The place of methods for the formation of strategies for the development of economic systems as a complex of development directions in the general system of methods for forming strategies for the development of economic systems is considered. The composition is considered, the content is described and the main features (including peculiarities and shortcomings) of the methods of forming the development strategies of economic systems as a complex of development areas are identified, including: a complex multivariate method, a method for assessing the level of synergy by the matrix of mutual support of strategic economic zones of I. Ansoff, SPACE, a method based on the Hofer-Shendel model, a method of forming a strategy based on an assessment of the norm of use value, a method based on the MCDONALD'S strategy, a method based on model A. ompsona and A. Strickland, a method based on the model "ADL / LC" (Arthur D. Little / Life Cicle), a method based on the model of "lemons market" J. Akerlof. Taking into account the potential and limitations of using each of the methods of forming strategies for the development of economic systems as a complex of development directions, the spheres of their rational use at various stages of the strategic process are described.


High prices and the state macro-control policy make people begin to doubt the validity of land finance.Some people advocate the finance system of modified form to keep land finance;while others advocate the alternative form of taxation to abolish land finance.The former is temporary which is not conducive to the sustainable development of economy;the latter ignores the principle of land ownership,which easily wastes and damages resources.Both have one-sided effects.Reasonable solutions should be that we establish free using systems of residential land,and commercial using systems of business and high standard residential land.


When fremantle councillors voted in August last year to end the Australia Day fireworks display that it had been running for the past eight years, I fully expected a conservative backlash. But even I was surprised to see the decision featured in news bulletins for months on end.


adenocarcinoma. Further, it displays immunoreactivity with keratin markers, as was seen with the current case, adding to potential confusion with adenocarcinoma. These features render differentiation of EHE from adenocarcinoma particularly challenging on a core biopsy. A panel of immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers are useful in this distinction. Pan keratin (AE1 ⁄ AE3) is typically a first-line IHC stain to confirm or exclude a carcinoma. However, a known pitfall is that this protein is also expressed in vascular tumours with an epithelioid histology. In fact, even angiosarcomas without epithelioid histology can express keratins in 20% of the cases. Although carcinomas in general tend to show diffuse and intense staining in contrast to the weak and patchy staining in carcinoma-mimickers, a restricted panel could be potentially misleading in biopsy specimens. CD34 is expressed in over 90% of vascular tumours, but lacks specificity as it is also expressed in a number of soft tissue tumours. Conversely, CD31 is a relatively specific marker. Although CD31 also highlights macrophages, familiarity with the staining patterns and performing a panel of IHC stains can help to overcome the limitations of decreased specificity. In the current case, morphological clues (intracytoplasmic lumen with erythrocytes, focal atypical vascular differentiation) and expanding the IHC panel to include CD31, CD34 helped to confirm the final diagnosis of EHE. In summary, the present case increases awareness of EHE as a mimicker of prostatic adenocarcinoma and underscores the importance of instituting a combination of IHC stains as an adjunct to morphology for accurate characterization and subtyping on core biopsies when dealing with epithelioid tumours.


The production of heavy clusters in nuclear reactions is important in a wide variety of applications: radiation shielding, space engineering and design, medical physics, accelerator design, and more. According to the Cascade Exciton Model (CEM), there are three ways high-energy heavy clusters can be produced. The first way is via coalescence of nucleons produced in the IntraNuclear Cascade (INC). The second way is via the preequilibrium model. The last way is via Fermi breakup. Previous work in CEM examines the impact of expansions of the preequilibrium model and Fermi breakup model on heavy cluster production. The present work studies the impact of expanding the coalescence model on heavy cluster spectra. CEM03.03, the default event generator in the Monte Carlo N-Particle transport code version 6 (MCNP6) for intermediate-energy nuclear reactions, is capable of producing light fragments up to He4 in its coalescence model. In the present study, we have expanded the coalescence model to be able to produce up to Be7. Preliminary results are promising.


Background: Stroke is not only a costly deadly disease, but also a leading cause of long-term disability. However, stroke associated indirect costs such as productivity loss and informal care cost have not been well studied. To better develop such studies and provide policy-relevant information, we conducted a literature review of indirect costs of stroke.

Methods: We conducted a literature search using PubMed, MEDLINE and EconLit, complemented by Google Scholar search and cross-reference checking using key words of stroke, cerebrovascular disease, subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, cost of illness, productivity loss, indirect cost, economic burden, and informal caregiving. We identified original research articles published during 1990-2012 in English language peer reviewed journals for the review. Since the number of studies on indirect cost of stroke was small, we included cost-of-illness (COI) studies if they contained sufficient analyses of the indirect cost. We summarized the indirect costs by study type, cost categories, and study settings.

Results: There were 31 original research articles investigating the indirect cost of stroke. Only 6 (19%) of these studies solely investigated the indirect cost; the other 25 (81%) studies were COI studies which included the indirect cost as a component. Of the 31 articles, six examined indirect costs in the US. Two of them focused solely on indirect costs. One study at a national level examined informal caregiving among elderly with stroke and estimated the annual cost of such care to be $6.1 billion in 1999. The other study for the State of California estimated lost productivity associated with stroke mortality in the State to be over $1 billion in 1991. The other four US studies suggested that the indirect costs will continue to increase in the coming decades, especially among African American and Hispanics, and that indirect costs might account for over 58% of the total cost of stroke. Due to diverse research methods, data, and cost definitions, the literature suggested a wide range of the indirect cost as a percentage of total stroke costs (2.6% - 71%) often with indirect cost as a significant cost component of stroke.

Conclusions: While the literature indicated that the indirect cost accounted for a significant portion of the economic burden of stroke, there is a clear need to develop improved methods to study costs and to better use or establish relevant data sources for such studies. With the aging population and increasing survival rate of stroke, both direct and indirect costs of stroke are likely to increase greatly. Interventions for stroke prevention as well as for improving quality of life among stroke patients are needed to contain both direct and indirect costs associated with stroke. More research investigating the indirect costs will be helpful in guiding the development of such interventions to reduce the burden of stroke.


Abstract We compute the Lie superalgebras of holomorphic vector fields on isotropic flag supermanifolds of maximal type corresponding to the Lie superalgebra


N Sesha Prakash * discusses glass sand beneficiation, or the treatment of extracted sand, in order to make this major raw material in glass forming recipes suitable for glass production.


The role of assessment in a learner-centred environment is considered to be significant for both learners and teachers. Most of the time, however, it is used in traditional ways and ignores learners' individual needs. Based on the results of a survey conducted in 2019, in which a questionnaire was administered to a hundred and twenty EFL teachers, the present study aims to investigate Greek EFL teachers' responses to communicative testing techniques and their awareness of assessment methods and principles. The aforementioned survey revealed that the majority of EFL teachers in the Greek educational context use traditional tests to assess their students and, although they are aware of alternative assessment methods and the benefits they offer, they fail to employ them. Thus, a 106-item tool was created in order to help teachers design, develop, and critically evaluate tests, as well as reflect on their assessment techniques to promote the use of alternative assessment and supplement the teachers' theoretical knowledge and experience. Ninety-three EFL teachers evaluated themselves and rated their practices through the toolkit to find out the type of assessors that they are. The findings revealed that a lot of the participants are aware of the key principles of assessment and try to assess the four skills in a communicative and authentic way to a great extent, but most of them are mainstream assessors. The findings can be used to help design samples of authentic tasks for all skills and assessment-related teacher training material.


Objective To investigate the current status and the development law of newly diagnosed cases of pneumoconiosis in Anhui province,and provide scientific basis for the government formulating the prevention and control program of occupational diseases.Method Case report data of newly diagnosed pneumoconiosis in Anhui province from 2006 to 200 9 which were selected from health hazard monitoring system based on China disease surveillance information report management system network platform were summarized and analyzed using excel.Results In Anhui,a total of 1766 cases were newly diagnosed as pneumoconiosis from 2006 to 2009,318 cases died.The newly diagnosed pneumoconiosis cases were silicosis and coalminer's pneumoconiosis primarily,which account for 53.30% and 43.59% respectively.Most of the newly diagnosed pneumoconiosis cases were man,and the average age at the time of diagnosis was 55.14 years old,their average dust-exposed time was 18.87 years.The newly cases were distributed mainly over Huaibei,Chaohu,Chuzhou,Tongling and Huainan cities which account for 80.01%.The numbers of newly diagnosed pneumoconiosis increased year by year.Most of cases were mainly concentrated in workers who were engaged in coal production,building material and nonferrous metal trades,which account for 80.01%,and their key occupations were mining excavation workers,coal cutting workers and drilling workers,which account for 75.25%.Conclusion In Anhui,the prevention and control situation remains very grim.The key of pneumoconiosis control was in small town's coal,building materials and nonferrous metal enterprise.


The Complete Collection of Four Treasuries was an encyclopaedia compiled under the reign of Qianlong(1736~1795).Its general catalogue includes the following six books as entries: Collection of Discussions on Four Kinds of Etiquette;Suggestions on Restoring the He Tao;Collection of Documents about Yunnan 's Confidential Business;Rough Drafts of the Memorials to the Emperor;Biographies of the Talented Persons of South China in Ancient Times;Collection of the Articles by Yu Long-zi.The author points out some errors in the summaries of the six books above-mentioned.


Background: Education in dentistry, as in other health sciences, comprises three important components: a) classes, lectures and training based on problem solving, b) training practices with the help of simulators and c) clinical skills practices with patients. . As a result of the SARS-CoV-2 virus outbreak, there was an abrupt interruption in this entire process due to mandatory social distancing. Consequently, there was an increase in the search for new forms of distance education. Objective of the study : The objective of this review is to reveal the pedagogical tools that were used and could be used for learning dental prosthetics in times of pandemic. Method: The methodology used consisted of a search chain of research papers published in both Spanish and English in databases such as Pubmed , EBSCO, EBSCO HOST, EBSCO HOST Stomatology , Elsiever , Scopus and Scholar . Academic and that were published between 2009 and 2021.


