Objective To compare the efficacy and complications between butorphanol and morphine in postoperative epidural analgesia for patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Methods Seventy -tive patients undergoing abdominal surgery were randomly divided into three groups (n=25): group M (morphine 12 mg in 0. 1% ropivacaine solution 150 ml), group B1 (butorphanol 9mg in 0. 1% ropivacaine solution 150 ml), group B2 (butorphanol 12 mg in 0.1% ropivacaine solution 150 ml). Epidural loading dose was 0.25% ropivacaine 5 ml with morphine 2 mg or butorphanol 2 mg according to different groups, and maintenance dose was continuously given at a rate of 1.5 ml/h immediately after the loading dose. PCA was set as 2 ml per bolus and 20 min lock time. VAS (visual analogue scores) was recorded at postoperative 1,4,8,12,18,24,36,48 h and OAA/S(Observer' s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scores)was recorded at postoperative 1,4,8,12h. Total dosage of fentanyl, times of PCA, and the time to flatus were also recorded. Complications (headache and dizziness, somnolence, respiration depress, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention, pruritus) were observed in three groups. Results VAS in group B1 was(2.8±1.0) at postoperative 4 h,which was higher than that in group M(2.0±0.7) and B2(2.0±0.9) (P 0.05). The case of headache and dizziness, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention and pruritus in group M were 3,11,7,4,5,significant higher than group B1 and B2 (P<0.05). Conclusion It is concluded that butorphanol 3 mg~4 mg per day is effective in postoperative epidural analgesia for patients undergoing abdominal surgery, and lower incidence of side effects compared with morphine.

Key words:
Butorphanol; Epidural analgesia; Abdominal surgery


We present a novel solution to casualty evacuation CASEVAC in austere conditions. Once enhanced first aid has finished, the patient in the field needs to be evacuated from the hot zone where enhanced field care can take place.[1][1] The CASEVAC in Belize can present a challenge due to the seasonable


This paper aimed to increase multi-view video encoding speed on guaranteed PSNR and bitrate. First,the paper made a statistic analysis of each mode of multi-view video sequences. Then,made a comparison of fast inter mode decision algorithm to come to a conclusion that fast inter mode decision algorithm based on the intrinsic complexity of the macroblock should be used for encoding. The experimental results indicate that this algorithm highly increases the H. 264 multi-view video encoding speed on premise of almost invariant image quality and compression efficiency.


An automatic system based on the digital processing of images for post-harvest selection of Persian lime (Citrus Latifolia Tanaka), which of highest production in Mexico, is presented. An inspection camera establishes the conditions necessary for the processing of images performing the analysis and color segmentation, as well as the morphological analysis of the fruit which determines its characteristics and quality. It is a low-cost system because its operation is supported by a personal computer and a high-definition web camera.


A comparative analysis of the milk productivity and reproductive qualities of Holsteins with different levels of somatic cells in milk is carried out. The influence of genotypic and paratypic factors on productivity indicators and the incidence of cows with mastitis is determined. It is revealed that in the cases of subclinical mastitis, the yield of cows decreased by 7.6% and in the cases of clinical mastitis by 11.7% (P>0.999), weight content of protein in milk by 0.1 (P<0,95) and 0,16% (P>0.95) respectively. The fertility increased (by 54.9 and 57.4%). The service period is extended (by 61.5 and 64.6 days) and the calf yield decreased by 100 cows (by 22 and 23 heads, respectively) (P>0.999). Origin affects the susceptibility of Holsteins to mastitis. So, in the line of Reflection Sowering 198998 the highest milk yield and weight content of fat had daughters of the bull of Debut 1382 A1 with an average number of somatic cells, along the Vis Back Ideal 1013415 Saturn 603 (high milk yield and weight content of protein, low number of somatic cells), along the line Yes Ideal 95679 Oracle's daughter 546332223 (high milk yield, low number of somatic cell). The number of somatic cells in milk increases as the age and milk production of cows increases. Cows are most susceptible to mastitis in the first or second month of lactation, therefore, it is recommended to begin the determination of latent mastitis immediately after the colostrum. The season did not significantly affect the incidence of cows with mastitis.


The development trend of corporation's culture in the21 st century is based on the goal of the sustainable development,the means of the well-known brand strategy,of the network analysis and the value orientation.By showing characters of the unity,individuality and opening,the corporation's culture will play the important role in the whole social economical development because it can offer good surroundings and abundant dynamic resources.


Department of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Makhanda, South Africa Department of Entomology and Arachnology, Albany Museum, Makhanda, South Africa Biodiversity Capabilities, CapeNature, Bridgetown, South Africa Centre for Invasion Biology, SAIAB, Makhanda, South Africa DSI/NRF Research Chair in Inland Fisheries and Freshwater Ecology, SAIAB, Makhanda, South Africa Northern Cape Department of Environment and Nature Conservation, Nieuwoudtville, South Africa Roche Sequencing Solutions, CapeTown, South Africa Advanced Environmental Corporation (Pty) Ltd, Porterville, South Africa Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa


Data relating to the ZnO/ZnCl2-accelerated vulcanization of chlorinated poly(isoprene-coisobutylene) (CIIR or chloro-butyl) is examined. ZnCl2 and conjugated diene butyl units on the polymer chain are both precursors to crosslinking, and a revised cationic mechanism is proposed to account for crosslinking, taking into account the involvement of conjugated diene butyl in the process. It is demonstrated that Zn2OCl2 will catalyze dehydrohalogenation, and the formation of catalytic amounts of Zn2OCl2 by the reaction of ZnCl with ZnO, followed by H+ abstraction to give Zn2OCl2 and HCl, is essential in the overall crosslinking reaction sequence. The HCl is trapped by ZnO as ZnCl2. It is proposed that the abstraction by Zn2OCl2 of HCl in a concerted reaction leads to Zn(OH)Cl and ZnCl2. Zn(OH)Cl remains in the polymer as an unextractable salt, while 50% of the chlorine in the rubber is extracted as ZnCl2 when compounds reach their equilibrium crosslink density. ZnCl2 initiates crosslinking by the abstraction of chlorine from the chain, but a crosslink will only result when a carbocation on a dechlorinated isoprenoid unit is close to a conjugated diene butyl on an adjacent chain; if not, dehydrohalogenation will result in the formation of a further conjugated diene butyl unit at that point in the chain. The maximum crosslink density achieved is only 1/4 that theoretically possible, as crosslinking restricts chain movement and limits the number of chance meetings between carbocations on the polymer and conjugated diene butyl units. Zinc stearate promotes dehydrohalogenation, ZnCl2 being the only chloro-zinc salt formed. Reversion occurs in compounds where there is insufficient ZnO to trap all of the chlorine present in the rubber. HCl per se does not attack the polymer, but promotes reversion only in the presence of carbocations on the chain, i.e., during the crosslinking process. Trapping of HCl by ZnO prevents reversion. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 78: 2302–2310, 2000


This research on the private sector of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has two objectives. The first is to apply statistical and economic techniques to estimate the potential output and the output gap in the private sector of the economy. Once the gap is delineated, standard growth decomposition analysis is utilized to glean the respective contribution of factor accumulations and total factor productivity (TFP). The second is to utilize economic analysis and panel data using Poisson models to gauge differences in the educational attainments of foreign and domestic workers. The analysis links the findings to existing labor market institutional rules and regulations. Salient findings are that while the long-term (1974-2000) output gap was slightly positive, actual output fell short of the potential since the mid-1980s until the early 1990s. In the long haul, factor accumulations contributed the largest portion of growth in the private sector of Saudi Arabia. The findings hold when an endogenous growth accounting approach is applied. Growth of labor productivity dwindled and capital deepening was largely shrunk. However, there is some evidence of a revival in the TFP since 1993. Existing institutional structures have promoted the importation of successive waves of foreign workers that were of inferior education quality. This has led to marked contractions in growth contribution of foreign workers since the mid-1980s. The education system in the Kingdom is producing increasing numbers of educated Saudis who are partially making up for the reduced education embodied in foreign workers. Saudi graduates are relatively small in numbers and their composition across fields of study favors humanities, religious education at the expense of technology, computing and the hard sciences. More is needed in the way of quality education and R&D, which together with increased economic diversity and rising investment in machinery and equipment, are shown by a simple VAR model to be important determinants of TFP in the private sector of Saudi Arabia. ةيلكلا ةيجاتلإاب لمتلمحا جتانلا ةقلاع تاسسؤلماو لماوعلل صالخا عاطقلا في ةيدوعسلا ةيبرعلا ةكلملماب يـسدقلا ناميلس شهاد وبأ باهولادبع صخلم ةوجفو لياجملإا يللمحا جتانلا مجح ريدقت لـجأ نـم يداـصتقلاا ليلـحتلاو ةيئاـصحلإا بيلاـسلأا نـم ةـعوممج ةـساردلا هذـه مدختـست قلل يداـصتقلاا ومنـلا ىلـع ةيجاتـلإا وـنمو جاتـلإا رـصانع وـنم ةهماـسم دـيدتحو ةيدوعـسلا ةيبرـعلا ةكلـمملل صاـلخا عاـطقلا في جتانـلا في صالخا عاط لمعلا قاوسأ في ةدئاسلا ةيرادلإا دعاوقلاو ةمظلأاب اهنم لك ةقلاعو ةدفاولاو ةينطولا ةلامعلا ميلعت تايوتسم ةـساردو ةكلـملما . ةساردلا تنيب دقو يـضالما نرـقلا نـم تانـيامثلا فـصتنم ذنـم ةبلاـس اميـق تغلـب جتانـلا ةوـجف نأ . نم تلادعم تلجس ةيلكلا ةيجاتلإا نأ امك علطم ىتح ةبلاس و ةبـجوم مـيق تاذ تحبـصأ امنـيح تانيعـستلا . نم همظعمو ،لمعلا رصنع ةيجاتإ ضافنخا ينبت امك نأ ةظحلام عم تقولا روربم ،ةدفاولا ةلامعلا ومنـل ايـساسأ اكرـمح ناـك لـمعلاو لاـلما سأر وـنم لإا ونم باسح ىلع كلذو تانيامثلا لئاوأو تانيعبسلا دقع للاـخ صاـلخا عاـطقلا ةيلكلا ةيجات لماوعلـل . جذوـنم لاود رـيدقت نـع جتـ اـمك " ناـساوب " ةدفاولا ةلامعلل ةيلاتتلما ةيونسلا تاعفدلا ميلـعت تايوتـسم يـدت تابـثإ . ةساردلا تقرطتو لأا ينبو ةينطولا ةلامعلا ميلعت تايوتـسمو اهميـلعت تايوتـسمو ةدـفاولا ةـلامعلا وـنم تلادـعم ينـب ةـقلاعلا ليلـتح لىإ ًاـضيأ تيلا ةيسسؤلما دعاوقلاو ةمظ صالخا عاطقلا في ةيجاتلإاو فيظوتلا ىلع تاسسؤملل بيلسلا رثلأا تنيب . (*) Al Qudsi is Senior Advisor, Ministry of Finance, Saudi Arabia. Email address of the senior corresponding author is: firstname.lastname@example.com. Abu-Dahesh is a Senior Economist, Riyadh Bank. The authors would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments and suggestions on an earlier draft.


