Holiness in Othloh's Vita Bonifatii and Ebo's Vita Ottonis" (pp. 131-156); Robert Somerville, "Cardinal Stephen of St. Grisogono: Some Remarks on Legates and Legatine Councils in the Eleventh Century" (pp. 157-166); Edward M. Peters, "The Archbishop and the Hedgehog" (pp. 167-184). Part III: "Procedure" has: Stanley Chodorow, "Dishonest Litigation in the Church Courts, 1140-98" (pp. 187-206); Steven Horwitz, "Reshaping a Decretal Chapter: Tua nobis and the Canonists" (pp. 207-221). Part IV: "Church and Society" consists of: John H. Erickson, "Oikonomia in Byzantine Canon Law" (pp. 225-236); Patrick Henry, "Images of the Church in the Second Nicene Council and in the Libri CaroJini" (pp. 237-252); Giles Constable, "The Structure of Medieval Society According to the Dictatores of the Twelfth Century" (pp. 253-267). Part V: "Local Churches" contains: Robin Ann Aronstam, "The Blickling Homilies: A Reflection of Popular Anglo-Saxon Belief" (pp. 271-280); Thomas N. Bisson, "Ramon de Caldes (c. 1135-c. 1200): Dean of Barcelona and King's Minister" (pp. 281-292); Robert Brentano, "Localism and Longevity: The Example of the Chapter of Rieti in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries" (pp. 293-310); and Charles McCurry, "Utilia Metensia: Local Benefices for the Papal Curia, 1212-c. 1370" (pp. 311323). Each of the articles is meticulously annotated and the volume contains a four-part Index: Proper Names, Legal Citations as Contained in the Text, Biblical Citations, and Manuscripts. Overall, a work of high quality.


The development tendency of civil and military aviation is prospected and the main research direction of the civil and military aircraft is summarized. The key aeronautical technologies facing to the 21 century are briefly described and proposed:such as aerodynamics, advanced Propelling technology, advanced aviation materials,aviation electronics and control technology,as well as modern manufacturing technology,etc.


The Nyang River is located in an area sensitive to global climate change, the climate warming changes and human activities have impacted the fragile ecosystem of Plateau Rivers, for which we analyzed the bacterial diversity, community structure characteristics and main influencing factors in the surface sediments of 7 sampling sites in the middle and lower of the Nyang River in Tibet which is in China by high-throughput sequencing technology. The study showed that the abundance of bacterial community in the surface sediments of the middle and lower reaches of the Nyang River that is S1 (upstream of the junction of Bahe Town), S2 (Bahe River), S3 (downstream of the junction of Bahe Town), S4 (upstream of Duobu Hydropower Station), S5 (downstream of Duobu Hydropower Station), S6 (upstream of Bayi Town), S7 (downstream of Bayi Town). The abundance of bacterial community and bacterial diversity at S2 site are relatively high, and the bacterial diversity and abundance of the 7 sampling sites are lower than those of other areas. Five dominant bacteria phyla, including Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and seven dominant bacteria genera, including Exiguobacterium, Hymenobacter, Hyphomicrobium, Leptolyngbya_FYG, Phormidesmis_ANT. L52.6, Tychonema_CCAP_1459-11B were extracted from the surface sediments of the middle and lower reaches of the Nyang River in the dry season. There were significant differences in the dominant bacteria among the samples. Further study found that the influencing factors were flow velocity, environmental factors and nutrients in descending order.


A parallel analysis of ethane & acetaldehyde trace gas emission from rice seedlings under oxidative stress yields real time information on the onset of the fermentation process upon decreasing the oxygen concentration; at slightly higher oxygen concentrations, lipid peroxidation is observed due to failing defense against reactive oxygen radicals. This lipid peroxidation is shown to become a determining factor for the survival chance of the rice seedlings exposed to flash floods.


Das, S., Rudra, R.P., Gharabaghi, B., Gebremeskel, S., Goel, P.K. and Dickinson, W.T. 2008. Applicability of AnnAGNPS for Ontario conditions. Canadian Biosystems Engineering/Le génie des biosystèmes au Canada 50: 1.1 1.11. In the current exploration of source water protection in Canada, a number of watershed models are being evaluated by different provincial and municipal organizations. The Annualized Agricultural Nonpoint Source model (AnnAGNPS), widely used in the USA, was evaluated in the Canagagigue watershed situated in the Grand River basin of southern Ontario. The model was run for a period of ten years (1991-2000) to simulate the hydrology and sediment yield from nonpoint sources. Data for the first five years (1991-1995) were used for calibration and that for the last five years (1996-2000) for validation. The hydrology component of the model performed very well for the calibration and validation phases, while the sediment component performed better during the calibration phase than the validation phase. The results of this study also indicated that the hydrology and sediment components need improvement for winter and early spring periods. The possible approaches to handle this situation may be to adjust the monthly curve number values and the RUSLE parameters.


Based on the complicacy, dynamic and multiple influential elements of habitation environment,it is proposed that the movement of habitation environment system by modern cybernetics be studied and controlled. The point of view of the habitation environment grand system is posed with discussion of the content and structure of artificial environment system, natural environment system and humanistic environment system.It is recommended that structure optimization, feed-back control and functional analogousness method be used to promote the development of habitation environment grand system.


This paper presents a theoretical study on permeability of a regular structure composed of twenty spherical nanoparticles of the same size. The numerical solution is constructed using turn-based schemes of higher-order accuracy. The interaction between structure elements and moving molecules is determined by the V.Y. Rudyak and S.L. Krasnolutsky potential. It was found, that the tested model structure has the helium permeability to four times more than for methane.


The work attempted to analyze vulnerabilities and adaptation responses of smallholder farmers in the Upper and Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority areas (U & LNRBDA). Qualitative data was used in this study. The qualitative data was collected using questionnaire method. One thousand and two hundred questionnaires (1200) were administered out of which one thousand and one hundred and twenty-four (1124) were returned for analysis. The research findings revealed that there is high level of climate change awareness in the study area. A significant number of the smallholder farmers attested to the fact that they were aware of the changing climate-increasing temperatures, unpredictable, erratic, heavy and increasing rainfall, late onset and early retreat of rains. This is validated by the various empirical studies in the region. Smallholder farmers in the study areas really possess knowledge of the impacts of climate change and variability which helped them to cope with climate change and variability. They were able to identify their areas of vulnerability and appropriate adaptation options in their own capacity. It is recommended that the government needs to build on their capacity, knowledge and practices to enhance resilience of the smallholder farmers and for sustainability of adaptation strategies to climate change and variability.


Authentications and encryptions are urgently needed by the growing number of hardware devices for security applications of the Internet of Things (IoT). However, the existing cryptographic solutions may not be applicable to IoT devices because of the strict timing and power requirements of the devices. As a result, Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) is a promising hardware primitive to provide security in existing and future IoT applications due to it is lower hardware cost and energy efficient. In this paper, we propose an innovated application of PUF as an entropy pump to improve the entropy. Furthermore, we apply the PUF-based entropy pump in a password enhancement application for embedded IoT devices. We confirmed that an overall 48% significant improvement on the entropy of the human-generated passwords. The proposed design is demonstrated on the Nexys 4 DDR FPGA board with low hardware overhead, which ensures the feasibility for IoT applications.


Pan-European movement from beginnings of 20's to beginnings of
70's and the Russian problem, respectively Russian danger.
Russia as a non-European element. Diferences and identity of
ideas of R. Coudenhove-Kalergi, T. G. Masaryk, F. Nitti, C.
Sforza, Ch. de Gaulle on the Russian problem. Russia remained
for Coudenhove-Kalergi a northern Asian power, where it had its
center of power. In its relation to Europe, Russia must either
rule over Europe or remain outside of it. The concept of a
Greater Europe encompassing Russia is suicidal.


Objective To discuss the relationship between microalbuminuria(MAU) and antioxidant activity of plasma hyper density lipoprotein(HDL) in hypertensive patients, and investigate whether MAU could be a predictor of HDL antioxidant activity. Method From December 2007 to March 2009, sixty consecutive primary hypertensive patients from the inpatient and outpatient departments of West China Hospital and Sichuan Electric Power Central Hospital were included in the study, and 30 healthy volunteers served as controls. MAU, plasma HDL and paraoxonase(PON1) activity were tested. Results PON1 activity was lower in hypertensive patients than the controls(P 0.05), and this degree of decline was positively related to MAU(P 0.05). Conclusion MAU refl ects PON1 activity in hypertensive patients and can be a predictor to judge plasma HDL function in patients with hypertension.


The national direct payment scheme has been introduced to give disabled people more personal control over care and support needs. I have cerebral palsy, and have been a user of direct payments for just under ten years. On the whole, the scheme has given me far more independence by allowing me to receive personal care when I choose, but there are demands and areas that I think have a negative impact and that need changing. The importance of this improved independence is more significant as I have a professional career and it, too, makes demands and responsibilities on my time.


