Study design, materials and methods Through the adaptation of an HTA Consulting model [1] and after data transferability analysis, an effectiveness and utility analysis of SNM vs. BoNTA 100UI in the treatment of OAB in Colombia was done. The model was constructed as a Discrete Event Simulation, which allows modeling events with data dependent time, been time to treatment failure as the main variable that reflects the effectiveness of treatment. The effectiveness data of SNM and BoNTA, defined as more than 50% improvement in urinary parameters, was based on studies identified in a systematic review by Jaros [2] in 2013 conducted in the Polish clinical settings. The Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) allow us to capture the length of life adjusted by its quality. One QALY is a one year of life in perfect health state and zero in death. Since Urinary incontinence affects quality of life, based in a systematic search for health-related quality of life data [3], we defined a QALY value for the health state with treatment success and a QALY value for the health state with treatment failure. The treatment by itself affects the Quality of life, and a disutility factor was included into the projections. The incontinence episodes per day were also included in the model. A 10 year horizon and a 3% discount rate for the QALYs were used. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis with 1000 iterations of a MonteCarlo Simulation was done.


The persistence of the forward premium has been cited both as evidence of the failure of the unbiasedness hypothesis and as rationale for the forward premium anomaly. Exploring the nature of this may provide useful insights into issues of market efficiency. This paper examines the proposition that the forward premium and the conditional variance of the spot rate are fractionally cointegrated using traded volatility as a measure of the latter. A corollary of the results is that the risk premium is non-stationary. Although non-standard, it is not inconsistent with risk premia derived from sticky-price general equilibrium models.


In everyday life,study and work,details may add to life a sense of music,rich texture to study,create a sense of philosophy,and describe an image to aesthetics;however,to a certain extend,some teachers lack various levels of detail consciousness in life practice,life reading and social participation;aiming at the problem,we should activate details in life and into the catalyst for success,and turn details into unfamiliarized images in the creative process,and activate details into the key to wisdom in teaching,in order to achieve the purposes of details for education.


We consider the question of irreducibility of the Hilbert scheme of points ℋilbdℙn and its Gorenstein locus. This locus is known to be reducible for d ≥ 14. For d ≤ 11 the irreducibility of this locus was proved in the series of papers [G. Casnati and R. Notari, On the Gorenstein locus of some punctual Hilbert schemes, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 213(11) (2009) 2055–2074; On the irreducibility and the singularities of Gorenstein locus of the Punctual Hilbert scheme of degree 10, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 215(6) (2011) 1243–1254; Irreducibility of the Gorenstein locus of the Punctual Hilbert Scheme of degree 11, preprint (2012)] and Iarrobino conjectured that the irreducibility holds for d ≤ 13. In this paper, we prove that the subschemes corresponding to the Gorenstein algebras having Hilbert function (1, 5, 5, 1) are smoothable, i.e. lie in the closure of the locus of smooth subschemes. This result completes the proof of irreducibility of the Gorenstein locus of ℋilb12ℙn, see Theorem 2.


Tanzania was the first country in the East African region to propose universal primary education in the early eighties under the Nyerere regime [1]. The educational system was based around the extended family (or ujumaa), found in traditional African cultures. After the introduction of school fees in 1984, there has been a steady decline in primary school participation to around 60% [1] although numbers of children with access to basic education in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have steadily increased again over the last two decades [2]. Concerns about the decline in science education are not exclusive to the sub-Saharan region. The lack of uptake of science in secondary schools (high schools, in USA and post-primary schools in Ireland) has been a cause for concern for governments worldwide [3]. Therefore, this research sought to identify if the use of datalogging by secondary students raised enthusiasm for and understanding of science, compared to students who were taught without datalogging using the same curriculum. The pilot study adopted a mixed-methods approach using quantitative data collected from preand post-examination results with teacher and student questionnaires, followed by semi-structured interviews with two teachers. The study looked at two schools in the Mwtara and Lindi regions of Tanzania, and sough to establish if through the use of datalogging:  students could achieve a better understanding and knowledge of concepts of motion and motion graphs and problem solving than a control group taught using inquiry methods but without the technology;  there would be a measurable increased level of enthusiasm about science and hence a greater desire to continue studies in science to tertiary level education;  the performance of students in post-test examinations was higher as compared to the control group. The main findings of the research demonstrated that using data logging had a small positive influence on understanding of scientific concepts, which in turn led to higher achievement in the post–study examination. Additionally, students also demonstrated a higher propensity to consider taking a career in a scientific discipline, although only two schools in the same region of Tanzania participated. The study showed that data logging can underpin the development of scientific enquiry skills in rural Tanzania. Students who used data-logging equipment generally performed up to 8% higher in the end of study examination in both enquiry skills and ability to interpret graphs than those that did not use


The utility model relates to a support structure with an obliquely locking function. The support structure consists of a connecting component, a base, a base hinge, a main hinge, a main bracket, and at least one auxiliary friction device. The auxiliary friction device is hinged with the main hinge and is fixedly arranged on an auxiliary connecting arm adjacent to an auxiliary bracket through a rotating component; the rotating component is connected with an adjacent positioning component that is fixedly connected with the main hinge; the connecting surface of the rotating component and the positioning component is provided with an even number of flanges and convex parts, which are correspondingly arranged in the radial direction and in the axial direction; the rotation of the main bracket can lead to the simultaneous rotation of the auxiliary bracket and the rotating component, so that the flanges of the rotating component and the positioning component can be lapped with the convex parts so as to increase the friction between the rotating component and the positioning component.


This paper investigates the intensity distribution along the radial direction for plasma flow subject to external magnetic Field. The toroidal external magnetism is applied in the transverse direction of plasma flow. Considering the steady-state continuity and momentum of the plasma flow subject to external magnetic field, the intensity profile of the plasma is obtained. The results quantitatively verify the intensity enhancement of the plasma with the increasing external magnetic field.


A fault accommodation approach based on fuzzy observer for nonlinear systems is presented in this paper.The fuzzy observer can estimate the size of the fault.The fault accommodation is constructed to compensate for the effect of the faults by stabilizing the closed-loop system.At last,an F-16 aircraft example is given to verify the efficiency of this algorithm.


Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)is one of the common diseases in respiratory system.The late researches showed close association of some cytokines,such as TNF-α and IL-8,with the onset of COPD.As major inflammatory mediators,TNF-α and IL-8 involve in the inflammatory response of airway,which accelerate the onset and progress of local inflammation by their interaction,result in the structural reconstruction of airway and the formation of airflow obstruction and thereby influence the onset and progress of COPD.This paper reviews the association of TNF-α and IL-8 with pathogenic mechanism of COPD.


Introduction: Retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy has recently been performed in several institutions for renal cancer. We report our experience with this type of operation and discuss the anatomy of perirenal fascial structures. Patients and Methods: From July 2000 to May 2002, we performed retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy in 23 patients. We began this operation with longitudinal cutting of two layers of the posterior renal fasciae, and removed specimens without any fascial structure. Results: Mean operative time was 203 min (range 129–314 min) with an average estimated blood loss of 113 ml (range 0–837 ml). There was 1 patient who required open conversion due to uncontrollable hemorrhage, but no complication was observed. Conclusions: Retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy is a safe and reliable method when the anatomy of the perirenal fasciae is clearly understood. Long-term follow-up of patients undergoing this procedure is warranted to its effect on the prognosis of renal cancer.


Abstract. We propose a design for silicon-on-chip integrated eight-channel wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) demultiplexer, which consists of parallel-arrayed one-dimensional (1-D) photonic crystal nanobeam cavities (PCNCs) with high-Q over 105 and large free spectral range of ∼200  nm. To the best of our knowledge, this is for the first time that a 1-D PCNC-based demultiplexer is presented. The performance of the device is investigated theoretically by using three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method. To enable eight-channel parallel arrayed 1-D PCNCs to be coupled to on-chip optical networks for higher integration and multiplex application, an 1  ×  8 taper-type equal optical power splitter is used to connect all channels simultaneously. The total device footprint is as small as 12  μm  ×  15  μm (width  ×  length), which is decreased by five times compared to that per channel in the recent two-dimensional (2-D) PC-based demultiplexer. Moreover, the average channel spacing smaller than 115 GHz is achieved, which is more than two times smaller than that of 2-D PC nanocavity devices, demonstrating that the arrayed nanocavities have the potential for developing ultracompact 100-GHz spaced filters in a dense WDM system. Thus, we believe that the results demonstrated in this work is promising for the future on-chip photonics integrated circuits and optical communication systems.


High-temperature resistant rare earth complexes Tb(4-FBA)3·2H2O and Tb(4-ClBA)3·2H2O were synthesized using 4-halogenated benzoic acids(4-fluorobenzoicacid and 4-chlorobenzoicacid) as ligands,respectively.They were characterized by the UV-spectra and fluorescent spectra and were compared with Tb(4-BrBA)3,which was synthesized by previous work.The UV spectra revealed that absorption intensities of the three kinds of terbium complexes Tb(4-FBA)3·2H2O,Tb(4-ClBA)3·2H2O and Tb(4-BrBA)3 in turn increased with the same molar concentration.The fluorescent spectra showed that the fluorescent intensity of Tb(4-ClBA)3·2H2O was the strongest.The relationship among energy level of the ligands,the ability of complexes absorbing UV energy and the non-radiative transitions was investigated for the experimental results.The thermal analysis indicated that Tb(4-FBA)3·2H2O and Tb(4-ClBA)3·2H2O started to lose weight around 100 ℃,suggesting the decomposition of crystal water and adsorbed water of the complexes,and the further mass loss around 450 ℃ belonged to the rapid decomposition of the complexes.When the two kinds of complexes placed in a muffle furnace were heated at 350 ℃ for 1 hour,it was disco-vered that the strongest fluorescence intensity of the Tb(4-FBA)3·2H2O reduced by 24% and Tb(4-ClBA)3·2H2O reduced by 13%.The IR spectra of the two kinds of complexes after heated showed that they did not decompose at high temperature.


