Desorption and adsorption of plutonium dioxide are derived from production-scale experiments that demonstrate techniques of preparing weapons-grade material for extended storage. In combination with data from literature, results define conditions for preparing and certifying PuO{sub 2} and provide essential information for developing and implementing a repackaging process compliant with DOE standards for safe storage of plutonium. As demonstrated by loss-on-ignition (LOI) analysis, adsorbates are effectively removed by heating the oxide in air at 950 C for two hours. After oxides are fired at this temperature, specific surface areas are consistently less than 5 m{sup 2}/g. Due to this low surface area, water adsorption by fired oxide is limited to a maximum of 0.2 mass % at 50% relative humidity. Kinetic data for the adsorption process show that water is accommodated on the oxide surface by a sequence of distinct first-order steps comprising five types of adsorbate interaction and accumulating ten molecular layers of H{sub 2}0 at 100% humidity. An equation defining the humidity dependence of the adsorption rate during the first step is applied in estimating time periods that a fired oxide may remain in given configurations without detrimental adsorption. Particle size measurements show that the source terms for environmental dispersal of oxides prepared by hydride-catalyzed reaction of metal and by oxalate calcination are approximately 20 and 0.1 mass %, respectively, and that the values are reduced by firing. Evidence for a chemical reaction between dioxide and water is discussed and practical applications of the results to oxide stabilization and LOI analysis are presented.


Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of Yuyangling ointment in treatment of venous ulceration of lower extremity. Methods: 90 cases of venous ulceration were divided into two groups. The wounds in the treating group were treated by Yuyangling ointment and those the control group were treated by Dahuang ointment, daily for four weeks. Results: The total clinical effective rate in the treating group was 96.7 percent, the cure rate was 60 percent, those in the control group were 76.7 percent and 20 percent respectively. There was a significant statistic different between the two groups (P0.05,0.01). The improvements of other indexes such as the wound healing time, the color of wound, the extravasate of wound, new granulation tissue and new epithelial tissue, strain of wound in the treating group were superior to the control group. Conclusions: Yuyangling ointment has a significant effect on venous ulceration of lower extremity, and can shorten the wound healing time, improve the color of wound, regular the extravasate of wound, promote the growth of new granulation tissue and new epithelial tissue.


A theoretical interpretation is given for the lines in the excitation spectrum exhibited by interstitial lithium in germanium by calculating the ground state energies for the two possible interstitial positions for lithium ( T d and D 3 d ). This interpretation leads to the conclusion that the site symmetry of lithium in germanium is T d , and the ground state is an "inverted" Group-V-like one with a very small chemical splitting. The ionization energy of the lowest ground state (1 s ( T 1 )) is 9.35 meV, lying 0.15 meV below the upper ground state (1 s ( A 1 )). The corresponding observed values are 9.89 meV and about 0.2 meV, respectively. Experiments to check the conclusion are suggested.


In article question of convenience of use of networks of highways on basis of comparison of networks of roads of Moscow area and northern Italy is considered, the methodology of comparison of level of convenience of use of networks of roads is offered. There are ways and methods of creation of a reliable complex from unreliable elements. One of such ways is parallel connection of details and elements carrying the name of multiple reservation or reservation by duplication. There are also other methods: supply of elements with functional redundancy, automatic warning of possibility of refusal of an element and automatic commissioning of emergency chains. One of important ways is replacement of missing reliability of one element through functional and structural disclosure of opportunities of another. In Moscow area actually there is systemically no functioning network of highways, and there is a set of certain highways. At emergence of any difficulties it is almost impossible to go round jams. The network of roads of Russian Federation is poorly developed, not providing the level of ensuring convenience of movement which developed in world.


Trait evolution analyses enable the comparison of characters amongst different species—a useful technique when inferring ancestral phenotypes based on a phylogeny of living taxa. The evolution of discrete characters can be mapped on the branches of a phylogenetic tree using stochastic mapping. Here we present sMap, a new program to perform stochastic mapping analyses. Key features characterising sMap are: a wide variety of models and prior distributions; the ability to use a posterior distribution of trees and to compute marginal likelihoods to perform model selection analyses; and the implementation of three kinds of characters: 'independent' characters, which do not interact with each other; 'dependent' characters, which co‐evolve at the same time; and 'conditioned' characters, whose state is determined by the state of other characters. Here we present two examples that show how sMap can be used to perform stochastic mapping analyses, produce robust results and answer new kinds of questions. sMap is freely available and distributed under a GPL licence, in a command‐line and Graphical User Interface version; a detailed user manual with examples and tutorials is also provided. The wide variety of algorithms implemented in sMap enables accurate analyses of the evolution of discrete characters. Conditioned characters can be used to study the interaction of simple traits to produce complex phenotypes. As a multiplatform and open‐source project, sMap can be used on a variety of systems and situations, such as academic research and teaching.


The high efficiency projection system is disclosed. The disclosed projection system comprising: a light source; An optical splitter for separating the incident light according to color; At least one of the scrolling unit which includes a lens cell, and convert the rotary motion of the lens cells to scroll incident light into a linear motion of the lens cell where the light is passed; The process according to the light separator and the light passing through the scrolling unit on the image signal to light valve forming a color image; Projecting a projection lens unit for enlarging a color image formed by the light valve on a screen; And a; located between the optical splitter and the light valve and a polarization converter that converts the incident light into light having a polarization direction in one direction.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze the consequences of the diffusion of generic project management knowledge.Design/methodology/approach – This paper is conceptual in its ...


The aims of this article are analyzing the job of healthy family supporter for culture work and understanding their core and development competency. As a result, the primary job of healthy family supporter for culture work is planning culture and volunteer work with family program, their core competencies are understanding of daily life and culture, interpersonal skills, creative thinking, problem-solving and social skills and development competencies are planning and evaluation program, word processing skill, creative thinking and problem-solving.


Anthurium anderanum from Araneae family, is a plant with high commercial value. Tissue culture technique appears as an alternative way propagation to increase Anthurium production. The recent research intended to establish an efficient regeneration method for Anthurium andraeanum tissue culture. Young Anthurium plantlets including young shoots, petioles and leaves were applied for regeneration through in vitro indirect organogenesis method from the undefined plant tissues. Callus proliferation was induced by the use of Morishige and Skoog media along with 0.6 mg/l 2,4- Dichlorophenes acetic acid. Shoot regeneration medium consisted of MS salts with supplemented different combinations of BAP and NAA. The number of shoots per explants was significantly increased in 7 months of culture periods in all different combinations but there were found that 14 shoots/explant and 13.9 shoots/explant in NA+ BAP (0+3mg/l) and (0.2+0mg/l) respectively. The longest shoot length (17.3 cm) was found in NAA+BAP (0+0.5mg/l). Rooting was found automatically in shoot proliferation medium. Regenerated plantlets were potted in mixture of broken brick, coco husk and charcoal and successfully acclimatized.


A method is presented for theoretical calculation of the area required by a tube-type heat receiver as a function of its thermotechnical and geometric parameters; an experimental validation is given for the example of a prototype developed by the authors.


Summary form only given. Power capability of ferrite based high power applications like circulators and phase shifters is limited due to the onset of Suhl instabilities, which sensitively depends on dissipation. Therefore spin wave linewidth measurements are very important. More-over the microstructure of polycrystalline ferrite material leads to a frequency dependent spin wave linewidth. High power microwave sources and the related waveguide equipment are expensive, so a low power, low cost and wide frequency measurement setup would be helpful. Such a setup is presented.


This project is to create a blended learning module for students who need to recover course credit in order to stay on track to graduate on time from a small rural district with limited teachers and face-to-face time. This project will eliminate the need for the district to pay for online credit recovery services and help avoid scheduling issues that may prevent completion of the high school curriculum by students who fail a class. The project will be tested with students within the district and, if successful, will be implemented for all students who need to recover course credit. This open access graduate research paper is available at UNI ScholarWorks: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/grp/331 RUNNING HEAD: BLENDED LEARNING IN CREDIT RECOVERY 1 Blended Learning in Credit Recovery A Graduate Project Report Submitted to the Division of Instructional Technology Department of Curriculum and Instruction In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN IOWA by Robin Kuhn July 2018 BLENDED LEARNING IN CREDIT RECOVERY 2 This Report by: Robin Kuhn Titled: Blended Learning in Credit Recovery has been approved as meeting the research requirement for the Degree of Master of Arts. _______________ ______________________________________ Date Approved Graduate Faculty Reader _______________ _______________________________________ Date Approved Graduate Faculty Reader _______________ _______________________________________ Date Approved Head, Department of Curriculum and Instruction BLENDED LEARNING IN CREDIT RECOVERY 3 Abstract This project is to create a blended learning module for students who need to recover course credit in order to stay on track to graduate on time from a small rural district with limited teachers and face-to-face time. This project will eliminate the need for the district to pay for online credit recovery services and help avoid scheduling issues that may prevent completion of the high school curriculum by students who fail a class. The project will be tested with students within the district and, if successful, will be implemented for all students who need to recover course credit.This project is to create a blended learning module for students who need to recover course credit in order to stay on track to graduate on time from a small rural district with limited teachers and face-to-face time. This project will eliminate the need for the district to pay for online credit recovery services and help avoid scheduling issues that may prevent completion of the high school curriculum by students who fail a class. The project will be tested with students within the district and, if successful, will be implemented for all students who need to recover course credit. BLENDED LEARNING IN CREDIT RECOVERY 4 Table of


In this paper, we study and experimentally compare two state-of-the-art methods for low dimensional feature extraction, within the context of RSSI fingerprinting for localization. On one hand, we consider Stacked Autoencoders, a prominent example of a deep learning architecture, while on the other hand, we explore Random Projections, a universal feature extraction approach. Experimental results suggest that feature learning has a dramatic impact on the subsequent analysis like location based classification.