The purpose of this study was to determine the level of efficiency and effectiveness of regional government expenditure  in Bengkulu city. The analysis tools used to determine the implementation of regional government expenditure that is by using a descriptive elaboration which include; data reduction, data presentation, and  drawing conclusions/verification. Meanwhile,  to determine the level of effectiveness and efficiency of regional government expenditure, by using the ratio of the efficiency and effectiveness. The results of efficiency analysis of regional government expenditure showed that  the average of the calculation of the overall efficiency level formulation is 98%, this indicates that the level of efficiency is still low because the result is more than 80%. This suggests that local  government is  still wasteful  in using  the budget. The     results     of analysis     of the     effectiveness     of government spending  showed that the calculation of the effectiveness  of regional government expenditure  formulation of Bengkulu city in the period year of 2008 to 2017 fluctuate with the average  rate of effectiveness of 93%.  This  it  means that the level of effectiveness of regional government expenditure in the Bengkulu city is   already   effective,    this    is   indicated from the results of calculations which show figure more than 90%. Keywords: Efficiency and Effectiveness: Regional Finance, Regional Expenditure


With the rise of knowledge-based economy,high-tech industry clusters and their ability to innovate become the key reason for regional development.According to the tacit knowledge and knowledge spillover theory proposed,more and more academia begin to pay attention to the new view of Dimensions of Proximity in order to explore the essential factors to the innovation of high-tech industry cluster.From the view of Dimensions of Proximity,this article analyzes how those proximities usually work on the innovation of high-tech industrial cluster,and serve a theoretical mechanism for this process.After a discussion on the mechanism between high-tech industry cluster innovation and proximities,this article proposes four hypotheses of the relationships between the geographical proximity,cognitive proximity and cluster innovation,and each of these relations is transformed into mathematical formula expression.Based on the data of national software industrial parks of China in recent five years,two methods are used in the empirical tests: artificial neural network and ordinary least squares(OLS).According to the comparison among theoretical mechanism and two empirical analysis results,this paper finally draws four conclusions as follows.Firstly,during the development period and mature period of high-tech industrial cluster development,geographic proximity has a positive influence on innovation performance of high-tech industrial cluster,but the marginal effects for this are decreasing with the development of cluster.Secondly,cognitive proximity has an active influence on cluster innovation.Moreover,the learning on external knowledge can promote the increase of innovation very much.Fourthly,the direct investment on research and development can enforce the capacity of innovation,but the marginal return for this is decreasing.


Sports psychology has an important role for athletes, especially in influencing athletes' performance. So we need a test to measure the level of psychology in taekwondo athletes. This study aims to determine the level of psychology in taekwondo athletes. There were 12 respondents who filled in the complete data. This research is a descriptive study with a survey method. The results showed that the level of psychology is as follows: Results of psychological testing research minimum value = 96; maximum value = 140; average test results = 115.5833333; median = 111. The average value that is owned is that shows that the majority of the psychology level of taekwondo athletes is categorized well.


SUBTITLE: FOR SOME US AIRPORTS THE 'FEDERAL AIPORT PRIVATIZATION PILOT PROGRAM' IS THEIR BEST HOPE FOR A NEW LEASE OF LIFE.


With the development of information technology,embedded systems have become a very hot topic in IT industry.Embedded system is a newly-developed product produced by the combination of such advanced technologies as computer technology,communications technology,microelectronic technology,voice,image data transmission technology and their specific objects.In this paper,the technical characteristics,the development of design process,architecture,as well as hardware and software design methods of the system are analyzed in details.


The synthesis of six thiadiazole nucleoside analogs is reported: 5-diacetylamino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-one (1), 5-amino-2- (tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-one (2), 5-amino-3-[(2′-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-one (3), 5-amino-3-(4′-hydroxy-2′-hydroxymethyl-butyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thione (4), (R)-5-amino-3-(2′,3′-dihydroxypropyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thione (5), and (S)-5-amino-3-(2′,3′-dihydroxypropyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thione (6). The synthesis, characterization, and properties of these new synthesized thiadiazole derivatives are discussed. A dimerization of 5-amino-3H-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thione (14) by sodium nitrite resulting in di-(5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) disulfide (19) is also reported. The preliminary in vitro evaluation of these newly synthesized compounds is discussed.


Context: Participation in athletics includes an inherent risk of injury related to the nature of the games and activities of the players. Objective: The objective was to determine the effect of Throwers Ten (Throw10) on the shoulder mobility of overhead-throwing athletes. The Functional Movement ScreeningTM (FMS) was utilized to measure mobility to permit its developers to assert that it can be used to practically and accurately identify vulnerable athletes. In addition, the Throw 10 was designed to strengthen the shoulder girdle of an overhead-throwing athlete. Design: Randomized Control Trial Setting: Field-based investigation. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I softball players (age range 19.6 +1.04 years; Classification: Freshmen=8, Sophomore= 5, Junior=4, Senior= 3; height: 166.37 + 5.17cm; throwing hand right (R)= 19, left (L)=1; batting stance R=10, L=10) without a history of shoulder pain in the previous six months volunteered to participate in this investigation. Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group and control group. Intervention(s): FMS scores were examined before and after six weeks of Throw 10 training when compared to a control group. Main Outcome Measure(s): Each participant completed the FMS pre-test and post-test and the ten participants in the experimental group utilized the Throw 10 as an intervention for six weeks between the pre-test and post-test. The remaining ten participants did not complete the Throw 10 during the six-week intervention.


The risk attitude of decision maker by using utility function was described,and the applications of utility theory in pricing of insurance products and determining the optimal insure mode was discussed in the paper.


This paper presents a robust digital redesign (DR) method for an observer-based control for a class of uncertain linear systems. The DR problem can be reduced to find the digital fuzzy gains minimizing the norm distance between the closed-loop states of the analog and digital control systems. Also, the robust stability is well guaranteed in the proposed DR procedure. Its constructive conditions are expressed as the linear matrix inequalities (LMIs).


While the topics of transforming higher education, social justice, leadership, and the various factors impacting leadership have been extensively studied and examined, little research exists regarding the experiences and leadership styles of Asian Pacific Islander (API) women as it relates to these topics. The authors aspire in this chapter to address this research gap by offering insights and perspectives as API women and senior-level student affairs professionals. Understanding that there is a correlation between ethnic identity and leadership style, the authors provide their experience and stories of how they have been shaped as leaders and how their leadership contributes to the transformation of higher education in today's contested times.


Introduction Distant voice-based human-machine interaction (HMI) can be exposed to varying environmental conditions. The influence of an increasing speaker-to-microphone distance (SMD) that reduces the signal-to-noise ratio of speech and noise [1], in addition to changing speech directions induce varying acoustic effects onto the captured signal. Consequently, acoustic features are degraded. Furthermore, the performance of speech emotion recognition is compromised by previously unseen conditions, which is typically due to a mismatch between a recognition system's training and testing distribution. Therefore, a lot of effort is put in the matching of training conditions and test conditions. Remarkable progress has been made in distant-speech-recognition (DSR) [6, 7]. However, transferring knowledge from DSR to distant-speech-emotionrecognition (DSER) is only moderately possible.


In this paper, the annealing effects on the magnetic properties of a multifilamentary Cu–15vol%Nb composite were investigated. During vacuum annealing, noticeable changes take place in the microstructure, mostly the partial spheroidization and further coarsening of the niobium filaments. Results show that spheroidization becomes noticeable at about 700 °C and, even after annealing at severe conditions, e.g. 1050 °C for 32 h, the continuity of the niobium-conducting path is partially preserved. The influence of these microstructural changes on the magnetic properties of the multifilamentary Cu–Nb composite conductor is discussed.


In this study, I propose an imaging method, SI-RTM, for a direct subsurface imaging from passive seismic data by imple-menting the reverse time migration (RTM) with a concept of the seismic interferometry (SI). The RTM based on a two-way wave equation is a powerful imaging technique in reflection seismic survey for complex subsurface structures, while it takes higher computational cost than conventional migration methods. The RTM principle is represented an imaging condition that the reflected or scattered waves are focused on the imaging points by time integrating the product of two extrapolated wavefields at same recording time; the forward extrapolated wavefield of source wavelet from a source point and the backward extrapolated wavefield of the recorded seismic data from receiver points. The SI is generally used for a redatuming or a signal extraction by crosscorrelating the different seismic traces in a data domain, then the synthesized waveforms are analyzed for wavefield characterization or processed for the subsurface imaging. The SI-RTM could be recognized as a wavefield interference in an image domain. Instead of the wavefield extrapolation in the conventional RTM, arbitrary time-windowed seismic record is propagated forwards from a receiver point which become a virtual source and is propagated backwards from other receiver points. If any multiple reflecting waves between the surface and the reflection boundaries satisfy the imaging condition, the reflected energy will be focused on subsurface reflection points. The imaging process corresponds to the wavefield extrapolation with a velocity model and interference in the image domain simul-taneously. In this study, I evaluated the SI-RTM algorithm by a two-dimensional numerical simulation. Two kinds of synthetic passive seismic data were generated by a finite difference elastic wave modeling; (a) local earthquakes data, and (b) ambient seismic noise data which contain body waves randomly generated. The SI-RTM was implemented under acoustic wavefield condition. Both the test results show validity of the imaging algorithm of SI-RTM. The SI-RTM needs a velocity model for wavefield extrapolation and takes high computational cost which is dependent on the data volume and the size of a target area. However, it enables us to achieve the direct seismic imaging without source informa-tion, and it improves analysis method of the passive seismic data by not only the SI record synthesized in the data domain but also the SI profiles in the image domain when it is difficult to recognize the significant phase on the SI virtual source record. In the engineering aspect, this method will contributes to beneficial use of the passive seismic data in any monitoring projects. In the future work, realistic problems will be overcome by continuing field data study, including further applications such as the imaging of multi-component passive seismic data.


Extensive qualitative interviews were conducted with 20 first-generation college students. Profound changes to the students resulting from exposure to academic liberal arts course content were documented. Specifically, this study explores evident thematic trends and specific examples of how liberal arts course work provided students with profound senses of freedom and liberation from emotional/psychological issues and ideological/political constraints. Exactly how exposure and learning resulted in these changes, and what these changes mean to the individual students, is explored in detail. What faculty can do to more effectively teach and retain these students is also discussed.