In contemporary society one can hear people use the term "OCD" in a colloquial manner, saying that they are "a little bit OCD." Instead, this book introduces readers to the actual lives of people with obsessive-compulsive disorder. It shows the diverse manifestations of the disorder, how people conceptualize their "obsessions" and "compulsions," and the ways these self-perceived atypical thoughts and behaviors influence people's sense of self and their interactions in society. It does so by considering the disorder from the time people first started to believe they had a problem, all the way to life after treatment—what can be termed the "illness career." The book is based on interviews with those who have the disorder, some of their family members, and a few treatment providers. It explores what their experiences reveal to us regarding larger issues in society and mental health, notably stigma and trivialization. The book also considers what it means to live in today's risk society and how that relates to OCD, including the relevance of being an informed consumer of healthcare. It concludes by considering how we can improve the lives of those with OCD, more specifically increasing mental health literacy regarding OCD without fomenting stigma—as reducing trivialization can potentially increase stigma.


Background: Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy is so common that it can be considered a normal part of pregnancy. It is referred to as "morning sickness" although this is a misnomer because symptoms will often persist throught the day. Nausea and vomiting occurs significantly more often in primigravidas and women who were less educated younger-nonsmokers, obese or those with a history of nausea and vomiting in previous pregnancy.
Objective: This work aimed at assessing the possible relation between H. Pylori infection and hyperemesis gravidarum (HG).
Patient and Methods: Study setting: Al Azhar University Hospitals (Al_ Hussein and Sayed Galal), Duration of study: November 2018 to May 2019. The Study included two groups Group (A): (Thirty) pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum in the first trimester attending at antenatal clinics and admitted in the ward in addition to Group (B): (Thirty) normal pregnant women with antenatal care. The pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum, aged 18-40 years old and less than 16 weeks gestation.
Results: The current study found significant difference between two groups regarding positivity of HPSA. Positive stool antigen were found in 26 out of 30 of hyperemesis gravidarum (86.7%) compared with 11 out of 30 controls (36.7%) and highly statistical significant difference between studied groups as regard H pylori antibodies.
Conclusion: There was a significant association between Helicobacter Pylori infection and pathogenesis of hyperemesis gravidarum.


In this article, we propose a high-speed decoding algorithm for binary BCH codes that can correct up to 7 bits in error. Evaluation of the error-locator polynomial is the most complicated and time-consuming step in the decoding of a BCH code. We have derived equations for specifying the coefficients of the error-locator polynomial, which can form the basis for the development of a parallel architecture for the decoder. This approach has the advantage that all the coefficients of the error locator polynomial are computed in parallel (in one step). The roots of error-locator polynomial can be obtained by Chien's search and inverting these roots gives the error locations. This algorithm can be employed in any application where high-speed decoding of data encoded by a binary BCH code is required. One important application is in Flash memories where data integrity is preserved using a long, high-rate binary BCH code. We have synthesized generator polynomials for binary BCH codes (error-correcting capability, s ) that can be employed in Flash memory devices to improve the integrity of information storage. The proposed decoding algorithm can be used as an efficient, high-speed decoder in this important application.


The calculation of the heat and mass transfer efficiency of the proposed technology for deaeration of water by the exhaust gases of a gas-proof boiler in deaerators of serial design has been performed. The conditions and criterial values of the media consumption in the apparatus have been studied. It is shown that the technology can be successfully applied in operating thermal power plants.


In this paper, a direct digital-to-impulse architecture is presented that generates impulses with a measured record pulse-width of shorter than 8psec and an output peak power of 6mW. It is shown that the timing of the generated impulses can be locked to the edge of an input trigger with a high timing accuracy. It is also shown that the peak amplitude of the impulses can be programmed. In addition to time-domain measurements, frequency-domain spectrum is measured from DC to 75GHz. At 75GHz, the generated impulses have a frequency stability of better than 4Hz at 20dB below peak. The impulse train also achieves a timing jitter of better than 240fsec. The chip is fabricated in a 130nm SiGe BiCMOS process.


O UR AMERICAN WAY OF LIFE depends very largely on the use of rubber and rubber products. This is an era of swift and comfortable transportation, and tires and other rubber products are one of the important factors contributing to the needs of a Nation that literally rolls on rubber. Last year, in addition to 66 million passenger-car tires, the rubber industry made 17 million truck tires, 5 million farm implement and tractor tires and considerable quantities of giant excavator and earth-mover tires. Literally every field of operation requires the use of pneumatic tires, not only for highway transportation, but also for use in raising our crops, building roads and airports, flying our airplanes, and a host of other uses. In addition, it must be realized that every new car has some 200 rubber products that add to our convenience, safety, and comfort. When it is also realized that we sleep on rubber mattresses, use rubber-soled shoes and use rubber in a myriad of miscellaneous and useful products, we know how dependent we are on rubber and the rubber industry. Furthermore, wars are conducted largely on rubber-tired equipment, because present-day warfare is mobile and conducted largely by the use of vehicles. In addition to tires, rubber is required for tanks, boats, bullet-proof gas tanks, oxygen masks, gun mechanisms, and in many other places where flexibility, strength, and resistance to abrasion is required. All of our present-day rubber products are taken pretty much for granted, but an analysis of the development of rubber and rubber products indicates that they have closely paralleled the development of the United States, with the result that it has by far the best transportation and the highest standard of living in the world. Like any other historic development, the greatest progress has been made in times of disaster and catastrophe, and this has certainly been true of the rubber industry where more development and progress came out of the war years than during other periods.


Using RETRAN-02, the paper researches systematically the ways of lacalboiling startup of 5 MW Low Temperature Heating Reactor (LTHR), designed andbuilt at Institute of Nuclear Energy and Technology (INET) of TsinghuaUniversity. The affect of startup stability by the rate of control reactivityinsertion, the amount of vapour condensation of the primary collant system andthe amount of heat transfer of the primary coolant system are analysed. Theresult shows that, by a new type of mode of startup, the reactor can transitstably from single phase natural cycle to two-phase local boiling natural cycle mode,as long as some special parameters of the reactor are controled temporarily.


The 241 Louisiana death sentences (through 2015) are given a line item each in this spreadsheet view that includes demographics on defendants and victims, as well as dates and outcomes pertaining to the cases.The articles this data table underlies can be found here: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2706787 and http://ssrn.com/abstract=2706787.


We study an off-policy contextual pricing problem where the seller has access to samples of prices which customers were previously offered, whether they purchased at that price, and auxiliary features describing the customer and/or item being sold. This is in contrast to the well-studied setting in which samples of the customer's valuation (willingness to pay) are observed. In our setting, the observed data is influenced by the historic pricing policy, and we do not know how customers would have responded to alternative prices. We introduce suitable loss functions for this pricing setting which can be directly optimized to find an effective pricing policy with expected revenue guarantees without the need for estimation of an intermediate demand function. We focus on convex loss functions. This is particularly relevant when linear pricing policies are desired for interpretability reasons, resulting in a tractable convex revenue optimization problem. We further propose generalized hinge and quantile pricing loss functions, which price at a multiplicative factor of the conditional expected value or a particular quantile of the valuation distribution when optimized, despite the valuation data not being observed. We prove expected revenue bounds for these pricing policies respectively when the valuation distribution is log-concave, and provide generalization bounds for the finite sample case. Finally, we conduct simulations on both synthetic and real-world data to demonstrate that this approach is competitive with, and in some settings outperforms, state-of-the-art methods in contextual pricing.


The performance of nanocomposited poly [2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy-p-phenylene-vinylene] (MEH-PPV) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin film for hybrid solar cells application has been investigated. The nanocomposited MEH-PPV:TiO2 thin film has been prepared on glass substrate using spin-coating deposition method at different composition (wt %) of TiO2 nanoparticle from 5 to 15 wt% at room temperature. The electrical conductivities of nanocomposited thin films were measured by solar simulator for both in dark and under AM 1.5 100 mW/cm2 white light illumination while a characterization of optical properties has been measured by using UV-Vis spectrophotometer to evaluate the absorbance as well as transmittance spectra of thin films. By comparing the nanocomposited MEH-PPV:TiO2 thin films to pure MEH-PPV, it was found there are changes in their properties either electrical photoconductivity or absorbance spectra. Purely MEH-PPV shows the highest photoconductivity 0.00441 S.m−1 compared to nanocomposited MEH-PPV:TiO2 thin film. Whilst the optical properties exhibited the increment of light absorption as the concentration of TiO2 in MEH-PPV increases compared to purely MEH-PPV alone with strong absorption at wavelength of 500 nm in visible ranges and 300 nm in UV ranges respectively.


Objective To appraise the current situation and the development trends of antide-pressants in our hospital. Methods The defined daily dose(DDDs) and the sales amounts of antidepressants used in The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University from 2002 to July, 2005 were analyzed statistically. Results The DDDs of TCA antidepressants were reduced during 2002-2004, every drug's possession was essentially stable. The DDDs of SSRI inhibitor parox-etine hydrochloride was higher, ranked first in DDDs during these years. The sales amounts of venlafaxin and citalopram hydrobromide tablets had a yearly increase tendency. Conclusion Antidepressants use in the hospital is rational as a whole.