The aim of the study was to determine effect of environmental and paragenetic factors on body mass of lambs at birth. Investigation was realised on experimental sheep farm of Institute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade-Zemun. Animal included in this research were representatives of Mis sheep population. The results of the research confirm that values of the birth mass range from 4.43 kg to 4,58 kg observed by years and 4.48 kg to 4.55 kg depending on the lambing season. Statistical analysis showed that the existing differences still significant on the level (P 0.05).


Abstract Two optically active phosphoramidite monomers for modified oligodeoxyribonucleotides were prepared. These monomers were then introduced into dodecanucleotides in the middle of the sequences. The modified dodecanucleotides were characterized by various analytical methods including MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and Tm values were obtained to appraise the binding affinity, by measuring change in UV absorbance at 260 nm.


Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks the receptor targets ER, PR, and HER2 and thus it does not respond to receptor-targeted treatments such as hormonal therapy and trastuzumab, leaving chemotherapy as the mainstay of treatment. TNBC also has higher recurrence, metastasis, and mortality rates than other receptor subtypes. The MAPK (RAS/MEK/ERK) pathway plays a crucial role in cancer cell survival, invasion, and metastasis and critically contributes to aggressive features of TNBC, as demonstrated by our novel therapeutic synergy identification screening of RNA interference. Two BRAF inhibitors (vemurafenib and dabrafenib) and two MEK inhibitors (trametinib and cobimetinib) have received U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for treatment of melanoma, clinically validating the potential of MAPK pathway inhibition to meaningfully benefit patients with TNBC. However, the rapidly emerging resistance of TNBC to current standard treatments and disease progression remain clinical challenges for these pathway-targeted agents. E6201 is a novel MEK1 inhibitor being evaluated in phase 1 clinical trials in patients with advanced solid tumors (NCT00794781) and with melanoma metastasized to the central nervous system (NCT03332589). In the preclinical study described herein, we determined the in vitro anti-tumor efficacy and in vivo anti-metastatic efficacy of E6201 in TNBC to prepare for further development of E6201 in the clinic. Methods: The anti-tumor effects of E6201 were examined using cell proliferation and anchorage-independent colony-formation assays. To evaluate the anti-metastatic activity of E6201 in vitro and in vivo, a migration/invasion assay and an experimental/spontaneous metastasis assay were performed, respectively. Results: In vitro cell proliferation data demonstrated that E6201 inhibited growth more effectively (half maximal inhibitory concentration [IC 50 ] range: 0.05-5 µM) than did other MEK inhibitors (selumetinib, pimasertib, and trametinib). E6201 inhibited TNBC cell-colony formation in a dose-dependent manner (P = 0.0001). Also, E6201 suppressed the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 (IC 50 : 1 µM) and SUM149 (IC 50 : 0.25 µM) cells in a dose-dependent manner (P = 0.001). In vivo experimental and spontaneous metastasis assays demonstrated that E6201 inhibited lung metastases of the SUM149 and MDA-MB-231-LM2 cell lines (P = 0.0001). Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that E6201 decreased the metastatic burden in the lung (P = 0.011) and decreased phosphorylated ERK expression in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Taken together, these data demonstrate that E6201 is an effective inhibitor targeting the MAPK pathway in TNBC, showing anti-tumor efficacy in vitro and anti-metastatic efficacy in vivo. Our data provide a rationale for further clinical development of E6201 as MEK-targeted therapy for treatment of TNBC. Citation Format: Jangsoon Lee, Bora LIM, Kuicheon Choi, Troy Pearson, Linda Paradiso, Thomas Myers, Debu Tripathy, Naoto T. Ueno. E6201, a novel MEK1 inhibitor, suppresses the metastatic capability of triple-negative breast cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5780.


Abstract : We have developed a subjective measurement method for evaluating complex systems and are applying it to the evaluation of tactical air command and control. This paper addresses the major issues of command and control evaluation and describes the newly formulated Subjective Transfer Function (STF) approach and how it will be applied to a specific problem concerning the value of information in effective employment of tactical air. The STF approach stresses the idea of hypothesis testing so that conclusions about system effects on important outcomes are based on tested and verified premises. The approach has application to evaluation of complex systems in general. Other volumes in the series will describe the conduct and results of the command and control evaluation. (Author)


Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of DM-BSF treatment for 6 months on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women. Methods: This was a 24-week parallel-group, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial consisting of 5 visits. A total of 20 participants were randomized to either DM-BSF (n = 10) group or the placebo group (n = 10). Subjects were administered with a capsule of DM-BSF or placebo 3 times a day. BMD, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP), serum C-telopeptide of collagen cross-links (CTx), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were measured at baseline (visit 2) and at 24-week (visit 5). Results: A total of 20 women were included in this study (mean ± standard deviation [SD] age, 57.7 ± 2.68 years; mean ± SD lumbar spine BMD T-score, -1.91 ± 0.95; mean ± SD right femur BMD T-score, -1.89 ± 0.74; DM-BSF group, N = 10; placebo group, N = 10). In the DM-BSF group, the mean percentage change of the total T-score of the right femur after 24 weeks compared to the baseline period increased by 0.01 ± 0.11, as opposed to the placebo group, whose mean percentage change decreased by 0.12 ± 0.10 (P = 0.0110). No statistically significant difference was observed between the DM-BSF group and the placebo group with regard to the mean percentage change of BSAP, serum CTx, and IGF-1 at week 24 (visit 5) compared to the baseline period (visit 2). No adverse events were reported in either group. Conclusion: DM-BSF was well tolerated and had significant beneficial effects on local bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. In these postmenopausal women, 24-week treatment with 3 DM-BSF capsules a day was associated with the potential prevention of bone loss at the hip (based on a significant increase in BMD in the femur).


Experiment results are given describing the influence of particles on film MDM (metal-dielectric-metal)frames by means of electrostatic accelerator. The stationary glow effect of the shock-compressed conducting channel is investigated. The temperature of shock-compressed channel is calculated, ion spectres of material masses and through conduction of MDM-frames are obtained. Possibilities of profiting by the results for different fields of technology are described.


. This study describes the spatial distribution and abundance of siphonophores concerning oceanographic variables (temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen) in the northern Chilean Patagonian Fjord Ecosystem, from Guafo Passage (43º30'S) to Elefantes Gulf (46º40'S) during the winter of 2012. Twelve species were identified, ten belonging to suborder Calycophorae and two assigned to suborder Physonectae. The species Chelophyes appendiculata and Sphaeronectes gamulini are new records for this study area. Dominant species were Muggiaea atlantica (63.15%), Lensia conoidea (21.85%), and Sphaeronectes koellikeri (9.91%). Species richness showed a negative latitudinal gradient, and the highest densities were found in North Moraleda Channel (5316 ind 1000 m -3 ) and the lowest in South Moraleda Channel, near Elefantes Gulf (71 ind 1000 m -3 ). Some species showed a significant and positive association with some oceanographic variables, e.g., M. atlantica showed a positive association with dissolved oxygen, L. conoidea with temperature and negative association with dissolved oxygen, Sphaeronectes fragilis , S. koellikeri, and C. appendiculata showed a positive association with salinity. Eudoxids (sexual reproductive stage) were found for M. atlantica , L. conoidea, and Dimophyes arctica, indicating that the PFE conditions are suitable for some siphonophore species even in winter.


We analyze the asymptotic behavior of a $2$-dimensional integral current which is almost minimizing in a suitable sense at a singular point. Our analysis is the second half of an argument which shows the discreteness of the singular set for the following three classes of $2$-dimensional currents: area minimizing in Riemannian manifolds, semicalibrated and spherical cross sections of $3$-dimensional area minimizing cones.


Abstract Objective The authors propose the analysis of quantitative and qualitative learning curves of transpedicular puncture in a manikin-type training simulator model for transpedicular puncture (SMTP) Methods Six students (S1 to S6) were selected to perform the puncture training under radiological control. Quantitative parameters such as the procedure time (total time spent in performing each procedure) and fluoroscopy time (fluoroscopy usage time for each punch) were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test. For the qualitative evaluation, the punctures were categorized into type AB (adequate) or CD (inadequate) according to the path and positioning of the needle. Qualitative data were analyzed by Fisher's exact test. Results The curves of the examination times and fluoroscopy decreased steadily as expected, especially for the trainee S3. In addition, there was a predominance of punctures AB of the third subsequent session; however, this result was statistically significant for the S1 and S2 trainees. Conclusion The learning curves indicate that qualitative performance improves as students become more familiar with the process.