Value Engineering and its application in coating preparation in foundry workshop were introduced in this article. Applying value engineering in foundry industry can improve its products quality and get economic benefits.


Objective
To build an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) of the medical selection for the high performance fighter pilot.

Methods
According to the consulting results from aeromedical experts, an AHP model and expert′s judgment matrix were built and checked upon the consistency. Then, the relative weights of evaluation indexes were calculated. The method was preliminarily applied in the medical selection of high performance fighter pilot.

Results
An AHP evaluation model of medical selection for high performance fighter pilot was constructed, including 5 first level indexes of basic physiological function, flight physiological endurance, psychological basis, mental ability, physical fitness and ergonomics, and 23 second level indexes. The relative weights of 5 first level indexes were 0.172 8, 0.224 1, 0.178 5, 0.289 1 and 0.135 5 corresponding to basic physiological function, flight physiological endurance, psychological basis, mental ability, physical fitness and ergonomics. The model was applied to comprehensively evaluate the physiological and psychological indexes of 16 hight performance fighter pilot candidates. The scores in turn from high to low were 7.79, 7.45, 7.24, 7.17, 7.15, 6.92, 6.81, 6.59, 6.24, 6.02, 5.96, 5.85, 5.83, 5.71, 5.26 and 5.20.

Conclusions
The AHP provides new method and reference to high performance fighter pilot selection and the application accumulates data and experience for other objective evaluation researches.

Key words:
Personnel selection; Methods; Comprehensive evaluation; Analytic hierarchy process model; Pilots


Rapid charging of lithium-ion batteries has become a major bottleneck for the large-scale deployment of electric vehicles. In this article, a charging optimization method is proposed for lithium ion batteries based on their aging characteristic, which takes charging time and temperature rise into consideration. An electric-thermal battery model is utilized to estimate the battery temperature during charging. A search for the optimal charging current pattern is performed using a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm combined with fuzzy reasoning. The experiments are conducted on batteries with different aging states to verify the proposed method. Besides, the proposed method is compared with traditional constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) charging method. Results show that the proposed charging strategy has advantages on maximum temperature rise maintenance and charging speed improvement for aged batteries with unknown aging state. The proposed charging method provides a way for aged batteries charging considering charging time and temperature rise.


'Food democracy' suggests that building a policy environment within which a community food system can thrive relies on a politically engaged citizenry. Across North America, civic-oriented groups are conducting grass-roots projects to develop community food systems. Projects are addressing issues such as local food security, healthy food access, and agriculture economic development. Local governments are paying increasing attention to this new policy arena; however, policy environments that support these projects are often lacking. Using the advocacy coalition framework (ACF), this paper presents the case of Franklin County, Ohio to illustrate how a civically-oriented group transitioned into an advocacy coalition. A food policy audit was used as a tool to develop technical knowledge that translated the Franklin County Local Food Council's mission and objectives to political asks, resulting in a policy agenda. Through the audit process, the council identified and secured additional coalition members and increased the local governance capacity to create a healthy food policy environment. The ACF provides evidence-based framework that can be used elsewhere to evaluate the policy readiness of an FPC. Further, from a practical standpoint, I further the discussion about the utility of a local food policy audit.


Optimization of structural components leads to higher performing designs, by reducing unnecessary cost and increasing the efficient use of material. The structural optimization process is a rigorous iterative time-consuming process. Developments within algorithmic aided design (AAD) tools have made it easier for structural engineers to achieve automation of optimization routines. Generative design (GD) provides optimization routines which can aid in the pursuit of optimal solutions, given a set of criteria. The use of GD in combination with finite element analysis (FEA), to optimize structural design, has yet to see noticeable adoption within the structural engineering community. This paper discusses two illustrative cases to demonstrate how GD tools have been applied to optimize structures at the conceptual phase. The results have been validated using FEM-design software. A workflow has been proposed, based on the lessons learnt from the cases. This workflow inherits characteristics that, when followed, yielded consistent and reliable results.


We present direct observational constraints on the orbital distribution of the stars in the giant elliptical NGC 2320. Long-slit spectra along multiple position angles are used to derive the stellar line-of-sight velocity distribution within one effective radius, Reff. In addition, the rotation curve and dispersion profile of an ionized gas disk are measured from the [O III] emission lines. After correcting for the asymmetric drift, we derive the circular velocity of the gas, which provides an independent constraint on the gravitational potential. To interpret the stellar motions, we build axisymmetric three-integral dynamical models based on an extension of the Schwarzschild orbit-superposition technique. We consider two families of gravitational potential, one in which the mass follows the light (i.e., no dark matter) and one with a logarithmic gravitational potential. Using χ2 statistics, we compare our models to both the stellar and gas data to constrain the value of the V-band mass-to-light ratio, ϒV. We find ϒV = 15.0 ± 0.6 h75 for the mass-follows-light models and ϒV = 17.0 ± 0.7 h75 for the logarithmic models. For the latter, ϒV is defined within a sphere of 15′′ radii. Models with radially constant ϒV and logarithmic models with dark matter provide comparably good fits to the data and possess similar dynamical structure. Across the full range of ϒV permitted by the observational constraints, the models are radially anisotropic in the equatorial plane over the radial range of our kinematical data (1′′ ≲ r ≲ 40′′). Along the true minor axis, they are more nearly isotropic. The best fitting model has σr/σtotal ≃ 0.7, σϕ/σtotal ≃ 0.5-0.6, and σθ/σtotal ≃ 0.5 in the equatorial plane.


1. Positive Specific Feedback. This type of feedback states precisely what one or more students are doing well. • "Class, you are stopping with your legs apart and knees bent." • "Bonnie, you were making eye contact with others while you were running." 2. Positive General Feedback. This type of feedback consists of nonspecific comments that tell one or more students that they are doing well. Positive general feedback is normally directed at encouraging the students' performance or behavior. • "Good job, Martha." • "That's the way to do it, class." 3. Corrective Specific Feedback. This type of feedback states precisely what one or more students need to change. • "Raul, please stop with your legs apart and knees bent." • "Class, please run inside the boundaries." 4. Corrective General Feedback. This type of feedback consists of nonspecific comments that inform one or more students that they are performing a skill incorrectly or that their behavior is inappropriate. Corrective general feedback tends to be unclear and thus may discourage and frustrate students. Corrective general feedback is considered ineffective. • "Don't do it that way, Kim." • "Class, you are not doing that right." A ssessmen t is a valuable tool for enhancing learning. Ongoing systematic assessment of student progress throughout the preservice education program has been recognized asa critical objective of physical education teacher preparation programs (Rink, 1998; Siedentop & Tannehill, 2000). The California State University-Long Beach (CSULB) Kinesiology and Physical Education (KPE) pedagogy faculty recognized the need for consistent ongoing student assessment throughout the teacher preparation program. Over a six-year period, the pedagogy faculty implemented the following five-step plan designed to provide preservice teachers with the opportunity to systematically assess their teaching behaviors: 1. Identify and define the teaching behaviors to be systematically assessed. 2. Develop a plan to consistently teach, reinforce, and assess the behaviors in key pedagogy courses. 3. Modify existing instruments to systematically assess each of the identified teaching behaviors and develop a method for graphing preservice teacher progress throughout the sequence of key pedagogy courses. 4. Develop a common set of thought-provoking questions to be answered in each of the sequential courses. 5. Develop guidelines for including students' personal assessment material into their KPE pedagogy portfolio. The purpose of this article is to present this five-step plan for implementing ongoing, systematic self-assessment of preservice physical educators' teaching behaviors.


Transparent, conductive cadmium stannate (Cd2SnO4) thin films were successfully prepared by the dip-coating method. Smooth Cd2SnO4 thin films up to 200 nm thick were obtained by a single dip-coating procedure. The resistivity of the crystalline Cd2SnO4 thin films fired above 550°C for 1h, was 2-4×10-3 Ω·cm. Conductive amorphous films were also obtained at 500°C. The transmittance of the Cd2SnO4 thin films was 70 to 80% in the wavelength range from 550 to 1100 nm


The invention discloses a mud scraping device and a road roller. The mud scraping device comprises a mud scraping mechanism, a connecting mechanism and a tightening mechanism, wherein the mud scraping mechanism is provided with a mud scraping plate; one end of the connecting mechanism is articulated with a vehicle frame of the road roller, and the other end of the connecting mechanism is provided with the mud scraping mechanism; one end of the tightening mechanism is connected with the vehicle frame, and the other end of the tightening mechanism is connected with the connecting mechanism or the mud scraping mechanism; the tightening mechanism is used for enabling the mud scraping plate and a steel wheel surface of the road roller to be fit. The tightening mechanism arranged on the mud scraping device provided by the invention is used for tightening the mud scraping mechanism, so as to ensure that the mud scraping plate and the steel wheel are at the fit state further, that is, the clearance between the mud scraping plate and the steel wheel is regulated automatically through the tightening mechanism, so that frequency manual regulation is not required even though the mud scraping plate is abraded; and the mud scraping device and the road roller are simple and convenient to operate, and save labor and material resources.


In this paper, we consider a multi-attribute technician routing and scheduling problem motivated from an application for the repair of electronic transaction equipment. This problem consists in routing technicians to serve requests for service, while taking into account many attributes like technician skills, task priorities, multiple time windows, parts inventory, breaks and overtime. A mixed integer programming model is proposed to address this problem, which is then solved with a commercial solver. The computational results explore the difficulty of the problem along various dimensions and underline its inherent complexity.


