In two field experiments resistance of black currant genotypes to gall mite and reversion virus were investigated in 1993-1999. The spread of reversion virus (E and R types) depending of three graft-inoculation methods was also studied. Two cultivars 'Ceres' and 'Titania Z' and six selections from a Polish breeding program did not show any symptoms on buds of gall mite feeding. It was confirmed that in subsequent years after inoculation with reversion virus (BRV), symptoms of this disease on plants became more severe. Reversion also had a significant influence on fruit yield with a reduction in reverted plants in comparison with healthy ones. In the last year of investigation (1999), average yields of the two investigated genotypes dropped: 'Ben Lomond' (72 to 78 %) and less for 'Titania' (55 to 65%). Molecular biology methods have been employed for detection of RNA of reversion (BRV) in the plant material using RT-PCR technique. Obtained results showed that SC-RT-PCR method can be applied for testing of black currant breeding material and it can also be a useful tool for breeders of Ribes crops.


This paper investigates the instability of negative bias temperature in the dark and the illumination stresses for the InGaZnO thin film transistors. During the negative bias temperature illumination stress, properties exhibit an obvious negative threshold voltage shift and a significant degradation of subthreshold swing. The photoelectric heat effect that combined the effects of electric field, illumination, and temperature induces the generation of dangling bonds in the interface, resulting in an apparent degradation. It is related to the presence of light energy. Finally, this work also employs the capacitance-voltage measurement and recovery behavior to further clarify the mechanism of degradation behaviors.This paper investigates the instability of negative bias temperature in the dark and the illumination stresses for the InGaZnO thin film transistors. During the negative bias temperature illumination stress, properties exhibit an obvious negative threshold voltage shift and a significant degradation of subthreshold swing. The photoelectric heat effect that combined the effects of electric field, illumination, and temperature induces the generation of dangling bonds in the interface, resulting in an apparent degradation. It is related to the presence of light energy. Finally, this work also employs the capacitance-voltage measurement and recovery behavior to further clarify the mechanism of degradation behaviors.


Why women avoid participating in a competition and how can we encourage them to participate in it? In this paper, we investigate how social image concerns affect women's decision to compete. We first construct a theoretical model and show that participating in a competition, even under affirmative action policies favoring women, is costly for women under public observability since it deviates from traditional female gender norms, resulting in women's low appearance in competitive environments. We propose and theoretically show that introducing prosocial incentives in the competitive environment is effective and robust to public observability since (i) it induces women who are intrinsically motivated by prosocial incentives to the competitive environment and (ii) it makes participating in a competition not costly for women from social image point of view. We conduct a laboratory experiment where we randomly manipulate the public observability of decisions to compete and test our theoretical predictions. The results of the experiment are fairly consistent with our theoretical predictions. We suggest that when designing policies to promote gender equality in competitive environments, using prosocial incentives through company philanthropy or other social responsibility policies, either as substitutes or as complements to traditional affirmative action policies, could be promising.


With a view towards applications in the theory of infinite-dimensio- nal representations of finite-dimensional Lie supergroups, we introduce a new category of supermanifolds. In this category, supermanifolds of 'maps' and 'fields' (fibre bundle sections) exist. In particular, loop supergroups can be realised globally in this framework. It also provides a convenient setting for induced representations of supergroups, allowing for a version of Frobenius reci- procity. Finally, convolution algebras of finite-dimensional Lie supergroups are introduced and applied to a prove a supergroup Dixmier-Malliavin Theorem: The space of smooth vectors of a continuous representation of a supergroup pair equals the Gu arding space given by the convolution with compactly sup- ported smooth supergroup densities.


The utility model provides a greenhouse plant grow environment information detection and intelligent control system. The greenhouse plant grow environment information detection and intelligent control system acquires temperature, humidity, water content in the earth, nutrition components, and insect existence, and carries out omnibearing intelligent automatic adjustment. The greenhouse plant grow environment information detection and intelligent control system comprises a microprocessor, a GSM module, an information acquisition part, a control part, and the like. The greenhouse plant grow environment information detection and intelligent control system is capable of acquiring greenhouse data, analyzing and processing data, and carrying out self adjusting. The greenhouse plant grow environment information detection and intelligent control system is allowed to acquire digital signals and analogue signals, carry out intelligent adjusting according to the data, and send data to supporting software platforms of a mobile terminal and a PC through the GSM module. The greenhouse plant grow environment information detection and intelligent control system is strong in functionality, comprehensive in function, strong in reliability, capable of achieving comprehensive intelligent adjusting, simple and convenient to operate, and capable of carrying out supporting software analyzing, The greenhouse plant grow environment information detection and intelligent control system is a greenhouse system capable of achieving real intelligent control and suitable for rural agriculture development.


In this paper,a novel space-borne antenna nulling method based on multi-objective genetic algorithm is presented for rejecting strong jamming.The presented beamforming algorithm is a feedback method judged by power.The paper introduces the concept of Pareto optimum front and adopts the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm(NSGA-Ⅱ) to search the Pareto optimum front of the nulling weights.NSGA-Ⅱ has high inner parallel ability,strong robustness and the advantage of unceasingly optimizing the set of optimum solutions.All advantages of the advanced multi-objective GA are taken to solve the problems of both nulling depth and main-lobe shape keeping.At last,to select the best weights catering to the decision maker's need from the Pareto optimization front,a method of selecting the optimum anti-jamming weights by weighting two unitary objective functions is presented.Simulation results and performance analysis proves that the algorithm is effective and efficient in rejecting strong jamming and keeping main-lobe shape simultaneously.


The incidence and cost of osteoporosis is increasing. In the physical therapy setting, over half of persons aged 50 and above are at risk for these often silent and undiagnosed conditions. With direct access in patient care, it is becoming more important for physical therapists to recognize these conditions before assessment and intervention. Discussed are assessment procedures and a decision tree, which is based on the information obtained from bone density testing (DEXA). Physical therapy interventions with a focus on the forces on the skeleton are presented. With this information, therapeutic and safe exercise and movement programs can be designed. With a focus on alignment and strengthening of the back and hips and suggestions for progression of the program, the bottom line is prevention of fracture.


Discussions of formalism in economics are bedevilled by confusion over what the word means. Though finer distinctions may be possible, it will suffice to distinguish three meanings of the term, which I will refer to here as axiomatisation, mathematisation and a third category that can be termed methodological formalisation. Axiomatisation is perhaps the best understood term. It involves reducing a body of knowledge to a set of independent axioms, with all propositions being derived from those axioms using well-defined logical rules. If a statement is well-defined, it is in principle possible to state unambiguously whether or not it follows from the axioms or is inconsistent with them. Proof is simply a matter of applying logical rules. It is a mechanical process. It is the approach of Debreu (1986, 1991) and has, as Weintraub (1998) points out, roots in a specific view of mathematics.1 More general is mathematisation: the use of mathematical techniques (geometry, algebra, set theory, topology) in economic arguments. This definition is informal,2 but it has the advantage of corresponding exactly to what people have in mind when they talk of the mathematisation of economics in the last fifty to sixty years. Put crudely, we are referring to the rise in the proportion of articles in this JoURNAL and the AER that use algebra from no more than 10% in 1930 to around 75% in 1980 (Backhouse, forthcoming; Middleton, 1998). This change is significant in that it signals a different mode of arguing a different rhetoric. Note that these remarks apply equally to economic theory and empirical or econometric work. Finally, there is methodological formalisation, defined as the use of an agreed set of methods for the solution of certain types of problem. Economics has become methodologically more formal during the twentieth century in


The invention relates to a computer game multi-handle device. The computer game multi-handle device comprises 9 handles and 3 handle hosts, wherein each handle is provided with 6 keystrokes, the handles are connected with the handle hosts through a network cable and an RJ45 head, and every three handles are connected with one handle host; each handle host comprises a signal recognition control circuit and 3 RJ45 socket, and the handle host is connected with a computer through a USB (universal serial bus) wire and a USB interface. By adopting the computer game multi-handle device, one computer can be connected with 9 handles, so that 9 persons can simultaneously participate in the game.


In the past decade, the perception of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has changed. No longer confined to hospital environments or isolated only from patients with identifiable risk factors, MRSA strains now circulate in the community among previously healthy patients. In large


A method for dispersing multi-walled carbon nanotubes in a SpeciFix-20 two-component polymer (epoxy resin + hardener) using joint hydromechanical and ultrasonic agitation was developed. New composite materials with carbon nanotubes were produced. Studies on structural, optical (Raman spectra) and electrical characteristics, as well as processes of passage of electromagnetic microwave radiation (26 – 38 GHz) through experimental composite samples were conducted. It was shown that strong absorption properties of the composite materials are manifested only with substantial weight additives of the multi-walled carbon nanotubes due to the electrical conductivity of the composites. The "size effect" of the additive type on the optical characteristics of the obtained composite materials was found. To achieve comparable parameters of microwave absorption coefficients, fewer amounts of carbon nanotubes with smaller diameter and larger specific surface area should be introduced into the composites.


Abstract Direct reductive amination of aliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic carbonyl compounds with primary/secondary amines is reported with water-soluble Fe II /EDTA complex as a catalyst using low-pressure molecular hydrogen in a biphasic media. The catalyst is highly selective, recyclable and is an excellent replacement for expensive noble metal catalysts or stoichiometric reducing agents.


