Optacon components is provided, and selected study results summarized in tabular and written form. Noted among predictors of Optacon reading proficienty are scores on intelligence and tactile-kinesthetic discrimination tests. (LH) Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal reproducibility are often encountered and, this affects the quality * * * * * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available * * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original.


This study reviewed and assessed the energy recovery potential from the biochemical treatment (landfill gas to energy and anaerobic digestion) of biodegradable waste and thermochemical treatment (incineration and gasification) of waste for 2016 to 2035 and 2010 to 2050 temporal scales in Zimbabwe. The estimation of energy recovery potential from waste will likely motivate the development and deployment of integrated waste management systems that will address the prevailing double challenges of energy poverty and waste-associated environmental and human health impacts. Mathematical models coupled with an extensive literature review were used to estimate the anaerobic digestion, incineration and gasification-derived energy whilst the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for estimating emissions of methane from solid waste disposal sites (SWDS) was used for landfill derived energy. National mean annual energy generation potential of 129.2 GWh from anaerobic digestion, 415.8 GWh from incineration, and 168.5 GWh from gasification have been estimated for the 2016 to 2035 spatial scale whilst those for 2010 to 2050 temporal scale have been estimated at 131.8, 424.2 and 171.9 GWh for anaerobic digestion, incineration, and gasification, respectively. Considering the landfill gas to energy national annual average electrical power potentials of 43.1 and 66.8 GWh have been respectively estimated for the 2010 - 2050 and 2016 - 2035 spatial scales. The estimated energy potentials from anaerobic digestion, landfill gas to energy, incineration, and gasification contribute 1.5%, 2.5%, 5%, and 2% respectively to the national electricity consumption. The review and analysis showed that an untapped energy potential from waste generated in Zimbabwe's urban centers exists, which requires urgent strategies for its exploration.


Memorizing input plays an important role in foreign language acquisition? It can not only overcome the learners' anxiety,keep free from disturbance of native language,but also undertake over-study,strengthen their memory and maintain learners' more concentration on what they are reading English teachers should encourage their students to apply memorizing to their learning This is a way of quickest language input


We exploit a rich but rather neglected source of data, The Commercial and Financial Chronicle, to shed light on the behaviour of daily and weekly exchange rates throughout several interwar hyperinflation episodes, paying special attention to the case of Germany. The purpose of our analysis is fourfold: First, we investigate the consistency of exchange rate data by comparing the rates available from The Commercial and Financial Chronicle at daily frequency with those provided by Einzig (1937). Although Einzig is a widely used source, the daily rates of the currencies of countries that witnessed episodes of hyperinflation during the interwar period, reported in The Chronicle, have not been examined previously. Second, we scrutinize the commentaries offered by The Chronicle to shed light on the impact of news on the behaviour of the German mark–U.S. dollar exchange rate over the interwar German hyperinflation and to check whether the narrative analysis provided therein is consistent with formal econometric analyses in dating when the probability of monetary reform became salient. This is crucial for the interpretation of the findings reported by previous studies of the German hyperinflation. Third, we focus on the commentaries that provide evidence on the volume of trade in German marks and on whether the quotations of the exchange rate of the mark against the U.S. dollar were purely notional in the final stages of the hyperinflation. Fourth, for the first time, we examine the behaviour of the real exchange rate of the German mark after the 1923 stabilization episode using data at weekly frequency.


This report examines how minimum wages affect the income poverty of workers, their households, and the state. It does not question whether or not the minimum wage is a good policy: instead, it focuses on the tradeoffs in setting the minimum wage level. It takes as a starting point the literature on the wage and employment effects of minimum wages in Latin America and expands the discussion in three ways. First, the household is placed at the center of the debate. Poverty and inequality are measured at the level of the household, rather than at the individual level, to allow for employment and wage trade-offs among individuals who pool their income. Second, new research is presented on how the minimum wage affects groups whose labor market participation and success is considered "vulnerable": that is, youth, women, the low-skilled, and informal sector workers. Third, the implications of the minimum wage on wage and social expenditures of the government are measured. In the end, the report argues that the minimum wage by itself is not a sufficient tool for protecting the income of the poorest households, and that other social protection tools are necessary to complement it. The report has eight sections following the introduction. Chapter 2 presents a history of the minimum wage in LAC, the theory behind the functioning of the minimum wage, and empirical evidence from the OECD to lay a foundation for the Latin American experience. Chapter 3 presents an overview of the minimum wage in the Region, including a discussion of the definition of a minimum wage, institutional design, and who earns it. Chapter 4 focuses on the worker; it summarizes the existing literature, presents new evidence on the wage and employment effects of a minimum wage, and gives special attention to "vulnerable" labor market groups. Chapter 5 turns its attention to the household and presents the new (and only) evidence on the effects of the minimum wage on household poverty and inequality in LAC. Chapter 6 considers the state and discusses the cost of minimum wages to the government. Chapter 7 opens the discussion to the rest of the world and considers the lessons learned in other countries about setting, managing, and enforcing the minimum wage. Finally, chapter 8 concludes and presents policy considerations.