This paper attempts to throw light on and show the fundamental similarities and dissimilarities between an African and Western ethical conceptions by examining the foundation of character ethics in the two systems, using the concept of Omolúàbí in an African moral system, and Nietzsche's Nobleman in western ethics as tools of comparative analysis. Indigenous African moral system revolves around character and character traits much more as it aims to analyse actions, as well as, motives of a moral agent. Omolúàbí is generally accepted character model among the Yorùbá who are dominantly in the West African sub-region. The virtues of Omolúàbí manifested in ( Ìwá ) character are such that promote co-operation, solidarity and interdependence of all interests towards common goal and harmonious relationship. This concept favourably compares with Friedrich Nietzsche's Nobleman character model, with the emphasis on the maximal use of instinct to achieve life ambitions. The idea of Nietzsche, we argue, compares with Omolúàbí . Both are rationalistic departure from supernaturalistic basis of morality but the limitation of Nietzsche is that morality and peaceful co-existence cannot be premised on self interest alone and the lure of nihilism. We contend that the pursuit of selfish interest and egoism may help in the achievement of goals but not sustainable outside of the general interest in human society. The failure to accord a place for general interest is precisely the limitation of Nietzsche's character model, which makes it an inadequate foundation of morality in line with social order. Omolúàbí of an African ethics via Yoruba worldview,


BACKGROUNDS
Late metastases of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are quite common. However, metastases in the pancreas are rare. Between 2004-2008 the Department of transplantation surgery of the institute of clinical and experimental medicine performed 87 pancreatic resections for tumour. From this, metastasis of RCC was histologically verified in four cases.The aim of this study was to summarize in the form of brief case reports our experience with the surgical treatment of pancreatic metastasis of RCC.

OBSERVATION
The interval from nephrectomy to the occurrence of pancreatic metastasis was 10, 11, 15 and 16 years. All patients were examined to exclude metastatic generalization. Surgical treatment was: one total pancreatectomy, two subtotal pancreatectomies and one caudal resection. Two patients had solitary pancreatic metastasis, one had two metastases and one had multiple metastatic lesions. No complications were observed in the postoperative period. All patients are living with survival time of 7, 23, 26 and 52 months. None of them has signs of recurrence of the primary disease.

CONCLUSION
The follow up in patients with a history of RCC should be lifelong. Considering the low response of RCC and its metastases to oncological treatment, pancreatic resection is a safe method with a low rate of complications in patients with RCC metastases limited only to the pancreas and detected in time.


Newborn screening represents an important preventive public health program. Over the time, there were debates about the criteria for inclusion of some diseases in newborn screening. Discussions on the expansion of newborn screening programs focus on three aspects: informed consent, costs and evidence. The authors present data on the criteria that must meet newborn screening and different ethical controversy generated by it.


With the development of automotive and toy industries, more and more plastics injection dies and moulds are required. Many researchers attempt to find new processes, which can reduce manufacturing costs and delivery time and obtain dimensional accuracy and high quality sur faces for dies and moulds. This thesis describes the development of a novel hybrid process for the manufacture of plastics injection moulds. Compared with conventional procedures, the hybrid process can produce high quality plastics injection moulds at low cost and with short lead times. The hybrid process consists of two stages electrofor ming and simultaneous spray peening. This work undertakes research and development of electroforming aspects of the hybrid process. All techniques and theories will be discussed in this thesis. The feasibility of using electroformed shells to make the working surface of plastics injection moulds was investigated. The important mechanical properties of a nickel shell, such as hardness, tensile strength, ductility and internal stress, were researched and improved by using various operating conditions and adding some agents. The pulse plating power supply was designed to improve the mechanical properties of the nickel shell. The influence of pulse plating parameters on electroforming shell accuracy was analysed. Mandrel materials were also investigated. The accuracy of reproduction by electroforming was measured and analysed. The interface between the nickel shell and spray metal was analysed by scanning electron-microscope and the bond strength measured using a direct tensile testing method. Finally, two injection moulds were made up and tested under two conditions, plastics injection and high pressure casting of aluminium. The results show that the moulds made by the hybrid process can be used successfully to produce plastics components, but can not be used for high pressure of casting aluminium. This application of the hybrid process has shown promise in the automotive and toy industries.


It has been shown in this thesis why innovations are regarded as the lifeline of engineering industries. Continuous flow of novel ideas is the source of innovations but the encouragement, creation and nurturing of such ideas requires many distinct managerial attributes. Hence, management of innovations is complex but an important area of study which is not amenable to standard analyses due to its multidisciplinary nature and dependence on a large number of intangible variables. It has been shown that proper management of innovations would involve at least three distinct but closely linked activities, namely: (a) managing people, in particular the innovators, as well as inspiring others to become innovators; (b) managing the environment so that it is conducive to innovations; and (c) managing innovative processes in order to ensure that innovations are properly nurtured, well targeted and economically implemented within clearly defined time and budgetary constraints. The thesis has been divided into eight chapters; an outline of the chapters is given below. Chapter 1 is an introduction to the subject of managing innovations in engineering industries. It sets the scene for carrying out research in this field, identifies the problems to be tackled and makes a clear statement of the aims. Chapter 2 offers a critical review of the published works relevant to the field of research covered in this thesis. The purpose of this study was to understand the state of the art approach to: (a) creating and maintaining the innovative environment; (b) inspiring and leading engineers to come up with innovative solutions for engineering problems; (c) managing the innovative processes for better efficiency. Finally, in view of the comprehensive review of the relevant published literature, this chapter justifies the aims of this research. Chapter 3 describes research methodology i. e. the procedure for conducting this programme of research. The purpose of this study was to ensure that the research programme was conducted in accordance with the scientific method as closely as


An appraisal of Heinrich Wolfflin's book Kunstgeschichtliche Grundbegriffe (Principles of Art History), first published in 1915. Wolfflin's important innovation in the book was to define "the most general representational forms" that formed one of the roots of visual art. Writing exclusively about European art, Wolfflin traced the change from Renaissance to Baroque in terms of five related pairs of these forms. While critics have rejected Wolfflin's cultural-historical generalizations on the basis of style, the categories he devised are persuasively formulated and have remained useful, perhaps reflecting his clear intention to put the history of art on a more nearly scientific basis.


This article studies the optimization of pricing decisions in a supply chain with different channels under different power structure. Three different channel will be considered here; these include: the decentralized, the semi-integrated, and the integrated channel. There are two types of power balance structures for both the decentralized and the semi-integrated channels. The first type is a leader_ follower power structure and the second type is an independent power structure.


The security of proanthocyanidins extractive from Myrica esculenta Buch.Ham.was investigated by analyzing its acute toxicity and antioxidative properties in vivo to mice.The results showed that the LD50 of proanthocyanidins extractive from M.esculenta Buch.Ham.bark in mice was 5 g/kg,and the activities of catalase(CAT),superoxide dismutase(SOD) significant increased(p0.05);the contents of malondialdehyde(MDA) decreased in mice serum.In liver,the activities of CAT increased(p0.05),the content of MDA increased but was not significant difference with control(p0.05).Thus,during the acute oral toxicity,the extractive from M.esculenta Buch.Ham.bark did not reveal any toxic effects in ICR mice(data not shown) and have some antioxidative properties in vivo.


Tongue-tie: ankyloglossia ............................................. p. 1 Discharge planning for CHF ........................................ p. 4 Cancer diagnostic assessment centres .......................p. 5 Statins and stroke outcome ........................................... p. 6 NTDs and folate supplementation of bread .............. p. 7 Mythbusters: asparagus and beetroot ......................... p. 8 124 Bandolier


Abstract We computationally examined the structure of anti-tumour bicyclic hexapeptide RA-VII. This peptide adopts three conformations (confs.), A, B and C, in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Although it was experimentally reported that the structure of conf. A is important for anti-tumour activity, the dynamics of confs. A, B and C are not well known. We performed quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of RA-VII in DMSO. The MD simulations indicated two different local stable structures for conf. C: a structure containing a bent 18-membered ring and another structure containing a rotated peptide bond between Tyr6 and d-Ala1. The root-mean-square fluctuation of the 14-membered ring for conf. A was larger than that for confs. B and C. Ala4 formed intramolecular hydrogen bonds more often in conf. A than in the other conformations. A large number of hydrogen bonds and large structural fluctuations are important for the anti-tumour activity of RA-VII. Our results for the structural change of conf. C and the analysis of the dynamics for confs. A, B and C may contribute to the design of new analogues of cyclic peptides.


This paper attempts to analyze and evaluate the forestry resource,the total value of forestry industry,structure of industry,the degree index of forestry industry in Jiangxi and its 7 neighbors and the trend of the development based on the theory of competitiveness and the method of evaluate by the recent decade dates so as to show the competitiveness of Jiangxi's forestry industry.


The aim of this study was to isolate, genotype and evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens found in species Tinamidae, Cracidae and Ramphastidae in Brazil. C. perfringens was isolated in 13 (5%) out of 260 swab samples and five (8.3%) out of 60 stool samples. All strains were classified as C. perfringens type A, and nine (50%) were positive for the beta-2 toxin-encoding gene. No strains were positive for the necrotic enteritis toxin B-like (NetB)-encoding gene. All isolates were susceptible to penicillin, metronidazole and vancomycin, whereas four (22.2%), five (27.8%) and 13 (72.2%) strains were considered resistant to erythromycin, oxytetracycline and lincomycin, respectively.


A causal relationship between large earthquakes and following volcanic eruptions has been indicated. It is important to understand the triggering mechanism of volcanic eruptions for establishing sustainable secure society because the volcanic eruptions would have large impacts on our society. Since a volcanic eruption requires a change in stress field around a magma chamber, the dynamic, viscous and static stress changes induced by an earthquake are considered to be key issues of the triggering mechanism. At intermediate distances from earthquakes, static stress changes induced by earthquakes can trigger volcanic eruptions. Many researchers have calculated the static stress changes in subsurface induced by the occurrences of earthquakes in order to understand the interaction between large earthquakes and volcanic eruptions taking heterogeneous earth into consideration. In the present study, we investigate the effect of the heterogeneity of around hundreds of meters on the estimation of the static stress changes around a magmatic chamber, in particular, the layered structure of the heterogeneity. Our numerical results show that the ignorance of the heterogeneity has large effect on the static stress field at the chamber wall. The heterogeneity just around the magma chamber is an important parameter rather than the strong heterogeneous zone near the surface.


