Study on the clinical efficacy of Human Urinary Kalllikrein in the treatment of acute cerebral infarction according to TOAST classification.
To observe and evaluate the clinical efficacy of Human Urinary Kallikrein in the treatment of acute cerebral infarction (ACT) according to TOAST (The Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment) classification. In accordance with randomized controlled trial, 110 patients with acute cerebral infarction were randomly assigned to kallikrein treatment group (55 cases) and control group (55 cases). TOAST classification and basic treatment were administrated on patients between two groups respectively. 0.15 PNA unit of Human Urinary Kallikrein injection plus 100 mL saline in intravenous infusion was performed in the kallikrein group, with once a day for 14 consecutive days. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores in two groups were analyzed before and after the treatment. No difference was shown in the NIHSS scores before treatment among patients between two groups (P>0.05). While after the treatment, the NIHSS scores in both groups were reduced (P<0.05) and the NIHSS scores in the kallikrein treatment group were less than those in control group (P<0.05). Moreover, after the treatment, the NIHSS scores for large-artery atherosclerosis subtype (L) and small-artery occlusion lacunar subtype (S) as two subtypes of TOAST classification in the two groups were both reduced (P<0.05). After the treatment, NIHSS scores for L subtype in the kallikrein treatment were less than those in the control group (P<0.05). After the treatment, NIHSS scores for S subtype in the kallikrein treatment were less than those in the control group, without statistically significant difference. Comparisons on clinical efficacy indicated differences on the S subtype between two groups (P<0.05). The standardization effective rate was calculated, indicating 81.82% in the kallikrein treatment group and 54.55% in the control group, respectively. In TOAST classification, Human Urinary Kallikrein is able to remarkably improve the NIHSS scores for L subtype and S subtype patients with acute cerebral infarction and help to enhance the clinical efficacy.


Caveolin-1 and accelerated host aging in the breast tumor microenvironment: chemoprevention with rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor and anti-aging drug.
Increasing chronological age is the most significant risk factor for human cancer development. To examine the effects of host aging on mammary tumor growth, we used caveolin (Cav)-1 knockout mice as a bona fide model of accelerated host aging. Mammary tumor cells were orthotopically implanted into these distinct microenvironments (Cav-1(+/+) versus Cav-1(-/-) age-matched young female mice). Mammary tumors grown in a Cav-1-deficient tumor microenvironment have an increased stromal content, with vimentin-positive myofibroblasts (a marker associated with oxidative stress) that are also positive for S6-kinase activation (a marker associated with aging). Mammary tumors grown in a Cav-1-deficient tumor microenvironment were more than fivefold larger than tumors grown in a wild-type microenvironment. Thus, a Cav-1-deficient tumor microenvironment provides a fertile soil for breast cancer tumor growth. Interestingly, the mammary tumor-promoting effects of a Cav-1-deficient microenvironment were estrogen and progesterone independent. In this context, chemoprevention was achieved by using the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor and anti-aging drug, rapamycin. Systemic rapamycin treatment of mammary tumors grown in a Cav-1-deficient microenvironment significantly inhibited their tumor growth, decreased their stromal content, and reduced the levels of both vimentin and phospho-S6 in Cav-1-deficient cancer-associated fibroblasts. Since stromal loss of Cav-1 is a marker of a lethal tumor microenvironment in breast tumors, these high-risk patients might benefit from treatment with mTOR inhibitors, such as rapamycin or other rapamycin-related compounds (rapalogues).


Specific dsDNA recognition by a mimic of the DNA binding domain of the c-Myc/Max transcription factor.
We here report on the synthesis of the first mimic of the DNA binding domain of the c-Myc/Max-bHLH-ZIP transcription factor able to selectively recognize its cognate E-box sequence 5'-CACGTG-3' through the major groove of the double-stranded DNA. The designed peptidosteroid conjugate was shown to be effective as DNA binder in the presence of excess competitor DNA.


Canagliflozin exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting intracellular glucose metabolism and promoting autophagy in immune cells.
Canagliflozin (CAN) regulates intracellular glucose metabolism by targeting sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) and intracellular glucose metabolism affects inflammation. In this study, we hypothesized that CAN might exert anti-inflammatory effects. The anti-inflammatory effects and action mechanisms of CAN were assayed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 and THP-1 cells and NIH mice. Results showed that CAN significantly inhibited the production and release of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the LPS-induced RAW264.7 and THP-1 cells, and mice. CAN also significantly inhibited intracellular glucose metabolism and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase (PFK2) expression. CAN increased the levels of sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1/p62), upregulated the ratios of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) II to I, promoted the formation of LC3 puncta, and enhanced the activities of lysosome. The inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) reversed the effects of CAN on IL-1α levels. Increased autophagy might be associated with increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. Interestingly, p62 demonstrated good co-localization with IL-1α and possibly mediated IL-1α degradation. CAN-induced increase in p62 was dependent on the nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) signaling pathway. These results indicated that CAN might exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting intracellular glucose metabolism and promoting autophagy. Attenuated glucose metabolism by PFK2, increased autophagy flow by AMPK, and increased p62 levels by NFκB might be responsible for the molecular mechanisms of CAN. This drug might serve as a new promising anti-inflammatory drug for acute or chronic inflammatory diseases via independent hypoglycemic mechanisms. This drug might also be used as an important reference for similar drug research and development by targeting intracellular glucose metabolism and autophagy in immune cells.


Determination of silver ion with cadmium sulfide quantum dots modified by bismuthiol II as fluorescence probe.
CdS quantum dots (QDs) modified with bismuthiol II potassium salt is prepared in one step. Based on the characteristic fluorescence enhancement of CdS QDs at 480 nm by silver ions, simultaneously, a red shift of fluorescence emission bands of CdS QDs from 460 to 480 nm is observed. A simple, rapid, sensitive and specific detection method for silver ion is proposed. Under optimum conditions, the fluorescence intensity of CdS QDs was linearly proportional to silver ion concentration from 0.01 to 5.0 micromol L(-1) with a detection limit of 1.6 nmol L(-1). In comparison with single organic fluorophores, functionalized CdS quantum dots are brighter, more stable against photobleaching and do not suffer from blinking. Furthermore, the proposed method shows higher sensitivity and selectivity. A possible fluorescence enhancement mechanism is also studied.


Mechanical and morphological study of biostable polyurethane heart valve leaflets explanted from sheep.
Two novel biostable polyurethanes, designated EV3.34 and EV3.35, were used to manufacture a flexible trileaflet heart valve. The valves were implanted in the mitral position in young adult (18 month) sheep. Six valves were electively explanted at 6 months and the remaining six valves at 9 months follow-up. The leaflet material was examined by surface Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (ATR/FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The leaflet material was also subjected to cyclic mechanical testing and, compared with unimplanted control material, to demonstrate any change in mechanical properties during implantation. There was no degradation of functional groups detected by ATR/FTIR, although there was a slight surface enrichment of siloxane soft segment. Surface morphology of the explanted leaflet material was similar to unimplanted control material. EV3.34 demonstrated similar inelastic energy loss behavior, with no significant change in residual strain in explanted compared with control material. EV3.35 demonstrated a reduction in inelastic energy and residual strain in explanted compared with control material. There is no evidence of biodegradation of these siloxane-based polyurethanes, in functional valves up to 9 months implantation in sheep. The FTIR and SEM findings are supported by the retention of mechanical properties of the materials.


Use of blood clotting assays to assess potential anticoagulant rodenticide exposure and effects in free-ranging birds of prey.
Non-target wildlife, particularly birds of prey, are widely exposed to and acutely poisoned by anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs). An unresolved issue surrounding such exposure, however, is the potential for sublethal effects. In particular, the consequences of AR exposure and resulting coagulopathy on health and survival of unintentionally exposed animals, which often encounter a multitude of anthropogenic stressors, are understudied. In a wildlife rehabilitation setting, AR intoxication may be masked by more obvious injuries related to collision with vehicles or electrocution, thereby obfuscating proximate from ultimate cause of mortality. An assessment of coagulation function of admitted wildlife may provide a means of identifying animals exhibiting sublethal coagulopathy, and ultimately ensuring provision of appropriate and swift treatment. In conjunction with routine diagnostics for injury and disease, we performed two blood clotting assays (prothrombin time, Russell's viper venom time) affected by vitamin K-dependent coagulopathy of samples from six species of live raptors admitted to a rehabilitation facility. We also measured clotting time in pre-fledgling barn owl chicks (Tyto furcata) from 10 nest sites in Lower Mainland Canada. Prolonged clotting time or failure to form a clot altogether was observed in 23.0% of 61 sampled raptors admitted to the rehabilitation facility. This is a biologically significant proportion of individuals given the fortuitous and likely biased nature by which raptors are found and admitted to rehabilitation facilities. In contrast, there was little evidence of coagulopathy in 19 pre-fledgling barn owl chicks. The utility of avian coagulation tests for diagnosing AR exposure is promising, yet there remains a need to establish species specific reference values and standardize assay methodologies among testing facilities.


Capnographic monitoring of midazolam and propofol sedation during ERCP: a randomized controlled study (EndoBreath Study).
This was to determine whether intervention based on additional capnographic monitoring reduces the incidence of hypoxemia during midazolam and propofol sedation for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists [ASA] I – IV) scheduled for ERCP under midazolam and propofol sedation were randomly assigned to a control arm with standard monitoring or an interventional arm with additional capnographic monitoring. In both arms detection of apnea prompted withholding of propofol administration, stimulation of the patient, insertion of a nasopharyngeal tube, or further measures. The primary study end point was incidence of hypoxemia (oxygen saturation [Sao 2] below 90 %); secondary end points included occurrences of severe hypoxemia (Sao 2 ≤ 85 %), bradycardia, and hypotension, and sedation quality (patient cooperation and satisfaction). 242 patients were enrolled at three German endoscopy centers. Intention-to-treat analysis revealed no significant reduction in hypoxemia incidence in the capnography arm compared with the standard arm (38.0 % vs. 44.4 %, P = 0.314). Apnea was more frequently detected in the capnography arm (64.5 % vs. 6.0 %, P < 0.001). There were no differences regarding rates of bradycardia and hypotension. Per-protocol analysis showed lower incidence of hypoxemia in the capnography arm compared with the standard arm (31.5 % vs. 44.8 %, P = 0.048). There was one death related to sedation in the standard arm. Sedation quality was similar in the two groups. Intention-to-treat analysis showed hypoxemia incidence was not significantly lower in the additional capnography arm compared with standard monitoring. Additional capnographic monitoring of ventilatory activity resulted in improved detection of apnea.