Diversity of vascular plants was studied in the Siju Wildlife Sanctuary of Meghalaya, in Northeast India. A total of 257 species of angiosperms comprising 213 genera and 83 families were recorded from 5.20 sq. kms area, between 90-200m altitudes. Of these, Dicotyledons comprise of 67 families, 158 genera and 189 species and monocotyledons comprise of 16 families, 55 genera and 68 species. 12 species of rare occurrence in the state of Meghalaya including 9 species listed under CITES were reported from the sanctuary along with some primitive taxa.


In the ink jet discharging for discharging a pre-fabric dye is imparted excellent discharging properties, not limited dye to 抜色, jet discharging ink to enable safe and stable processing, and discharging processed polyester fiber fabric to provide a method of manufacturing. HLB value is 9 to 16, non-ionic surfactants ethylene oxide addition mole number is 30 or less, an ink jet discharging ink consisting of guanidine weak acid salt and water. Further, the step of ejecting the ink by an ink-jet, heat treating or dry wet heat treatment at 150 to 190 ° C., and the step of soaping process, to produce a discharging processed polyester fiber cloth.


TO THE EDITOR: The number of vulvoplasty or labioplasty procedures rebated by Medicare Australia has more than doubled over t past 10 yea s; in the Un ted Kingdom, a similar trend was observed in the National Health Service (NHS) (Box). Recent media debate in Australia highlights this as a concerning problem. The community assumes that surgical operations are clinically effective treatments performed for identifiable pathological features. In the context of female genital cosmetic surgery (FGCS), there is a blurring between disease and dissatisfaction, the latter being at least partly informed by cultural pressure about physical appearances. In addition, there is an absence of evidence on clinical effectiveness, and an apparent lack of commitment to monitor adverse events. This raises the question of how clinicians justify referring women for FGCS. A recent audit of referral letters for labioplasty in an NHS gynaecology clinic in the UK (University College London Hospitals project no. 03/0173) offers interesting insights. Of the 48 letters reviewed, the mean age of the women referred was 25 years (range, 9–50 years). Complaints about genital appearance were identified in 34/48 (71%) of letters (eg, embarrassment about undressing in public changing rooms). Physical discomfort was mentioned in 23/ 48 (48%) letters (eg, difficulty with activities such as cycling). Sexual problems were mentioned in 21/48 (44%) letters (eg, a reluctance to engage in sexual relationships). In two of the letters, the referrers mentioned disparaging comments by previous sexual partners, and one mentioned harassment by other girls at school. Alarmingly, a further seven letters (15%) alluded to concerns being flagged by the girls' mothers. Only 77% of referrers reported examining the patient. A third of referrers judged the labia to be "normal", yet nevertheless requested surgery for their patients. Pejorative language such as "leathery in appearance" or "pendulous and elongated" was used in 12 (25%) of the letters. Medical training may cover basic vulval anatomy, but detailed study of morphology is not included. This knowledge gap would have been less problematic in the past. However, in recent years, where intense marketing of FGCS is contributing to soaring demand, medical practitioners may not be sufficiently informed about female genital anatomy to assess and advise women about their concerns. Reasons for the increasing prevalence of female distress about genital appearance are likely to be complex and rooted in social and cultural changes. In the absence of identifiable diseases, referral for operations may not be the most appropriate way of managing women's body insecurities.


The causes of iatrogenic injury in choledo-cho-pancreatico-duodenai junction include iatrogenic factors, anatomic factors and pathological factors. T-tube, methylthionine chloride and fiber choledochoscopy are useful methods for early diagnosis. Accurate exploration of the injury site and reasonable choice of management were significant in dealing with the iatrogenie injury and can lead to a satisfactory result. Choledo-chojejunostomy and Oddi sphincteroplasty are not recommended unless the patients had distal bile duet stricture or the stones can not be removed. Accurate detection of the injury site, evaluation of the severity, and proper choice of the surgical method are important for the prognosis of the patients.

Key words:
Choledocho-pancreatico-duodenal junction;  Injury;  Diagnosis


Abstract. The city of Montpellier in the LanguedocRoussillon region of France features a fast growing tram network as a central part of its public service infrastructure. Here, as in many other tram networks, resources like tracks and stations are shared between different lines. Because of the resulting dependencies, small inevitable delays can spread through the network and affect its global performance. This article examines whether a robust tram schedule may help to raise punctuality in Montpellier's tram network. To accomplish this, we apply a tool set designed to generate schedules optimized for robustness, which also satisfy given sets of planning requirements. These tools allow to compare time tables with respect to their punctuality and other key indicators. After an introduction to the goals of this paper, we continue with a description of the tool set focusing on optimization and simulation modules. These software utilities are then employed to generate and simulate robust and non-robust schedules for Montpellier's tram network, which are subsequently compared for the resulting delays.


Background: Improving oral health in the rural children is still a dream come true in a developing countries like India. The children especially from these countries are most susceptible to dental diseases due to social, economic and demographic factors like lack of awareness, lack of transportation, limited access to professional dental care, lack of perceived need for dental care.
Objective: to assess the oral health knowledge and practices among the school students in rural area of Jalgaon District of Maharashtra.
Material and Methods: A cross sectional survey was performed across one of the randomly selected primary schools in Jalgaon District of Maharashtra State. A total of 101 children belonging to 3rd and 4th class were included as study participants. A pre-tested questionnaire consisting of 15 questions in local language was used to collect information about oral health knowledge and practices among the students. Entire information was entered in Microsoft Office Excel Sheet and data was analyzed. Results: Out of total 101 school students from 3rd and 4th class, there were 58 females while the other 43 were males. The age bracket of all participants was between 9-10 years. Forty percent participants had fear of dental treatment. Only 1.98% of the participants said that they cleaned their teeth more than once in a day.
Conclusion: The present study reported low level of oral health awareness among school children in Jalgaon District of Maharashtra., India.


In this study, a simulation method is established for the impaction of micron particles on liquid surfaces, by which the processes of two impaction modes (submergence and oscillation) are studied. The submergence is found to go through three stages, each of which shows different characteristics of particle velocity and gas–liquid interface variance. The dominant forces of the early and late times of the submergence mode are hydrodynamic force and surface tension, respectively, the accumulated work of which is in the same order. The lost particle kinetic energy is converted to the surface energy of the interfaces, the internal energy and the kinetic energy of fluids. The primary part of the oscillation is the first cycle, and the characteristics of its sinking process are similar to that of the submergence. In the reverting stage, the particle rising velocity increases first and then decreases, and the cavity retracts until the gas–liquid interface flattens. The dominant forces of the early and late times of the reverting stage are surface tension and hydrodynamic force, respectively. The positive accumulated work of surface tension on the particle is considerably limited due to the large contact angle hysteresis at the early times of the reverting stage. The negative accumulated work of the hydrodynamic force on the particle at the late times causes a fast decrease in particle kinetic energy, which leads to particle floating on the gas–liquid interface. The results are helpful in understanding the mechanism of micron particle impaction and developing the prediction method of attachment efficiency.


Neuroblastoma is the most common pediatric extracranial solid tumor. The 5-year survival rate for high-risk neuroblastoma is less than 50%, despite multimodal treatment. Pyroptosis, an inflammatory type of programmed cell death, manifested pro-tumor and anti-tumor roles in the adult tumor. Thus, we aimed to elucidate the function of pyroptosis in neuroblastoma. We classified neuroblastoma patients into two clusters based on the pyroptosis gene expression. We found high pyroptosis neuroblastoma manifested favorable overall survival and more anti-tumor immune cell infiltration. Based on the results of a stepwise Cox regression analysis, we built a four-gene predictive model including NLRP3, CASP3, IL18, and GSDMB. The model showed excellent predictive performance in internal and external validation. Our findings highlight that high pyroptosis positively correlated with neuroblastoma outcomes and immune landscape, which may pave the way for further studies on inducing pyroptosis therapy in high-risk neuroblastoma treatment.


Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a viral brain disorder that has gone from exotic to indigenous. The causative JC virus (JCV) has been with us throughout human history, but the immune environment in which this virus becomes pathogenic has in recent years morphed through a kaleidoscope of medical settings. The result is that physicians from many specialties must be aware of the risks, diagnosis, and management for PML, as well as other related JCV-mediated brain diseases, such as meningitis or cerebellar neuronopathy.


Parastagonospora nodorum is a fungal pathogen of wheat. As a necrotrophic specialist, it deploys a suite of effector proteins that target dominant host susceptibility genes to elicit programmed cell death (PCD). Nine effector – host susceptibility gene interactions have been reported in this pathosystem, presumed to be governed by unique pathogen effectors. This study presents the characterization of the SnTox267 necrotrophic effector that hijacks two separate host pathways to cause necrosis. An association mapping approach identified SnTox267 and the generation of gene-disrupted mutants and gain-of-function transformants confirmed its role in Snn2-, Snn6-, and Snn7-mediated necrosis. The Snn2 and Snn6 host susceptibility genes were complementary, and together they functioned cooperatively to elicit SnTox267-induced necrosis in the same light-dependent PCD pathway. Additionally, we showed that SnTox267 targeted Snn7, resulting in light-independent necrosis. Therefore, SnTox267 co-opts two distinct host pathways to elicit PCD. SnTox267 sequence comparison among a natural population of 197 North American P. nodorum isolates revealed 20 protein isoforms conferring variable levels of virulence, indicating continuing selection pressure on this gene. Protein isoform prevalence among discrete populations indicated that SnTox267 has likely evolved in response to local selection pressures and has diversified more rapidly in the Upper Midwest. Deletion of SnTox267 resulted in the upregulation of the unrelated effector genes SnToxA, SnTox1, and SnTox3, providing evidence for a complex genetic compensation mechanism. These results illustrate a novel evolutionary path by which a necrotrophic fungal pathogen uses a single proteinaceous effector to hijack two host pathways to induce cell death.