Depletion in fossil fuel and increase in the world population may change the trend in future kitchens in households. Cooking with LPG fuel may one day become impossible and households would have to consider alternatives such as electric stoves. One other solution to this problem is through the use of biomass cook stoves. However, traditional cook stoves, predominantly used in the households, are not efficient and its utilizations for domestic cooking have been a major contributor to the ill effects related in respiratory and other health problem. Improved cook stoves programs implemented in the developing world attempt to address these problems. Biomass gasification appears to have significant potential in Asia for domestic cooking applications. Gasifier-based cook stoves are fuel efficient in comparison to traditional cook stove. The objective of this paper is to study the performance of various type of cellulosic biomass in a gasifier-based cook stove. The biomass considered in this study are oil palm f...


Growth and development of the any country is based on performance and share of agriculture industrial sector. The countries like India need to balance the on both of these sectors as both are the back bone and pillars for solving economic problems of the country. Present scenario employment generation is essential as per the increase in the rate of population. In fact the industrial development is plays a major role in accelerating economy of the country as well as remove backwardness of the rural area to attain reliance between the urban and rural area as per as development is concern. Development is required in all the types of units, large, medium, small and micro industries. In general, development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises more essential at present situation. The MSME's are facing many problems and challenges. The government of India is taken many steps to boost MSME's through schemes, polices and laws. The present paper is focused on the "Working of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in India – A Study".


In order to achieve the purpose of coal mine long bedding drilling high-efficiency, the main factors affecting the hole-forming effect of the bedding drilling were analyzed, the technical ways to increase the holeforming length of the soft outburst coal seam were studied, and a reasonable drilling construction parameters, wind slag discharge parameters and suitable auger rigs have proposed a new set of long bedding drilling gas drainage technology, and carried out on-site practice at the Wangpo coal mine 3212 working face. The results show that the drilling technology using spiral drilling and air pressure slag discharge, large-capacity spiral drilling rigs and supporting drilling tools are currently the main technical ways to increase the length of holes formed in soft and outburst coal seams. After using the new complete bedding gas drilling technology in the 3212 working face, the hole-forming rate can be increased from 7.5% to 14.3%, the average hole depth increased by 12.3%, and the average daily drilling footage increased by 26%. It shows that under the condition of extremely difficult coal seam drilling, the new set of gas drainage technology and equipment has stronger adaptability and better hole-forming effect.


Structural and spectroscopic properties of sedimentary estuarine humic compounds (HC) and surrounding pore waters were investigated. Elemental analysis showed that sedimentary HC exhibit a molecular design compatible with a mixed continental-marine environment. In some respects, they are well correlated with the marine organic matter (e.g. low C/H ratio), while in others they are better associated to terrestrial material (e.g. high C/N ratio). High rates of microbiological activity, combined with a tide-dependent contribution of an aliphatic marine-like source of organic matter, may account for such results. Chemical anomalies were not observed in samples from polluted sites, indicating that moderate anthropogenic disturbances will affect chemical processes related to humic compounds rather than their chemical design. With respect to fluorescence properties, sedimentary humus exhibits a single and wide emission peak (λex = 313 nm), with λmax ∼ 431 nm for fulvic acid and λmax ∼ 446 nm for humic acids. For humic acids a shoulder at around 515 nm is also observed. HC corrected excitation spectra (λem = 445 nm) are similar to those previously observed for HC from aquatic environments, presenting two peaks of variable intensities, the first being more intense, located around 250 nm, and the second located in the range 320-350 nm. Pore waters extracted from the same sediment samples as those of HC exhibited fluorescence properties comparable to that of fulvic acids but exhibiting emission maxima around 424 nm. The significance of hydrophilic substances in relation to the fluorescence properties of natural waters is discussed.


Inside the moduli space of curves of genus 2 with 2 marked points we consider the loci of curves admitting a map to P^1 of degree d totally ramified over the two marked points, for d>= 2. Such loci have codimension two. We compute the class of their compactifications in the moduli space of stable curves. Several results will be deduced from this computation.


Introduction Autism spectrum disorder is a complex neurodevelopmental syndrome characterized by social communication deficits and stereotyped behaviors with restricted interests. Although the etiology of this disease is not fully understood, recent genomic and genetic studies have found that hundreds of genetic variants contribute to the occurrence of ASDs. Neurexin 1 (NRXN1) is a cell adhesion protein important for synapse integrity and function. Mutations of this gene are known to be associated with developmental disorders and psychiatric diseases.


Towards the end of 2011, the Responsible Gambling Fund published a report which, inter alia, offers an overview of the research gaps in relation to the comparative effectiveness of gambling regulation. In the present article, the authors of the report provide a summary of the main findings. They conclude that hardly any empirical evidence is available that addresses, directly or indirectly, this subject. In view of further research, a set of recommendations is provided.


The paper addersses ASP.NET page object model on the processing model of IIS and ASP.NET, the difference between IhttpHandler and IhttpModule, page class, event, page lifecycle etc in a simple way. It is the base of developing high-level Web components.


Despite the fact that the concept of "socio-cultural transformation" is actively used in the humanities recently, the development of ideas is implicitly associated with this concept, began long before the crisis of modern culture. Under the socio-cultural transformation is the period of cultural development, which involves a move to a new stage in the continuum of cultural urological system. The article traced the contribution of the outstanding Russian philosopher NA Berdyaev in the development of this concept in terms of the role of art in the reflection of fundamental changes in the culture system. In addition, in the available theoretical and methodological aspects of social and cultural transformation analysts. Among these are determined by socio-cultural determination of the transformation, analysis of the specific manifestations of social and cultural transformation, and analytics results given period of social and cultural transformation. It is shown that the implicit use of the concept of "socio-cultural transformation" began long before the crisis of culture of the twentieth century. N. Berdyaev, describing the art and culture of the early twentieth century, namely, the avant-garde culture, expressed similar ideas, indicating that systemic processes occurring in the continuum of European culture to which the author attributes and Russian culture, taking into account its specificity and diversity.


The refractive-index nonlinearities of intersubband transitions in GaN/AlN quantum-well waveguides are investigated. A large spectral broadening of TM-polarized near-infrared pulses is observed after propagation through these devices due to intersubband self-phase modulation. From the measured data, a nonlinear refractive index n2 of 1.8×10−12 cm2/W is estimated at the operating wavelength of 1550 nm. A detailed theoretical model of the intersubband refractive index as a function of wavelength and optical intensity is then presented. This model assumes an inhomogeneously broadened transition line and is based on experimentally determined material and device parameters. The results of this study are finally used to discuss the prospects of nitride quantum wells for all-optical switching via cross-phase modulation.


This thesis consists of four self-contained essays in economics, all concerned with different aspects of subjective well-being. The abstracts of the four studies are as follows.Beyond Income: The I ...


The article examines the relationship between linguistic and cultural reality within developing neo-Humboldtianism ideas, in particular, the authors analyze the work of L. Weisgerber "Native language and spirit formation" (1929). Speaking as a follower of the ideas of W. von Humboldt, the German researcher discusses the relationship between culture and language, which is realized through implementation of mental activity. In this regard, L. Weisgerber considers language thinking as a living language-making organism. Weisgerber L. notes that obvious (conceptual) and intuitive levels of birth meanings are implemented in language organism; in this way, establishing the connection between conscious and unconscious exercise of mental activity becomes possible. A higher level of understanding the reality associated with the discovery of cultural content is implemented in this synthesis. No one can speak a language just because of their own language personality, the researcher notes; on the contrary, this language proficiency grows on the basis of belonging to a language community, which forms the cultural content of language. Considering language as a cultural domain, L. Weisgerber evaluates its understanding as the development of internal content of culture, which leads to a homogeneous cognition using homogeneous forms, and thus – to agreement in thinking, which is most clearly expressed in the possibility of mutual understanding. However, L. Weisgerber thinks, that coordination between subjective activity and community should be carried out in two ways, taking into account the static and dynamic characteristics of language: on the one hand, this requires considering language within evaluating it as a sustainable form, and on the other hand, as an organismic form capable for development and constant updating. Native language for the researcher becomes an understanding of the "objective idea", in relation to which the spiritual content of human existence environment is built.


In order to demonstrate compliance with the overall migration limit given in amended EC Directive 90/128/EEC, overall migration tests are usually performed on the finished food packaging with food stimulants. For packaging converters, in particular, who thermoform a wide range of containers from an extruded sheet, the cost of testing for compliance can be prohibitive. However, the Directive also allows compliance to be demonstrated by use of a 'more severe test'. In this study a 'more severe test' has been developed for PVC and VC/VA co-polymer materials involving extraction with methanol or a methanol/water mixture and evaporation to dryness. This procedure has been optimised so that it is simple and rapid to perform and gives slightly higher results for the extruded sheet compared to overall migration tests conducted with fatty and aqueous food simulants. Results are presented demonstrating the rapid extraction test to be a 'more severe test' and that it could be used by converters in conjunction with good manufacturing practice (GMP) to demonstrate compliance with the overall migration limit in a cost-effective way. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Bamboo forests cover a remarkable area of Chinese forestland. Recently, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have been used for plant protection against abiotic stress. In this study, an in vitro tissue culture experiment was conducted to determine the impact of titanium on plant tolerance to two different heavy metals (Cu and Pb). Bamboo plants (Arundinaria pygmaea L.) were grown using five concentrations of TiO2 NPS (0, 50, 80, 100, and 150 µM) without or with 100 µM Cu and 100 µM Pb for 30 days. The results showed that while Cu and Pb increased the generation of Reactive oxygen species (ROS) compounds in plants, TiO2 NP treatments played a positive role in reducing oxidative stress, as indicated by the decrease in ROS compounds, the extent of lipoperoxidation, and soluble proteins. On the other hand, the use of TiO2 NPs increased the total antioxidant capacity, chlorophyll content and general plant biomass. Moreover, the addition of TiO2 NPs significantly reduced Cu, and Pb accumulation in roots, stems, and shoots. We concluded that TiO2 NPs have the ability to reduce oxidative stress in plants by increasing the antioxidant capacity, improving the level of injury, and protecting cell membranes via reducing lipoperoxidation (reduction of Malondialdehyde (MDA) content). However, the results indicated that the efficiency of TiO2 NPs was related to the type and concentration of heavy metal, as TiO2 NPs were more effective for Cu than Pb. Additionally, a high concentration of TiO2 NPs resulted in the greatest enhancement in plant growth and development under heavy metal stress.