Hardiness and Zoom Fatigue on Nursing Students: A Cross-Sectional Study in Indonesia During Online Learning.
The Covid-19 pandemic caused a change in learning methods to online learning. Zoom fatigue is a problem that many students experience during online learning. Zoom fatigue has an impact on physical and psychological problems so that it disrupts the online learning process. Hardiness is needed by students in order to adapt to online learning. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between hardiness and zoom fatigue in nursing students at Universitas Padjadjaran. This study used a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional study design. The sample technique used total sampling. Respondents were 480 nursing students at Universitas Padjadjaran. The research instrument used the Zoom Exhaustion & Fatigue Scale questionnaire and the Hardiness Instrument for the Online Learning. This study shows that almost half of the respondents have a medium hardiness level category (45%) and a zoom level of medium fatigue category (46.67%). The results of the analysis show that there is a significant negative relationship between hardiness and zoom fatigue in nursing students at Universitas Padjadjaran. The higher the student's hardiness level, the lower the student's zoom fatigue level. High hardiness can increase focus during the learning process, increase student participation, and reduce stress and fatigue in students during online learning. Lecturers and students need to collaborate to improve the learning process and repeat mental health problems during online learning. This data forms the basis for university and school nurses in providing interventions for nursing students to reduce the problem of zoom fatigue.


Localization of Sphingolipid Enriched Plasma Membrane Regions and Long-Chain Base Composition during Mature-Fruit Abscission in Olive.
Sphingolipids, found in membranes of eukaryotic cells, have been demonstrated to carry out functions in various processes in plant cells. However, the roles of these lipids in fruit abscission remain to be determined in plants. Biochemical and fluorescence microscopy imaging approach has been adopted to investigate the accumulation and distribution of sphingolipids during mature-fruit abscission in olive (Olea europaea L. cv. Picual). Here, a lipid-content analysis in live protoplasts of the olive abscission zone (AZ) was made with fluorescent dyes and lipid analogs, particularly plasma membrane sphingolipid-enriched domains, and their dynamics were investigated in relation to the timing of mature-fruit abscission. In olive AZ cells, the measured proportion of both polar lipids and sphingolipids increased as well as endocytosis was stimulated during mature-fruit abscission. Likewise, mature-fruit abscission resulted in quantitative and qualitative changes in sphingolipid long-chain bases (LCBs) in the olive AZ. The total LCB increase was due essentially to the increase of t18:1(8E) LCBs, suggesting that C-4 hydroxylation and Δ8 desaturation with a preference for (E)-isomer formation were quantitatively the most important sphingolipids in olive AZ during abscission. However, our results also showed a specific association between the dihydroxylated LCB sphinganine (d18:0) and the mature-fruit abscission. These results indicate a clear correlation between the sphingolipid composition and mature-fruit abscission. Moreover, measurements of endogenous sterol levels in the olive AZ revealed that it accumulated sitosterol and campesterol with a concomitant decrease in cycloartenol during abscission. In addition, underlying the distinct sterol composition of AZ during abscission, genes for key biosynthetic enzymes for sterol synthesis, for obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) and C-24 sterol methyltransferase2 (SMT2), were up-regulated during mature-fruit abscission, in parallel to the increase in sitosterol content. The differences found in AZ lipid content and the relationships established between LCB and sterol composition, offer new insights about sphingolipids and sterols in abscission.


Mechanical agitation of hybridoma suspension cultures: Metabolic effects of serum, pluronic F68, and albumin supplements.
Metabolic effects of the medium supplements, fetal bovine serum (FBS), Pluronic F68, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were compared for agitated bioreactor cultures of hybridoma cells. Agitation speeds up to 600 rpm, without entrainment of gas bubbles by sparging or vortex formation, allowed examination of cell interactions with turbulent fluid forces. For cultures in FBS-supplemented RPMI media, there was no significant effect of intense turbulent fluid shear on cell growth, metabolism, or antibody, production. Serum-free cultures (Pluronic F68 or BSA supplements) at 600 rpm demonstrated greatly increased glycolysis rates during exponential growth relative to controls. Nutrient limitations caused increased rates of decline of the viable cell concentrations and a reduction in final antibody titers by around 70%. The Pluronic F68 and BSA supplements did not lead to cell protection by modifying metabolism under conditions of intense turbulent fluid shear. Supplementing the protein-free medium with FBS reduced glycolysis rates in exponential growth phase, but this did not prevent a high rate of viable cell decline and low antibody titers. We concluded that FBS does not have a metabolic effect on cells subjected to intense turbulent fluid shear. Although the agitation conditions employed in this study were more intense than generally required for agitated bioreactor culture of hybridomas, we have demonstrated the importance of considering metabolic effects of turbulent fluid forces on cultures using nutrient-rich basal media, in addition to the considerations of gas bubble effects described by other workers.


Malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde adducts and anti-malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis.
Malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde (MAA) adducts are a product of oxidative stress associated with tolerance loss in several disease states. This study was undertaken to investigate the presence of MAA adducts and circulating anti-MAA antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Synovial tissue from patients with RA and patients with osteoarthritis (OA) were examined for the presence of MAA-modified and citrullinated proteins. Anti-MAA antibody isotypes were measured in RA patients (n = 1,720) and healthy controls (n = 80) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antigen-specific anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) were measured in RA patients using a multiplex antigen array. Anti-MAA isotype concentrations were compared in a subset of RA patients (n = 80) and matched healthy controls (n = 80). Associations of anti-MAA antibody isotypes with disease characteristics, including ACPA positivity, were examined in all RA patients. Expression of MAA adducts was increased in RA synovial tissue compared to OA synovial tissue, and colocalization with citrullinated proteins was found. Increased levels of anti-MAA antibody isotypes were observed in RA patients compared to controls (P < 0.001). Among RA patients, anti-MAA antibody isotypes were associated with seropositivity for ACPAs and rheumatoid factor (P < 0.001) in addition to select measures of disease activity. Higher anti-MAA antibody concentrations were associated with a greater number of positive antigen-specific ACPA analytes (expressed at high titer) (P < 0.001) and a higher ACPA score (P < 0.001), independent of other covariates. MAA adduct formation is increased in RA and appears to result in robust antibody responses that are strongly associated with ACPAs. These results support speculation that MAA formation may be a cofactor that drives tolerance loss, resulting in the autoimmune responses characteristic of RA.


Percutaneous transhepatic embolization of gastroesophageal varices: results in 400 patients.
During a 7-year period, bleeding esophageal varices were treated by means of percutaneous transhepatic embolization in 400 cirrhotic patients, including 258 patients with Child's class C cirrhosis (65%) and 142 patients with Child's class B cirrhosis (35%). Embolization was performed either with bucrylate or with absolute ethanol and stainless-steel coils. Variceal hemorrhage was controlled in 245 (83%) of the 297 patients in whom percutaneous transhepatic embolization was performed as an emergency treatment. The 10-day survival rate in the series was 76%, with 97 deaths occurring shortly after the procedure as a result of recurrent bleeding or liver failure. The actuarial rate of recurrent bleeding was 55% at 6 months (38% Child's class B, 70% Child's class C) and 81% at 2 years (71% Child's class B, 90% Child's class C). One-half the cases of recurrent bleeding were easily controlled by medical treatment; 56% of these patients were still alive at 6 months (79% Child's class B, 42% Child's class C), 48% were alive at 1 year, and 26% were alive at 5 years. Results indicated that the survival rate was significantly higher (p less than .01) in Child's class B patients than in Child's class C patients during the 5-year follow-up period. The overall technical failure and complication rates were 9% and 7%, respectively, but these rates declined progressively as we gained more experience with the procedure. In this large series, transhepatic embolization was a safe, easy-to-perform, and effective treatment for the control of variceal bleeding and was somewhat more efficacious than previously reported.


Versatile Tetrablock Copolymer Scaffold for Hierarchical Colloidal Nanoparticle Assemblies: Synthesis, Characterization, and Molecular Dynamics Simulation.
A unique combination of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and detailed size exclusion chromatography-multiangle light scattering (SEC-MALS) analysis is used to provide important a priori insights into the solution self-assembly of a well-defined and symmetric tetrablock copolymer with two acrylic acid (AA) outer blocks, two polystyrene (PS) inner blocks, and a trithiocarbonate (TTC) central group, prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. SEC-MALS experiments show that the copolymer forms aggregates in both tetrahydrofuran and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), even in the presence of different salts, but not in 1,4-dioxane (dioxane). Combined with MD simulations, these results indicate that the AA units are the main cause of aggregation through intermolecular hydrogen bonding, with additional stabilization by the central TTC. The block copolymer chains self-assemble in dioxane by adding cadmium acetate, originating flowerlike inverse micelles with a cadmium acrylate core and the TTC groups in the outer surface of the PS corona. The micelles were used as nanoreactors in the templated synthesis of a single cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dot (QD) in the core of each micelle, whereas the shell TTC groups can be converted into thiol functions for further use of these units in hierarchical nanostructures. Only in dioxane where simulations and SEC-MALS suggest an absence of copolymer aggregates prior to cadmium acetate addition do well-dispersed and highly luminescent CdSe QDs form by templated synthesis. These results provide valuable insights into the self-assembly of RAFT copolymers in different solvent systems as it relates to the preparation of emissive QDs with polymer-spaced thiol functionality for binding to gold nanostructures.


