Unlike past innovations where teachers were expected silently and blithely to carry out programs developed and mandated by the educational elite, recent educational reforms place efficacious teachers in prominent and vocal positions in classrooms and in the general educational community (Holmes Group, 1990; Lanier & Sedlak, 1989). This recognition of the importance of knowledgeable teachers as vital participants of successful educational reform has shown up in several educational perspectives. Furthermore, in the specific context of professional development schools (PDSs) issues of teacher voice are paramount. They are at the core of what it means to have a collaborative of educators striving toward mutual goals. In previous work charting the difficulty of developing collaborative relationships, the most profound findings were related to issues of teacher voice (Johnson, 1990). For example, as relationships between individuals were negotiated--often hurriedly to meet imposed deadlines--instead of working things out together teachers were often handed agendas. Instead of discussing who should represent the staff on a school-wide committee, assignments were made. Instead of listening to teachers needs' and then working toward mutual goals, there were instances when exasperated researchers could be heard saying things such as, "This is supposed to be a collaboration and those teachers won't do a damn thing I say." This paper grows out of that work. And, like the reforms currently being played out in the PDSs, it is built on the assumption that welcoming the voices of teachers beyond their classroom doors is an essential step toward creating positive enduring change in education. However, while there is a growing consensus that teachers voices should be heard throughout the educational enterprise, little thought has been given to the nature of those voices: whether teachers can have voices "on demand" like four-wheel drive; the nature of the dilemmas that may arise when teachers' voices are considered in the context of the realities of reform; and whether, if by bringing teachers voices into the educational hierarchy, the education of children will improve. Therefore, this paper urges a break from the growing thunder of rhetoric about teacher voice, at least long enough to consider alternative views on the concept of voice, and some of the realities and dilemmas that arise when those voices enter the storm. Such consideration could serve two purposes. First, an examination of the concept of voice in the context of PDSs may provide an analytical tool to better understand the nature of collaboration. And secondly, as this paper argues, we find that supporting the rise of teachers' voices is a more complex endeavor then simply providing occasions for teachers to speak, and that not doing so thoughtfully may actually undermine the reform agenda that is trying to advance the rights of teachers to join the conversation. This argument is developed in four sections. First, research and reform literature


A novel photochromic diarylethene bearing a pyrimidine moiety, 1-(2,4-dimethoxyl-5-pyrimidinyl)-2-[2methyl-5-(3-methyl)-3-thienyl]perfluorocyclopentene has been synthesized. Its properties, including photochromic and fluorescent behaviors, have been investigated. The compound exhibited remarkable photochromism, changing from colorless to red after irradiation with UV light in solution. The cyclization/cycloreversion process of the compound was determined to be the zeroth/first order reaction. The results indicated that the pyrimidine moiety played a very important role during the process of photoisomerization reactions. Keywords-diarylethene; photochromism; pyrimidine; fluorescence


Size Exclusion chromatography is a method which is capable of separating big molecules, among which proteins, based on its size. Diluted into a aqueous solution, the proteins are being pressured (up to 70 bar) into the SEC column. Small proteins will fit better inside the columns pores than bigger ones, which causes the small proteins to stick better inside the column than its bigger counterparts. In other words; smaller proteins will have a bigger retention time (and retention volume) than the bigger ones, which makes effective separation possible. By analyzing proteins from which the molecular weight is already known, one is able to make a calibration curve. By making this curve it will be possible to estimate the molecular weight of a unknown protein, given a certain retention volume. One should consider however, that this is always a estimation, since SEC separates proteins not based on its weight, but on its size. And since those two properties do not correlate exactly one-to-one, one could only speak of a rough approximation of the size of the protein. One of the things that could be analyzed using SEC, is in how far for a certain protein, aggregation has been established. If stressed, proteins can denaturate, and if this happens, proteins can stick together by non-covalent interactions between the two misfolded proteins. This process is called aggregation. Aggregates, of course, have a higher molecular weight then the monomer form of the protein, and could therefore be measured by using SEC. The aim of this project is to deliberately stimulate aggregation of a protein, hemoglobin in this case, and then analyze it using SEC. By doing this, it would be possible to say something about hemoglobinâ€TMs aggregating behavior, under varying conditions. The buffer which will be used is ammonium acetate. This buffer has been chosen since it is complimentary with MS, because it is a volatile buffer. The used concentrations were 25, 50, 100 and 200 mM respectively, with 3 different pH levels; 4.8, 5,6 and 6.9. Kd ratios and recovery rates will be displayed, and ultimately, a conclusion will be stated if, and under which circumstances, aggregation has been established.