The parametric interaction of an intense laser beam with ion plasma modes in a two‐dimensional Cartesian geometry has been studied for the first time by avoiding the paraxial optics approximation. This model allows investigation of the competition between forward, sideward, and backward stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) along with filamentation and self‐focusing instabilities. It is shown that the SBS saturation level, the angular distribution of transmitted and scattered light, and their temporal dependence are governed mainly by two control parameters: the backward SBS gain coefficient G, and the ratio αsf of the incident beam power to its critical value for the onset of self‐focusing. In the case of large values of G≳15, backward SBS dominates and prevents both self‐focusing and forward SBS. For smaller values of G, the interaction exhibits a complex oscillatory behavior, which corresponds to the competition between backward and forward SBS for αsf≲1, and involves also self‐focusing for higher beam...


The rate of land consumption in the coastal area of Alicante has been over the last decades, one of the highest among all Spanish Mediterranean provinces. This new territorial tendency has involved important changes in the use of land and has led to a new spatial and functional reality. The objective of this paper is to address two specific concerns related to the identification and characterization of these recent artificial surfaces, focusing on the assessment of quantitative details (land consumption surface, density, population, etc.) and qualitative features (morphologies, landscape impact, etc.). The methodological approach is based on graphic and statistical analysis. On the one hand, starting by first identifying artificial areas by comparing satellite imagery (source: the European project Corine Land Cover – 1990, 2000 and 2006). It is possible then, to study in detail the new developments thanks to the aerial photographs (1993, 2002 and 2008). On the other hand, the variety of statistical databases –local, regional and state statistics such as census, registers and other government studies- make possible to quantify and qualify the details of these new urban areas. Thus, the foreseen results are related to the characterization and definition of new urban patterns along the coast of Alicante, taking in account that the identification of the new patterns of urban and territorial occupancy is an important clue in order to establish future planning in both local and regional level.


Design simulation and analysis optimization material modelling fabrication and manufacturing processes correlation with experimentation integration CAD processes (ie etching) measurements problems microelectronics mechatronics micro-electrical-mechanical systems engineering - automotive and aerospace medicine and biology transducers environmental computers and information processes.


This paper deals with the economic optimization of reinforced concrete short corbels typically used in construction. The study shows the efficiency of heuristic optimization by the random search, the descent local search and the Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithms. The evaluation of solutions follows a nonlinear finite element analysis with smeared cracking up to failure. Designs are considered feasible when they withstand a prescribed reference load. The algorithms are applied to a typical short corbel of 0.350m of total depth for which there is available data about the mode of failure and ultimate loads. The distance of the applied load to the built-in section is 0.150m. This example has seven discrete design variables for the geometry of the corbel, material and passive reinforcement. The application of the SA algorithm requires the calibration of the initial temperature and threshold, the number of variables modified in each iteration, the length of the Markov chains and the reducing coefficient. Each heuristic is run nine times so as to obtain statistical information about the minimum, average and deviation of the results. The best result has a cost of 10.4770€ for the SA algorithm. Finally, solutions and run times indicate that heuristic optimization is a forthcoming option for the design of real nonlinear finite element analysed structures.


Background: Evidence from animal studies suggests that per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may act as developmental neurotoxicants, but epidemiological evidence is limited and inconsistent. ...


The causing agent of malaria, the Plasmodium parasite, is transmitted to a mammalian host during a bite by a fernale Anopheles mosquito. The sporozoite, is inoculated into the skin by the mosquitoes, gets access to the bloodstream, stops in the liver, and invades hepatocytes. Inside a hepatocyte, one sporozoite develops into thousands of merozoites, the parasite form that multiplies inside erythrocytes and causes the symptoms of the disease. The sporozoite interacts with host cells in two possible ways : it can traverse the cell by gliding inside its cytoplasm (cell traversal), or invade the cell inside a parasitophorous vacuole and develop therein into the next parasite stage (cell invasion). During my PhD, I have worked on the molecular bases of these two processes. We first demonstrated that the protein TLP (Trap-like protein), does not play a role in sporozoite cell traversal in the skin, but acts in sporozoite motility and/or cell invasion in the liver. We also characterized a novel protein, called GEST (Gamete Egress sporozoite traversal), which plays an important role during sporozoite cell traversal as well as during the egress of sexual stages from their host erythrocyte. To devise better strategies to study sporozoite cell invasion, which implicates proteins that are not specific to the sporozoite stage, we developed a conditional mutagenesis technique. Using this technique we analyzed the functions of the AMAl and RON4 proteins in the sporozoite, two proteins currently considered to constitute the junction that forms between the invading zoite an the host cell during invasion. Our data show that, while RON4 is indeed essential to the sporozoite, AMAl is not.


Abstract 1. The average temperature coefficient of mercaptobenzothiazole accelerated mixes, based upon physical data, was found to be 1.91 per 10° C. For crotonaldehyde-aniline, the value was 2.32 per 10° C. 2. Based upon combined sulfur data, the value was 2.30 (average) per 10° C., and for crotonaldehyde-aniline 2.67 per 10° C. 3. The values obtained from physical data are to be preferred for all practical purposes.


In the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas, biogeographers are studying the highest stands of trees and forest in the northern hemisphere. Their interdisciplinary research reveals in detail the extent of the impact of human activity and climate on the natural environment.


The present invention provides an electronic component having a hollow structure, the hollow structure can suppress deformation due to resin pressure during molding caused by the module. Electronic component according to the present invention employs the following configuration, i.e., comprising: an element substrate (2); a drive unit (3), the driving section (3) formed on a main surface of the element substrate (2); a protective part (4) the protective section (4) around the drive portion (3) forming the hollow space (8) to cover the drive unit (3); an adhesive layer (10), the adhesive layer (10) disposed in a protected portion (4) constituting the upper portion of the resin; and a reinforcing plate (11), the reinforcing plate (11) disposed on the adhesive layer (10), the reinforcing plate (11) is a silicon substrate.


The purpose of the process is to remove Se from the water and makes the treated water up to the standard of potable water.In the study,201 X 7 strong alkali negative ion-exchange resin has been used to remove Se in the water.Originally,the mass density of Se in raw water is 100mg/L,after treatment,over 98% of Se has been removed,the treated water completely meets the standard stipulated for Se mass density in current potable water.


Large Eddy Simulation (LES) has been carried out to study the flow of a turbulent impinging jet with large nozzle height-to-diameter ratio. The dynamic Smagorinsky model was used to simulate the subgrid-scale stresses. The jet exit Reynolds number is 28,000. The study presents a detailed evaluation of the flow characteristics of an impinging jet with nozzle height of 20 diameters above the plate. Results of the mean normalized centerline velocity and wall shear stress show good agreement with previous experiments. Analysis of the flow field shows that vortical structures generated due to the Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities in the shear flow close to the nozzle undergo break down or merging when moving towards the plate. Unlike impinging jets with small stand-off distance where the ring-like vortices keep their interconnected shape upon reaching the plate, no sign of interconnection was observed on the plate for this large stand-off distance. A large deflection of the jet axis was observed for this type of impinging jet when compared to the cases with small nozzle height-to-diameter ratios.Copyright © 2014 by ASME


In clinical practice, rheumatologists most frequently use imaging techniques to explore bone and soft-tissue involvement in RA. MRI is the best noninvasive, observer-independent imaging modality technique that has advantages over clinical examination and conventional radiographs for assessing joint damage and soft tissue inflammation, which are common features even in the earliest stages of RA. MRI provides multiplanar images with a high degree of resolution without ionising radiation. Based on these characteristics, MRI identifies early signs of arthritis where other imaging modalities failed. Main indications for MRI in RA consequently are to determine joint involvement, differential diagnosis and early diagnosis of inflammation, such as synovial changes, changes in tendon sheaths and bursae, as well as bone marrow oedema (BME), not detected by clinical examination, BME even also not by ultrasound. The presence of BME has added benefits to modern diagnostic criteria, and anti-citrullinated peptide antibody positive patients have demonstrated higher osteitis scores. Additionally, MRI helps to assess and define prognosis and outcome, because synovitis and BME are risk factors for the progression of structural changes. Growing data on the validity of MRI in predicting and assessment of treatment response are available as well. Recent evidence has demonstrated that MRI inflammatory parameters are frequent findings in RA with clinical remission and low disease activity states, which has impact on treatment changes. MRI helps to identify at-risk individuals with arthralgia without clinical arthritis, furthermore these patients with defined RA and high risk for disease progression leading to therapy escalation and also may limit unnecessary treatment with potentially expensive biologic drugs. Studies that directly assess how MRI use in clinical care might even influence decision making, quality of care and cost effective delivery of that care. Clinical studies answering these questions of regular use of MRI are warranted. Disclosure of Interest None declared


The principles of organic farming are introduced and explained. Soil Association standards include a subsection dedicated to the principles of organic production. Here, it is explained that the organic approach applies to the whole system of farming and food production, and the text includes a comprehensive set of principles, which are divided into the four categories of Agricultural, Environmental, Food Processing and Social. Soil Association standards also include a subsection dedicated to further explanation of the principles of organic food processing. Here, they explain that organic foods are wholesome, authentic, unadulterated, and of high quality. These terms are defined, and additional principles are explained, such as environmental conservation at the processing site and environmental responsibility regarding packaging and transport.
(Soil Association Organic Standards. Subsection 1.2.)