Lockdown Impact on Stress, Coping Strategies, and Substance Use in Teenagers.
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the French government took many measures, the most notable of which was a national lockdown on 17 March 2020. Its effects have been widely studied, but to our knowledge, no study has sought to determine how adolescents have adapted to cope with this situation. The present study set out to explore teenagers' stress levels, coping strategies, and substance use during this period. This paper is a cross-sectional study that rides on an existing prevention program interviewed 348 French middle school students (209 girls and 139 boys) in grade 8 (M age = 13.45; SDage = 0.54) using an online questionnaire between March 17 and May 11, 2020 (COVID-19 lockdown). The study examined the teenagers' perceived stress, coping strategies they had used, including recent use of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis, during COVID-19 lockdown. Teenagers reported lower perceived stress during lockdown than usually, with a significant decrease for girls. Those who perceived the least social support reported the highest levels of stress. The strategies of planning, behavioral disengagement, self-distraction, positive reframing, acceptance, and religion were used more than usual, while active coping and self-blame were used less. Acceptance was the most often used strategy and a source of decreased stress during lockdown. A significant decrease in recent tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use was also observed. Changes in the use of coping strategies, withdrawal from the stressful school environment, and greater exposure to parents than to peers caused adolescents to be less stressed and to decrease their substance use during the lockdown.


Francis I. Proctor, MD and his wife Elizabeth C. Proctor: Their lives and legacy.
The Francis I. Proctor Foundation for Research in Ophthalmology is internationally recognized for its research in the fields of ocular inflammatory and infectious diseases. Although the name of one of its founders, Francis I. Proctor, MD (1864-1936) is memorialized, the legacy of his wife, Elizabeth C. Proctor (1882-1975) is not as well known. They were both full partners in this endeavor. Francis, a successful and wealthy ophthalmologist, retired to Santa Fe, New Mexico. After their marriage, they became interested in the problem of blinding trachoma, then an endemic problem on the Native American Indian reservations. The couple selected Phillips Thygeson, MD (1903-2002), a young ophthalmologist with an interest in infectious diseases, as their lead investigator. Using their own funds, the Proctors paid for Thygeson and themselves to study trachoma in Egypt, and then establish a trachoma research laboratory in Arizona where the causative agent of trachoma was identified. Not only did the Proctors fund these studies, they also studied bacteriology so they could help in the laboratory themselves. After Francis' death, Elizabeth endowed the Foundation in 1947 and continued to support it. She also established the Proctor Medal for The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.


Hepatitis C virus and essential mixed cryoglobulinaemia.
Clinical and laboratory evidence of liver involvement are frequently found in essential mixed cryoglobulinaemia (EMC). We looked for evidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in 37 patients with EMC. Anti-HCV antibodies (Ab) were found in 16/37 (43%) patients with EMC using the ELISA 2 test and the RIBA 2 test. The 16 anti-HCV-Ab positive patients (group 1) were compared to the 21 anti-HCV-Ab negative patients (group 2). Group 1 patients had more frequent cutaneous involvement (P = 0.02), clinical, biological and histologic hepatic involvement (P < 0.01), higher serum cryoglobulin and lower CH50 levels (P < 0.001). Serum hepatitis B virus markers were infrequent in both groups and no patient from either group had detectable serum HBV DNA. These preliminary results suggest that HCV may be another cause of mixed cryoglobulinaemia.


Antiviral activity of bacteria-derived human alpha interferons against encephalomyocarditis virus infection of mice.
Bacteria-derived human leukocyte interferon (IFN) subtypes, IFN-alpha A, -alpha B, and -alpha D, and two hybrid IFNs, IFN-alpha AD and -alpha DA, were examined for both in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity. Two of these materials in highly purified form (IFN-alpha D and -alpha D) protect mice against lethal doses of encephalomyocarditis virus infection. A single dose of 1 microgram of protein of IFN-alpha D 3 h before infection conferred protection in both BDF1 and CD-1 mice against encephalomyocarditis virus infection, and multiple treatments with IFN-alpha D or IFN-alpha AD extend the mean survival time of infected mice. On a weight basis, IFN-alpha AD was approximately 100-fold more effective than IFN-alpha D. There is a direct correlation between the antiviral activity of the various human IFN species in L-929 cells and in mice for both single and multiple treatments before infection, but none of the cloned human IFN subtypes were effective when administered 24 h after infection. Mixtures of the two parental materials, IFN-alpha A and -alpha D, were not as protective as the hybrid molecule IFN-alpha AD, suggesting that IFNs with unique and altered species specificity can be produced by recombinant DNA methods.


A comparative study of body mass index (BMI) in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals in Nepalese population.
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is the most common endocrine disorder world-wide. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing. In the present study an attempt has been made (i) to examine the relation between obesity and diabetes mellitus in Nepalese people, (ii) to find out whether BMI cut-off points for determining over weight and obesity as per WHO criteria are applicable in Nepalese study population. The present study was carried out in Manipal College of Medical Sciences (MCOMS) and Manipal Teaching Hospital (MTH), Pokhara. The Diabetic patients of Pokhara and surroundings who attended the 'Diabetic Clinic' and Out Patient Department (OPD) during August 2004 to November 2004 at Manipal Teaching Hospital were included in the present study. The number of diabetic patients was two hundred (200), out of which, one hundred and fourteen (114) were male and eighty six (86) were female. In addition one hundred (100) non-diabetic subjects who attended the OPD at MTH were taken for comparison with the diabetic patients, of which, forty seven (47) were male and fifty three (53) were female. Age, height and weight were recorded for every subject. BMI was calculated by the standard formula. In the present study, body mass index (BMI) of the diabetic subjects was found to be more than that of non-diabetic subjects. BMI of non-diabetic males and females were found to be around 22 kg/m2 which is within normal range as per WHO recommendations. On the other hand, diabetic subjects' BMI were found to be around 25 kg/m2, which denotes borderline obesity. It is clear from the present study that 51.5% of the diabetic subjects were within the normal range (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2). More diabetic subjects were found in over-weight (25-29.9) category than non-diabetic subjects. As per WHO criteria 56% of the non-diabetic subjects were within the normal BMI range (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2). It is also evident that when BMI in the range of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2 is considered as over-weight, only 33% were found to be over-weight in diabetic subjects. But when BMI > or =23 kg/m2 (as recommended for Asians) is taken as the determining factor for overweight, 64% of overweight male subjects and 72.09% of overweight female subjects were found to be diabetic. According to the observations of the present study on Nepalese it can be concluded that BMI cut-off points for determining over-weight and obesity should be lowered to 23 kg/m2 or less which can provide an adequate basis of taking action on risks related to overweight and obesity in Nepal.


Growth and reproduction of two species of Akodon and their hybrids.
Growth and reproduction of Akodon molinae (A.m.), A. dolores (A.d.) (Rodentia: Cricetidae), and their hybrids are described. A.d. showed less fertility under animal room conditions, fewer "successful" matings, similar litter sizes, and an altered sex proportion as compared to A.m.; A.d. ovulatory index is supposed to be higher than mean litter size. X-linked lethal gene(s) and chromosome polymorphisms are possible causes of these variations. Interspecific crosses showed a marked seasonal (summer) tendency in parturitions. Intraspecific matings also produced young during winter. F1 hybrids showed a reversed tendency, while F2 matings returned to the parental pattern. A.d. male X A.m. female and F1 crosses presented larger litter sizes than the other pairings. A.m. exhibited sexual differences in weight after 60 days of age. A.d. and F1 hybrids did not show significant differences in weight of both sexes at any age. A.m. males and females were heavier than A.d. individuals except 12 months after birth. F1 hybrids born to A.m. male were heavier at birth than the A.d. female s interspecific offspring, and may be interpreted as a maternal influence of the A.m. females. Hybrids were heavier than their parents at birth and some of them were also heavier at 21 days, and probably is due to pseudoheterosis. The comparison of body measurements between sexes of both species did not give conclusive results. A.m. females were larger than females of A.d. Males of both species showed similar total lengths; A.m. males had larger body lengths and shorter tails. Body measurements were not related to weight variations. However, differences in weight and measurements between sexes appeared simultaneously at 2-6 months. This probably reflected the attainment of maturity.


Elevated mortality following transurethral resection of the prostate for benign hypertrophy! But why?
This paper reevaluates the recently reported excess mortality following transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for benign hypertrophy as compared with traditional open resection (OPEN). We studied survival through linkage of hospital discharge data with mortality data for the entire male population of Denmark (1977-85). For a maximum of 10.5 years 38,067 prostatectomy patients were followed. Adjusting for age and health status before surgery, TURP patients were subject to significantly higher levels of mortality than OPEN patients (RR = 1.19, 95% confidence interval (1.15-1.24). The extent to which this difference is attributable to the surgical intervention itself remains an open question. The two groups of patients are quite different with regard to age and preoperative health status, and available data may not be sufficient to control such differences through statistical analysis. On the other hand, the difference in mortality persisted over calendar time, even during periods when the pattern of utilization for the two procedures changed significantly (constant RR = 1.19, adjusting for age and comorbidity). The most important causes of death among Danish TURP patients differ from the causes suggested on the basis of previously reported Canadian data. The current evidence is thus ambiguous with regard to hypothetical biologic mechanisms behind the excess mortality over TURP patients. Further investigations are needed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of prostate surgery.


Physical activity among persons aging with mobility disabilities: shaping a research agenda.
With the aging of the baby boomer population and their accompanying burden of disease, future disability rates are expected to increase. This paper summarizes the state of the evidence regarding physical activity and aging for individuals with mobility disability and proposes a healthy aging research agenda for this population. Using a previously published framework, we present evidence in order to compile research recommendations in four areas focusing on older adults with mobility disability: (1) prevalence of physical activity, (2) health benefits of physical activity, (3) correlates of physical activity participation, and, (4) promising physical activity intervention strategies. Overall, findings show a dearth of research examining physical activity health benefits, correlates (demographic, psychological, social, and built environment), and interventions among persons aging with mobility disability. Further research is warranted.