Objective: To clone and express rat heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene in lactococcus lactis. Methods: The rat HO-1 cDNA was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the sequence was identified by T/A clone. The HO-1 gene digested by restriction endonuclease was ligated with plasmid pSEC. Then the recombinant plasmid was transformed into lactococcus lactis NZ9000 by electroporation. The expression of heme oxygenase-1 gene induced by nisin was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot, and the activity of HO-1 secreted by engineering lactococcus lactis was measured by spectrophotography. Results: The relative molecular weight of expressed protein was about 32 kD, and its expression level was about 7.0 mg/L. The activity of heme oxygenase was 2.386 U/mg per hour. Conclusion: The expression ofrat heme oxygenase-1 has been detected in lactococcus lactis.


Objective
To evaluate the effect of zinc deficiency factor on cognitive function after isoflurane anesthesia in mice with Alzheimer′s disease (AD).

Methods
One hundred and forty-four APP/PS1 transgenic mice with AD, weighing 22-28 g, aged 8-10 months, were divided into 6 groups (n=24 each) using a random number table: zinc adequate group (group ZA), zinc adequate plus isoflurane anesthesia group (group ZA+ Iso), zinc deficiency group (group ZD), zinc deficiency plus isoflurane anesthesia group (group ZD+ Iso), zinc treatment group (group ZT) and zinc treatment plus isoflurane anesthesia group (group ZT+ Iso). The mice were fed a diet adequate in zinc and deionized water for 2 months in ZA and ZA+ Iso groups.The mice were fed a diet low in zinc (0.01‰ zinc) and deionized water for 1 month in ZD and ZD+ Iso groups.The mice were fed a diet adequate in zinc and 0.12‰ ZnSO4·7H2O water for 2 months in ZT and ZT+ Iso groups.The mice underwent 2 h of anesthesia with 1.4% isoflurane starting from the end of feeding in ZA+ Iso, ZD+ Iso and ZT+ Iso groups.At 24 h after anesthesia, the mice were sacrificed and hippocampal tissues were obtained for determination of the contents of soluble amyloid beta protein 40 (Aβ40) and Aβ42 and insoluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 (using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and expression of total Aβ, Aβ40, Aβ42, tau pSer396, tau pSer262 and tau pThr231 (by Western blot). Morris water maze test was performed at 24 h after anesthesia.

Results
There was no significant difference in each parameter between group ZA and group ZA+ Iso and between group ZT and group ZT+ Iso (P>0.05). Compared with group ZD or group ZT+ Iso, the escape latency was significantly prolonged, the space exploration time was shortened, the expression of hippocampal Aβ42, tau pSer396, tau pSer262 and tau pThr231 was up-regulated, and the contents of soluble and insoluble Aβ42 were increased in group ZD+ Iso (P<0.05 or 0.01).

Conclusion
Zinc deficiency can aggravate the impairment of cognitive function after isoflurane anesthesia in mice with AD, and the mechanism is related to the promotion of hippocampal Aβ aggregation and tau protein phosphorylation.

Key words:
Zinc; Isoflurane; Cognition disorders; Alzheimer disease


Some failures of 3DK9 switch transistors with higher surface leakage current were analyzed.It was found that both metallization step and surface peak electric field all occured on the base field area,that was an important factor of reducing reliability of devices.To overcome the structural defect,an improved structure using junction termination extension to replace base field was introduced.The new structure can decrease surface peak electric field and avoid the surface peak electric field and the metallization step coming out at the same place.The new structure will increase the reliability of the devices.


Paris and London, methods for presenting exhibitions were undergoing a major reconsideration, and frames from this era began to take on a new role both visually and conceptually. This development was driven by artists to indicate that their works represented a new kind of vision. Many original frames have disappeared from the walls of private collections and museums, but it is possible to piece together concept and approach through photographs, treatises, drawings, catalogues, and a few precious extant frames. This study focuses on artistdesigned frames at the end of the nineteenth century with a particular emphasis on a material known as pâte coulante, unique in its ability to render extraordinary profiles, some of which could not have been realized by any Artists' Frames in Pâte Coulante: History, Design, and Method


The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of education management on the health of the personnel of Mobin Petrochimie Company (MP Co.). The statistical population included all the personnel of MP Co. that amounted to 710 people. The statistical samples that amounted to 290 people were randomly drawn up from this population according to Morgan's Table. Standard questionnaires of the education management and organizational health were employed to acquire the data. The Internal Parallelism coefficients (Crown Bach's α) of the questions for the questionnaires of the education management and for the questionnaires of the organizational health were 0.89 and 0.91, respectively, which perpetuity were confirmed in the results. The statistical experts also confirmed their justifiability. Eventually, 290 people filled out the questionnaires which were then statistically analyzed using the Standard Deviation, the Variance Analysis, and the T-test methods. According to the acquired data, the organizational health of the personnel of MP Co. showed optimum value; also, the administrate level held the highest mean score (3.82) amongst the different levels of the organizational health variables. Furthermore, amongst the different sizes of the organizational health, the formal level from the administrative level with the mean score of 4.15, and the size of scientific underscore and innovation with the mean score of 3.19 occupied the highest and the lowest sizes, respectively.


The accessibility of functional groups of 3,6-O-chitosansulfate in water is studied using conductometric and polyelectrolyte titration techniques. These studies reveal the good accessibility of protonated amino groups following conductometric titrations and pH dependency on the accessibility of negatively charged sulfate groups following polyelectrolyte titrations. In addition, the influence of negatively charged sulfate groups, introduced onto polymer backbone by synthesis, is analyzed regarding the well-known antimicrobial activities of chitosan. The assessment of the mortality rates of Gram-negative, Gram-positive bacteria, and pathogenic fungi reveal that sulfate groups in chitosan lead to a tremendous loss in antimicrobial activity compared with nonmodified chitosan.


SINCE and the the advent end of of World the missile War age, II and adv nt of the missile age, automation, supervisory control equipment, and computers have undergone extensive research and development to the point that they are now considered reliable, desirable, and a part of our modern way of life. Highly sophisticated computer monitored supervisory control equipment operates our traffic lights, the production facilities of our great factories, and our satellites in far off space to name a few. Anything labeled computer or automatic appeals to the imagination of the American public. Water works management is no less receptive to automation than others, and great strides have been made to apply it to the water works field through the past few years. However, the greatest desire and perhaps the greatest need for automatic equipment probably exists in systems where its use can be least warranted. Unfortunately, neither the desire nor the need alone can justify its installation. It is imperative to first evaluate the application of the control in terms of the ability of the utility to use it. Management's dream may result in lasting dissatisfaction, needless investment, and excessive maintenance expense if the control is not patterned to the using organization or if the organization is not reshaped to fit the control. It is interesting to note that nearly any control scheme and instrumentation can now be made to operate at practically any distance, utilizing computers to simulate human logic. With this established, it is not hard to imagine how an ill-advised management and an overenthusiastic control engineer might develop an unmanageable fantasy. Yet what might be an unmanageable system for one organization could be a very satisfactory one for another. The difference lies in the specific situation which application of this equipment develops in a particular utility. It is not so much a question of whether it can be done, but rather a question of whether it is the right thing to do and the right place in which to do it. For instance, should a computer be used, and if so, what type? Questions such as these must be answered. A water utility organization might easily embark on a project that is overextended into computer guided automatic and remote supervisory controls. In the beginning the arguments for such equipment may be quite strong. Higher quality, higher production rates, and low operating costs could be some of the reasons given. Water utility management will certainly envision a reduction in the number of


A new technique using Laser-Induced Incandescence (LII) has been developed to quantify the soot concentration in a diesel engine. Characteristic problems in quantitative measurements, such as LII signal attenuation by soot clouds between the camera and the measurement plane, and incident laser attenuation due to soot clouds in the laser path, were corrected by the multi-layer correction method developed in this work. When this LII measurement method is applied to an optically accessible engine, the developing soot clouds in spray combustion can be visualized in detail. The changes in soot formation process caused by increasing fuel injection pressure with reduced hole size of injector, and by altering fuel chemical property, are both clarified quantitatively in this paper.


We present a generalisation of Twisted Reed-Solomon codes containing a new large class of MDS codes. We prove that the code class contains a large subfamily that is closed under duality. Furthermore, we study the Schur squares of the new codes and show that their dimension is often large. Using these structural properties, we single out a subfamily of the new codes which could be considered for code-based cryptography: These codes resist some existing structural attacks for Reed-Solomon-like codes, i.e. methods for retrieving the code parameters from an obfuscated generator matrix.


Feed intake represents a major cost to all animal production systems. Increasing the efficiency in which animals turn this feed into product can be a major goal in many animal breeding programs. Consequently, Australian beef producers have been measuring many traits associated with feed efficiency in an attempt to increase the accuracy of selection, precision of genetic parameters estimates and ultimately increase the amount of genetic gain achieved. The objective of this study was to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters for traits associated with feed efficiency from records on 1614 Angus Steers from the Australian Beef Information Nucleus (BIN). Traits analysed included Average Daily Weight Gain (ADG), Metabolic Mid-Weight (MMWT), Daily Feed Intake (FI), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) and Residual (or Net) Feed Intake (RFI). Parameters were estimated using bivariate animal models in ASReml. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.12 ±0.06 for FCR to 0.49 ±0.09 for FI. High genetic correlations were estimated between FI and RFI (0.83±0.05) and FI and ADG (0.81±0.08). Significant genetic correlation also existed between ADG and MMWT (0.65±0.12) and between MMWT and FI (0.68±0.08). Heritability estimates show that there would be a favourable response to selection for the efficiency traits in this population. The positive and unfavourable genetic correlation between ADG and RFI, suggest that improving RFI would result in lower ADG. Given this, further studies are required to investigate genetic associations between efficiency traits and other economically important traits, in addition to examine new ways of utilizing feed efficiency information in breeding programs.