This study is to investigate the difference of the counter transference management ability according to the career and the training experience of playtherapist; and to understand the relation between the countertransference management ability and the self-consciousness. The subjects of this research are 134 playtherapists who had experienced more than one case of the playtherapy. The tool which has been used for this research was the CFI(Countertransference Factors Inventory) and the self-consciousness Scale(Fenigstein etc. 1975). To analyze the data, the one-way ANOVA and the stepwise regression analysis were conducted. The results of this investigation are as follows; 1) The countertransference management ability has been shown highly when the career level of the playtherapist was higher, and when the playtherapist has more experience of training experience, supervision.


A method of magnetic tunnel junction MTJ having a first and second MTJ bit cell at a state of irreversible comprising: applying said program voltage to the first MTJ bit cell without applying the programming voltage to the bit the second unit MTJ. A memory device (102) comprises a first MTJ (106) and a second MTJ (108) and programmed bit cell circuit (104), said programming circuit is configured by applying a programming signal to the bit cell to the said first and second MTJ MTJ in the selected one of the irreversible state at the bit cell.


Wheeze and recurrent cough are common symptoms in early childhood, affecting approximately one-third of children during the first 3 years of life. However, this group comprises a ''respiratory soup'' of different disorders including children with impaired airway development, children with purely viral associated wheeze, and atopic children with probable asthma. Much epidemiological work has increased understanding of these phenotypes (below), but in practice, they can only be differentiated retrospectively, at 5 to 6 years of age at the earliest. The clinician faced with a wheezing child cannot be sure at the time into which category the child will ultimately fall. Many of these children will outgrow their symptoms by school age, but there is at least a subgroup where there is evidence of eosinophilic inflammation and early remodeling, potentially influencing long-term prognosis with regard to chronic respiratory illness into adult life. It may be argued that this group deserves rather aggressive anti-inflammatory treatment at an early stage to treat symptoms, but there is as yet no evidence to support this. They would also be candidates for disease modifying treatments if any can be found; at the moment, corticosteroids in conventional doses may control eosinophilic inflammation effectively, but do not appear to alter the natural history of the disease. In the future, some of the intriguing properties of macrolides might lead to them being candidate therapeutic agents. Although current guidelines include recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of pre-school children with asthma, there is still uncertainty about how these children can be diagnosed accurately and how appropriate treatment should be performed (http://www.enterpriseportal2.co.uk/filestore/ asthmaupdatenov05.pdf, http://www.ginasthma. com/). In particular, guidelines appear to take little account of the different phenotypes of pre-school wheeze, or indeed acknowledge their existence, and a ''one size fits all'' approach is all to common. The article by Chauliac et al. in this issue of Pediatric Pulmonology is welcome for the way it highlights several important issues in this taxing field: The prevalence of wheeze in the pre-school age group is high, there is a significant proportion of children with recurrent symptoms suggestive of atopic asthmawho are not receiving appropriate treatment, while other children are treated with inhaled corticosteroids although their clinical symptoms were not sufficient to make a diagnosis of asthma. While some of these findings have been shown for school-aged children, this is the first study in pre-school children to demonstrate that both diagnosis and treatment are influenced by social background and gender. The data presented in this study would have been collected before the most recent guidelines had been published and one would hope (but not expect) that the situation has improved since. However, ''not all that wheezes is asthma'' remains true and there is currently no guideline pursuing an evidence-based approach to the diagnosis and treatment of young children with recurrent wheeze. There is increasing evidence fromboth epidemiological and histopathological studies that there are several different phenotypes of pre-school wheezers. New modalities of investigation are shedding light on early life events. In addition, lung function testing is increasingly feasible even in toddlers. Non-invasive markers of eosinophilic airway inflammation such as exhaled nitric


CRL (Communications Research Labo ratory, Independent Administrative Institution, Japan) is developing ITS wireless communication technologies in millimeter-wave frequency region, Technologies are categorized for inter-vehicle communications (IVC) and road-vehicle communications (RVC) In this paper, system concepts and the experimental facilities are introduced The experimental facility for inter-vehicle communications is gotten ready in 60 GHz frequency region and the experimental system for road-vehicle communications IS based on RoF (Radio on Fiber) technoligy in 36-37GHz frequency region.


In this paper, we describe a tool developed under the DARPA/sup 1/ sponsorship in the Systems On Chip Created using Extended Requirements language (SOCCER) program to search and retrieve Intellectual Property (IF) for reuse in a mixed-signal electronic system design. Given system requirements specified formally as preconditions, postconditions, and constraints, the tool searches a database of component specifications for existing IP and then provides a list of IP components that completely or partially match the system specification as output. The system requirements are specified using an extended VSPEC, a formal interface specification language developed to specify digital systems under the sponsorship of the Air Force in the CEENSS program and then later extended under the SOCCER program to specify analog and mixed-signal systems as VSPEC-AMS. In addition, the SOCCER tool employs an extended REBOUND, a search and retrieval tool originally developed under the DARPA RASSP program and then extended for analog and mixed-signal systems under the SOCCER program. In this paper, we provide a tool overview and vision, describe its background present extensions developed under the SOCCER program and then illustrate the workings of the tool with an example. SOCCER is a Phase I STIR program that began in June of 1997 and has established the proof-of-concept for the tool described above. In addition, SOCCER has the potential to leverage the AF sponsored VHDL-AMS Synthesis Environment (VASE) program to go from concept (system requirements) to implementation (VHDL-AIMS behavior which could be synthesized using the VASE tool under development).


Professional speech is different from other types of speech. When professionals speak to their clients to give professional advice within the confines of a professional-client relationship, the law in many ways constrains what they may say. Professionals who give bad advice are subject to malpractice liability, and the First Amendment provides no defense; this creates liability for some forms of "false speech," unknown in other areas of speech protected by the First Amendment. Professionals have fiduciary duties to their clients; such duties between speakers do not exist elsewhere in First Amendment doctrine. And the state may require professionals to obtain a license before they dispense advice; a similar requirement outside the context of a professional-client relationship would likely be an impermissible prior restraint.
But professional speech can only bear the weight of these doctrinal peculiarities if it is narrowly defined. The definition of professional speech should not be expanded beyond the doctrine's purpose: ensuring that clients receive accurate, comprehensive, and reliable advice in accordance with the insights of the relevant knowledge community. This Essay examines the limits of professional speech through the lens of NIFLA v. Becerra, a recent Supreme Court case that struck down compelled disclosure requirements at "crisis pregnancy centers" as a violation of the First Amendment.


In order to improve the accuracy of image edge detection, this paper proposes a novel image processing algorithm. This algorithm is based on the active contour method and topological alignments were combined with the method, the purpose is to improve the accuracy of image detection process. This algorithm presents a new technology to integrate topology route and the respective advantages of active contour method. Based on the topology of the initial route segmentation boundary as Snake model input signals, we gradually evolved into the final segmentation boundary. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can handle, the low contrast image and graphics unit, indicating that the weak edge image segmentation accuracy, can improve the accuracy of image detection technology.


Abstract : A limited evaluation of the capability of a modified UH-1H helicopter to fly in a natural icing environment was conducted at Fort Lewis, Washington, from 5 February through 23 February 1974. Testing was performed by the United States Army Aviation Systems Test Activity and consisted of 1.7 hours in icing conditions. During this test, four enhancing features, one deficiency, and one shortcoming were noted. There were four enhancing features associated with special equipment. The deficiency is the inability to maintain autorotational rotor speed within operational limits with main rotor ice accumulation. The striking of the tail rotor by the oscillating iced FM antenna is a shortcoming. Based on these tests, artificial icing characteristics observed in previous UH-1H icing tests are representative of natural icing characteristics. The UH-1H helicopter does not possess the capability to operate safely in an icing environment.


A new method, SAMVIQ (Subjective Assessment Methodology for Video Quality) is proposed for the assessments of vision part of multimedia codecs or systems. It is derived from the DSCQS method [1] for television, but is efficient in the assessment of a large range of image quality as it provides reliable discrimination at both high and low quality levels. It makes use of both an explicit and a hidden reference and provides the observers with the adequate degree of liberty to permit stable ratings to be expressed. Practical experiments have shown both the stability of the test results and the suitability of the method to be applied to large range of multimedia images. In the context of wireless image transmission systems such as GPRS, UMTS, STN and ADSL image transmission on PC screens or SDTV-HDTV on flat panels, the SAMVIQ method was successfully tested by several labs (RAI, IRT, NRK) in Europe involved in BVIM (Broadcast Video In Multimedia) study group the last 3 years. It is standardized at EBU [2] and in progress at ITU-R [3].


Axially dissymmetric chiral diimine ligand 2 was prepared from the reaction of (R)-(+)-5,5',6,6',7,7',8,8'-octahydro-[1,1']binaphthyl-2,2'-diamine 1 with 2,6-dichlorobenzaldehyde. The catalytic asymmetric aziridination of alkenes was examined using this novel chiral ligand. Excellent enantioselective aziridination of cinnamates was achieved using C(2)-symmetric chiral ligand 2.