Intermittent attractive interactions lead to microphase separation in nonmotile active matter.
Nonmotile active matter exhibits a wide range of nonequilibrium collective phenomena yet examples are crucially lacking in the literature. We present a microscopic model inspired by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis in which diffusive agents feel intermittent attractive forces. Through a formal coarse-graining procedure, we show that this truly scalar model of active matter exhibits the time-reversal-symmetry breaking terms defining the Active Model B+ class. In particular, we confirm the presence of microphase separation by solving the kinetic equations numerically. We show that the switching rate controlling the interactions provides a regulation mechanism tuning the typical cluster size, e.g., in populations of bacteria interacting via type IV pili.


Elevated vanadium content of hair and mania.
Vanadium content of hair from manic patients, recovered patients, and normal controls was measured by neutron activation analysis. The mean vanadium content of the hair of the manic group was significantly higher than that of the control group and that of the group of recovered manics.


Cytological examination of the whole endobronchial brush in bronchoscopic diagnosis of lung cancer.
The combination of cytological and histological techniques has significantly increased the accuracy of fibreoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) in the diagnosis of lung cancer. We tested the hypothesis that cytological examination of material obtained from the whole endobronchial brush might increase the diagnostic yield in patients where conventional brush specimens were negative. Fifty patients who had undergone FOB for suspected lung cancer were studied prospectively. Bronchial lavage, bronchial biopsy and conventional brushing were performed. The whole endobronchial brush was then cut off the end of its wire and transported in a universal pot containing Shandon cytospin collection fluid. The material was dislodged from the whole brush using a vortex and the remaining fluid was centrifuged at 2,000 r.p.m. The fluid concentrate was used to maketwo cytopsin preparations. Papanicolaou stain was used. Fifty patients were studied, of which thirty-nine (78%) had endoscopicaly visible tumour. Of those, bronchial biopsy conventional brushing lavage and whole brush were positive for malignant cells in 31 (79.4%), 29 (74.3%), 21 (53.8%), and 16 (41%) of cases, respectively. A diagnosis of lung cancer was confirmed in 35 (89.7%) cases of endoscopicaly visible tumour. Conventional brushing was positive in two out of 11 (18.2%) cases with no visible tumour. Whole brush analysis was not positive in any of the cases with negative conventional brushings and was the least sensitive test in detecting malignancy Whole endobronchial brush analysis has no advantage in bronchoscopic diagnosis of patients with suspected lung cancer.


Remodeling the plasticity debate: the presynaptic locus revisited.
The cellular mechanisms contributing to long-term potentiation and activity-induced formation of glutamatergic synapses have been intensely debated. Recent studies have sparked renewed interest in the role of presynaptic components in these processes. Based on the present evidence, it appears likely that long-term plasticity utilizes both pre- and postsynaptic expression mechanisms.


Accelerated ocular neovascularisation in diabetics following posterior chamber lens implantation.
Two well controlled non-insulin dependent diabetics with background retinopathy underwent endocapsular lens extraction with in-the-bag posterior chamber implantation. In the postoperative period rubeosis iridis set in abruptly. The fellow eyes showed no progression of retinopathy and the diabetic status showed no deterioration. The cause of neovascularisation and the role of intra- versus extracapsular extraction with implantation are discussed.


Inhibition of EIF-5A prevents apoptosis in human cardiomyocytes after malaria infection.
In this study, a determination of Troponin I and creatine kinase activity in whole-blood samples in a cohort of 100 small infants in the age of 2-5 years from Uganda with complicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria suggests the prevalence of cardiac symptoms in comparison to non-infected, healthy patients. Troponin I and creatine kinase activity increased during infection. Different reports showed that complicated malaria coincides with hypoxia in children. The obtained clinical data prompted us to further elucidate the underlying regulatory mechanisms of cardiac involvement in human cardiac ventricular myocytes. Complicated malaria is the most common clinical presentation and might induce cardiac impairment by hypoxia. Eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) is involved in hypoxia induced factor (HIF-1α) expression. EIF-5A is a protein posttranslationally modified by hypusination involving catalysis of the two enzymes deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase. Treatment of human cardiomyocytes with GC7, an inhibitor of DHS, catalyzing the first step in hypusine biosynthesis led to a decrease in proinflammatory and proapoptotic myocardial caspase-1 activity in comparison to untreated cardiomyocytes. This effect was even more pronounced after co-administration of GC7 and GPI from P. falciparum simulating the pathology of severe malaria. Moreover, in comparison to untreated and GC7-treated cardiomyocytes, co-administration of GC7 and GPI significantly decreased the release of cytochrome C and lactate from damaged mitochondria. In sum, coadministration of GC7 prevented cardiac damage driven by hypoxia in vitro. Our approach demonstrates the potential of the pharmacological inhibitor GC7 to ameliorate apoptosis in cardiomyocytes in an in vitro model simulating severe malaria. This regulatory mechanism is based on blocking EIF-5A hypusination.


Vitamin D status and supplementation before and after Bariatric Surgery: Recommendations based on a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Bariatric surgery is associated with a postoperative reduction of 25(OH) vitamin D levels (25(OH)D) and with skeletal complications. Currently, guidelines for 25(OH)D assessment and vitamin D supplementation in bariatric patients, pre- and post-surgery, are still lacking. The aim of this work is to analyse systematically the published experience on 25(OH)D status and vitamin D supplementation, pre- and post-surgery, and to propose, on this basis, recommendations for management. Preoperatively, 18 studies including 2,869 patients were evaluated. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency as defined by 25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L) was 85%, whereas when defined by 25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L) was 57%. The median preoperative 25(OH)D level was 19.75 ng/mL. After surgery, 39 studies including 5,296 patients were analysed and among those undergoing either malabsorptive or restrictive procedures, a lower rate of vitamin D insufficiency and higher 25(OH)D levels postoperatively were observed in patients treated with high-dose oral vitamin D supplementation, defined as ≥ 2,000 IU/daily (mostly D3-formulation), compared with low-doses (< 2,000 IU/daily). Our recommendations based on this systematic review and meta-analysis should help clinical practice in the assessment and management of vitamin D status before and after bariatric surgery. Assessment of vitamin D should be performed pre- and postoperatively in all patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Regardless of the type of procedure, high-dose supplementation is recommended in patients after bariatric surgery.


Canadian Thoracic Society recommendations for management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - 2007 update.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major respiratory illness in Canada that is both preventable and treatable. Our understanding of the pathophysiology of this complex condition continues to grow and our ability to offer effective treatment to those who suffer from it has improved considerably. The purpose of the present educational initiative of the Canadian Thoracic Society (CTS) is to provide up to date information on new developments in the field so that patients with this condition will receive optimal care that is firmly based on scientific evidence. Since the previous CTS management recommendations were published in 2003, a wealth of new scientific information has become available. The implications of this new knowledge with respect to optimal clinical care have been carefully considered by the CTS Panel and the conclusions are presented in the current document. Highlights of this update include new epidemiological information on mortality and prevalence of COPD, which charts its emergence as a major health problem for women; a new section on common comorbidities in COPD; an increased emphasis on the meaningful benefits of combined pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapies; and a new discussion on the prevention of acute exacerbations. A revised stratification system for severity of airway obstruction is proposed, together with other suggestions on how best to clinically evaluate individual patients with this complex disease. The results of the largest randomized clinical trial ever undertaken in COPD have recently been published, enabling the Panel to make evidence-based recommendations on the role of modern pharmacotherapy. The Panel hopes that these new practice guidelines, which reflect a rigorous analysis of the recent literature, will assist caregivers in the diagnosis and management of this common condition.


Hepatic tumors: dynamic MR imaging.
Thirty-six patients with hepatic tumors (28 hepatocellular carcinomas, seven cavernous hemangiomas, one metastatic tumor) were examined with serial magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, after a bolus intravenous injection of 0.05 mmol/kg gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid. A typical MR imaging pattern for hemangiomas (present in five of seven cases [71.4%]) was a lesion of diminished signal intensity on precontrast images, peripheral contrast enhancement during the bolus dynamic phase, and complete fill-in of high signal intensity on delayed scan images. Twenty-eight hepatocellular carcinomas showed a variety of contrast enhancement patterns during the dynamic phase. In 21 patients (75%), there was no area of high signal intensity within the tumor on the delayed phase. A peripheral halo with delayed enhancement was noticed in 12 patients (42.8%) Histologic correlation in hepatocellular carcinomas showed that the degree of contrast enhancement corresponded to tumor vascularity and that the peripheral halo corresponded to fibrous capsular structure.


Evaluation of Candida peritonitis with underlying peritoneal fibrosis and efficacy of micafungin in murine models of intra-abdominal candidiasis.
Candida peritonitis is a crucial disease, however the optimal antifungal therapy regimen has not been clearly defined. Peritoneal fibrosis (PF) can be caused by abdominal surgery, intra-abdominal infection, and malignant diseases, and is also widely recognized as a crucial complication of long-term peritoneal dialysis. However, the influence of PF on Candida peritonitis prognosis remains unknown. Here, we evaluated the severity of Candida peritonitis within the context of PF and the efficacy of micafungin using mice. A PF mouse model was generated by intraperitoneally administering chlorhexidine gluconate. Candida peritonitis, induced by intraperitoneal inoculation of Candida albicans, was treated with a 7-day consecutive subcutaneous administration of micafungin. Candida infection caused a higher mortality rate in the PF mice compared with the control mice on day 7. Proliferative Candida invasion into the peritoneum and intra-abdominal organs was confirmed pathologically only in the PF mice. However, all mice in both groups treated with micafungin survived until day 20. Micafungin treatment tends to suppress inflammatory cytokines in the plasma 12 h after infection in both groups. Our results suggest that PF enhances early mortality in Candida peritonitis. Prompt initiation and sufficient doses of micafungin had good efficacy for Candida peritonitis, irrespective of the underlying PF.