"We express our condolences and sympathies to the victims, their families, and all those affected by the deadly attacks in Yarkand (Shache) county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in China on 28 July. We condemn all acts of violence. We also call upon the Chinese authorities to address some of the deep-rooted causes of the frustration of the Uyghurs, ensuring that their right to practice their own culture, language and religion is respected."


Objective: Experimental evidence has suggested that drugs that enhance cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptor activity may induce anxiolytic and antidepressant effects, whilst the opposite have been reported with antagonists. Thus, the aim of the present review is to discuss the potential psychiatric side-effects of CB1 receptor antagonists, such as rimonabant, which has been recently marked in several countries for the treatment of obesity and associated metabolic disorders. Methods: Literature searches were performed in PubMed and Scielo up to July, 2008, with the terms "obesity", "rimonabant", "cannabinoids", "unwanted effects" and "side effects". Results: Clinical trials have revealed that rimonabant may promote modest weight loss in obese patients, although it may also induce symptoms of anxiety and depression. Discussion: Patients taking CB1 receptor antagonists should be carefully examined for psychiatric side-effects. These drugs should not be prescribed to those already suffering from mental disorders.


This report describes progress in work being performed at the University of Colorado on the effects of pulsed microwave power on biologic systems. In particular, we are interested in determining damage thresholds and in improving our understanding of the physical mechanisms associated with these thresholds. Our approach to this problem has been an attempt to establish a set of environmental conditions that would maximize the probability of finding damage mechanisms other than those caused by thermal heating, if they should exist. The first portion of our attack on this problem was to design an experiment in which the biologic samples are exposed to very high pulsed microwave electric fields at a low duty cycle. Thus, the heating of the sample is to be relatively small. Additional requirements are that the distribution of the field in space and time is calculable and that the temperature of the biologic materials can be calculated and measured. Embryos and single cells of biologic materials were chosen to be examined on the assumption that small changes in the chemistry of cellular structure would be amplified by cell reproduction and that very small alterations might then be observed at later stages of development.


This chapter discusses the confessional controversies on biblical authority and ecclesiastical tradition in the first half of the seventeenth century. While Protestant theologians upheld the status of the Bible as a divinely inspired, unique, coherent, and self-evident source of faith and stressed the subordinate significance of the patristic legacy, the Roman Catholic camp embraced the importance of the teachings of the Church Fathers, conciliar decrees, and papal decisions as a rock-solid criterion for a sound interpretation of the Bible. On the basis of treatises authored by eminent and hard-core exponents of Calvinism like Abraham Scultetus, Jean Daillé, Louis Cappel, and André Rivet, set against the views of the Jesuit Denis Pétau, expert in the history of the primitive church, it is argued that debates led to a reciprocal undermining of viewpoints, which eventually paved the way for more radical positions at the end of the century.


Health of the population of the Russian Federation is an indicator of national safety. Therefore, one of the priority directions of state policy organization of events, providing preservation and increase in level of somatic health of citizens of the Russian Federation is considered. In this context, one of powerful methods of management of activity of the person is muscular work, long-term adaptation to which causes formation of a number of the effects having improving and preventive orientation. In this connection in recent years, the attention of experts and patients to the various systems of improving trainings increases, and the need for them in all of age groups of the population stimulates active development of their various forms and the fitness services industry. At the same time, achievement of necessary result demands understanding of both regularities of formation of adaptation reactions of an organism when using of the existing arsenal of physical activities, exercises, and the basic principles of their realization taking into account conclusions and recommendations of evidential medicine. These are organizational and methodical features of planning of training programs and styles of concrete occupations, the choice and dispensing both classical forms of physical activity, and options of technologies of fitness taking into account exercises potentially dangerous to the musculoskeletal device especially at children. Within the above-stated positions, the real material in a format of lecture statement is made and presented.


As historians of religion are currently diagnosing a need to find new shared frameworks and new narratives enabling interdisciplinary and trans-epochal exchange, the article suggests a closer historical engagement with theories of the "religious field", originally formulated by Pierre Bourdieu on the basis of Max Weber's work, as this theory has the potential to serve as a meta-language for interdisciplinary communication. The article sets out the most important elements of the theory of the religious field, and evaluates them critically by way of a historicization of important concepts, drawing on recent discussions in sociology and Religious Studies. After discussing the concept of the religious field itself, the article discusses several internal dynamics of the field (as suggested by Bourdieu and by more recent research) as well as several typical dynamics between fields. It concludes with suggestions for historical adaptations, including an updated approach to religious plurality and to the different types of religious actors envisaged by Weber and Bourdieu.


Abstract Alluvial and littoral portions of the Eocene Green River and Wasatch Formations in Wyoming contain a wide variety of trace fossils that record primarily the activity of air-breathing insects and vertebrates that respond to changes in lake level and groundwater table. Each member of the Eocene Green River and Wasatch Formations studied has a characteristic association of ichnofossils— the type, abundance, and diversity of ichnofossils vary in systematic ways that appear to be associated with lake-basin type. The Luman and Niland Tongues and associated Wasatch Formation represent an overfilled lake basin, containing mostly epifaunal insect and tetrapod tracks and trails and few infaunal insect burrows in shoreline or lake-plain strata. Traces found here include Haplotichnus, Steinichnus, Fuersichnus, and adhesive meniscate burrows. These observations suggest persistently high water-table levels that accords with the co-occurrence of histosols, coals, and freshwater flora and fauna. The lower LaClede Bed, Green River Formation and coeval Wasatch Formation represent a balanced-fill lake basin, containing abundant traces attributable to insect activity in shoreline, floodplain, and meandering-fluvial strata. Ichnofossils found here include traces attributed to termite, ant, bee, caddisfly, and beetle nests and burrows, as well as others. Some meandering channel units up to 2.5-m thick contain extensive "ant nests", indicating complete withdrawal of surface and groundwater beyond the penetration of the "ant nests". Vertisols developed on floodplain strata contain traces attributed to bee nests and beetle burrows as well as tetrapod tracks, which also record fluctuations of the groundwater table. The Wilkins Peak Member, Green River Formation and Cathedral Bluffs Tongue, Wasatch Formation represent an underfilled lake basin containing abundant traces in sheet-flood deposits up to 3 m thick. Traces include those attributed to termite and beetles nests and burrows, as well as Maconopsis and Eatonichnus, indicating substantial drawdown of groundwater after deposition of the sheet-flood deposits. Bird and mammal tracks on multiple bedding planes demonstrate that multiple events deposited 30–70 cm thick bedsets with intervening water-level falls. Ichnofossil assemblages suggest soil moisture of 10–30% and minimum annual temperatures of > 4° C. Shoreline strata contain only such epifaunal trails as Scolicia and Cochlichnus, with other indices of saline to alkaline waters. Continental trace fossils provide valuable insights into details of depositional conditions of lake-margin, lake plain, fluvial, and floodplain paleoenvironments that commonly challenge conventional analyses. Ichnofossil analysis is powerful especially when combined with broader scale observations of stratal geometries, geochemistry, and lithologies in a lake-basin-type framework to provide more integrated paleoenvironmental reconstructions that include groundwater and lake hydrology.


As the title of Karen Petrone's excellent new book suggests, she has set herself a daunting task: to take the questions that the late Paul Fussell posed in his classic The Great War and Modern Memory (Oxford, 1975) and wrest them from their Western European and especially British context in order find out how Russia dealt with its experience of World War I. While she does not match Paul Fussell's achievement (and who could?) she does an admirable job in presenting aspects of Russian cultural history that will be new and enlightening even to specialists. The conventional wisdom has long held that Russia never had much memory of World War I, for Russian experiences in the Great War had been drowned out by the even more traumatic experience of the Russian Revolution and Civil War. Petrone shows conclusively that this view is wrong. By shifting her attention from official monuments and commemoration (always thin on the ground) to artistic, literary, and cultural expressions, she finds a rich tradition of reflection on the war and its meanings throughout the interwar period. Much of what she finds is congruent with the West European experience far better documented by scholars such as Fussell and Jay Winter. Russians, like other Europeans, went into the war with a sense of joining in a holy cause. The onset of war brought a moment of national solidarity, and the hope that war might serve as a refining fire to burn away the tawdry and sordid aspects of pre-war society. Soldiers instead came to find the war profoundly unsettling and dislocating. It destroyed traditional notions of masculinity and heroism, and quickly drowned ideas of glory and honor in mud and blood. Artists and writers produced unsettling visions of mass numbers of the dead judging the living for their failures. More striking, though, are the places where Petrone sees profound differences between the Russian and Western European experiences of World War I. Much of this had to do with the particular nature of the Bolshevik regime after 1917. Its ideological priorities had a deep impact on how it interpreted the war. As an avowedly atheist state, for example, it could not


The high temperature strength of alloys with ( γ + γ ′) microstructure is primarily due to the resistance of the ordered precipitate to cutting by matrix dislocations. Such shearing requires higher stresses since it involves the creation of a planar fault. Planar fault energy is known to be dependent on composition. This implies that the composition on the fault may be different from that in the bulk for energetic reasons. Such segregation (or desegregation) of specific alloying elements to the fault may result in Suzuki strengthening which has not been explored extensively in these systems. In this work, segregation (or desegregation) of alloying elements to planar faults was studied computationally in Ni 3 (Al,Ti) and Co 3 (W,Al) type γ ′ precipitates. The composition dependence of APB energy and heat of mixing were evaluated from first principle electronic structure calculations. A phase field model incorporating the first principles results, was used to simulate the motion of an extended superdislocation under stress concurrently with composition evolution. Results reveal that in both systems, significant (de)segregation occurs on equilibration. On application of stress, solutes were dragged along with the APB in some cases. Additionally, it was also noted the velocity of the superdislocation under an applied stress is strongly dependent on atomic mobility (i.e. diffusivity).


