This paper describes a nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) framework that examines the impact energy to fracture unnotched Charpy specimens by an oversized, nonstandard pendulum impactor called the Bulk Fracture Charpy Machine (BFCM). The specimens are made from railroad tank car steel, have different thicknesses and interact with impact tups with different sharpness. The FEA employs a Ramberg-Osgood equation for plastic deformations. Progressive damage and failure modeling is applied to predict initiation and evolution of fracture and ultimate material failure. Two types of fracture initiation criterion, i.e., the constant equivalent strain criterion and the stress triaxiality dependent equivalent strain criterion, are compared in material modeling. The impact energy needed to fracture a BFCM specimen is calculated from the FEA. Comparisons with the test data show that the FEA results obtained using the stress triaxiality dependent fracture criterion are in excellent agreement with the BFCM test data. INTRODUCTION The loss of lading from railroad tank cars involved in accidents is commonly caused by failures in three general locations: (1) tank end cap or head, (2) side of the tank or shell, and (3) damage to fittings and valves. Failures in the tank car head and shell occur from collisions with objects, such as couplers and wheels from adjacent cars, broken rails, etc. Research is ongoing within the government and the industry to improve the safety of railroad tank cars carrying hazardous materials (hazmat). Scaled and full-scale impact testing have been performed in the past to examine the puncture resistance of railroad tank cars [1-2], but the mechanics of material failure under such loading conditions are not well understood. Moreover, no industry-accepted standard currently exists to quantify the puncture behavior of materials. In this paper, a nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) approach is described that examines the fracture of unnotched specimens subjected to pendulum impact loading. Different material failure criteria are used in conjunction with the nonlinear FEA to simulate the tests and to calculate fracture energy. The criteria are based on the state of stress and strain in the impacted specimen. Moreover, a failure criterion based on stress triaxiality, which is a parameter related to the state of stress, provides excellent agreement with the test data for fracture energy. PENDULUM IMPACT TESTING Previous research to examine the resistance of tank car steels to impact loading has focused on fracture toughness or Charpy V-notch (CVN) energy. Industry-accepted procedures exist to conduct these types of tests, which use specimens containing a pre-existing crack (usually fatigue-sharpened) or a stress concentration or notch. However, the physical significance of fracture toughness or impact energy in a structure without a pre-existing crack is unclear. Pendulum impact testing, such as the standard CVN test, has been used to examine the impact resistance of materials for over a century because it is relatively simple, inexpensive, and rapid to perform [3]. In addition, the physical interpretation of the test is clear. The energy available to fracture the specimen is proportional to the initial height of the swing hammer above a reference level (y1 in Figure 1). The energy remaining in the hammer is characterized by the height to which it recovers (y2), and the weight of the striker times the difference (y1-y2) represents the energy absorbed by the specimen. The physics of the pendulum test are the same whether the specimen This material is declared a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 2 contains a notch or not. However, more energy is needed to fracture an unnotched specimen compared to one containing a notch. Figure 1. Schematic of Pendulum Impact Test An oversized, nonstandard pendulum impactor was built by Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) to examine the fracture energy of different tank car steels (see Figure 2). The size of the fixture was necessary in order to achieve the levels of energy needed to fracture the unnotched specimens. This pendulum test fixture, called the Bulk Fracture Charpy Machine (BFCM), was constructed specifically to conduct studies to assess puncture behavior. That is, the measurement of fracture energy is used to assess the puncture resistance of tank car steel. Figure 2. Oversized, Nonstandard Pendulum Impactor Figure 3 shows a drawing of a BFCM test specimen. The trapezoidal ends of the specimen self-engage into the test fixture, so they are held fixed as the impact load is applied through the pendulum. In this drawing, the test section is 6 inches long, and the specimen width is 1 inch. Figure 3. BFCM Test Specimen Two batches of normalized TC128-B steel were used in the tests, and are identified as Materials 1 and 2 in Table 1 with their respective tensile properties. Properties for Material 1 are averages of tensile test results in longitudinal and transverse orientations of tank car plates, whereas properties for Material 2 were obtained from tensile tests in the longitudinal orientation. Material 1 appears to have slightly higher yield and ultimate tensile strengths than Material 2. Table 1. Mechanical Properties for Normalized TC-128B Material 1 Material 2 Ultimate tensile strength 90.6 ksi 87.3 ksi Yield strength 64.2 ksi 59.2 ksi Elongation 27.5% 27% Reduction in area 58% 59% Two impact tups were used in the tests: a blunt tup with a 0.5 inch wide contact surface (Figure 4), and a sharp tup with a 0.125 inch wide contact surface (Figure 5). Table 2 indicates combinations of BFCM test conditions in terms of impact tup, specimen material and specimen thickness.


This paper uses a large sample of Korean union members working in different industries and occupations to test a model of union satisfaction. The results suggest that internal union relations --members representation and union leader effectiveness-- are the most important determinants of members' satisfaction with their union. We argue that this supports the proposition that unions that rely on decentralized collective bargaining as the prime method of employment regulation depend heavily on internal union relations for their effectiveness. This is particularly the case in Korea where the state has shown limited sympathy for independent trade unionism and where collective workplace relations remain relatively informal. We conclude that internal union relations contribute to union governance, effectiveness, and legitimacy, all of which are likely to affect members' satisfaction with their union.


Electromagnetic interference radiated by a consumer product is measured on a sample of similar devices under test. The EMC-signature of these devices can drift. It is proposed to use the Feature Selective Validation method to compare the emission from devices with a reference device in order to have a quality assessment tool.


There is currently no instrument capable of providing internal vector-voltage measurements of mm-wave integrated circuits. We present a non-contacting probe capable of non-invasive internal amplitude and phase measurement of high-frequency MMICs. Accurate and localized voltage measurements can be made without complex calibration and without depassivation of test points. A probe with a >26 GHz bandwidth, <10 fF loading, <10 mV amplitude and <2° phase resolution, and a μm spatial resolution is demonstrated.


The essay offers a new version of the commemorative speech that Professor Francesco Torraca delivered at Naples University in 1917, commemorating his teacher Francesco De Sanctis, on the first centenary of his birth. The text is preceded by an introduction. Torraca's speech, published in the year of delivery, and subsequently in 1928, is still attractive to the reader on account of the strength of its eloquent rhetoric, aiming bringing the figure of De Sanctis to life. Moreover, being delivered in war time, the speech widens its meaning through the epic exemplarity of the distinguished man's life, a model of ethic and civic engagement for the young scholars or the "scuola sottufficiali" pupils present at the commemoration.


Big Data analytics is the process of collecting heterogeneous huge sets of data for analyzing .The data are fetched from different sources and can be in heterogeneous form. Data arriving in the big data system will be in giga-bytes for every second. Since, the data are in huge volume, there is a possibility of redundant data that affect the network performance. This article presents the review of different filtering methods and algorithms that are used for duplicate elimination such as Bloom filter, Stable Bloom Filter, multi-layer bloom filter, Counting Bloom Filter with some disadvantages such as false positive and false negative. The aim of this paper is to propose an algorithm for eliminating the duplicate Data in a large data set by using big data analytics.


The effects on the lattice parameters due to incorporation of impurities in GaN are evaluated using first-principles pseudopotential-density-functional calculations. Both the size effect, due to the relaxation of host atoms around the impurity, and the deformation-potential effect, due to placing free carriers in the conduction or valence band. are investigated. The incorporation of silicon and beryllium causes contraction of the lattice, while oxygen and magnesium cause expansion. Consequences for experimental observations are discussed: in particular, the presence of impurities in bulk crystals that are used as standards for the lattice parameters of GaN can have a sizable effect on the measured values.


Despite the maturity of optical character recognition (OCR) technology, reading data from screens such as 7 segments and LCD screens possess some challenges such as identification, position and orientation for conventional OCR to be used directly for recognizing values from screens belongs to legacy manufacturing machines. Very often, these legacy machines do not have programmable interfaces and network connectivity thus the only way to capture its data is through optical means. This work, introduces the use of QR code (Quick Respond Code) labels as marker to guide the pre-processing steps of the capture image before using conventional OCR such as Tesseract to recognize the value in the image. From the QR code image, the system can detect if the capture image is tilted or slanted. This work shows that with such information the image can be processed and attain higher accuracy.


The IgNobel prizes have honoured a diverse range of ground-breaking scientific studies. The awards, presented annually for scientific research that "cannot or should not be reproduced," are sponsored by the science humour magazine Annals of Improbable Research (see www .improbable .com). They


This study aims to analyze the efficiency between local revenues, general allocation funds and special allocation funds with the financial performance of Wonogiri Regency Government in 2010-2016. The data used in this study is time series data, which includes input and output variables: local revenue, general allocation funds and special allocation funds in 2010-2016. This data is obtained from the Directorate General of Fiscal Balance at the Ministry of Finance. The tool or method used in this research is using Data Envelopment Analysis Program 2.1 to evaluate the performance of an activity in an entity or organization unit. The results of the Data Envelopment Analysis analysis show that there are three years from seven years taken as the time span of the research indicating efficient and others inefficient.