In the classical case of irreducible smooth algebraic curves every genus $2$ curve is hyperelliptic, or in other words there is a complete linear series $g_2^1$ on them. On the other hand if $g > 2$, then a generic smooth curve of genus $2$ is not hyperelliptic.
In this article we investigate the situation of normal surface singularities, so we fix a resolution graph $\mathcal{T}$ and a generic singularity with resolution $\tX$ corresponding to it in the sense of \cite{NNII}. We consider an integer effective cycle $Z$ on the resolution $\tX$ and investigate the existence of a complete linear series $g_2^1$ on it. One other motivation is that we can use these results to compute the class of the image varieties of Abel maps in a following manuscript.


In response to chronic stress the heart undergoes an adverse remodeling process associated with cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, increased cellular apoptosis and fibrosis, which ultimately causes cardiac dysfunction and heart failure. Increasing evidence suggest the role of scaffolding and anchoring proteins in coordinating different signaling pathways that mediate the hypertrophic response of the heart. In this context, the family of Α-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) emerged as important regulators of the cardiac function. During my thesis work I have conducted two independent projects, both of them aiming at elucidating the role of AKAPs in the heart.
It has been shown that AKAP-Lbc, an anchoring protein that possesses an intrinsic Rho- specific exchange factor activity, organizes a signaling complex that links AKAP-Lbc- dependent activation of RhoA with the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38. The first aim of my thesis was to study the role of this novel transduction pathway in the context of cardiac hypertrophy. Here we show that transgenic mice overexpressing in cardiomyocytes a competitor fragment of AKAP-Lbc, which specifically disrupts endogenous AKAP-Lbc / p38 complexes, developed early dilated cardiomyopathy in response to two weeks of transverse aortic constriction (TAC) as compared to controls. Interestingly, inhibition of the AKAP-Lbc / p38 transduction pathway significantly reduced the hypertrophic growth of single cardiomyocytes induced by pressure overload. Therefore, it appears that the AKAP- Lbc / p38 complex is crucially involved in the regulation of stress-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and that disruption of this signaling pathway is detrimental for the heart under conditions of sustained hemodynamic stress.
Secondly, in order to identify new AKAPs involved in the regulation of cardiac function, we followed a proteomic approach which allowed us to characterize AKAP2 as a major AKAP in the heart. Importantly, here we show that AKAP2 interacts with several proteins known to be involved in the control of gene transcription, such as the nuclear receptor coactivator 3 (NCoA3) or the ATP-dependent SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. Thus, we propose AKAP2 as a novel mediator of cardiac gene expression through its interaction with these transcriptional regulators.


The necessity for multiple hypothesis tracking (MHT) is recognized throughout the SDI tracking community. However, implementations of MHT techniques have required enormous amounts of computer time and memory. An efficient method of measurement-to-target association that makes MHT practical for the first time is presented. The method finds the exact N-best feasible hypotheses directly from a sequence of linear assignment problem solutions. >


One negative point of management education is the lack of integration between the disciplines that restrains a systemic view. Moreover, there is not much research about an interdisciplinary approach to management. This paper applies soft systems methodology to develop a scale of interdisciplinarity in order to evaluate management education. We conclude that interdisciplinarity in management education is a social system that requires complex thinking development for management students. The scale addresses three dimensions: curriculum structure, organization and didactics. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Abstract Several techniques for measuring the strain induced α-martensite content in EN 1.4318 (AISI 301LN) and EN 1.4301 (AISI 304) austenitic stainless steels were compared in order to determine a correlation curve between Ferritescope measurement results and actual α-martensite contents. The studied methods involved Satmagan measurement, magnetic balance measurement, X-ray diffraction, density measurement and quantitative optical metallography. Satmagan, magnetic balance and density measurements were found to give equal α-martensite contents. X-ray diffraction results were affected by the texture but averaging of several diffraction peaks improved the reliability of the results. It was shown that α-martensite can be detected by means of optical metallography, but quantitative analysis is time consuming and inaccurate. The relationship between the Ferritescope results and actual α-martensite contents measured with the other techniques was found to be linear. According to the results, the Ferritescope readings can be converted to actual α-martensite contents by multiplying with a correction factor of 1.7.


BACKGROUND:Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are the most common cause of a illnesses in children and a major cause of childhood mortality throughout the world H .Cilobally, Acute respiratory infections account for 4 million deaths in children under five years of age with 10-20% of deaths in developing countries as compared to 1-2% in developed countries and in India it is 10-20%11.12 . In India, ARI is the major contributor to mortality children under five accounting for 20-30 percent of all childhood deaths 18. AR1 Prevalence in India is 6% and in Karnataka it is 2%(NFTIS-2)19'26. With this background the present study was conducted in urban slums of Bangalore to look into the prevalence of ARI & its associated factors among under five children. DESIGN; It's a cross sectional study of children less than five years of age RESULTS: The overall prevalence of ARI was 10.4% .Others have 2 times more risk of getting ARI than hindus,which is found to be significant (P=0.003,AOR 2.163;95%CI 1.2963.615) Families of > 4 members sharing child's room have 2 times more chance of getting AR1 compared to families sharing < 4 members which is found to be significant(P---0.007 ,AOR 2.034; 95% CI 1.213-3.410) & those children breast fed for < 6mths are having 2.5 times more chance of getting ARI in comparison to breast feeding >6 mths (Y=0.055 ,AOR 2.554; 95% Cl 0.974-6.696).About the impact of presence of tobacco smoker in the family smokers have 2 times more chance of contracting ARI in comparison to non-smokers which is found to be significant (P=0.007,AOR 2.034; 95% CI 1.213-3.410),In families of > 2 children of < 5yrs age had 1.6 times chance of getting ARI in comparison to < 2 children (P=0.080 , AOR 1.629; 95%Cl .943-2.816). CONCLUSION:Study findings emphasize the need for community based measures to make the public aware of the problem of ARI,its associated factors and prevention in children under five years of age in urban slums of Bangalore city, Karnataka.


The tidal vave function y(x) is a solution to an inhoraogeneous, linear, second-order differential equation with variable coefficient. Numerical values for the height-dependence terms, In the observed tides, have been utilized in finding y(x) as a solution to an initial-value problem. Complex Fast Fourier Transform technique is also used to obtain the solution in a complex form. Based on a realistic temperature structure, the atmosphere below 110 km has been divided into layers with distinct characteristics, and thus the technique of propagation in stratified media has been applied. The reduced homogeneous equation assumes the form of Helmholtz equation and with initial conditions the general solution is obtained, HIRAHARE TRIESTE August 1981 * To be submitted for publication. + To be presented at XV Biennial Fluid Dynamics Sympos-iura, to Be held in Poland 6-12 September 1981. ** Permanent address: Applied Math. Dept., Faculty of Science, Ain Shams Univ. Cairo, Egypt. In the development of the tidal theory(Siebert, 1961 and Chapman and Lindzen, 1970), the assumption is made such that the dependence of the tides on height, Co-latitude and longitude rf> are separable. The latitude-dependences of the tidal fields are expressed in terms of the Hough functions (H ) ( 6 ) , vhlcfi. are solutions of Laplace's tidal equation. It is an eigenvalue-eigenfunction problem and has been the subject of extensive study during the Ia3t decade CKato, 19-66; Lindzen, 1966; Longuett-Higgins, 1967 and Makarious, 1968). The vertical structure of the tidal wave propagation, on the other band, is expressed in terms of the wave function y(x), which is the solution of the Radial Wave equation. For a given mode of oscillation, the variable coefficient, in that equation, depends solely on the vertical temperature distribution. Previous investigators tPekerls, 1937; Jacchia and Kopal, 1952; Butler and Small, 1963 and Lindzen; 1967) adopted,however, simplified vertical temperature structure in order to render the mathematical treatment more tractable. Consequently classical tidal theory has limitations, arising out of the assumptions on which it is based, which need to be recognized when making close comparison with the observational data (Groves, 1977). With a realistic temperature structure, however, no closed form solution to the vertical wave equation exists and the solution has to be approached numerically. This is the goal of the present study. Analytical expressions for the general solution, in conformity with the observed tidal oscillations In the atmosphere, have been obtained. The numerical solutions for the oscillatory and trapped modes of tidal wave propagation have also been presented and discussed.


Chester County is an area of about 760 square miles (1,970 square kilometers) in the Piedmont of southeastern Pennsylvania. Rocks of the county include: (1) Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks; (2) upper Precambrian to lower Paleozoic metamorphic rocks, predominantly metamorphosed sedimentary rocks; (3) upper Precambrian and lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks that are moderately metamorphosed; and (4) Upper Triassic sedimentary and igneous rocks. Overlying the bedrock is a generally thick zone of unconsolidated weathered rock. Most wells derive water from fractured rock. Intergranular permea bility is present only in the weathered zone and in some of the sedi mentary rock. Solution of carbonate rock and weathering increase the permeability. Reported yields range from 0 to 1,800 gallons per minute (114 liters per second). Yields from carbonate rock, particularly the Cockeysville Marble and Ledger Formation, are generally higher than yields from other units. The difference in yield between nearby wells in the same unit, however, may be greater than the difference in yield between wells in different units. Exceptionally high yields of 100 gallons per minute (6 liters per second) or more were reported in almost all parts of the county and from almost all units, as were exceptionally low yields of 5 gallons per minute (0.3 liters per second) or less. The estimated number of wells that would be needed in an area to yield 1 million gallons per day (0.04 cubic meters per second) continuously are indicated on a map. The estimates are based on evaluation of data on reported yields of more than 1,900 wells, on specific capacity for almost 900 wells, and on estimates of long--term specific capacity from 97 pumping tests. Yields that might be obtained by intensive exploration of an aquifer were estimated. These yields were then reduced by half to approximate the long-term average yield.