Endoscopic stapling device with a bracket (110) having at least two arms (111) and a base end portion (113) with which the arms (111) are connected, said arms (111) near the base end portion (113) each have a deformation section (114) for opening and Close have a constriction (114a) and between the constriction (114a) and the base end portion (113) formed bulbous region (114b), and the clamp (110) closed arms (111) in a sheath (130) insertable and is positionable at the distal end of the sheath (130) a core member (121) disposed within the arms (111) and an inside of the constrictions (114a) disposed first portion (121a) and a comparison with this closer to the base end portion (113) disposed second portion (121b), has one has larger diameter than the first portion (121a) and at a passage through the constrictions because of its diameter (114a) is prevented, wherein in the open arms (111) the constrictions (114a) to the first portion (121a) are pressed, one of the the, the distal end opposite the base end of the sheath (130) made of remote-controlled opening / closing ring (120) (110) in the axial direction of the sheath (130) movable relative to the bracket, whereby (the opening / closing ring 120 ) from the outside into engagement with ...


The materials of the Weald and Purbeck facies, in the Northern margin of the Southwestern Iberian basin, contains a system of incised-valley fill deposits. The deposits are arranged in two orders of transgressive-regressive sequences: parasequences and depositional sequences. The base of the depositional sequences are erosional surfaces formed by fluvial vertical incision during a relative sea-level fall. Near the village of Baldovar (Alpuente, Valencia) outcrops two incised-valleys. The lower one is a simple incised valley, related laterally with two parasequences. The upper one is a compound incised-valley, composed by four depositional sequences of beach sandstones. Along time incised valleys are recurrent and changed from depth and narrow to shallow and wide.


The aim of this thesis is to investigate and develop radiofrequency (RF) coils for high resolution imaging of the human visual cortex at field strengths of 7T and 9.4T, with a focus of conformal, phased array coil geometries towards realising homogeneous transmit and receive fields and high Signal to Noise ratios (SNR). Novel RF coil layouts and designs are simulated, implemented and tested using optimised RF pulse sequences. The potential of conducting high resolution anatomical, functional and quantitative imaging are discussed, with an emphasis on functional and structural imaging of cortical layers in the human brain.


The Innocence as a religious validity criterion is one of the most fundamental twelve-Imam Shiite beliefs. This word, Innocence (esmaet) , in special meaning means absolute purity of soul from all impurities , vices and wickedness and allocates to the principles of Shiism. On this basis, the innocence is an internal, heavenly and genetic power which is allocated to the prophet's people of the house by God's will. But because the authority is one of the necessities of stability and durability of innocence, we can prove the innocence of twelve Imams by clarifying its relationship with authority. In this approach, having a sound and complete knowledge of God and obeying him devotionally is the introduction of spiritual light and the utmost of the intellect and accessing to the real Unity and a monotheist can access to a live heart which results in permanent The remember an coed Allah and love and it can remove the material veils from the human being and make them capable of realities intuition. This knowledge and intuition prevent him from doing filths and perversions and also attributes him to internal purity and innocence.


Spanish jurisprudence is frequently faced with the fact that in some expert reports appear terms like psychopath, antisocial Personality disorder, psychopathic personality, cruel psychopath, epileptoid psychopathy, sociopathy, etcetera. In this way, it's not infrequent that jurists (magistrates, judges, public prosecutors, lawyers) became disorientated with so much terminology which, despite all, they are nothing at all about synonym terms. Doctrine, on the other hand, dissents from the traditionally point maintained by the Jurisprudence that psychopaths are non-attributed individuals. Many penologists know very good psychological and psychiatric manuals and research studies on subject, and they are usually based on them to make some differences which apparently are fines. One of the controversies more extended is if the terms antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy are the same category. The polemic controversy goes further by the fact of contemplating the existence and difference of the so-called "successful" psychopaths compared with criminal psychopaths. In this review, it's pretended to go deeply into and emphasize those fine differences, now that it's been proved repeatedly that both diagnosis categories, if it's of course true that they share some common features, they are neither the same concept nor involve the same consequences.


Measurement of intraperitoneal pressure (IPP) is not recommended in peritoneal dialysis (PD) guidelines. However, it can be a useful tool to individualize PD prescription, especially because IPP determination is simple, rapid, and precise (1). Intraperitoneal pressure has been shown to be inversely correlated with ultrafiltration (UF), through either the induction of a higher lymphatic absorption rate (2) or modification of transcapillary UF (3–5). Alterations in peritoneal solute transport have also been associated with IPP—not only because of reduced effective surface area, but also because of a decrease in intrinsic peritoneal permeability (5). The relationship between IPP and some known complications associated with PD is still a matter of debate. Hydrothorax, abdominal wall hernias, and gastroesophageal reflux are presumably related to the raised IPP seen with the infusion of peritoneal dialysate (6–8), but any potential relationship has not been thoroughly studied in PD patients. The main objectives of the present study were to determine the relationship between IPP and baseline clinical characteristics, to evaluate the influence of IPP on known complications associated with PD, and to assess the effect of IPP on the composite outcome of death or switch to hemodialysis (HD).


The main purpose of this paper is to study local regularity properties of the fourth-order nonlinear Schrödinger equations on the half line. We prove the local existence, uniqueness, and continuous dependence on initial data in low regularity Sobolev spaces. We also obtain the nonlinear smoothing property: the nonlinear part of the solution on the half line is smoother than the initial data.


We reported an upregulation of an oxygen‐insensitive splice variant of the high‐conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ (BK) channel in pulmonary arteries (PA) from rats with chronic hypoxia (CH)‐induced pulmonary hypertension (PH). This finding infers that the BK channel may represent a vasodilator target for the treatment of PH. However, the BK channel in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) reportedly shows low Ca2+‐sensitivity due to uncoupling of the α‐subunit pore from the requisite accessory β1 subunit. The goal of this study was to: i) define the Ca2+‐sensitivity of the BK channel in rat PASMC, and ii) evaluate if a BK channel opener that relies on the β1 subunit activates BK channels in PASMCs. Whole‐cell K+ current in patch‐clamped PASMCs from normoxic (N) and CH rats failed to reveal BK current, although it was observed under the same conditions in cerebral ASMCs. However, the Ca2+‐sensitivity of BK channels in inside‐out patches from PASMCs and cerebral ASMCs exposed to a range of free Ca2+ concentrations (10‐7 to 10‐4 mol/L) was not significantly different. Additionally, BK channel open probability (NPo) was increased 19‐fold by lithocholate (45 μmol/L), a BK channel activator that requires the β1 subunit. Thus, the BK channel in PASMCs may be unique in some aspects, but it appears to show a normal level of Ca2+‐sensitivity and be coupled to a functional β1 subunit.


Component and limb alignment are important considerations during total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Three-dimensional (3D) positioning of TKA implants has an effect on implant loosening, polyethylene stresses, and gait. Furthermore, alignment, in conjunction with other implant and patient variables such


An induced smectic-G phase through intermolecular hydrogen bonding has been studied systematically in a new series of complexes resulting from mesogenic p-n-alkoxy benzoic acids (nAoBA) and non-mesogenic n-alkyl p-hydroxy benzoates (nAHB), in which the alkoxy and alkyl carbon chain lengths of both acid and ester moieties are equal (with n = 5 to 9 and 12). The phase behaviour of the new H-bonded complexes is studied by using the polarising microscope (TM) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The formation of the intermolecular hydrogen bond between the -COOH of the acid moiety and the phenolic -OH group of the ester moiety is characterised by IR solid state spectra. Further, the IR spectral study in solution reveals the stabilisation of the hydrogen bond in the dissolved state. From the comparative thermal and phase analyses of the p-n-alkoxybenzoic acids and hydrogen-bonded complexes, the induction of the crystal smectic-G phase can be readily understood. Further, the thermal range of the smectic-G phase is analysed in terms of the influence of the identical end carbon chain lengths. The transition temperatures across the series show an odd-even effect.


Traditional design method based on mechanics theory and empirical formula, it could not always achieve the best robust solution, this paper discusses multiresponse robust design method based on Response Surface Methodology and used it in valve spring optimization design. The performance of valve spring directly affects whole performance of pump, spring wire diameter, spring pitch diameter and number of active coils are deemed as design variables, the three objectives are valve spring stiffness, the inherent frequency and valve spring mass, response surface models of the three objective functions are built through Response Surface Methodology; through desirability function method, multiresponse optimization is converted into the problem of finding the maximum total desirability function. The approach described in this paper was applied and verified in a case study in the 3DT-25/1.5 reciprocating pump valve assembly.


The article deals with the issues of ensuring the reliability of operation and methods for evaluation of connections (tube attachment points in tube sheets) of heat exchangers used in various industries. It is estimated the applicability of the control method based on the Barkhausen effect to check the place of tube fastening in tube sheets. Installations are considered as heat exchangers in which the connection is derive pipe with tube sheets is obtained by using impulsed pressure sources.


The increasing number of health documents available in electronic form, and the demand on both practitioners and librarians to encode these documents with controlled vocabularies calls for automatic tools and methods to help them perform this task efficiently. This paper presents the Benchmark evaluation of the French MeSH indexing systems carried out under the umbrella of the VUMeF consortium. The CISMeF, NOMINDEX and HONMeSHMapper systems are introduced, and evaluated on a set of 82 resources randomly taken from the CISMeF catalogue. The automatic MeSH indexing produced by each system was compared to the manual gold standard provided by the CISMeF medical librarian team. The automatic systems achieve at best a precision close to 50% at rank 1 (HONMeSHMapper, CISMeF) and HONMeSHMapper achieves the best overall F-measure. A qualitative evaluation of the indexing provided for a sample resource indicates that all systems tend to misevaluate the specificity of the terms to retrieve.