Change is a learning process modeling the attitudes and values of the involved staff to adapt and show the change in daily work life. Leading the change in medical schools or in the health care system is considered one of the assignments of successful leadership that can achieve an effective organizational change under complex conditions. This review aims to show an implementation view about how to manage the change in medical institutions and how to overcome obstacles, and how to face the challenges. The resistance to change represents a major obstacle to the change process in any medical school or health care system. Thus, it should address this resistance by creating a suitable climate for carrying out the change based on a flexible strategy that may be translated into practical steps during the implementation. Moreover, the change should be institutionalized wherein new behaviors are persisting and generalizing in the medical school or the health care system as a result of the change application. In addition, the successful management of change in any medical school or system requires a well-functioning and efficient management system for achieving the intended results. Therefore, many benefits may be gained as a result of the success of a change process in any organization wherein it improves the effectiveness and efficiency of organizational and staff performance besides creating an opportunity for getting the best practices.


BACKGROUND
Modern cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) acquisition and three-dimensional (3D) image processing, combined with direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), allows custom-made, root-analogue implants (RAIs).

PURPOSE
To demonstrate how DMLS permits customized titanium RAI production, with immediate insertion and restoration in a fresh extraction socket of the anterior maxilla.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A titanium RAI perfect copy of the radicular unit needed for replacement was created by customized DMLS, and inserted into a fresh extraction socket of the esthetic area of the anterior maxilla.

RESULTS
Follow-up after 1 year: the DMLS RAI implant showed a satisfactory functional and esthetic integration, with no bone resorption or soft tissue recessions.

CONCLUSIONS
The production of customized DMLS RAIs opens new interesting perspectives for immediate implantation.

KEY WORDS
Direct metal laser sintering, Root analogue implant.


Evidence from fluid inclusions in evaporites and systematic changes in the mineralogy of CaCO3 ('aragonite seas' vs. 'calcite seas') suggest that the chemical composition of seawater has changed during the Cenozoic. In particular, magnesium in seawater is thought to have increased by as much as 20 mM since the early Cenozoic [1]. However, the mechanisms responsible for the observed chagnes in magnesium in seawater are not well understood. Proposed mechanisms include changes in the rate of high-temperature hydrothermal reactions at mid-ocean ridges as well as changes in the rate of dolomite precipitation [2-3]. Recent work on magnesium isotopes in deep-sea pore fluids shows that magnesium isotopes are fractionated very differently during the preciptiation of Mg-clays and dolomite [4]. A consequence of this is that the magnesium isotopic composition of seawater has likely changed with time. To reconstruct the magensium isotopic composition of seawater, we measured the magnesium isotopic composition of pelagic carbonates from two ODP sites (807 and 1265). Measured δMg values range from -4 to -5.5‰ and vary systematically with time. Similar changes in δMg are observed at both sites, though there appears to be a small offset (0.2-0.3‰) between sites. Although we cannot exclude changes magnesium isotope fractionation as the source of the observed variability, we tentatively interpret our data as reflecting changes in the δMg of seawater. Our results suggest a dynamic global magnesium cycle in the Cenozoic driven either by changes in the isotopic composition of the weathering flux [5] or the rate of dolomite precipitation.


Engineering His research interests relate to higher education reform, graduate teaching assistants' roles in engineering classes, undergraduate engineering syllabus and curriculum development, and professional engineering practices in universities and industries. Ahn's research has been strongly motivated by challenging, ex-citing, and inspiring experiences he has had as a Teaching Assistant in first-year engineering classes and as a Graduate Assistant for Purdue's Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowships (SURF) program and Purdue's Minority Engineering Program (MEP). In the future, he wants to be a global innovator for higher engineering education. Abstract Since the inception of the Louis Stokes Alliance for Minority Participation (LSAMP) Indiana program in 2003, approximately 1000 underrepresented science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) students have engaged in academic and professional development activities across eight campuses in a Midwest state. These institutions vary in several ways – location (rural vs. urban), academic offerings (engineering degrees only at two campuses), number of underrepresented STEM students enrolled (approximately 800 vs. 40) and campus type (regional vs. top research). Some of the goals of the program have included peer teaching and mentoring in introductory and upper-level STEM courses, mentoring students in research opportunities; and engaging students in a sophomore learning community. Most recently, members of the program have developed new opportunities and social media to recruit and connect student scholars and faculty members. This paper provides an overview of the benefits and challenges of working with a statewide program for underrepresented minorities in a state with a low population of minority students and with differing institutional characteristics across campuses. Such benefits and challenges will be analyzed within the context of a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis. Drawing upon evaluation reports, the authors present lessons learned from conducting a large-scale diversity initiative and identify transferable ways to engage the next generation of underrepresented students in STEM educational and professional development activities. members the new and social and Indiana. This paper provides an overview of the benefits and challenges of working with a statewide program for underrepresented minorities in a state with a low population of minority students and with differing institutional characteristics across campuses. Such benefits and challenges will be analyzed within the context of a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis 1 . Initially, the LSAMP Indiana program goals will be provided. Drawing upon evaluation reports, the authors will then present the SWOT analysis of the LSAMP Indiana program. Finally, lessons learned from conducting a large-scale diversity initiative and transferable ways to engage the next generation of underrepresented students in STEM educational and professional development activities will be identified.


Although the rapid development of China high-speed railway's technology,the research about high-speed railway system has only been limited to the technical level.In view of extensive social debatition after CRH system operated,this paper regards the analysis on the source? operation and influence about CRH-tech in the Horizon of Philosophy of Technology.To keep the harmonious development of human,the society and the nature,the paper argue that we should make great efforts in there repects: the transform from integrated innovation to original innovation in CRH-tech should be realized,breaking the fetters of the "black box".Changing from single technology to diversified technology,getting rid of enslave from "Mega-Machine".And paying attention to integrate between the traffic economic interests and socialenvironmental benefits.


The choice of a college major plays a critical role in determining the future earnings of college graduates. Students make their college major decisions in part due to the future earnings streams associated with the different majors. We survey students about what their expected earnings would be both in the major they have chosen and in counterfactual majors. We also elicit students' subjective assessments of their abilities in chosen and counterfactual majors. We estimate a model of college major choice that incorporates these subjective expectations and assessments. We show that both expected earnings and students' abilities in the different majors are important determinants of student's choice of a college major. We also show that students' forecast errors with respect to expected earnings in different majors is potentially important, with our estimates suggesting that 7.5% of students would switch majors if they made no forecast errors.


The germ-free animal represents an exceptional experimental model1 for the study of many host-parasite relationships. The availability of such animals has opened the road to investigation of the role of various micro-organisms in the digestive tract, of the effects of microbial inter-action in the intestine, and of the changes produced by the introduction of organisms into an alimentary tract previously unchallenged by living bacteria. These implications were recognized by the pioneers in this field,2 but the objectives they so clearly stated awaited the technical perfection of rearing germ-free animals, only recently available. The present study is concerned with the reaction of the germ-free guinea pig to intestinal micro-organisms. The conventional guinea pig, unless previously modified by starvation or the administration of carbon tetrachloride, is resistant to oral challenge with Shigela flexneri.3 Germfree guinea pigs similarly challenged die. In contrast, they survive con-tamination with a strain of Escherichia coli and are then resistant to subsequent challenge with S. flexneri,4 behaving in this regard like conventional animals. The purpose of this report is to record the histologic alterations occurring in the intestine, the mesenteric lymphoid tissue and the adrenal gland of germ-free guinea pigs contaminated with E. and/or S. Tissues for histologic studies were processed in a conventional fashion except that spools of opened small and large intestine were prepared by gently rolling them over a forceps.


The purpose of this study was to find the relationship between father"s social
support and mother"s parenting stress of pre-school children. The hypothesis of this
research was there is negative relationship between father"s social support and
mother"s parenting stress of pre-school children. This research was designed using
quantitative approach. This research conducted in KB/TK Beta Surakarta and
collected from 64 mothers of pre-school children. Two scales of Father"s Social
Support and Mother"s Parenting Stress Of Pre-School Children were used to collect
data. The result of this research showed that there is negative relationship between
father"s social support and mother"s parenting stress of pre-school children
(rxy = -0,498, p<0,01).
Keyword : parenting stress, social support


It is estimated that up to one billion cardiomyocytes (CMs) can be lost during myocardial infarction (MI), which results in contractile dysfunction, adverse ventricular remodeling, and systolic heart failure. Pharmacologic strategies that target factors having both pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative functions in CMs may be useful for the treatment of ischemic heart disease. One such multifunctional candidate for drug targeting is the acetyltransferase Tip60, which is a member of the MYST family of acetyltransferases known to acetylate both histone and non-histone protein targets that have been shown in cultured cancer cells to promote apoptosis and to initiate the DNA damage response (DDR) thereby limiting cellular expansion. Using a murine model, we recently published findings demonstrating that CM-specific disruption of the Kat5 gene encoding Tip60 markedly protected against the damaging effects of MI. In the experiments described here, in lieu of genetic targeting, we administered TH1834, an experimental drug designed to specifically inhibit the acetyltransferase domain of Tip60. We report that, similar to the effect of disrupting the Kat5 gene, daily systemic administration of TH1834 beginning 3 days after induction of MI and continuing for two weeks of a 4-week timeline resulted in improved systolic function assessed by echocardiography, reduced apoptosis and scarring, and increased activation of the CM cell-cycle. Our results support that idea that drugs that inhibit the acetyltransferase activity of Tip60 may be useful agents for the treatment of ischemic heart disease.