Calcium (Ca) isotope studies of river water have potential to reveal information about biogeochemical processes affecting calcium, one of the most abundant elements in the Earth's crust. In this study, river water samples were taken from twenty-five different rivers draining basaltic lithology in Iceland. Previous studies in this region have shown that 1) calcium containing secondary phases are prevalent in these catchments [1] and 2) there are clear differences in weathering regime between different parts of the island [e.g. 2]. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the aforementioned factors would impact on the calcium isotopic composition of river water, and thus help develop the use of Ca isotopes as a viable tracer of catchment scale biogeochemical processes. Calcium isotopic compositions were measured by TIMS, after chemical purification, using a Ca-Ca double-spike. The measured water samples span a range of 0.22‰ in δCa (0.45‰ – 0.67 ‰), with rivers draining glaciated catchments tending to have higher δCa values than rivers unaffected by present-day glaciation. An ice-melt sample, representing precipitation inputs, and a hydrothermal sample were also measured. The Ca isotopic composition of river water samples draining unglaciated catchments was consistent with a mixture of the basaltic rock isotopic composition (δCa = 0.41‰) and precipitation, which is characterised by a seawater Ca isotopic composition (δCa = 0.95‰). Mixing between rock and precipitation sources for divalent cations was corroborated by radiogenic strontium measurements. Calcium isotopic compositions from rivers draining glaciated catchments could not be explained by mixing of known sources and it is probable that isotope fractionation processes affect the Ca isotopic compositions of these rivers. The water samples from the presently glaciated samples fitted a simple Rayleigh distillation model, consistent with isotope fractionation during the removal of Ca from the dissolved phase by the formation of secondary minerals. This study demonstrates that in Iceland 1) differences in riverine Ca isotopic values may simply reflect differences in precipitation volume and 2) glaciation significantly affects the weathering regime, resulting in different controls on Ca isotopic compositions, as compared to unglaciated terrain.


Combining several years' professional construction and teaching reform experience and starting with the analysis of the features of higher vocational education and higher vocational economic management majors, the paper puts forward some constructive suggestions according to the educational and teaching concepts, talent training objectives, curriculum systems and teaching modes.


This paper introduces the structure of network centric warfare,the strength advantage of network-centric warfare,information,decision,and war fighting advantage.Depending on the operational environment,seven network-centric warfare architecture are put forward,which analyzes the structure of centralized network-centric warfare,network-centric warfare based on the request structure,the structure characteristics of swarming network-centric warfare and military applications,especially for large-scale joint operations.The seven network-centric warfare structure must be jointed.


The project to which this paper is a contribution is a prospectus for the integrated industrial development of the Solar System. Fast transit on an interplanetary scale is a prerequisite before such a development can be established. To facilitate this freedom of movement, this study has defined a suite of fast, large-scale interplanetary ships, achievable in the relatively near term. As background, the present paper is a review of the literature on the feasibility of fast, large-scale, nuclear-powered, cargo carrying and/or crewed interplanetary craft, as explored historically from the development of atomic theory itself through to the application of modern fusion-technology high-performance propulsion systems. The study is part of the BIS SPACE (Study Project Advancing Colony Engineering) technical initiative. Keywords: BIS SPACE Project, Nuclear Powered Spaceship, Fast Interplanetary Ship, Project Daedalus, Project Icarus


The moving rules of oil droplets in vane-guided hydrocyclone were obtained by using DPM method to simulate their moving trajectories and characteristics.Based on the analysis of separation probability for oil droplet clusters,the mathematical model for grade efficiency of oil droplets was proposed.Furthermore,the oil droplet radius variation caused by combination of coalescence and breakup effects was studied.The results show that there are three kinds of oil droplet trajectories in the vane-guided hydrocyclone,respectively;the flow from short-circuit flow,the flow from inner vortex flow via overflow tube and the flow from outer vortex via underflow tube.The cut size of oil droplet for the separation in hydrocyclone is 27.43 μm,and the breakup effect is enhanced and the coalescence effect is weakened with the increase of oil droplet's size.Based on the R-R distribution of entrance granularity,the simulation results of total separation efficiency have good coincidence with the experimental results.


An important step in today's Integrated Circuit (IC) manufacturing is optical proximity correction (OPC). While OPC increases the fidelity of pattern transfer to the wafer, it also significantly increases IC layout file size. This has the undesirable side effect of increasing storage, processing, and I.O. times for subsequent steps of mask preparation. To alleviate the growing volume of layout data, a new layout data format, Open Artwork System Interchange Standard (OASIS), was introduced in 2001 by SEMI's Data Path Task Force. Even though OASIS results in a more efficient representation than the previous industry standard format GDSII, there is still room for improvement by applying data compression techniques. In this paper, we propose two such techniques for compressing layout data, including OPC layout, while remaining complaint with existing industry standard formats such as OASIS and GDSII. Such compliance ensures that the resulting compressed files can be viewed, edited, and manipulated by industry standard CAD viewing and editing tools without the need for a decoder. Our approach is to eliminate redundancies in the representation of the geometrical data by finding repeating groups of geometries between multiple cells and within a cell. We refer to the former as "inter-cell sub-cell detection (InterSCD)" and latter as "intra-cell sub-cell detection (IntraSCD)". We show both problems to be NP hard, and propose two sets of heuristics to solve them. For OPC layout data, we also propose a fast compression method based on IntraSCD which utilizes the hierarchical information in the pre-OPC layout data. We show that the IntraSCD approach can also be effective in reconstructing hierarchy from flattened layout data. We demonstrate the results of our proposed algorithms on actual IC layouts for 90nm, 130nm, and 180nm feature size circuit designs.


Abstract "It is now about two years since… the proposal to launch a new journal with this title …. [The Editor-in-Chief then] gave it as his opinion that the first number of the new journal could be published by June 1964, and it was with great satisfaction that on the morning of the 30th of June one saw the realisation of his ambition…"


Study was undertaken to analyze the prevalent practices on care of 'water sealed chest drainage system' in accordance with experts' opinions and against available evidences. Researcher found during clinical experience that variety of practices are being followed and thus felt need of study. Observations for prevalent practices were made using checklist. Findings were depicted in form of rating scale which was given for experts' opinion. 14 experts' opinion were included in study. It has been observed that experts' opinion about the practices varies. This shows that they are the weak level of evidence. Also, evidences were searched for support of prevalent practices. Both scholarly and empirical evidences were included in study. Evidences varied from strong to weak. Maximum evidences were scholarly and weak. Few practices were suggested by experts and evidences were also available for them. Study focuses on evidence-based nursing.


Megacities play an essential role in social interaction and relationship formation. There is a need for megacity resilience to achieve both safety and sustainability. This paper set out to develop a contextualized conceptual framework and an applied megacity resilience comprehensive index (MRCI). The study provides a multi-model named the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), extending the criteria importance through inter-criteria correlation and entropy (CRITIC-Entropy) weight and introducing the time-ordered weighted averaging (TOWA) to a dynamic situation. The results show that, while the performance of resilience in Nanjing was the highest, the growth ratio of resilience in Zhengzhou was the fastest. In addition, a coupling relationship of pressure, state, and response resilience was verified, and response resilience was more correlated and showed similar trends with the MRCI. The findings indicate that response resilience is still an obstacle factor in the criterion layer in Dalian. Moreover, identified key obstacle factors in the index layer may differ by district or functional zones and need to improve unified and point to area operation. Issues around resilient culture and citizenship were found to be common. Improving public service in Zhengzhou, enhancing support for applied research in Nanjing, and optimizing the ecological industry layout in Dalian were identified as key focuses. This study should be of value for similar megacities in developed or developing countries to improve their resilience.


Undergraduate transfer refers to the pursuance of education of a higher education student in another program or department with a similar grade of the former. Applied in two methods, internal or external, students have rights to transfer to another department internally or another university within the context of the undergraduate transfers. Following the latest regulations made by the Council of Higher Education (YOK), undergraduate transfers gained a gripping attention of private universities. Private universities started major commercial campaigns for the undergraduate transfers which gives a massive boost to the increase of student quantity. This study is focused on the advertisement campaigns of undergraduate transfer processes of private universities, which are, in contrast, defined with the mission of generating information, disseminating and providing social benefit. The aim is to analyze the advertisements launched by universities during the transfer period, and evaluate them in the context of universities' social missions, which are defined as science and education institutions focused on education and research, producing scientific knowledge and disseminating it for public benefit. Considering the data collected during this research, universities, ignoring the primary functions and values of their vision & mission definitions, promote discount and scholarship opportunities and stimulate commercial marketing strategies. Universities should pursue marketing strategies with universal values defined in their vision & mission discourse such as "collectivism", "scientific contribution" and "production of knowledge", which in return might help universities transform/reverse the perception of commercialization.


OBJECTIVE
Polycystic ovary syndrome is diagnosed based on clinical signs, but its presentation is heterogeneous and potentially confounded by concurrent conditions, as obesity and insulin-resistance. MicroRNAs have recently emerged as putative pathophysiological and diagnostic factors in PCOS. However, no reliable miRNA-based method for molecular diagnosis of PCOS has been reported. The aim of this study was to develop a tool for accurate diagnosis of PCOS by targeted miRNA profiling of plasma samples, defined on the basis of unbiased biomarker-finding analyses and biostatistical-tools.