In his 1962 essay 'Revolutionary Nationalism and the Afro-American,' Harold Cruse quipped, 'American Marxists cannot "see" the Negro at all, unless he is storming the barricades, either in the present or in history' (Cruse, 1968). An ex-communist, Cruse took issue with his former comrades who only focused on resistance that comported with socialist sensibilities. Their selective history produced a view of the black population as 'a people without classes or differing class interests.' And yet, Cruse ultimately undermines his sharpest insights regarding the complex internal political life of black communities, insisting that like the wage laborer and sharecropper, who are discriminated against and exploited, the 'educated, professional and intellectual classes suffer a similar fate.' From this common Jim Crow predicament, Cruse urges the Negro bourgeoisie to operate as a national bourgeoisie who will undertake the tasks of building group economic and political autonomy. The myth of an organic black constituency has gained renewed legitimacy as thousands have returned to the barricades to protest police violence. Sadly, some contemporary leftists can only 'see the Negro' when he appears in viral videos of police wilding, or the demonstrations that follow. In contrast, this essay calls for a critical analysis of actually-existing black life, one that ventures beyond the barricades to account for the historically-contingent political and material interests that animate black politics and connect the situated-class experiences of blacks to those of all others living under capitalism. The slogan, 'Black Lives Matter,' crafted by three queer feminist activists after the vigilante killing of unarmed teen Trayvon Martin, reasserts a common black plight and demands an end to racist violence. The phrase challenged the discourse of post-racialism that accompanied Barack Obama's ascent to the presidency and his approach to governing, which was defined by a willingness to confine racial grievance to the past and a penchant for underclass moralizing. In the wake of the election of Donald J. Trump, debates have sharpened between the poles of nativist, pro-policing reaction and liberal anti-racism, and race and racism have ossified as the central categories for discussing American inequality. The vicissitudes of the moment have encouraged an accounting of black life that fails to learn from the more than half century of black political development and meaningful progress that has taken place since Cruse's formative criticisms of the Left's inability to see black life as possessing multiple classes and historical interests. Black Lives Matter, and kindred analytic frames like the New


9056 Background: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are a key treatment for EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). To date, a biomarker to predict whether NSCLC will exhibit a short- or long-term response to first- or second-generation EGFR-TKIs has not been established for clinical use. Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) aberrations are mechanisms for acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs; however, their impact on EGFR-TKI therapy outcomes in EGFR-mutant NSCLC has not yet been systematically evaluated. Methods: Patients with advanced NSCLC were prospectively registered from more than 35 institutes (HER2-CS STUDY UMIN 000017003). EGFR mutations or anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene translocations were assessed at each institution using a commercially approved test. HER2 protein expression levels were determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using the Ventana I-VIEW PATHWAY anti-HER-2/neu (4B5). The IHC status scoring system applied to gastric cancer was used. Results: Of 1,126 screened patients with NSCLC, 354 (31.8%) had EGFR-mutated tumors, and the HER2 protein statuses were as follows: IHC0 (n = 71, 26%), IHC1+ (n = 148, 53%), IHC2+ (n = 51, 18%), and IHC3+ (n = 7, 3%). The patients' demographics were almost identical in those with lung tumors harboring EGFR mutations and HER2-IHC2+/3+ (group P) or EGFR mutations and HER2-IHC0/1 (group N). The EGFR-TKI response rates were not different between these groups (Table). However, group P showed significantly shorter time to EGFR-TKI treatment failure than group N (median 19.1 vs. 13.3 months; log rank p = 0.038). Conclusions: These data from a large prospective cohort show that HER2 protein expression in EGFR-mutant NSCLC may have a negative impact on the effect of EGFR-TKIs. A clinical trial of EGFR/HER2-TKIs (e.g., afatinib) is warranted for this population. [Table: see text]


Salix cheilophila is one of the main shrub species for afforestation in Alpine Sandland of Gonghe Basin,Qinghai Province.Stable isotope technique was used to test the δD and δ18O value of rain,well water,branch xylem and different soil depth of 5-,9-and 25-year-old S.cheilophila plantation,and then the differences of main water source among the three S.cheilophila stands with different ages were analyzed.Also,the δ13C value of leaves was tested to evaluate the water use efficiency(WUE) of the S.cheilophila stands.Comparison of δD and δ18O showed that 5-year-old S.cheilophila used the water in 10-50 cm soil infiltrated from rainwater;9-year-old S.cheilophila consumed relatively deep soil water,including 20 cm infiltrated from rainwater and 30-50,150 cm replenished by ground water;and 25-year-old S.cheilophila used 10-20 cm soil water infiltrated from rainwater and 50 cm soil water replenished by ground water.The difference of leaf δ13C value among 5-,9-and 25-year-old S.cheilophila stands was significant;5-year-old S.cheilophila has exclusively high WUE,whereas that of 9-year-old and 25-year-old stands were similar.The water source and WUE suggest that 9-25 years old S.cheilophila was in steady period.


The topic of this thesis is the multi level marketing. The main goal of the work is to find out perception of MLM by a czech population. At first the work focuses on direct sales as part of the marketing mix. It also deals with the history of direct sales and its advantages and describes how direct sales work in the Czech Republic. There have been putted attention to concepts of consumer behaviour and personality of the salesman and the customer. There is multlevel marketing, its history, its advantages and disadvantages and pyramid scheme mentioned. In the practical part there is a research consisting of three parts questionnaires, individual interviews and Focus Group. All those are trying to desribe perception of Multi level marketing by czech people comparing with the Americans.


ABSTRACT Background: The aim of this study was to develop a mathematical model of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis that would reflect available data in humans. Methods: A model of hormonal relationships at the early follicular and midluteal phases of the human menstrual cycle is proposed. Findings: Two distinct temporal patterns of oscillatory behavior have been demonstrated for both pituitary and gonadal steroids in the early follicular phase: first, rapid oscillations in gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone (Q∼1 hour) that were an immediate consequence of the programmed equations. Second, there were slower, undulating, emergent rhythms in luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone, and also in estrogen, having oscillatory periods of 2–12 hours. There was also a longer-period (Q2–3 days) emergent rhythm in progesterone. In the mid-luteal phase, estrogen and progesterone rhythms were correlated, and all hormones showed an ∼6-hour periodicity. Conclusion: To our knowledge, the oscillatory behavior of peripheral sex steroids in the follicular phase has not been previously noted.


OBJECTIVE: To summarize the published preclinical and clinical data that suggest the possible use of glutamate receptor agonists or antagonists as novel antipsychotic agents. DATA SOURCES: Primary and review articles were identified by MEDLINE search (from 1966 to December 1999) and through secondary sources. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: All of the articles identified from the data sources were evaluated and all information deemed relevant was included. DATA SYNTHESIS: The standard antipsychotic drugs, whose clinical activity correlates with affinity for dopamine D2 receptors, alleviate some of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, but have limited impact on negative symptoms. Several lines of evidence implicate glutamate-receptor system dysfunction(s) in schizophrenia, either as causative or contributory factors. In addition, several standard antipsychotic drugs modulate glutamate or glutamate receptor activity, suggesting an alternative view of their mechanism of antipsychotic action. Preliminary studies have shown that drugs which modulate glutamate brain concentrations have positive effects in animal models of schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS: A role for glutamate in the pathogenesis or pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia is suggested from anatomic (interactions between glutamatergic and dopaminergic systems in relevant brain regions), physiologic (implication of glutamate-receptor dysfunction), and pharmacologic (modulation of glutamate or glutamate receptors) evidence. Therefore, compounds that function at glutamate receptors might represent a novel approach to the treatment of the disease or to the amelioration of symptoms, either as monotherapy or as an adjunct to dopamine D2 receptor antagonists.


..................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... 8 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................. 9 List of Table .............................................................................................................. 10 List of Figures ........................................................................................................... 12 List of papers ............................................................................................................ 13 1 Aims, objectives and scope of this thesis .............................................................. 14 2 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 17 2.1 Developmental origins of health and disease ................................................. 17 2.2 Foetal programming ........................................................................................ 23 2.3 The Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis ......................................................... 30 2.4 Social stress and pregnancy ........................................................................... 36 2.5 Metabolic syndrome and other metabolic outcomes in teenage years and the association with diseases in adulthood ................................................................. 39 2.6 Hypothesis for this thesis ................................................................................ 41 3 Literature review .................................................................................................... 43 3.1 Glucocorticoids during pregnancy and the association with size at birth, a systematic literature review .................................................................................. 43 3.1.


The aim of this article is twofold. On the one hand, I will outline the diverse usages that the concept of history has taken on throughout Western history. These different usages may be grouped together in three semantic fields (history as a way of knowing, as a way of being and as a way of doing), which correspond to three ways of understanding the Philosophy of History: as Epistemology of History, as Ontology of historicity and as ethical-political Critique of the present. On the other hand, I will show that these three concepts of history (and, accordingly, the three ways of understanding the Philosophy of History) refer mutually to each other and, thus, are inseparable from each other.


Besides its low cost, solar energy use in soil disinfestation presents no risks for human health and the environment. However, its effects on beneficial microorganisms are not well known. This study evaluated the effect of a solar collector and solarization on an indigenous population of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Inoculum potential of mycorrhizae, determined by the most probable number method, decreased, respectively, 93 and 99% when soil was treated during 30days by solarization and solar collector. Mycorrhizal colonization of maize plants, grown in soil treated during two days in the solar collector, was lower than 1%, and absent after nine days of treatment.