The constant deepening of the marketization of economic and financial system will force the transaction mechanism between banks and enterprises to conduct corresponding reforms so as to lower transaction cost and increase management efficiency.These two factors will gradually become the key to maintaining long-term stable cooperative relations between banks and enterprises.Such new change will inevitably compel China's commercial banks to re-engineer their business process so that their core competence can be enhanced.On the basis of analyzing the conventional mode and its defects in business establishments of China's commercial banks,this article conducts a thorough research on the program of BPR.It redesigns the business process by constructing customer-oriented netted matrix organization and management framework based on customer,profession,region and product.


This study aimed to analyze the influence of financial literacy, religiosity to the
behavior of debt management with self control as a mediating variable in
Surabaya. The sample in this study was Surabaya people who had debt or
dependents taken as many as 331 respondents. Data and data collection methods
in this study are primary data obtained from the distribution of questionnaires.
The data analysis technique in this study uses descriptive analysis and statistical
analysis using the Partial Least Square (PLS) test tool, which is supported by the
WarpPLS 6.0 application. The results of this study show that Financial Literacy
has a significant positive effect on Debt Management Behavior and Religiosity
has a significant negative effect on Debt Management Behavior. The Self Control
mediates Financial Literacy partially in Debt Management Behavior.
Keywords: Debt Management Behavior, Financial Literacy, Religiosity and
Self control


A short digestion method for Kjeldahl nitrogen determination, using a trace of selenium as catalyst and described in this paper, gives results comparable to the American Association of Cereal Chemists (1976) method using mercuric oxide catalyst, for all compounds tested except for nicotinic acid. However, nicotinic acid is a minor component of food materials and it is not normally assayed by the Kjeldahl method. Selenium, like mercury, is known to be toxic7 but mercury ranks more highly than selenium as an environmental problem.


This article proposes two general instructional strategies that a course designer or materials writer may use to create a second language course that makes new demands on learners, yet contains feasible learning tasks. First, course designers can manipulate task components believed to determine task difficulty, components such as input text, the complexity of operations to be carried out on the input, and the nature of the output required. The second instructional strategy takes advantage of learning factors, ways in which preceding tasks in a sequence enable learners to successfully carry out later ones. The second strategy is implemented through the design of task sequences. Three task sequence models are examined, and the learning factors which appear to be exploited in earh are identified. Collectively, these factors include: (1) task taodification to learners' existing capacities; (2) repeated practice of task elements across tasks; (3) practice of new task elements within familiar tasks; (4) repeated practice of tasks in ascending order of difficulty; (5) focused practice of components of an ongoing macro-task; and (6) pre-learning of task elements followed by practice of them within macro-tasks. (MDM) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY


The effects of an inner rotating plate on the heat transfer in a differentially heated inclined enclosure were investigated experimentally. The aspect ratio of the enclosure (height/width) was 1 throughout the experiments. An acrylic plate with a small thermal conductivity was installed horizontally at the center of the square enclosure, and was rotated at various speeds by using a motor attached outside of the enclosure. The inclination angle of the enclosure was varied from –90° to 90°. Purified water was used for the working fluid. The flow pattern was sketched by a visualization experiment using aluminum powder. The heat transfer enhancement can be clearly seen for the inclined enclosure with the hot wall downward facing. The rotating plate used here is useful for the regulation of a wide-ranging heat transfer rate. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 30(4): 331–340, 2001


The custards are semisolid dairy desserts of wide consumption in some countries, including Mexico. This product is composed of milk, starch, hydrocolloids, sugar, colorants and aromas. It is a dairy product with limited information about its characteristics. The objective of this research was to study the properties of some custard model systems, following a factorial design, with 4 variables: starch, gum, sweetener and flavor, in two groups. Formulated systems were analyzed during four weeks of storage at 5°C. The obtained results indicated that acidity, color, pH, moisture and density, did not change through the storage. Acidity and pH showed some changes during the storage, but there was not significant difference (p>0.05). Net color difference exhibited a small change, with values 0-5. Adhesive and compressive forces, and serum separation showed significative effect of storage time, with a decreasing trend, as consequence of structural modifications. Syneresis augmented significantly, from 0-16% a the beginning, up to reach 30-60% at the fourth week. All the formulated systems behaved as non-Newtonian fluids and exhibited thixotropy in which the starch influenced the rheological response. Flow properties varied importantly as a function of the storage time and composition; most of the systems exhibited yield stress and were fitted by the Herschel-Bulkley equation. The flow behavior index did not change significantly with the storage, in contrary to the consistency coefficient and yield stress, in which a decreasing trend was observed. From the viscoelastic response, a weak gel was identified. Sensorial assessment did not show differences between custard systems with sucrose and fructose.


PurposeManufacturing companies are increasingly using green smart production (GSM) as a tactic to boost productivity since it has a number of advantages over conventional manufacturing methods. It costs a lot of money and takes a lot of work to create an SMS since it combines a lot of different technologies, including automation, data exchanges, cyber-physical systems (CPS), artificial intelligence, the Internet of things (IoT) and semi-autonomous industrial systems. Green smart manufacturing (GSM) activities provide the foundation for creating ecologically friendly and green products. However, there are a number of other significant barriers obstacles to GSM deployment. As a result, removing this identification of these hurdles in a systematic manner should be a top focus of this study.Design/methodology/approach This article seeks to identify and prioritize the nine barriers based on research and expert viewpoints on GSM challenges. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is used to prioritize the barriers.FindingsThe result depicts that, financial constraints is the most important barrier that followed by scarcity of dedicated suppliers, concern to data security lack of understanding of the surroundings, inadequate top management commitment, proper handling of data interfaces lack of support by government, employees' lack of training, concern to data security lack of environment knowledge, fear of change/resistance and constraints of technology.Research limitations/implications The current research will help the manufacturing industry in Industry 4.0 to identify potential barriers to GSM implementation.Originality/value Green manufacturing (GM) entails the implementation of renewable production methods and eco-friendly procedures in manufacturing businesses. This study helps manufacturers come up with recycling and creative products, and manufacturers can give back to the environment by protecting natural areas by getting rid of the obstacles that get in the way.


This paper presents the advantage of implementing a novel Hexagonal Flux Control Method to improve constant switching performance of multilevel 3-phase DTC scheme. The Direct Torque Control (DTC) scheme is well known to provide rapid decoupled control of torque and flux in motor control drive via a simple control structure. The utilization of 3-level CHMI in this DTC can minimize the output torque ripple by providing larger number of voltage vectors. However, DTC Scheme is known to have two major shortcomings, which are the irregular switching frequency of power switches and high torque output ripple. The usage of torque hysteresis controller plays a major role in cause of this problem. The implementation of PI based constant switching controller to replace the hysteresis controller able to solve these problems while remaining the simple DTC control structure. Conversely, there are presents of minor oscillation in the torque regulation of constant switching method in which contributed by the flux regulation factor. This paper presents about the Hexagonal Flux method implementation in-order to mitigate the flux regulation problem. The detail explanation and calculation of optimal PI parameter tuning strategy with the combination of Hexagonal Flux method have been discussed. In order to validate the feasibility, the proposed method has been compared with convention DTC system via simulation and experiment results.


In the present paper, we solve a problem for quasianalytic classes H(superscript p)(M(subscript n)) contained in H(superscript p), which is similar to the classical Denjoy-Carleman quasianalyticity and the Mandelbrojt generalized quasianalyticity problem.


The basic methods of concentration and purification of liquid radioactive waste on the nuclear power plant are distillation and ionic exchange. During vaporization of oil waste products and the fulfilled washing solutions the part of oil passes into a condensate. Clearing of such condensate on ion-exchanged filters results to oiling of ion-exchanged materials and to decrease number of filter cycles. Due to the often regeneration of ion-exchanged filters additional volumes of waste products as the fulfilled reclaiming solutions, washing and loosening waters are formed. The attention of scientists was involved with methods of clearing of water environments from the organic substances, based on deep oxidizing transformations of hydrocarbons into carbonic gas and water. From processes of oxidation of hydrocarbons up to CO2 and H2O, sold at moderate conditions, our attention has involved photochemical oxidation with the help of UV-radiation.


It is important to recognize text in natural images containing signs. Recognized text from natural images presents valuable information which can be used for translation, location-based services and image searches. As street view services are becoming important for major IT companies, this street text recognition is an important problem to solve. There are a lot of previous studies on street text recognition for English, Chinese and mixed languages. Although a lot of creative recognition methods have been proposed and experimented with, the average recognition rate is around 60∼80%.


Let λ K v be the complete graph on v vertices in which each pair of vertices is joined by exactly λ edges. An m -cycle system of λ K v is a collection C of cycles of length m whose edges partition the edges of λ K v . An m -cycle system C of λ K v is said to be resolvable if the m -cycles in C can be partitioned into parallel classes R = { R 1 , R 2 , . . . , R λ(v − 1 )/ 2 } and C is denoted by (v, m , λ) -RCS, R is called a resolution. If a (v, m , λ) -RCS has a pair of orthogonal resolutions, it is said to be doubly resolvable and is denoted by (v, m , λ) -DRCS. In this paper, applying direct constructions and recursive constructions, we show that a (v, 4 , 2 ) -DRCS exists if and only if v ≡ 0 ( mod 4 ) .