The aim behind the present work was to develop a microsphere based novel dosage form for sustained delivery of Nitrofurantoin. Nitrofurantoin is the hydantoin derivative which is used to treat urinary tract infection and kidney infection. It has been used to prevent recurrent infection and for the prevention of bacteriuria after prostatectomy. The microsphere system is based upon the fact that their structure can entrap the drug within them. The method used for the microspheres preparation is the Ionic gelation method. The microspheres were prepared in various batches depending on the ratio of polymers. The polymer namely Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Sodium alginate (SA) were taken for the preparation of the microspheres. The HPMC and PVA when used in combination with sodium alginate produces microspheres but not individually. The microspheres were evaluated for parameters such as FTIR particle size analysis, production yield, swelling index, encapsulation efficiency, and in-vitro dissolution study. The in vitro dissolution studies were done to assess the release pattern of the drug from the microspheres over a twelve-hour period. Microspheres were able to sustain the release of nitrofurantoin up to 12 hrs. From the FTIR study it is found that process parameters do not make any structural changes in Nitrofurantoin.


An analysis of 15,000 repair estimates written nationwide on 1973 model passenger cars has been completed by State Farm Mutual Auto Insurance Company. Among the findings presented in this paper are the distribution of impact points around the car, distribution of repair cost, repair and replacement frequencies of certain components, and an analysis of repair cost spending by component assembly. A procedure is described which will monitor the crash damage sustained by new cars through the systematic collection and analysis of insurance company damage repair estimates. The availability and limitations of other insurance industry data sources are also discussed.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to critically evaluate the practice of IT cost benchmarking using IT managerial control ratios. First, numerous reliability and validity issues that this practice is plagued by are discussed. Second, recommendations on addressing some of these reliability and validity issues are also proposed.

Design/methodology/approach

This is a conceptual paper that draws on literature utilizing IT managerial control ratios to discuss various reliability problems associated with these measures and also makes use of IT strategy theory to challenge the validity of common interpretations of IT managerial control ratios.

Findings

This study explains that IT managerial control ratios are subject to numerous reliability and validity issues. The reliability issues arise from the inherent volatility of some of the variables used in these ratios and difficulties that executives have in providing a reliable estimate of those variables when they are approached by market research firms. The validity issues arise from the fact that high and low values of these ratios are subject to different and, at times, somewhat orthogonal theoretical interpretations.

Practical implications

IT managerial control ratios are often at the heart of important capital allocation decisions as well as studies which form important stakeholders' perceptions regarding the business value of IT. These important uses of IT managerial control ratios should not be carried out without understanding the reliability and validity issues discussed in this paper.

Originality/value

While IT managerial control ratios are used extensively in benchmarking and research, very few researchers and practitioners possess a full understanding of the reliability and validity issues associated with these measures. This can potentially lead to sub-optimal capital allocation decisions and erroneous findings in studies. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of these issues and recommends possible remedies.


The idea of the role is permeating the field of psychology and the operational field of psychoanalysis. It is becoming an interpretation vector. If analysands assign a role to analysts and analysts take on that role, a key phenomenon occurs that lies at the core of the analytic situation – communication. When analysts do not accept the role assigned by patients, communication fails. As we have said earlier, it is usually analysts who reject the role ascribed by their patients, especially when a male analyst is assigned a feminine role or a female analyst is assigned a masculine role. Gender reversal tends to produce a negative countertransference phenomenon that leads analysts to refuse to participate in the relational game. For example, very anxious patients may state their need of protection and shelter from the very first session and may ascribe to the analyst, whether male or female, a maternal role. If they feel rejected, they will experience a high degree of frustration because of the repetition of a significant primal situation, namely, the mother-child relationship. If they have not overcome their childhood experience, patients will act cautiously during the sessions. There is a particular type of mistrust that we may call the mistrust of the depositant. Patients wonder if analysts will accept what patients want to deposit in them. The therapists' attitude must therefore be that of unscrupulous depositories who feel little anxiety and are able to accept anything patients attempt to place in them – good or bad, maternal or paternal, feminine or masculine. We could say that patients' ultimate fantasy about the nature of psychotherapy concerns the possibility of depositing trust in the other. This fantasy materializes in their mental life through the depositation of certain psychological contents. Patients can deposit or attempt to deposit in the analyst their criminal fantasies, their good parts, or their best parts for safekeeping. Their entire mental activity is devoted to establishing communication of any kind. To do so, they need to deposit part of themselves in the other. Analysts' work resides in grasping this communication, taking responsibility for it, and working with it as a connecting thread. The thread of psychotherapeutic work is basically established in that first communication. To grasp this thread, analysts must take a particular position as a container that is open to everyone and everything, and must be willing to control and protect


The suspension bridge has longer span but smaller stiffness.It may vibrate obviously under the joint loads of vehicle and wind,which affects the running safety of the passing trains.In order to study the dynamic responses of vehicle and bridge as well as the safety factors for train passing through railway suspension bridge under wind load,the simplified dynamic interaction model of wind-vehicle-bridge for longspan railway suspension bridge is established.In which the corresponding assumption is used to define vertical wheel-rail interaction force,the simplified Kalker creep theory is used to define lateral wheel-rail interaction force,the static and turbulent wind forces are used to define the wind loads on both the bridge and the train,and the inter-system integral based wind-vehicle-bridge iterative algorithm is proposed.The method is adopted to analyze the running safety of a train passing a(52+800+800+52) m suspension bridge under strong wind.It is found that the inter-system iterative algorithm has better computational efficiency,and the result with higher accuracy can be obtained by only a few iteration steps.There is little change in the vertical dynamic displacement of the mid-span of long-span suspension bridge under no wind and with the average wind speed of 25m.s-1.However,there is a substantial increase in the vertical acceleration of mid-span,the lateral dynamic displacement of bridge span and bridge tower compared with that under no wind condition.It can be concluded that the dynamic wind load has a dominant effect on the vibration of wind-vehicle-bridge dynamic interaction system.


Refined sunflower and linseed oils purified by 'stripping' in a molecular still, treatment with silicic acid and steam deodorisation were autoxidised at 37° to an oxygen absorption of approximately 100 μmoles/g. The amounts of peroxide, non-volatile carbonyl and volatile carbonyl were determined in the oxidised oils before and after destruction of the peroxides by heating in vacuum.

The peroxides (mainly linolenate) of the linseed oil decomposed more readily than those (mainly linoleate) of the sunflower oil, and produced a higher proportion (60% as compared with 40%) of carbonylic compounds. In both oils nearly half of the total carbonyl groups formed were in volatile compounds. Not more than 1–2% of the volatile carbonyls could have been formed from non-peroxidic precursors.


This critical review investigates the impact of bilingualism on the language development of children with SLI. Six articles that examined the relationship between bilingualism and SLI were reviewed and evaluated. Study designs included RCT, non-randomized controls, and case-controls. Overall, the majority of the studies reviewed suggested that bilingual environment had no negative impact on the language development of bilingual children with SLI.


The method of pulse response identification based on orthogonal expansion was proposed.This method expressed the pulse response function in the form of orthogonal scaling function expansion,carried on the orthogonal scaling transform to the signal,and used the least-squares parameter identification methods to estimate parameter of class.The method presented in this paper identified g(t) only in the largest scales of the orthogonal wavelet transform coefficients,which makes identification of the computation greatly reduced.The simulation result indicated that this identification method not only has a higher precision,but also has a stronger ability to change tracking parameters under the premise of the same data length.


Referring to the traditional paradigm, the industrial decision process is most likely influenced by rational aspects; is this perspective still relevant? The purpose of this paper is to explore further the role of rational satisfaction's antecedents, particularly perceived quality and perceived value. This study conducts a literature review and an in-depth analysis of 10 papers published by reputable Scopus index publishers, with respondents from various industries and time horizon of the last five years. This study finds that rational aspects of perceived quality and perceived value influence satisfaction directly, moreover rational perceived quality influences perceived value, and indirectly influences brand satisfaction. However, the study finds that the emotional aspects are involved; although the final decision process is a dual process, the rational aspects still dominate the process of taking final decision.


The utility model relates to a high-temperature high-pressure sand bed filtering tester used for checking properties of drilling fluid. The utility model has the structure that an upper end port and a lower end port of a liquid storing cylinder are respectively threaded connected with an upper end cover and a lower end cover; the upper end cover is provided with a pipe joint connected with a pressurizing pipe line, a lower end port of the lower end cover is provided with an internal thread which is rotatablely connected with a sand bed cylinder of which the lower end is a connecting head which can be threaded connected with the lower end port of the liquid storing cylinder. Components of the utility model are all metal parts, the pressure resisting value can reach 20MPa, and the utility model can be heated to 200 DEG C to carry out an experiment test to make the testing data of sand bed filtration loss precise. The utility model can also be used for directly carrying out an antiremoval test by additionally arranging the sand bed cylinder which can be connected with the liquid storing cylinder, and 'percolation rate recovery values' of the tested drilling fluid are tested. The utility model is in a mode that one machine has two functions, the configuration of experiment test devices can be reduced, and the availability of testing instruments is enhanced.