Expression of pigment epithelium-derived factor in psoriasis, verrucae, squamous cell carcinoma and normal skin: An immunohistochemical study.
Preservation of homeostasis status in the skin needs an equilibrium of keratinocyte proliferation, differentiation, necrosis and apoptosis. Disturbance of these regulatory mechanisms may lead to keratinocyte neoplastic and hyperproliferative diseases. Pigment epithelium-derived factor is a glycoprotein that is endogenously produced in different tissues and has a variety of biological effects in different diseases. To evaluate the keratinocyte expression of pigment epithelium-derived factor in normal skin and three epidermal hyperproliferative diseases, namely, psoriasis, verrucae and squamous cell carcinoma. This study included skin biopsy samples from 80 participants who were divided into four equal groups; each containing 20 samples. The first group included skin biopsies from normal skin, the second group from psoriatic lesions, the third group from verruca vulgaris and the fourth group from squamous cell carcinoma. All tissue samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain and later immunohistochemically for pigment epithelium-derived factor expression. Scores of pigment epithelium-derived factor expression were lower in squamous cell carcinoma and verruca and psoriasis than normal skin with a significant difference (P = 0.04). In addition, the pattern of pigment epithelium-derived factor expression was mainly cytoplasmic in normal skin with a significant difference with that seen in psoriasis, squamous cell carcinoma and verruca vulgaris (P = 0.001). Pigment epithelium-derived factor may play a role in keratinocyte differentiation.


Single Nanoparticle Counting-Based Liquid Biopsy for Cancer Diagnosis.
Liquid biopsy has become a sought-after technique for disease diagnosis because it provides real-time, dynamic, and comprehensive information that can alleviate the dilemmas faced by tissue biopsy. Multiplexed microRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to be promising biomarkers in liquid biopsy but fall short in providing simple and sensitive analytical methods. In this work, we established a novel nanoparticle counting strategy to accomplish simultaneous analysis of three breast cancer-associated miRNAs for breast cancer diagnosis. The frequency of nanoparticles not involved in the formation of sandwich structures was detected by single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SP-ICPMS) to quantify the targets. The detection limits for miR-21, miR-155, and miR-16 were 49, 51, and 55 amol, respectively. The strategy was applied to clinical samples and successfully achieved the diagnosis between normal individuals and breast cancer patients. The area under the curve (AUC) for the combination of the relative expression of miR-21 and miR-155 was 0.818. The above results indicate that this strategy has potential and holds great promise for playing an essential role in cancer diagnosis.


"Tschitschibabin type biradicals": benzenoid or quinoid?
Our findings provide a better understanding of the discrepancies related to the discussion in the literature on the ground state of Tschitschibabin's hydrocarbon. A series of phenylene bridged bisnitroxide molecules were designed and studied for the comparison. The simple theoretical and experimental methodologies have been developed and utilized to understand the singlet biradicaloids which exist in semi-quinoid form and exhibits characteristics of biradicaloid and quinoid form simultaneously.


Effect of estradiol-17β during in vitro growth culture on the growth, maturation, cumulus expansion and development of porcine oocytes from early antral follicles.
Growing porcine oocytes from early antral follicles can acquire meiotic and developmental competence under suitable culture conditions, but at lower rates compared to full-grown oocytes. We postulated that estradiol-17β (E2 ) supported the acquisition of meiotic and developmental competence as well as cumulus-expansion ability during growth culture. Growing oocytes from early antral follicles (1.2 to 1.5 mm in diameter) were grown in vitro for 5 days in a medium containing 0, 10(-7) , 10(-6) , 10(-5) or 10(-4) mol/L E2 ; after in vitro maturation, 35, 58, 47, 74 and 49% of oocytes matured to metaphase II, 25, 79, 77, 90 and 97% acquired cumulus-expansion ability, and 23, 54, 63, 89 and 64% were fully surrounded by cumulus cells, respectively. Following maturation, electro-stimulation was applied to the oocytes grown with 10(-5) mol/L E2 . After 6 days of culture, in vitro-grown oocytes developed to the blastocyst stage at a rate similar to that for full-grown oocytes (31% and 40%, respectively). Therefore, we suggest that the use of E2 during growth culture improves the meiotic and developmental competence of oocytes, cumulus-expansion ability, and cumulus cell attachment to the oocytes.


Profiles and service utilization for children accessing a mental health walk-in clinic versus usual care.
Many children and adolescents with mental health problems do not receive the treatment they need. Unmet need raises questions about specific barriers that may prevent service use, and/or the characteristics of children and families who are less likely to receive care. Brief interventions or single-session psychotherapy delivered in a highly accessible manner are methods of addressing the problems associated with waitlists and limited access to care. In the current study the authors offer an exploratory evaluation of the West End Walk-In Counseling Centre for children and youth with psychosocial problems. Children 4 to 18 years of age who accessed the Walk-In Counseling Centre and a comparison group of clients who accessed usual care were assessed at intake, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up on demographic characteristics, behavioral/emotional adjustment and functioning, client satisfaction, and service use. Children in the walk-in group had more severe behavioral/emotional adjustment and functioning than usual care clients at baseline. At post-treatment, walk-in clients had lower scores on Total Mental Health Problems and Internalizing Behaviors, and exhibited fewer problems across all scales at follow-up. Walk-in clients found the wait time for service more reasonable and at follow-up, felt the service addressed concerns and had higher regard for counselor availability and cultural sensitivity of the service than usual care clients. Service utilization, assessed at post-treatment and 3-month follow-up, showed that both groups were more likely to access mental health and education services rather than health or child welfare services, and were more likely to have used services in the 12 months prior to service than the 3 months following service completion. Walk-in clients had steeper rates of improvement compared to usual care clients despite equivalence in psychosocial functioning at baseline. The walk-in model may be an effective alternative to usual care, particularly for those clients only willing to wait up to 2 weeks for service.


Masking the taste of the conditioned taste aversion agent levamisole using an ion-exchange resin, for practical application in wildlife management.
For a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) agent to be successful in wildlife management applications, the compound must not be detectable by the animal. Levamisole is an effective CTA agent when administered by oral intubation, but it is readily detected by a number of species when mixed directly in food. This paper describes the development of an ion-exchange resin complex (resinate) to mask the taste of levamisole. Two different resins were evaluated, Amberlite IRP-64 and Amberlite IRP-69, and release studies indicated that the resinate formed using IRP-64 resin would be most suitable for use in wildlife management. Although it contained a relatively low loading of levamisole (77 g kg(-1)), the results indicated that the IRP-64 resinate should be stable in the mouth and release the levamisole quickly in the acid environment of the stomach (93% of levamisole was released into 0.1 M HCl in 5 min). In a bioassay using laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus Berk), we showed that the taste of levamisole was successfully masked in a biscuit bait using the IRP-64 resinate and that a CTA was generated to untreated bait. The use of ion-exchange resins is a new approach in the taste-masking of CTA agents and could be applied to other wildlife management applications.


Atmospheric effect study of continuous-variable quantum key distribution.
We proposed a data acquisition method to monitor local oscillator (LO) intensity in real time in unidimensional continuous-variable quantum key distribution protocol. Based on this proposed method, the influence of weather conditions on the average transmittance and excess noise is studied, such as relative wetness, visibility, and beam jitter.


Treatment of severe deformities of the toenails by the modified Zadik method with artificial skin.
A number of operations have been devised to treat ingrowing toenails and pincer nails, and they have given good aesthetic and functional results. However, there have been few reports of operations for the treatment of severe nail deformities caused by damage to the matrix of the nail by injury, or by inappropriate removal of the nail or intractable onychomycosis or cardiovascular or neurological disorders. In 1950, Zadik reported a radical technique for ingrown nails and pincer nails: after avulsion of the nail, the matrix was excised completely and the posterior nail wall was sutured to the nail bed as an advancement flap. We have treated 23 severe deformities other than ingrown nails and pincer nails in 14 patients by the modified Zadik method with artificial skin. As a result, symptoms including pain were alleviated in all patients. The nail plate did not regenerate, and no patient had aesthetic complaints.


The fine structure of the swine sweat gland. I. The acini.
The structure of the acini in the swine sweat gland is described here at the TEM level. The acini of the sweat gland in the pig is formed by 2 secretory cell types: dark seromucous cells and clear cells. The dark seromucous cells are actively secretory and their secretion is apocrine. The clear cells seem to be involved in an active transport of water and electrolytes through their cytoplasms.


Molecular architecture of tight junctions.
The tight junction creates a regulated barrier in the paracellular pathway and, together with the actin-rich adherens junction, forms a functional unit called the apical junction complex. A growing number of tight junction-associated proteins have been identified, but functions are defined for only a few. The intercellular barrier is formed by rows of the transmembrane protein occludin, which is bound on the cytoplasmic surface to ZO-1 and ZO-2. These proteins are members of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) protein family and are likely to have both structural and signaling roles. Junctional plaque proteins without known functions include cingulin, p130, and 7H6; single reports describe ZA-1TJ and symplekin. Many cellular signaling pathways affect assembly and sealing of junctions. Transducing proteins, which localize within the junction, include both heterotrimeric and rho-related GTP-binding proteins, PKC-zeta and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. Control of perijunctional actin may be the unifying mechanism for regulating paracellular permeability.