We applied inductive classification techniques to data collected in a Boeing plant with the goal of uncovering possible flaws in the manufacturing process. This application led us to explore two aspects of classical decisiontree induction: ( 1) Preprocessing and postprocessing and (2) brute-force induction. For preprocessing and postprocessing, much of our effort was focused on the pre-processing of raw data to make it suitable for induction and the post-processing of learned rules to make them useful to factory personnel. For brute-force induction, in contrast with standard methods, which perform a greedy search of the space of decision trees, we formulated an algorithm that conducts an exhaustive, depth-bounded search for accurate predictive rules. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach with specific examples of learned rules and by quantitative comparisons with decision-tree algorithms (C4 and CART). *This research was funded in part by a Boeing Computer Services contract with the University of Washington, by Office of Naval Research Grant 92-J-1946, and by National Science Foundation Grants IRI9211045 and IRI-9357772 (NYI Award to Etzioni). Richard Segal is supported, in part, by a GTE fellowship. The C routines, implementing the Brute and Gold-digger algorithms, are available by sending mail to segal(Qcs .washington. edu. We are grateful to Wray Buntine for distributing his IND package, which contains re-implementations of C4 and CART. IND greatly facilitated our research. Thanks are due to Ruth Etzioni for her expert advice on statistical testing, to Usama Fayyad and Jeff Schlimmer for helpful suggestions, and to Mike Barley for many fruitful discussions and reviews of drafts of this paper. Finally, we acknowledge the other members of the Boeing project: Mike Healy, Dave Newman, and Carl Pearson.


To characterise specific patterns of infiltration and recurrence for IDH-wildtype Glioblastoma (GBMwt) involving the anterior temporal lobe (ATL)

 Patients managed for GBMwt involving ATL between 1/2008-12/2020 were identified. Tumour was segmentated on T1-gadolinium-enhanced(T1gd) and T2-weighted(T2) sequences at baseline and initial relapse.
 Involvement of adjacent normal structures was assessed: superior temporal gyrus (STG), middle temporal gyrus (MTG), medial occipito-temporal gyrus (MOTG), amygdala, and uncus. Abnormalities in para- hippocampal region (PHG) and sub-insular regions were recorded; as well as distant sites of insular cortex, extreme/external/internal capsule, and frontal lobe.
 Two major neural pathways were also assessed: the uncinate fasciculus-inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (UF- IFOF) and hippocampal formation (HP-PHG).

 Of 562 patients 53 involved ATL with 47 included for analysis. Median volume at diagnosis on T1gd and T2 was 36cm3(IQR 12-54) and 51cm3(IQR 23-73) respectively.
 Adjacent sites involved on T1gd were STG/MTG (87%), amygdala (45%), uncus (8%), MOTG (4%). T2 abnormality extended into insular region in 91%, and hippocampal region in 17% patients. The temporal horn was involved in 21% and compressed/displaced in 63% of patients.
 Forty patients relapsed with relapse-free survival of 11.4 months. Thirty-five (87%) had T1gd relapse involving a neural pathway: UF-IFOF (74%), HP-PHG (14%), combined (9%), optic tract (3%). Twenty relapses (50%) involved distant sites in external capsule or frontal lobe.
 Although adjacent to ATL, no relapse occurred posterior to temporal horn or along HP-PHG unless evidence of T2 abnormality was present at diagnosis. All 8 relapses involving the HP-PHG, and none of 26 relapses involving UF-IFOF alone, had T2 involvement of HP-PHG at diagnosis.

 Infiltration and relapse of GBMwt involving ATL correlates with distinct neural pathways.


The invention discloses a high-flux contamination-resisting type flat membrane bioreactor and a flat MBR (Membrane Bioreactor) device. The flat membrane bioreactor comprises an aerating box, at least two membrane boxes and at least two water collecting tubes, wherein the aerating box is provided with an aerating tube for supplying gas to the aerating box; one end of the aerating tube extends into the aerating box; the at least two membrane boxes are overlapped on the aerating box along the vertical direction; two adjacent membrane boxes are connected with each other; the aerating box is connected with the downmost membrane box; each of the membrane boxes comprises a frame and multiple flat membrane elements arranged in the frame at intervals; a water purifying space is defined in each flat membrane element; each flat membrane element is provided with a water-generating tube communicated with the corresponding water purifying space; the at least two water collecting tubes respectively correspond to the at least two membrane boxes one by one; each water collecting tube is connected with the water-generating tubes of the multiple flat membrane elements in the corresponding membrane box. According to the high-flux contamination-resisting type flat membrane bioreactor disclosed by the invention, the high-flux contamination-resisting type flat membrane bioreactor has the characteristics of high flux, excellent contamination-resisting performance, long service life and low cost.


BACKGROUND
Patients with decreased exercise tolerance and orthopnoea are often referred to an internist, a cardiologist or a pulmonologist. These symptoms can also be caused by weakness of the respiratory muscles, as an indication of a neuromuscular disease. If these symptoms are not recognized as such, this may result in a delay in timely diagnosis.

CASE DESCRIPTION
An 82-year-old man had suffered from decreased exercise tolerance for 18 months. For the last months he had been sleeping upright and had lost 20 kg in weight. Analyses by the cardiologist and the internist had not led to a definitive diagnosis. He was finally brought to the emergency department with loss of consciousness and hypercapnic respiratory insufficiency. Neurological examination was suggestive of motor neuron disease such as progressive spinal muscular atrophy or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The patient died within 24 hours of admission.

CONCLUSION
Patients with symptoms resulting from respiratory muscle weakness are commonly referred to non-neurological specialists, leading to a delay in diagnosis and treatment of an underlying neuromuscular disease.


The direct influence of rabbinical exegesis on St. Jerome's biblical translations is recognised, and has often been demonstrated by the adducing of parallels. 1) More significant, however, are solecisms or peculiarities in Jerome's renderings that argue for his having thought on parallel lines to Jewish scholars even though evidence of direct influence on any particular passage is not forthcoming. Such similarities, although much more elusive, when they can be authenticated bespeak a subtler influence and suggest that Jerome may have been more steeped in rabbinic ideas than posterity has recognised, or than he himself might have been disposed to admit. Caution has to be exercised in searching for such evidence, since parallels between Jerome and the Rabbis may be mutually independent and derive from a common source. This seems to be the explanation for the similarity of treatment accorded by Jerome and Sa'adiah to the word t117Y when the eternity of God is concerned; it is scarcely possible that Sa'adiah has been influenced by the Latin Bible, and specific earlier rabbinic evidence is not forthcoming. Jerome and Sacadiah both seem to depend here on a common, and as yet unidentified, neo-platonic source. 2) The present note is intended to draw attention to a tendency evinced by Jerome when confronted with the Hebrew root n13f in certain contexts, and to compare his treatment of it with that


The final report is about the planning of irrigation network at Air Payang
area Lahat regency. This report discusses the planning and calculation of the
dimensions of the secondary line SSAP 1 until SSBGKa 2 with a total channel
length of 1664,6 m and tertiary line STAP 1 until STAP 4 with a total channel
length of 1456,7 m. In addition to planning, there are 8 quarter channels. The
planning of the irrigation network is planned to meet or support the food
production and food production is increasing.
Planning data for the writing of this final report includes rainfall data,
map, and others. The method used is the method of rata-rata Aljabar and methods
Penmann and others.
Based on calculations derived dimensions of each trapezoid-shaped
secondary channel for SSAP 1 ( b : h = 1 : 1, v = 0,25 m/det , I = 0,00019840 L =
111,23 m ), SSAP 2 ( b : h = 1 : 1, v = 0,25 m/det , I = 0,00021214 L = 1530,7 m
), STAP 1 ( b : h = 1 : 1, v = 0,25 m/det , I = 0,00054601 L = 11,77 m ), STAP 2 (
b : h = 1 : 1, v = 0,25 m/det , I = 0,00054601 L = 11,8 m ), STAP 3 ( b : h = 1 : 1,
v = 0,25 m/det , I = 0,00089343 L = 12 m ), STAP 4 ( b : h = 1 : 1, v = 0,25 m/det
, I = 0,00082181 L = 1456,7 m). In implementing this project requires funding
budget of Rp 13.095.905.000,00.
Key words: Irrigation, Air Payang, Aljabar method.


prestin GS1lutamate Transporter Homolog-Based Model Predicts Anion-  Interaction is the Mechanism for the Voltage-Dependent Response anion-  interactions ____________________________________________________________________________________Background: The structure of the transmembrane domain of prestin and its mechanism of action is unknown. Results: Glt Ph -based model predicts that aromatic residues bind intracellular anions through anion-π interactions. Conclusion: Aromatic residues in the proposed ion tunnel confer prestin with a unique capability to perform electromechanical conversions. Significance: Anion-  interactions are identified as a novel mechanism to explain


Common genetic diseases associated with collagen abnormalities include Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) and Dentinogenesis Imperfecta (DI). Whilst the effects of collagen abnormalities in OI are fairly well-known in bone, there is limited information regarding their effects on dentine. This study aims to characterise the microstructure of dentinal collagen, using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in DI, OI and control primary teeth. The main aim of this study was first to develop a demineralisation protocol to systematically expose dentinal collagen whilst preventing its degradation. Then, topological assessment of the collagen scaffold at the nano scale level and comparison of characteristic morphological markers was done. Sample-specific demineralisation protocols were developed using a combination of 37% phosphoric acid and 6.5% Sodium Hypochlorite to expose the dentinal collagen. The protocol effectiveness was evaluated using Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. (AFM) and (SEM) images of exposed dentinal collagen were collected, analysed, and compared to identify specific ultrastructural markers. Dentine sections of 4 control, DI type I (DI associated with OI), and DI type II primary teeth were examined under ethical approval. Dentine in both DI type I and type II samples showed significantly less numbers of dentinal tubules with varying shape and size. Unlike control samples, irregular collagen mesh-network arrangements with inconsistent fibril diameter, local swelling, and abrupt discontinuity were noted. These observations may explain poor dentine quality and adhesion difficulties. In conclusion, it was hypothesised that the interpretation of results and the identification of specific OI/DI markers will guide us into better understanding of the nature and management of these rare conditions.


