AMD64 most popular architecture according to Debian popcon - <AUTHOR> http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce/2012/12/msg00002.html <comment><USER2> I am surprised there are still so many i386 installations. I have been running mostly amd64 for quite some years now. Both for severs and desktops. I know for sure the servers my job bought in 2007 ran amd64.

<comment><USER3> I'm running several debian i386 virtual machines. I don't see a point running 64-bit os if the memory usage stays well below 3G. And last time I ran UnixBench on squeeze i386 was still faster than amd64.

On bare metal it's a different story, though, but I still would think that there are more virtual servers than real ones.

<comment><USER4> When you run 64 bit it assumes all the SSE extensions, the presence of the extra register sets, and everything between the 386 and 686 being available. It almost always performs better with software compiled to utilize the extra goods, even if it has slightly larger memory footprints.

<comment><USER5> Generally yes, you almost always see a performance increase with all the things x86-64 brings. But the increased cache pressure from 64-bit pointers is a real downside and the reason that pretty much every other architecture suffers in performance when it goes to 64 bits. If something about his workload makes it especially sensetive to cache pressure he could very well see a performance penalty, and I'd say heavy virtualization would actually make that more likely.

</comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER6> Do I understand correctly that "AMD64" is the name of an instruction-set architecture, implemented in CPUs from Intel as well as from AMD?

<comment><USER7> Yes, it's the code name of the popular Intel 64-bit architecture (which is implemented by Intel and AMD CPUs)

<comment> X-Istence Actually it is the popular AMD 64-bit architecture that extended the original x86 Intel architecture. Intel begrudgingly had to implement AMD's extensions because AMD was first to market with it.

This is also the reason why it is called AMD64. Intel for its 64-bit lineup had bet on it's Itanium lineup of processors which included a completely new 64-bit instruction set which was not backwards compatible with Intel's 32-bit x86 instruction set.

AMD when releasing the spec called it AMD64 (FreeBSD, Debian, *BSD), and the name stuck for certain projects, other names are x86_64 (Apple), x64 (Sun/Oracle, Microsoft). There are a variety of ways to refer to the instruction set, but what is sure is that AMD was the first to market with it, so saying AMD64 is code name for the popular Intel 64-bit architecture is not entirely correct. Intel 64 is a code name for AMD64, AMD's 64 bit extensions to Intel's 32-bit x86 architecture.

<comment><USER8> On Intel releasing a 64-bit architecture that wasn't compatible with x86 and later to give in to AMD's architecture ... now that's what I call ironic :-)

</comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER9> I still run i686-bigmem since I only have 8G and since PAE only causes a small reduction (a couple of percent) in performance. It didn't seem worth switching to amd64 and risking some compatibility issues. Now it seems like it's time to switch. I'm finding some packages (not Debian specific) are built _only_ for amd64...

</comment><comment><USER10> <http://w3techs.com/technologies/details/os-debian/all/all>

[http://w3techs.com/blog/entry/debian_is_now_the_most_popular...](http://w3techs.com/blog/entry/debian_is_now_the_most_popular_linux_distribution_on_web_servers)

Interesting statistics.

</comment><comment><USER11> can we confirm if anyone ever said, "3,000,000,000K of memory is enough for anyone"?

</comment><comment><USER12> Film at 11.

<comment><USER13> The point is that it has now passed i386 as the most popular architecture (at least for Debian squeeze installations as measured by popcon). Certainly it was inevitable and expected, but it's still noteworthy that it happened _now_.

<comment><USER14> I didn't expect it to take that long. Then again, there are probably many small hobbyist servers running debian.

<comment><USER15> Generally with Debian you only install once per machine, as upgrade always works. Its not like other distros where you pretty much have to wipe the drive and restore from backup, or OS like windows where a new MB requires so many new drivers you may as well wipe and replace. So any Debian box commissioned before 2007 or so will semi-eternally run i386, even if upgraded multiple times since then. Multi-arch is supposed to fix that.

I bit the bullet and wipe/install upgraded my home server circa 2009 but I've got plenty of new machines still stuck on i386.

</comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER16> It's cheaper, duh.

<comment><USER17> Sarcasm ?

<comment><USER18> I'd say common sense. That was the first thing I though when I read the title.

<comment><USER19> You know this includes all recent Intels right? AMD64 here means "the 64 bit extension to x86 that's not the Itanium one"

<comment><USER18> No I didn't. The naming conventions for this instruction set are a bit of a mess [0], with every company trying to stick their brand in the middle of it. No wonder people get confused on this. Thanks for pointing that out.

[0] <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64>

<comment> X-Istence AMD was the first to market with AMD64 ... no surprise that they got to slap their brand on it.

<comment><USER2> Just like Intel named their competing 64 bit architecture Intel Itanium. The AMD64 architecture won and Intel decided to license it.

<comment><USER20> In practice Itanium only competed with the existing 64-bit architectures from the Unix vendors. Many of whom got suckered into dropping their own stuff and moving onto Itanium, and got wiped out because of the very late & underperforming Itanium chips (frequently called "Itanic")...</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment></comment></comment></comment>


Show HN: A JSON API for NASA HORIZONS Planetary Ephemeris Tables - <AUTHOR>

I don't always all-caps, but when I do, it's because every word is an acronym.
The NASA HORIZONS[1] system is a telnet service that provides planetary data and ephemeris tables, which are basically coordinate-time plots for celestial bodies.
It's pretty archaic and somewhat difficult to use, especially since it just dumps out text tables and you have to parse it to do anything with it.
Some projects, e.g. KDE Marble, use it as a data source and typically just consume it with a little procedural code to get what they need.
I wanted to provide a full-fledged library for it so that you can easily mash it up in a web app, so I started a Gem called Tengai[2]. It has a very minimal set of features right now, but I have a lot of ideas and I'd appreciate feedback (and forking!).
This little Sinatra app[3] uses Tengai to provide a JSON interface to the ephemerides. Check it out:
http://horizons.herokuapp.com/bodies/499/ephemeris?start_time=2013-3-23%2000:00:00&stop_time=2013-3-23%2023:59:00&interval=720
[1]: http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?horizons
[2]: https://github.com/zacstewart/tengai
[3]: https://github.com/zacstewart/restful-horizons <comment><USER2> This is a great idea. I am sure this would be really useful to astrophys undergrads. Last time I need to use it for a project I had to make a python script download from their telnet service.

<comment><AUTHOR> Thanks! I know how old code gets lost under the couch and all, but if you have it hanging around, I'd love to see it.</comment></comment>


A note about "Business Guy seeking Technical Co-Founder - <AUTHOR> http://bigthink.com/ideas/37699 <comment><USER2> The most valuable part of this article is in footnote #2:

"This could make sense if Mr. Business Guy had a MUCH better understanding of the market needs, the product capabilities, and the process required to build a product that evolved over time. Developing this skillset turns Mr. Business Guy into Mr. Product Guy, and makes him a much more attractive cofounder."

</comment><comment><USER3> Oftentimes "technical co-founder" is a euphemism for an employee willing to work for deferred compensation. In my experience, it says that a "business guy" has an idea but no money, which causes me to doubt the "business" part, or at least infer that the "business" part is in selling the idea to people who will work for free.

Then again, I don't trust founders who won't invest their own money in their idea(s).

<comment><AUTHOR> I couldn't agree more, it's not like that all the time, but far too often, the business co-founder isn't really bringing much to the table. Love the summary of your experience and conclusion :)

That said, I think we should be quick to realize that there are perfectly legitimate non-technical founders who add a ton of value. They just aren't guilty of the "looking for free labor" problem.

</comment></comment><comment><USER4> Tyler makes some great points. I remembering in this video ([http://ycombinator.posterous.com/y-combinators-graham- doesnt...](http://ycombinator.posterous.com/y-combinators-graham-doesnt-see- bubble-in-tec)) Paul talks about the co-founders and how they really look at the relationship vs the idea...

</comment><comment><USER5> What should a technical person look for in a business guy? Connections? What else? I've worked with "idea guys" who don't seem to bring much to table and that has (probably unfairly) biased my perception on the value of an idea. I'd love to know what other skills to look at from the business side.

<comment><AUTHOR> Both technical folks and business folks both have value that exist on a slider, and their value increases with experience. Judge anyone you want to work with on what you think they can do now, how much / how fast they can grow, and how in sync with you they are.