METHODS
A case-control PCOS cohort was cross-sectionally studied, including 170 women classified into four groups: non-PCOS/lean; non-PCOS/obese; PCOS/lean; and PCOS/obese women. High-throughput miRNA analyses were performed in plasma, using NanoString technology and a 800-human-miRNA panel, followed by targeted-qPCR validation. Statistics were applied to define optimal normalization methods, identify deregulated biomarker miRNAs and build classification algorithms, considering PCOS and obesity as major categories.

RESULTS
The geometric mean of circulating hsa-miR-103a-3p, hsa-miR-125a-5p and hsa-miR-1976, selected among 125 unchanged miRNAs, was defined as optimal reference for internal normalization (named mR3-method). Ten miRNAs were identified and validated after mR3-normalization as differentially expressed across the groups. Multinomial LASSO-Regression and decision-tree models were built to reliably discriminate PCOS vs. non-PCOS, either in obese or non-obese women, using subsets of these miRNAs as performers.

CONCLUSIONS
We define herein a robust method for molecular classification of PCOS, based on unbiased identification of miRNA biomarkers and decision-tree protocols. This method allows not only reliable diagnosis of non-obese women with PCOS, but also discrimination between PCOS and obesity.


Chariot Barley had a faster malting rate than Tipper. Even when the total levels of the aleurone-produced enzyme α-amylase were similar in both Chariot and Tipper, the distal ends of the grains of Chariot developed α-amylase at a faster rate than the corresponding endosperm ends of Tipper. The excised aleurone layers of Chariot and Tipper had similar potentials to produce α-amylase. Therefore the faster rate of development of α-amylase in the distal ends of the grains of Chariot may reflect faster transport of active gibberellic acid through the aleurone layer. Differences in the rates of transport of gibberellic acid through the plasmodesmata of the aleurone layer may determine the efficiency of production and distribution of endosperm-degrading enzymes during malting. The transport of gibberellic acid in the aleurone layer was facilitated by high moisture levels.


Introduction: The esophageal mucosa contains normally no PE. The presence of an EI has a pathological significance and may have different etiologies. This study aims to establish an algorithm for management of patients with biopsies at the lower esophagus showing EI≥5/field. Method: All the protocols of histological biopsies of the lower esophagus performed between January 2000 and December 2006 at HUDERF were reviewed. When an IE was mentioned, the slides were examined to count the number of EI/field. The P were classified into two groups regarding the number of PE>15/champ (GRI) and 5-15E/ field (GrII) and clinical, biological, endoscopic, pH-metry and therapeutic perspectives were compared. Results: 88P have an IE≥5E/champ, 51P in the GrI and 37 P in the GrII. The most common symptoms are abdominal pain and vomiting. Not ulcerated esophagus aspect is more frequent in the GrII (p=0.04). The number of abnormal pH-metry is not significantly different between the two groups (p=0.62). Treatment of GERD and avoidance diets are used in both groups, topical steroids are prescribed only in the GrI. Conclusion: Several causes and mainly GERD and allergy may be responsible for IE. The importance of IE does not tend to etiology as clearly as projected in the literature. Therefore, GERD should be systematically searched, this concept requires an assessment of allergy, as well as the persistence of the infiltrate after treatment of GERD. In this case, the diagnosis of EO should be retained. Due to chronic course of this pathology, a multidisciplinary approach is needed.


In the title complex, [CuCl2(C9H12N4)], the CuII atom exhibits a distorted square-planar coordination geometry involving two chloride ions and two N-atom donors from the bipyrazole ligand. The chelate ring including the CuII atom is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.0181 (17) Å for one of the coordinated N atoms. This plane forms a dihedral angle of 30.75 (6)° with the CuCl2 plane. In the crystal, each pair of adjacent molecules is linked into a centrosymmetric dimer by N—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular C—H⋯N and C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds and weak slipped π–π stacking interactions between symmetry-related molecules, with an interplanar separation of 3.439 (19) Å and a centroid–centroid distance of 3.581 (19) Å.


The review is dedicated to the problems of current neurosurgical treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy in the adult population of Russia and foreign countries. The literature published in the period  2010–2017 was sought in Russian and foreign databases. This  review included 58 only full-text publications. The search results  have shown that despite advances in neurosurgery for drug-resistant epilepsy and the development of new surgical procedures, the  problem of this disease has not yet been fully resolved today. This is  evidenced by fairly high global prevalence rates in patients with  postoperative epilepsy resistant to antiepileptic therapy. The  literature analysis has revealed that the mean prevalence of postoperative epilepsy is 69%. This indicator may vary according  to the type of an epileptogenic structural lesion and its location in  the brain. However, despite the rapid development of epilepsy  surgery, currently there is still a low surgical activity in the treatment  of patients with drugresistant epilepsy. Of importance is  also the presence of postoperative complications, including various  infectious complications and neurological deficit. Taking into account  the high rate of postoperative epilepsy, it is concluded that it is  appropriate to develop postoperative rehabilitation methods for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy.


Abstract Ventricular function measurements such as the Tension Period (TP) and the Q to First Heart Sound Interval (Q-1HSI) have received increasing attention as possible simple indexes of a person's cardiovascular fitness. In order to evaluate the usefulness of these tests for measuring fitness, they were compared with fitness scores obtained using a standard fitness test. The fitness score (Physical Work Capacity-150) of 31 male subjects was determined and correlated with their TP and Q-1HSI measurements taken at rest. The results showed little correlation between the PWC-150 and the TP (r = .21) or between the PWC-150 and the Q-1HSI (R = .13). The resting heart rate actually showed a closer correlation with Physical Work Capacity (r = –.53) than did either of the ventricular function measurements. Thus, from the results obtained in this study, cardiac function tests do not appear to offer a good substitute for the more strenuous tests of cardiovascular fitness.


BACKGROUND - The disfigurement caused by psoriasis lesions leads to intense psychosocial maladjustment. Objectives - To evaluate through an inventory and interviews the impact of psoriasis vulgaris on the patients' everyday activities, characterizing quality of life and possible relationships with the clinical peculiarities of this disease. Method - Fifty male and female adult patients followed-up at the "Hospital das Clinicas" (HC) Dermatology Ambulatory, University of Sao Paulo - Medicine College of Ribeirao Preto (FMRP-USP), were evaluated using a semi-structured interview and the Psoriasis Disability Index (PDI). The data obtained using the two instruments were quantified and compared using the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results - The results showed clinical improvement in 46% of the patients; however, 62% mentioned lack of satisfaction regarding physical appearance. Concerning psychosocial adaptation, 56% reported impact of the condition on everyday relationships and 50% on leisure. Analyzing PDI, greater impairment was observed in routine activities (p<0.001) and an association was observed between the extension and type of psoriatic manifestation and impairment in specific sectors of psychosocial adjustment, including routine activities, personal relationships and leisure. Conclusion - The data revealed impaired psychosocial adjustment, indicating the importance of psychological support aiming to strengthen the adaptive resources and to promote a better quality of life.