1. Fundamentals
- Theory pinhole camera model
- Camera calibration / undistortion
- Pose estimation
- Bundle adjustment
2. 3D - Sparse Reconstruction
- n-View feature matching
- Multi ray intersection
3. 3D - Dense Reconstruction
- Epipolar Geometry / Fundamental matrix
- Planesweep approach
- Generation of Disparity Space Image
- Image Matching - cost functions
- Adaptive Support Windows
- Cost aggregation / Regularization techniques
 (WTA, SGM, MRF, Total Variation)
4. Post-Processing
- Consistency check (LR-check)
- Outlier filter
- Interpolation
- Sub-disparity refinement
- 2.5D depthmap fusion
- 3D fusion
5. 3D Modeling
- Meshing of point clouds / DSMs
- Mesh simplification for data reduction
- Multi-view texturing


Introduction. The important role of currents in plasmas has been highlighted in several works [1-3]. Whereas in tokamaks they are absolutely necessary, in stellarators can be a drawback since they can perturb the desired magnetic topology. Therefore, their study is essential to understand some aspects of plasma dynamics and, in particular for helical devices with almost flat iota profiles such as TJ-II. In this work, measurements have been made of toroidal rotation velocities for several ions in order to make an experimental estimation for the ion part of this current as well as to attempt to figure out if it can be theoretically explained. Such velocities are directly related to the current by means of shifts in its distribution function by j = nq v∀∀ # f (v)dv . The bootstrap current,


In this study, a new computing model by developing the strength of feed-forward neural networks with Levenberg-Marquardt Method (NN-BLMM) based backpropagation is used to find the solution of nonlinear system obtained from the governing equations of unsteady squeezing flow of Heat and Mass transfer behaviour between parallel plates. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) for unsteady squeezing flow of Heat and Mass transfer of viscous fluid are converting into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with the help of a similarity transformation. A dataset for the proposed NN-BLMM is generated for different scenarios of the proposed model by variation of various embedding parameters squeeze Sq, Prandtl number Pr, Eckert number Ec, Schmidt number Sc and chemical-reaction-parameter γ . Physical interpretation to various embedding parameters is assigned through graphs for squeeze Sq, Prandtl Pr, Eckert Ec, Schmidt Sc and chemical-reaction-parameter γ . The processing of NN-BLMM training (T.R), Testing (T.S) and validation (V.L) is employed for various scenarios to compare the solutions with the reference results. For the fluidic system convergence analysis based on mean square error (MSE), error histogram (E.H) and regression (R.G) plots is considered for the proposed computing infrastructures performance in term of NN-BLMM. The results based on proposed and reference results match in term of convergence up to 10-02 to 10-08 proves the validity of NN-BLMS. The Optimal Homotopy Asymptotic Method (OHAM) is also used for comparison and to validate the results of NN-BLMM.


A theory is given for the momentum-transfer dependence of the quasielastic-scattering linewidth and relaxation time for solutions of surface and mass fractals. The linewidth and relaxation time are found to be fractional powers of the momentum transfer if the distribution of fractal sizes is a power law, in agreement with recent experimental findings.


Phytomonas davidi (Trypanosomatidae) possesses typical trypanosomatid organelles: subpellicular microtubules, kinetoplast-mitochondrial complex, K-DNA, and four subflagellar pocket microtubules. A greater concentration of subpellicular microtubules was observed in the latex forms than in those found in the salivary glands of its insect vector. Only in the latex flagellates (the stage with postnuclear torsion) were subpellicular microtubules interconnected by crossbridges observed. Morphology and development of mitochondrial aristae varied according to the source of the flagellates. Organisms taken from culture medium had extensively developed plate-like cristae; sparse tubular cristae were observed in the latex forms; and highly developed tubular cristae were seen in flagellates from the lumen of the vector's salivary glands, though organisms in the salivary gland channels had few or none.


To the Editor.— The article entitled "Duty to Warn Third Parties" was provocative. I would like to comment on one aspect of the article, namely, the citation of the New Jersey case of McIntosh v Milano , 403 A2d, 300 (Law -Div 1979). I was the defense counsel for the defendant, Dr Milano, in that case. The holding of the reported decision was that a psychiatrist could, under certain circumstances, be held accountable to foreseeable injury to a third party. The facts of the case were that Dr Milano's patient, an adolescent boy, shot and killed his estranged girlfriend. The parents of the deceased girl brought a wrongful death action against Dr Milano, claiming that he knew or should have known that his patient had homicidal tendencies directed toward an identifiable individual, namely, the decedent. In a scholarly opinion, Judge James Petrella of our Superior Count held that the complaint stated


The article discusses the tasks and peculiarities of the system approach to information and logical modeling in construction. The approach of parameterization and identification of information-logical models, their evolution during the life cycle of construction, from design to operation, is justified. Classification analysis of interface and service tools, simulation programs was also carried out. The basic principles of information-logical modeling in construction, ensuring technological and adaptive flexibility of models, their invariance are formulated. The formal information-logical model is given in the form of a tuple of main objects, processes and links.


The article deals with a problem of language realization of the Russian key cultural concept "grekh" ("sin") in modern Russian speech. Firstly, we analyzed differences of linguistic represintation of this concept between religious and secular types of discourse, and, secondly, between written language and conversational speech (and informal segment of Internet-communication as its correlate). Semantic transformations in conceptual content and sense of concept "grekh" ("sin") in speech practice of Russian native speakers in 2000-2010 are examined by means of analysis of the data of Russian National Corpus, informal part of Runet, the author's own observations. The author comes to the conclusion of "desacralization of concept" which is interpreted as stylistic reduction of words expressed primordially high spiritual, religious and moral values. It reflecs one general tendency to reduce value of high concept while their transition from religious communicative medium into secular one.


The global financial system has become remarkably complex as it combines high transaction volumes with growing speed. Financial transactions depend critically on information to mitigate uncertainty and vulnerability, and such transactions are therefore affected by recent developments in information technology, driven by fintech firms and commonly termed 'big data'. The volume, velocity and variety of information is unprecedented and poses new challenges for governance. Legal rules for data ownership, privacy, security and usage are becoming obsolete and ineffective in the context of algorithmic information processing and decision-making. Yet some types of information remain embedded in financial contracts and regulations, relatively unaffected by these developments. This variation challenges simplistic claims about big data and underscores how some of the historical particularities of the United States have gained global significance.


The purpose of the article is a scientific justification on the methodological level of a new concept in the organization and carrying out practice that promote the professional development of a new generation of social educators with a developed professional personal quality professional mobility. The leading approach to the study of this problem is a systematic analysis of methodological approaches in pedagogical research, which allows to educe goal setting and constructive description of the ways, methods, technologies for organizing and conducting students practice. Methodological approaches to the study of this problem is the system, axiological, competence, synergy, situational approaches allowing to integrate scientific, theoretical and practical components of this new concept implementation process. The result is a theoretical and practical way to solve the scientific and practical problems on the efficient organization and carry out professional mobile practice.The article can be useful for organizers and researchers of practical training of professional educational institutions.


This study was performed to investigate the effects of 17β-estradiol (ES) and 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) on growth, development, survival, sex ratio and colour change in the electric blue hap (Sciaenochromis ahli Trewavas, 1935). The hormones were not supplemented to the control feed, while six other feeds were prepared by adding 20, 40 and 60 mg kg−1 17β-ES or 20, 40 and 60 mg kg−1 17α-MT to each, resulting in seven different feed treatments. Average live weight of the fish supplemented with these diets was 0.42 ± 0.04 g. At the end of the study, the highest weight gain was observed in fish fed 60 mg kg−1 17α-MT group (2.62 ± 0.11 g) and the difference with the groups fed with 17β-ES was found to be significant. All fish fed 17α-MT were male, while the rates of feminization in fish fed 17β-ES at 20, 40, 60 mg kg−1 were 91.11%, 88.88% and 93.33% respectively. Survival rates were respectively determined as 80%, 95.56%, 84.44%, 93.33%, 77.78%, 84.44% and 84.44% for the control, 20, 40, 60 mg kg−1 17β-ES and 20, 40, 60 mg kg−1 17α-MT treatments. The best colouration was achieved in the 17α-MT groups (P < 0.05). The L* values varied between 32.98 ± 4.44 and 61.35 ± 2.19, a* values between −7.06 ± 0.22 and −3.42 ± 0.11, and b* values between −7.74 ± 0.10 and 11.65 ± 0.03, while Chroma (C*) and Hue (H°ab) angle values varied between 7.54 ± 0.22 and 13.60 ± 0.01 and between 119.76 ± 0.05 and 239.73 ± 4.86. In conclusion, the 17α-MT feeding was found to have a greater effect on the growth, feed conversion ratio, masculunization and pigmentation of the electric blue haps than the 17β-ES treatment.


The self-limiting-speed moving window technique was applied in two experiments to test whether the individual differences in reading ability will affect the syntactic ambiguity resolution of Chinese sentences,in which the reading materials composed of syntactic ambiguity phrase of ′A and B of C′ were used.The result indicated that individual differences in reading ability do affect the process of their syntactic ambiguity resolution to phrase of ′A and B of C′.


This study reports the results of an inventory of the current socio-economic and transport situation in the corridor with the Dutch urban areas of Rotterdam, Utrecht and Arnhem (the 'RUA-corridor'). The distribution and service sector are overrepresented in the 'RUA-corridor'. Half of the trips made in the corridor are local, within the three urban regions. The number of trips between the urban regions and out of the areas between the urban regions are limited. The corridor is mainly used for passenger transport. The share of freight transport on the highways in the corridor is in accordance with the national average (15%). Three urban concepts are tested in order to analyse future dynamics in the corridor: (1) urbanisation in the existing urban regions (compact); (2) urbanisation around middle-sized towns in between urban regions (new towns); and (3) urbanisation around infrastructure in between the urban regions (dispersion around infrastructure). It is concluded that the coherence within the corridor from a spatial as well as from a transport perspective is limited. There is hardly any corridor development yet. However, the corridor is a promising urbanisation area, when development scenarios are differentiated for each corridor type.