Keeping that in mind, look for tangible skills that could help push the company forward. Experience in Design, Product Management, Marketing/Sales, or some other useful skill is great. Experience with running companies, recruiting, fundraising are all positives. Some ability to generate PR (through fame or connections) is a positive. If those were successful ventures, even better.

Here's two good posts on it: \- [http://www.quora.com/Startup-Advice- Strategy/What-is-the-per...](http://www.quora.com/Startup-Advice- Strategy/What-is-the-perfect-startup-team) \- [http://onstartups.com/tabid/3339/bid/13808/The-Magical- Found...](http://onstartups.com/tabid/3339/bid/13808/The-Magical-Founding- Team-Mix-For-Web-Startups.aspx)

</comment></comment><comment><USER6> What do you technical people think of business/idea guys that teach themselves how to code and begin working on their ideas themselves? Do you find it makes the business guy easier to work and communicate with?</comment>


JSConf 2011 early-bird tickets are on sale - <AUTHOR> http://2011.jsconf.us/

<comment><USER2> Wow--already sold out...</comment>


Ask HN: Google Drive Download Limits for Public Files - <AUTHOR>

Has anyone found or discovered any Google Drive download limits for public files? I've got a few large files of my own creation that I need to host and was curious to hear if anyone had hit any limits. <comment><USER2> Yeah, with some of my files, some people got a notice saying that too many people had downloaded the file, they needed to wait up to 24 hours to download it.

I did some research and it sound like the limit is supposed to 1000 downloads per file, so I think the notice on my files was a bug...?

Not sure, though, still trying to find out...</comment>


5 emerging programming languages with a bright future - <AUTHOR> https://techbeacon.com/5-emerging-programming-languages-bright-future <comment><USER2> Crystal but not Go?

<comment><USER3> Exactly what I was thinking.</comment></comment>


Fatal silence: Why do so many fortysomething men kill themselves? - <AUTHOR> http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-32231774 <comment><USER3> Maybe it's because by the age of forty you've probably run out of the steam that comes free, mostly from the external expectations of what you should do.

It's easy to finish school, go study something, then get a job, get a better job, start a family, have kids and pay for the bills because you don't really have to think much about what do you want from your life. Where did you come from? Why are you here? What are you to do here? What's your call in life? But the crisis that happens roughly at midlife brings those questions to the surface: "Is this all to it? What is going on and where am I in it?"

Men are not necessarily as socially integrated as women. Going through the big questions alone is something a lot of people simply don't survive. They are likely to lose their momentum in life, often get depressed, and at the extreme end some even kill themselves because too many old things turn out to be meaningless. Some become workaholics or develop a way to escape the emptiness and recreate purpose artificially. But a lot of men just lose the momentum, or a significant part of it. In contrast, more women talk to other women or therapists or relatives about what they're going through. In the average, it looks like that women seem to get energized in midlife whereas men seem to lose power.

It then depends on the man himself whether he's the kind who will eventually emerge and see his vision for life more clearly than before or who will lose his sight for life more or less permanently. Social circles with positive examples of what men can, at the best, grow into in their 40's and 50's could make a big difference but there aren't many of those these days.

<comment><USER4> > In the average, it looks like that women seem to get energized in midlife > whereas men seem to lose power.

Could this be natural, in a way? Women have always had to look after the wellbeing and social standing of their offspring, because their own survival derived from them more often than not. By 40, they either have teen-aged kids in their formative years, or they're grandmothers; in both cases, they must be at full steam. This has not changed much in modern times, if anything it's become easier to deal with (they are not going to starve if their children don't work on the farm).

Men have a different set of "natural" expectations. Fighters by 40 were either dead or veterans with respected social status; agricultural workers would be phasing out, with children taking over some of their duties. This is very different now: a lot of men at 40 have average jobs that will expect the same level of performance day-in day-out, no "phasing out" allowed (especially in tight economic times) and no real social status either. It's easy to feel dejected when looking back.

</comment></comment><comment><USER5> The average age at which a man goes through his first divorce is about 36. [1]

Here's the cocktail:

1) By 40 you've gotten divorced, and probably have a split family. Those post divorce years can be incredibly difficult for everyone.

2) Life hasn't worked out as you hoped, and your youth is mostly behind you. If you happen to lose a career at this juncture, it can be difficult to regain your footing due to routine age bias.

3) You're unwilling to reach out for help, seek therapy or take drugs to deal with depression. By about 40 your body is also changing, this can compound all the other effects.

4) You kill yourself out of desperation, fear, loneliness, etc.

[http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2013/article/marriage-and- divorc...](http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2013/article/marriage-and-divorce- patterns-by-gender-race-and-educational-attainment.htm)

<comment><USER6> Add to that that men are incredibly competitive - in the workplace, in sports, concerning women. At the age of 40, you either made it or know a lot of other guys who did and start to realize you won't be part of them.

And of course, a lot of men have as much a skewed image of their success in life as women have concerning their looks. So even moderately successful types get depressed or kill themselves because they see themselves as losers.

</comment></comment><comment><USER7> As a young man (maybe it's similar for women, but I suspect there is are some differences here) thinking about your life and its possibilities is usually about the environment.

I thought of my own "hard abilities" like talent in math or sports as a fixed thing or more precisely a sort of talent effort equation. I though of the environment (if I get this opportunity) as the determining wildcard. I thought of my own courage, ingenuity and strength of character as inexhaustible wells. If success hinges on _my_ determination and strength of character, success is guaranteed. Just give me the chance. I'll take it from there.

Reality is less rosy. There is a reason we admire (or detest) those with genuinely powerful strength of character. It's rare and valuable.

At 40 (or earlier, later, I dunno exactly) your own part becomes more clear. Your failings are big. They're behind you and ahead of you. You can see them and their causes. What you haven't achieved and your role in it is clear. What you won't achieve and your inevitable role in that becomes clearer.

Failure (again, I think it's relevant that my own experience is as a man), is heartbreaking for a man. It hits us at our core. It shatters our illusions and strips us of what we allow ourselves to think we are.

It's hard being a person. It hurts being a person. It's heartbreaking. It's painful. It really is so much more than we can take, to feel all the pain in earnest.

<comment><USER8> Not that I disagree with what you say but I wanted to bring attention to other thing. We are really bad at telling what the reasons of our feeling are. For instance, you could feel bad; believe that is due to your "failings" or your life. Then, you take a weekend in the woods and you feel that nothing is wrong.

My point is that many times we are not aware what is it that makes us feel bad and we just build a narrative that could or couldn't have anything to do with our feelings. A good advice is, I think, when feeling bad; try to change how you spend your time and you can be surprised. Don't trust too much in introspection.

<comment><USER7> A absolutely agree and that is an important point.

There's some interesting discussion going on about antidepressants, which is somewhat similar to discussions about add medication for kids. 2 points: (1) Psychiatric diagnosis is often like the BMI, true at a population level but not necessarily true at a personal level. (2) Pathological is relative to the environment to need to live in. If school requires an 8 year old to pay attention in a class with forty 8 year olds for seven hours a day, inability to do so is often the trigger for medication.

With depression, I think it's uncontroversial the environments can play a large role. If the first course of treatment was living better, and medicinal treatment was layered on top of that as needed we would have better results with fewer side effects. OTOH, there are limits to what a doctor can do.

My earlier comment is more about 'why 40 year old men' not 'why depression.' The latter is almost certainly the more important and actionable question though.

<comment><USER8> Just wanted to point that, maybe, the source of the problems are commonalities to the "40 years old lifestyle" instead of more philosophic reasons. If we mistrust introspection then investigating that could pay well.

</comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER9> I am 40 this year, and while I don't want to kill myself, I understand the feeling of having failed. It is even stronger (IMHO) if you work in start- up/tech because you're either millionaire or... obsolete.

Finding inner peace is important for anybody, but even more critical at 40.

<comment><USER4> I'm 36 and I know what you mean, but I think this "success" stuff is the male equivalent of "being beautiful": something that society relentlessly pushes on us, which we should probably reject from first principles.

<comment><USER10> I'm 35 and I couldn't give a flying balls about success or what society wants (never really have).

Life is literally too short to care.

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER11> Because if life isn't working out in the way you expected, it starts to become apparent in your 40's.

<comment><USER12> So how do you explain the difference between male and female? Women has lower expectations of life or they hit their expectations better than men in general?

<comment><USER13> I think they hit their expectations more often.

Lots of women develop goals of having a family, a decent husband and stability in their life. Not all, obviously, but it is a common enough set of goals. Lots of women achieve these goals and gain a state of relative happiness.