Public Digital Bookkeeping System represents a new stage in Brazilian Accountancy, showing off as a new way of modernization of bookkeeping and the execution of the fiscal exigencies from the companies. It is composed basically of Digital Accounting Bookkeeping, Digital Fiscal Bookkeeping and by Electronic Receipt, that make, respectively, digital the process of bookkeeping and accountancy and fiscal books storage, and electronic, the emission of receipt. The expectation about the recent project, by the tax collection part, is that it will bring many benefits, as it tends to reduce paper consume, bureaucracy, among other factors, besides facilitating the supervision of tributary administration about the deals made by the taxpayer. In this way, this research was developed following a bibliographical methodology with an exploratory study and the application of a questionnaire with closed questions, to identify the perception by the agricultural cooperative managers from Santa Catarina about the project and its benefits, being possible to conclude that besides difficulties and the initial cost identified in the research, the users believe that its use will be positive and will effectively bring the expected benefits.


Where injury occurs because of the defects inherent in information,shall the provider of the information bear the same strict liability as that arising out of or pertaining to corporeal products.While large-scale production and marketing of information justify imposition of strict liability for information product,for fear that freedom of speech may be impaired or strict liability may be abused,as of,strict liability for information products is adopted only in very limited areas.Mainly,the author of factual and applied information shall be liable for compensation for the personal injury suffered by the victim of the defective information.Further,the publisher and the distributor shall bear strict liability for personal injury suffered by the victim of the defective information.


SINCE THE DAYS of Bishop Stubbs, historians of the medieval English parliament and of the fifteenth century have lamented the serious lacunae which exist among the surviving sources for the study of this central institution of government and for the exploration of this muchmisunderstood period. Consequently, the crumbs of evidence which have been located-albeit sometimes in the shape of later copies or transcripts -have been subjected to ultramicroscopic analysis and minutely detailed interpretation. This has certainly been the fate of those fragmentary materials relating to the parliament of 1449 which (aside from the formal parliament roll) have been publicized recently by several historians. These materials consist of (1) a list of members-both lords and commons-of the parliament whose first session opened at Westminster on February 12, 1449; (2) a memorandum of lords' attendance at the same session on March 20, 21, and 24, 1449, along with a report of an exchange of views among the lords on March 20; and (3) a list of lords thought to have been present at the third session of this parliament, held at Winchester between June 16 and July 16, 1449, together with a report of another exchange of views between some of the lords.' These documents survive today as copies of the originals (or as copies of copies of the originals) written in the sixteenth or seventeenth century; but it is remarkable that of all Henry VI's parliaments, it is the assembly of 1449 alone to which all the surviving documents refer. This is undeni-


GPR is an electromagnetic technique that is used for examining shallow subsurface of the ground media. GPR has wide range of applications. One such application is road thickness evaluation and its quality measurement. Estimation of ground parameters requires accurate modelling of the layered medium. Two widely used modelling techniques are analytical modelling techniques and numerical modelling techniques. Numerical modelling involves solving Maxwells equations which is very complex and consumes lot of time. However as this technique needs fewer assumptions, the modelling is very accurate. FDTD, FEM and MOM are the few examples of numerical modelling. On the other hand analytical modelling techniques are approximated models hence are application specific. Valid assumptions on the medium result in simplified problem and make the modelling easy and precise. Few of the models that use analytical method of modelling are full wave model, surface reflection coefficient method, common midpoint method etc. As a part of research work, a 2-layered ground media is modelled using modified FWM which is a simplified model derived from FWM. An objective function is defined in least square sense to invert this model. The objective function is also called cost function or error function. This error function has to be minimized using an optimization technique. Parameters of the medium for which the objective function is minimum are the estimated parameters of the medium. Accuracy of the inversion depends on two major factors 1) accurate forward modelling of the medium 2) efficient optimization technique. As the objective function has multiple minima, it is not possible to optimize it using local optimization techniques. Hence it requires a global optimization technique. Here direct search method along with gradient technique is proposed for minimizing the error function.


The article considers folk songs created during the time of the Great Patriotic War and analyzes their most characteristic features as folklore phenomenon. As exemplified by a series of songs the author has recorded throughout various regions of Russia, their variative continuum, including the ways of adjustment of their tunes to new words, have been analyzed in details. The author concludes that the specific lifetime of songs created by the Great Patriotic War generation has continued in everyday folk culture. Keywords : adjustment of folk songs of the Great Patriotic War to new words, classification of the song material through their genres and subjects, fundamental layer of the 20th-century folklore


ZSM-5 catalysts containing either Cu or Co cations individually or Cu/Ca or Co/Ca cation combinations were prepared by ion exchange. These materials were tested as catalysts for the reduction of NO to N2 in the presence of propane or methane. Cu2+ and [Cu-O-Cu]2+ species were identified in ion exchangeable sites in the copper-containing catalysts. The amount of the latter cation increased with increasing copper content and in the presence of Ca2+ and was the most active in the reduction of NO. However, at temperatures higher than 400 oC its activity decreased markedly. For cobalt-exchanged zeolites, Co2+ in charge-compensation sites or Co3+ in extra-framework precipitates were present in the catalysts. It was verified that the amount of Co3+ diminished with the presence of Ca2+. For the catalysts prepared in this study no significant differences in specific activity for the reduction of NO or for methane oxidation were observed in the presence of calcium.


Clay fraction less than 2μm in diameter was separated from a bentonite collected from Nanjing suburb by decantation and then Fe/Al modified bentonites were prepared from bentonite colloid after it was saturated with Na+ in this study. Adsorption of CrO42-by Fe/Al modified bentonites was investigated with a batch method. The results of our study have shown that a noticeable increase in CrO42-adsorption by Fe modified bentonite than the one modified by Al. When the equilibrium adsorption concentration was 0.5 mmol·L-1, the amount of CrO42-adsorbed by Mt-1(Fe), Mt-2(Fe) and Mt-3(Al) was 271.0 mmol·kg-1, 114.0 mmol·kg-1 and 16.1 mmol·kg-1, respectively. Since the amount of CrO42-adsorbed by Fe/Al modified bentonites increases with the increase in the ion strength and decreases with the increase of pH, the adsorption of CrO42-may involve specific and electrostatic interaction of CrO42-with the modified bentonites. The specific adsorption can be thought of as the main mechanism for CrO42-under the experimental conditions in this study. The contribution of electrostatic adsorption proves less than 30% of the total adsorption of CrO_4~(2-). Thus, the results obtained are expected to provide a useful reference to developing new doses for waste water treatment.


Accounting research productivity has acquired mythic characteristics. What constitutes productivity in accounting research, in particular financial accounting research, has for decades not been measured by the amount of work that is required to generate publishable research, but by the quantity of publications, more by the particular journals where the research is published and like a giant multi-level marketing scheme, by the peculiar property that the more frequently a particular researcher is cited by subsequent researchers, the more productive the first researcher becomes.This paper reviews the various ways productivity in financial accounting research is benchmarked and how the meaning of accounting research productivity is distorted by those benchmarks. It then examines the criticisms leveled against financial accounting research and synthesizes productivity in accounting research with the criticisms of accounting research. In so doing, this paper suggests that financial accounting research produces more heat than light and accounting research productivity benchmarks do not measure contributions to new accounting knowledge useful to society or the profession.


W. K. MacNaughton. Protease-activated receptor-1 stimulates Ca 2 1 -depen-dent Cl 2 secretion in human intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 281: G323–G332, 2001.— The thrombin receptor, protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), has wide tissue distribution and is involved in many physiological functions. Because thrombin is in the intestinal lumen and mucosa during inflammation, we sought to determine PAR-1 expression and function in human intestinal epithelial cells. RT-PCR showed PAR-1 mRNA expression in SCBN cells, a nontransformed duodenal epithelial cell line. Confluent SCBN monolayers mounted in Ussing chambers responded to PAR-1 activation with a Cl 2 -dependent increase in short-circuit current. The secretory effect was blocked by BaCl 2 and the Ca 2 1 -ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin, but not by the L-type Ca 2 1 channel blocker verapamil or DIDS, the nonselective inhibitor of Ca 2 1 -dependent Cl 2 transport. Responses to thrombin and PAR-1-activating peptides exhibited auto- and crossdesensitization. Fura 2-loaded SCBN cells had increased fluorescence after PAR-1 activation, indicating increased intracellular Ca 2 1 . RT-PCR showed that SCBN cells expressed mRNA for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and hypotonicity-activated Cl 2 channel-2 but not for the Ca 2 1 dependent Cl 2 channel-1. PAR-1 activation failed to increase intracellular cAMP, suggesting that the CFTR channel is not involved in the Cl 2 secretory response. Our data demonstrate that PAR-1 is expressed on human intestinal epithelial cells and regulates a novel Ca 2 1 -dependent Cl 2 secretory pathway. This may be of clinical significance in inflammatory intestinal diseases with elevated thrombin levels.


Abstract : A simple analytical model was developed for prescribing the velocity fields in a dust devil, a small intense vortex phenomenon common in arid regions. The propose model has a viscous inner region (boundary layer) composed of a Prandtl layer and an Ekman inflow layer and an inviscid "outer'1 region of cyclostrophic balance. Observations indicate that to a good approximation the outer flow is a Rankine combined vortex. Linearization of the equation of motion allows a solution for the radial and tangential velocities in the boundary layer and for the depth of the layer in terms of the parameters obtainable from observations: alpha(r), the inflow angle at the top of the Prandtl layer; and eta(r), a modified Ekman length determined by the outer flow. The vertical velocity field is then found by application of the continuity equation. The velocity fields are found to resemble a first-order solution by Kuo for convective atmospheric vortices and compare reasonably with the measurements of Sinclair.