Contrary to the predictions of standard economic theory, capital market liberalization has been a mixed blessing for many countries. Liberalization of debt inflows exposes economies to the risk of crises stemming from sudden changes in investor sentiment. Equity market liberalizations, on the other hand, have promoted growth in almost every liberalizing country. Yet equity market liberalizations have not had as strong an effect as might be expected. To convince outsiders to invest, countries must put in place laws and supporting institutions to protect the rights of minority shareholders. Countries with such protections tend to have larger, more efficient, and more stable stock markets than those that do not. 1 Henry is Associate Professor of Economics at the Stanford University Graduate School of Business and a faculty research fellow of the National Bureau of Economic Research. Lorentzen is a doctoral student in Economics at the Stanford University Graduate School of Business and a researcher at the Center on Democracy, Development, and Rule of Law at Stanford University's Institute for International Studies. This article will appear in the book The Future of Domestic Capital Markets in Developing Countries, Brookings Institution Press 2003. Henry gratefully acknowledges the financial support of a National Science Foundation CAREER award, the Stanford Institute of Economic Policy Research (SIEPR), and the Stanford Center for International Development (SCID). Over a decade ago, Robert Lucas asked the following question: Why doesn't more capital flow from rich to poor countries? His point was simple. Poor countries have lower capital-to-labor ratios than rich ones. Under standard neoclassical assumptions, the rate of return to capital in poor countries should be higher than in the developed world, attracting capital until risk-adjusted rates of return are equalized. In other words, market pressures should lead to a positive net transfer of resources to less-developed countries, thus boosting their growth rates. Lucas encouraged us to think about the obstacles that prevent such flows from occurring. When Lucas asked his question, the prevailing wisdom was that capital flows to developing countries were a good idea. More than ten years later, intellectual opinion has shifted. A heated debate over capital account liberalization has followed in the wake of financial crises in Asia, Russia, and Latin America. Opponents of the process now argue that capital account liberalization invites speculative hot money flows, increases the likelihood of financial crises, and brings no discernible economic benefits. Some economists have gone so far as to assert that open capital markets may be detrimental to economic development. With the debate over the wisdom of free capital flows still raging, it is at least a little presumptuous to write a paper that explains how developing countries can increase their integration with world capital markets without first addressing the underlying assumption that such integration is beneficial. The paper is organized as follows. The first section examines capital market liberalization, establishing that there are indeed substantial benefits to increased capital market integration. The increasingly popular, negative view of capital account liberalization comes about partly from a failure to distinguish between equity market liberalization and debt market liberalization. After equity market liberalization, capital becomes cheaper, investment booms, and economic growth increases. In contrast, liberalization of debt markets has often led to great difficulty, as banks, companies, and governments 1. Bhagwati (1998); Rodrik (1998); Stiglitz (2002). often become vulnerable to changes in financial market perceptions of their ability to pay back loans. The evidence outlined can be distilled into two key lessons. First, the liberalization of dollardenominated debt flows should proceed slowly and cautiously: Countries should refrain from premature liberalization of dollar-denominated foreign borrowing. The second lesson is that countries have thus far derived substantial economic benefits from opening their stock markets to foreign investors; there is no reason to think that future liberalizers will be any different in this respect. The second section turns to liberalization of the stock market. Although the effects of equity market liberalization are positive and substantial, they fall far short of the torrent of capital flow to the developing world implied by the theory of perfect markets. New theories in economics and finance developed over the past three decades have highlighted the inefficiencies that can result when not all parties to a transaction are equally well informed. Such asymmetric information problems can make investors reluctant to put their money in companies for two reasons. First, they may worry about the adverse selection or "lemons" problem, wherein only the worst companies offer their shares. Second, moral hazard or agency problems raise the concern that even money invested in a good company may be misspent on managerial perks or even stolen outright through accounting tricks. Over the past few years, cross-country econometric research on corporate governance, law, and finance has provided empirical support for the importance of such information problems. In addition, some of this research hints at the relative effectiveness of different reform strategies for increasing foreign participation in developing-country equity markets. However, given the relatively small number of countries with stock markets and the large number of plausible alternative explanations for large, prosperous equity markets, the statistical robustness of these conclusions cannot be taken for granted. Thus the findings of this research should be treated as tentative. Nevertheless, stronger laws and regulatory institutions that protect investors (whether domestic or foreign) from colluding insiders are strongly correlated with deeper and more robust equity markets. The third section discusses this literature and its policy implications in detail. A fourth section concludes. Capital Account Liberalizations and Access to Global Finance Capital account liberalization was once seen as an inevitable step along the path to economic development for poor countries. Liberalizing the capital account, it was said, would permit financial resources to flow from capital-abundant countries, where expected returns were low, to capital-scarce countries, where expected returns were high. The flow of resources into the liberalizing countries would reduce their cost of capital, increase investment, and raise output. The principal policy question was not whether to liberalize the capital account, but when—before or after undertaking macroeconomic reforms such as stabilization of inflation and liberalization of trade. Or so the story went. In recent years intellectual opinion has moved against capital account liberalization. Financial crises in Asia, Russia, and Latin America have shifted the focus of the conversation from when countries should liberalize to whether they should do so at all. Opponents of the process argue that capital account liberalization invites speculative hot money flows, increases the likelihood of financial crises, and brings no discernible economic benefits. Some economists have gone so far as to suggest that open capital markets may even be detrimental to economic development. Must developing countries maintain financial self-sufficiency even as they reap the benefits of openness to trade? In reality, the choice is not so stark. Recent research demonstrates that the answer to the question "Is capital account liberalization helpful or harmful?" depends critically on the type of liberalization undertaken. While liberalization of debt flows has gotten many countries in trouble, liberalization of portfolio equity flows has been associated with booming stock markets, greater capital investment, and faster economic growth. In its broadest form, capital account liberalization can be any decision by a country's government that allows capital to flow more freely in or out of that country. Allowing domestic businesses to obtain loans from foreign commercial banks, allowing foreigners to purchase domestic debt instruments (both 2. See Fischer (1998); Summers (2000). 3. See McKinnon (1991). 4. See Bhagwati (1998); Rodrik (1998); Stiglitz (2002). corporate and sovereign), and allowing foreigners to invest in the domestic stock market are three examples. At a minimum, we need to distinguish between two categories of liberalization: those that involve debt and those that involve equity. Although this is an oversimplification, it is useful for driving home the following point. Debt financing and equity financing are different. This point may seem obvious, but it has gotten lost in the heated debate over whether developing countries should have open capital markets. A debt contract has very different characteristics from an equity contract. A debt contract requires regular payments regardless of the borrower's economic circumstances, while an equity contract involves risk-sharing—large payouts for shareholders when times are good and little to nothing when times are bad. In other words, unlike debt servicing obligations, which are constant, variations in profits and dividends are procyclical and tend to stabilize the balance of payments. Liberalization of foreign borrowing restrictions typically leads to an over-reliance on debt financing for the liberalizing countries. In the 1970s countries became over-leveraged as governments obtained large quantities of floating-rate commercial bank loans. The 1980s debt crisis then demonstrated that the fixed-payment schedules of debt contracts can induce large inefficiencies when economic conditions turn out to be worse than anticipated at the time the debt contract was signed. Nor


The convergence of growing demand for residential services and increasing requirements for fiscal accountability focus attention on facility costs and programmatic alternatives for cost-effective services.


Developments in biotechnology have made possible to transfer genes between microorganisms. Organisms with changed gene sequence or with a special characteristic which is not a part of its nature but rather inserted through gene transfer are defined as genetically modified organisms (GMO). This technology is used in a lot of different sectors from agriculture to health. It can be used in food to increase harvest and nutritional quality or shelf life of fruits and vegetables, in production of edible vaccine and drugs, and in treatment of diseases. On the contrary, decrease in food safety, worries about the negative effects to human health, religious and cultural ethical problems may occur. At present, there is not enough scientific data about every aspect of this topic. Further studies and technological developments will provide more detailed and clear data in this area.


dehydration melting of metabasite in the contact aureole. Enrichments The Early Cretaceous (~115 Ma) Zarza Intrusive Complex is a of incompatible K2O, Ba, Rb and Th in all silica-saturated rocks small ( 17 wt %, end-members generated within thick oceanic arc basement. Sr 30% plagioclase accumulation from andesitic magma batches now preserved as cone-sheets (63%; SiO2[ 55%, MgO < 3·1%, Ni ~30 ppm). Quenched cone-sheets are polymorphic (olivine– pyroxeneor hornblende-bearing) and share similar chemical and


Through the further researches and experiments,this paper describes the study on interplanting Amomum villosum with technical measures of field management,etc.on Cunninghamia lanceolata forest lands for reaching the purpose of increasing fruit yields on the basis of obtained introduction success with moving A.villosum from north latitude 24°37′(Changtai) to north latitude 26°34′(Nanping). 


Belief in slight Lorentz symmetry violation at available energies is an imaginable part of belief in radically disparate physics near the Planck energy. As long as the effective field theory comprising new physics is formulated in flat spacetime, the description of hypothetical Lorentz symmetry violation within its formalism is consistent and tenable. If gravitation is introduced into the effective theory in the form of curved manifolds subject to Einstein field equations, the formalism of the symmetry violation encounters severe troubles. Either the dynamics of fundamental physical fields becomes inconsistent, or one is forced to accept existence of a large number of new species of fundamental matter beyond the Standard Model.


This essay is a result of decades of reflection and action on ecology and its relationship with education. The author describes this experience starting from his participation in the Eco-92 conference, in which he took part in the elaboration of the Earth Charter and the Treaty on Environmental Education for Sustainable Societies and Global Responsibility. The author is currently a member of United Nation's Decade of Education for Sustainable Development Reference Group. In this text, he presents and questions the theme education for sustainable development and starts by discussing about the polissemy of the concept "sustainable development" and its relationship with solidary economy, with the globalization context, sustainable lifestyle and the construction of a planetary civilization. He also presents ecopedagogy as the most appropriate pedagogy for the Decade's process of educating for another possible world. He emphasizes the Decade as a good opportunity for environmental education to give more attention to economic dimensions and to the theme development itself. He also sees it as a good opportunity for educational systems to renew their principles and policies based on the concept sustainability. Finally, he presents the main challenges faced by education for sustainable development by asking what do we really need to learn in order to save the planet. I would like to state a few words in order to present myself and my organization. I am a member of Paulo Freire Institute (PFI), a Non-Governmental Organization, located in São Paulo, Brazil, working in the field of education, ecology, and communication, understanding that education is not separable from culture, economics and politics. It is a great honor to be a member of the United Nations' Reference Group of the Decade of Education for Sustainable Development. As a member of PFI, during the 1992 Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, I took part in the Global Forum, in which I worked in the elaboration of the Earth Charter's first draft and also on the "Treaty on Environmental Education for Sustainable Societies and Global Responsibilities". Since then, I have been following the construction of the initiative of the Earth Charter, coordinated by the Earth Council. Paulo Freire Institute has already organized two international meetings under the theme "An educational approach to the Earth Charter", one in São Paulo (1999) and another one in Porto (Portugal), in 2000. I became acquainted with education for sustainable development through the Earth Charter. I believe there is a strong link between the Earth Charter Initiative and the Decade of Education for Sustainable Development. Mikhail Gorbachev, president of Green Cross International, sees the Earth Charter as sustainable development's "third pillar". The first pillar is the UN's Foundation Charter; the second one is the Human Rights Declaration. He asserts that the Earth Charter has to be "universally ( *) Moacir Gadotti, doctor in Educational Sciences by the University of Geneva, is professor of Philosophy of Education at the University of São Paulo and Director of Paulo Freire Institute, and author of many widely-read and translated books, among others: Invitation to Read Paulo Freire (1988), History of Pedagogical Ideas (1993), Pedagogy of Praxis (1994), Pedagogy of the Earth (2001), The Masters of Rousseau (2004), and To Educate for Another Possible World (2007), where he develops an educational proposal, oriented by the paradigm of the sustainability. Translated by Marcia Macedo (PFI).


OBJECTIVE To study the risk factors and clinical features of neonatal hospital acquired pneumonia(HAP) in the rooms for mother with infant.METHODS The risk factors and clinical course were analyzed retrospectively for 101 neonates with HAP.RESULTS The morbidity of neonatal HAP was high in these types of newborn,such as cesarean section,premature rupture of membranes and the mother suffering from diabetes.The clinical features of neonatal HAP in room for mother with infant were as follows.The onset time was the highest on the third day after birth;only appearing the respiratory symptoms accounted for 68.3% among all the clinical symptoms,appearing the respiratory symptoms and atypical symptoms at the same time accounted for 16.8% and only appearing atypical symptoms accounted for 14.9%;normal blood routine accounted for 77.5%,abnormal one accounted for 22.7% and abnormal CRP accounted for 25.7%.CONCLUSIONS The cesarean section,premature rupture of membranes and the mother suffering from diabetes are risk factors of neonatal HAP in room for mother and infant.Part of the clinical manifestations of neonatal HAP is atypical,that should be paid more attention to.