Lots of men develop goals of things like sporting prowess, business success and material wealth. These things are much less common to achieve than a decent family life.

I think underlying it all is the fact that men are also generally more capable of violent acts, probably including towards themselves.

<comment><USER14> >men are also generally more capable of violent acts

Do you have a citation for that claim?

Also, what distinguishes a "violent" method of killing oneself from a "nonviolent" one?

<comment><USER13> Seriously? How about every war ever started since the beginning of history? Is that enough citation?

A violent method of killing is shooting, hanging, etc. A non violent one is sleeping pills or gassing.

</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER15> As a 40 year old man myself, I've felt the growing ageism in the tech industry since I turned 30. This even here in laid back RTP, NC. I'd imagine it's worse off in the startupy world in Silicon Valley. Every man is different, but I think for me it's a matter of not being able to provide the lifestyle I want to provide for my wife and kids. The movie RV ([http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0449089/](http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0449089/)) is quite relevant too.

As a former software developer who is now being forced into a powerpoint developer role but is not quite a manager, what can be done?

<comment><USER16> I live in RTP and don't find the ageism thing to be too notable, but I do note that companies do like to hire people like themselves at times, and this is the one thing that happens in an interview that nobody talks about - <USER2> really is "cultural fit". Though, often, that's not hiring the guy that has been burned out by 40 years at IBM - not because he's old, but because that place can eat your soul out. Younger employees want to feel like they'll be able to make decisions too.

Computer Science seems prone to this because it's such a weird mix of creative and also deeply technical, it almost seems to make it a harder field to work in sometimes, because both instincts can't usually be expressed well in group contexts.

As for the perception of why ageism may exist, newer folks want to replace technology quicker, and don't have as much historical memory, so if anything, I think the challenge is to keep replacing things you are working on, and not specialize too much.

I think this will also get easier as the big wave of new C.S. folks get older themselves, but I built my last company with most of everyone in their 30s and early 40s.

Might vary based on what sort of companies.v Startups seem more prone to it to me, but my startup was pretty well spread out. More established companies are less likely to be that way.

<comment><USER17> RTP?

<comment><USER18> Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA I presume. If you're not in the know, it's another tech center in the US

<comment><USER17> Ah, I'm aware of the research triangle, but "RTP" is new for me. Thanks!

</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER19> Someone said there's less suicides during times of economic depression, because then there's a generally accepted reason for failure. In times of success, there isn't and so it must be our fault.

The more we believe that success of life is based on merit, the more disappointment will occur.

<comment><USER20> > Someone said there's less suicides during times of economic depression,

They were wrong. There are more suicides (at least, in England) during recession.

<comment><USER21> Well, and I don't think this is a nitpick, a recession is not the same as a depression. It would be good to get the original source for both of these facts to compare. Perhaps during recession, the number of "failures" is not increased quite enough to create the "generally accepted reason for failure" you might find in a depression.

<comment><USER22> At least in Finland, there was a decrease in suicide rates in 1940-1945 (war) and the more recent downward trend started from 1990 (beginning of very strong 5-year recession).

After the war and immediate reconstruction, the suicide rates predominantly climbed up from 1950 to 1990.

[http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/ksyyt/2010/ksyyt_2010_2011-12-16...](http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/ksyyt/2010/ksyyt_2010_2011-12-16_kat_006_fi_001.gif)

</comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER23> Not being an expert on the subject, I think the trend is to have a progressive increase rate in suicides along the age. I don't know where this 40s figure comes from.

[http://goo.gl/j7pOgc](http://goo.gl/j7pOgc) \-- this is a study about suicide in Portugal and Spain. If you look at "Figura 13" (suicide by age on men) and "Figura 14" (suicide by age for women), that pattern is clear (they even explicitly mention it on the text as a classical pattern).

Eurostats data ( [http://goo.gl/UyTqtE](http://goo.gl/UyTqtE) ) features a similar pattern, although it seems they lack a few age groups!

</comment><comment><USER24> Couldn't it be hormonal? doesn't testosterone drop as we age?

<comment><USER5> Testosterone usually peaks close to 40 (plus or minus five years), and falls _roughly_ 10% every decade thereafter.

<comment><USER25> Testosterone actually peaks around age 20 and gradually declines after that, accelerating around age 30. By 40, it's been falling for a long time.

<comment><USER5> I'm finding vast disagreement over whether testosterone peaks at 20 or closer to 40. Can you provide some good sources?

Some sources show it declining drastically from 20 to 40 (by as much as 90%), others claim it peaks between 35-40 and gradually declines. It seems to be all over the map.

For example:

"Studies show that most men experience a 2% drop-off in testosterone production each year after they turn 30."

[http://www.askmen.com/daily/austin_150/155_fashion_style.htm...](http://www.askmen.com/daily/austin_150/155_fashion_style.html)

"Testosterone Does Not Necessarily Wane With Age"

[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/247013.php](http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/247013.php)

"Testosterone levels peak in the mid-20s for both men and women. For women, who have about 1/10 to 1/20 the amount of testosterone that men have, testosterone levels taper off slowly until they plateau around the age of 45. For men, testosterone levels continue to wane into their 70s. By the time women reach menopause, their testosterone levels are about half of what they were in their 20s. Men's testosterone levels decrease by about 1% per year and then drop faster as they approach older age."

[http://articles.latimes.com/2011/may/02/health/la-he- midlife...](http://articles.latimes.com/2011/may/02/health/la-he-midlife- libido-20110502)

<comment> atom-morgan I don't have sources on hand but I recently had my testosterone levels checked at a TRT office and they seemed to agree it's highest in your 20s and decreases after that. It was why they were so surprised to have me (24) getting my testosterone levels checked. Most of their clientele are men in their 30-40s+.

</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER20> The Campaign Against Living Miserably is a Liverpool charity doing some interesting work in this area. They use language differently in an attempt to get a message to men. "I am a man. I refuse to be a man down." is a campaign about the 12 men who die to suicide each day in England.

There are some things that correlate with deaths by suicide. When the number of people without work rises the number of deaths by suicide increases.

I've been doing some voluntary work around suicide reduction. Some of this is cheap but effective. We get multistorey buildings that have public access (eg car parks) to install signs with phone numbers of suicide prevention charities.

Funding of mental health treatment in England has always been low. "Parity of esteem" is aiming to change that. Eventually the wait times for non urgent MH treatment should be similar to non urgent physical health. (So, a maximum 18 week wait between first appointment and start of treatment). A recent change in law (dec 2014) means that people with non-urgent[1] needs get some choice in where they're treated.

Every local authority in England is supposed to have a suicide prevention strategy, and that's supposed to be informed by the national suicide prevention strategy. So, hosted by Public Health (who are in tirn hosted by county councils) and working with clinical commissioning groups, criminal justice (a shocking number of prisoners die by suicide), the police, drug and alcohol services, mental health services, etc.

Some regions are takig ideas from the learnig disability community. For example: many regions have a "learning disability health and well being partnership"; a few regions have started a "mental health and well being partnership".

I do a bit of work around suicide prevention and I am keen to hear people's ideas around suicide prevention. Please do feel free to email me.

[1] there are a few criteria around who can chose and when they can chose but it's a lot better now. [http://www.england.nhs.uk/ourwork/qual-clin- lead/pe/bp/guida...](http://www.england.nhs.uk/ourwork/qual-clin- lead/pe/bp/guidance/)

Campaign against living miserably [https://www.thecalmzone.net/](https://www.thecalmzone.net/)

The old strategy for my region (I had no involvement with this. I'm working on the replacement). [http://www.gscb.org.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=62552&p=0](http://www.gscb.org.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=62552&p=0)

The national strategy: [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/suicide- preventio...](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/suicide-prevention- strategy-launched)

</comment><comment><USER26> Article posted on my 40th birthday :O

<comment><USER27> Happy birthday buddy :)

<comment><USER26> Thank you :)

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER28> I've had this happen to a couple friends. It seems to fit a common pattern and, as such, has a solution but I'm not going to talk about it online. Be open to breaking all the rules and rejecting everything you're told about how you should be.

</comment><comment><USER29> As a fourtysomething man the reason is one of intent. I have no desire to kill myself, but I do know that if I chose suicide I would die.

<comment><USER30> So why does a fortysomething man have more intent?

<comment><USER29> They don't as such, but when they set out to die they manage to so. This is not a good outcome.

<comment><USER31> So the reason is not one of "intent", but of "effectiveness".