The Brazilian power sector has been in operation for over 100 years. Its inception has been marked by the initiative of private industries and businessmen who produced electric energy to meet the needs of manufacturing plants or urban services. In time, following the trend observed abroad, these enterprises began to merge so as to operate in one or more municipal units, benefiting from scale economies. By the end of the 19th century, it was common to have a thermal power plant supplying a given public transportation company, side by side with a second plant rendering public lighting services. By then the importance of electric power had become clear. Large foreign enterprises, backed up by private capital, began to consider installing larger power companies not only in Brazil but also in Europe, Asia and Latin America. The enterprise which eventually settled in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro - the LIGHT company - also operated at the time in Mexico, Spain and UK.


Global warming allows arctic vegetation, which is mainly limited by temperatures, to move north. A change from tundra to taiga will cause a decrease of albedo which further fuels the warming through positive feedback mechanisms. This raises several questions of which we want to address here: (1) Will trees move northwards and thereby change vast treeless tundra areas to taiga? (2) And if so, how long does this response lags behind the temperature changes? To answer these questions we built an individual-based and spatially-explicit vegetation simulator model for larches in Siberia (LAVESI). We present the parameterization and validation of the model's incorporated processes which describe the full life-cycle of the simulated larch species Larix gmelinii. Furthermore, we share results of the first regional-scale simulations testing the model's performance at the Taymyr Peninsula, Russia, ranging from 64-80° N and 92-120° E. In a second experiment, we tested the influence of up to 6 °C warmer and cooler climates on simulated populations. Our results show that already the recent temperature rise will allow forests to expand farther north by roughly one degree, when no seed limitation hinders populations to migrate. Furthermore, climate warming caused populations to densify but with a time-lag of decades. We conclude that in the near future expanding taiga after its first establishment in the former tundra will rapidly form dense tree stands, thus ultimatively fueling the feedback loop of global warming. We show that simulation results of the newly-build vegetation model were reliable, and hence the model can be used as a tool to improve our knowledge about individual-based processes that are important to understand past and future treeline migration.


We greatly appreciate the comments offered by Dr Madias in response to our original article 'Myocardial contrast imaging reveals apparently normal coronary perfusion in stress-induced (takotsubo) cardiomyopathy'.1 Dr Madias, in his letter, poses several important questions that would be worthwhile to address in our model. The first point raised is the presence of tissue oedema in affected myocardial segments in Takotsubo patients.2 The rat model is well suited to study the temporal changes in regional myocardial water content (i.e. oedema). We are currently investigating myocardial water content post-mortem in tissue samples harvested at different time-points after injection of isoproterenol. Our preliminary post-mortem data from tissue harvested 2h after isoproterenol show no significant difference in myocardial water content in apical tissue compared with basal tissue ( Figure 1 , n = 5, P = 0.5). Although one probably …


The laterally resolved absorption and the laser damage thresholds at 1.06 micrometers wavelength of yttria and hafnia films prepared by pulsed laser deposition with oxygen ion bombardment of the growing films were investigated. Depending on the laser and ion beam parameters films with low average absorption can be prepared by that method. Consequently, high predominantly intrinsic absorption induced laser damage thresholds D1 comparable with those of continuously evaporated films can be prepared. The more defect induced laser damage thresholds D0, however, are largely determined by a certain number of micron- sized particulates embedded inside the films. Their number can be reduced by optimizing the laser pulse power density and the laser beam cross-section on the target, while their influence on laser damage thresholds can be reduced by increasing the ratio of oxygen ion bombardment to growth rate.


Two phases greenhouse experiment was conducted at Florensis Ethiopia plc with the objective of determining the growth response of stock plants and subsequent rooting of cuttings of Verbena X hybrida cultivar 'Vegas Scarlet' to individual and combined application of Cycocel (CCC) and Alar. The experiment was laid down as 4x4 factorial experiment involving two different growth retardants as factor, with four levels in a complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications. On stock plants it was vividly observed that interaction of Alar and Cycocel considerably affected most of the evaluated parameters except the number of cuttings. Accordingly, the maximum number of main branches was obtained from the combination of 1ml L 1 CCC and 2g L Alar. Moreover, the combined application of 1.5ml L CCC and 3g L Alar notably reduced 1 11 internode length, stem length, root fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot fresh weight and dry weight. The maximum number of cuttings was achieved at concentration 1ml L CCC. The combination of 1.5ml L CCC 11


The article describes the problem ofselection ofhea t treatment parametersto obtainthe requiredmechanic al propertiesin heat- treated bronzes.Amethodology for the construction ofa class ificationmodelbased onrough settheory is presented. A modelof this type allowsthe construction ofinference rulesalso in thecase when ourknowledge of theexisting phenomenais incomplete, and this is situation commonly encounteredwhen new materials enter the market. Inthe case of new testmaterials, such asthe grade of b ronze describedinthisarticle, we still lackfull knowledge and the choice of heat tre atmentparameters is based ona fragmentaryknowledge resulting fromexperimental studies.The measurement resultscan be useful in bui lding of a model, this model, however, cannot bedet erministic, but can only approximatethe stochasticnature ofphenomena.The use ofrough set theoryallows for efficientinferenceals oin areasthat are not yetfully explored.


OBJECTIVES:
The aim of this study was to investigate characteristics of out-of-hours service utilization in
Split owing to upper respiratory tract diseases.
EXAMINEES AND METHODS:
The study was conducted in the out-of-hours family medicine service "Mertojak" in Split,
during the period from January 1st to December 31st, 2012. Data were retrospectively
collected from the logbook (protocol) and were processed in Microsoft Office Excel 2007.
RESULTS:
There were 8232 visits during 2012; there were 55% of women and 45% men. The majority
of patients (82%) that visited the out-of-hours family medicine service were living in Split.
The most frequent reasons for encounter were respiratory diseases (35%) and diseases of the
ear (13,1%), then diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (9,9%) and diseases of the
musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (9%). A preponderant part of respiratory
pathology was associated with upper respiratory tract, such as acute pharyngitis (33%), acute
tonsillits (31%), then acute sinusitis (14%) and acute nasopharyngitis (11%). Antibiotic
therapy was the most common type of prescription, and the penicillins were the most widely
prescribed antibiotics. Only a small fraction of patients (1,26%) with the upper respiratory
tract illness were sent to specialist consultation or to an emergency medical unit, while the
bulk was sent at home treatment. The largest group of such patients were children aged 8-15
years (33%). A marked increase in visits for these ailments was observed during the winter
months (71,8%).
CONCLUSION:
Problems related to upper respiratory tract are the most common reason for visiting the outof-
hours family medicine service, and the most frequent patients were school-age children.
The most prevalent diagnoses were acute tonsillitis and acute pharyngitis. A disturbingly high
antibiotic prescription rate was observed for these conditions.


We argue that the strong interaction model dependence of the electromagnetically corrected /sup 1/S/sub 0/ pp scattering length is less than about 2 fm.


A model of the 3 × 3 Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix, V, is presented in which the parameters are the eigenvalues and the components of its eigenvectors. In this model, the small departure of the experimentally determined V from being moduli symmetric (i.e. |Vij|=|Vji|) is controlled by the small difference between two of the eigenvalues. In case any two eigenvalues are equal, one obtains a moduli symmetric V depending on only three parameters. Our model gives very good fits to the available data including CP-violation. Our value of sin 2β≈0.7 and other parameters associated with the ''unitarity triangle'' are in good agreement with data and other analyses.


The paper defines the rules of making a criterion of collection evaluation index system.By uti lizing Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP),evaluating collection resources form 5 aspects library collection support capacity,resources quality,resources sharing,utilization and effectiveness,and sets up a prelimi nary index system that is more consistent characteristic of higher vocational college library.


Recent μSR measurements revealed that spontaneous magnetism exists in the superconducting state of rhenium and it also appears in other rhenium based materials like Re6Zr, Re6Hf, Re6Ti. The superconducting state of these materials show s-wave-like properties and the pairing mechanism is most likely driven by electron-phonon coupling. In this paper we take elemental rhenium as a testbed and investigate its ground state. By developing an LCAO formalism for the solution of the spin-generalized Bogoliubov-de Gennes equation we use every details of the first-principles band-structure together with spin-orbit coupling. In this paper we provide a possible explanation of the spontaneous time-reverseal symmetry breaking in the superconducting ground state of rhenium by arguing that taking into account the orbital degrees of freedom, spin-orbit coupling is inducing even-parity odd-orbital spin triplet Cooper pairs, and Cooper pairs' migration between the equal-spin triplet states may lower the total energy. We show how magnetism emerges and the structure of the gap changes as a function of the triplet component of the interaction strength.


A laboratory experiment was carried out to study the toxicity of Sodium pentachlorophenol(PCP-Na) on Bellamya sp.The variations of superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),malondialdehyde(MDA),glutathione(GSH) contents in liver exposed to different concentrations(0.00,0.02,0.04,0.10 mg·L-1) of Na-PCP for 96h were detected as biomarkers to evaluate toxicological effects of sodium pentachlorophenol.The results showed that the SOD and CAT activity of all groups in liver was inhibited at the beginning during the exposure period,but induced after 48 hours exposed.The GSH contents in liver of Bellamya sp.exposed to 0.02 mg·L-1 and 0.04 mg·L-1 of PCP-Na rose with time,while the GSH contents exposed to 0.10 mg·L-1 had an initial significantly increase(P0.01),and followed by a significantly decrease(P0.05) from 24 hours to 72 hours.After 72 hours exposed,the GSH contents recovered to the normal level.The MDA contents in liver of all groups increased at first but decreased later,recovering to the normal level at last.All these results suggested that biomarkers in this study were sensitive during Na-PCP espousing,which could be used as biomarkers of evaluating toxicological effects of Na-PCP on Bellamya sp.