Intelligent vehicles sense their dynamics and the environment to make proper decisions. Some of this information are hard to be measured or need expensive sensors. This paper addresses the estimation of road grade angles, along with tire-ground interaction forces, in a delayed interconnected cascade observer structure. A new approach using a Two-Stage Extended Kalman Filter is proposed, allowing a robust simultaneous estimation of the slow and fast dynamics variables. Experimental data is used to validate the estimator.


The organic light emitting display device according to an embodiment of the present invention, the substrate, the substrate is formed on, but includes a dummy pixel formed in the display pixel portion close to the above display pixel portion and the substrate to display an image, the display pixels portion, and a second electrode formed on the organic emission layer and the organic light-emitting layer formed on the first electrode, the first electrode formed on the substrate, the dummy pixel portion, to a second electrode formed on the substrate can.


Book reviewed in this article:

Handbook of Language and Literacy: Development and Disorders. Edited by C. Addison Stone, Elaine R. Silliman, Barbara J. Ehren, & Kenn Apel. 2004.


The importance of the subject is suggested by three facts: ist. Of the number of blind in our asylums a large per cent, of the blindness is produced by this cause. 2d. The increase in the number of blind in the United States has been increasing in a greater ratio than the population. 3d. Blindness from this cause is entirely preventable. So important is this subject regarded in Europe that many of those countries have special legislation on the subject. This leg islation generally provides that at the time the birth is registered a card is given the mother cautioning her about the danger of any discharge from the eve. Some laws require the midwives to report any redness or discharge. To Dr. Howe, of New York, we are indebteu ailing at tention to the frequency of blindness and the facts concerning its increase. Since the introduction of Crede's method the percentage of cases has been materially decreased in large lying-in hospitals. In his own service from 7.85 to .31 per cent. The cause is generally conceded to be the introduction of the gonococcus at or soon after the time of birth. The prevention is an easy matter, and is of most importance to us. During my service at the Emigrant Hospital, Ward's Island, New York, in the lying-in department, the vagina was douched with a sublimate solution (1:2000). As soon as the child was born the eyes were washed with a solution of common salt in water, about ten per cent. As a result, ophthalmia neonato rum was unknown in that institution during my service. One of the great difficulties here is that many practitioners


The alpine treeline ecotone is expected to move upwards in elevation with global warming. Thus, mapping treeline ecotones is crucial in monitoring potential changes. Previous remote sensing studies have focused on the usage of satellites and aircrafts for mapping the treeline ecotone. However, treeline ecotones can be highly heterogenous, and thus the use of imagery with higher spatial resolution should be investigated. We evaluate the potential of using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for the collection of ultra‐high spatial resolution imagery for mapping treeline ecotone land covers. We acquired imagery and field reference data from 32 treeline ecotone sites along a 1100 km latitudinal gradient in Norway (60–69°N). Before classification, we performed a superpixel segmentation of the UAV‐derived orthomosaics and assigned land cover classes to segments: rock, water, snow, shadow, wetland, tree‐covered area and five classes within the ridge‐snowbed gradient. We calculated features providing spectral, textural, three‐dimensional vegetation structure, topographical and shape information for the classification. To evaluate the influence of acquisition time during the growing season and geographical variations, we performed four sets of classifications: global, seasonal‐based, geographical regional‐based and seasonal‐regional‐based. We found no differences in overall accuracy (OA) between the different classifications, and the global model with observations irrespective of data acquisition timing and geographical region had an OA of 73%. When accounting for similarities between closely related classes along the ridge‐snowbed gradient, the accuracy increased to 92.6%. We found spectral features related to visible, red‐edge and near‐infrared bands to be the most important to predict treeline ecotone land cover classes. Our results show that the use of UAVs is efficient in mapping treeline ecotones, and that data can be acquired irrespective of timing within a growing season and geographical region to get accurate land cover maps. This can overcome constraints of a short field‐season or low‐resolution remote sensing data.


The needs to develop the electronic ticketing (e-ticketing) using the world wide web
(www) is important given the increasing use of the Internet. This study analyzes the acceptance
of e-ticketing facility, with PT. Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) railways customers as research
objects in order to find empirical evidence about the influence of Trust (TRU), Intention to
Transact (INT), Perceived Usefulness (PU), Perceived Ease of Use (PEU) , Perceived Enjoyment
(PE), Information on E-Ticketing (INE), Security and Privacy (SP), and the Quality of Internet
Connection (QIC) on Kereta Api Railways consumer acceptance using the Technology
Acceptance Model (TAM). This study uses primary data by giving questionnaires to 270
passengers Kereta Api, which has been using the electronic ticket system. Data were analyzed by
Structural Equation Model (SEM) using AMOS 19.
This study shows that ease of use does not influence significantly to intention to Transact
and e-ticketing facility acceptance due to the geographical condition of Yogyakarta is relatively
small so that customers prefer to buy the ticket directly. Besides that the quality of internet
connection also does not influence significantly to electronic system acceptance because
customers not yet accustomed to using online media, so that good internet connection is still
unable to attract customers for using e-ticketing services.


The lighting device (100) has at least one with at least a first molding compound (107, 108) encapsulated semiconductor light source (103), wherein at least a portion of the lighting device comprising: at least one connector panel (104) electrically connected with the at least one semiconductor light source (103) is connected and at least one electrical connecting element (111) having at least one electrical line (113) wherein at least one electrical lead (113) is connected to an associated connection box (104) and projecting looking at one end of the lighting device and the at least one connector panel (104) and the at least one electrical connection element (111) in a cutout (109) of the first molding compound (107, 108) are arranged, and by a second potting compound (119) are cast.


A numerical description is presented of the emission of drops from the tip of a long axisymmetric jet, which may develop when an inviscid liquid of infinite electrical conductivity is injected into a dielectric medium under the action of a strong electric field. The applied field is intensified by the presence of the equipotential surface of the jet, leading to a strong electric stress normal to the surface that accelerates a stretch of liquid and cuts it from the jet. The jet consists of a long region of stationary flow followed by a long oscillatory region where the drops develop and detach. The process of drop generation comprises different stages and is dominated by the electric stress and the inertia of the liquid, with little effect of its surface tension. Order-of-magnitude estimates are used to determine conditions under which these results can be applied to jets of liquids of finite electrical conductivity.


It has been observed that a fatty meal will cause a significant reduction in thiopental sleeping time in rabbits as well as rats. This reduction in sleeping time is not a non-specific phenomena as it does not occur with pentobarbital in rabbits. A similar reduction in sleeping time has been observed when an intravenous fat emulsion is administered to both rats and rabbits. The effect of both orally and intravenously administered fat is reversed by the administration of heparin in rabbits. Since heparin itself has no effect on the thiopental sleeping time in rabbits, it has been concluded that the fatty meal exerts its effect by virtue of the chylomicronemia that results from the absorption of the fat.


We have made the field observation of turbulent flow in the tidal portion of Teshio river, using a two-dimensional LDV system of our making. The turbulence energy and Reynolds stress were higher in an upper layer than in a lower layer due to surface wave with the frequency of 0.3 Hz, but there existed the velocity fluctuation of 1 Hz in the whole depth with about equal intensity. Turbulent intensities of vertical velocity component were proportion to that of horizontal velocity component.