<comment><USER29> Well if I intend to do something then I do. I guess you could say I have learned to be effective with age.

</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER32> Why do people suddenly care for others when they had enough of this shitty space rock? You gave no shits the last three decades. Given the rabbit-like pest that we are - why should you?

I want to end my life where and whenever it suits me. Hypocrites please stay away.

<comment><USER33> Because people DO care, but they generally don't show it much. Often it takes a shock like this for them to realize how much they actually do care.

It's easy to fall into the thought trap of "nobody cares", followed by "because there's no reason for them to care", to "because I'm / they're worthless", to "Nothing but parasites", to "We should all just go extinct."

We are all social beings, and deficiencies in social interaction can and do affect our psyche in very dramatic ways.

<comment><USER34> I would argue that if someone requires a shock to act like they care, then they are probably overestimating the amount they care. I don't say this to be a dick, but rather to point out that this particular argument sounds very hollow to a suicidal person. It's better not to use it. If the suicidal person is holding on because they believe that other people (mom, dad, etc.) care about them, this can make that caring seem trivial enough to stop considering.</comment></comment></comment>


Ask HN: How can I fund an alternative social network? - <AUTHOR> First things first: no, I'm not planning to "build the next Facebook".
But I've been developing a very cool idea on a new , alternative and open social network (which basically, just adds social to already existing web technologies and puts it all together in a convenient and easy place).
I'm really keen on building an MVP to test out the concept and see what happens.
Then a thought came to my mind: if this picks up even a moderately slow user base, it represents a lot of money that has to be put into it (servers, storage, eventually people, etc...). So, what are the options in funding something like this?
This is what came to my mind:
1 - subscription-based (probably the worst while the product is unknown because resistance to adoption will be very high) 2 - ad-based (sucks... especially if it grows really big, then it goes the way of Facebook and try to harvest data to serve the ad biz. yeah ok, I'm dreaming high here, but bare with me for a while) 3 - donation based (and you cry constantly to not be under the red - à la wikipedia) 4 - patron based (probably only works while things are small and the team is small?)
What else is there? (obviously excluding VC funding, which for me doesn't count as sustainable income)
thanks :-) <comment><USER2> Most of the successful incumbents have figured out advertising that doesn't suck.

Google AdWords and Facebook Flyers in their early stages were pretty unobtrusive and clicked well with both the audience and advertisers.

With that said, figuring out product-market fit as well as business model fit is going to take time and iteration, your best bet is to nail down some source of personal income, like revenue from contracting, and then use that cashflow to develop the hobby project.</comment>


Libc++ 9.0.0 adds explicit support for WASI - <AUTHOR> https://releases.llvm.org/9.0.0/projects/libcxx/docs/ReleaseNotes.html <comment><USER2> Is WASI (WebAssembly System Interface) a way to run WebAssembly outside of the browser on (theoretically) any device or is this a way to do systems programming in WebAssembly?

<comment><USER3> Its an evolving standard set of system interfaces. Right now it supports sandboxed access to the filesystem via a POSIX-like api, as well as other basic interfaces like argv, environment variables, random numbers, and timers.

[https://wasi.dev](https://wasi.dev)

</comment></comment><comment><USER4> Say you have `shared_library.so` which exposes methods/APS `foo()` and `bar()`

How would you load them/link against them + call them in Webassembly land?

<comment><USER5> By using dynamic loading capabilities of WebAssembly runtimes.

Watch Lin Clark's closing keynote at RustConf 2019.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlIydW5Fojw](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlIydW5Fojw)

<comment><USER4> Doesn't it kind of stink that there are so many WebAssembly runtimes? Fragmentation, different ways of doing things, etc.

<comment><USER6> No, this is what freedom and innovation looks like.

Javascript has become mostly a lost cause as far as open source development goes, as it's basically owned and controlled by NPM Inc and corporate interests now, but WebAssembly at least still has the possibility of remaining open.

At the very least, we should go through a period of experimentation by the community to settle on the best possible solutions (or sets of solution) and let things mature a bit, first. Now is not the time to bless a single runtime, package manager, etc.

<comment><USER5> WebAssembly is developed by the same corporations that own JavaScript.

<comment><USER6> They don't own the runtime and package manager, though.

Although Wasmer does come with a package manager (WAPM) that uses a proprietary registry like NPM, at least the developers have said they're committed to decentralized hosting[0]. Maybe someone can come up with a completely distributed package management alternative, which I would prefer, but at least Webassembly isn't yet at the degree of centralization that Javascript is.

[0][https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=19732794](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=19732794)

<comment><USER5> Which are utterly meaningless with the specification developed by said corporations.

And really, the only thing going for WebAssembly is being the PNaCL that those corporations were willing to agree on.

<comment><USER6> It's not the best possible scenario but "utterly meaningless" is hyperbole.

Certainly it's better not to have every aspect of a language be centralized. It's already near impossible to distribute Javascript, or even software in many languages, without going through NPM. WebAssembly, thankfully, isn't there yet.

<comment><USER5> It surely is meaningless, because whatever your favourite WebAssembly implementation is capable of, ultimately it only matters if it is spec compliant.

A spec, which is under control of those organisations.

<comment><AUTHOR> What organisations should control a standard if not those that develop implementations?

<comment><USER5> The point is that WebAssembly isn't something independent of JavaScript masters control as the OP is portraying.

</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment></comment></comment></comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER7> I'm not very familiar with WASI. For this to be useful for in-browser wasm apps, would browser wasm runtimes have to implement WASI too? If so, are any browsers looking at doing this?

I do know that there are WASI runtimes for non-browser wasm applications.

<comment><USER8> I don't think this exists yet, but it is definitely possible to write a WASI runtime in pure JavaScript. A precursor to WASI, jfbastien's musl fork, had one:

[https://github.com/jfbastien/musl/blob/wasm- prototype-1/arch...](https://github.com/jfbastien/musl/blob/wasm- prototype-1/arch/wasm32/wasm.js)

</comment></comment><comment><USER8> Exceptions still don't work! That ends up making lots of C++ code not compilable.

<comment><USER9> That's not a limitation of WASI - WASI is just the system APIs.

Exceptions don't work natively in wasm yet, that's true. But they do work in wasm+JS (using JS exceptions for unwinding, in Emscripten).

<comment><USER8> Yeah, Emscripten does support exceptions, but I don't think Emscripten creates WASI yet? It would be useful to separate out the exception handling from Emscripten to a runtime library so that other projects could use it, without relying on the entire Emscripten toolchain.

I suspect we'll get exception handling at some point, but for now so much stuff just does not work without it. The whole idea of WASI is that it is not JavaScript-specific, so needing some JavaScript code just to get this basic feature is kind of surprising.

<comment><USER9> Emscripten does use some WASI APIs already, both normally and especially in standalone mode [1].

But yeah, for now WASI and wasm don't provide enough to do things like C++ exceptions, longjmp, etc., so Emscripten supports them using non-WASI APIs.

Native exception handling for wasm is being worked on. If we don't want to wait for that, we could do exceptions using Asyncify [2]. But since we have the JS+wasm option for now, and native support coming, that's maybe not worth it.

[1] [https://github.com/emscripten- core/emscripten/wiki/WebAssemb...](https://github.com/emscripten- core/emscripten/wiki/WebAssembly-Standalone)

[2] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQOP6jqZqf8](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQOP6jqZqf8)

</comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER10> WebAssembly people continue to reinvent java, it seems

<comment><USER5> Not only Java

UNCOL - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNCOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNCOL)

IBM i ILE - [https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/ssw_ibm_i_73/...](https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/ssw_ibm_i_73/ilec/ilecmain.htm)

IBM z/OS Language Environment - [https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/zosbasics/com.ib...](https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/zosbasics/com.ibm.zos.zappldev/zappldev_88.htm)

Xerox Mesa - [http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/lang/mesa](http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/lang/mesa)

Xerox Interlisp-D - [http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/LISP/interlisp_...](http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/LISP/interlisp_family/#Interlisp- D_)

UCSD P-Code - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-code_machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-code_machine)

Modula-2 M-Code - [https://www.cfbsoftware.com/modula2/](https://www.cfbsoftware.com/modula2/)

CLR - [https://www.ecma- international.org/publications/standards/Ec...](https://www.ecma- international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-335.htm)

PNaCL naturally - [https://developer.chrome.com/native- client/reference/pnacl-b...](https://developer.chrome.com/native- client/reference/pnacl-bitcode-abi)

And many many others that I didn't bother to refer to, just WebAssembly is cooler somehow.