The article is based on the analysis of technological training and the feature for the technology universities' students. It summarizes the existing malpractice in the technology universities nowadays. Meanwhile, it poses the new ideas for the ideology and politics teaching of technology universities, that is: attaching importance to the construction of campus culture; Pushing on the combination of humanities and innovation educations; making the ideology and politics working legislative; Establishing the new battlefield on the network.


Calculation of product costs is the source of information on the costs of selected produced products with great explanatory power. In current practice, the overhead costs on farms are monitored and calculated by species. They are allocated using an allocation base (average state of the animals, harvested area in hectares) or are converted using direct costs of the activity as an allocation base. With the current high level of overheads, this method cannot be considered effective. Only type classifications are monitored and are therefore anonymous in relation to activities. We consider high overhead costs as a good reason for implementing and using the methods of Activity Based Costing. In this paper we present a proposed model of Activity Based Costing for its use in agriculture, created in MS Excel. We create the model as a basic version, which can be more closely defined depending on the particular conditions of the business implementing the model. We complete the general model for better illustration with figures on costs. We present a comparison of model results with the traditional approach of calculating costs in agriculture. One of the biggest benefits of the ABC system is the binding of costs from accounts, activities performed and the cost of products in one system. We present a statistical comparison of model results with the traditional approach of calculating costs in agriculture.


The aim of the present work was the assessment of the impact of deep-rolling and shot-peening performed in the underhead and in the unthreaded shank of two high strength screws (36 NiCrMo and 42 CrMoV) for fatigue life enhancement. The experimental campaign consisted of six combinations, including the non-treated state. The aforementioned treatments were evaluated alone or with shot-peening performed after deep-rolling in the underhead fillet of the screws. Deep rolling was carried out at the optimal rolling force, whereas two shot diameters were considered for shot-peening (Z100 and UFS70). The results have been evaluated in terms of fatigue limits and factor effects have been assessed by marginal mean plots.


The amphibians and reptiles survey was conducted in Labahe Nature Reserve, western Sichuan Province, China in July, 2002. Twenty-two amphibians species belonging to two orders, seven families were collected, in which twelve species mainly distributed in southeastern part of China; and seventeen reptiles species belonging to one order, seven families were found, in which eight species widely spread in the Oriental realm. The herpetological fauna is important resources for the reserve, and the area is a key ecological unit of the biodiversity conservation in east part of Hengduan Mountains region.


This paper presents a new stable composite control law for the flexible joint robot manipulators, which incorporate the additional stabilizing control law with sliding property. The singularly perturbated models include inertia moments functions of the deformations of actuator. The newly defined fast controller variable is computed from the corrected reduced-order model without additional computational loads. The simulations for 2 DOF flexible joint manipulator show that the proposed schemes are more stable than conventional one, and especially effective for the manipulator with high joint-flexibilities.


This paper proposes an approach which uses a syntax-phonology interface to select the most appropriate speech units for a target sentence. The selection of the speech units is done by constructing the syntax-phonology tree structure of the target sentence. The construction of the syntax-phonology tree is adapted from the example-based parsing of UTMK machine translation. In the process of constructing the syntax-phonology tree, we first identify the related trees from the speech corpus. Then, the generated subtrees based on the related trees are combined. The concatenation of the combined subtrees nodes is the synthetic utterance of the target sentence.


This paper presents a method for analyzing and optimizing bi-planar coil structures that generate a high-uniformity magnetic field within a limited installation space. As an alternative to finding a numerical solution to the equations, this method uses the particle swarm algorithm to directly adjust the position distribution and current in the current loop to minimize the relative error of the magnetic field in the target area. Compared with the traditional method of eliminating higher even-order derivatives of the Taylor expansion terms, the advantage of this method is that the coil size is predetermined before calculation, which results in a better magnetic field uniformity and overcomes the size constraints. Theoretical calculations showed that the uniformity of the designed coil could be improved about 1.2 times compared with the Helmholtz coil, and the occupied volume could be reduced by 3.3 times in a cylinder with a radius and half-height of 0.25 $d$ in the center area. The magnetic field generated by the uniform coil we designed and constructed using 3D printing technology matched the theoretical simulations.


In this work, a novel approach to predict the path of crack propagation through particle-reinforced composites is presented. Simulations are based on the Element-Free Galerkin (EFG) method and linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). A modified interaction integral, suitable for heterogeneous materials, was used to obtain the stress intensity factors (SIFs). The maximum tangential principal stress (MTPS) criterion was used to determine the instantaneous direction of crack propagation. Crack extension paths and variation of energy release rates (ERRs) during the propagation are presented. Thereby issues such as the interaction of the crack with inclusions during its extension, crack tip shielding and stress amplification are resolved. While the crack meanders near the particle, the ERRs are observed to be affected even if the crack tip is located at a larger distance from the particle.


The present invention relates to a sealing structure and working on a method for applying a water purifier filter, characterized by: comprising a water inlet, a first outlet, a second outlet of the filter body and a filter element disposed in the body of the filter element said end portion of the cartridge body is provided with a seat body, respectively corresponding to three outlet in communication with, the filter body is provided only to the first body of water through the passage to the filter body within the inlet filter body a one-way valve, a first switching valve through said second water outlet, with a second switch valve through said first water outlet. The present invention is applied to the water purifier filter water stopping structure design, help to avoid disassembling the cartridge inside the filter cake when the water overflows, convenient to use.


1. A valve having an inlet and an outlet and comprising a valve member movable between a first equilibrium position and a second, open position, wherein when the valve member is in the first position, the inlet and outlet openings do not communicate in fluid and when the valve member is in the second position, the inlet and outlet ports fluidly communicate, wherein the valve member is movable between a first position and a second position in response to the giving Leniye at the inlet and at the outlet. ! 2. The valve of claim 1, wherein the valve member comprises a piston having a first surface responsive to pressure at the outlet, and a second, smaller surface responsive to pressure in the inlet, the piston being movable in response to the resultant force acting on said first and second surfaces. ! 3. A valve according to claim 2, wherein the piston is movable in the first conduit fluidly communicating with an outlet, wherein said second surface is formed on a rod attached to the piston and arranged to move in a second channel in fluid communication with the inlet hole. ! 4. A valve according to claim 3, wherein the rod is formed a through channel, and sliding seals between the rod and the second channel provides the upper seal and a lower seal. ! 5. The valve of claim 4, wherein when the valve member is in the second position the rod end portion located between the upper seal and a lower seal with o


A general and single-step access to polysubstituted 3-hydroxypyridine scaffolds via hetero-Diels-Alder (HDA) reactions between readily prepared 5-ethoxyoxazoles and dienophiles is reported. The HDA reaction, run in the presence of Nd(OTf)(3) at room temperature, was successfully applied to various 5-ethoxyoxazoles showing good functional group tolerance, and led to a straightforward process to obtain useful building-blocks.


The field structure was examined for waves being propagated in a waveguide containing a plasma. The waveguide is considered to have ideally conducting walls. It is filled with a plasma, the thermal motion of whose particles is ignored. Inside the waveguide there exists a constant homogeneous magnetic field directed along the waveguide axis. The plasma is assumed to be sufficiently dense so that the longitudinal electric field can be ignored with respect to the transverse electric field. Formulas were obtained and diagrams are shown. These formulas and diagrams describe the magnetic fields for waves whose azimuthal number, m, can be equal to zero or to plus or minus one. (TTT)


Population densities of scallops in the D'Entrecasteaux Channel (Tas.) fishing areas have been assessed by diving. In shelving positions the scallops occur in greatest densities between 4 to 8 fm, and on flat areas within these limits they may be found everywhere, but in varying concentrations. The so-called "strips" or "beds" of commercial fishermen are merely higher density aggregations. The most extensive bed, 1 sq. mile in area and averaging six scallops/sq. yd, contained about 18 million scallops. Two scallops/sq. yd is considered the minimum economic limit for operation provided the meat yield (roe included) per 1000 scallops is not less than 33 lb. The successful spatfall and subsequent development of a strong year class is very sporadic and, as yet, unpredictable. In 1954, the 1948 year class scallops entered the fishery, which until then had been almost entirely dependent on the scallops spawned about 1940. Water movements, particularly tidal currents, have a marked influence on the distribution of the spat. In areas of strong tides the long axes of areas of high concentrations run lengthwise to the flow whereas in areas of slow movement the distribution is even, whilst eddy systems appear to concentrate the spat. Concentrations of 30-36 scallops/sq. yd were reduced in 4 years by starfish to five/sq. yd, i.e. a 75-80 per cent. mortality occurred. During the course of this underwater investigation the individuals of a selected bed were observed to make random movements, yet the known location of a bed did not change.


Experimental studies of the foraging ecology of drift-feeding fishes have been limited in scope because of the lack of systems for dispensing suitable prey items to a number of patches with complex and controlled spatio-temporal patterns of delivery rate. Here, tests are reported of a computer-controlled feeding system that performs this requirement with considerable flexibility.