Adequate depth of anaesthesia and supression of airway reflexes is essential to facilitate insertion of laryngeal mask airway (LMA). This study was performed to evaluate the conditions for LMA insertion, the incidence of undesirable side effects and hemodynamics using Propofol or Thiopentone for LMA insertion. 60 ASA physical status I/ II patients of age 20-50 years were enrolled in the study. Patients were randomly allocated into Group 1 (Propofol) /Group 2 (Thiopental). After standard premedication, both the groups were induced with either 3mg/kg Propofol or 6mg/kg Thiopental. The study revealed statistically significant difference in jaw relaxation ( p 0.02) and in the incidence of undesirable effects (gagging (p 0.03), cough (p 0.02) and patient movements (p 0.05) between Propofol and Thiopental groups with better conditions for LMA insertion in Propofol group. Conclusion: Propofol is an ideal induction agent for LMA insertion Introduction LMA is a supra glottic airway device designed by Dr. A.I.Brain in 19811. Though not a definitive airway device, it revolutionised the anaesthetic practice by its ease of insertion, maintaining excellent airway patency without the requirement of jaw thrust and hemodynamic stability2. Obtundation of airway reflexes is essential for LMA insertion and hence requires either intravenous or inhalational induction agent that supresses the airway reflexes. Propofol provides greater supression of laryngeal reflexes than thiopental3. It is associated with less postoperative pharyngeal morbidity than thiopental with LMA insertion4. This study is a randomised double blind comparision of Propofol and Thiopental for LMA insertion. Materials and Methods After obtaining institutional ethical committee approval and written informed consent, 60 ASA physical status I/ II patients of age 20-50 years scheduled to receive general anaesthesia for elective surgical procedures of 1 hour duration were enrolled in the study. Patients with history of airway hyperreactivity, risk of aspiration, emergency surgeries, morbid obesity and allergy to study drugs were excluded from the study. It is a prospective randomised double blind study. Study population was randomly allocated in to two groups of 30 each with computer generated table of random digits. Group1(Propofol) and Group 2 (Thiopental). All the patients received oral alprazolam 0.25 mgs the night before surgery. After placement of standard monitors and recording baseline hemodynamic parameters, an intravenous access was established. All the patients were preoxygenated with 100% Oxygen for 3 minutes. Following glycopyrrolate 0.05 mg/kg, anaesthesia was induced with 2μg/ kg of fentanyl and either 3mg/kg of propofol in group 1 or 6mg/ kg of thiopental in group 2. The syringe containing the induction agent was covered inorder to blind both the patient and the person administering the study drug to group assigned. Induction time was the time from administration of an induction agent to the loss of verbal contact in group 1 and loss of eye lash reflex in group 2. Apnoea time was the time from insertion of LMA to the return of spontaneous breathing. The size of LMA was based on the patient's body weight as suggested by the manufacturer's instruction manual. A blinded investigator inserted the LMA ninety seconds after administration of the study drug using the technique recommended by Brain5. During LMA insertion, conditions for LMA insertion (jaw relaxation, number of attempts, requirement of additional dose of induction agent) and adverse events during LMA insertion ( gagging, coughing, limb and head movements, bronchospasm and laryngospasm) were documented based on a 3 point scale for each parameter (Table 1). Proper positioning of LMA was assessed by chest expansion and capnography during spontaneous or assisted breathing. An additionl dose of 20mg propofol in group 1 and 50mg of thiopental in group 2 was administered if jaw relaxation was not adequate for LMA insertion. Jaw relaxation was graded only at first attempt. If LMA could not be properly placed after two attempts, airway was secured with an endotracheal tube. Anaesthesia was maintained with 33% oxygen in nitrous oxide and 2% sevoflurane. Ventilation was assisted until the return of spontaneous breathing. Heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were documented before administration of the induction agent, after administration of the induction agent , 1minute and 3 minutes after LMA insertion. Statistical analysis Descriptive statistics proportions, mean and standard deviation were used to summarise the data. t-test of difference between two independant means was used to analyse the difference in averages of different parameters under study.z-test of difference between two proportions was used to analyse the differences in different parameters under the study. in-silico project support for life sciences online calculators were used to analyse the data. A p valve of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic data. There is a statistically significant difference in the average induction time (p 0.039) and average apnoea time (p 0.002) between the two groups with more rapid induction and longer apnoea time in Propofol group. Both the groups exhibited a statistically significant difference in proportion of jaw relaxation (p 0.02) with better jaw relaxation in propofol group, number of attempts for LMA insertion ( p 0.03) with more attempts in Thiopentone group and number of additional doses of induction agent required(p 0.02) with more additional dose requirements in Propofol group ( Table 1).There was a statistically significant difference in proportion of adverse effects like gagging ( p0.03), coughing (p 0.02) , limb and head movements ( p 0.05) during LMA insertion with higher incidence in Thiopental group (Table 1). There was no bronchospasm or laryngospasm in patients from either groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the average preinduction HR, SBP,DBP. There is more decrease in HR, SBP and DBP in Propofol group, than in Thiopentone group after administration of induction agent and 1minute and 3 minutes after LMA insertion (Table 2). Table 1: Parameters recorded during LMA insertion Description Grades Group 1 Group 2 P value Jaw relaxation Complete 30 25 0.02 Partial 0 5 No 0 0


This study traced the nature of esoteric Buddhism through Beomseo-Chongji-jip(The Collection of Sanskrit Dharanis) published during the Goryeo(高麗) dynasty. The publication, a collection of Sanskrit Dharanis, is considered as a crystal of Dharani faith since it is thought to directly show Goryeo people's views of, resentment against, and attitudes toward esoteric Buddhism. The study first examined the publication patterns of Beomseo-Chongji-jip during Goryeo. There are total seven artifact cases of the collection during the period, and they can be classified into four groups of A, B, C, and D. Group D was mentioned in the studies of scholars in the past, but its location is unknown, which means there is no checking the contents of its artifact. Accordingly, it was excluded from analysis in the present study. Group A contains Circle-shaped Dharani that turned parts of Mahavairocana S?tra into icons in the front section. Group B is characterized by the existence of a preface. There are major differences in the content of the front section among the groups:first, differences stem from the presence or absence of Circle-shaped Dharani. While Group A contains it, Groups B and C do not have it. Secondly, there are differences in terms of Three Kinds of Siddhi Mantra(三品悉地眞言) and Trik?ya Mantra(三身眞言). Three Kinds of Siddhi Mantra in Group A is replaced with Trik?ya Mantra in Groups B and C, in which case the Dharanis have the same content only with different titles. Those differences are attributed to different subjects of publication. Containing Circle-shaped Dharani that turned parts of Mahavairocana S?tra into icons and Three Kinds of Siddhi Mantra that was the result of esoteric Buddhism asceticism, Group A was published by individuals concerned with esoteric Buddhism. Judging from the fact that Groups B and C contained only Dharani after breaking up the circles and replaced Three Kinds of Siddhi Mantra of esoteric Buddhism with more familiar Trik?ya Mantra, it seems that they were published by individuals concerned with Zen(禪) Buddhism for recitation. When the preface of Group B was analyzed, it became apparent that people understood Dharani as a means of entering Dhy?na(禪定) during Goryeo, which is why they published Beomseo-Chongji-jip after stripping it of esoteric Buddhism colors. In addition, the preface of Group B cited major works of Liao(遼) Buddhism quite freely, which gives some ideas about the influences of Liao Buddhism on Goryeo Buddhism.


Parkinsons disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease in which dopamine neu-rons in the substantia nigra of the brain gradually die over time. PD mainly manifests as rest-ing tremor, bradykinesia, stiffness, and ultimately the inability to control motor function and cause severe disability. It has now been shown that neuronal Lewy bodies (LBs) and the intra-synaptic aggregation of Synuclein (Syn) are hallmarks of brain lesions in PD, and Lewy body lesions have been found to be present in the peripheral nervous system in PD. Interfer-ing with LBs formation has become a new hot topic in Parkinson's disease treatment. The formation of LBs has been linked to the transport of Syn in brain cells and the blood-brain barrier. Nonetheless, treatment options still produce little effect. According to past investiga-tions, this paper addresses the question of advances in pathogenesis and treatment of Parkin-sons disease using literature review as an investigation method. It introduces the pathogene-sis and the latest treatment strategies of PD based on the aspect of abnormal accumulation of Syn, which can provide a theoretical basis for subsequent treatment of PD.


There now follows, after an 'Introduction', the Australian links to the 'English' scholarship of Folk Songs and Dances. The 'discoverer' of this material is the fine South Australian historian and archivist authority on so many relevant folk works of that state.


Currently, the poultry industry is threatened by virulent viruses of endemic disease that can cause major economis losses to this sector. Aim of this research was conducted to epitope prediction from genes encoding F protein of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) isolated from waterfowl. Samples of this research collected from cloacal swabs of seventy one waterfowls. Consisting of twenty four domestic swan, thirty three Muscovy ducks, and fourteen domestic ducks form waterfowls in East Java Province, and also positive LaSota Isolates (ATCC). Samples were isolated in embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs) with Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) and identified by HA test and confirmed as NDV by HI test. Positive samples were performed by RT-PCR using forward and reverse primer with target of 699 bp. The sequencing results were analyzed by forward and reverse primer to generate the complete gene. Candidate epitopes were analysed by predictions tools from Immune Epitope Database online program. One epitope was predicted as a peptide vaccine for B cell (HGKILDPGWRPPGARWAPDLLP) from ND/AG3/2018 sample and more likely to be immunogen vaccine candidate based on epitope prediction immunogenic epitope candidates have hisghest log score. Keywords— Epitope, F Protein, Homology, Newcastle disease virus, Phylogenetic tree, RT-PCR.


The using highlights of hard alloy roller collar of No.1 High-speed Wire Rod Line were introduced with respects of type selection, installation, cooling, cooling water quality, coping, reasonable rolling amount and storage.


An analysis of metaphorical and natural language in mathematics discourse from an artist's perspective, observed in conference lectures and explored in my ongoing studio practice, part of the infiltratemathematics.wordpress.com blog. Spatial and physical language allude to the conceptual spaces of mathematical thought, captured by notation with iconic and symbolic properties.


Carbon fiber reinforced polymeric composites are used in aeronautical industry for the manufacture of aircraft components attending tight requirements. Moreover, in service, these components can suffer mechanical damages after low energy impact, provoked by hailstorms, stones, bird impacts, etc. Aiming to minimize these damages, studies suggest modifications on the orientation, reinforcement arrangement and/or in the polymeric matrices of the composite. The present work evaluates the effect of the reinforcement arrangement and mainly the polymeric matrix modification on the impact strength of laminates. For this purpose, it was used unmodified and modified epoxy resin matrices correlating their influences, after different impact loads, on the compression after impact strength of the laminates. The laminates were obtained in autoclave by using prepregs with orientation of ((±45°),(0°/90°)). The prepregs were based on epoxy matrices F155 (DGEBA type, with modified epoxy), F584 (modified epoxy with elastomer) and 8552 (toughened epoxy with thermoplastic) reinforced with carbon fiber fabric "Plain Weave" (PW) and "Eight Harness Satin"(8HS) types. After molding the laminates were inspected by C-Scan technique and cut attending the SACMA and BSS7260 standards. Compression after impact (CAI) and without impact tests were performed. For CAI tests the specimens were previously submitted to the "falling dart" impact test, with energy of 28 J, and inspected by C-Scan to evaluate the damaged areas. The results show that the laminates presented a decrease of nearly 30% in compression strength after impact tests. In spite of this reduction, all strength values (starting from 240 MPa) are higher than the allowable average value (227 MPa) for aeronautical applications. The samples submitted to the CAI test were photographed, revealing typical fracture aspects.


The legal environment governing the collection and conservation of germplasm has changed extensively since the Technical Guidelines were first published in 1995. This chapter looks at these changes and the implications for germplasm collection of the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Global Plan of Action for the Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, and the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization.