<comment><USER11> And with all of that, it's utterly disqualifying for a systems language to have garbage collection.

The fact it's been done means it's impossible to do. Well-known fact.

<comment><USER5> Xerox PARC, TI, MIT, ETHZ, Microsoft, Apple and Google beg to differ.

In fact, Swift, Go, Java and .NET Native seem to be doing relatively well across their systems level projects, regardless on what naysayers think.

Swift as C and Objective-C replacement on Apple platforms.

Go as the implementation of gVisor used on ChromeOS Crostini security layer and Compute Cloud, Android GPGPU debugger, Fuchsia's TCP/IP stack.

Java, alongside C++ for writing Project Trebel and Android Things drivers. Letting aside all those real time Java projects that run it bare metal, using the likes of PTC, Aicas and Gemalto compilers.

.NET Native across Windows IoT Core and Azure Edge modules.

But lets keep hating GC systems based languages instead.

<comment><USER11> Either I suck at conveying sarcasm or you suck at picking up on it.

</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER12> I still dont understand the point of this. Why are people trying to turn JavaScript into a systems programming language? It isnt, has never been, and never will be that.

If you wish to use a systems programming language, use a systems programming language. Plenty of old ones (Java, C, C++) and plenty of new ones (Go, D, Nim, Rust, Zig) are available. Its like people took a square piece of rock and said:

A: hey, lets chip off some corners so that this can roll!

B: but now its an octagon...

A: well if you put it on a hill it can tumble down!

All the while several styles of modern wheels sit behind them.

<comment><USER13> Uh, I think you have the metaphor the wrong way around. The goal of wasm / wasi isn't to allow javascript to be a systems language. It's to allow systems languages to be used in javascript, or allow them to interoperate with one another or run on different operating systems, or run on different hardware platforms.

In javascript we've been stuck using octagon wheels but there's all these new modern wheels sitting around that we haven't been able to use because browsers could only run javascript. But now we have a way to fit the modern wheels on our javascript car.

<comment><USER14> But I gave you octagon wheels because I don't want you using real wheels.

<comment><USER13> You don't want web developers to have access to the tools we need to make websites cpu and and memory efficient?

I for one am sick of web apps being so slow and bloated. The day react's code runs in wasm with native wsdl calls is the day websites the world over will suddenly get a lot faster. What is the problem with that?

<comment><USER15> And also the day every browser will turn into IE 5.x</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment>


Ask HN: How do you change your handle on HN? - <AUTHOR>

I've gotten quite afew jabs for my handle, and more recently advice from someone I highly respect that I change my HN handle.  However, how does one change their handle? <comment><USER2> by making a new one</comment>


DevHealth – Gamify Your Habits - <AUTHOR> https://devhealth.io/gamify-your-habits/ <comment><USER2> People are still citing the Marshmallow experiment but there are a lot of controversies [1] around it in the community, I feel I need to share this.

[1]: [https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2018/06/marshmall...](https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2018/06/marshmallow- test/561779/)</comment>


Google spies on their employees to "make them happy" - <AUTHOR> http://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2015-11-11/google-s-using-workplace-data-to-build-a-better-employee <comment><USER2> It breaks the HN guidelines to editorialize like this in a submission title, so please don't do that.

[https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html](https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html)

</comment><comment><USER3> The title on the page/video is "Google's Using Workplace Data to Build a Better Employee" not the ediatorialized version posted 'Google spies on their employees to "make them happy"'

</comment><comment><USER4> I didn't hear anything on the video about "spying on employees," or anything particularly interesting for that matter. That, and the interviewer was insufferable.</comment>


Python package for financial machine learning - <AUTHOR> https://mlfinlab.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ <comment><AUTHOR> MlFinlab helps portfolio managers and traders who want to leverage the power of machine learning by providing reproducible, interpretable, and easy to use tools.

[https://github.com/hudson-and-thames/mlfinlab](https://github.com/hudson-and- thames/mlfinlab)</comment>


Interacting with Android Auto and Apple CarPlay When Driving - <AUTHOR> https://trl.co.uk/reports/interacting-android-auto-and-apple-carplay-when-driving <comment><AUTHOR> Full report (PDF) is available on the IAM website.

[https://iamwebsite.blob.core.windows.net/media/docs/default-...](https://iamwebsite.blob.core.windows.net/media/docs/default- source/default-document-library/infotainmentsudy.pdf)</comment>


If God Is Dead, Your Time Is Everything (2019) - <AUTHOR> https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/05/20/if-god-is-dead-your-time-is-everything <comment><USER2> Hägglund's argument falls apart once one recognizes that a judgment occurring after death is just as terminal an event for the believer as death is for the unbeliever. This, of necessity, means that for the believer, one's time before death is also everything, and thus the premise of his argument collapses. How one views that time, of course, is radically different for both parties, but the outcome is not necessarily different. For the believer attempting to escape eternal damnation, socialism could be an equally valid means of serving one's neighbor.

<comment><USER3> There is a different view of the nature of final judgement. I explained somewhat, in the thread parts following this comment: [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=22857328](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=22857328)

Also, because that judgement involves our choices, thoughts, words, & actions; I personally think that forced kindness is inadequate in many ways including effectiveness in helping others and for the effects it has on the heart of the giver. More on that (if one cares to read & drill in a bit) at maybe here

[http://lukecall.net/e-9223372036854581821.html](http://lukecall.net/e-9223372036854581821.html)

...and [http://lukecall.net/e-9223372036854581757.html](http://lukecall.net/e-9223372036854581757.html) .

</comment></comment><comment><USER4> A shout out for including Marx, I had to actually read his work and it's mostly not about Marxism etc. He was very detail orientated but could also step back to see the big picture and try to understand the human side of Economics. Don't let his expectations about the rise of the proletariat put you off!

</comment><comment><USER5> since people are having trouble with the wall of text, the bit that gets to the "argument" of it pretty quick without having to read all the article

"Savagely compressed, Hägglund's argument goes something like this: If what makes our lives meaningful is that time ends, then what defines us is what Marx called "an economy of time." Marx is, in this sense, probably the most secular thinker who ever lived, the one most deeply engaged with the question of what we do with our time. He divided life into what he called the realm of necessity and the realm of freedom. Hägglund adopts these categories: the realm of necessity involves socially necessary labor and the realm of freedom involves socially available free time. Rationally, Hägglund says, we should strive to reduce the realm of necessity and increase the realm of freedom. But capitalism is systemically committed to exploiting most of us, and to steadily increasing the amount of labor at the expense of our freedom. Capitalism treats the means of economic life, labor, as though it were the purpose of life. But, if we are to cherish this life, we have to treat what we do as an end in itself. "The real measure of value," Hägglund says, "is not how much work we have done or have to do (quantity of labor time) but how much disposable time we have to pursue and explore what matters to us (quality of free time)."

<comment><USER6> This is such a naive and bourgeois argument isn't it? Free time is only valuable or meaningful if you have the means to make it so, and have been given opportunities to cultivate interests. If you're living in poverty, the quantity of disposable time will not make up for the lack of cash.

<comment><USER5> I think it shows the problems of trying to boil down things such as "what makes life worthy?" to a very simplified rule. I think if we look at other disciplines other than philosophy, like psychology to look at the things that give people a sense of well being, we get more nuanced answers that while influence the kinds of political systems we should have, don't dictate what exactly it should be.

</comment></comment></comment><comment> loup-vaillant I have a major problem with the idea that death makes life precious. As if the value of something was determined by its inevitable demise. As if being everlasting made it worthless. This reeks of post-hoc rationalisation to me: we believe we can't avoid this Absolute Horror, so we embrace outright.

Sorry, no. Death does not make life precious. It just forces us to make the most of what little remaining time we have. We then concentrate as much value as we can in our first 80 years or so, since those are the only years we get.

A more distant death may dilute that effect, but not entirely: with more time, we get to do and experience more things. Thus, the value of life _increases_ as it lengthens. Perhaps not linearly, but it's not at all clear there's an upper bound.

<comment><USER7> > Death does not make life precious.

Yes it does. Especially if you're the one living it.

Even if it's a lifeless object - the rareness of something easily makes it more valuable. For instance, diamonds would be worthless if DeBeers didn't artificially constrict the supply.

> ...with more time, we get to do and experience more things. Thus, the value > of life increases as it lengthens.