This chapter revisits the author's 1995 book Psychologism: A Sociology of Philosophical Knowlege in a critical, constructive and comparative spirit. It begins with a brief summary of Psychologism. Subsequently, it identifies two key influences and discusses two recent studies that might be seen as sociological alternatives to what the author tried to do in the 1990s. It offers critical comments on these alternatives. Finally, the author formulates two objections to his previous work before turning to the question where the philosophical relevance of the SPK might lie.


William Johnson lived in Natchez, mississippi, from 1830 until his murder in 1851. He was an astute and successful businessman who built a fine, three-story brick home in a fashionable neighborhood on State Street one block from the busy town center. by the time of his death he also owned an 800-acre plantation just outside Natchez and had held a total of thirty-one slaves in bondage. His estate was worth about $25,000 at a time when $50,000 marked the passage into high-elite status.1 Johnson also had an abiding interest in music. He was proficient on the violin and could play somewhat the flute, guitar, and piano (which according to the tax rolls was his most prized and valuable household property).2 He attended concerts and performances by many of the day's leading musicians and actors; he bought, used, and treasured sheet music and books on music. This short biography would be of only some modest interest but for one detail: William Johnson was a black man, living near the epicenter of antebellum southern slavery.3


In the process of spiral submerged-arc welding automatic flaw detection, the weld edge reflection echo is very close to the back edge of the detection gate (generally around 3Ls, is equal to steel transversal wave approximately 4.5mm); therefore once the detector approaches the welding seam, the edge refection echo will enter in the gate, which causes the false alarming. In the past, the mechanical cam tracking, approaching switches tracking and photograph tracking methods were applied, but the mechanical cam tracking and the approaching switches tracking method have low precision, the result is not good. Although photograph tracking method has high measure precision, because of the light scattering of the water flow on the surface of the steel pipe, which will affect the precision. Both photograph tracking and stepping motor-driven methods is commonly used national wide, the effect is not good. Base on the above situation, the electromagnetic welding seam tracking and servo control electromechanical system with functions of electromagnetic tracking and servo control is developed.


This paper proposes a new algorithm on image compression. The algorithm is obtained by combining and enhancing two previously announced research results, i.e. on the best wavelet packets bases determination in rate-distortion sense, and on image coding using zero trees of wavelet coefficients. The method in this paper begins with searching for the best bases wavelet packet decomposition of signal according to the preassigned rate and distortion values. Based on this information, we perform zero trees algorithm on the selected bases. We present several simulation results on image compression to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Some defects of the current standards base of reserves creation for possible loan loss are stated in the article. The special attention is paid to the problems of credit risk practical management for the purpose of its minimization. The author makes some offers about the necessity of comprehensive approach to the estimation of branch and other concentration risks, and also about the improvement of the current creation order of adequate reserves for loans and supervising bodies control strengthening of banks techniques adequacy to the statutory requirements.


The wrapper with intelligentextraction and Chinese word segmentation based on web corpus are proposed. Users can get web Chinese corpus and segment Chinese word into glossary corpus database after inputing URL (unit resource location), without opening websites or clicking link. The architecture of system is presented and the design theory and technology implementation for every function module was dissertated. The result shows that it can snatch at Web pages fleetly and separate Chinese Corpus in them efficiently. The identification precision is 70% to divergentsentence and 60% to new glossary on web, respectively, it can apply to Chinese new-glossary compiling and separation.


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This report summarizes a PRCI research project aimed at evaluation of the effects of anisotropy and the shape of pipe steel stress-strain relationships on pipeline strain demand for X80 and X100 UOE pipe. The research included: a review of pipeline industry literature on the subject matter; a discussion of pipe steel plasticity concepts for UOE pipe; characterization of the anisotropy and stress-strain curve shapes for both conventional and high strain pipe steels; development of representative analytical X80 and X100 stress-strain relationships; and evaluation of a large matrix of ground-movement induced pipeline deformation scenarios to evaluate key pipe stress-strain relationship shape and anisotropy parameters.

One goal of this research was to apply the findings toward guidance for supplemental pipe material specifications aimed at minimizing undesirable effects of anisotropy and stress-strain curve shape on pipe deformations under displacement-controlled loads.


: Adoption is a means of forming a happy family. Adoption also aims to provide fulfillment of children's rights. Adoption of children can be carried out by Indonesian citizens or foreign nationals. However, they both have different settings. This article aims to describe the mechanism and legal implications of adopting children by foreign nationals in Indonesia through court decisions. This article is derived from normative legal research with a statutory and conceptual approach. The results of this study indicate that the Indonesian government has enacted a number of rules regarding international adoption. Foreign nationals who wish to adopt a child must obtain a court decision. This aims to realize the protection of children from inhumane behavior due to cultural differences and to ensure the fulfillment of children's rights. The legal consequences of adopting a child by a foreign citizen are the obligation to fulfill the child's basic rights, inheritance relationships, and guardianship.


Dentistry is a profession dedicated to promote health and wellness of the people. Green dentistry is a relatively new emerging concept in dentistry. Most dental offices are privately-owned small businesses and have no financial advantage to invest in many environmental-friendly practices. For this reason, more research is needed to find cost-effective environmental alternatives in dentistry. The aim of this article is to expand awareness and practice of eco-friendly dentistry.


Hyperheuristics based on parameterized metaheuristic schemas are computationally demanding. To reduce execution times, a shared-memory schema of hyperheuristics is used, with four levels of parallelism, with two being selected for the hyperheuristic and two for the metaheuristics. The parallel schema is executed in a many-core system in "native mode", and the four-level parallelism allows us to take full advantage of the massive parallelism offered by this architecture. An auto-tuning methodology is used to select the number of threads used at each level. A theoretical model of the execution time of the parameterized metaheuristic schema is developed, and the model is adapted to a particular metaheuristic by experimentation. The massive parallelism in a many-core system can help to obtain satisfactory fitness and an important reduction in execution times, for which the four-levels parallelism schema is useful, and the auto-tuning engine facilitates the optimum selection of the number of threads at each level. The best results are obtained with a relatively low number of threads distributed among the four levels of parallelism between the hyper and metaheuristics.


Part I seeks the origins of ' the offence' in the concepts of impiety among the Greeks ('religion when supported by the state can be hostile to enlightenment and personal liberty'), blasphemy among the Jews and heresy, apostasy and schism in the Christian Church..The materials surveyed are texts from the Mosaic Law; narratives of conflict in the Old Testament (Gideon, Ahab, Jezebel, Naboth and others); the Jewish trial of Jesus (a fiction by Mark/Matthew (sic) written to distinguish Christians from Jews in the time of the Roman-Jewish war, by transferring responsibility for the death of Jesus from the Romans to the Jews); and the controversies attending the Christological and Trinitarian definitions of the early Christian centuries. Part II takes us from St Augustine [cage intrare), through Justinian, Aquinas, the medieval persecution of the Jews, to the Reformers, with the fate of Servetus and his kind narrated in ever increasing detail. There is some account here of the emergence of blasphemy as a secular crime and of toleration as the better way. In Part III whatever discernible thesis there was in the origin of the book is lost in an ungoverned narration of deviance and persecution from the fires of Smithfield and the ran tings and incredible endurance of God-intoxicated men in seventeenth-century England to a final chapter in which 'Christianity becomes the law of the land' —a consequence of the Restoration of<i66o by which 'the Church of England was by law established'. Here, in narrating Hale's judgment in Taylor's case, Levy re-states his original error, that the doctrine that 'Christianity is part of the law of the land' 'still survives in England', and leaves us still armed for suppression.


Quality assessment of renal grafts via 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has been investigated since 1986. As ATP concentrations decay rapidly during cold ischemia, the ratio of phosphomonoesters (PME) to inorganic phosphate (PiO) within the organ (PME/PiO) is commonly used as a quality marker and is considered to be the most reliable parameter. MRS did not lead to any delay in the transplantation procedure since it was performed during the time necessary for immunological matching (cross‐match). Differences in the time period until transplantation call for extrapolation of the measured ratio to the end of cold ischemia before correlating with graft performance after transplantation. Therefore, quantitative determination of PME/PiO kinetics is essential. As a model for metabolite decay in human renal grafts, pig kidneys obtained from a slaughterhouse were monitored for up to 80 h via 31P MRS at 2 T. By employing chemical shift imaging (CSI) with a spatial resolution of approximately 1 × 1 × 4 cm3, it was possible to reduce partial volume effects significantly. The improved spectral resolution gained through CSI enabled reliable PME/PiO ratios to be determined only from those voxels containing renal tissue. Spectra were fitted automatically using the magnetic resonance user interface (MRUI), with prior knowledge obtained from unlocalized spectra when necessary. A monoexponential time dependence of PME/PiO for histidine–tryptophane–alpha‐ketoglutarate (HTK)‐perfused kidneys during cold ischemia was observed, and the determined value of the decay constant α was 0.0099 ± 0.0012 h−1. In University of Wisconsin solution (UW)‐perfused kidneys, an α of 0.0183 ± 0.0053 h−1 was determined. Determination of the decay constant enables a usable extrapolation of PME/PiO for quality assessment of UW perfusion and a reliable extrapolation for HTK‐perfused human renal grafts. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Buckyballs'' have yet to fulfill the high hopes that accompanied their discovery in 1985. But it may simply be too soon to expect commercial payoffs from this exotic new class of carbon. Given time, the material could not only have a wide range of prosaic applications -- as chemical filters or optical switches, for example -- but also provide the building blocks for tomorrow's nanotechnology. The paper discusses research efforts and possible applications.