This project aimed to clarify the future direction of rural development in the Malaysian peninsula. In the rural sector, rice-farming villages were traditionally poor, with a good number of the population being part of the agricultural labor force. However, because Malaysia had been achieving drastic economic growth since the late 1980s, economic inequality became a more profound problem between the more industrialized and the less industrialized states. Newly build factories brought about by foreign direct investment resulted in off-farm income for employed villagers of the surrounding industrial zones. In order to figure out the contemporary socio-economic situation, particularly in consideration of farming households and rural livelihood, an analysis of the household economy in terms of only on-farm income and farm management would not be adequate. In approaching the inequality problem and advancing a better-adapted policy for rural development, we utilized the framework of "de-agrarianization" that involved diversifying farm households and livelihood through off-farm income and employment. An attempt to approach the economic inequality at the household level will create possibilities for attaining social justice in Malaysia.


Manuscript Number: AAPSPT-D-17-00748R1 Full Title: Industrial development of a 3D printed nutraceutical delivery platform in the form of a multicompartment HPC capsule Article Type: Research Article Section/Category: INVITED ONLY: Printing and Additive Manufacturing (Guest Eds. Sandler and Rantanen)


The gamma-ray dose rates in air at 233 locations in Korea have been determined. The contribution to the gamma-ray dose rates in air due to the presence of is as follows: 47.3% 14.5% and 38.2% . The mean gamma-ray dose rate theoretically derived from . This corresponds to an annual effective dose of and an annual collective dose of 18900 person-Sv for all provinces under study. The results have been compared with other global radiation dose.


The water and sanitation sector is beginning to recognise the importance of selecting sustainable wastewater management practices and technologies. This recognition is related to the limited impact of much of the investment made in pollution control from wastewater in Colombia, and in other Latin American countries. Important problems to achieve sustainable solutions include: lack of holistic vision; insufficiently working with a water basin perspective; inadequate norms and regulations; focus on "end of the pipe" solutions aimed at the construction of wastewater treatments plants, poor community involvement and institutions working in isolation. As part of its work to contribute to resolving this situation, Cinara Institute of the Universidad del Valle, of Cali, Colombia, is developing a conceptual model for technology selection for pollution control from municipal wastewater. Initially the study has considered communities with less than 30.000 inhabitants. Now the possibility of involving cities of larger size has been stimulated with the participation of the Cinara Institute in the "Sustainable Water Management Improves Tomorrow's Cities Health" SWITCH Project. In this context and with the support of the environmental authority of the region (CVC) and local institutions, a project was carried out to choose the best technology for Buga, a town of approximately 100,000 inhabitants located in the geographical valley of the Cauca river, the second most important river in Colombia. This case illustrates the complexity to achieve adequate institutional collaboration and community involvement in technology selection. The case shows several possibilities to find the best technology considering different scenarios, including different environmental objectives, reuse possibilities in agriculture of wastewater treated effluent and the protection of a natural wetland. This case will contribute to adapting the current conceptual model to larger cities.


We address the problem of approximating the posterior probability distribution of the fixed parameters of a state-space dynamical system using a sequential Monte Carlo method. The proposed approach relies on a nested structure that employs two layers of particle filters to approximate the posterior probability measure of the static parameters and the dynamic state variables of the system of interest, in a vein similar to the recent "sequential Monte Carlo square" (SMC$^2$) algorithm. However, unlike the SMC$^2$ scheme, the proposed technique operates in a purely recursive manner. In particular, the computational complexity of the recursive steps of the method introduced herein is constant over time. We analyse the approximation of integrals of real bounded functions with respect to the posterior distribution of the system parameters computed via the proposed scheme. As a result, we prove, under regularity assumptions, that the approximation errors vanish asymptotically in $L_p$ ($p \ge 1$) with convergence rate proportional to $\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{M}}$, where $N$ is the number of Monte Carlo samples in the parameter space and $N\times M$ is the number of samples in the state space. This result also holds for the approximation of the joint posterior distribution of the parameters and the state variables. We discuss the relationship between the SMC$^2$ algorithm and the new recursive method and present a simple example in order to illustrate some of the theoretical findings with computer simulations.


Padus avium Mill. specimens collected from NE Anatolia, A8 Trabzon, Demirkapi and Arpaozu villages, are described as P. avium Mill. subsp. petraea (Tausch) Pawlowski ex Holub. A line drawing and amended description for the flora of Turkey are given.


This project concerns large cable drums made of steel. Cable drums are cylindrical structures used to transport different kinds of cables or wires. The ones in focus in this work are used to transp ...


Existing genetic algorithms (GA) based systems for solving time-cost trade-off problems suffer from two limitations. First, these systems require the user to manually craft the time-cost curves for formulating the objective functions. Second, these systems only deal with linear time-cost relationships. To overcome these limitations, this paper presents a computer system called MLGAS (Machine Learning and Genetic Algorithms based System), which integrates a machine learning method with GA. A quadratic template is introduced to capture the nonlinearity of time-cost relationships. The machine learning method automatically generates the quadratic time-cost curves from historical data and also measures the credibility of each quadratic time-cost curve. The quadratic curves are then used to formulate the objective function that can be solved by the GA. Several improvements are made to enhance the capacity of GA to prevent premature convergence. Comparisons of MLGAS with an experienced project manager indicate that MLGAS generates better solutions to nonlinear time-cost trade-off problems.


Rounding and surveillance are terms emerging with greater frequency in the nursing literature. Both interventions are linked to improved outcomes such as patient satisfaction and decreased failure ...


U20(54)and U12(34)uniform design diagrams were amplified to optimize the influencing factors of ISSR-PCR system,including Mg2+,dNTP,primer and TaqDNA polymerase.The suitable ISSR-PCR system and ISSR-PCR procedure for Iris halophila of Xinjiang were established as follows:each 25 μL ISSR-PCR amplification reaction solution was consisted of 2.5 μL PCRBuffer,2.0 mmol/L Mg2+,250 μmol/L dNTP,0.1 μmol/L primer,0.5U TaqDNA polymerase and 40ng template DNA.The suitable ISSR-PCR procedure was 1 cycle of denaturing for 3 min at 94℃,40 cycles of denaturing for 45 s at 94℃,annealing for 30 s at 52.1℃,extending for 1.5 min at 72℃ and the last cycle of extending for 5 min at 72℃.


Plasma polymerization is a common technique used for the deposition of thin polymer films. Radio frequency (rf) sputtering may also be employed for plasma polymerization with the principal difference being the introduction of fragmented polymer species (for the latter) rather than gaseous monomer species into the plasma. The thrust of this work is to study the integrity of thin films prepared by rf plasma sputtering of two substantially different polymer systems. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has a simple linear chain molecular structure and is noted for its lubrication and nonwetting properties. Conversely, polyetherimide (PEI) possesses a complex ring molecular structure and is known for its dielectric strength and high temperature stability. The techniques utilized to characterize the films were x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), DRIFT, UV–Visible, x‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Periodic controlled ion sputter treatment during XPS analysis of both virgin and sputtered ...


Adopting the gauge-invariant and path-dependent variables formalism, we compute the interaction energy for a topological field theory describing (1 + 3)-D topological superconductors in the presence of external fields. As a result, in the case of a constant electric-field strength expectation value, we show that the interaction energy describes a purely screening phase, encoded in a Yukawa potential. On the other hand, in the case of a constant magnetic-field strength and for a very small Josephson coupling constant, the particle-antiparticle binding potential displays a linear term leading to the confinement of static charge probes along with a screening contribution.


In view of the fast depletion of fossil fuels, the search for alternative fuels has become inevitable, due to huge demand of diesel for transportation sector, captive power generation and agricultural sector, the biodiesel is being viewed as a substitute for diesel. The aim of the present work is to focus on the work done in the area of production of biodiesel from Pongamia oil and waste cooking oil and the characterization of properties of various bio diesel blends in single cylinder four stroke diesel engine. The main problem with biodiesel is its higher viscosity which leads to formation of gums that would affect its performance. The work includes the impact analysis of biodiesel prepared from Pongamia oil and waste cooking oil on engine performance and exhaust emission. The results obtained are compared with the performance parameters of diesel. The experiment is carried out in DI diesel engine equipped with 5 gas analyzer and smoke meter. From the test result, it is found that the use of biodiesel leads to the substantial reduction in particulate emission, CO emissions accompanying with the imperceptible power loss, the increase in fuel consumption and the increase in NOx emission on conventional diesel engine with no or fewer modification. From the results, it can be observed that biodiesel likely to replace diesel as a source of fuel in near future.


In order to examine the water factor influencing cardiovascular death rates, concentrations of 35 constituents of municipal water in 94 major United States cities were correlated by computer with death rates from cerebral hemorrhage, hypertensive heart disease, other hypertensive diseases, cerebral thrombosis, arteriosclerotic heart disease, and congenital abnormalities, in all races, sexes, and ages. Highly significant inverse correlations appeared for 15 constituents with death rates from arteriosclerotic heart disease; 12 were metals. Significances increased in older age groups. Corrosiveness of water as measured by Langelier's index was directly correlated with deaths from atherosclerotic heart disease at high levels of significance. Hardness of water was a less outstanding factor. Constituents of water were less significantly correlated with other diseases, and little with congenital abnormalities. The elements affecting death rates were probably not among those measured. As corrosive tap water conta...


Diverse models of voltage flicker are established by researchers. Each model has its own disadvantage. In this paper analysis of various models is done. The models consist of various wind turbine parameters like wind turbine tower height, surface roughness of the region, building height if the turbine is mounted on a building or hill height and slope of the hill on which the turbine is mounted. Sixth order model is most appropriate for wind turbine output voltage flicker.