You're confusing quantity with quality. As if a human with 80 years of being catatonic would be more valuable than someone who lived, loved and adventured for only 40 years.

<comment> loup-vaillant > > _Death does not make life precious._

> _Yes it does. Especially if you 're the one living it._

So, you want to die. More precisely, you want a limit on your lifespan. Not just so you give your place to the youth or avoid over population. No, you want your life to be limited, because if it wasn't, it would be worthless.

I can accept that. But then you should be able to answer this: _when_ do you want to die? Where's the limit?

> _Even if it 's a lifeless object - the rareness of something easily makes it > more valuable._

The value of _one_ diamond decreases as we have more _total_ diamonds. But it doesn't decreases so fast that the total value of diamonds _also_ decreases as the total amount of diamonds increases. Value may increase sub-linearly with quantity, but there's no way it _decreases_.

The same goes for lifespan. If you genuinely think the value of _an entire life_ decreases with its length at some point, then there is an ideal lifespan. Life should be no shorter, and no longer than this ideal duration (on average).

I ask again: do you have _any idea_ what this duration might be?

> _You 're confusing quantity with quality_

And you are assuming we couldn't have quality in quantity. Couldn't we possibly live, love and adventure for 80 years? 100 years? 1000 years?

How much life has to offer, really? How much can we experience, how much can we learn, before life stops being worth living? When do we start hitting diminishing returns, _for reasons other than bad health_? (Just to get that out of the way: we probably agree that it's better to live 80 healthy years and die of a sudden stroke, than live 60 healthy years, then gradually decline until we hit 80 and finally die.)

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER8> I kept reading

.. and reading ..

.. and reading ..

.. and still no point made, so I gave up.

<comment><USER9> I just read the title, imho it is probably this:

No god > No afterlife > These X years are it > Best invest in becoming happy > Happiness is not joy or money > Most Human happiness is in rich social interactions and feeling safe > Rich social interactions and a big family means dying with a lot of grand children, this would make most people happy > Feeling safe is about not leaving your relatives in debt or having to cook meth to pay for cancer treatment > Socialism (which I would argue is the American word for what most "socialist" countries call "common sense" -society).

<comment><USER10> Article argues that capitalism should be abolished completely instead of being altered. So it is socialism, not "American common sense society"

<comment><USER9> In that case, I disagree! I love capitalism, I'd argue it's just ill and it's illness is called "lobbying, misinformation and companies' involvement in politics". We can, as free humans, choose to build a society where one is helped when one needs help.

<comment><USER11> So instead of right wing liberalism and authoritarian left, something in the libertarian left. Freedom, decentralization, support for all. Whoever you are, you are welcome to the anarchy movement. No capitalism here though, you are no going to pay for the help you need.

</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER12> Why must atheism be articulated? Shouldn't it be the default?

<comment><USER13> I'm sure that sounds perfectly reasonable to an atheist...</comment></comment>


Sonic Physics Guide - <AUTHOR> http://info.sonicretro.org/Sonic_Physics_Guide?v=0

<comment><USER2> What's really impressive is that an active member of this site, "The Taxman", completed a near-perfect implementation of these physics, and successfully collaborated with SEGA to create official updated rereleases of Sonic CD [1], Sonic 1, and Sonic 2.

[1] [http://info.sonicretro.org/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_CD_(2011)](http://info.sonicretro.org/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_CD_\(2011\))

<comment><USER3> These were actually a collaboration of two members of the community, "The Taxman" and "Stealth". The former did the original Sonic CD iPhone demo which opened the lines of communication with SEGA, while the later helped in perfecting the physics and other details of the original games. Stealth had a more extensive history [1] than The Taxman in disassembling and disecting the original games and even did an unofficial port of Sonic 1 to GBA (limited to one level) before.

Stealth is in fact urging SEGA now to consider giving them both green light to develop a rerelease (remaster really) of Sonic 3/K [2], which would be the next logical step having done all the prior games, but despite the super high attention to detail and love the remasters got, SEGA doesn't seem to be interested, presumably because the remasters didn't do that well commercially. A shame, because it probably wouldn't be that expensive for SEGA even if they did it just for the fan service.

[1] [http://info.sonicretro.org/Stealth](http://info.sonicretro.org/Stealth)

[2] [http://sonic3remastered.com/](http://sonic3remastered.com/)

<comment><USER2> I'm honestly impressed that SEGA allowed them to work on anything at all. As someone who used to really enjoy Sonic games, I can't help but resent SEGA for their seeming fixation on releasing absolutely terrible Sonic games.

For a brief period around 2011, it looked like they were back on track -- staring with Sonic Colors on the Wii, and followed by Sonic Generations and Sonic 4ep2, they were on a roll releasing excellent games. Then came the complete garbage that was Sonic Lost World, and it was back downhill from there...

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER3> In case you are interested in learning more about the original games there are fully documented and dissected disassemblies available here (Motorola 68k mostly): [http://info.sonicretro.org/Disassemblies](http://info.sonicretro.org/Disassemblies)

</comment><comment><USER4> I think the most interesting part of the guide was that the 'physics' engine is _very pseudo physics- I would not have imagined that to handle running on walls or ceilings would involve switching the logic to disjoint modes (four quadrants approach) and moving the base sensors to accommodate the mode. In fact, I wouldn't imagine that the physics logic would require all the sensors that it does to get the feel of the game right.

I can only imagine how much tweaking had to be done for all the values to play nicely and be enjoyable- perhaps a less heuristic-based implementation doesn't offer as much control or was too process intensive?

Also a surprise to see that angle values were stored directly at grid pixel locations.

<comment><USER3> It's certainly true that the CPU (a Motorola 68k clocked at ~7.60 MHz) didn't leave much space for process intensive operations; one misstep in your code and the entire game would lag and slowdown. Developers of Sega Genesis games were in fact discouraged of using DIV (division) instructions because they took so many cycles. Fortunately most games could do with bit shifts, IIRC the Sonic games almost never used DIV instructions and did fine.

<comment><USER5> Most programs even today don't do many integer divisions (which is why ARM doesn't even support them, for example). Compilers are really good at eliminating them.

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER6> Neat. I'd love to have a playable Super Mario Brothers game like this: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KBb9wFP7uZM](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KBb9wFP7uZM)

Would you run an emulator in the background and interpret the 2d output to drive the 3d game or would you extract the physics of the game similar to this article and just re-implement so you're not relying on an emulator.</comment>


Strong types in C - <AUTHOR> https://fastcompression.blogspot.com/2019/01/the-type-system_19.html <comment><USER2> The way he uses an intermediate type to store an opaque type in the stack is pretty nifty. Never thought of that one before (nor the risks of strict aliasing, that part is still pretty nebulous)

<comment><USER3> never thought of using incomplete types to declare opaque types ! The rest of the blog is way over the top for me ...

<comment><AUTHOR> I'm fine with "just" `struct as strong type` part ...</comment></comment></comment>


Ask HN: What is everyone using for a Grid System these days? - <AUTHOR> I'm looking for absolute lightweight as possible, not an opinionated framework. Most of my projects use fitgrd.com but I'm looking for alternatives, with additional features. getcrow.eu looks interesting, but it looks to be abandoned at about the same time it was released, plus it's missing crucial CSS to even make it work(but reported on GitHub). Thanks guys. <comment><USER2> [http://flexboxgrid.com/](http://flexboxgrid.com/) has a nice set of fatures and is an easy transition if you're coming from Bootstrap.

We've included it into our own starter pack, and I believe that the new Foundation framework uses it as well.</comment>


Open Anatomy Project - <AUTHOR> https://openanatomy.org/ <comment><AUTHOR> This is my project that we recently started at Brigham and Women's Hospital to make community-authored, high quality anatomical information available wherever it is needed, for free.

End users will have quality digital anatomy atlases. Researchers will have annotated medical data. And doctors will have a new way to share their expertise.