We have inverted the most recent set of geophysical observations pertinent to lunar interior properties, including mass M and moment of inertia I as determined by Lunar Prospector, the two Love numbers k2 and h2 as well as monthly tidal dissipation Q obtained from more than 35 years of lunar laser ranging data. In wanting to assess the ability of these parameters to constrain lunar mantle and core structure, we have used a stochastically based sampling algorithm to invert the geophysical data to obtain radial density and shear wave velocity profiles. The results indicate a small liquid Fe core (r < 400 km), with a shear wave velocity close to 0 km/s and a density of around 7 g/cm3. This is further corroborated by calculating the Bayes factor for the hypothesis that the lunar core is fluid against the hypothesis that it is solid, which is >1, thereby favouring the fluid core hypothesis. In addition, shear wave velocities for the lower mantle region (depths > 1100 km) are generally found to be lower than upper mantle velocities and can be interpreted as implying the presence of partial melt, which can explain the unusually low lunar monthly tidal Q of ∼30.


The paper describes the submission of the team "We used bert!" to the shared task Gendered Pronoun Resolution (Pair pronouns to their correct entities). Our final submission model based on the fine-tuned BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) ranks 14th among 838 teams with a multi-class logarithmic loss of 0.208. In this work, contribution of transfer learning technique to pronoun resolution systems is investigated and the gender bias contained in classification models is evaluated.


Although service-learning is clearly a social phenomenon involving interactions between people in social environments, little scholarly attention has been given to the ways in which sociological theories illuminate how service-learning is enacted and sustained in schools.  This conceptual article takes a fresh (and perhaps overdue) look at academic service-learning (both K-12 and higher education) through three sociological lenses:  Anthony Giddens' structuration theory, Bruno Latour's actor-network theory, and Henri Lefebvre's theories on the production of space.  The article describes each theory as it relates to the understanding, initiation, implementation, institutionalization, and study of service-learning.  The theories highlight important aspects of academic service-learning, including areas that other theories have missed such as how service-learning actors must exploit enabling aspects of school structures and spaces to overcome constraints, the importance of non-human agents in service-learning programs, and challenges service-learning advocates face in reconfiguring school spaces for service-learning.  The author also describes and examines limits of each theory as well as implications for research and practice.


One of the major challenges in serving ML applications is the resource pressure introduced by the underlying ML frameworks. This becomes a bigger problem at resource-constrained, multi-tenant edge server locations, where it is necessary to scale to a larger number of clients with a fixed resource envelope. Naive approaches which simply minimize the resource budget allocation of each application result in performance degradation that voids the benefits expected from operating at the edge. This paper presents Pocket - a new approach for serving ML applications in settings like the edge, based on a shared ML runtime backend as a service and lightweight ML application pocket containers. Key to realizing Pocket is use of lightweight IPC, support for cross-client isolation, and a novel resource amplification method which inlines resource reallocation with IPC. The latter ensures just-in-time assignment of the limited edge resources where they're most needed, thereby reducing contention effects and boosting overall performance and efficiency. Experimental evaluations demonstrate that Pocket can scale to 1.3--20× more clients with the same amount of resources while reducing response time by 20--80% compared to monolithic designs.


The plain old radar system (PORS) may not perfectly describe any single radar but the concept will be immediately recognised by anyone working in the fields of radar or simulation and modelling of radar. PORS, typically, uses a mechanically scanned dish aerial with a fixed beam shape. The aerial rotates at a constant rate to survey a volume of sky. The coverage and field of view are predetermined by the aerial design and its scanning mechanism. PORS is, typically, a single pulse radar, i.e. there is no storage and integration of returns from multiple pulses to enhance signal to noise ratio. If a tracking function is available it may be achieved using track while scan (TWS) algorithms. PORS will, generally, have a limited repertoire of waveforms it can transmit and its relatively limited signal processing capabilities may be implemented using hardware rather than software. Further, PORS is "self contained": its functionality is incorporated in its initial design and there is no influence on its basic function by outside influences. Thus, the operation of PORS is invariant irrespective of target density and environmental conditions. (5 pages)