The viscosity of the cerebrospinal fluid has long been assumed to be similar to water but only a handful of studies have measured the rheological properties of this fluid. In the present study the viscosity of cerebrospinal fluid was measured on a rotational rheometer at shear rates from 25 to 1460 sec−1, at 37°C. Each cerebrospinal fluid sample was biochemically analysed and comparisons of viscosity with protein, glucose and blood cell content in the sample were made. Despite the amount of proteins, glucose and blood cells, the viscosity of cerebrospinal fluid remained at a relatively constant level of 0.8mPa.s for the range of shear rate used, at 37°C. These findings were significant using linear regression analysis. It is concluded that cerebrospinal fluid is a newtonian fluid and that its viscosity does not significantly change with its composition.


English version of Korean Building Code is necessary, to improve added value of the Korean building industry in overseas constructions, particularly in South-East Asia, where many buildings from Korean builders are being constructed. As a part of 5-year-project for developing advanced Korean Building Codes, the works for English version of Korean Building Codes were described in the paper. The scopes and step-by-step strategies during this project for translating Korean Building Code into English version were established according to the needs in international market. Currently, a part of 'Korean Building Code ? Structure (KBC-s)' was translated and edited in the two columns format: one in Korean and the other in English, which will be published in the near future.


This paper introduces a new framework for detecting, classifying, and estimating the signatures of multiple transient acoustical sources from a time-transform representation (TTR) of an audio waveform. A TTR is a vector observation sequence containing the coefficients of consecutive windows of data with respect to known sampled basis waveforms. A set of likelihood ratio tests is hierarchically applied to each time slice of a TTR to detect and classify signals in the presence of interference. Since the signatures of each acoustical event typically span several adjacent dependent observations, a Kalman filter is used to generate the parameters necessary for computing the likelihood values. The experimental results of applying the proposed method to a problem of detecting and classifying man-made and natural transient acoustical events in national park soundscape recordings attest to its effectiveness at performing the aforementioned tasks.


Airworthiness of the civil fleet is dependent upon the ability of inspectors to identify conditions for repair. As this is primarily a visual activity, the issue of training for visual inspection is critical. The inspection training literature has little detailed advice in this area, so in response to this need, a series of simulator experiments was undertaken for the development of improved training programs. This article briefly reviews each experiment and summarizes the results. Key conclusions drawn from each experiment are then used to demonstrate how they can be applied to enhance training for inspection tasks. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Continuing professional development (CPD) for clinicians is necessary for individual health professionals to maintain their professional standards and for the community, who rely on their services for the delivery of evidence-based, cost-effective health services. In the late 1990s, three driving forces for using design-based research in CPD appeared. First, meta-analysis of research evidence indicated that most educational interventions were ineffective in improving clinician performance or changing practice. Secondly, the market requirements of the health industry (i.e. large scale, cost-effective programs, across a wide variety of topics and clinician groups) favoured reproducible designs over ad hoc solutions. Thirdly, emergent internet technologies were attractive candidate solutions, but increased risk compared to face to face CPD. Over ten years of design-based research, the authors have designed, developed, delivered and studied the results of over 200 professional development programs, mostly e-learning. Approximately 12,000 health professionals each year engage. Because the authors, as a multidisciplinary design and delivery team, have had full cycle responsibility, they have had a living laboratory in which to conduct design-based research. Three major design improvement cycles have been completed. Both the design-based research process and the resultant successful design framework will be presented. The framework covers the evidence base, design principles, design patterns and pattern language for designing and implementing professional development, in both online and face to face modes.