Brown Boveri supplied and installed the electric traction components, the general vehicle equipment and the coach heating and ventilation systems for 15 new class BM/BS92 two-coach trainsets of the Norwegian State Railways. The direct voltage link used in Brown Boveri's three-phase drive systems acts as a highly versatile busbar which can be used for different, parallel supply circuits and for power distribution when motorcoach compositions are formed. As a result, new options are presented for a more economical solution to railway transport duties.


This paper notes that claims against the state are a serious problem in Louisiana, and recommends better communication between legal and engineering divisions of state highway agencies. Changes in Lousiana jurisprudence account for much of the increase, the courts having processed to what is called "strict liability." Proposed legislative remedies such as limitation of liability or legislative restoration of the "notice" requirements have been unsuccessful. Engineering prevention of defects that cause these accidents is seen as the only other solution. Louisiana's legal division started a program to transmit copies of each new suit received to the district offices for any available information on file that might aid in defense. Additionally, the engineering division has developed a computer program to classify the types of accident by type of defect.


Controllers based on Synchronous Finite State Machines (SFSM) are widely used in the control unit design of complex digital systems. These systems can present serious problems related to the global clock. In this context, the asynchronous paradigm shows interesting features that fit as an alternative for the design, despite of the difficulties of the application of asynchronous logic. An interesting architecture for the Asynchronous Finite State Machines Asynchronous (AFSM) is based on local clock, because it reduces the requirements of asynchronous logic. This paper proposes a new architecture of local clock to AFSMs, which is described by a popular specification known as Extended Burst-Mode (XBM). This architecture has a better cycle time when compared to other local clock architectures. Also, the paper proposes a "necessary and sufficient" condition for the local clock AFSMs on the proposed architecture to be synthesized completely by the use of conventional tools. Through a case study, we present the architecture, its robustness, the synthesis procedure and compare it with other local clock architectures, highlighting its advantages.


On Sundays and holidays, the Brothers of the Common Life would invite laypeople to their House and offer them some spiritual instructions by reading vernacular religious texts to them. This practice of collatio has received little attention in recent scholarship. By invoking the paradigm of the 'community of learning' this article hopes to offer a tentative exploration of the collatio and the possibilities for further research it offers. Proposing a general reconstruction of the overall nature of the discussion, the interaction and the close distance between the urban laypeople and the Brothers of the Common Life will be stressed. Two books of collations will allow for an examination of the topics to be discussed during the collatio and the way in which they were to be treated. The collatio provided laypeople with applicable religious thought: religious instructions they could fruitfully apply to their daily lives. Moreover, the collatio communicated the message that select religious knowledge should be available to laypeople, and that laypeople should actively seek out opportunities to acquire such learning. As laypeople were active participants in the urban religious landscape – for instance visiting sermons, reading vernacular religious texts, or forming personal relations with the local clergy – the collatio simultaneously responded to a lay demand for religious knowledge and offered the Brothers of the Common Life a chance to reach out to an urban audience.


The unprecedented problems caused by high-tech reveal both man's natural cognitive limitations and the philosophical imperfections of world view and values-the foundation of humanities,which calls for a breakthrough in the entire paradigm of philosophical study.With Bacon's exposition of "idols",we could see clearly the deep-rooted anthropocentrism,the "unconscious" subjective metaphysics,lack of reflection in the popular views,the bottleneck of conventional philosophy,etc.existing in the views on hi-tech.In a way,the high-tech field could serve as a starting point for philosophical innovation as the frontier issues generated by science and technology also mean an opportunity of thought renewal.


Objective To investigate the effect of nursing of Maternal Incision After Caesarean Section. Methods Clinical data of 78 patients in our hospital from June 2014 to December 2014 were retrospectively analyzed, summarized nursing effect. Results 78 patients underwent a series of scientific and effective care measures from the preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative periods, promoted the healing of the incision, 6 ~ 13 days after hospitalization, all of the 78 patients were healed and discharged. Conclusion Caesarean incision care is an important part of gynecology and obstetrics care, it can reduce hospitalization time, improve patient' satisfaction.


Objective:To explore the treatment and curative effect by using microwave in department of otolaryngology-head and neck surgery.Methods:Form June 2006 to June 2011,2568 patients were treated by microwave in which curative effect was contrastively analysed.Results:According to evaluation of the standard treatment of disease,recovery was 2108(82.1%) cases,effectiveness was 382(14.9%) cases and ineffectiveness was 78(3%) cases.Conclusion:Microwave treatment in department of otolaryngology-head and neck surgery is wide range of applications,reliable effects and convenient operation.


In this article, some crucial information is given in regard to superconductivity. The advancement in high temperature superconductivity is believed to solve the problem of energy crisis. So, intensive research in this part of physics is recommended. Actually, Cooper pairs of electrons are responsible for superconductivity.


Major technical issues involving the integration of distributed photovoltaics (PV) into electric utility systems are defined and their impacts are described quantitatively. An extensive literature search, interviews, and analysis yielded information about the work in progress and highlighted problem areas in which additional work and research are needed. The findings from the literature search were used to determine whether satisfactory solutions to the problems exist or whether satisfactory approaches to a solution are underway. During this study, it was discovered that very few standards, specifications, or guidelines currently exist that will aid industry in integrating PV into the utility system. Specific areas of concern identified in this study are: (1) protection, (2) stability, (3) system unbalance, (4) voltage regulation and reactive power requirements, (5) harmonics, (6) utility operations, (7) safety, (8) metering, and (9) distribution system planning and design.


Circular economy is an important concept aimed at reducing the level of use of resources and waste, has a significant potential for ensuring the efficiency of the economy. The article examines current trends in the development of the circular economy in the world. It emphasizes the growing awareness of the problems of the traditional economy and the use of resources and the impact on the environment, which leads to changes in the consumption and production of goods. Legislative support for the circular economy is growing, including the introduction of CO2 taxes and standards for manufacturers. It describes innovations and technological advances that contribute to the efficient use of resources, such as smart sorting systems and advanced recycling methods. Also noted is the expansion of business models, where companies pay attention to high usability, ease of repair and reuse of products. The article emphasizes the expansion of the global market of secondary raw materials, the involvement of consumers and international cooperation. In particular, common standards, regulatory frameworks and financial support for the development of circular models in different countries are discussed. The prospects for the development of the circular economy in megacities and its application in the food and textile industries are substantiated. In the context of local development, the circular economy becomes an important component, contributing to sustainable economic growth, creating jobs and improving the quality of life of residents. It has been determined that the circular economy is gaining more and more importance in the world, there is a growing awareness of the need to change the way of production and consumption in order to reduce the negative impact on the environment and ensure the sustainable use of resources. Trends in the development of the circular economy include legislative support, innovation and technological progress, the expansion of the global market for secondary raw materials, consumer involvement and international cooperation. The main trends in the development of the circular economy are systematized, which can be useful for researchers, businesses, government bodies and the public, who are interested in promoting sustainable development and saving resources.


There are many things that must be prepared for the elderly when facing retirement, so that they can live healthy, active and independent. This paper aims to explore and describe the empowerment and development of elderly potential, they should be able to determine the career options after entering retirement. The article uses a qualitative approach writing, data are analised through descriptive technique. This paper is based on the discovery of a problematic condition associated with the elderly and retired, the empowerment and development of elderly potential facing retirement. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that cause variety of problems that arise in order to provide practical solutions. The result is that there are three things for the elderly to the empowerment and development their potential career. First, to continue his career in accordance with the career of origin, same institution and place or in different place but same plane. Second, continue his career outside the home career path with self-employed and services. Third, enjoying retirement by increasing the worship, close to the family, do their hoby and socializing. It can be concluded that the empowerment and development potential of the elderly is an effort to learn about and appreciate the process of life long career when facing retirement.


Supplemental oxygen is recommended during the initial treatment of trauma patients according to several guidelines, but the supporting evidence is sparse. We aimed to describe the use of supplemental oxygen and occurrence of hyperoxemia in the initial phase of trauma management at two level 1 trauma centers, TC1 and TC2.


Visual feature extraction is the key to target localization, reconstruction and estimation. SIFT feature extraction algorithm has good adaptability and high computational complexity. In this paper, a parallel accelerated implementation of real-time extraction of visual SIFT features is designed. A parallel pipelined computing architecture is designed for the general SIFT computing process, and the data access is accelerated by combining DDR3, Block RAM and register three-level cache. Fixed-point computing is used in the computing modules of large data streams such as Gaussian pyramid, differential pyramid and extreme value detection. Hybrid precision is used in gradient histogram, feature description and matching process. When it comes to the calculation of exponential and trigonometric functions, the series expansion and table lookup method are adopted to effectively reduce the logic and storage occupation. In this paper, the design architecture and data information flow of each SIFT calculation module are given, and the whole design is verified experimentally in XC7K325. The results show that the design for 1024X1024 pixel image can reach 100 frames of calculation speed, power consumption is not more than 12W. The SIFT descriptor error is less than 1%, which ensures the calculation error of the system while the resources are effectively utilized.


Abstract. Changes in woody vegetation were examined over eight years, using a 1.05-ha permanent plot in which the location of every shrub and tree > 1m height was mapped. There was little change in the overstory vegetation, as expected for an old-growth forest. Much greater change occurred in the understory, primarily related to a 40 % increase in density. Differences occurred among species in the under-story, as Acer saccharum and Prunus serotina increased and Fraxinus americana and Fagus grandifolia decreased. Canopy gap dynamics are implicated in differences among species in the establishment and growth of individuals in the understory and their recruitment into the overstory. It is concluded that because understory is temporally variable, overstory recruitment from the understory may take different courses at different times in the same forest.