Of the 32 or so animal phyla, eight (Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Chordata) are documented in other papers in this volume, together with one protist phylum and several algal divisions. This paper brings together the few records from the Marianas of groups not covered elsewhere. Forty-two species are documented among the Ciliophora, Placozoa, Ctenophora, Nemertea, Sipuncula, Echiura, Mollusca (smaller classes), Brachiopoda, Bryozoa, and Hemichordata.


A three-dimensional electric-analog model of the Long Island groundwater system constructed by the U.S. Geological Survey in the early 1970's was used as the basis for developing a digital, three-dimensional finite-difference model. The digital model was needed to provide faster modifications and more rapid solutions to water-management questions. Results generated by the two models are depicted as potentiometricsurface maps of the upper glacial and Magothy aquifers. Results compare favorably for all parts of Long Island except the northwestern part, where hydrologic discontinuities are most prevalent and which the two models represent somewhat differently. The mathematical and hydrologic principles used in development of ground-water models, and the procedures for calibration and acceptance, are presented in nontechnical terms. INTRODUCTION Long Island, N.Y., a part of the New York metropolitan area, has grown rapidly since World War II. Although the western part of the island obtains water from elsewhere, Nassau, Suffolk, and parts of Queens Counties (fig. 2) are totally dependent on local ground water for their supply. Because acreage and natural resources needed for growth and development on Long Island are restricted, as on any island, land managers and planners are faced with many types of decisions as to the best use of these resources. At present, much work is being done to develop accurate methods and equipment to provide information and to evaluate future alternatives in environmental questions. Since 1932, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with local and State agencies, has been studying and monitoring the water resources of Long Island. In the mid-1960's, the Geological Survey began to develop an electric analog model of the Long Island aquifer system to predict how the ground-water system would respond to alternative water-management proposals. The resulting information has been important in answering questions concerning local ground-water resources. Before 1965, the most reliable method of ground-water modeling was the electric-analog model (a physical-mathematical model), which is based on the analogy between the flow of electricity and the flow of water. With sufficient data and proper calibration, such a model can indicate ground-water flow at any locality within the modeled area. Subsequently, the Geological Survey constructed and tested a large, complex electric-analog model of the Long Island ground-water system (Getzen, 1977). This model was used successfully for several years to predict the response of the ground-water system to a variety of management alternatives (Kimmel and Harbaugh, 1976; Harbaugh and Reilly, 1976). Although the model proved useful and yielded satisfactory results, it has inherent disadvantages. It was large and cumbersome, the measurement of electrical values on the model was time consuming, and modifying the model electrically for alternative types of tests was even more time consuming. Since the late 1960's, the speed and versatility of digital computers in solving complex mathematical problems has increased, and the cost of such computations has decreased accordingly. At the same time, the quantity of data that can be stored and manipulated has increased. Thus, it soon became evident that the electric-analog model's capability to predict the response of the ground-water system to stresses could be enhanced by use of a digital model, which, in addition, would provide greater versatility and wider applications. The hydraulic values used in the electric-analog model were used as a basis for developing the digital model. The digital model, which solves hydrologic equations to indicate water levels at selected localities, provides more rapid solutions to hydrologic questions than the analog model and is more easily modified as new information becomejs,available. In addition, the digital model can simulate certain aspects of the ground-water system more accurately than the analog model. Purpose and Scope The purpose of this report is to (1) explain the concepts and procedures used in developing a ground-water model, and (2) compare the operation and results of the analog and digital models of the Long Island ground-water system. The first sections of this report describe the principles of modeling and explain the similarities and differences between the electric analog-model representation of a real hydrologic system and the numerical (digital) model representation. The steps in designing a model are introduced to explain the development of a model from problem definition to solution; a short discussion of ground-water hydrology is included also. Those interested in a more comprehensive discussion of the principles of ground-water flow may refer to Bennett (1976). The latter sections of the report trace the transition of ground-water modeling on Long Island from the analog to the digital technique. Although the analog representation was able to answer many questions about the Long Island ground-water system, it gave rise to certain questions as to (a) reliability of the data that had been used in constructing the model, and (b) the lack of data from some localities. Getzen (1977, p. 19-31) gives a detailed discussion of the Long Island analog-model design principles and the simulation of Long Island ground-water hydrology. This report includes a comparison of results from the digital and the analog models and a discussion of the acceptability of the numerical model as evidence that the transition to the numerical simulation technique was done accurately and that reliable results can be obtained. The result of this conversion is an acceptable digital model that can yield results faster and allow for more flexibility in stressing and updating the model. Acknowledgments The authors are deeply indebted to 0. L. Franke, whose enthusiasm and technical knowledge were invaluable in quantitatively describing the Long Island flow system and in preparing this general report, and to R. T. Getzen, whose work (Getzen, 1977) forms the foundation of this report. GROUND-WATER MODELING ON LONG ISLAND Developing a Ground-Water Model A model is an approximate representation of some aspect of a real system. A ground-water model of the type discussed in this report, is designed to indicate the patterns of flow within the ground-water system by solving equations that describe the system. Thus, a ground-water flow model incorporates only those aspects of the natural system that directly affect the movement of ground water. Hydrologic systems are modeled for two main reasons to provide information on how the system functions and to predict how the system will respond to given stresses. Thus, a model constructed properly can be useful in planning for the management of water resources. However, because a model is based on approximate, rather than exact, values, its predictions are only as accurate as the data and assumptions used in its construction and operation. A general procedure for developing a ground-water flow model from concept to final calibrated model is shown as a flow chart in figure 1. In step 1, the problem to be modeled is defined. The problem must be formulated in adequate detail to allow systematic development of the model. Because the problem cannot be solved through direct measurements, the solution must rely on mathematical equations which will describe the ground-water flow. DEFINE PROBLEM DEVELOP CONCEPTUAL FORMULATION OF HYDROLOGIC SYSTEM IN TERMS OF PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED MAKE GENERAL ASSUMPTIONS THAT WILL SIMPLIFY SOLUTION OF PROBLEM WHILE RETAINING SUFFICIENT DETAIL TO PROVIDE ACCURATE ANSWER DESIGN SOLUTION TECHNIQUE CHECK SOLUTION TECHNIQUE TO INSURE IT IS CORRECT MAKE CORRECTIONS COLLECT DATA NEEDED TO SOLVE PROBLEM APPLY DATA TO SOLUTION TECHNIQUE (THIS is NOW A MODEL OF THE SYSTEM) CHECK MODEL RESULTS AGAINST HISTORICAL INFORMATION TO INSURE THAT DATA ARE ACCURATE AND SUFFICIENT TO SOLVE PROBLEM (CALIBRATION STAGE) GO BACK AND COLLECT MORE COMPLETE AND ACCURATE DATA MODEL IS CALIBRATED AND SHOULD BE CHECKED AGAINST ANOTHER SET OF HISTORICAL DATA (iF HISTORICAL DATA ARE UNAVAILABLE FOR A CHECK/ A LOWER CONFIDENCE LEVEL WILL BE PLACED ON MODEL RESULTS) 10 MODEL CAN BE USED TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM Figure 1. Flow chart showing steps in designing a ground-water model. The second step, the conceptual formulation of the hydrologic system and its components, is the most important one in the modeling process because this step determines which characteristics of the flow system are to be incorporated. A correct concept allows for a true, although approximate, mathematical representation of the flow system; otherwise the model will produce an incorrect solution to the problem. Once a concept of the hydrologic system has been developed, the mathematical formulation and solution techniques can be derived (steps 2-5) and values representing the hydraulic characteristics of the system (step 6) can be input into the model. The combination of the solution technique and the hydraulic data (step 7) constitute an approximate representation (or model) of the natural system. Model results are then checked against actual historical measurements to see if the model f s solutions are accurate; if the model reproduces the historical information incorrectly, more complete or more accurate data are needed. This phase of the model development, in which the model response is compared with historical data to check the applicability of the selected hydrologic coefficients, is called the calibration stage (step 8). This phase is repeated and the data adjusted until a good match between values measured in the real system and those produced by the model is attained. However, if possible, the model should be checked against another set of historical data (other than the calibration data) to assure that the calibration match was not coincidental. The difference between a calibrated model and an


Angelica archangelica is subdivided into two taxa – subsp. archangelica and subsp. littoralis. Subspecies archangelica is a cultivated introduction found across much of its northern range, including Britain and Ireland, where it is an alien species of riverbanks, roadsides and waste ground. Subspecies littoralis has a mainly native coastal distribution in Scandinavia, Germany and the Balkans, and has not previously been recorded from Britain or Ireland. However, in recent years there have been records for subsp. littoralis at three remote coastal locations in Shetland. We contend that the plants arrived and temporarily established via natural means from a native origin and consequently that A. archangelica subsp. littoralis should be recognised as a new native British taxon, albeit one that is now presumed extinct at the sole locality.