Objective To compare the difference of viscoelasticity on wound healing during xenogeneic(porcine)acellular dermal matrix(PADM)composite skin grafting,thin skin autograft and normal skin.Methods A total of 10 Japanese white rabbits were selected,three full-thickness pieces of skin were cut off from both sides of the vertebral column of each rabbit.According to different treatment methods,the rabbits were divided into three groups.They included the PADM+thin skin autograft(PADM),thin skin autograft(TS),normal skin(NS)groups.On days 30 after surgery,the gross samples were observed to calculate the contracture rates,and biomechanical property such as relaxation and stress-strain properties of the grafts were recorded to determine.Then the statistical analysis was performed.Results On day 30,significant differences were observed between the PADM and TS groups(P0.05),among which the contracture rate of the PADM group was the lowest.The structure of PADM was found to be basic integrity observation by HE dyeing observation,the fiber structure was dense and small amount fibers graw into it.The biomechanical compliance and elasticity of three groups were:there was no significant difference between the NS and TS groups(P0.05).However,PADM group was worse(P0.05)than other groups.PADM group'curve was most deviated from normal skin,TS group curve was closed mostly to normal skin.Conclusions Compare with normal skin,the elastic of TS group is much better than that of Group PADM.


SUMMARY A directional borehole antenna has been developed for the RAMAC borehole radar system. Several methods previously used to locate fracture zones in rock are reviewed. In comparison with these methods of analysing radar data the directional antenna makes it possible to obtain the position of a reflector by measuring in a single borehole. The antenna has been successfully tested in the Stripa mine in connection with the characterization and validation program presently in progress. From the measured signals the antenna synthesizes the directional field in an arbitrary direction as well as an electric dipole field which can be used for phase comparison. The function of the antenna can also be checked during measurements. Methods for extracting the directional information are described and exemplified. The angular resolution is f5" in favorable cases.


Happiness. Positive Traits. Hope and Optimism. Flow. Emotional Intelligence. Giftedness, Creativity and Wisdom. Positive Self. Positive Relationships. Positive Psychological Therapy.


In-depth interviews were conducted to gather information. The aim was to investigate next of kin experiences when healthcare professionals used sensor technology to take care of their relatives in elderly care. Findings show that next of kin experienced better sleep for both themselves and their relatives. Those who were offered the sensor technology services were few. We need more research to conclude how it will work on a larger scale. We know that implementing Information and Communication Technology changes work flow, but we don`t know the effect of how these tools will make changes when implemented on a larger scale.


Pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is underdiagnosed on biopsy specimens. We evaluated if routine neuroendocrine immunohistochemical (IHC) stains are helpful in the diagnosis of LCNEC on biopsy specimens.


Institutional factors are more and more important in analysis of technological progress which is the driving force of economic growth. Douglass North pointed out that the potential benefits of technology do not prevail much of the world, so something else is also needed to realise growth. In technological progress, not only knowledge and scientific results are important, but also the institutional environment where these innovations are born. Institutions create incen-tives to economic actors, its differences can explain the technological gap between countries and reasons of income inequalities. In leading countries of innovation the institutional environment is different so there is no recipe how to create appropriate institutional structure. Great Britain, the pioneer of the first industrial revolution, is market-friendly, while the Scandinavian countries are characterized by active state intervention. The institutions concerned are different but their performance in innovation is respectively dominant. This paper presents the technological progress in terms of relevant institutional relationships in the context of technology, institutions and economic growth.


In October 2009, the maloya musical style of Reunion Island was enshrined as part of the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (ICH). Locally, this labeling is now part of an ongoing cultural and political struggle that has characterized the island's music scene for forty years. Participating in its change of status and thus participating in its "emblemisation" the enhancement of maloya by UNESCO has unleashed an occasionally brutal debate about the collective identity of Reunion Island. The debate challenges the conceptual framework and ethical principles of the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the ICH. After describing the various dimensions of the problem and the shifts in the island's cultural balance of power that followed maloya's ICH designation, this essay offers a critical analysis of the scientific and institutional positions underlying the processes involved in the application of such labels. Questioning the "integrity of traditional cultures" (Abeles in Appadurai 2005) is a direct consequence of globalization1 and one of the most important factors driving contemporary efforts to preserve the world's diverse cultural practices. This mission to preserve or safeguard informs the current policies behind the UNESCO ICH program. In response to the imperative to "maintain cultural diversity" and foster "inter-cultural dialogue," safeguarding "inherited traditions and living expression" is intended as a means of resisting newer forms of cultural domination and alienation. It is ultimately seen as a means of encouraging peace and "social cohesion."2 The goal is to enable the survival of the oldest and most local cultural heritages in the midst of the new global culture. This is in turn grounded in the assumption that the "groups" through which these cultures and practices exist consider their heritage to be a key aspect of their identity. The 2003 Convention for the Safeguard of the Intangible Cultural Heritage3 and the various public pedagogical documents concerning the ICH and its application specifically emphasize the pivotal role of "communities," which must participate in promotional events as stakeholders: "The Convention focuses on living expressions of the intangible cultural heritage seen as significant by the communities. These 1 Some of the research material discussed in this article comes from research conducted as part of the ANR Musmond project. I wish to thank Laurent Hoarau and Bertrand Le Mener for their assistance while I was writing this article. 2 What is Intangible Cultural Heritage, UNESCO, accessed January 25, 2011: http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/doc/src/01851-FR.pdf. 3 Convention for the Safeguard of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, UNESCO, accessed January 25, 2011: http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/doc/ src/01852-FR.pdf.


Germanium (Ge) is a promising candidate anode material for next-generation, high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Despite its apparent promise, the mechanical properties of lithiated Ge including its fracture characteristic are largely unknown. In this paper, we report the first experimental measurement of the fracture toughness of lithiated Ge using an in-house developed nanoindentation system. The fracture toughness of lithiated Ge is found to increase monotonically with increasing lithium content, indicating a brittle-to-ductile transition of lithiated Ge as lithiation proceeds. We also compare the fracture energy of lithiated Ge with that of lithiated Si and show that, despite a slightly lower fracture energy of Ge than that of Si in the unlithiated state, Ge possesses much higher fracture resistance than Si in the lithiated state. These findings suggest that Ge anodes are intrinsically more resistant to fracture than their Si counterparts, thereby offering substantial potential for the development of durable, high-capacity, and high-rate lithium-ion batteries. The quantitative results from this work provide fundamental insights for developing new electrode materials and help to enable predictive modeling of high-performance lithium-ion batteries.


The current overregulation of economic and social processes in the country which hampers sustained economic development and causes corruption necessitates enhancement of the role and importance of economic deregulation, particularly in the administrative services sphere where the number of companies and individuals requesting services from public authorities and the share of administrative fees and payments in the state budget's non-tax revenues grows every year. The goal of the article is to define the key problems in the sphere of standards of the administrative service provision, substantiate the ways of solving these problems and develop recommendations regarding the administrative services provision standardization process to improve their quality. The subject of the article includes theoretical and methodological provisions and practical application of administrative services quality standards. The article was written with the use of the analysis, synthesis and logical generalization methods. The article offers analysis of the key performance indicators of administrative service centers and comparison of administrative services quality indicators of regional administrative service centers with the amount of financing spent on equipping these centers. The authors have analyzed the terms "standard" and "standardization" with regard to administrative services and proposed, on the basis of this analysis, their own definition of the term "administrative services provision standard". The best experience of European countries in implementing administrative services provision standards was reviewed. It was proposed to supplement the existing administrative services quality evaluation criteria and provision standards with new ones depending on the service applicant needs. In particular, the criteria provided by the administrative service system development concept must be supplemented by the criteria of simplicity, equality, justice, confidentiality of personal information, adaptation of the facility's conditions and technology of contacting and interacting with public servants to anthropometric, psychological and physiological features of different visitor categories, and adequate and timely response to criticism.


Objective.  To validate the Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (PESI), a clinical prognostic model which identifies low‐risk patients with pulmonary embolism (PE).


This paper provides a theoretical foundation that supports the degressive proportionality principle in apportionment problems, such as the allocation of seats in a federal parliament. The utility assigned by an individual to a constitutional rule is a function of the frequency with which each collective decision matches the individual's own will. The core of the argument is that, if the function is concave, then classical utilitarianism at the social level recommends decision rules that exhibit degressive proportionality with respect to the population size.


A simple, accurate and reproducible spectrophotometric method has been developed for the estimation of Tranexamic acid in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage formulations. The developed method is based on the formation of condensation product of drug with ferric chloride and potassium ferricynide, which shows absorbance maximum at 710 nm. The proposed method showed linearity in the range of 2–20 ug/ml. Results were statistically validated and were found to be reproducible. Recovery studies indicate that the method is accurate.


In this article is presented the systemalogical description of personnel management that system of integration undersystem of organization. It is formulated the some total characteristics that present of systems of personnel management and indications classification of systems of personnel management take into consideration hypothesis.


Beck, McGarry, Dyrenfurth and Venning (1) first demonstrated activity of purified monkey and human pituitary growth extracts in man and this observation has been confirmed by Ikkos, Luft and Gemzell (2), Raben (3), Pearson, Lipsett, Greenberg and Ray (4), Henneman and Bergenstal and their co-workers (5, 6) and others (7). Studies in man have employed pituitary growth extracts prepared by the methods of Raben (8), Wilhelmi, Fishman and Russell (9) and Li and Papkoff (10). This paper summarizes balance and clinical data from 10 patients treated for 1 day to 24 months with the Raben preparation of human growth hormone (HGH).