The paper develops a framework that shows the sequential interaction between possible causes and consequences of privacy concerns. It analyses how different levels of privacy concerns are developed and their influence on actual purchase behaviour. Theory of planned behaviour was adapted to explain the relationship between privacy concerns and online buying behaviour. Data were gathered from internet users in Egypt, UK and USA. The results indicate that online privacy concerns vary across a host of factors such as individual culture, demographic variables, internet experience, and contextual variables. Furthermore, there is significant association between privacy concerns and attitudes toward shopping online, and there is a clearly significant relationship between attitudes toward internet shopping, perceived behaviour control and actual internet purchases in all three countries.


The purpose of this study was to explore the possibility of the conceptual re-differentiation of achievement goal orientation. New conceptualization is composed of 2×2×2 frame: 2 orientation contents of 'mastery' vs 'performance', 2 orientation attitudes of 'approach' vs 'avoidance', and 2 orienta...


We discuss our recent advances in optical nonlinear phenomena in quantum dot-photonic crystal nanocavity coupled systems. These include spontaneous two photon emission, nanocavity-based self-frequency conversion, and cavity enhanced optical Stark effects.


Decisions are powerfully affected by anticipated regret, and people anticipate feeling more regret when they lose by a narrow margin than when they lose by a wide margin. But research suggests that people are remarkably good at avoiding self-blame, and hence they may be better at avoiding regret than they realize. Four studies measured people's anticipations and experiences of regret and self-blame. In Study 1, students overestimated how much more regret they would feel when they ''nearly won'' than when they ''clearly lost'' a contest. In Studies 2, 3a, and 3b, subway riders overestimated how much more regret and self-blame they would feel if they ''nearly caught'' their trains than if they ''clearly missed'' their trains. These results suggest that people are less susceptible to regret than they imagine, and that decision makers who pay to avoid future regrets may be buying emotional insurance that they do not actually need. ''Inside we both know you belong with Victor. You're part of his work, the thing that keeps him going. If that plane leaves the ground and you're not with him, you'll regret it. Maybe not today. Maybe not tomorrow. But soon and for the rest of your life.'' —Rick to Ilsa, Casablanca (1943) Most of us have been on that runway at one time or another, and, like Ilsa, most of us have boarded the plane. Our most consequential choices—whether to marry, have children, buy a house, enter a profession, or move abroad—are so often made out of fear of regret that students of decision making have focused more attention on this particular combination of disappointment and self-blame than on all other emotions combined (Bell, 1982; Landman, 1993; Loomes & Sugden, 1982; Zeelenberg, van Dijk, Manstead, & van der Pligt, 1998). Research has demonstrated the pervasive impact of anticipated regret on people's decisions, and has identified some of the circumstances under which people expect to feel especially regretful. For example, people expect to feel more regret when they act foolishly than when they fail to act wisely (Gilovich & Medvec, 1995), when they learn about alternatives to their bad choices than when they do not (Ritov & Baron, 1995, 1996; Zeelenberg, 1999a), when they accept bad advice than when they reject good advice (Crawford, McConnell, Lewis, & Sherman, 2002), when their bad choices are unusual rather than conventional (Simonson, 1992), and when they fail by a narrow margin rather than by a wide margin (Kahneman & Tversky, 1982; Medvec, Madey, & Gilovich, 1995). What ties these circumstances together? As Zeelenberg (1999b, p. 326) noted, ''Regret is the negative, cognitively based emotion that we experience when realizing or imagining that our present situation would have been better had we acted differently.'' In other words, regret is a counterfactual emotion (Kahneman & Miller, 1986) that occurs when one recognizes that a negative outcome was caused by one's own actions, and, indeed, self-blame is the critical element that distinguishes regret from closely related emotions such as disappointment (Zeelenberg, van Dijk, & Manstead, 1998). Because selfblame is a key ingredient in the recipe for regret, it is only natural that people should expect regret to be exacerbated by factors that highlight their personal responsibility for negative outcomes. So, for example, when one misses an airplane by just a few minutes or a gold medal by just a few meters, it is all too easy to imagine how a small change in one's own behavior might have changed the outcome (Miller & Gunasegaram, 1990; Roese, 1997). People expect a narrow margin of loss—or a ''near miss''—to exacerbate self-blame, and thus they expect that margin to exacerbate regret as well. These expectations may be wrong. Research suggests that people routinely overestimate the emotional impact of negative events ranging from professional failures and romantic breakups to electoral losses, sports defeats, and medical setbacks (for recent reviews, see Frederick & Loewenstein, 1999; Gilbert, Driver-Linn, & Wilson, 2002; Loewenstein & Schkade, 1999; Wilson & Gilbert, 2003). One of the reasons for this is that people do not realize how readily they will rationalize negative outcomes once they occur. For instance, Gilbert, Pinel, Wilson, Blumberg, and Wheatley (1998) asked participants to predict how they would feel a few minutes after receiving negative personality feedback from a team of seasoned clinicians or from an experimental computer program, and participants expected to feel equally unhappy in the two cases. They did not feel as unhappy as Address correspondence to Daniel T. Gilbert, Department of Psychology, William James Hall, 33 Kirkland St., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com. PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 346 Volume 15—Number 5 Copyright r 2004 American Psychological Society they had predicted, but more important, they felt even less unhappy when they received the feedback from a computer than when they received it from a team of clinicians. Personality feedback is more easily rationalized when it comes from an unreliable source, of course, and although participants quickly capitalized on this fact after they received the feedback, they did not seem to recognize it in prospect. One of the reasons why people expect to feel more regret when they fail by a narrow margin than when they fail by a wide margin is that they expect to blame themselves more in the former instance. But if people avoid self-blame with relative ease, then the size of the margin should have little or no impact on the experience of regret. We sought to investigate this possibility in four studies. In Studies 1 and 2, participants predicted how much regret and disappointment they would feel, or reported how much regret and disappointment they actually felt, after failing to win a prize (Study 1) or failing to catch a train (Study 2) by either a narrow or a wide margin. Because regret involves self-blame and disappointment does not, we hypothesized that participants would expect the margin of loss to influence their experiences of regret but not their experiences of disappointment. However, because people are better at avoiding self-blame than they realize, we hypothesized that the margin of loss would not influence the actual experience of either emotion. In Studies 3a and 3b, participants either predicted or reported their counterfactual thoughts or their feelings of responsibility after missing a train. We hypothesized that participants would expect the margin of loss to influence their feelings of self-blame, but that, in fact, it would not. STUDY 1: REGRET IN THE LABORATORY Method Anyone who has ever taken a multiple-choice test has had the regrettable experience of initially choosing one answer and then changing his or her mind, only to find that the initial answer was the right one. The phrase ''How could I have been so stupid?'' seems to have been specially designed for this occasion. Our goal in Study 1 was to create a situation in which all participants would give the wrong answer on a test (and hence expect to feel disappointment), but in which some of those participants would almost give the right answer (and hence expect to feel regret). Thirty-five female and 29 male students at Harvard University were paid $4 for their participation. An experimenter administered several measures of each participant's current emotional state. These included measures of regret and disappointment, which participants reported by drawing slashes through two continuous 116-mm lines whose endpoints were marked with the phrases ''very slightly or not at all'' and ''extremely.'' Participants were then invited to play a modified version of a television game show called The Price is Right. Participants were brought to a room that contained two identical sets of seven supermarket items (e.g., index cards, gum, detergent) and were asked to arrange the items within each set in order of price. They were told that ''the two orders you create should be your two best guesses for the correct order of the items.'' After arranging the items in each set, participants were told to choose the set that they thought was more likely to be arranged correctly. They were told that if the chosen set was arranged correctly, they would receive an attractive prize (a longsleeved Harvard T-shirt valued at about $40), and that if it was arranged incorrectly, they would receive a small consolation prize (a Harvard decal valued at about $1). Once participants chose one of the sets, they were randomly assigned to role (experiencer or forecaster) and margin (narrow or wide) conditions. Experiencers All experiencers were told that the chosen set was incorrectly arranged and that they had failed to win the attractive prize. Experiencers in the wide-margin condition were told that the unchosen set was incorrectly arranged (which meant that they would not have won the attractive prize even if they had chosen that set), and experiencers in the narrow-margin condition were told that the unchosen set was correctly arranged (which meant that they would have won the attractive prize if only they had chosen that set). Three minutes later, experiencers reported how much regret and disappointment they felt, using the same measures they had completed at baseline. Forecasters Forecasters in the wide-margin condition were asked to predict how much regret and disappointment they would feel 3 min after learning that both sets were incorrectly arranged, whereas forecasters in the narrow-margin condition were asked to predict how much regret and disappointment they would feel 3 min after learning that the chosen set was incorrectly arranged but that the unchosen set was correctly arranged. Forecasters made these predictions on the same scales they had completed at baseline. When the experiment was finished, participants were thanked and debriefed. For ethical reasons, those who correctly arranged


a non-surgical candidate. Given his life-threatening condition with persistent active bleeding and no feasible medical or surgical option, we obtained approval for use of Hemospray. EGD was performed revealing erythematous, edematous, friable antral mucosa with a mosaic pattern. An adherent clot was seen at the pyloric channel and removed with irrigation and aspiration, revealing an oozing ulcer. Th e duodenum was also erythematous and edematous. Th ere was diff use oozing in the antrum and duodenum along with re-identifi cation of the duodenal ulcer, not amenable to conventional therapy. A total of 25 to 30 grams of Hemospray powder was applied to the duodenal ulcer site, the proximal duodenum, the antrum, and the pyloric channel site. Aft er application, there was no evidence of oozing or active bleeding. Th e patient tolerated the procedure well and he was discharged home six days later with no further episodes of bleeding. To our knowledge, this is the fi rst successful use of Hemospray for the management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding outside of a clinical trial.