China has been experiencing dramatic growth since the open door policy was instigated in 1978. During this time, the country not only had to embrace technology, but having to do so quickly in order to meet the challenges of the global economy. This paper reports the findings of an exploratory study, based on interviews with executives and senior managers from China on their views of managing technology. The paper introduces a technology management framework to investigate how Chinese organisations manage, and hence, exploit technology for competitive gains. Results show three different major strands to managing technology in Chinese organisations: those that manage technology by first investigating the impact of technology versus the need for the technology; those that manage technology by focusing solely on the needs; and those that manage technology by doing neither.


1. THE BUILDING MUST BE AIR-TIGHT AND MOISTURE-TIGHT. Several types of building construction should be suitable for CA storage rooms for Vidalia onions. The construction must provide (a) an absolute vapor barrier to prevent moisture migration into the CA room, (b) adequate insulation (25-30 R-walls, 30-40 R-ceiling), (c) air-tight (the room should hold one-half pressure (pressure change from 0.8 to 0.4 or from 0.6 to 0.3 inches of water) for at least 30 minutes as indicated on the attached Pressure Test Data Sheet.) A leaky room will require excessive nitrogen and carbon dioxide additions. Leaks around the door and improperly sealed penetrations are major contributors to a poorly sealed room. (d) The CA room should be protected from wind and direct contact with sunlight and rainfall to prevent extremely rapid changes in temperature that may cause rooms to leak. (e) each room must have a vacuum-pressure release valve and be equipped with an air bag to prevent atmosphere loss when minor fluctuations in room pressure occurs. A large air bag may be needed for onion CA rooms due to large air volume increase during evaporator defrost cycle. (f) Rooms should be interconnected (with PVC piping and valves) to allow more efficient CA establishment and pressure normalization. Room interconnections are especially important for small rooms. (g) calculations show that a large CA door (12.5' X 16') can increase room capacity by 400600 bags and rapidly off-set the additional cost of the larger door.


Service-like thermomechanical fatigue tests have been performed in order to characterize the endurance of 1 % CrMoV rotor steel under such transient thermal conditions. The key features of these tests are low strain rates(≤10 - 5 s - 1 ) and longer hold periods. In all testpieces, ratcheting with progressive section reduction is observed in the central portion of the gauge length accompanied by local amplification of the strain range. The finite-element-based analysis of this phenomenon allows the measured endurances to be rationalized with those determined from isothermal tests. Post-test inspection has revealed the development of two concurrent damaging mechanisms in the testpieces: (i) fatigue at the surface and (ii) creep in the interior. Different methods of damage calculation for creep-fatigue interaction are applied and compared in their predictive capabilities.


African Swine Fever (ASF) is viral infection which causes acute disease in domestic pigs and wild boar. Although the virus does not cause disease in humans, the impact it has on the economy, especially through trade and farming, is substantial. Recent rapid propagation of the (ASF) from East to West of Europe encouraged us to prepare risk assessment for Poland. The early growth estimation can be easily done by matching incidence trajectory to the exponential function, resulting in the approximation of the force of infection. With these calculations the basic reproduction rate of the epidemic, the effective outbreaks detection and elimination times could be estimated. In regression mode, 380 Polish counties (poviats) have been analysed, where 18 (located in Northeast Poland) have been affected (until August 2017) for spatial propagation (risk assessment for future). Mathematical model has been applied by taking into account: swine amount significance, disease vectors (wild boards) significance. We use pseudogravitational models of short and longrange interactions referring to the socio-migratory behavior of wild boars and the pork production chain significance. Spatial modeling in a certain range of parameters proves the existence of a natural protective barrier within boarders of the Congress Poland. The spread of the disease to the Greater Poland should result in the accelerated outbreak of ASF production chain. In the preliminary setup, we perform regression analysis, network outbreak investigation, early epidemic growth estimation and simulate landscape-based propagation.


Gold smelters near Yellowknife in Canada's Northwest Territories have emitted large quantities of sulfur dioxide and arsenic since inception of roasting in 1941. Although particulate wastes are well contained by baghouse fitters in the one remaining operating smelter, significant gaseous emissions continue. Soil and vegetation were sampled at 52 sites over an area of about 40 km radius from the source. Plant ecology was studied at 43 of those sites. After preliminary multi-element screening that indicated only arsenic was a serious persistent contaminant, x-ray fluorescence was used to measure arsenic content in sampled materials. The plant ecology data were synthesized into an Index of Vitality with numerical ratings of pertinent factors. In the marginal forests and rocky outcrops of the area, indicator species of vegetation permitted a division into zones of severe, moderate, mild, or no impact in order of increasing distance from the current center of emissions. Severe impact, including killing of tree...


Specific cytogenetic clones might distinguish patients with unrecognized Fanconi anemia (FA) who present with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) from those with sporadic AML. Cytogenetic reports in literature cases of FA and AML were compared with de novo cases enrolled on CCG‐2961. Gain of 1q, gain of 3q, monosomy 7, deleted 7q, gain of 13q, and deleted 20q were more frequent in FA AML; t(8;21), trisomy 8, t(9;11), t(6;9), and inversion 16 were exclusive to de novo AML cases. Observation of the FA AML cytogenetic clonal patterns should raise suspicion of an underlying leukemia predisposition syndrome and influence management. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 922–924. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.


Cocaine increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction. We herein describe a case of a 22-year-old man with a long history of cocaine abuse. He presented at our institution because of acute coronary syndrome with ST segment elevation. Emergency coronary angiography revealed ostial occlusion of the left anterior descending artery, which required desobstruction and implantation of a bare metal stent. Angioplasty was complicated 4 months later by in-stent restenosis requiring reintervention. This case highlights myocardial infarction as a cocaine-induced effect. Appropriate treatment and cessation of cocaine abuse may prevent cardiovascular complications and recurrences.


A new testing method was brought forward to test the mole number of propellant's combustion gas based on the method of Gaseous Specific Volume Pressure Sensor(GJB 770B—2005),and water's gasification temperature under different pressures were measured with HP DSC8270.In the method,the water is gaseous by raising work temperature from room temperature to 250 ℃,so that the process error due to liquid water used in current testing method can be avoided.The mole number of water and HCl in the combustion gas can be tested according the difference of mole number between the hot condition and the cold condition,which may provide reference for thermodynamic calculation for the boron based fuel-rich propellant.


The invention discloses a measuring method for an attitude angular velocity of a spacecraft based on a star sensor. The invention aims to solve the problem that the precision of a traditional method is seriously influenced by a measurement error of the star sensor. According to the technical scheme, the measuring method comprises the following steps of: reading a star map at an initial moment t0,thereby obtaining a measuring vector of the star sensor at t0 and navigating star information; supposing t=t0+deltat; reading the star map at the moment t; performing star point extraction and sequence star map identification, and numbering navigating stars simultaneously appearing in a previous frame map and a present frame map, thereby obtaining the total number n of the navigating stars simultaneously appearing at the moment of t minus deltat and t and a corresponding set omega1 of measuring vector pairs of the star sensor; initializing a Kalman filter, estimating the attitude angular velocity of the spacecraft and resetting an initial value of the filter; and supposing t=t+deltat, and repeating the steps of reading the star map at the moment t, performing star point extraction and sequence star map identification, numbering navigating stars and obtaining n and omega1. According to the measuring method, the influence of random noise of the measurement of the star sensor on the estimation of the attitude angular velocity can be eliminated and the measuring precision can be increased.


The launching of underwater missile is a nonlinear coupling process of water,structure and air,which integrates high-speed flow,impact and structural response into a whole,and is a key segment of submarine carried missile launching.The three different models with ALE multi-material mesh including water,air missile,silo and cover plate were built by LS-DYNA.The process of submarinelaunched missile without attack angle was simulated by the penalty FSI.The axial acceleration of missile centroid,water resistance force and resistance coefficient and pressure distribution of cavity zone were obtained.The simulated results show that the process simulated by the model 2 is coincident well with that launched by the real missile.Additionally,some advices of FSI method and simulating experiences were concluded.It provided a new kind of reference standard for missile design and numerical simulation works of underwater loading.


In view of the existing phenomenon of students' poor spoken English, the essay analyzes the non-intellectual factors that influence the students' English communicative competence:the basic knowledge of language, the educated background and non-language factors, and also briefly introduces some solutions to improve oral English teaching.


Directing against the actual situation that a large amount of stainless steel pipelines should be welded during their erection in nuclear power plant construction,starting from ensuring the welding quality of weld-joint roots and reducing the construction cost,three argon-filling protection methods,i.e.using sponge and bakelite plate as plugs,using soluble paper as plugs,and using soluble paper to make an annulas air chamber with U type cross-section,have been compared and studied.practice shows that the said meaures not only can be used as argon-filling protection for the weld-joint roots of stainless steel pipelines,but also can be used as argon-filling protection for the weld-joint roots of various medium and high alloy steel pipelines.


The authors propose a novel approach to the design of adaptive observers for multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) systems. It guarantees global convergence for joint state and parameter estimation, provided some persistent excitation condition is satisfied. It is conceptually simple and computationally efficient. It can be applied to MIMO linear systems for online continuous-time system identification, fault detection and isolation, and adaptive control.