Thing "GitHub for anatomy, with the social impact of Wikipedia".</comment>


German Navy has zero working subs - <AUTHOR> https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/12/das-boot-ist-kaputt-german-navy-has-zero-working-subs/ <comment><USER2> And our Army has too few working helicopters for training pilots properly, so that it had to buy 6500 flight hours in SAR helicopters from our biggest automobile club.</comment>


Build an Ioniser in Under $10 - <AUTHOR> http://amaldev.blog/build-ioniser-in-under-10-dollars/ <comment><USER2> Just be cautious, while correctly working Air Ionisers are safe, poorly working or designed ones can produce Ozone which is unsafe (particularly over prolonged periods or high exposures). This article has more information (in particular citation 10 used in Adverse health effects):

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_ioniser#Adverse_health_eff...](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_ioniser#Adverse_health_effects)

Personally I don't see the benefit over a HEPA filter on a standard electrical fan, or a commercial unit with a similar design. Yes, replacing filters is annoying/has a cost, but there's no health downsides to the design and it is effective at removing air particulate. Building one requires an off the shelf HEPA filter, an off the shelf fan, and a couple of rubber bands. It isn't "sexy" or technically sophisticated, but it works. Want it improve effectiveness? Increase the surface area/make it bigger/increase the airflow.

Let's also consider what both devices (when working correctly) do. An Ioniser gives particulate a charge causing it to be attracted to and stick on surfaces. A HEPA traps particulate within a filter membrane. Or to phase that differently an Ioniser causes the particulate to dust onto every surface within range, causing dirt buildup/stains, dust blooms when disturbs, and people may still contact the air contaminants (since they still exist, now on surface rather than in the air). HEPA allows you to simply remove the particulate from the environment, Ionisers just move it from one location (air) to another (surface).

<comment><USER3> Veritasium had a good video showing the test of ozone being produced by air ionisers: [https://youtu.be/ZQ--scjcAZ4?t=663](https://youtu.be/ZQ-- scjcAZ4?t=663)

(time-linking since the ioniser part was sortof hidden within a video debunking himalayan salt lamps)

<comment><USER4> Thank you, really enlightening video. I'm happy I bought a HEPA filter now, rather than an ioniser.

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER5> As the former owner of a biggish HVAC-integrated electrostatic precipitator, these things are not really worthwhile. An ESP needs frequent cleaning to work well, in comparison to a plain old MERV 13 or so filter, which will work for quite a while with no maintenance.

An ionizer doesn't need maintenance, but that's because it deposits all the gunk nearby. Eww.

</comment><comment><USER6> Please don't build this. There are numerous ways to kill yourself with it. Especially the construction as described.

<comment><USER7> Could you elaborate a bit more? I am curious from the technical side.

<comment><USER6> Lap soldered mains connection (can break off easily). Not double insulated (think small children and fingers). Also the actual ioniser port is usually recessed to avoid accidental contact as it hurts if you touch it.

Also lots of hand soldered MLCC caps are high potentials. They like to crack and explode if you do that. They need to be machine soldered really.

Edit: also the design doesn't use proper voltage rated resistors on the output. I haven't checked the other parts but it's probably marginal. You'll get home one day and find your house burned down.

<comment><USER8> could do with a fuse to.

Those needles connected to active make me uncomfortable, though there's a 10M resistor, I'd have an isolating transformer on the mains - not an engineer though.

<comment><USER6> Fuse would be good. Here in UK there's one in the plug. The 10M resistor will current limit. Or probably flash over here.

Isolation transformer is not required if the enclosure is better. It also doesn't help you if you stick yourself across it somewhere, only helping yourself with respect to ground. If you're testing it or doing development with it I would use one. But I wouldn't build it.

I used to hang around inside old valve radios when I was a kid. You learn respect for high voltages very quickly.

<comment><USER9> Hey you guys, Author of the article here. Thanks for mentioning the issues. I never meant it to go this viral. Crashed my website in the morning. You seem to mention that the output resistor was wrongly chosen. Can you elaborate? I thought I designed it properly. This post was not ever meant to be used without using basic safety features in mind. (Like keep it away from children and all). I will explicitly mention that to be taken care of in the post. Happy to take any more constructive criticisms to make the post better.

<comment><USER6> Yeah no worries. We're all hyper critical. Need to outline the dangers because people who are unaware of the issues working with mains tend to be the first to drop dead. This is followed by the people who suffer from Dunning-Kruger effect. Us amateur radio operators like to kill ourselves on vintage power amplifiers doing that.

The output resistor need to handle potential to ground so say 7kv across output to ground. Resistor is rated for 200V working voltage. Usually you use a chain of many smaller resistors here.

I haven't reviewed the design entirely but the main problem is the enclosure and mains connection and the component choice. The mains connection should be clamped in the enclosure and either spade connections or screw terminals or ferrules. The enclosure should be double insulated. As mentioned a fuse would be a good idea as well.

Always design for worst case with these things.

</comment></comment></comment></comment></comment></comment></comment><comment><USER10> The article mentions BigClive, and his YouTube channel does have a lot of stuff about ionisers, but his site has an article about them too: [http://www.bigclive.com/ioniser.htm](http://www.bigclive.com/ioniser.htm)

</comment><comment><USER11> [http://web.archive.org/web/20191229051555/http://amaldev.blo...](http://web.archive.org/web/20191229051555/http://amaldev.blog/build- ioniser-in-under-10-dollars/)

</comment><comment><USER12> He talks about carbon-fiber stuff to get lots of ionization points, but steel wool works great.

You will be able to smell if you are producing ozone, which you don't want unless you like permanent lung damage. The smell is sharp. like around electric sparks. If you get that, the voltage is too high. Just leave off a few voltage stages.

<comment><USER13> I love the smell of ozone though (not kidding!).

I think it's an association from dicking around with dodgy electric motors (that sparked in a cool way) when I was younger.

<comment><USER12> It's the same reason people like Lisp: it smells of youth.

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER14> All comments seem to recommend a good old filter over an ionizer. Would an ionizer in series with a filter (e.g. in air ducts ) be more effective than a filter itself?

<comment><USER15> For some uses. I have to recommend the commercial Honeywell units highly: they're excellent at pulling tobacco smoke and smell out of the air; and yes the area around them will catch all the other dust around too.

</comment></comment><comment><USER16> It is not healthy to breathe in high concentrations of ozone. It's difficult to make an "ionizer" that doesn't generate ozone.

Also, the health claims of ionizers are dubious. False claims about them (and ozone) bankrupted The Sharper Image

[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/21/business/21sharper.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/21/business/21sharper.html)

</comment><comment><USER17> > I these days use LCSC.com to buy all my generic parts. Great selection at a > great price. It's way cheaper than Digikey or Mouser.

That's a good one, thanks!

</comment><comment><USER18> You can buy a ionizer for less than $10 on aliexpress and it might be less electrically dangerous.

However - DON'T DO IT. Many ionizers generate ozone which is unhealthy.

Also if the goal was merely to combat dust settling on the floor (rather that health), it will only make the problem worse.

<comment><USER19> During crop-burning season in India, when the air is hazardous, would an ionizer + ozone be a net positive?

Crop burn pics: [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/08/indian- farmers...](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/08/indian-farmers-have- no-choice-but-to-burn-stubble-and-break-the-law)

<comment><USER13> Interesting, we banned it in the early 90s in the UK (I used to love watching it).

[https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-08/imaw- atb0807...](https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-08/imaw- atb080719.php) suggests there are better alternatives that will yield better returns for the farmers; but I gather some UK farmers want to return to burning as it - in their eyes - reduces weeds and provides ash for tilling in to the soil. It's not a simply equation though, eg [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230319729_The_effec...](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230319729_The_effects_of_stubble_burning_and_tillage_on_soil_carbon_sequestration_and_crop_productivity_in_Southeastern_Australia).

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER19> An estimated power use of 4 kWh per year -- only costs 4 Rupees in Mumbai? (around $0.05 USD) That's surprisingly cheap power. The US average is 10x higher. ($0.13/kWh)

Still a small cost ($0.52/yr in the US)

</comment><comment><USER20> Epic

</comment><comment><USER21> $10 really means ripping apart and wiring up cheap Chinese consumer electronics. A PCB project is at minimum $100.</comment>


Coming Soon to Social Media: Click to Buy Now - <AUTHOR> http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/07/17/coming-soon-to-social-media-click-to-buy-now/

<comment><USER2> Any guesses what the acquisition price was? I see that they raised $10 million back in Jan 2012.</comment>


Insurers balk at paying for some cyberattacks - <AUTHOR> https://thebulletin.org/2019/04/is-cyberwarfare-war-insurers-balk-at-paying-for-some-cyberattacks/ <comment><USER2> I can't fathom insurance companies seriously and sincerely wanting to offer insurance policies for infosec. I know they do. But it doesn't make sense to me.

1\. The attack surface for any organization is so hard to defend that insurance companies would probably have to pay out a lot more than for other types of insurance policies.