The Virtual Reality Training System is the development orientation of military training means. It is requested reality and objective because of the objective condition in order to cause "immersion felling" for the trainee. The preferable effect can be achieved for the mini-type training system constructing the scientific simulation model by means of 3-D means and the DirectX technology.


After a brief review of the research concerned with the relationship between students' attitudes and second-language learning the present paper attempts to answer the question, "Do attitudes, in and of themselves, relate directly to second-language acquisition, or do they play an indirect role in providing a basis for the motivation to acquire a second language?" Data were collected from three different samples of Ilth grade students. The first group is composed of Anglophone.students studying French in a relatively monolingual setting while the second group represents Anglophone students in a bilingual (English/French) setting, and the third group, Francophone students studying English in a bilingual (French/English) milieu. Measures of a number of attitudes, motivation, classroom anxiety, and language aptitude (I.Q. in the case of the Francophone sample) were subjected to a series of correlational analyses which also included five variables representing possible linguistic and non-linguistic outcomes of second language programmes. Both first order and semi-partial correlations were used to demonstrate that the major role of attitudes in the process of second lpnguage acquisition appears to be one of providing support for the motivation required tc sustain the student in formal second language programnes. 'This research was supported by a grant to the authors from the Language Programmes Branch of the Office of the Secretary of State. The Role of Attitudes in Acquiring the Language of Another Ethnic Groupl R. C. Gardner and P. C. Smythe University of Western Ontario Considerable research has been conducted on the relation of attitudes to second language acquisition. One of the earliest studies conducted was by Jones (1950) who fodnd significant correlations between attitudes toward Welsh and achievement in Welsh. Since that time many studies have demonstrated relationships between a host of attitude measures and achievement in a number of different languages in a variety of different geographical regions. These studies have investigated anglophones learning French in Montreal (Gardner and Lambert, 1959); London, Ontario (Smythe, Stennett and Feenstra, 1972); and Saskatchewan (Rhandawa and Korpan, 1973); United States (Gardner and Lambert, 1972); Jewish children learning Hebrew in Montreal (Anisfeld and Lambert, 1961); Filipino students learning English in Manila (Gardner and Santos, 1970); Indian students learning English in India (Lukmani, 1972), and Chinese students learning English in the American Southwest (011er, Hudson and Liu, 1976). These studies made use of differing tests of attitudes, and examined different criteria of achievement in the second language. They all, nonetheless, were in agreement in demonstrating a relationship between attitudes and achievement in the second langu even (in those studies which included appropriate measures) when the effects of intelligence or language aptitude were isolated through statistical means. Such findings take on added 'This research was supported by a grant to the authors from the Language Programmes Branch of the Office ot the Secretary of State. 4


Introduction Breast cancer remains a significant global health challenge, accounting for 2.3 million new cases in 2020 and ranking as the most prevalent cancer by incidence and the fourth in cancer-related mortality worldwide. In China, breast cancer also rapidly increases incidence and burden. The research of exosomes in breast cancer has attracted more and more attention and has a rapid development. Recognizing the pivotal role of exosomes in breast cancer research, we have undertaken a comprehensive scientometric analysis of pertinent scholarly articles published over the past decade to elucidate the current research landscape for researchers. Methods In this study, we gathered all pertinent publications from the Web of Science. Biblioshiny (a web interface for Bibliometrix), VOSviewer software, and CiteSpace software were used to analyze the information on publications, including global trends, countries, institutions, journals, authors, keywords, and citations. Results A total of 1,239 articles and 625 review articles were retrieved. The annual global publication output has an increased trend in recent decades overall. China contributed the most articles. The publications of the USA had the most total link strength. Nanjing Medical University had the most total link strength. The most relevant source was the International Journal of Molecular Sciences. Tang JH contributed the most articles and had the highest H-index, G-index, and total link strength. The most cited document was "Tumor exosome integrins determine organotropic metastasis", with 2730 citations. The basic themes included "exosomes", "expression", "cells", "identification", "biomarkers", and "serum". The keyword "membrane vesicle" had the strongest bursts. The keywords "target", "biology", "suppressor cell", "molecular mechanism", "tumor progression", "inhibitor", and "model" appeared as prominent focal points in current research and active areas of exploration. Conclusion Over the past decade, exosome research in breast cancer has undergone a discernible evolution, shifting from broader investigations of exosome roles to focused exploration of specific pathways relevant to breast cancer. Notably, the emphasis has extended to the clinical application of exosomes as biomarkers and potential therapeutic agents in breast cancer treatment.


Since the second rehabilitation of Deng Xiaoping in July 1977, the Chinese countryside has been undergoing gradual but consistent change. By 1983, it stood on the verge of major structural reform, highlighted by the reemergence of family farming and the dismantling of the commune system. Although support for these reforms is extensive, serious opposition and differences of opinion exist as well. This article will explore the motivations of those who resist these changes and the problems that have arisen during the implementation of the present policy. It will also suggest the likely path of future reforms in rural China.


This research examines the relationship between teaching beliefs and practice, institutional constraints, and the uptake of Web-based technology for teaching in higher education. Semistructured interviews were conducted with six teachers at a New Zealand tertiary institution. Using inductive analysis and cultural historical activity theory, themes in technology use were identified, as well as areas of tension and conflict in the teaching system. Four overarching influences were identified as mediating teachers' use of Web-based technology in teaching: teaching beliefs, experience and practice; perceptions of technology; technology as a teaching and learning tool; and institutional priorities and division of labor. Teaching practices were affected to varying degrees by institutional strategic priorities, workload constraints, and the learning management system provided.


Abstract A new complexification of a real abstract Wiener space will be introduced, and some analogs of the algebra of analytic functions on finite dimensional Euclidean space will be considered; analytic functions on the original space, their holomorphic prolongation to the complexified space, and holomorphic functions and a Cauchy formula on the complexified space. The Cauchy formula is a key tool to study probabilistic quantities via "deformation of the contour integration." Namely, it will be applied to establish (i) an explicit representation of stochastic oscillatory integrals with quadratic phase function and (ii) a stationary phase estimation of the integrals. Further, the later estimation is applicable to study Gevrey type smoothness of density functions. An integration by parts formula on a totally real submanifold in the complexified space is also studied.


It has been shown that there is an anatomical link between the distal interphalangeal joint (DIP) extensor tendon enthesitis and the nail changes in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) [1].To evaluate the relationship between nail involvement and enthesopathy at DIP level in PsA patients using ultrasonography (US).We included patients with PsA. According to OMERACT, the following elemental lesions were dichotomously (presence/absence) evaluated on greyscale US assessment at extensor tendon insertion at distal phalanx of DIP joints: abnormally hypoechoic, enthesophytes, and erosions. We also measured the tendon thickness. Increased abnormal vascularization at entheseal level was also assessed using PD technique. We also performed an US assessment of the finger nails that included the study of morphological changes and measurement of the thickness of nail bed (NBT), nail plate (NPT) and adjacent skin (ST).We included 33 PsA patients (323 DIP). Eleven patients (34 %) presented psoriatic onychopathy (45 fingernails) with a mean NAPSI 7 (IQR (25,75)) [2 -18]. US study of the nails revealed dystrophy in 75 nails (23%).At patient level, the mean NPT, NBT and SK were 1.90±0.22, 0.38±0.09, and 2.33±0.62, respectively.None of the patients had clinical involvement of DIP.Using US, we examined 325 extensor tendon. The mean thickness of the tendon was 0.63mm ±0.1 mm. The tendon was abnormally hypoechoic in two fingers (0.61%).Erosions were present in 16 DIP (4.9%).We found enthesophytes in 82 DIP joints at insertion of extensor digitorum tendon (25.23%).We did not observe increased abnormal vascularization at entheseal level.At finger level, the extensor tendon thickness was higher in the presence of US nail dystrophy (0.70 mm vs 0.60, p=0.01). Erosions were more common in fingers with US nail involvement (14.6 % vs 1.9%, p=0.00).Osteophytes were present in 20% of fingers with US nail involvement and 26.3% of fingers without US nail involvement (p=0.166).The thickness of DIP digital extensor tendons was correlated with the NBT(r = 0.412, p = 0.00), the NPT (r = 0.310, p = 0.00), and the thickness of the adjacent skin (r = 0.509, p = 0.00).The presence of US nail dystrophy was associated with thicker extensor tendon and more erosions. The thickness of the tendon was correlated with the thickness of the nail parts.This might be explained by the close relationship between nail and enthesis and supports the theory of the enthesis as an extended organ beyond the tendon bony attachment.[1]Tan, A. L .et al (2006). Rheumatology, 46(2), 253–256.None declared


The invention is directed to a building comprising more than one separate spaces and an air treatment system. The air treatment system comprises a central air drying unit fluidly connected to two or more local evaporative cooling units, wherein at least two local evaporative cooling units are each fluidly connected to a separate space of the building. The invention is also directed to a method tocool the air in two or more separate spaces by (a) drying ambient air in a central air drying unit to obtain a volume of dried air, (b) drawing in a part of the volume of dried air as obtained in step(a) to each separate space by means of an air displacement means and (c) using the dried air in a process of indirect evaporative cooling to obtain cooled air which is discharged into the interior ofthe separate space.