Noninvasive on-skin electrodes record the electrical potential changes from human skin, which reflect body condition and are applied for healthcare, sports management, and modern lifestyle. However, current on-skin electrodes have poor conformal properties under sweaty condition in real-life because of decreased electrode-skin adhesion with sweat film at the interface. Here, we fabricated biocomposite electrodes based on silk fibroin (SF) through interfacial polymerization, which is applicable on sweaty skin. Interfacial polymerized conductive polypyrrole (PPy) and SF are structurally interlocked and endow the whole electrode with uniform stretchability. Existence of water results in similar Young's modulus of SF to the skin and enhanced interfacial adhesion. It keeps the electrodes conformal to skin under sweaty condition and allows reliable collection of ambulatory electrophysiological signals during sports and sweating. Wearable devices with these electrodes were used to acquire continuous and stable real-time electrocardiography (ECG) signals during running for 2 h. The collected signals can provide information for sports management and are also analyzed by artificial intelligence to show their potential for intelligent human emotion monitoring. Our strategy provides opportunities to record long-term continuous electrophysiological signals in real-life conditions for various smart monitoring systems.


An issue that may arise for both the plaintiff and defendant in a patent dispute involving pharmaceutical technology concerns the risks associated with selling an allegedly infringing product prior to the dispute being resolved. The plaintiff has the option to seek a preliminary injunction. Deciding whether to grant an injunction involves fact specific analysis. The economic components in such an analysis, which are addressed in this report, are: assessing whether the plaintiff will suffer irreparable harm without an injunction, measuring the balance of harms to the plaintiff and defendant, and evaluating whether the public interest will be served by an injunction.


A new realisation of adaptive processor using the rectangular transform is reported which provides exceptionally simple computation. Fast convergence simulations are presented for an initial 30-point processor which employs circular convolution.


The surface dilational viscoelasticity properties of nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ethers solutions, NP-8, NP-10 and NP-12, were investigated by Langmuir trough method. The influences of concentration and the number of polyoxyethylene groups on the surface dilational properties were expounded. It is shown that the surface dilational elasticity increased with the increase of frequency, while dilational viscosity passed through an indistinctive maximum. Surface dilational elasticity and viscosity passed through the distinctive maximum with the increase of bulk concentration and changed little with the increase of the number of polyoxyethylene groups from 8 to 12. The mechanisms responsible for the experimental results were discussed based on the relaxation processes existed in or near the surface. It showed that the arrangement of polyoxyethylene chain at the surface played an important role in film properties.


The newt species Triturus marmoratus and Triturus pygmaeus are both present in central Portugal where they have parapatric distributions. We used four genetic markers to determine which species was present in 31 populations. In the centre of the study area we found a T. marmoratus enclave. Despite small interpopulation distances, hybridization is locally rare. We built several models to try to explain this distribution using environmental data. The best model, chosen by Akaike's Information Criterion, relates the presence of T. marmoratus with the temperature in July, the relief of the landscape, and a higher use of the land for orchards. The current distribution can best be explained by T. pygmaeus expanding north and replacing T. marmoratus, the latter only persisting where ecological conditions are relatively favourable.


This study is part of the Crash Avoidance Metric Partnership (CAMP)/ NHTSA Forward Collision Warning (FCW) system program, which will eventually encompass a series of four human factors studies. The present study examines drivers' last-second braking and last-second steering (or lane-change) judgments. Drivers performed last-second braking and steering maneuvers under instructions for normal or hard intensity responses under a wide variety of vehicle-to-vehicle kinematic scenarios. This strategy of varying instruction during these last-second maneuvers was taken so that driver perceptions of normal and non-normal kinematics situations (or envelopes) could be properly identified and modeled for crash alert timing purposes. In addition, unlike previous CAMP work that only examined lead vehicle stationary and lead vehicle braking scenarios, the current study also included scenarios where the lead vehicle was moving at a slower but constant speed prior to the last-second maneuver. Results provided validation of the required deceleration model developed in the prior CAMP FCW project. In addition, a new model was developed, referred to as the 3-tiered inverse time-to-collision model. This promising model assumes the driver deceleration response (in response to the crash alert) is based on an inverse time-to-collision threshold that decreases linearly with speed.


Sample Courses and Course Materials in Agricultural Economics Supported in part by the National Science Foundation, the DLESE offers access to electronic materials in all aspects of earth science education, including agricultural economics, for both teachers and learners at all levels. Has searchable database with such materials as maps, images, online courses, field and lab activities, curriculum, and assessment. http://www.dlese.org/library/index.jsp [3]


To induce the deflection difference between existing and new decks in bridge widening construction under traffic load,the grillage finite element method is used to investigate the influence of four methods and their combinations on the deformation of concrete stitches.The four methods are traffic restriction,provision of temporary shear connectors between existing and new decks,provision of temporary supports under existing bridges,and segmental placement of concrete stitches.The results show that slight traffic restriction such as close of the lane adjacent to the concrete slabs is an effective way to reduce the deflection difference between existing and new decks.But if traffic restriction is solely adopted,all the lanes have to be closed 6 to 8 hours after the placement of the concrete connectors.The provision of temporary supports under existing bridges is more effective for deflection difference reduction of slabs than the provision of temporary shear connectors between existing and new decks,but it is limited by the condition of bridge field and high cost.The segmental placement of concrete stitches is also an effective method,but it may need long time.Regarding the combination of the four methods,the slight traffic restriction plus the provision of temporary shear connectors is a feasible and effective way to prevent cracking of concrete stitches.7 tabs,6 figs,13 refs.


Celebrity cultures are neither benign nor static, they have their own careers during and beyond the lives of their creators. While they are shaped primarily by creativity and sustained by market forces, as soon as celebrity is created it becomes a contested space and a power struggle ensues. This article explores the use of legal and quasi-legal actions in the shaping of celebrity culture as contested space. It draws upon an analysis of the post-mortem career of Elvis Presley to illustrate how our knowledge of Elvis has been formed by the various legal actions which assisted the passage of his name, image and likeness from the public to the private domain and also the various 'policing' governance strategies that have since been employed to maintain control over the use of his image. Central to the discussion is an exploration of the paradox of circulation and restriction, whereby the holder of an intellectual property right in a celebrity culture needs to circulate it in order to exploit its popularity and thus generate income streams, while simultaneously regulating the ways that the celebrity culture is consumed in order to maintain legal control over it in order to preserve those same income streams. The 'paradox' arises from the observation that, on the one hand, too much open circulation of a celebrity culture can lead to the development of secondary or even generic meaning that not only threatens the holder's exclusive rights over the property, but also has the potential to demean, debase or even destroy the overall integrity of the culture. On the other hand, too much restriction through over zealous control could effectively strangle the celebrity culture by killing off sensibilities of personal ownership and affiliation.


The disclosed building method for business channel in cross frequency-band network comprises: selecting target carrier frequency for MS in available frequency resource center combined overlapped sub-frequency-band; controlling MS to build business channel in target carrier frequency. It also discloses the relative devices, such as BSS and MS. This invention supports system capacity as five even six carrier frequency, and applies resource more effectively.


Stromatolites are found to be abundant in the thousand-meter-thick lower member of the Ganchaigou Formation and the lower Youshashan Formation in the Ganchaigou area, west Qaidam Basin. The stromatolites range in morpholog from domical, columnar, digitate, to polygonal types. The observations based on outcrops, thin sections and casting sections of the stromatolites, using various analytical techniques including analysis of capillary pressure curve and pattern analysis of pore structures, suggest that the stromatolites are of different pore structure closely related to the typical form, and the intraparticle pores and dissolution cavities are best developed, with low primary porosity but high secondary porosity, favoring the formation of hydrocarbon reservoirs. The reef reservoirs have distinct log and seismic signatures, which help predict the distribution and development of the stromatolites reefs in the Qaidam Basin.


Recent progresses in efficient management of nitrogen fertilizers for flooded rice in relation to nitrogen transformations in flooded soil were reviewed.Considerable progress has been achieved in the investigation on the mechanism of ammonia loss and the factors affecting it .However,little progress has been obtained in the investigations on nitrification-denitrification loss owing to the lack of method for estimating the fluxes of gaseous N products.Thus,so far the management practices developed or under investigation primarily for reducing ammonia loss are feasible or promising,while those for reducing nitrification-denitrification loss seem obscure,except the point deep placement. In addition,it was emphasized that the prediction of soil N supply and the recommendation of the optimal rate of N application based on it are only semi-quantitative.The priorities in research for improving the prediction are indicated.


Objective To observe the changes of expression of HSP70 mRNA in rat hippocampus after exposure to +Gz of different levels and to explore the manchanism of brain injury induced by +Gz exposure.Methods One hundred SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group,+2 Gz group,+6 Gz group,+10 Gz group.The rats were killed 5 h,10 h,1 d,2 d,4 d after +Gz exposure and brain specimens were obtained.The changes of HSP70 mRNA expression were measured with in situ hybridization technique.Results The HSP70 mRNA expression in three(+Gz exposure groups began to rise 5 h after exposure.The number of positive neurons in three +Gz groups(27.6±)4.0,51.4±6.0,14.1±2.7) were greater than that in control group(1.2±1.6,P0.01) at 5 h,reached to peak((33.8±4.3,69.4±7.9,20.8±4.7)vs(2.2±2.3),P0.01) at 10 h,and restored to normal(1.0±1.2,5.6±3.2,0.6±0.9)4 d after exposure.The expression level was the highest in +6 Gz group(positive neuron number:69.4±7.9)and the lowest in +10 Gz group(20.8±4.7)at the same time point(10 h).Conclusion +Gz exposure can induce obvious changes of HSP70 mRNA expression of rat hippocampus.