Physicians performing pretravel evaluations should assess prospective travelers' and adventurers' preparedness and counsel them on risk reduction based on their individual health and sport-specific risk.


In 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began to implement a full-scale National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. The long-term goals of the NAWQA program are to describe the status and trends in the quality of a large, representative pan of the Nation's surfaceand ground-water resources and to provide a sound, scientific understanding of the primary natural and human factors affecting the quality of these resources. In meeting these goals, the program will provide water-quality information that will be useful to policy makers and managers at the national, State, and local levels. The NAWQA program will integrate water-quality information that has been generated from different areal scales into the national assessment. A major component of the program is study-unit investigations, which comprise the principal building blocks of the program on which national-level assessments are based. The 60 study-unit investigations that make up the full-scale NAWQA program represent hydrologic systems that include parts of most major river basins and aquifer systems. The study units vary in size from 1,200 to more than 65,000 square miles and incorporate about 60 to 70 percent of the Nation's water use and population served by public water supplies. In 1991, the Central Nebraska Basins area was among the first 20 NAWQA study units selected for study under the full-scale implementation plan.


This article reviews the latest instrumentation used in high resolution nonlinear microscopy and techniques for the temporal and spatial calibration of this instrumentation. This includes an overview of currently available ultrashort laser sources, the dispersion characteristics of microscopes, methods for pulse measurement at high numerical aperture, dispersion compensation techniques, and finally a brief overview of a number of nonlinear imaging methods presently used in these systems.


We report an unusual case of primary extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma combined with sinusitis in an AIDS patient. A 39year-old male presented with sinusitis as initial manifestation. A nasal endoscopy revealed nasal polyposis with mucopurulent discharge in both middle meatus and paranasal sinus (PNS) CT scans demonstrated pansinusitis without lamina papyracea or skull base defect. He received antiretroviral and antibiotics therapy due to low CD4 count representing immunocompromised state. The patient was not followed up for observation and he returned with reduced right visual acuity and diplopia, and proptosis after 6 months. A PNS CT scan showed bilateral sinonasal polyposis with pansinusitis and soft tissue density in the right orbit and frontal lobe through bone defect of lamina papyracea and skull base. Endoscopic sinus surgery for orbital decompression and biopsy of intraorbital mass was performed under general anesthesia. The mass was infiltrated into orbital contents and was confirmed as an diffused large B-cell lymphoma with anaplastic variant. The patient received radiotherapy because his general condition was poor. Proptosis and ocular pain were decreased;however, he complained of a persistent headache. Brain CT and MRI showed diffused parenchymal edema around brain abscess in the right frontal lobe. Stereotactic evacuation of the right brain abscess was performed. He has no specific complaints for the last 14 months and antiretroviral therapy is concluded at the present. (Korean J


Based on the changes of information demand under the condition of network, and the features, application of minority documents and the trend of sharing information. The author expounds in the article the necessity and importance of building data base with minority characteristics, analyzes the feasibility of the building of the data base from the angles of historic development, culture life, present basis and technological conditions, puts forward the principles which must be followed and measures adopted in the construction of the data base.


In the context of new industrialization, the energy problem being experienced by the manufacturing industry has aroused social concerns. This paper focuses on the energy use of 27 subindustries in China's manufacturing industry and it develops an energy consumption index for 1994–2015. Subsequently, the method of grey relational analysis is used, with the full period divided according to years in which change points occur. The empirical analysis indicates that the energy consumption indexes generally exhibit a declining trend. Using the grey model (GM (1,1)) to forecast the index indicates a continued downward trend up to 2025 for energy-intensive industries, which is a more optimistic scenario than the trend forecast for the whole manufacturing sector. Thus, these energy-intensive industries do not drag down the performance of the whole manufacturing industry in regard to energy intensity. In future, more attention should be paid to energy-saving efforts by nontraditional high-energy-consuming industries. Although the results show that energy efficiency is improving in China, total annual consumption is rising rapidly. Therefore, the industry needs to continue to strengthen independent innovation and improve the efficiency of new energy use. The Chinese government should formulate feasible long-term plans to encourage enterprises to save energy.


: The RapidEye satellite sensor has various spectral wavelength bands, and it can capture large areas with high temporal resolution. Therefore, it affords advantages in generating various types of thematic maps, including land cover maps. In this study, we applied a supervised classification scheme to generate high-resolution land cover maps using RapidEye images. To improve the classification accuracy, object-based classification was performed by adding brightness, yellowness, and greenness bands by Tasseled Cap Transformation (TCT) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) bands. It was experimentally confirmed that the classification results obtained by adding TCT and NDWI bands as input data showed high classification accuracy compared with the land cover map generated using the original RapidEye images.


Readers should take particular note of the methodology and the conclusions from this article. In our lifetime, we have been fortunate to witness the extraordinary finale to the first crucial stage of the human genome project1—full human gene sequencing. With this enhanced knowledge of the DNA that connects us all, genetic analysis such as that seen in this article by Patel et al. will become increasingly important. We …


After injury of the liver tissue respiration by injection of P/sup 32/ solution the effects of cystine, cysteine, glutathione, vit. K, chlorophyll, ethyl alcohol, and glucuronic acid were studied. It was concluded that adequate amounts of ethyl alcohol and of glucuronic acid were effective against radia tion damage to the tissue resptration. (Abstr. Japan Med., 1: No. 13, l961)


Existing research into the use of humour in advertising fails to adequately address a number of central concerns. These issues include (i) definition of humour and types, (ii) the effect humorous advertising appeals have on an individual, (iii) how the effects of humour in advertising are moderated by culture and, (iv) establishment of a link between intended and perceived humour in advertising. Propositions are developed for a series of research studies to construct a framework that will assist in determining what adaptation of humorous appeals is necessary to optimise their effectiveness in cross-cultural advertising. Introduction Humour is frequently used in advertising, but its effects and effectiveness are not well understood. With over US$167 billion globally being spent annually on ads with humorous appeals (ZenithOptimedia 2007), it is critical that advertisers gain the highest possible effectiveness. In particular, with organisations standardising their products and promotion globally, the use of humour in cross-cultural advertising demands examination. The debate over standardisation or localisation of marketing strategies and in particular advertising strategies has been ongoing for decades (Agrawal 1995). Proponents of standardisation believe that there is a growing convergence amongst cultures, typified by the global consumers in certain product segments (Dawar and Parker 1994). The competing pressures to gain the benefits of standardisation while retaining the customer focus of localisation lead to the need for evidence delineating a point on the continuum between purely standardised and complete adaptation at which an organisation can develop effective advertising strategies. This paper attempts to synthesise the literature on humour in cross-cultural advertising and conceptualise the link between culture and the effectiveness of humorous appeals in advertising. From this synthesis a framework will be developed, enabling researchers to determine what level of adaptation of humorous appeals is necessary to optimise effectiveness of cross-cultural advertising. A critical section of this framework will also address the gap between intended and perceived humour, and its impact on measures of effectiveness. Culture As a basis for cross-cultural research into humour in advertising, it is useful to examine the literature on the elements and dimensions of culture. The concept of culture is difficult to define accurately and comprehensively. Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1978; 1952) cite over 164 definitions of culture. Fletcher (1979:17) opined that "culture is the total way of life in a society"; and Hofstede (1988:6) expressed his view that culture is "the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one category of people from


Efficient building instance segmentation is necessary for many applications such as parallel reconstruction, management and analysis. However, most of the existing instance segmentation methods still suffer from low completeness, low correctness and low quality for building instance segmentation, which are especially obvious for complex building scenes. This paper proposes a novel unsupervised building instance segmentation (UBIS) method of airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) point clouds for parallel reconstruction analysis, which combines a clustering algorithm and a novel model consistency evaluation method. The proposed method first divides building point clouds into building instances by the improved kd tree 2D shared nearest neighbor clustering algorithm (Ikd-2DSNN). Then, the geometric feature of the building instance is obtained using the model consistency evaluation method, which is used to determine whether the building instance is a single building instance or a multi-building instance. Finally, for multiple building instances, the improved kd tree 3D shared nearest neighbor clustering algorithm (Ikd-3DSNN) is used to divide multi-building instances again to improve the accuracy of building instance segmentation. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed UBIS method obtained good performances for various buildings in different scenes such as high-rise building, podium buildings and a residential area with detached houses. A comparative analysis confirms that the proposed UBIS method performed better than state-of-the-art methods.


23/06/23 10:14 AM 264 Book Reviews Taylor, Frederick Winslow. The Principles of Scientific Management. New York: Harper, 1911. Print. Taylor, Kendall. The Gatsby Affair: Scott, Zelda, and the Betrayal that Shaped an American Classic. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2018. Print. ———. Sometimes Madness Is Wisdom: Zelda and Scott Fitzgerald: A Marriage. New York: Ballantine, 2001. Print. Utrep, Robert C. "Yeatsian Modernism: Romantic Nationalism, Hero Worship, and the 'Celtic Element' in Tender Is the Night and The Love of the Last Tycoon." F. Scott Fitzgerald Review 16 (2018): 60–83. Print. Wagner-Martin, Linda. Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald: An American Woman's Life. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Print. West, James L. W. III. Business Is Good: F. Scott Fitzgerald, Professional Writer. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 2023. Print. ———. "Explanatory Notes." The Great Gatsby: A Variorum Edition. Ed. James L. W. West III. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2019. 229–43. Print. ———. "Preface." Fitzgerald and the War Between the Sexes by Scott Donaldson. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 2022. vii–viii. Print. Wilson, Edmund, ed. The Crack-Up. New York: New Directions, 1945. Print. Woolf, Virginia. Jacob's Room. London: Hogarth, 1922. Print. Z: The Beginning of Everything. Cr. Dawn Prestwich and Nicole Yorkin. Amazon, 2017. TV series.