Introduction: The aim of this study was to predict depression on the basis of family communication dimensions with the mediation of cognitive flexibility. Materials and Methods: In this correlational study, 390 students (201 girls and 189 boys) constructed the sample group. They were selected from 2 grade of high schools in Shiraz in the academic year of 2015-16 through randomized multi-stage cluster sampling style. To measure the research variables, Fitzpatrick and Ritchie's family communication patterns (RFCP), Dennis and Van der Wal's cognitive flexibility (CFI) and Beck depression-second edition (BDI-II) inventories were used. Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis by SPSS 22 and AMOS 20 were used to analyze research data. Results: The results of path analysis indicated that the conversation orientation has direct negative effect (P=0.005) and an indirect effect through the mediation of cognitive flexibility (P=0.001) on depression. Also conformity orientation had only direct and positive effect (P=0.001) on depression. Conclusion: In overall, the results of this study showed that cognitive flexibility plays mediating role in the relationship between conversation orientation and depression.


The current hierarchical, fossil-fuel based energy system is shifting towards a sustainable system based on distributed renewable generation. Simultaneously, energy end consumers become increasingly important as active prosumers. Local electricity markets (LEMs), on which prosumers and consumers can trade electricity locally, enable sustainable, distributed local electricity balances with an active involvement of the end customers. However, trading needs to be automated, and specified to the household's specific preferences in terms of price and electricity source. We show how intelligent agent strategies can fulfill both objectives. To this end, we conduct a multi-agent simulation of a LEM between 100 households and a community storage in a merit order LEM. LEM agents maximize their individual utility via automated Erev-Roth reinforcement learning. The learning strategies take into account the households' individual electricity preferences. To this end, agent preferences are grouped into truly greens, price-sensitive greens, and non adopters. The evaluation of the strategies is based on the agents' revenues, costs and electricity source mix. It shows that reinforcement learning can represent household preferences on LEMs.


In our previous study [1], we proposed probabilistic location information which expresses a location of a certain object at a certain time by combinations of area and probability of presence. Probabilistic location information is a flexible location information which can be converted from various absolute/relative coordinate system. Thus this enhances reusability and cross-referenced of location information between other services. In this paper, we calculate probabilistic location information based on simulation data, and we evaluate various characteristics of probabilistic location information. For doing it, we implement Probabilistic Location Positioning Algorithm based on Geographic coordinate information and Pass-by information(PLPA-GP). Next, we generate location information which shows movements of humans by computer simulation.


Every urban action is the result of a thoughtful or unthoughtful decision and a common product between the city's decision-maker and those who live and experience it. The importance of citizen involvement in urban actions is more than obvious. The person who lives the city cannot be just a witness or a simple user. The citizenship definition refers to this involvement through the city manufacturing. However, who can get involved? The citizen who is not an expert in all aspects of urban life should have a high level of awareness in order to become positively involved. This level of awareness depends on several factors, between educations, willingness, it is imperative to think about ways to increase this awareness in order to increase involvement itself. In this contribution, we will study the citizen involvement indices related to the level of awareness, based on one Algerian society case: El Oued city.


Growing plants under conditions of closed soil using various technologies allowed physiologists to influence their metabolism. The most "environmentally friendly," and not fully studied, are technologies using light of various spectral composition that affects growth, leaf anatomy, secondary plant metabolites and chloroplast ultrastructure. The problem of directed regulation of components of the production process of phytocenoses during artificial irradiation is an urgent task. The authors have previously published data on the effect of ultraviolet radiation on the biochemical properties of plants. As a continuation of these studies, the purpose of the present work was to study the effect of various spectra of visible light on the antioxidant activity of plants. Influence of monochromatic LED irradiation of different wavelength at equal power of radiation on seed germination and change of total antioxidant activity of Abyssinian and sugar beets is studied in the paper. The level of antioxidant activity during sprouting in the light decreased by 17.8-26.7% compared to dark sprouting, which can serve as an indicator of a decrease in the level of stressful effects. At the same time, with an increase in the level of stress (in the red light version – a decrease in the biomass of 100 sugar beet sprouts by 41.8%), there was an increase in the total antioxidant activity by 8.6%, which, according to the literature, may be associated with the activation of plant antioxidant systems as an adaptive reaction to stress. The stimulating effect of irradiation of seeds and sprouts with green light (520 nm) is shown – increase of biomass of 100 sprouts by 45.8% of sugar beet compared to the recommended GOST dark germination, in nougat – by 27.8%. Genetic differences in the reaction of germination of seeds of two crops to monochromatic radiation of different wavelength are established and the need to develop differentiated modes of radiation of seeds when growing microzelenium is justified.


Due to the incorporation of modern science and technology in the competitive sports,dash skills has been greatly improved.The appearance of all-weather runways,together with the application of compnter simulators,has significantly forwarded the scientific training.Dash skills have been developing since 1950's,when attention was paid to"backward stepping",during the period in 1970's when people were concerned with"stepping-swaying",and up to now when emphasis are placed on"gluteus-extensors and speedy-ground-touching".The significance and function of speedy gluleus extensors as well as the development of them have fully been embodied in perfecting the dash skill training. [


Acknowledgments Introduction Theoretical Orientation: Explanations for Persistence and Change in the Establishment Evolution of the Protestant Establishment, 1950-1992 Higher Education and the Establishment Conclusion Appendix A: Gender Representation among the Elite Appendix B: Methodology References Index


Now a day's software cost/effort estimation is a very complex job to do. Several estimation techniques have been developed in this regard. This assessment of parameters like, time, cost, and number of staff required sequentially which in turn is to be done at an early stage. Constructive Cost model which is also known as COCOMO model was one of the best model to estimate the cost and time in person month of a software project. The estimation of cost and time supports the project planning and tracking, as well as also controls the expenses of software development process. The accurate effort estimation will lead to improve the project success rate. In this paper, the main focus is on finding the accuracy of estimation of effort/cost of software using radial basis function neural network (RBFN) incorporating ANN-COCOMO II which can be used for functional approximation. This model estimates the total effort of software development according to the characteristics of COCOMO-II along with radial basis clustering techniques. The RBFN network is much faster than other network because the learning process in this network has two stages and both stages can be made efficient by appropriate learning algorithms. The RBFN network uses COCOMO-II dataset for training.


We report a case of an intravenous leiomyomatosis of uterine origin extending into the right atrium, which was treated by two‐stage surgery. doi: 10.1111/jocs.12130 (J Card Surg 2013;28:702)


To the Editor: With great interest we read the recently published article by Magliulo et al. (1) that describes the results of four different vestibular tests in a set of patients with Usher syndrome type I (USH1) and II (USH2). The aim of the study was to present data on vestibular evaluations in patients with Usher syndrome to investigate otolith or ampullary dysfunction. Previous vestibular studies have established the clinical diagnosis of vestibular areflexia in USH1, less is known on vestibular function in patients with USH2 (2). We, therefore, agree with the authors that a vestibular diagnostic protocol could be a useful additional tool to further characterize the vestibular phenotype in patients with Usher syndrome. With this letter we would like to express our concerns regarding the methods that Magliulo et al. used to classify their patients in different types of Usher syndrome. Patients with Usher syndrome can clinically be classified in three different types on the basis of degree of hearing impairment, onset of Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP), and vestibular function. Genetic screening of Usher syndrome genes is essential to obtain a genetic diagnosis. To draw firm conclusions in a diagnostic article, it is essential that the patient sample is meticulously selected and classified. The diagnosis and classification in Magliulo's study was primarily made by ophthalmologists who first saw and referred these patients. It is stated that four out of 15 patients presented with a diagnosis of USH1. USH1 patients are characterized by congenital profound deafness, vestibular areflexia, and retinitis pigmentosa. These patients generally do not experience recurrent attacks of vertigo because of an absent vestibulo-ocular reflex. All patients who were clinically diagnosed with USH1 (Table 1 by Magliulo et al.) complain of recurrent vertigo or even recurrent acute vertigo attacks. In addition, Table 2 by Magliulo et al. shows that patient nr. 2 has hearing thresholds at about 70 dB HL, which does not fit the audiometric diagnosis of USH1. Furthermore, the authors decided to exclude patients with Usher syndrome type III (USH3). We cannot help to wonder how this distinction has been made since patients with USH3 can mimic clinical characteristics of the two other types (3). Different genotype–phenotype correlation studies have demonstrated progressive sensorineural hearing impairment to be present in USH2 as well, making it very hard to differentiate these types on clinical characteristics only (4,5). Finally, without a clear genetic diagnosis it cannot be ruled out that the etiology of the presented patients in Magliulo et al. is different than Usher syndrome. It cannot be excluded that the presented patients are carrying mutations in an RP-associated gene whereas the hearing impairment is explained by another environmental or genetic factor. We think that in this day and age it is essential to use currently available genetic screening techniques to obtain a genetic diagnosis for Usher syndrome. The vestibular findings can then be correlated to the underlying genotype and subsequently be used for counselling of patients. Concluding, in this study no genetic information was available making the conclusion unreliable.