Summary An observed positive correlation between tuber sprout growth in store and yield and tuber weight was due to the association of short sprouts with small tubers (less than 75 g). Sprout growth in larger tubers appears to be unaffected by tuber weight.


This thesis a dialogue between the Chinese soul-search found in Haizi's (1964–1989) poetry and the gospel of Jesus Christ through Luke's testimony. It takes an interdisciplinary approach—literary study, inter-cultural dialogue and comparative theology, and creates a contextual poetic lens to appreciate a generation of the Chinese homecoming journey, and to explore its relationship with Jesus Christ.


It is well known that the velocity of a light pulse in a medium, referred to as the group velocity, is smaller than the phase velocity of light, c/n, where c is the speed of light in vacuum, and n is the refractive index of the medium. The difference between phase and group velocity of light is a result of two circumstances: a pulse is generically composed of a range of frequencies, and the refractive index, n, of a material is not constant but depends on the frequency, ω, of the radiation, n = n(ω). A group index ng(ω) = n + ω(dn/dω) is used to quantify the delay (or advancement), Δtg, of an optical pulse, Δtg = ngL/c, which propagates in a medium of length L, where c/ng is called the group velocity (Brillouin, 1960). For about a century studies of this phenomenon, now topically referred to as slow light (SL), were mostly of a scholastic nature. In general the effect is very small for propagation of light pulses through transparent media. However when the light resonantly interacts with transitions in atoms or molecules, as for gain and absorption, the effect is greatly enhanced. Fig. 1 shows the gain (inverted absorption) spectral profile around a resonance together with its refractive index dispersion profile, the gradient of which results in ng(ω).


Underage marriage is a marriage carried out by a man or woman whose age has not reached theage of marriage. The marriage age is regulated in Article 7 point 1 of Law No. 16 of 2019 concerning amendments to Law no. 1 of 1974 concerning marriage. It is stated that marriage is only permitted if a man and a woman have reached the age of 19 years. Determining the minimum age of marriage is very necessary to create benefit and harmony in the family, in which marriage is a legal event that will change the position, rights, and obligations of a person. This researchused the empirical juridical method using primary and secondary data. This study analyzed the effect of underage marriage on family harmony and aimed at minimizing underage marriage. The results obtained that underage marriage gives a high impact on family harmony due to the unstable emotions, family economic factors, the unreadiness to run the family and these lead to divorce. Meanwhile, the efforts administered to minimize underage marriages were massive data collection, providing advice, providing legal counseling, the obligation to attend pre-marital education, strict marriage registration, and administration, as wellthe suspension of marriage certificates.


In the development of monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of liquid or solid tumors, monitoring receptor occupancy (RO) on peripheral blood lymphocytes can help illustrate potential therapeutic activity occurring systemically, or in the tumor environment. There is increased interest in using these assessments on cells from the periphery to assess the efficacy of investigational therapies. In this area of therapeutic development, much focus has been placed on checkpoint inhibition proteins/receptors such as PD-1, PD-L1, TIM3, CTLA-4, TIGIT, and multiple others. These immune checkpoint inhibitors are suitable targets since they can be highly modulated on exhausted T cells in cancer patients. In the case of solid tumors, assessing the expression of these markers in the tumor itself via biopsy would be an invasive process that could not be performed sequentially and, therefore, would provide little information to correlate with pharmacokinetic results throughout the course of a clinical trial to determine timing and optimal dose selection. However, assessment of the receptor expression and occupancy in combination with pharmacokinetics can lead to a better understanding of drug levels required to achieve optimal therapeutic performance. Monitoring the expression and binding of these molecules by a drug can determine specific treatment based on the ability of the patient's own immune system to act, while providing information to identify therapeutic responses against cancer. This poster will present an example of receptor occupancy (RO) assessment in its development and implementation.

 No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


ABSTRACT
 Belief in a conspiracy theory may, for some, provide a social identity. Because of the nature of many conspiracy theories, social identities associated with such beliefs may be subject to varied and considerable threats. Whilst various mechanisms for dealing with social identity threat have received widespread attention, this paper introduces an as yet unexplored strategy – that of 'motivated ignorance' – as a further mechanism for social identity maintenance. This is a behavior where individuals actively avoid freely available and accessible information in order to protect a social identity from information that may be harmful to the existence of the broader social group, and thus the individual's own sense of self. Using a netnographic approach, we explored motivated ignorance related to the social identities formed around beliefs in the Flat Earth. Data revealed two categories of motivated ignorance. Firstly, that of 'poisoning the well', where ignorance was justified by derogating the perceived epistemic quality of the information. The second was more instrumental, through ad hominem attacks on the source rather than the epistemic quality of information. The study suggests that motivated ignorance may be used as a strategy that may be used to protect social identities that are under threat, adding a further mechanism to the literature on coping with social identity threat.


Fenn, Johnny• Akins The Speech o f H a y n e sv ille , L o u is ia n a , e t Throe Age Level a *~ th e e l s d ire c te d by C* If. to ise The purpoee o f th la s tu d y I s f o u r f o ld i (a ) to de term ine th e amount and ty p e o f g e n e ra l A onrloan and so u th e rn epeeoh o h a r a e te r le t io e in th e speeeh o f Hi ro e in fo rm an ts l iv in g in th e b o rd e r l in e town o f H a y n e sv ille ; (b ) t o n o te H ie d i f f e r e n c e s in apeeoh a t th e th r e e age le v e ls co rresp o n d  ing to th e agea o f th e Inform ant eg (c ) to n o te the c o n s is te n c y o f each sp eak er i n h ia speech h a b i t s ; (d ) t o show th e r e l a t i o n between d i a l e c t a l p ro n u n c ia tio n s o f today and e a r l i e r B r i t i s h pronuno 1 st Ions • The medium o f se eu rin g th e d e s ir e d inform s t io n i s th e work-book o f th e L in g u is t ic A tla s o f the U nited S ta te s and Canada, H itch was com piled by members o f th e A tla s s ta f f * The work-book c o n s is ts of between e ig h t hundred and one thousand words and p h ra s e s , a rran g ed so as t o e l i c i t re sp o n ses cm n e a r ly ev e ry phase o f an ev e ry -d ay l i f e * The method of q u e s tio n in g th e In fo rm ants was one of ask ing the ques t i o n in sueh a way t h a t th e in te rv ie w e r d id not pronounce the word d e s ire d i n th e answer* This avoided th e problem o f th e in fo rm a n ts ' oopylng th e speech o f the in te rv ie w e r in s te a d o f g iv in g n a tu r a l responses* The t r a n s o r ip t i o n of th e reco rd s i s e n t i r e ly o b je c tiv e * P h o n e tic t r a n s c r i p t io n i s u se d , r a th e r th a n phonem lo, en ab lin g th e in te rv ie w e r to show f i n e r d i f f e r e n c e s in p ro n u n c ia tio n * The s tu d y i s p re se n te d in fo u r d iv is io n s * From th e s e d iv i s io n s , d e  t a i l e d a n a ly se s o f each sound a re made, g iv ing th e frequency o f o c cu rren c e , w ith th e p e rc en ta g e and forms of d e v ia t io n from th e unm odified phoneme* From th e s e d a ta co n c lu s io n s a r e drawn so t o th e ty p e of speech used by th e th r e e In fo rm a n ts , th e predom inance of the g en era l American or sou thern d l a l e o t , end th e p e r s i s te n c e o f e a r ly B r i t i s h foxmo*


The lithographic apparatus includes a radiation source, and an object having a first surface for holding the metallic contaminants. This surface has a function as a getter. The first surface is disposed substantially outside of the region where the radiation beam generated by the radiation source during lithographic processing traverses. The first surface can be used to hold the volatile contaminants generated in further cleaning method.


The results of the 2018 Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) survey published in March 2019 in the category of mathematical ability, Indonesia is ranked 7th from the bottom (73) with an average score of 379, especially for junior high school students. This shows that the ability of mathematics in Indonesia is in the low performance quadrant. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve strong mathematical abilities. One of these mathematical abilities is mathematical literacy. In addition to cognitive abilities, it needs to be balanced with affective abilities, one of which is Self-Efficacy. So that the two abilities have a relationship in improving students' mathematical abilities. This study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the mathematical literacy skills of junior high school students based on the classification of Self-Efficacy levels in the very high, high, medium and low categories through Brain Based Learning strategies. The research method used is qualitative research with the type of case study research. The research subjects in this study were 39 grade VIII.3 junior high school students who were conducted in one of the junior high schools in West Jakarta which were selected based on purposive sampling technique. While the secondary data in this study obtained some relevant literature such as articles/journals that can explain mathematical literacy, Self-Efficacy and Brain Based Learning learning models. Data collection techniques used in this study were questionnaires, tests, interviews, observation and documentation. Data collection with a questionnaire was carried out to determine the classification of the Self-Efficacy level of junior high school students. Meanwhile, data collection with tests was carried out to determine, describe and analyze the mathematical literacy skills of junior high school students based on Self-Efficacy. In this study, data processing was carried out by means of archiving data, making a list of data and collecting and grouping data. The data analysis technique used by the researcher in this study is qualitative data analysis according to John W. Creswell with the following steps: 1) Organizing and preparing data for analysis, 2) Read or Look at All the Data, 3) Start Coding All of the Data, 4) Used Coding Process to Generate a Description, 5) Interrelating Theme, 6) Interpreting the meaning of Theme. The results of the analysis of the answers to the mathematical literacy ability test show that the mathematical literacy abilities of students who have a high level of Self-Efficacy can achieve the PISA indicator very well. Mathematical literacy abilities of students who have a moderate level of Self-Efficacy can achieve several PISA indicators well. The mathematical literacy ability of students who have low levels of Self-Efficacy cannot achieve the PISA indicator.