Ursodiol: a cholesterol gallstone solubilizing agent.
Ursodiol, a naturally occurring bile acid, has gained Food and Drug Administration approval for the dissolution of cholesterol gallstones. Ursodiol inhibits hepatic cholesterol synthesis and secretion. Lithocholic acid, a potentially hepatotoxic metabolite of ursodiol and chenodiol, may accumulate to a lesser extent with ursodiol than with chenodiol. Enterohepatic recirculation of ursodiol and its metabolites occurs and is essential to the dissolution of cholesterol gallstones. Complete dissolution has been achieved in 17 percent of patients with noncalcified, radiolucent, floating, cholesterol gallstones. Recurrence of cholesterol gallstones may occur in over one-half of initial responders. Diarrhea reported in up to 50 percent of the patients on chenodiol has been reported in only 4 percent of patients treated with ursodiol. Increased mean aspartate aminotransferase levels to more than twice the pretreatment level seen with chenodiol therapy have not been reported with ursodiol. Reportedly fewer adverse reactions may give ursodiol a major advantage over chenodiol in hospital formulary considerations.


Evaluation of the effectiveness of toe board energy-absorbing material for foot, ankle, and lower leg injury reduction.
Since 2000, numerous improvements have been made to the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing, Incorporated (NASCAR®) driver restraint system, resulting in improved crash protection for motorsports drivers. Advancements have included seats, head and neck restraints (HNRs), seat belt restraint systems, driver helmets, and others. These enhancements have increased protection for drivers from severe crash loading. Extending protection to the driver's extremities remains challenging. Though the drivers' legs are well contained for lateral and vertical crashes, they remain largely unrestrained in frontal and frontal oblique crashes. Sled testing was conducted for the evaluation of an energy-absorbing (EA) toe board material to be used as a countermeasure for leg and foot injuries. Testing included baseline rigid toe boards, tests with EA material-covered toe boards, and pretest positioning of the 50th percentile male frontal Hybrid III anthropomorphic test device (ATD) lower extremities. ATD leg and foot instrumentation included foot acceleration and tibia forces and moments. The sled test data were evaluated using established injury criteria for tibial plateau fractures, leg shaft fractures, and calcaneus, talus, ankle, and midfoot fractures. A polyurethane EA foam was found to be effective in limiting axial tibia force and foot accelerations when subjected to frontal impacts using the NASCAR motorsport restraint system.


Evolution properties of a complex coherent square Gaussian-Schell-model beam in a uniaxial crystal orthogonal to the optical axis.
The analytical formulas for spectral density, degree of coherence, and effective beam widths of complex coherent square Gaussian-Schell-model (GSM) beams in a uniaxial crystal orthogonal to the optical axis are derived. Based on these analytical formulas, the evolution properties are investigated by a set of numerical examples. It is demonstrated that the complex coherent square GSM beams spread at different rates in the directions parallel and orthogonal to the optical axis due to the anisotropic crystal, but the self-shift effect of the light field is almost unaffected by the fact that the uniaxial crystal is anisotropic. The effect of anisotropy of the uniaxial crystal on the effective width of the beam in the x direction and that in the y direction is completely opposite. The results provide a way for the modulation of the complex coherent square GSM beams and enrich the propagation theory of uniaxial crystal.


Treatment of mandibular condyle fractures using a modified transparotid approach via the parotid mini-incision: experience with 31 cases.
Surgery for mandibular condyle fractures must allow direct vision of the fracture, reduce surgical trauma and achieve reduction and fixation while avoiding facial nerve injury. This prospective study was conducted to introduce a new surgical approach for open reduction and internal fixation of mandibular condyle fractures using a modified transparotid approach via the parotid mini-incision, and surgical outcomes were evaluated. The modified transparotid approach via the parotid mini-incision was applied and rigid internal fixation using a small titanium plate was carried out for 36 mandibular condyle fractures in 31 cases. Postoperative follow-up of patients ranged from 3 to 26 months; in the first 3 months after surgery, outcomes for all patients were analyzed by evaluating the degree of mouth opening, occlusal relationship, facial nerve function and results of imaging studies. The occlusal relationships were excellent in all patients and none had symptoms of intraoperative ipsilateral facial nerve injury. The mean degree of mouth opening was 4.0 (maximum 4.8 cm, minimum 3.0 cm). No mandibular deviations were noted in any patient during mouth opening. CT showed complete anatomical reduction of the mandibular condyle fracture in all patients. The modified transparotid approach via the smaller, easily concealed parotid mini-incision is minimally invasive and achieves anatomical reduction and rigid internal fixation with a simplified procedure that directly exposes the fracture site. Study results showed that this procedure is safe and feasible for treating mandibular condyle fracture, and offers a short operative path, protection of the facial nerve and satisfactory aesthetic outcomes.


Greedily building protein networks with confidence.
With genome sequences complete for human and model organisms, it is essential to understand how individual genes and proteins are organized into biological networks. Much of the organization is revealed by proteomics experiments that now generate torrents of data. Extracting relevant complexes and pathways from high-throughput proteomics data sets has posed a challenge, however, and new methods to identify and extract networks are essential. We focus on the problem of building pathways starting from known proteins of interest. We have developed an efficient, greedy algorithm, SEEDY, that extracts biologically relevant biological networks from protein-protein interaction data, building out from selected seed proteins. The algorithm relies on our previous study establishing statistical confidence levels for interactions generated by two-hybrid screens and inferred from mass spectrometric identification of protein complexes. We demonstrate the ability to extract known yeast complexes from high-throughput protein interaction data with a tunable parameter that governs the trade-off between sensitivity and selectivity. DNA damage repair pathways are presented as a detailed example. We highlight the ability to join heterogeneous data sets, in this case protein-protein interactions and genetic interactions, and the appearance of cross-talk between pathways caused by re-use of shared components. SIGNIFICANCE AND COMPARISON: The significance of the SEEDY algorithm is that it is fast, running time O[(E + V) log V] for V proteins and E interactions, a single adjustable parameter controls the size of the pathways that are generated, and an associated P-value indicates the statistical confidence that the pathways are enriched for proteins with a coherent function. Previous approaches have focused on extracting sub-networks by identifying motifs enriched in known biological networks. SEEDY provides the complementary ability to perform a directed search based on proteins of interest. SEEDY software (Perl source), data tables and confidence score models (R source) are freely available from the author.


Methodology for the analysis and comparison of protocols for glycaemic control in intensive care.
The practice of glycaemic control of critically ill patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) is guided by clinical management protocols, designed locally by the ICUs. These protocols differ significantly in their aims and methods. The aim of this study was to develop a standardized methodology for the systematic and objective analysis and comparison of protocols for glycaemic control implemented in any ICU. The protocols for glycaemic control implemented in seven ICUs of a UK-based ICU network were analysed using techniques of inductive content analysis, through an open coding process and the framework method. This involved the identification and classification of protocol instructions for glycaemic control, as well as of the processes and decisions pertaining to each of these instructions. These were used to develop a framework for the structured and systematic description and comparison of the protocols' contents, and to develop a technique for the protocols' graphic visualization. The following elements were identified or developed: (1) 35 quantifiable variables and 11 non-quantifiable subjects that could be present in an ICU protocol for glycaemic control, to be used as a framework for the description and comparison of contents; (2) a technique for condensing a protocol into a single, comprehensive flowchart; (3) using these flowcharts, a method for assessing the complexity and comprehensiveness of the protocols. The methodology developed in this study will allow for any future work analysing the contents of glycaemic control protocols to be carried out in a structured and standardized way. This may be done either as a standalone study, or as the essential first step in any investigation on the impact of new protocols. In turn, the methodology will facilitate the performance of regional, national, and international comparisons, demonstrating the usefulness of this study at a global scale.


Promoting primary healing after ray amputations in the diabetic foot: the plantar dermo-fat pad flap.
Amputation of the toe at the level of the distal metatarsal head (ray amputation) is a common surgical procedure in diabetic foot ulcers. The aim of this study was to introduce a new technique promoting primary healing by minimizing the dead space with the plantar dermo-fat pad flap after central ray amputation in diabetic foot ulcers. Thirty-eight patients who had undergone central ray amputation and closure with the plantar dermo-fat pad flap between 1996 and 2003 were incorporated into the study. The mean follow-up period was 3.56 years. Single and multiple middle toe amputations were performed in 33 and five cases, respectively. In 14 cases with acute infection, split-thickness skin graft was used with the plantar dermo-fat pad flap to close the defect on the foot dorsum. Healing time was uneventful in all patients except three (8 percent), who were healed with local wound care. No patient showed signs of ulceration at the operative site during the follow-up. The mean time to total healing was 40.31 +/- 34.56 days. The plantar dermo-fat pad flap promotes primary wound healing after central ray amputation in diabetic foot ulcers by filling the dead space. The osteotomy to the base of the remaining adjacent metatarsal base in an effort to close the defect can be avoided by using the plantar dermo-fat pad flap; thus, undesirable angulation of the remaining parts of the foot can be eliminated. The plantar dermo-fat pad flap also supports the weak articular capsule of the adjacent metatarsophalangeal joints while covering the amputated metatarsal end. The thick, healthy plantar soft tissue advanced up to the width of the deepithelialized area reestablishes a good, tough plantar surface which--in association with the pad effect of the flap--decreases the recurrence rates and provides comfortable ambulation.