On October 30, 1978, Daniel Barth, then a sixth grader in Chicago, was playing kickball on his elementary school playground. He collided head-on with another child and was immediately taken to the principal's office complaining of a headache and vomiting. Daniel's mother was called and she directed the school officials to take him to Holy Cross Hospital, which is located across the street from the elementary school. An ambulance was called, but it did not arrive for over an hour. Notwithstanding the closeness of the hospital and the instructions of Daniel's mother to take him there, the school officials waited for the ambulance to arrive. By the time Daniel was seen by medical personnel, irreversible brain damage had occurred that could have been avoided if Daniel had been treated within half an hour of his accident. How, is one's immediate response, could the school officials have been so stupid as to delay taking to a nearby hospital a child with a possible head injury simply because an ambulance had not arrived? Why was not the child taken there immediately or at least shortly after the incident, during the time everyone was waiting for the missing ambulance? Well, it turns out that the school officials may have been less stupid than law-abiding. There was, and still is, a Board of Education rule that mandates that school children be sent to the hospital in ambulances. Although the origins of that rule are not completely clear, it probably resulted at least in part from unfortunate results accompanying other incidents when children were transported to hospitals by people untrained in the medical arts. Notwithstanding the existence of the rule, which undoubtedly is not a rule that is self-evidently silly or perverse, a verdict for more than $2.5 million was


The problem of improving technical skill of sportsmen is always relevant, especially in coordinational types of sport, like kiokushinkai karate. Increasing the level of technical skill of sportsmen is connected with the search of more rational and effective ways of organizing educational-training process. One of the ways of solving this problem is applying special gear during training practices of combaters.


Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a kind of mycotoxin produced by several fungal species. Contamination of food commodities, including cereals and cereal products, fruit, coffee, dry vine fruits, wine and beer, has been reported from all over the world. OTA is a stable compound that is not destroyed by common food preparation procedures, which is a potential harm for human. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) evaluated ochratoxin A, and classified it as possibly carcinogenic to humans (group 2B). Many European countries had established maximum levels and determination methods for OTA. In this paper, toxicity, pollution in wine, OTA- producing species, influencing factor and determination methods are reviewed.


This paper delineates numerous factors which impact upon the interracial relationships of white faculty in predominantly black colleges. Througk,a synthesis of theoretical writings and research findings relating to interpersonal aspects of interrac 1 interaction, five dynamics influencing black-white interaction are identified: prejudice and stereotyping, dominande by whites, racial roIelplaying, social acceptante/social distance, and value differences. Subsequently, these dynamics -are explored in relation to the role of.the white . academician yin the black college: setting. In addition, a variety of factors at the individual, small group, college, and community levels are delineatedin relation to their influence on white faculty's adjustment within the black college; and the implicatiqns are guidelines for future stud of cross-racial interaction within a predominantly black septing are discussed.' -


This paper introduces a new approach for adjusting the diurnal variation in the trade durations. The model considers that durations are multiplicatively decomposed into a deterministic time-of-day and a stochastic component. The parametric structure of the diurnal component allows the duration process to change smoothly over the time-of-day. In addition, a testing framework consisting of Lagrange multiplier tests is proposed for specifying the diurnal component. Our methodology is applied to the IBM transaction durations traded at the New York Stock Exchange.


Blue-enhanced, broadband supercontinuum generation in a 50 um core fluorine-doped graded-index multimode fiber is demonstrated by pumping with a 1064 nm picosecond source. Multi-octave supercontinuum spectrum extending from ~400 nm to 2,400 nm is achieved in a relatively short fiber. The measured spectrum and multimode nonlinear properties are compared to those of a germanium-doped graded-index multimode fiber. It is shown that engineering the glass composition and thus its chromatic dispersion and absorption characteristics, provides a novel and effective approach to further controlling the nonlinear dynamics in highly multimoded parabolic-index fibers.


The paper reports the findings of a survey of traffic and distribution executives from companies which had conducted product recalls initiated by the Food and Drug Administration during the early to mid 1980s. These findings were compared with literature suggestions for dealing with recalls to determine the extent to which actual practices might conform. The comparisons yield a number of important managerial guidelines for the more effective conduct of recalls as well as focusing attention on the increasingly significant role of retromovements in logistics management.


Optically active derivatives of 7-oxodibenz[a,kl]anthracene substituted in the 13-position have been synthesised and their racemisation studied in solution. The Arrhenius parameters and transition-state theory functions for racemisation of these compounds are compared with those of some optically active members of the 1,1′-binaphthyl series, one of which is newly synthesised.


Since many dynamical processes can be analyzed in the framework of trapping problem, it is great important to explore trapping problem on diverse complex systems or networks. However, addressing trapping problem on networks generated by graph products is still less touched. In this paper, by taking type of random walks and number of traps into account and compiling four different scenarios, trapping problem is touched more completely on resultant weighted heterogeneous networks of extended corona product and weight reinforcement mechanism. In more detail, we study standard random walk and delayed random walk on the network with a deep trap fixed at one initial node in the first and second scenarios respectively. This two types of random walks are further investigated on the network with three traps placed at initial three nodes in more challenging third and fourth scenarios. In all this four scenarios, the solutions of average trapping time(<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ATT$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) are deduced analytically to measure trapping efficiency, which agree well with their corresponding numerical counterparts and show that <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ATT$ </tex-math></inline-formula> grows sub-linearly with network size. Besides, expressions of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ATT$ </tex-math></inline-formula> obtained in the second and fourth scenarios indicate that the parameter <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p$ </tex-math></inline-formula> governing delayed random walk alters the pre-factor of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ATT$ </tex-math></inline-formula> but has no effect on the leading scaling of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ATT$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Furthermore, the comparisons between expression of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ATT$ </tex-math></inline-formula> in first and third scenarios, expression of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ATT$ </tex-math></inline-formula> in second and fourth scenarios imply that <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ATT$ </tex-math></inline-formula> can be lowered and trapping efficiency can be improved accordingly by introducing more traps. In summary, this work may enrich the clues for understanding trapping issue and modulating trapping process on more general heterogeneous weighted networks.


Miss J. 0. Joshua: Clinically the anal tumouLrs described by Mr. Cotchin are invariably benign: they occur in a variety of forms, from single circumscribed masses to diffuse involvement of the entire anal rim. This rather supports the suggestion that the condition is a hyperplasia and not neoplasia, as also does the fact that, prior to the introduction of stilbcestrol therapy, treatment of these tumours by simple expression of the contents followed by cauterization of the cavity was successful. An interesting point in connexion with stilbeestrol treatment is that in addition to regression of the tumours there is almost invariably improvement in the general health of the dog, in spite of the fact that the owner has not as a rule complained of general symptoms shown by the dog prior to the initiation of treatment. The condition occurs in dogs over middle age, in most cases household pets which have had little or no sexual activity; one case had occurred in a popular stud dog which had been overworked during his breeding life; both might, however, be attributed to hormonal disturbance. With regard to mammary neoplasms in bitches, these again usually occur in bitches which have not bred. in fact I can recall only one case of mammary neoplasia in a bitch which has been regularly bred. The phase of most rapid growth of these neoplasms nearly always coincides with the period of pseudo-lactation following cestrus. Frequently small nodules of tumour tissue have been present for a long period before active enlargementwoccurs. It is inadvisable to undertake surgical interference during the period of pseudo-pregnancy. In the small percentage of cases in which there are malignant changes metastasis has often occurred not via the lymph nodes, but direct to the lungs, where multiple highly malignant tumours have developed resulting in rapid death of the patient.


In this paper a procedure for determining a plane section of the surface of revolution was described. The surface of revolution is given by an axis of the revolution and a meridian which is coplanar with the axis. The axis of revolution is parallel to the z axis of the coordinate system. The intersecting plane is given by its three points; these are the points where the plane intersects axes x, y and z. For the determination of a plane section of the surface of revolution we can use horizontal planes which intersect the surface of revolution on parallel circles and each auxiliary plane intersects the intersecting plane on the horizontal line. Two points of the intersecting space curve are given as intersecting points between the horizontal line and the circle and new points of the intersecting curve have been determined by using several auxiliary planes.


The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of webtoon and web novel users' motivation to use comments (reading) among web contents. As a part of this, we examined the effect of comment use on the relationship between satisfaction and influence, and the relationship between motivation and satisfaction, and examined whether there is a difference between platforms (webtoons and web novels). As a result of the analysis, it was composed of two motives for use (communication, leisure pursuit) and three motives for use of comments (fun to read comments, search for public opinion and information, and criticism) through factor analysis. Both communication motivation and leisure motivation were partially mediated by the relationship between communication motivation and leisure motivation -> fun to read comments -> satisfaction. On the other hand, when comparing the influence of the motivation for using comments between webtoons and web novels, it was analyzed that public opinion, information search and criticism had no mediating effect in common, and the difference was the motivation for reading comments.


Images taken from space do have a growing meaning for mapping. It is not a problem to reach a horizontal accuracy sufficient for map scales 1 : 25 000 and smaller or even better, but the main limitation is the identification and interpretation of the objects. The use of SPOT images has been well established in spite of the not optimal ground resolution. A better information contents is represented by the high resolution Russian space photos, but it is not easy to get actual copies. Today the panchromatic camera of the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite IRS-1C represents the highest ground resolution of the commercial available space sensors usable for mapping. Even with the limited radiometric resolution with 6bit (64 gray values), it allows the identification of nearly all elements important for maps 1 : 50 000. The information contents of different space images is compared.