Obesity, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa are significant public health concerns affecting a large section of the population; they are even considered to be epidemics. These disorders have a common problem—the failure to maintain a desirable weight. Treatment focused on making obese people thin is clearly not working and might even cause more harm than good (1). Many obese people give up attempting to lose weight because most of them fail in their efforts to achieve and maintain their desired weight (2). At the other extreme, overemphasis on thinness is contributing to an increasing incidence of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa (3), which can present greater risks than obesity. The desired weight goal of patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia is very far from the ideal body weight, and the medical complications of these conditions can ultimately be very serious.


As an environment externalities control means internalization of environment cost will benefit the optimization of electricity resources, improve and perfect the wheeling of electricity market and promote the healthy development of electricity industry. This article introduces the currently methods used to internalize the environment cost within Power Plants in China. This article also analyzes the reformation requirements about the internalization of environment cost. With these researches, the emission trading mechanism should be build up to control power plants environmental externalities by economic approach. Allocation of initial emission permits is the first and key problem in the practice of emission trading mechanism. Based on principles of economy optimization and fair, this article gives a decision model of initial emission permits allocation.


The implementation {whole people improve the health the plan outline} has put forward the new requirement to gym teaching work in college completely,and reformations should be deepened in the gym teaching in college further.This outline makes "the people behaving serve" as starting point and the home to return to of teaching work and it mobilizes,leads and organizes people participating gym.to take exercise and to regard il as the nucleus of the working and improves the health the requirement planned,thus the healthy standard of our country's people achieves a new height in order to suit the whole people.


Cardiometabolic (CM) risk differs in morbidity and disease progression depending on lifestyle and individual characteristics. This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze the association between CM risk and lifestyle and examine whether this association varies based on Sasang constitution (SC), a Korean medicine classification. Data were analyzed from 1996 individuals participating in the Korean Medicine Daejeon Citizen Cohort study. Individuals with CM risk had two to five CM risk factors. Lifestyle factors included physical activity, sleep duration, and eating index. SC types were Taeeum-in (TE) and non-TE. We estimated the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval for CM risk based on SC and lifestyle factors. Among the participants, 33.9% had a CM risk, and the TE and non-TE groups were 26.2% and 7.7%, respectively. In the TE group, CM risk was associated with low physical activity (OR, 1.63) and moderate eating index (OR, 1.41). In the non-TE group, CM risk was associated with ≥8 h of sleep (OR, 1.87) and marginally associated with ≤6 h of sleep. In the TE group alone, CM risk was significantly associated with lifestyle patterns that combined the three lifestyle factors and was approximately two-fold higher in patterns involving less physical activity. The effects of lifestyle on CM risk differed across SC types. To decrease the burden of cardiovascular diseases in middle-aged adults, we recommend an individualized management strategy of healthy lifestyle interventions for cardiovascular risks.


UV Spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the quantitative determination of Prothionamide in bulk drug and in pharmaceutical formulations. Prothionamide shows the maximum absorbance at 288 nm in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Prothionamide follows Beer's law in the concentration range of 4-20 µg/ml ( r 2 = 0.999). The detection limit (DL) and quantitation limit (QL) were 0.406 and 1.229 µg/ml respectively. Accuracy and precision were found to be satisfactory. The developed methods were validated according to ICH guidelines. All the validation parameters were found to be satisfactory accordance with the standard values. Therefore, the proposed method can be used for routine practice for the determination of Prothionamide in assay of bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulations. International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, June 2015, 4(7): 402-404


From the Publisher:

You don't need to be a rocket scientist to use FrameMaker productively, or so says Victoria Thomas, author of Adobe FrameMaker 7 for Macintosh and Windows: Visual QuickStart Guide. A 12-year veteran of high-tech publishing with a passionate interest in information design, Thomas uses the Visual QuickStart's trademark straightforward approach to teach you how to do everything from using tables to working in books to creating slide presentations in this notoriously challenging program. Even if you've never used FrameMaker before, this task-based guide will have you creating full-featured FrameMaker documents in no time. Step-by step how-tos and plenty of screenshots show you just what to do at every stage of the program. By the time you've completed this handy guide, you just might agree with Thomas that "If you're not using FrameMaker, you're missing out on one of the great joys of desktop and enterprise publishing!"


This discussion highlights the fact that inequality has become embedded in society and as such it is difficult to motivate people that change is possible. This is partly due to a widespread tolerance of the social condition and the often esoteric presentation of the situation to the public. By focusing on these issues of communication and naturalisation, social design can seek to introduce disruptive strategies and tools to elicit change and achieve greater popular engagement. The article looks at a selection of recent communicative responses to social inequality and finds that storytelling, including its tools and delivery, is crucial to the success of any public and community engagement approach. Therefore, a social design focus should concentrate on context-specific innovations that open safe spaces for dialogue and create new ways of delivering motivating and clear messages to the general public by challenging normalised ideas. Ultimately, this article creates a platform upon which this type of social design thinking and output can develop. Key words: Inequality; communication; social design; storytelling


Measurements of the depolarization ratio of the four resonant Raman lines at 1375 cm−1, 1506 cm−1, 1583 cm−1, and 1638 cm−1 were performed for all exciting wavelengths of an Argon ion laser. The results show a significant variation of the depolarization ratio in the wavelength region between the Soret- and β-bands. The dispersion curves have a different shape for the four Raman lines. Measurements of the depolarization ratio at three pH-values (pH = 6.3, pH = 7.4, pH = 8.0) and two haemoglobin concentrations (c = 1.2 × 10−4 M, c = 5 × 10−5M) of the solution show that the concentration and the pH-value change the dispersion curve in a similar way. The depolarization ratio of the 1375-Raman line at 496.5 nm excitation wavelength was measured for different concentrations in a region between 4 × 10−4M and 4 × 10−5M. With decreasing concentration the DPR increases. This effect is interpreted as being caused by the dimerization of the tetrameric oxyhaemoglobin molecule. The dispersion curves ρ(λ) are interpreted in terms of mode mixing of the molecular vibrations of the haem due to symmetry lowering of its environment. This symmetry change is induced by interactions of the solvent with the charged and polar groups on the surface of the globular protein.


Automatic quality inspection of ferrite products is dicult as their surfaces are dark and in many cases covered with traces of grinding. A two-stage vision system for detection and measurement of crack regions was devised. In the first stage the regions with strong evidence for cracks are found using a morphological detector of irregular brightness changes with subsequent morphological reconstruction. In the second stage the feature-based k-Nearest Neighbors classifier analyzes the pixels indicated in the first stage. The classifier is optimized by using procedures of reclassification and replacement carried out on the reference set of pattern pixels to achieve a low error rate and a maximum speed of computation. hidden in the background. Obviously, any system which misses some of the cracks cannot be satisfactory. The current paper considers the case of these hard-to-detect cracks. A typical ferrite core appears relatively dark in the image. Depending upon the manufacturing process, its surface may be covered by a pattern of traces remaining from the grinding operation carried out on some of the walls of the core. These traces are called grooves and form a pattern of dark and bright stripes that are more or less parallel. The grooves have irregular brightness, variable width, and may be discontinuous. Sometimes the grooves are obviously nonparallel. This happens when the grinding tool rotated with respect to the ferrite core following the circular path of a small diameter. Detection of cracks is particularly dicult in the presence of the grooves, when the cracks have appearance similar to grooves, and even a human expert may need considerable time, positioning herself with respect to the core and the light source, before issuing any conclusive statement. This is a well known problem of low signal-to-noise ratio. In this paper a two-stage vision system for detection and measurement of crack re- gions is presented. In the first, detection stage the regions are detected for which there


Recombinant human lactoferrin possesses in‐vitro antibiotic and anti‐inflammatory activity similar to the native form. It was tested for in‐vivo activity in mice infected with the gastritis‐inducing bacterium Helicobacter felis.


Using thirteen satellites sea surface temperature (SST) from infrared radiometers (AVHRR, MODIS) and microwave radiometers (TMI, AMSR), a set of high-quality, cloud-free, high-resolution(0.25°) merged SST product was generated through a method of extended revisal point. The area of merged SST product and extended revisal point product [15.875-40.125°N, 105.875-130.125°E] cover the whole China Sea. The experimental results show that the number of extension correct point will be hundreds of thousands times as many as in-situ SST data. It only has a small deviation by comparison with in-situ SST data, and the precision between the two is similar. Therefore, extension correct point can replace in-situ data under certain conditions. This study will offer a wider SST reference corrections data for quality evaluation, multi-source remote sensing, and assimilation technology.


The cost-efficient reutilization of byproduct materials is a significant global goal, contributing towards the sustainable use of resources. In this study, the effects of including primary sludge in composite materials on their physical performance are examined, in order to achieve more effective reuse. The studied materials were made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE), anhydride-grafted polyethylene (MAPE), lubricants, and either wood flour from spruce (Picea abies) or primary sludge from the side-stream of forest industry processes as a filler. The materials were compounded by agglomeration, followed by manufacturing with a conical twin-screw extruder. The physical properties of the materials were characterized by water absorption and thickness swelling tests; furthermore, impact strength was characterized after the stress of a cyclic freeze-thawing test. The elemental compositions of the materials were also analyzed by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Primary sludge, as a component in the structure of the composite material, resulted in a significant improvement of moisture behaviors in the water absorption and thickness swelling tests. The identified results demonstrate that primary sludge is a technically applicable material for utilization in composite materials.