Effects of filtering on right ventricular electrograms recorded from endocardial catheters in humans.
Criteria for identifying electrically abnormal myocardium based on analysis of electrogram, amplitude, duration, and morphology have recently been proposed as an aid to catheter mapping in humans. Electrogram characteristics are likely to be influenced by analog filtering and the distance between recording electrodes. These parameters can be varied and differ among electrophysiology laboratories. To determine the magnitude of the effect of low pass and high pass filtering and interelectrode distance on human bipolar right ventricular electrograms eight patients were studied. The signal from a single bipolar electrode pair was recorded simultaneously on five channels with variable filtering. As the high pass filter frequency increased above 10 Hz, the electrogram duration and amplitude decreased. The decrease in amplitude was described by a monoexponential function with a 30% decrease in amplitude at a filter setting of 30 Hz and a 69% decrease at a filter setting of 100 Hz. As the low pass filter frequency decreased from 2,500 to 250 Hz, electrogram characteristics were not significantly altered. Low pas filtering at 100 Hz decreased electrogram amplitude slightly. Neither high nor low pass filter settings or interelectrode distance affected electrogram timing. However, filtering could markedly alter electrogram morphology, introducing the possibility for errors in visual assessment of electrograms. Electrogram duration increased linearly with increasing distance between recording electrodes. The effects of filtering on electrograms were similar regardless of interelectrode spacing. Thus, varying the high pass filter setting over a range that is used clinically (from 1 to 100 Hz) can substantially alter electrogram duration, amplitude, and morphology. Low pass filtering at 250 Hz and above had no effect on these electrograms although it is possible that alterations would be observed in signals from areas of slow conduction that we did not study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


How good is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator for predicting leadership-related behaviors?
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a popular tool used by psychologists working as managers' coaches in organizational contexts. Despite its popularity, few studies provide empirical evidence on the role of the MBTI as a predictor of managers' leadership-related behaviors. This article is written based on research that answers the question of how good the MBTI is to prove leadership behavior. It does so by comparing goodness-of-fit indexes of two confirmatory factor analysis models and two structural models on the personality-leadership relationship, following standards of reproducible research principles. We sampled 529 participants who were graduate and undergraduate students enrolled in business administration programs from Colombian universities. Results show conclusive evidence of the psychometric measurement of both MBTI and leadership practices, even though the relationship between MBTI and the leadership practices inventory proved to be weak.


Neuropsychological performances in patients with infiltrative non-GBM gliomas after postoperative adjuvant photon or proton radiotherapy: A prospective and preliminary investigation.
Infiltrative non-GBM gliomas are common primary intracranial malignancies, and postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy is recommended for most adult patients diagnosed with this disease to enhance local control and prolong intracranial progression-free survival (PFS). However, RT-related neurocognitive function (NCF) consequences should not be ignored. Early neurocognitive decline principally includes episodic memory, associated significantly with functions of the hippocampus. This prospective study aims to investigate the impact of adjuvant brain irradiation on neurocognitive performances and relevant oncological outcomes.Twenty-five patients with intracranial infiltrative non-GBM gliomas were enrolled when postoperative adjuvant RT was recommended. All recruited patients should receive baseline brain magnetic resonance imaging, and neuropsychological assessments before and 4 months after the RT course. A battery of neuropsychological measures, mainly including executive functions, memory, psychomotor speed and visuoconstructive ability, was used to evaluate NCFs of interest.Analyzing the delta values between post-irradiation and baseline NCF scores, we observed a robust trend reflecting cognitive stabilization rather than deterioration in almost all NCF. Both verbal and visual memory functions exhibited significant differences in the corresponding scaled scores (Z = -2.722, p = .006, regarding verbal memory; Z = -2.246, p = .025, concerning non-verbal memory). Moreover, patients' neuropsychological performances associated with psychomotor speed and executive functions also disclosed a tendency toward stabilization/improvement.This prospective study demonstrated that patients with infiltrative non-GBM exhibited a marked tendency toward neurocognitive stabilization after receiving postoperative adjuvant RT. Clinical trial registration: Trial Registration with ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03534050.


Curcumin inhibits the lymphangiogenesis of gastric cancer cells by inhibiton of HMGB1/VEGF-D signaling.
Accumulating evidence shows that curcumin exerts antitumor activities in a variety of malignancies. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is associated with vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D)-induced lymphangiogenesis and tumor metastasis in gastric cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms by which curcumin regulates HMGB1-mediated lymphangiogenesis in gastric cancer remain unclear. In this study, the cytotoxic effects of curcumin were investigated in gastric cancer AGS and SGC-7901 cell lines by MTT assay, and curcumin-induced morphological changes and cell apoptosis were assessed by using flow cytometry analysis and caspase-3 activity. The effects of curcumin on HMGB1 and VEGF-D expression were examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis. As a result, we found that curcumin decreased cell viability and caused a dose-dependent cell apoptosis through the activation of caspase-3. The mRNA and protein expression levels of HMGB1 and VEGF-D were significantly eliminated by curcumin administration. Pre-treatment with the recombinant HMGB1 (rHMGB1) markedly abolished curcumin-reduced VEGF-D expression. Our findings suggested that curcumin might exert anti-lymphangiogenesis in gastric cancer by inhibition of HMGB1/VEGF-D signaling.


Biochemical Characterization of Novel GH6 Endoglucanase from Myxococcus sp. B6-1 and Its Effects on Agricultural Straws Saccharification.
Cellulase has been widely used in many industrial fields, such as feed and food industry, because it can hydrolyze cellulose to oligosaccharides with a lower degree of polymerization. Endo-β-1,4-glucanase is a critical speed-limiting cellulase in the saccharification process. In this study, endo-β-1,4-glucanase gene (CelA257) from Myxococcus sp. B6-1 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. CelA257 contained carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) 4-9 and glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family 6 domain that shares 54.7% identity with endoglucanase from Streptomyces halstedii. The recombinant enzyme exhibited optimal activity at pH 6.5 and 50 °C and was stable over a broad pH (6-9.5) range and temperature < 50 °C. CelA257 exhibited broad substrate specificity to barley β-glucan, lichenin, CMC, chitosan, laminarin, avicel, and phosphoric acid swollen cellulose (PASC). CelA257 degraded both cellotetrose (G4) and cellppentaose (G5) to cellobiose (G2) and cellotriose (G3). Adding CelA257 increased the release of reducing sugars in crop straw powers, including wheat straw (0.18 mg/mL), rape straw (0.42 mg/mL), rice straw (0.16 mg/mL), peanut straw (0.16 mg/mL), and corn straw (0.61 mg/mL). This study provides a potential additive in biomass saccharification applications.


ACOG Committee Opinion No. 358: professional responsibilities in obstetric-gynecologic education.
Physicians must learn new skills in a manner consistent with their ethical obligations to benefit the patient, to do no harm, and to respect a patient's right to make informed decisions. Patients should be given the opportunity to consent to or refuse treatment by students. Students must hold in confidence any information they learn about patients. The relationship between teacher and student involves an imbalance of power and the risk of exploitation of a student for the benefit of the teacher. Students should not be placed in situations where they must provide care or perform procedures for which they are not qualified and not adequately supervised. Students have the obligation to be honest, conscientious, and respectful in their relationships with their teachers. They should act in ways that preserve the dignity of patients and do not undermine relationships between patients and their physicians. If a student observes unethical behavior or incompetent conduct by a teacher, the appropriate institutional authority should be informed. Institutions have an obligation to provide a work environment that enhances professional competence by ensuring that students and residents work reasonable hours, helping them balance education and patient care responsibilities; providing adequate support services; and, in the case of residents, providing reasonable salaries and benefits. With increasing numbers of women in education programs, special attention must be given to the parallel demands of pregnancy and career goals.


Platelet monoamine oxidase activity and genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia.
Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity, determined in 102 patients with chronic schizophrenia, 223 first-degree relatives, and 88 normal control subjects, was shown to be a heritable and stable trait and was significantly lower in patients than in normal control subjects. Within families, MAO activity distinguished ill from well relatives. However, the considerable overlap in enzyme activity between affected and unaffected individuals limits the usefulness of low MAO activity as a major risk factor in schizophrenia.


Overexpression of the Artemisia orthologue of ABA receptor, AaPYL9, enhances ABA sensitivity and improves artemisinin content in Artemisia annua L.
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays an important role in plant development and environmental stress response. In this study, we cloned an ABA receptor orthologue, AaPYL9, from Artemisia annua L. AaPYL9 is expressed highly in leaf and flower. AaPYL9 protein can be localized in both nucleus and cytoplasm. Yeast two-hybrid assay shows AaPYL9 can specifically interact with AtABI1 but not with AtABI2, AtHAB1 or AtHAB2. ABA can enhance the interaction between AaPYL9 and AtABI1 while AaPYL9-89 Pro→Ser and AaPYL9-116 His→Ala point mutations abolishes the interaction. BiFC assay shows that AaPYL9 interacts with AtABI1 in nucleus in planta. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants over-expressing AaPYL9 are more sensitive to ABA in the seed germination and primary root growth than wild type. Consistent with this, ABA report genes have higher expression in AaPYL9 overexpressing plants compared to wild type after ABA treatment. Moreover, overexpression of AaPYL9 in A. annua increases not only drought tolerance, but also artemisinin content after ABA treatment, with significant enhancement of the expression of key genes in artemisinin biosynthesis. This study provides a way to develop A. annua with high-yielding artemisinin and high drought resistance.


Chimpanzee adenovirus antibodies in humans, sub-Saharan Africa.
Human sera from the United States, Thailand, and sub-Saharan Africa and chimpanzee sera were tested for neutralizing antibodies to 3 chimpanzee adenoviruses. Antibodies were more common in humans residing in sub-Saharan Africa than in humans living in the United States or Thailand. This finding suggests cross-species transmission of chimpanzee adenoviruses.


Adrenal lymphangioma masquerading as a pancreatic tail cyst.
Cystic lymphangiomas of the adrenal gland are rare. A 79-year-old female presented in the emergency room with epigastric discomfort, and an immovable mass was palpated in her abdomen upon physical examination. Imaging studies revealed a large cystic lesion in the pancreatic tail. The radiologic impression ruled out the possibility of a mucinous cystic neoplasm, or a pseudocyst in the pancreas. The operative findings demonstrated that the cystic mass originated in the left adrenal gland. A laparoscopic excision of the cystic mass was performed, and immunohistochemistry confirmed that this mass was a lymphangioma of the adrenal gland. Several prior reports have suggested that lymphangioma can mimic renal or splenic cysts. However, lymphangioma cases mimicking pancreatic cysts are very rare.