It has been recognized that phthalimido-containing cephalosporins, penicillins, and monocyclic azetidinones are more stable to a wide variety of reaction conditions than the corresponding amido derivatives. Apparently the phthaloyl protection enhances the stability of the azetidinone ring system, and, therefore, many chemical reactions otherwise impracticable have been feasible with phthaloyl protected .azetidinones. The obvious advantages of the phthaloyl protective group2 have been overshadowed, however, by the lack of a selective method of removal of this function in the presence of a highly sensitive azetidinone ring system. The well-known Ing-Manske method3 for the removal of the phthaloyl group by hydrazinolysis of N-substituted phthalimides could not be applied to cephalosporins4 and penicillinss having the phthalimido group. The reason that the phthaloyl group .can not be successfully removed from cephalosporins and penicillins is that the azetidinone carbonyl function is, in fact, more reactive toward hydrazine than the phthalimido carbonyl. Therefore, undesirable azetidinone hydrazinolysis occurs preferentially. To circumvent this problem there was a need to enhance the reactivity of the imido functionality with respect to that of the azetidinone ring. We believed that desired enhancement of the imido carbonyl reactivity could be achieved by conversion of the imide function 1 to that of an isoimide 2. Moreover, we believed that in any given isoimido-azetidinone nucleophilic attack at the carbonyl group of isoimide would be the preferred process.


Over the past 60 years, the urban Aboriginal population in Canada has increased by almost 700 percent. Toronto's population is no different; from 2001 to 2011, the Aboriginal population in Toronto grew by 87 percent. While it has been suggested that there is a high rate of Aboriginal mobility between reserves and cities, there are few qualitative studies that examine experiences of migration. Within that, little attention has been paid to narratives of Aboriginal people who are marginalized within this already marginalized community, such as the LGBTQ and two-spirited (LGBTQ2S) population. Utilizing Indigenous methodologies and a critical population health theoretical framework, semi-structured interviews were conducted with twenty-two LGBTQ2S migrants to understand urban transition narratives. The findings suggest that LGBTQ2S migrants have unique migration narratives based on their intersectional identities, which contribute to new challenges accessing housing, employment, culture, and services for this particular population.


Microtubules are cytoskeletal polymers that serve as long-distance tracks for intracellular transport. However, microtubules are not static tracks; they undergo dynamic instability, a non-equilibrium behavior which allows them to continually remodel. Microtubules must remodel to adapt to the changing needs of the cell, yet they must also be stable enough to allow long-distance transport by kinesins and by cytoplasmic dynein and its partner complex dynactin. Microtubule dynamics are strongly influenced by microtubule-associated proteins, which bind to microtubules and bias them toward growth or shrinkage. A pool of dynein and dynactin localizes to the microtubule plus end and to the cortex, where we hypothesized that they might not be solely poised to initiate retrograde runs, but might also act to modify microtubule dynamics. To test this, we reconstituted microtubule dynamic instability in vitro and visualized it using TIRF microscopy. We show that dynein, when immobilized in an orientation recapitulating its membrane recruitment, can tether growing microtubules, reducing their lateral diffusion and delaying catastrophe. This effect does not represent mere microtubule binding; dynein tethers microtubules more effectively than kinesin or the plus end-tracking protein EB1, and we show that this ability of dynein is dependent on its ATPase activity. Modeling suggests that dynein may delay catastrophe by actively applying tension to straighten, and thus stabilize the microtubule. We also have examined the effects of the p150Glued subunit of dynactin on microtubule dynamics. We find that to modify dynamics, p150Glued must be dimerized, and it must bind tubulin, an interaction that requires its CAP-Gly and basic domains in tandem. p150Glued is alternatively spliced in vivo, with the isoform including both these domains expressed primarily in neurons. Accordingly, depletion of p150Glued in a non-polarized cell line does not alter microtubule dynamics, while p150Glued RNAi in neurons leads to a dramatic increase in microtubule catastrophe. Strikingly, a Parkinson syndrome-associated mutation blocks this microtubule-stabilizing activity both in vitro and in neurons. Together, these data provide novel mechanistic insight into how cytoplasmic dynein and dynactin, the principle minus enddirected motor complex in the cell, also act at the plus end to coordinate microtubule dynamics. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Cell & Molecular Biology First Advisor Erika L. Holzbaur Subject Categories Biochemistry | Biophysics | Cell Biology This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/655 CYTOPLASMIC DYNEIN AND DYNACTIN COORDINATE MICROTUBULE DYNAMICS AT THE GROWING PLUS END Jacob Eric Lazarus A DISSERTATION In Cell and Molecular Biology Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pen nsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2012 Supervisor of Dissertation _____________________ Erika LF Holzbaur Professor, Physiology Graduate Group Chairperson ________________________ Erfei Bi, Professor of Cell and Developmental Biolo gy Dissertation Committee Morris Birnbaum, Professor of Medicine Kathryn Ferguson, Associate Professor of Physiology Michael Ostap, Professor of Physiology CYTOPLASMIC DYNEIN AND DYNACTIN COORDINATE MICROTUBULE DYNAMICS AT THE GROWING PLUS END


Introduction: HIV-associated dementia is the most common nontraumatic dementia among young people. Objective: To describe the clinical features, diagnostic methods and treatment of HIV-associated dementia. Method: Review of the medical literature, available in Medline, Ovid and Hinari data bases. Results: The clinical features in the early stages may be mild with symptoms of poor concentration, mental slowing, and apathy which may mimic depression. Later on, as the syndrome progresses, more specific cognitive changes develop with memory loss and personality change associated with motor and sphincter difficulties as a result of an associated vacuolar myelopathy. Conclusions: Investigations are indicated to exclude other causes. MRI typically shows evidence of atrophy and diffuse white matter signal changes. Neuropsychological assessment typically shows abnormalities in the following cognitive domains: Psychomotor speed, attention, frontal lobe function, and verbal and non-verbalmemory. HAART has reduced its incidence and it now affects approximately 10% of patients with advanced disease.


This paper studied changed properties of soils in the typical ecotone of Duolun County,Inner Mongolia for two years.Results showed that the content of clay decreased with increased sandy desertification on grassland.Soil moisture decreased significantly,especially within 20 cm of the soil surface(P0.05).Soil moisture in deeper layers was higher than the upper.Soil bulk density was found to increase with depth and has a certain correlation with the degree of sandy desertification in different depths.Soil bulk density in the 30-50 cm layer was the lowest in Ⅱ stage,and in the 0-5 cm layer,the lowest in Ⅴ stage.The contents of organic matter(OM),carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) in soils decreased significantly(P0.001).The reduction in nitrogen was more rapid than carbon,which led to an increase in the C/N of soil.This indicted that the nitrogen supplying to plant was insufficient.The positive correlation between granular composition and nutrient elements was significant.The correlation between clay and N was similar to those between clay and C and between C and N.Therefore the reduction in fine particles resulted in the significant reduction in N.The correlations among soil bulk density and the contents of carbon,nitrogen and clay showed that the finer particle,the higher content of organic matter and the lower soil bulk density.This indicted an improvement in soil stability,especially in the 5-10 cm layer(P0.001).


Abstract: The main objective of this application is to provide the user with better understanding and learning the ayurvedic sutras. Because most of the ayurvedic sutras are based on sanskrit. It is difficult for everyone to learn and understand the same. So, with this application user can understand the sutras and implement it. The basic idea of this application is to provide the user with audio of the sutra and the context of that particular sutra. Keywords: Ayurveda Sutra, Ayurveda shloka, meaning, sandhi, sandhi splitter.


The present manuscript is about study and restoration of a sabre, which belonged to Mehemet Ali. The work has been adopted a scientific and a historical approach. Scientific one has revealed the secrets of Damascus steel, so admired by the power of their swords as well as by the beauty of their beautiful markings, and damascene works. Techniques such as Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), ICP Mass and Ultrasonic have been used in order to achieve this scientific research. Historical approach has carried out a work about the contribution of Mehemet Ali, especially to Egypt in the 18th and 19th centuries.


The article briefly covers the history of the study of glaciers in the highlands of Central Asia, most of which are located on the territory of Tajikistan. This mountainous region is known as Kuhistan. The first expeditions to Kuhistan were sent immediately after Central Asia joined Russia (in 70 th 80 th of the XIX century). The explorations had been conducted under hard conditions. The author shows the heroic deed of Russian natural scientists (A.P. Fedchenko, I.V. Mushketov, V.F. Oshanin), who coped to reach deep into Kuhistan and carry out topographic study of Pamir mountain ranges, Alai and Tien Shan mounts. The author shows how knowledge was gained gradually on the reserves of fresh water and water resources in the whole region. Thanks to these efforts, the map of the mountainous region was developed. The article states that the work of Russian explorers about the study of glaciers of Central Asia has not lost its significance to the present day and is being widely used by modern scientists in many countries.


The kinetic Ising models with non‐conserved and conserved order parameter are briefly reviewed. The effect on critical dynamics of global and local conservation laws is considered. Rigorous lower bounds for the dynamical exponent (z) are obtained from the initial response rate and the scaling hypothesis for the relaxation time. It is shown for several dynamical one‐dimensional models that z≥5 even if the order parameter conservation ccurs only globally. For one‐dimensional models in which the maximal separation between two exchanged spins is proportional to the equilibrium correlation length, the inequaltiy z≥3 is obtained.