A low power implementation of a secure EPC UHF passive digital base band processor will be designed for UWB transceiver on RFID for wireless application. To ensure the secure information transaction of the passive tag, traditionally the focus is on directly applying a low complexity encryption engine. The attackers could make use of known header to reveal the secret key. The proposed architecture consists of a novel clock and data flow solution enforced by an anti-collision algorithm engine embedded inside the RFID passive tag. Low power design techniques such as clock gating, optimal clock driving and parallel operation will be used in the design of the tag. The complete digital baseband processor RFID tag consists of a receive and transmit buffer a controller unit to control the data and clock, slot and reset counter ,random generator, comparator and memory controller. Increased power consumption, is one of the important factors, which governs the performance of the ICs in Ultra Deep Sub Micron (UDSM) regime. The hardware model of the complete digital baseband processor will be modeled using verilog HDL code.


Presented in this paper are early results from an analytical investigation of the performance of a closed-ended pipe pile under monotonic axial loading in dense sand. The study was performed using elastic-plastic sand behavior. The plastic behavior of the sand was defined by an extended Drucker-Prager model incorporating non-associated flow with independent specifications for internal friction and dilatancy. Numerical solution of the model was obtained via an axisymmetric analysis using a general purpose nonlinear finite element program. The most significant results discussed here involve the shape of the skin friction distributions along the shaft of the pile. The shape of the skin friction distributions was found to depend upon settlement.


OBJECTIVE To evaluate the diagnostic values of biochemical tests for infection before revision hip arthroplasty. METHODS One hundred and forty five cases with revision hip arthroplasty were reviewed.The diagnostic results of infected hip arthroplasty according to ESR,CRP and "gold standard" were compared. RESULTS ESR served as the diagnostic criterion of infected hip arthroplasty,its sensitivity,specificity,positive and negative predictive value,accuracy and Youden′s index were 57.89%,85.71%,37.93%,93.10%,20.00 and 0.44,respectively.CRP as the diagnostic criterion of infected hip arthroplasty,its sensitivity,specificity,positive and negative predictive value,accuracy and Youden′s index were 68.42%,88.89%,48.15%,94.92%,18.62 and 0.57,respectively. CONCLUSIONS Being routine tests before revision hip arthroplasty,ESR and CRP play a screening role in the diagnosis of infected hip arthroplasty and compliment each other so that the accuracy of diagnosis can be improved.


Because of the gigantic harmfulness of gas leakage, it is important to measure the gas leakage accurately. The intelligent gas monitoring and controller system can not only provide with the functions, i. e. setting up alarm limit, sound and light alarm, dynamic display of the concentration, error checking and adjustment automatically, but also shut off gas pipe′s valve, alarm toward systemic computer and open the valve through button automatically. Has been made experiment many times, accuracy, sensitivity and stability meet the demand of design, cost of building is lower and operation is more simple.


The particle swarm optimization (PSO) is an algorithm that attempts to search for better solution in the solution space by attracting particles to converge toward a particle with the best fitness. PSO is typically troubled with the problems of trapping in local optimum and premature convergence. In order to overcome both problems, we propose an improved PSO algorithm that is applied mutation operator dynamically when particles are in local optimum. Moreover, the mutation period can be adjusted to solve the problem appropriately. The proposed technique is tested on benchmark functions and gives more satisfied search results in comparison with PSOs for the benchmark functions.


In this article the application of silica gel-supported heterogeneous rhodium catalyst was introduced and this catalyst was recoverable in the hydrogenation synthesis of doxycycline hyclate. In the optimal reaction conditions with temperature of 90 ℃, pressure of 294 kPa, reaction time of 6h, catalyst/co-catalyst/dehydrate ratio of 0.02/0.05/1, the yield was above 85% and the catalyst could reused for over ten times. This process improves stereo-selectivity and yield of the hydrogenation, cut down the consumption of noble metal, possessing a great industrial value. 


Abstract The literature on the writing of performance (i.e. behavioural) objectives has not spelled out sufficient guidelines for the teacher wishing to know how to use such objectives in the classroom, particularly at the Knowledge and Comprehension level. The present article therefore proposes a set of such guidelines, emphasising (1) the need for the teacher to derive the tasks in the objective from the main teaching points he intends to make, as contained in material that the students will have before them as the lesson proceeds, (2) the importance, for both teacher and students, of keeping the objective on continuous display, (3) the value of the teacher's regular cross‐referencing between the points he is developing and the related tasks on display, (4) the need for immediate feedback after the objective has been performed.


A new regeneration technique using infrared heating technique for honeycomb ceramic filter was developed successfully. The infrared regenerating mechanism and the selective heating feature were analyzed. The infrared heater for the regeneration was presented. The characteristics of infrared regeneration were investigated on the 6110A diesel engine bench. The experimental results show that infrared regeneration has high regeneration efficiency at more than 90%, little difference among the maximum temperatures at any position of honeycomb ceramic filter, the maximum temperatures at 8001 000 , lower temperature gradient at less than 10 /cm. The infrared heating technique suits the heating regeneration qualification of honeycomb ceramic filter. The maximum temperature and the regeneration time are affected notably by infrared electric power and the exhaust flow rate, and infrared regenerating technique is controllable.


This article deals with the area of non-conventional technologies, in particular results of CO2 laser micro-machining are the subject of this experimental study. Laser beam and its impact on different types of polymeric materials were studied in details. The aim was to find an optimal combination of laser cutting parameters (power and feed) for ABS, POM, PS, PMMA, PA 6, PA 66, PC, POM, PP, PTFE and PVC. The laser machinability was evaluated with different technological parameters. Next, the Theory of hypothesis testing for evaluation of the laser machinability was applied.


This study explains the writing of the administration system of payment of fees in elementary school. Cadets Nations, Ciputat that during this process is done manually. Therefore the writer create the administrative system of payment of fees using a computerized system using Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 and Databases using Microsoft Access. Hopefully this writing has become an alternative for the school and to its employees who expect all their activities are operating effectively, efficiently and coordinated.


xaminees most in need of objective hearing tests are infants, hyperactive children, and children such as those who are emotionally disturbed, mentally retarded, and doubly handicapped. Objective hearing tests for infants that can be examined at a young age are desirable for hearing evaluations as soon as possible. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) is considered to be the best index of objective hearing evaluations at present from the following: influences of depth of sleep on the response wave form and threshold are negligible, and the response threshold is comparatively lower than other auditory electrical responses. A sleep condition is more suitable than an awake condition for these evaluations, because clear responses can be recorded without the interference of electromyogram and body movement. Therefore, for children, we always record under induced sleep by giving them triclofos sodium syrup. However, there are often cases in which inducing sleep is difficult. In the present Case Report Kitasato Med J 2010;40:78-81


Neurons transmit information about time-dependent input signals via highly nonlinear responses, so-called action potentials or spikes. This type of information transmission can be frequency-dependent and allows for preferences for certain stimulus components. A single neuron can transmit either slow components (low pass filter), fast components (high pass filter), or intermediate components (band pass filter) of a time-dependent input signal. Using methods developed in theoretical physics (statistical physics) within the framework of information theory, in this thesis, cellintrinsic mechanisms are being investigated that can lead to frequency selectivity on the level of information transmission. Various stochastic single neuron models are examined numerically and, if tractable analytically. Ranging from simple spiking models to complex conductance-based models with and without nonlinearities, these models include integrator as well as resonator dynamics. First, spectral information filtering characteristics of different types of stochastic current-based integrator neuron models are being studied, including the perfect (PIF), leaky (LIF), and quadratic (QIF), as well as the exponential (EIF) integrateand-fire (IF) model. It will be numerically demonstrated that the previous mentioned IF models preferentially encode information about slow components of a time-dependent input signal and therefore act as low pass filters on information. Subsequently, the simple deterministic PIF model is being extended with a stochastic spiking rule, leading to positive correlations between successive interspike intervals (ISIs). In this simple model, the ISI distribution, as well as the strength of correlations between adjacent ISIs, can be controlled. It will be considered in two variants that solely differ in the presence of positive ISI correlations and therefore allow studying exclusively the effects of positive ISI correlations on the spectral information transmission characteristics. It will be shown that positive ISI correlations can alter the filtering properties of IF models from low to band pass filter. Thereafter, models are being examined which show subthreshold resonances (socalled resonator models) and their effects on the spectral information filtering characteristics are being investigated by using two distinct neuronal responses: i) the purely (linear) subthreshold response (without spikes), and ii) the (nonlinear) spiking response (resonate-and-fire model). It will be revealed that subthreshold resonances do not change the information filter characteristics of the purely subthreshold response, whereas their effects on the frequency-dependent information transmission of the spiking response become apparent. Finally, the spectral information filtering properties of stochastic linear-nonlinear cascade neuron models are being researched by employing different static nonlinearities (SNLs). The more 'nonlinear' the transformation gets, the more pronounced the band-pass filtering effect in the presence of subthreshold resonances becomes. This work highlights the consequences of subthreshold resonances in conjunction with cell-intrinsic nonlinearities (fire-and-reset rule, biophysical spike mechanisms, and static nonlinearities), which generally can lead to shape the information transmission characteristics of the neuron model from low to band pass filtering. The trade-off between frequency-dependent signal transmission and the total amount of transmitted information will be demonstrated in all models and constitutes a direct consequence of the nonlinear formulation of the models.