Modulating the phase or rather the optical path difference of a laser beam is a challenging task. Not too seldom limitations in optical path modulation bandwidth and optical path stroke limit the desired application. Approaches to compensate for these restrictions typically trade one parameter for another and vice versa. To avoid this trade off between parameters, an in-place beam folding would be desirable. Here, an approach based on a wedged optical light interference-filter trap (WOLIT) allows the increase of the optical path difference while maintaining a small and fast optical path modulator. We showed that with the WOLIT acting as an opto-mechanical-gearbox, mechanical mirror movements of 10 nm are sufficient to generate an optical path difference greater than 1 $\mu$μm at a frequency of 100 kHz.


Previous studies have indicated that imaginative capabilities and personality traits are the key sources of exceptional performance of designers. In this study, design majors were examined to determine how diverse personality traits interact to affect student imaginative capabilities. We collected data from 6 universities across Taiwan, involving 504 design majors as the study participants. The results revealed that extraversion predicted only initiating imagination, whereas conscientiousness (CO) predicted only conceiving imagination. Both openness and neuroticism (NE) predicted all three types of imaginative capability, whereas agreeableness predicted both conceiving and transforming imagination. The data also indicated that NE moderated the effects of extraversion on initiating imagination, and this moderating effect particularly aiding low-NE student designers. NE also moderated the effects of agreeableness on both conceiving and transforming imagination. The conceiving and transforming imagination of low-NE students increased faster in response to agreeableness than did those of high-NE students. Moreover, the initiating imagination of high-CO students increased faster in response to openness than did that of low-CO students.


Background: Perspectives of Internet use among students with ASD are not a clearly investigated field although positive results in mainstream schools are already received. Multiple pieces of research have shown that computer technology facilitates a broader range of educational activities to meet a variety of needs for students with mild learning disorders, and adaptive technology can enable students with severe disabilities to become active learners in the classroom alongside their peers who do not have disabilities. The aim of this study is to understand and describe representation and perception of online communication by persons with ASD via their postings in blogs and online survey. The role of Internet, the importance of ICT in education and the relation between online and offline communication are in the focus of the study. Although the use of technologies in education and everyday routines is not wide-spread due to high costs and teachers' lack of training in applying modern technologies in the classroom, the results of this study reveal the importance of applying ICT in everyday life for people with autism. Methodology: A qualitative research design was chosen to reach the purpose of the study. To collect data, ten blogs were analyzed and an online open-ended questionnaire was distributed to the participants. Main findings: Crucial topics raised in the blogs and analyzed in this study give a new perspective on the needs and interests of people with ASD. Although Internet activity and blogging provides significant benefits to the social life of people with autism, it is not the only means of communication. Blogging is considered as facilitator and an indirect tool for the development of self-esteem, communication, and leadership skills. Internet, and particularly typing, is an inseparable part of active social engagement for people with social difficulties.


Introduction Body mass index (BMI) trajectories, such as non-linear time trends and nonlinear changes in BMI with age, can provide information on the underlying temporal health patterns. The relationship between BMI trajectories and the risk of hypertension remains controversial. Methods PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched from their inception to January 31, 2022. We categorized BMI trajectories as "Stable high," "table normal," "Stable low," "Fluctuated (sharp increase)," and "Fluctuated (elevated-decrease)." The main outcome was the relative risk for the prevalence of hypertension in the different BMI trajectories. Potential sources of heterogeneity were examined using meta-regression and subgroup analysis. A publication bias test and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach were also used. Results The 18 cohort studies included 89,094 participants. Compared with the "Stable normal" trajectory, "Stable high," "Fluctuated (sharp increase)," and "Fluctuated (elevated-decrease)" trajectories were associated with an increased relative risk of hypertension: [RR (95% CI)]: 1.80 (1.29 2.50), p < 0.001; 1.53 (1.27 1.83), p < 0.001; 1.30 (1.24 1.37), p = 0.001, respectively. The "Stable low" trajectory was associated with a reduced risk of hypertension [0.83 (0.79 0.83), p < 0.001]. The "Stable high" trajectory (surface under the cumulative ranking curve = 88.1%) had the highest probability of developing hypertension in the population. The certainty of the evidence for direct comparisons of the incidence of hypertension between various BMI trajectories was generally very low. Conclusion Our findings suggested that "Stable high," "Fluctuated (sharp increase)," and "Fluctuated (elevated-decrease)" trajectories were associated with an increased relative risk of hypertension, with the "Stable high" trajectory most likely associated with hypertension. Systematic review registration [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=308575], identifier [CRD42022308575].


Bayard Rustin feared that Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination would bring about a deepening sense of isolation on the part of black activists. Since Stokely Carmichael had transformed the rallying cry of militants from "Freedom Now" into "Black Power" two years earlier, the Civil Rights movement had been slowly dying. The year 1968 thus supposedly marked a new era, when the Black Power movement emerged. Unfortunately, the latter seemed too overtly radical and disorganized and, to Rustin's despair, its proponents recommended that Blacks first "close ranks" in order to gain political leverage. Both movements are consequently viewed as antagonistic and distinctive ones and, in Peniel Joseph's words, the Black Power movement appears as the Civil Rights movement's "evil, ruthless twin". By focusing on the largely ignored 1968 Philadelphia Black Power Conference, this study demonstrates that the Black Power movement has had a profound influence on black electoral politics. It should thus be recognized as a force that led the actors of the larger movement for black liberation to rethink both their goals and strategies.


In the period of accelerated innovative development of industry, it is necessary to work out such an organizational structure of the enterprise, which is able to adapt to constantly changing market conditions. A special role in this process is given to the selection of zones of innovation attractiveness (ZIA), a segment of external environment, which the company is already in contact with (or is planning to come in contact). ZIA are defined as a result of strategic segmentation of the enterprise economic activity. The article offers a methodology of analyzing the competitors' pressure in the sphere of the studied ZIA, which is required for evaluation of profitability of this or that zone. In order to provide for the necessary flexibility of the strategic set of ZIA, marketing experts are offered the methodology of modeling possible events and dynamics of the state of unstable environment, which allows one to evaluate their possible influence upon potentiality and profitability of the selected, approved and balanced ZIA. The work is performed as part of marketing programs aimed at creating a competitive product (technology) and conquering the market of ZIA. The work results in receiving the optimum strategic set of ZIA, which makes the basis for formation of strategic space of the enterprise distribution activity in both short-term and long-term perspectives. The potentiality of ZIA is defined by a set of factors, such as success, profitability and stability (instability) of external environment. © 2017 Published by Future Academy www.FutureAcademy.org.uk


1,5,5,9-Tetramethyl-2-decalone (6) was synthesized from 5,5,9-trimethyl-1-decalone (7) and irradiated in n-hexane under a nitrogen atmosphere using a high pressure mercury lamp. Oxygen was passed through the reaction mixture in the dark to give a seco-nor acid, 1-carboxymethyl-2-ethyl-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexane (8a) and a seco acid, 1-(2-carboxyethyl)-2-ethyl-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexane (9a).


The paper focuses on comparing the model predictive control, feedback controller and input shaping control for a laboratory scaled overhead traveling crane. The adaptive control of an overhead crane is developed based on the Generalized Predictive Control (GPC) procedure. Particle swarm optimization is applied to solve the optimal constrained control problem. The recursive least square (RLS) algorithm is applied to real-time estimate parameters of discrete-time model of a crane dynamic system. Feasibility and applicability of the proposed control technique were confirmed during experiments carried out on a laboratory stand. The results of experiments are presented and compared with the performances of the feedback controller and zero vibration derivative (ZVD) input shaper.


Objective To analyze the application of intraoperative controlled tip-apex distance(TAD) in treatment of femoral intertrochanteric fracture with proximal femoral nail antirotation(PFNA).Methods There were 51 patients received internal fixation with PFNA.We measured and analyzed the intraoperative approximate TAD,postoperative TAD and TAD of six months after operation.Results All bone union achieved after 14.4 weeks.Excellent rate of Harris score was 91.3%,and the average Paker scorewas 8.09 six months after operation.Average of intraoperative approximate TAD was 22.23±2.18 mm(16.24 mm~27.17 mm),and the average of postoperative TAD was 21.09±2.60 mm(15.38 mm~26.82 mm),and there was significant correlation between of data two groups(r=1.25,P0.001).Average of TAD of six months after operation was 20.23±2.45 mm(15.97 mm~26.33 mm),and there was no significant difference comparing to postoperative TAD(P0.05).Conclusion For operation with PFNA,we can get intraoperative approximate TAD to prevent relative complications such as helical blade cutting-out of femoral head.


A set of all symmetric Banach function spaces defined on [0,1] is equipped with the partial order by the relation of continuous inclusion. Properties of symmetric spaces, which do not depend of their position in the ordered structure, are studied. With the help of the J. Peetre's interpolation scheme it is shown that for any pair of symmetric spaces E, F such that F is absolutely continuously included in E there exists an intermediate (so called, Peetre's) space K(E,F;W), where W is a space with an unconditional basis, that is reflexive or, respectively, weakly sequentially complete provided W also is reflexive or, respectively, weakly sequentially complete.