1. Toaster and electric heating elements, comprising: a main body having a user command input element which is connected with an electronic device which controls the motor; ! reciprocating carriage toast functioning of the motor; ! toast carriage having a lower position, which corresponds to the state of energization of the heating elements, and adapted to be lowered into this position by the motor, the carriage also has a raised position; ! user actuatable control element, intended to run visual inspection routines with routine provides electric lifting carriage in a raised position and without additional user effects the carriage return to the lower position during the frying cycle. ! 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the duration of visual inspection routines added to the duration of the toasting cycle. ! 3. A device according to claim 2, wherein: the duration of the subroutine is approximately seven seconds. ! 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein: toaster further comprises a user actuatable control element which allows the user to simultaneously terminate subroutine and toasting cycle. ! 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein: elements remain energized during the execution of the routine. ! 6. Toaster and electric heating elements, comprising: a main body having a user command input element which is connected to the motor control means; ! reciprocating


Poster: "ECR 2016 / C-2239 / Low dose multidetector CT for the initial detection of urolithiasis: a local clinical audit" by: "Y. A. R. M. Selim, A. Genena; Nizwa/OM"


Abstract : In 1999, DARPA contracted L'Garde, Inc. to develop an ultra low-mass solar array for rapid deployment micro satellites. The results of that effort yielded a high performance design that was tested up to a flight demonstration and outperformed competing designs in power density (65.4 W/kg at 274 W) and stowed volume (0.04 cubic meters). However, this design lacked the ability to scale the power level beyond 1 kW. Recently there have been significant advances in the area of inflatable-rigidizable space structures. The purpose of the most recent investigation was to develop a scalable version of the technology leveraging the previously proven design with revolutionary inflatable technology to produce a solar array that will be adaptable to any micro satellite mission and beyond. The methods of the most recent investigation involved analysis, fabrication, and tests. The result is a design ready to move to the next phase with power density performance better than two times that of the state of the art (115 W/kg at 1250 W) while utilizing existing solar cell technology. This performance level should be attractive to anyone interested in lowering the cost and increasing the reliability of their mission. The new structural technology will lend itself to a wide range of applications. This work is the result of a phase I contract that was performed for Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) under SBIR funding.


Lu Zuofu's behavior science management idelolgy as well as the behavior science management methods he puts into effect in Minsheng Company is the cornerstone of China's modern management science, which fully embodies value orientation of humanism, devotion to a cause, and serving the society and country.


The changes in cryo-protectant contents and in activities of sucrose syntheses (SS) and sucrose phosphate syntheses (SPS) and acid invertase (AI) in roots of perennial grasses habituated in alpine were investigated in the Spring when dehardening with shoot resume and increasing of temperature. The objective was to further understand the relationship between cryo-protectant and grass resistance to freeze and cold. The results showed that during dehardening (from April 15 to May 30), hexose content was decreased by 74.1%, 66.2%, 45.2% and 69.6%; frucose content declined by 72.0%, 38.0%, 68.3% and 84.6%; glucose contents by 66.7%, 62.5%, 42.2% and 65.2%; the proline content decreased by (83.0%), 51.0%,43.3% and 70.6%, respectively in roots of Bromus inermis Leyss. Bromus sinensis Keng, Elymus nutans Grisb. and Poa sphyondes Trin. respectively.Soluble protein in roots of the grasses were not big different and slightly increased in the roots of four grasses. In roots,activities of SS and SPS declined and AI elevated during the dehardening. The activity of AI was higher 22~35 folds of SS and 55~80 folds of SPS,indicating that decreasing in hexosan contents in the roots when shoot resume resulted from increased activity of AI with increasing of temperature,proline in the roots severs as a nitrogen source used to respiration for the root and involved in protein synthesis.In the dehardening,ability to resistance to cold in the roots of grasses became lost with decreasing in cryo-protectants in the root;further suggesting that cryo-protectant was closed related to grass tolerance to cold.


PURPOSE: A phase detector and a phase-locked loop including the same are provided for clock and data recovery (CDR) which is operated at high speed. CONSTITUTION: A phase detector includes first flip-flops (FF1_0-FF1_2N-1), second flip-flops (FF2_0-FF2_2N-1), and XOR gates (X_0-X_2N-1). The 2N first flip-flops are connected to each other in parallel to receive the same data and 2N clock signals having phases that are different from each other. The 2N second flip-flops are connected to each other in parallel and respectively connected to the output end of each of the 2N first flip-flops so as to receive the same clock signal. The 2N XOR gates are each connected to the output ends of one pair of the second flip-flops that are adjacent to each other. [Reference numerals] (11) First counter; (12) Second counter; (2) Decimator; (3-1) Loop filter; (5,5-1) Dispenser


The elevated UV-B radiation has some significant effects on soybean yield and quality.In this paper,the effects of increasing strong and weak UV-B radiation at soybean various growing stages on yield and yield components of soybean Dongnong 42 and Dongnong 47 were conducted in a pot experiment.The results showed that seed number per plant,seed weight per plant and yield of soybean Dongnong 47 were increased in the treatment of weak UV-B radiation at seedling stage,while 100-seed weight was greatly increased in the treatment of weak UV-B radiation during graining stage.For 100-seed weight of soybean Dongnong 42 was greatly increased in the treatment of strong UV-B radiation at flowering stage,seed number per plant,seed weight per plant and yield of soybean Dongnong 42 were also increased in the treatment of strong UV-B radiation during graining terminate stage,which yield increase reached the significant level,but the yield and yield components of soybean Dongnong 42 and Dongnong 47 were negatively affected in the treatment of intensive UV-B radiation during the flowering to mature period.


The near-infrared spectrum of hydrothermally synthesised pyrophyllite (400° and 450 °C at 1 kbar for 7 days) has been compared to that of natural pyrophyllite. The near-infrared spectra are very similar and only very minor differences are observed in the band positions and intensities. The bands >7,000 cm are assigned to the first overtones of the AlOH stretching infrared and Raman vibrations and the combination bands of the AlOH and adsorbed HO stretching infrared and Raman vibrations. The 6,000-7,000 cm region is dominated by the first overtone of the adsorbed HO stretching mode and the 3 overtone of the adsorbed HO bending mode. The 5,000-6,000 cm region is characterised by combination bands of the Al2OH stretch and adsorbed HO stretching modes with the adsorbed HO bending mode. Furthermore, the combination modes of the AlOH and adsorbed HO vibrations are considerably broader as expected based on the broad nature of the HO bands in the mid-infrared region. Bands in the 4,000-5,500 cm region are attributed to the combination bands of the stretching and libration modes of the A2OH in the pyrophyllite structure and of adsorbed HO. The bands around 4,800-4,850 c represent overtones of the HO bending vibration around 1,632cm.


R ECENTLY there came across my desk a paper which describes the cost containment program in another country in which government health spending was reduced from $253 million in 1972 to $145 million in 1977, from $26 per capita to $13.70. The author indicates that "this has led to personnel reductions in all areas, drastic salary cuts and chronic shortages of vital supplies; besides causing deterioration of health care, this situation has created a serious morale problem.... The high-minded ethical tone and social orientation of the medical profession has in large measure given way to competition, narrow self-interest and even certain forms of gross and unscrupulous profiteering...." The author notes further that "while the Ministry of Health continues to pay lip service to the importance of the State's role in health care, many observers find a series of recent measures disquieting. They include: the implementation in more and more health centers of the practice (officially denied) of charging for virtually all services; the publication by the government planning agency of a program according to which the great bulk of State health investment will, by 1981, go to installations in the private sector; the approval of a decree-law offering all citizens participation in a privately-funded (but publicly spon-sored) insurance system whose beneficiaries are treated in the private sector; and the announcement of a project to restructure the public health-care system, dividing the country into semi-autonomous 'operating units' administered by a private nonprofit corporation."


BACKGROUND
Malnutrition is a prevalent condition among older patients and is associated with worse clinical outcomes. Methods such as the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), the Mini Nutritional Assessment Long Form (MNA-LF), and the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) diagnose malnutrition early. This study aimed to evaluate the performance and validity of these instruments to predict the length of hospital stay (LOS) and in-hospital mortality in older surgical patients.

METHODS
This prospective cohort study was performed with hospitalized older surgical patients. In the first 48 hours of admission, general data were collected, and patients were evaluated by SGA, MNA-LF, and GLIM using calf circumference (CC) and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) as phenotypic criteria for nutritional diagnoses. Accuracy tests and regression analysis adjusted for sex, type of surgery, and the Charlson Comorbidity Index adjusted for age were performed to assess the criterion validity of instruments to predict LOS and mortality.

RESULTS
214 surgical patients (75.4 ± 6.6 years old; 57.3% men, and 71.1% admitted to elective surgery) were evaluated. Malnutrition was diagnosed in 39.7% (SGA), 63% (MNA-LF), 41.6% (GLIMCC ), and 32.1% (GLIMMUAC ) of patients. GLIMCC had the best accuracy (AUC = 0.70; 95%CI 0.63-0.79) and sensitivity (95.8%) to predict in-hospital mortality. In the adjusted analysis, malnutrition, according to SGA, MNA-LF, and GLIMCC , increased the risk of in-hospital mortality by 3.12 [95%CI (1.08-11.34)], 4.51 [95%CI (1.29-17.61), and 4.83 [95%CI (1.52-15.22)], respectively.

CONCLUSION
GLIMCC had the best performance and satisfactory criterion validity to predict in-hospital mortality in older surgical patients. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


We initiate the study of the Bernstein-Markov type inequalities for the so called
asymmetric weights which may vanish at a given point with different rates. Bernstein type inequality is proved for asymmetric weights with power discrepancies. It
turns out that the order of Bernstein factors in the asymmetric case is in general
greater than O(n).


1 Groups of 60 male and 60 female B6C3F1 mice or Han- Ibm Wistar rats were exposed to HFA-134a using snout- only inhalation exposure techniques for periods of one hour daily for at least 104 weeks. HFA-134a was deliv ered directly from cylinders at vapour concentrations of 2500, 15 000 and 75 000ppm for mice and from metered-dose inhalers at vapour concentrations of 2500, 10 000 and 50 000ppm for rats. 2 Intended dosages were achieved. 3 Evidence of absorption was found at each dose level and was dose related. 4 Neither species suffered any treatment related effects on survival, clinical signs, body weights, haematology nor on the type, incidence, site or severity of gross lesions. 5 There was no effect of treatment on the type, incidence, site or severity of neoplasms in mice or rats. 6 There were no non-neoplastic findings related to treat ment in mice. 7 HFA-134a was considered not to be oncogenic and to provide a safe alternative to chlorofluorocarbons for use in pharmaceutical metered-dose inhalers.