Bottles made of polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), and polyvinylchloride (PVC) bottles were treated with thirteen common household chemical solutions, including eight pesticides, in order to simulate, consumer abuse of plastic bottles. Five days after immersion in the contaminant, the plastics were detergent washed, filled with water, and stored at room temperature for another six days. The water was analyzed for residual contaminant concentrations. Sensory testing and visual contamination was performed on the contaminated plastics. The tested chemical substances showed to be absorbed and remigrated into the beverage simulant at detectable levels. Contaminants with high octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow) resulted in high residual contamination levels in the beverage simulant. The initial concentration of the active ingredient did not always influence the residual contamination level. The plastics which are commercially used for the production of refillable bottles (PET, PC) showed in general the lowest residual contamination. Toxicological evaluation of the analytical results of contaminant residue remigration give no risk to public health concems. However, in order to prevent negative effects on product quality such as odour and taste, good manufacturing procedures, including visual and electronic inspection systems, and improvement of the plastic bottles cleaning procedures are required to eliminate abused bottles.


Dropout rates for effective therapies for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be high, especially in practice settings. Although clinicians have intuitions regarding what treatment patients may complete, there are few systematic data to drive those judgments.


Because cancer treatment can result in both short- and long-term financial harm known as financial toxicity; the Institute of Medicine has issued a challenge to improve patients' understanding of cost of cancer care.


The rules of dissolved aluminum and ferrum from high iron bauxite from Guangxi province by acid leaching at low temperature were studied.The factors of sulfuric acid concentration,leaching temperature,leaching time and liquid-solid ratio were investigated.Results shows that ferrum and aluminum in bauxite are step-leached by sulfuric acid solution on the conditions of that the sulfuric acid concentration was 20%,leaching temperature was 100℃,leaching time was 1h and liquid-solid ratio was 5∶1.On these conditions,the quantity of ferrum leached was 98.68% and that of aluminum was 3.02%;its ratio was 32.68.The kinetic analysis reveals that the leaching process is controlled by chemical reaction.The activation energy Ea was 35.11kJ/mol,and the leaching dynamic equation was as follow: lg k=3-1.83×10-31/T.


This paper studies on the causes of inaccuracy of sensor signal in the computer controlled system,such as the electric appliance performance of sensor,electromagnetic interference and line faults. The fault mechanism is also introduced here.


Despite having reached the mandatory German language level requisite for entrance to university, many first-semester international students do not begin their studies with sufficient content language skills in their field of study. Prior studies have focused on the importance of language training with written texts and measured student performance based on these; however, few have investigated the importance of oral communication in the college-level CLIL environment. Focusing on the language of mathematics, this paper discusses how students' oral communication needs are identified and then implemented in the content-specific language classroom. CLIL tutors, working alongside German language instructors, can provide learners with meaningful and authentic input related to effective oral communication skills in an academic setting. The results of student evaluations as well as open interviews with instructors and student tutors at a German technical university give insight into how German oral communication skills are being practiced in language for specific purposes (mathematics) classes.


We propose a VLSI architecture for an embedded zerotree wavelet (EZW) algorithm. Our partitioning and mapping of the computations leads to parallel operations of independent processors and balances the workload. Our data mapping technique simplifies the memory access and the processor architecture. The resulting architecture is area-efficient and can be used to design a low-power system for mobile/visual communication applications. A video codec based on the parallel architecture can simultaneously handle multiple video channels of various resolutions.


In this issue, Kolios et al. have presented a paper on how the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin inhibits cytokine-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in human colonic epithelium [1]. The HT-29 colonic epithelial cell-line and colonic biopsies from patients suffering ulcerative colitis were stimulated with a mixture of interleukin (IL)-1α, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ in the presence of ciprofloxacin. The cytokine-dependent induction of NO synthase mRNA was found to be inhibited by the quinolone. As wortmannin counteracted the ciprofloxacin-dependent inhibition, a possible interaction of ciprofloxacin with the phosphatidylinositol (PI)-3 kinase pathway was suggested. The clinical implications of this present paper are that treatment of ulcerative colitis with ciprofloxacin may be beneficial during exacerbations in order to decrease the inflammatory response. During the past two decades increased interest has been shown in the immunodulatory activities of antibacterial agents and in particular with putative effects in immunocompromised hosts. The effects of antibiotics on human cells have been described for most antibiotics that accumulate intracellularly. Quinolones, macrolides and latterly tetracyclines have been extensively studied [2–6]. Mostly, the inhibitory effects of these agents are suggested to be beneficial, although a few examples of stimulatory actions have also been described, particularly for the quinolones. Other antibacterial agents such as rifampin, fusidic acid and nitrofurantoin also interfere with the human host in certain experimental systems [3], but these will not be discussed in this context. Fluoroquinolones inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase and toposiomerase IV [7] resulting in an inhibited DNA replication and are thus bactericidal. Both DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV belong to the type II group of topoisomerases. Negative super-coils are introduced by DNA gyrase, whereas topoisomerase IV partitions the chromosome. Double-strand breaks are induced by both enzymes and they also have the capacity to reseal DNA strands. Although the selectivity of fluoroquinolones are 10-fold more specific for bacterial toposiomerases, the mammalian counterpart (eukaryotic topoisomerase II) can be inhibited at high experimental concentrations. Moreover, a series of new derivatives with a higher affinity for eukaryotic topoisomerase II has been manufactured in order to inhibit cancer cell growth [2,8]. The genomic instability, or DNA damage, induced by fluoroquinolones in bacteria results in a 'save our synthesis' (SOS) response [9]. The physiological effects of SOS-induction include the inhibition of cell division and enhanced DNA repair. Fluoroquinolones reach concentrations 3–20-fold the extra-cellular concentration in, for example, human leucocytes. At concentrations slightly above those clinically achievable, the effects of fluoroquinolones on the immune system have been thoroughly investigated in several laboratories [2,4]. Ciprofloxacin has been used as a model drug for this large group of derivatives. In the present paper by Kolios et al. [1], the inhibition of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) can be counteracted by the addition of wortmannin, suggesting that PI3 kinase is required for the action of ciprofloxacin. In respiratory epithelial cells, the newer moxifloxacin derivative significantly blocks NO synthesis and this quinolone-dependent inhibition is related to cytokine-induced mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation [10]. Hence, the immunomodulatory activity by quinolones may be beneficial in diseases involving both respiratory and gut-associated epithelium. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α which are produced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)stimulated human monocytes, are significantly inhibited by ciprofloxacin and most other fluoroquinolone derivatives at clinically achievable concentrations (≥ 5 μg mL−1) [2,4]. Interestingly, ciprofloxacin inhibits IL-18-induced intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression in monocytes by interfering with prostaglandin E2, a signal pathway which Department of Laboratory Medicine, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (K. Riesbeck).


An overview about Chinese financial system. Chinese banking system reforms since 1978. All about Chinese market. Finance and development: a focus on China.


We present the integrated mass profiles for a sample of ten nearby (z < 0.15), relaxed galaxy clusters, covering a temperature range of (2−9) keV, observed with XMM-Newton. The mass profiles were derived from the observed gas density and temperature profiles under the hypothesis of spherical symmetry and hydrostatic equilibrium. All ten mass profiles are well described by an NFW-type profile over the radial range from 0.01 to 0.5R200 ,w hereR200 is the radius corresponding to a density contrast of 200 with respect to the critical density at the cluster redshift. A King model is inconsistent with these data. The derived concentration parameters and total masses are in the range c200 = 4− 6a ndM200 = 1.2×10 14 −1.2×10 15 M� , respectively. Our qualitative and quantitative study of the mass profile shape shows, for the first time, direct and clear observational evidence for the universality of the total mass distribution in clusters. The mass profiles scaled in units of R200 and M200 nearly coincide, with a dispersion of less than 15% at 0.1 R200 .T hec200−M200 relation is consistent with the predictions of numerical simulations for a ΛCDM cosmology, taking into account the measurement errors and expected intrinsic scatter. Our results provide further strong evidence in favour of the Cold Dark Matter cosmological scenario and show that dark matter collapse is well understood, at least down to the cluster scale.


An anatomico-topographical study of the putamen was performed on the cerebral hemisphere of 25 adults. The mean diameters of the putamen were: 44 mm anterioposterior. 41 vertical and 8.5 mm horiwatal. A 30x20 mm cortical area in the insula


Introduction: Spatial Politics and Postcolonial Sri Lanka - Tariq Jazeel and Cathrine Brun The Imagined Spaces of Empire - Nira Wickramasinghe Coffee, Disease and the "Simultaneity of Stories-So-Far" in the Highlands of 19th-century Ceylon - James Duncan The Distance of a Shout - Sharon Bell Cartographic Violence: Engaging a Sinhala Kind of Geography - Benedikt Korf Geography, Spatial Politics and Productions of the National in Michael Ondaatje's Anil's Ghost - Tariq Jazeel Meeting Places? Centre and Periphery in Civil Society Peace Work - Camilla Orjuela Rebuilding Lives, Undermining Oppositions: Spaces of War and Peace in the North - Nihal Perera Fractured Sovereignty: LTTE's State-Building in an Interconnected World - Oivind Fuglerud Concluding Thoughts - Cathrine Brun and Tariq Jazeel Afterword - Pradeep Jeganathan Index