Objective To compare the effect of lipofection with the effect of electrofection in cervical cancer cell lines SiHa.Methods The plasmids PRcCMV-FHIT and PRcCMV were transfected into SiHa cells by lipofectamine 2000 and electrofection respectively.The effect of transfection is tested by blank plasmid PEGFP-C_2.Results The effect of transtient transfection of two methods is not different,but the cells morphism is different.The cells electrofected are apted to live well in stable transfection.Conclusions Both methods are effective in transtient transfection.Electrofection may be more effective in stable transfection.


Nepal's Ratu Khola watershed extends from elevation 800 m in the north to the IndoNepal border at elevation 61 m. Geomorphology is characterized by hill slopes and inner river valleys, the piedmont and an upper and lower alluvial plain. Annual rainfall ranges from 1035 to 1608 mm, 80% during monsoon. Nearly 65% of the basin is under cultivation. The Ratu exceeds 800 m in width in the upper reaches, becoming less than 50 m near the border. The river deposits substantial sediment, resulting in aggradation, shifting, meandering, widening and braiding. Annually many lives are lost and property worth millions of dollars damaged. Landsat imagery at 30-m resolution and time series aerial photographs were used to detect change in river morphology and to identify flood plains. Photo interpretation and image analysis was field verified. Digital Elevation Modeling was incorporated into HEC-RAS software for flood elevation estimates. Primary data on past hazards, socio-economic condition, vulnerability, response capability in the recent past was collected. Nearly 39% of households reside in hazard prone area and another 22% have land and other properties in the hazard-prone area. Roughly 20,000 houses, 70 schools and 100 other public buildings are exposed to water induced disasters. Hazard and mitigation perception was surveyed from 30 households from each hazard zone. Using GIS to combine the hydrologic analyses with the socioeconomic resources and constraints, subsequent planning will pursue mitigative strategies for flood management.


The bacteriocin produced by Bacillus subtilis NCIMB 3610 was tested for its antimicrobial action against Enterococcus faecalis, Lactococcus lactis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus sphaericus and the fish pathogens Vibrio anguillarum 408 O1 and Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida. Inhibition of growth was observed for all bacteria tested with the exception of B. sphaericus which appeared resistant to the bacteriocin treatment. The greatest sensitivity was observed for Enterococcus, with an inhibition of 85% compared to control and it was selected as indicator strain. Antimicrobial activity was greater for the cell free supernatant collected after 72 hrs and the bacteriocin appeared sensitive to lipase, chymotrypsin and pepsin but resistant to amylase and proteinase K. The bacteriocin was heat resistant and higher bactericidal activity was observed at pH 6-8.5. Purification was performed by ammonium sulphate precipitation of the culture cell free supernatant, ion exchange chromatography (MacroPrep 25) and solid phase extraction (SPE, C18). SDS electrophoresis revealed that the apparent molecular weight of the bacteriocin was about 16 kDa. Bactericidal activity was retained throughout the purification procedure and appeared significantly increased (p < 0.001) for the final SPE product following solvent evaporation, amounting to 98% of control for Enterococcus. The strong antibacterial action of the purified bacteriocin against the two fish pathogens examined, renders B. subtilis NCIMB 3610 a potential candidate for further evaluation as a probiotic to be used for the prophylactic treatment of fish against bacterial infections.


The present study documents the first report on the occurrence of Cuora amboinensis in Cachar and Karimganj districts of the Barak Valley region of southern Assam.


The mainstream modern economics is keen on copying the way of thinking and methodology of research in natural science.This strong tendency of methodology-oriented instead of problem-oriented methodology is a fatal mistake.For one thing,compared with natural science,economics is less quantitative by nature;for another,excessive application of deduction through mathematic formula may result in the consequence of replacement of analyses based on economic theories.However,a majority of the economists assume an indifferent attitude towards this situation.Some even go the extreme of ridiculing people who reflect on this wrong tendency as being unable to analyze.As a matter of fact,the property of economics as a discipline differs from that of natural science.The research subject of economics is the nature behind social phenomena and their interactive mechanism.Obviously,very often no conclusion can be drawn to be universally applied.For the same reason,economic theories cannot be evaluated by consistency of formal logic.On the contrary,the development of economic theory depends on the researcher's knowledge scope and humane care.