Current knowdedge of aetiopathogenesis of various forms of human cardiomopathy is reviewed in this article. There are overwhelming evidences to suggest a pathogenetic link between persistent viral infection, induction of autoimmunity (influenced by immune response determinants in the HLA region) and alteration in the differentiated functions of the myocardium in dilated cardiomyopathy. Genentic studies have identified specific defects in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy but the cellular basis of the disease remains unresolved. Endomyocardial diseases associated with hypereosinophilic
syndrome and endomyocardial fibrosis of the tropics appear to be two separate entities. A unifying link among endomyocardial fibrosis of diverse causes could be the uniform response of the cardiac tissue to injuries of heterogenous nature. Application of microtechniques to endomyocardial biosy promises definitive information on aetiopathogenesis of cardiomypathies.


The fed-batch culturing of Mortierella ramanniana grown on decane as carbon source resulted in 22 g/L of fungal cell at 7 days. The content of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in the cell was 2.4 and 1.3%, respectively. About 30% of the esterified fatty acids was γ-linolenic acid (GLA), more than 60% PC and 46% PE contained GLA. The production of PC and PE containing GLA were estimated to be about 300 mg/L and 125 mg/L, respectively


The main objective of this thesis is to observe the impact of economic crisis on job satisfaction. It considers the impacts of the European Sovereign Debt Crisis on job satisfaction, as they are captured by the GDP growth, changes in unemployment and inflation rate, in four countries: Sweden, Denmark, Greece and Spain. Using data from the European Social Survey (ESS) for years 2002 to 2012 and applying them into the ordered probit model with fixed effects, it investigates the impact of economic crisis on job satisfaction. It uses two dependent variables of categorical form (happiness and life satisfaction) and looks into changes in the three economic indicators that are directly influenced by the crisis. We find that the ongoing economic crisis in Greece and Spain produces several impacts on population's job satisfaction, whereas Sweden and Denmark are not affected. The basic argument is that the crisis will affect less the levels of reported job satisfaction in the nations that are more willing to protect the unemployed people. Results imply that right after the start of the crisis, GDP and changes in unemployment rate affect negatively job satisfaction. The change though in inflation rate did not find to have an important impact on job satisfaction. Consistent with these, the present thesis reveals that the impacts of the ongoing crisis on job satisfaction is not uniform, as evident by the different pattern of outcomes coming to the spotlight for the job satisfaction.


We prove Koszulity of the homology of the of moduli spaces of stable n-pointed curves of genus zero
$\overline{M}_{0,n}$ for $n=5$, using its presentation due to Keel and the Priddy criterion of Koszulity. For $n=6 $ we establish that $\overline{M}_{0,6}^!$ is potential, find the expression for the potential, and based on that prove that it is Koszul.


The three-dimensional (3D) image of an Halpha flare is reconstructed from its line-center and seriary off-center filtergrams. The reconstruction is based on the principle of the line formation theory that the contribution function (CF) of emergent specific line intensity describes the escape photon distribution from stellar atmospheric layers. Thus the reconstruction depends on the model atmosphere accepted which determines the CF. An Halpha flare taking place on April 22, 1992 is utilized to illustrate the process.


In this paper, we derive user selection criteria based on the error probability for an actually employed detector for multiuser multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. We propose a low complexity sequential user selection scheme when a lattice reduction (LR) based MIMO detector is used. We also analyze the diversity gain for combinatorial user selection approaches with a given LR-based detector. From simulation results, we can confirm that the proposed sequential user selection approach can provide a comparable performance to the combinatorial ones with much lower complexity.


Introduction Melanoma is the most prevalent and severe type of skin cancer. Based on data, more than 63 000 people suffer from malignant skin cancer (melanoma) and 9000 cases die in the United States each year (1,2). Patients with melanoma cancer may be affected by surgery, chemotherapy, biological therapy, or radiation therapy, or a combination of these treatments, or at any stage, relieve and control pain and other symptoms (3). The side effects of treatment, along with emotional and practical problems are treated by managing the symptoms of illness, supportive care, or palliative care (4). Palliative medicine or care is one of the specialized health care branches which focuses on relieving pain, symptoms, and stress due to serious illnesses (3). The goal of palliative care is to improve the quality of the patient and his or her family's life. This type of care is used at any age and every stage of the disease, and it can be thoroughly combined with other treatments, reducing the symptoms, "occasionally discontinuing treatment" and improving the quality of treatment which completes the process (5,6). The use of immunotherapy drugs and the design of a cancer vaccine are among the strategies for the treatment of this disease. The first strategy for the treatment of melanoma is the administration of cancer vaccines, which mainly aim to induce immune responses by activating tumor-specific T cells and thus reducing the size of the tumor, and subsequently securing memory (2). To achieve such goals, the vaccine should be effective in stimulating the immune system to kill cancer cells. The simultaneous activation of the inherent and acquired immune system is essential for the effectiveness of vaccination against cancer. Dual vaccine (antigen and adjuvant) can be used to treat cancers due to the ability to activate innate immunity by adjuvant and acquired immunity through cancer antigens (7). The strategies for immunotherapy (monoclonal antibodies), which have been approved since 2011, include ipilimumab and vemurafenib in 2011, dabrafenib and trametinib in 2013, and pembrolizumab with the Keytruda brand in 2014 (i.e., the newest drug Abstract Objectives: Melanoma is the most common and severe type of skin cancer. Patients with melanoma may undergo surgery, chemotherapy, biological therapy (immunotherapy and cancer vaccine designation), radiation therapy, or a combination of these regimens. In addition, at any stage, they may attempt to relieve and control pain and other symptoms of malignancy, along with reducing the side effects of treatment approaches and emotional and practical problems that are treated by managing the symptoms of illness, supportive care, or so-called palliative care. Some therapeutic strategies are the application of immunotherapy and the design of a cancer vaccine which can activate active immune response by stimulating T-cells and reducing the tumor volume and size. Consequently, it creates the memory of immunity. One of the main causes of cancer immunotherapy is T lymphocyte cytotoxicity in cancer. The next strategy is to use immunotherapies (monoclonal antibodies), including antibodies against CD20, CD40, CTLA-4, and PD-1 antigens. Methods: This study was reviewed by using a search of keywords including 'mRNA vaccination', 'monoclonal antibody', 'melanoma', and 'CD20 antigen' in Google Scholar, PubMed, and Elsevier databases. Approximately 60 articles were selected that were examined thoroughly. Results: The results of our study revealed that vaccine cluster of differentiation, monoclonal antibodies are considered as treatments for melanoma cancer. Conclusions: mRNA plays a key role as the biological treatment of melanoma. More precisely, it is a vector for tumor antigens and a stimulator for inducing antitumor immune responses. In this regard, the study groups use strategies based on the mRNA encoding of the entire mRNA tumor in both in vivo and in vitro environments. Finally, the use of anti-CD20 antibodies with the activator and the inhibitors of immunosuppressive agents have been successful, and surveys in this area have focused on this issue.


The aim was to evaluate growing/finishing phase pigs presenting increased joint volume and/or lameness through microbiological, molecular and pathological aspects in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Macroscopic and microscopic examination of joints from 43 that presented an increase of joint volume and/or lameness and 15 without signs. Macroscopically, the major changes were: arthritis 39.53%, hypertrophy of the villi of the synovial membrane 37.21% and muscle abscess, ligaments and peri-articular tendons 32.56%. In the bone extremities, the erosion was the main alteration in the articular surface 44.19%. Osteochondrosis 88.37%, osteomyelitis, 27.90%, osteochondritis dissecans 13.95%. From the tissues submitted to bacterial isolation and PCR, 72.09% were positive for at least one infectious agent. 67.44% were positive for bacterial isolation, 41.86%, infectious arthritis and 25.58% arthritis contaminant. On the molecular evaluation of the 43 samples, only eight 18.60% were positive for at least on infectious agent. The degenerative cause was present in all pigs, infection was an element of increasing severity, mainly because of the association with typical agents of articulation and contaminants.


Positioning implant device in WBAN(Wireless Body Area Network) becomes difficult since signal strength varies in different human tissues and shadowing noise due to body movement. We propose a novel tracking algorithm in WBAN. To estimate position under various human tissues, we adopt a sliding linear window using past position information. By adjusting window parameters, the proposed algorithm is to reduce noise and to track position. The proposed algorithm has little computational increment as compared to the α-β tracker. Throughout simulations, we verify outstanding position tracking performance and insensitivity of initial parameters.


The presence of heavy baryons such as $\Delta$-resonances and hyperons within Neutron Stars (NSs) can significantly impact their various properties. To investigate this, we utilize the DD-MEX model within the formalism of Density-Dependent Relativistic Mean Field (DDRMF) theory. We analyze $\Delta$-admixed NS matter in both hypernuclear and hyperon-free scenarios, gaining insights into particle compositions, emergence processes, and their effects on NS properties. These baryon species, particularly the $\Delta$-resonances, notably influence the nucleon effective mass, which is especially important since we observe that the charge neutrality constraints favor the early emergence of negatively charged heavy baryons. Meson-baryon coupling parameters affect the NS equation of state, leading to significant differences in stellar radii and maximum mass configurations as we vary them. Furthermore, we study the dimensionless tidal deformability ($\Lambda$) and non-radial $f$-mode oscillation frequencies, exploring how the presence of $\Delta$-resonances and their coupling with the $\sigma$-meson can directly influence observable bulk properties of NSs. When comparing our results with the available observational data from pulsars by NICER and gravitational wave data from the LIGO-VIRGO collaboration, we find a strong agreement, especially concerning $\Lambda$.