Dietary guidelines recommend a daily intake of 5 servings of fruits and vegetables. Whether such intakes are associated with a lower risk of hip fracture is at present unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the dose‐response association between habitual fruit and vegetable intake and hip fracture in a cohort study based on 40,644 men from the Cohort of Swedish Men (COSM) and 34,947 women from the Swedish Mammography Cohort (SMC) (total n = 75,591), free from cardiovascular disease and cancer, who answered lifestyle questionnaires in 1997 (age 45 to 83 years). Intake of fruits and vegetables (servings/day) was assessed by food frequency questionnaire and incident hip fractures were retrieved from the Swedish Patient Register (1998 to 2010). The mean follow‐up time was 14.2 years. One‐third of the participants reported an intake of fruits and vegetables of >5 servings/day, one‐third reported >3 to ≤5 servings/day, 28% reported >1 to ≤3 servings/day, and 6% reported ≤1 serving/day. During 1,037,645 person‐years we observed 3644 hip fractures (2266 or 62% in women). The dose‐response association was found to be strongly nonlinear (p < 0.001). Men and women with zero consumption had 88% higher rate of hip fracture compared with those consuming 5 servings/day; adjusted hazard ratio (HR) was 1.88 (95% CI, 1.53 to 2.32). The rate was gradually lower with higher intakes; adjusted HR for 1 versus 5 servings/day was 1.35 (95% CI, 1.21 to 1.58). However, more than 5 servings/day did not confer additionally lower HRs (adjusted HR for 8 versus 5 servings/day was 0.96; 95% CI, 0.90 to 1.03). Similar results were observed when men and women were analyzed separately. We conclude that there is a dose‐response association between fruit and vegetable intake and hip fracture such that an intake below the recommended five servings/day confers higher rates of hip fracture. Intakes above this recommendation do not seem to further lower the risk. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.


Common carp Cyprinus carpio were experimentally exposed to koi herpesvirus (KHV) under water temperature regimes ranging from 16°C to 28°C. Fish maintained at 16°C, 23°C and 28°C died due to infection at 21-52, 5-20 and 7-14 days post-virus exposure (dpe), respectively. Cohabitation experiments in which KHV-infected common carp were kept with naive koi carp revealed that infectious virus was continuously shed from the infected common carp for 34 days (7-40 dpe) at 16°C, for 14 days (1-14 dpe) at 23°C and for 12 days (3-14 dpe) at 28°C. The relatively extended duration of virus shedding observed at 16°C suggests the potential risk of infection from fish maintained under low-temperature conditions as a source of viral inocula.


The lack of equal distribution of educators makes the 3T regions experience differences in the quality of educators with other regions. This difference has an effect on the teacher's expertise in providing innovative technology-based learning and learning media related to children's knowledge about today's development. The number of programs from the government that are not in accordance with the objectives. The indifferent attitude of the people in the 3T region to the development of technology has made children increasingly isolated from the times. E. Kim (2005) and R. S Jones (2013) in Siswandoko, (2013: 307) suggest that teacher professionalism is the most important factor in realizing continuous quality education. Because of the importance of the teacher, Kim even suggested that "the quality of education can not exceed the quality of teachers". This shows the importance of technology-based training for PAUD teachers in developing learning media that are creative, innovative, and in accordance with their times. As well as to generalize children's knowledge in 3T with other cities or districts. The implementation of technology-based PAUD educator training is expected to equalize the knowledge that children receive in the 3T area with other regions. The implementation of technology-based training can improve the quality of PAUD educators in the 3T area. The benefits of technology-based training will be felt by educators, the community and the most important thing is felt by students in learning and learning.


The use of dental handpieces and ultrasonic instruments expose dental professionals to high-frequency vibration, precise gripping, high pinch force, and repetitive bending movements of wrist during restorative procedures involving cutting dental material, periodontal scaling, and root planning. There is clear evidence of an association between the dentistry profession and work-related musculoskeletal disorders in the neck, upper back and upper extremities; however, the influence of high-frequency vibration on hand and fingers from dental handpieces is not well known. The objectives of the current paper are to present the results of a survey on hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) among members of a professional dental society and to present a literature review on dental handpieces and ultrasonic scalers exposure assessment and occurrence of hand-arm vibration syndrome among dental professionals. There seems to be limited awareness of the occupational risk associated with hand-arm vibration from handpieces and ultrasonic devices. This study highlights the occurrence of vascular and neurological disorders of HAVS among dental professionals, as well as wrist/hand pain, osteoarthritis, diminished hand grip, and carpal tunnel syndrome. The assessment of high-frequency vibration and ultra-vibration from these vibrating tools and vibration-related injuries deserve special attention for future preventive measures.


Toward the decade of 1970, the humid tropics represented in Mexico and in other parts of the world the most important agricultural frontier. The central problems that impeded their use referred on one hand, to the lack of hydraulic infrastructure and for another to the condition of marginality of the rural communities located in the region. The communication work was constituted as a formal component of the Program of Integrated Rural Development of the Humid Tropics, Proderith, whose axial line was the construction of infrastructure of road access to the communities; of control of the excesses of water in the agricultural parcels and of storage of the agricultural production. It looked to stimulate the reflection of the peasants on their conditions of life and of work with the purpose of finding solutions to their problems starting from their own knowledge and of the external contribution of the agricultural extension program and of hydraulic engineering. This article reviews this System of Rural Communication, the causes of its origin, development and extinction; also, we make some recommendations to replicate this experience.


Although a significant amount of work has be done on the subject of IT governance there still appears to be some disjoint and confusion about what IT governance really is and how it may be realized in practice. This research-in-progress paper draws on existing research related to IT governance to provide a more in-depth understanding of the concept. It describes the current understanding of IT governance and argues for the extension and further development of the various dimensions of governance. An extended model of IT governance is proposed. A research agenda is outlined.


1. In two Notes published in these Proceedings" I have reported on my researches on the order of ax-y+l. Especially, in the second of these notes I have given the upper limit of lim inf x(ax--y/)l for some classes of the irrational number a. Since then I have got for some cases the more precise and best possible limit, which will be shown in the following lines. In the case iii 1.c.. that is, when lira inf q=2k, we have the following theorem" If k _


LaMnO 3+δ nanocrystals with a mean diameter of 75 A, were synthesized using SBA-15 mesoporous silica. The magnetic properties of the nanocrystals showed a novel size effect and were quite different from those of bulk crystal. The magnetic and electron spin resonance measurement results indicate that the existence of two transition temperatures, 278 and 235 K, which are higher than Neel and Curie temperature of bulk LaMnO 3+δ . The ESR spectrum was observed even at the lower transition temperature and consisted of the two broad lines whose shape changed at each transition temperature. The magnetization curve at 77 K was well reproduced by the summation of the two superparamagnetic magnetizations corresponding to antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic nanoparticles, respectively. These results suggest that there are noninteracting ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic nanoparticles with transition temperatures of 278 and 235 K, respectively.


The invention relates to the formulation to be injected, in particular, it relates to a container for storing the therapeutic or diagnostic liquid. The container comprises a container body 2, and a piston body 3 disposed in the container body at a slidable manner, the piston body, for dispensing the formulation, to determine the maximum loading of the container and the rear end position, can be displaced in between the front position. Container of the present invention, H is commensurate with the maximum height of the container body, L is corresponding to the maximum distance between the side walls of the container body, the maximum opening ratio H / L is about 1.25 of the container body, preferably about characterized in that it is a 1.0.


UOR years it has been relatively simple to be an advocate of tax reform. All one had to do was throw around such terms as taxpayer revolt and tax equity and then advocate practically anything with the complete assurance that, if your proposals were unsound, they would not be adopted. Of course, when they were not accepted, you would proclaim that the special interest forces had triumphed again. I believe, however, that it is now much more difficult to be a responsible advocate of tax reform since the climate for tax reform is so strong that it is quite possible that practically any kind of tax legislation, sound or unsound, could be enacted. Consequently, it is my view that the advocates of tax reform have, in this climate, a responsibility to determine that their proposals are sound from an overall viewpoint. I am reasonably certain that most advocates of tax reform, including some members of this panel, would not, if they had the final responsibility, enact into law many of the proposals they are now espousing. My view, along these lines, is buttressed by the experience of Stanley Surrey who, as you all know, before and after he had the ultimate responsibility for tax policy, was the foremost exponent of tax reform. However, as we also know, when he held that position of responsibility, not only did he not advocate drastic tax reform but, instead, he introduced the investment credit and guidelines depreciation that other advocates of tax reform


[ Objective ] To keep informed the morphological development status and the regular pattern of some common diseases among the pupils in countryside of Shen Zhen. To provide scientific basis for the students' health care. [Methods]Health examination was performed among 9241 pupils in 11 primary schools in Long Gang town. All the data were statistically dealt with computers, and were compared with the information in 1995. [Results]There was no significant difference between boys and girls in height and weight. But there were significant difference in height inferior ratio among the six grades ( x2 = 25.158, P 0.001) . The inferior ratio in high grades was lower than that in lower grades. Among the five common diseases, decayed tooth was the primary one to harm the pupils' health (51.76%) . Other common diseases are bad eyesight, obesity and malnutrition. The constituent ratio of the common illness type is different between boys and girls (x2 = 35 .006, P 0.001) . The morbidity of malnutrition, bad eyesight and trachoma in girls is higher than that in boys. Difference also exists in the constituent ratio of common diseases in different grades (x2 = 1 115.87, P 0.001) . The common diseases in higher grades are mainly bad eyesight and obesity, and decayed tooth in lower grades. [ Conclusion ] Secular growth changes were found in morphological development among pupils in Long Gang. The prevalence rate of decayed tooth is falling, but that of bad eyesight was ascending.


Integrins are a major family of cell-matrix and cell-cell receptors. Bidirectional signal transmission between the extracellular matrix or other integrin ligands and the submembranous cytoskeleton and associated adaptor proteins is now being resolved (1–6). This review will concentrate on an emerging area of study: how the type of adhesion and the signaling following integrin ligation may be modulated by lateral interactions with other membrane components. This may occur through direct or indirect interactions. Two major groups of transmembrane proteins will form the focus of this review. One group, the tetraspans or TM4SF proteins (7–9), is composed of transmembrane proteins implicated in regulation of cell migration and invasion. They can interact directly with the extracellular domain of the a chain of specific integrins. The second group, the syndecans (10–15), has not been shown to bind integrins directly but to bind to separate domains within integrin ligands. These also modify integrin-based adhesion, migration, invasiveness, and matrix assembly. The similarities in integrin modulation will be discussed.