The article discusses the problems of identifying digital and informational constitutionalism, the relationship between the informational society and constitutionalism in Russia, the concept of constitutional public initiatives, the nature of digital constitutional rights and digital rights in public law. The scientific work reveals the factors of influence on constitutionalism (digitalization, globalization, democratic participation, opposition to liberal and democratic forms of constitutional democracy). The author used general and specific scientific methods, formal legal, specific historical, comparative legal and complex analysis of legal acts, state-legal practice, methods of constitutional design and legal hermeneutics for interpreting the normative foundations and prospects for improving Russian constitutionalism. Research novelty and conclusions: the nature of digital constitutionalism is a symbiosis of constitutional principles of government, constituent power and digital forms of their implementation, digital constitutionalism arises in domestic and international jurisprudence, the article develops the theoretical foundations of deliberative and imperative constitutional public initiatives.


In the March issue of Electrical Engineering (pages 110–13) C. F. Dalziel presents an analysis to facilitate, for an individual or an institution, the selection of the necessary journals dealing with electrical engineering. This analysis is based on the number of references given to these journals in other technical periodicals. The writer takes the liberty to make two objections: against the scope, and against the method of analysis. He wishes to emphasize that his deductions should not be understood as a mere criticism, but as an attempt to clarify the problem and to show a way for another solution.


This paper addresses advances in electron microscopy that were accomplished over the past years with the incorporation of new electron optical components such as aberration correctors, monochromators or high brightness guns. Many of these developments are currently pursued within the DoE's TEAM project. As a result electron microscopy has reached 50 pm resolution. In this paper it is shown how the resolution improvement has helped to boost signal to noise ratios enabling a detection of single atoms across the Periodic Table of Elements. The described achievements allow for investigations of single point defects in nanoelectronic devices even if printed on single sheets of carbon atoms (graphene). Further it is now possible to access depth information from single projections with a precision that has reached interatomic distances.


was presented to the emergency department complaining of left orbital pain, eyelid swelling, and reduced visual acuity. She was nonfebrile, and she reported no recent trauma nor any violent Valsalva maneuver. Ophthalmological examination showed a proptosis and a limitation of eye movements, particularly in the up gaze (Figure 1) as well as a loss of visual acuity of 2/20. Visual field was not initially evaluable. Intraocular pressure remained within normal limits. Blood analysis showed moderate inflammation and ruled out coagulative disorders. Non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) revealed a biconvex well-defined 41 × 31 × 17 mm collection with layering hyperdense blood products in the roof of the orbit, displacing superior oblique and rectus muscles, causing exophthalmia and deformity of the eye. No obvious bone erosion was visualized (Figure 2, asterisk). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indicated an acute to subacute hematoma with hypointense signal on T2/FLAIR-weighted images (Figure 3a and b, arrows) and isointense to hyperintense signal on T1-weighted images (Figure 3c). Diffusion-weighted imaging was perturbated, as usual in a hematoma (Figure 3d). A subtle peripheral enhancement was noted after Gadolinium administration, probably caused by a reactional inflammation. MRI also confirmed the absence of infiltration of the retro-orbital fat and excluded a cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Optic nerve was normal. The patient underwent a surgical drainage of the subperiosteal space proving the presence of blood, but no microorganisms were demonstrated. The postoperative clinical follow-up showed progressive recovery of muscle motricity and the return to normal of visual acuity (20/20). The visual field showed an altitudinal inferior defect with a macular sparing. Orbital MRI control performed one month postoperatively was unremarkable.