An apparatus for testing a respirator product, comprising: a fan (5) with a suction nozzle (6) and a pressure connection piece (7), an to the blower (5) connected to the changeover valve (10) which is adapted to the pressure connection (in a predetermined time sequence fluidly connect 7) or the suction nozzle (6) with the respirator product (2) in such a way that the respective free connection (6, 7) is switched into the open position to the surroundings, characterized in that the changeover valve (10) consists of a valve housing (11) with a rotatably therein oscillating between two end positions valve member (13), wherein the valve housing (11) has two with the suction nozzle (6) and the pressure connection (7) connectable valve inputs (8, 9 ) and a (for respiratory protection product 2) leading the valve outlet (12) and the valve member (13) a respective one of the valve inputs (8, 9) to the valve outlet (12) connecting the flow channel (14) and a (8, with the respective free valve output , 9) connected vent passage (15) and in that in the cable between the blower ...


Heart disease is the most important reason of morbidity and mortality in the modern society. For that reason, it is important to have a proper diagnosis of heart disease for patients to live to tell the tale. In order to make the diagnosis system as the efficient one, heart diseases should be classified accurately. In the existing technique, the quality of the extracted rules is poor. So as to increase the quality of the extracted rules, an efficient technique should be used. In our proposed methodology, we are using firefly algorithm in Fuzzy Min-Max Neural Network. Firefly algorithm has high convergence tempo. It works individually and finds a superior position for itself in contemplation with its recent position as well as the situation of other fireflies. And it escapes from the local optima and finds a global optimum which has a smaller amount number of iterations. Since it is a robust algorithm, the classification of heart diseases can be done fastly and as a result the accuracy and performance of the proposed technique becomes encouraging.


After the successful completion of robotic expeditions on Mars, an ultimate goal was set for space fairing nations and agencies around the world to send astronauts to Mars by 2030. Unfortunately, a mission to Mars would last upwards for years meanwhile several asteroids fly close to the Earth. A manned trip to an asteroid would be a valuable stepping stone towards a manned mission to Mars, as the mission time can be reduced to a few months round-trip. In addition to gaining experience with manned travel through deep space, a mission to an asteroid would provide experience overcoming a unique challenge of rendezvousing with a foreign object in microgravity. Since most of the known asteroids that are close enough to Earth to be viable targets are less than 300 m in diameter, chances are the selected asteroid will not have a significant gravitational field. Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs) have orbits that bring them into close proximity with Earth's orbit making them both a unique hazard to life on Earth and a unique opportunity for science and exploration. A specific case study was therefore undertaken to shortlist such NEAs that are accessible for round-trip human missions using heavy lift launch architecture. A fully parameterized, highly efficient algorithm is developed using MATLAB to accomplish this. Using this algorithm a family of NEA is reviewed, several candidate asteroids are shortlisted for potential exploration and a final selection of asteroid 1999 AO10 is made followed by a specific mission trajectory design and selection to this asteroid, accounting for mission requirements and constraints. The astrodynamic components of a manned mission to NEA 1999 AO10 are also described in this study. Beginning with a launch, we will walk through preliminary trajectory optimization using Lambert's problem and patched conics. Once the ideal trajectory is designed, the study will be extended to include abort scenarios.


The most prolonged and fatal outbreak of the Ebola virus (EBOV) occurred in 2014, claiming the lives of thousands. Although more than 40 years have passed since the initial discovery of EBOV, there are still no available treatments with FDA approval. Clinical case studies from human survivors highlighted that a hallmark of survival is a measurable immune response against specific viral proteins, such as VP40. VP40, is the canonical mediator of EBOV budding. Therefore, slowing down viral propagation through inhibiting replication, trafficking or budding could be the key to developing an efficacious treatment.


In business activities, advertising is a force that companies can use to attract as many consumers as possible. Advertising is an integral part of today's modern business activities because advertising plays a very important role in conveying information or messages about a product to the public. Almost every day people are flooded with advertisements presented by television. As a result, it is as if life in society in meeting daily needs is conditioned by advertising. However, there are not a few advertisements that have content and visualizations that are considered as duping and defrauding consumers, which is very far from the ethical values and morality of Islamic business. Moral and ethical problems in advertising arise when advertisements lose their normative values and only become propaganda for profit. Likewise, several companies that carry out advertising activities on television media that researchers observed contained content that was not in line with Islamic business ethics such as fraud, false promises to display women's genitals, giving the impression of being excessive, and so on. The type of this research is descriptive qualitative research with data collection techniques using observation and analysis of information from television, online media, and scientific journals. The data source used is secondary data. The results of this study inform that advertisements carried out by several companies on television such as beauty products, energy drinks, e-commerce, and snacks that are not in accordance with Islamic ethical behavior so that in the future there is a need for notification and warning from KPI or other advertising supervisory agencies.


Interest groups have a vital role in international negotiations and carry the potential to influence their outcome. This article contributes to discussions surrounding Brexit and institutional change in the EU, focusing on Article 50 negotiations and stakeholder engagement. Drawing from theories on deliberative democracy and institutional legitimacy, we argue that different groups are given access to the Chief Negotiator depending on the resources they can contribute. Assessing our expectations, we inspect the entire interest group population that held meetings with Michel Barnier and his team from 2016 onwards. On the aggregate, we observe a pluralist approach. A closer inspection reveals a tightly knit circle of insiders that hold unparalleled access. To the extent that these meetings offer a glance into the future of EU lobbying, European trade and professional associations are likely to observe growing cohesion and significance. Conversely, UK private interests will see their presence and influence diluted as their relevance grows smaller in Brussels. Following the trends we observe, think tanks and socioeconomic interests are likely to experience a continuous surge in their involvement in stakeholder activities.


English Language teaching ELT in Indonesian high schools experiences significantly declining and needs thoughtful attention to ensure a higher quality of English teaching. This study was attempted to figure out how English teachers demonstrate Pedagogical Content Knowledge PCK as a core skill of an integration of subject matter and pedagogy in English teaching and how they go through with potential tensions, issues and complexities in performing PCK at English classroom practice. A qualitative method with a case study design was employed and multiple perspectives were taken into consideration by deeply interviewing eight English high school teachers in Kota Jambi. Teaching document was also used to support and provide broaden description of data. Within and Cross Case analysis were utilized in analysing data by administering three stages of open coding, axial coding and labelling. The finding revealed that English Teachers in Indonesia practically experienced challenges in displaying PCK in ELT and most of them undergo with some practical issues especially in managing a heterogeneous class (mix ability class). Teachers also experienced pressure in treating students with low interest and less motivation in learning English. A part from this concerns, school facilities and parental involvement were also threatened for the effective learning and the way how teachers define curriculum and the knowledge of technology still become unsolved problems. The results are discussed and suggestions are provided for future research.


The search for the "H" Bomb off Palomares, Spain and its subsequent recovery by the CURV I was conducted in January through April 1966. Using this operation as a baseline, a review of the accomplishment in ocean engineering at the Naval Ocean Systems Center is presented. The development and operation of the CURV II, and CURV III including example operations such as the rescue of the PISCES III, are described. Also covered are the development of the SNOOPY family of small vehicles, the work system package and the recovery vehicles for the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters. This period also included support to the submarine forces by the development and construction of the IX-501 (ELK RIVER) saturation diving training platform, and operational support to the two DSRV's and other Navy deep submersibles. Supporting technology discussions include materials; head coupled sensors; optical and acoustic sensors; electrical, optical and acoustic undersea data links; and special tools and equipment. The SSP KAIMALINO (a SWATH ship) and a deployable tethered floating breakwater are described. This paper concludes with a description of the building and operations of a free swimming test bed vehicle to explore completely autonomous undersea operations.


While the moons of Saturn are graced with poetic names from Greek mythology (and other mythologies, once the number of satellites proliferated), its glorious rings are stuck with the letters A, B, and C. Perhaps it was ignorance about what the rings actually are that led early astronomers to be hesitant to fix them with a more noble and definitive name such as Titan or Tethys. Designating a set of things by letters from the alphabet smacks of uncertainty and impermanence. And we must admit that a considerable degree of uncertainty remains about some of the fundamental questions of Saturn's rings: how did they form? How old are they? How long will they last? What did they look like 1, 10, or 100 million years ago? What will they look like 10 million years from now? Was Saturn merely lucky to win the planetary rings jackpot, or is there something about its place in the solar system that makes it the best place for a broad, massive set of rings to set up shop? We will explore the answers to these questions in chapter 6 thanks to a broad set of intriguing measurements made by Cassini during its Grand Finale. But before we attempt to understand the origin of Saturn's rings, we must first understand just what they are. The broad expanses, tightly wound spirals, mountains of snowballs, wispy tendrils, and many other complex structures that make up Saturn's rings are the focus of this chapter. Prior to the Voyager flybys of the early 1980s it was thought that the rings were the remnant debris from the formation of Saturn and a relatively quiescent and perhaps uninteresting system, evolving slowly over the eons. The Voyagers showed a wealth of structure within the ring system that immediately upended this view. A handful of broad rings that could be counted (or lettered in this case), on one hand, now came into focus as myriad structures as small as the Voyager cameras could see. These newly discovered waves, ringlets, and other narrow features, and the rings' nearly pristine icy composition, suggested a recent origin and changes happening on


This paper presents the results of a study carried out to investigate how 10-12- year old Swedish students' understand and value the issue of sustainable development (SD). The responses from open-ended questions in a questionnaire have been analysed through a content analysis based on a phenomenographic approach. The results show that there are considerable variations in the level of understandings and the values related to the three aspects of SD. Understanding within as well as between the aspects are noted, with students having the most difficulty in seeing the relationships between all three aspects, i.e. a holistic understanding. Furthermore, students' understanding and values are often expressed in an integrated way i.e. expressed in the same sentence. The results as well as the methods used in this study are discussed in relation to systems thinking and ethical issues within education for sustainable development (ESD).