Inaccuracy of three-finger pinch method of determining salt content in homemade sugar salt solutions.
Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) has dramatically reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with acute infectious diarrhea. Commercial oral rehydration salt (ORS) solutions with sodium concentrations of 30-90 mmol/L are ideal for both the prevention and treatment of dehydration. However, logistic issues impede their universal availability and homemade sugar salt (HSS) solutions are widely used in some areas of the world. The least accurate methods of preparing HSS solutions utilize a three-finger pinch of salt. The present study demonstrates the inconsistency and inaccuracy of this method among 15 health workers who participated in an ORT training seminar conducted in a situation that approximated field conditions. Similar studies with different subjects, instructions, and milieu describe results similar to those we obtained. In all studies, including the present one, a substantial number of the solutions prepared by this method had dangerously high or low sodium concentrations. Health providers should consider the use of selected home-available fluids rather than HSS solutions for the prevention of dehydration in children with diarrhea. However, ORS solutions should be used to correct established dehydration.


Relationship between Central Arterial Stiffness and Insulin Resistance in Chinese Community-Dwelling Population without Diabetes Mellitus.
Insulin resistance (IR) is a pathological condition present not only in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), but also in community-dwelling population without DM. Both central arterial stiffness and IR are closely correlated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The relationship between central arterial stiffness and IR has not been described in Chinese community-dwelling population without DM. The current analysis was designed to investigate the relationship between central arterial stiffness and IR in Chinese community-dwelling population without DM. There were 1150 participants fully assessed for not only homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) but also carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV). Median age was 39 (18-80) years, and 69.7% were men. Bivariate correlation analysis showed that cfPWV was significantly related to HOMA-IR (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis indicated that cfPWV was independently associated with HOMA-IR (P < 0.05). This community-based analysis testified that the relationship between central arterial stiffness and IR was evident as early as during nondiabetic stage. Early interventions in Chinese community-dwelling population without DM to improve the IR are also important in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.


Breakdown of thermodynamic equilibrium for DNA hybridization in microarrays.
Test experiments of hybridization in DNA microarrays show systematic deviations from the equilibrium isotherms. We argue that these deviations are due to the presence of a partially hybridized long-lived state, which we include in a kinetic model. Experiments confirm the model predictions for the intensity vs free-energy behavior. The existence of slow relaxation phenomena has important consequences for the specificity of microarrays as devices for the detection of a target sequence from a complex mixture of nucleic acids.


Real-time elastography in autonomously functioning thyroid nodules: relationship with TSH levels, scintigraphy, and ultrasound patterns.
Real-time elastography has been proposed to increase the sensitivity of ultrasound and improve the detection of thyroid nodules at risk of malignancy. To date sparse data on real-time elastography assessment of autonomously functioning thyroid nodules exist. Here, we investigated the potential role of real-time elastography in autonomously functioning thyroid nodule assessment. Specifically, the correlation between serum hormones and real-time elastography score, as well as other clinical and ultrasound features, was analyzed. Patients with autonomously functioning thyroid nodule identified by I-123 scintigraphy from September 2015 to July 2016 and undergoing ultrasound, real-time elastography, and thyroid function evaluation were selected. All autonomously functioning thyroid nodule were classified as RTE I (prevalence of red or green color with blue in up to 25% of the nodule area), RTE II (blue in 25-75%), or RTE III (blue in more than 75%). The association between suppressed thyroid stimulating hormone and patient's age, nodule's size, ultrasound presentation, and real-time elastography scoring was analyzed by Odds Ratio in univariate fashion and multivariate model. A number of 47 subjects with single autonomously functioning thyroid nodule were enrolled. Median age of 63 years, median size of 2.0 cm, and suppressed thyroid stimulating hormone levels in 32% of cases were found. Those nodules classified by ultrasound at high risk underwent fine-needle aspiration cytology and cancer was excluded. At real-time elastography evaluation, a 45% of autonomously functioning thyroid nodule had a hard appearance (RTE III) and had thyroid stimulating hormone significantly lower than the other (p < 0.0001). A model of multivariate logistic regression including nodule's size, ultrasound characteristics, and elastographic presentation showed that only RTE III was significantly associated with suppressed thyroid stimulating hormone (Odds Ratio of 50). Autonomously functioning thyroid nodule may have variable elasticity at real-time elastography examination, being hard score associated with reduced/suppressed thyroid stimulating hormone. For clinical practice, the presence of autonomously functioning thyroid nodule should be considered in patients with hard lesions. Also, as quoted by the most recent ATA guidelines, elastography should not be accounted for risk stratification of thyroid nodules.


How to build a kidney.
Embryonic kidney is ideal for the study of epithelial morphogenesis--rich in developmental processes, accessible and clinically important. Interactions between mesenchyme and the epithelium invading it cause the epithelium to differentiate and branch to form the collecting ducts, and the mesenchyme to epithelialise into excretory nephrons. Molecular analyses reveal complex programmes of expression of transcription factors and morphoregulatory molecules, correlating with induction and morphogenesis. In developing nephrons especially, the detailed timing of this programme is now being explored and the functions of some molecules involved have been tested by inhibition experiments. New pharmacological methods of induction may also prove useful in solution of the mechanisms by which a kidney is formed.


[Clinical and laboratory grounding of using medication based on the antiseptic troklosene to treat patients with chronic generalized periodontitis of the ii and iii degrees of severity].
Introduction: Periodontal diseases take second place in the world among dental diseases and tend to be ubiquitous regardless of age, sex and place of residence. According to the modern point of view inflammatory periodontal diseases refer to infectious chronic inflammatory diseases, therefore, the normalization of the microflora of the oral cavity is an essential condition for their rational therapy. The aim: To increase the effectiveness of conservative treatment of chronic generalized periodontitis of the II-nd and III-rd severity using the medication based on the antiseptic Troklosene. Materials and methods: 34 patients of age 45 to 55 years who were diagnosed with chronic generalized periodontitis of the IIInd and IIIrd degree of severity were examined and treated. All patients reported signs of the disease for 3-15 years. Patients of the study group by simple randomization were divided into two subgroups, depending on the therapeutic treatment performed. The I-st subgroup -16 patients treated with the additional use of the medication based on the antiseptic Troklosene, the IInd subgroup - 18 patients who were treated without using this drug. Results: Analyzing the results after the treatment in the patients of the I -st and II -nd subgroup, they noted a decrease in PMA index, Green-Vermillion index, bleeding index. Pathological mobility of teeth decreased to the I degree. The hygienic condition of the oral cavity was characterized in patients of both subgroups after treatment as satisfactory. In patients of the Ist subgroup (with the additional use of the medication based on the antiseptic Troklosene), after the 5th visit there were signs of remission, and in the IInd subgroup (using standard base therapy), after 7 visits, there were signs of clinical remission. With the additional use of the drug based on the antiseptic Troklosene, in contrast to the traditional therapy, a change in the bacterial ratio of microorganisms occurred, which influenced a significant decrease in the total bacterial mass. Conclusion: The best results were obtained in the Ist subgroup, where along with the standard base therapy, the supplement of based on the antiseptic Troklosene was used additionally. Introduction to the treatment regimen for patients with chronic generalized periodontitis with II and III severity of the drug based on the antiseptic Troklosene contributed to a stable clinical effect, as evidenced by the dynamics of clinical indicators and the reduction in the number of visits. Also, a change in the bacterial ratio of microorganisms with a significant decrease due to Enterobacterium spp. is noted. To maintain this result, it is recommended to continue the use of the drug based on the antiseptic Troklosene with a frequency of 4 times per day within 7 days after the end of treatment.


High intensity focused electromagnetic therapy evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging: Safety and efficacy study of a dual tissue effect based non-invasive abdominal body shaping.
This study introduces an initial evaluation of a novel High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic (HIFEM) technology. The primary goal is to quantify any effects the treatments may have on abdominal tissues, as well as to establish hypotheses for future research of this technology. Twenty-two patients received four abdominal treatments using the EMSCULPT device (BTL Industries Inc., Boston, MA). Anthropometric evaluations were recorded and digital photographs were taken at baseline, at 2 months, and at 6 months post-treatments. The MRI without contrast determined by vertertebras T12 and S1 (FIESTA and FSPRG sequences) was used to measure dimensions in coronal cross-sectional images of abdominal muscle and fatty tissues, in order to assess any anatomical changes induced by the application. Analysis of the same MRI slices verified by tissue artefacts showed a statistically significant (all P < 0.0001) average 18.6% reduction of adipose tissue thickness, 15.4% increase in rectus abdominis muscle thickness, and 10.4% reduction in rectus abdominus separation (diastasis recti) as measured from the medial border of the muscle 2 months post-treatment. More significant improvements were observed in patients with BMI 18.5-24.9 (classified as "normal"). MRI data from 6-month follow-up suggest the changes can be preserved in longer term. Tape measurements showed on average 3.8 cm subumbilical circumference reduction. The weight of the subjects did not change significantly (average -0.5 lb; P > 0.05). No adverse events were reported. MRI, considered as a highly precise diagnostic method, revealed simultaneous muscle growth, fat reduction and reduced abdominal separation at 2 months and at 6 months post treatments, unrelated with dieting. Further research should investigate the exact physiological processes which stand behind the tissue changes observed in this study. Lasers Surg. Med. 51:40-46, 2019. © 2018 The Authors. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Nitrate determination in baby food, using the nitrate ion selective electrode.
The nitrate electrode has been utilized in the determination of nitrate content in food products. The AOAC xylenol method was employed for comparative results. A reasonable correlation (r=0.91) was found between the 2 methods in the analysis of 49 samples containing 30-350 ppm nitrate. At the average nitrate content (100 ppm) of these foods, the standard error was 4.3 ppm. The electrode responds directly to the ionic activity of the nitrate ion. It has a linear concentration range of 1-6000 ppm nitrate and can be used over a wide pH range. The electrode does respond to some extent to anions other than nitrate, and some interferences do occur. These interferences are easily controlled by the use of cation exchange resins. The Corning known addition (spiking) method is used on all samples to insure correct electrode response in solutions containing variable background ionic composition. The electrode has the advantage of simplicity, speed, reproducibility, and accuracy. Work time saved using the electrode as opposed to the xylenol method is about 7 hr for the analysis of 20 samples. Error, and the need for repeating analysis, is much less frequent.