2\. In an age that is increasingly tech and data-driven, the value of data becomes larger and larger. Hence, the payout starts to get really expensive. I find it difficult to imagine what kind of insurance premiums could be charged to customers that are both affordable to the customer and also properly covers the risk the insurer is taking on.

3\. Insurance companies are going to have to become infosec experts in order to properly assess the risk of their clients. Are they up for that? There's such a shortage of infosec workers already, or am I being fed a load of crap by HN? Where would they find capable infosec experts to do these assessments before quoting the client for an insurance policy? War for talent isn't easy.

I think this would all end up making insurance policies extremely expensive and unprofitable for the insurance firms. Yes, I hope that this makes organizations more serious about infosec, but I honestly don't see that happening so long as the average joe is not outraged whenever a service they use gets breached.

<comment><USER3> Insurance also creates a moral hazard regarding proper cybersecurity. A risk/reward analysis may arrive to the conclusion that upgrading infrastructure and hiring/training staff will be more expensive than simply paying more for insurance.

<comment><USER4> That doesn't seem to make sense from the insurer's point of view. If your infrastructure is in a state so bad, then the risk is much higher and they would charge more. There would have to be either some kind of review before signing the paperwork, or the rules would exclude negligence in basic ops.

Similar to how house insurance will ask if all entries have locks and the structure is sound/secure. If they prove it was left open - you're not getting your payout.

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER5> I was tasked a couple of years ago with obtaining cyber insurance cover for my previous employer. Their business was an in-house B2B web application, used by hundreds of their staff, thousands of their customers, and hundreds of thousands of their customers' clients.

I looked in to 5 different insurers — these were all major, internationally- recognised financial juggernauts — before abandoning the project entirely.

Every single insurer based their quotation and assessed our risk on some variant of the following: [https://i.imgur.com/3pB2LSa.png](https://i.imgur.com/3pB2LSa.png)

I had to go back to each one and ask them:

— How do they define a "record"?

— How do they define "transmitting" a record?

— How do they define "processing" a record?

— Which forms of "encryption-at-rest" do you consider acceptable?

— Which forms of "encryption-in-transit" do you consider acceptable?

— None of our data is "stored" on mobile devices, but it is "accessed" through them — so what does this mean for mobile device encryption?

— None of our data is "stored" on portal storage media as standard, but nothing would stop a user saving a screenshot to their USB stick — so what does this mean for portal storage media encryption?

Not a single insurer had any clue what I was talking about.

<comment><USER6> You might be interested in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra_proferentem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra_proferentem)

If they drafted the contract and they are ambiguous, legal questions raised later that fall into the ambiguity will generally be resolved in your favor. As long as, for example, you use a generally accepted standard for "encryption-at-rest", you should be fine, legally speaking.

(I am not a lawyer)

<comment><USER7> From the Wikipedia link you posted:

"The doctrine is not, however, directly applicable to situations where the language at issue is mandated by law, as is often the case with insurance contracts and bills of lading."

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER8> The title is an interesting question, and I would recommend "How Everything Became War and the Military Became Everything: Tales from the Pentagon" by Rosa Brooks to dig into this question more.

The basic premise is that our simple "war vs. peacetime" framework no longer works.

Is cyberwarfare war? Maybe, maybe not.

What about one-off drone killings? The US definitely doesn't consider that war. But when you're at peace, killing someone like that is totally not OK.

What about US military involvement in building infrastructure in developing nations? Probably depends on which country it is, and what "infrastructure" means.

I just never really thought about this question much before, and I thought it was a thought-provoking read (spoiler: no answers provided) if you haven't thought about it either.

<comment><USER9> Like other aspects of war I think this also depends on variables.

Was it war when German Uboote sank our supply ships enroute to the UK? Not for a while. Was of war when Iran captured US navy seamen in the Arabian gulf?

Is it war when NoKo does the Sony hack? If they start shelling SoKo and they also pull some "cyber" to use military lingo, then it'll probably be war. In the meantime it's more like spying/sabotage (which can be part of war, but by themselves aren't)

<comment><USER10> >Was of war when Iran captured US navy seamen in the Arabian gulf?

On January 12, 2016, two United States Navy riverine command boats were seized by Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Navy after they __entered Iranian territorial waters __near Iran 's Farsi Island in the Persian Gulf.

</comment></comment></comment><comment><USER11> No. But it can be an "act of war". There is a difference war and an act of war.

An "act of war" or any casus belli doesn't necessarily lead to war. Economic sanctions are "acts of war" but most do no lead to an actual war.

</comment><comment><USER12> The articles going around about insurers not paying cyber claims that cite Mondelez are disingenuous. The Mondelez policy was a property & casualty (P&C) policy with an extension for some data property, not a separate cyber insurance policy. It's quite possible that insurers would balk at the claim considering it an act of war, but they haven't done it yet. In my opinion, this case is more about the wrong type of coverage. Mondelez should have purchased a stand alone policy.

</comment><comment><USER13> Surprised it took this long.

Funnily enough it might be what gets the bigger players to wake up and do some basic security.</comment>


Short Story of a Long Migration (from Java 7 to Java 8) - <AUTHOR> https://jobs.zalando.com/tech/blog/migrating-java-8/index.html <comment><USER2> "Let's try an another strategy then: bump as little as we can. This strategy worked much better."

Not sure this is a better strategy - it accumulates technical debt.

I think you should try to update as much as possible and stay ahead of the curve. That way you can reap the benefits of performance improvements, bug fixes and richer APIs. Sure, it makes sense to not use the bleeding edge, but being on the oldest possible version doesn't seem to be a good strategy either.</comment>


Ask HN: Would you prioritize learning WebGL as an aspiring junior developer? - <AUTHOR> Hi HN,
I recently graduated from a full stack JavaScript bootcamp in New York. I know that bootcamp grads are sometimes received less-than-warmly on here, so I just want to preface by saying that I didn't change careers because I think that it's an easy way to make a bunch of money, and I don't expect to be competing with people with formal degrees in CS. I have a degree in an unrelated field, discovered that I love programming a couple years ago, and attended a bootcamp because making a curriculum from online materials was a laborious process.
Now that I'm finished with the bootcamp, I've been filling in some gaps in my education, tidying up projects, poking into contributing to open source projects, looking for work, and learning technologies that either seem to be in high demand or that I find interesting. As you might imagine, this is a lot of stuff, and I've been feeling uncertain about what I should be prioritizing.
In particular, I've been noticing a surprising amount of positions indicating that applicants should be familiar with things related to 3D graphics—WebGL libraries like three.js or Babylon.js, sometimes even Unity. I find this stuff super interesting, but didn't expect to see it in these job descriptions and have little personal experience with it. I'd be happy to put some time into learning it, but only if that time is going to be well-spent re: short-term employability. If you were in my shoes, would you be learning WebGL? If so, what resources would you be using?
Secondly, more broadly, what would you be studying in general in my position? I understand that in my position I should probably mostly be focused on front-end positions. For those positions, should I just be drilling down into JS and leaving other languages for the future? What would you do?
Thanks for reading! <comment><USER2> I've been a professional engineer for over 15 years now and have been working in the games and simulations space for about 5.

My advice to you: only focus on it if you really love it. The pay is (most of the time) not as good as what you'd get writing CRUD apps in the enterprise space.

The other concern is, WebGL is a really niche topic inside an already niche field. As someone that does a significant amount of games and simulations work, WebGL is still far too low-level to be of any real business use. Even with the expectation that things will improve in the next few years, you'll still mostly likely get the most bang for your buck using a game engine like Unity and letting it manage the "compilation" to WebGL.

If you're really passionate about games, learn a game engine and start building games. The "game" space is a really weird subset of CS disciplines and it'll help to get familiar with the entire production pipeline (coding, art, animation, behaviors, etc).

If you were really ridiculously passionate about low-level 3d programming, you'd either A) not be asking us for advice, or B) too busy playing with it to ask for advice. :)

With all that said, I'd love to talk to you about this industry and point you in the right direction if you're curious. My email address is in my profile if you want to know more.

<comment><AUTHOR> Thanks for your thoughts! And for your offer to talk—I'll absolutely take you up on that.

</comment></comment><comment><USER3> 1\. Nothing wrong with wanting to make money.

2\. "Formal degree in CS" doesn't mean someone will be better than you. It might, it might not, depends on the job. Often it has no relation to actual job requirements.

A job skill that will serve you well no matter what you do: learning new things quickly. So instead of deep diving into one thing, maybe spend some time building a few small things with a bunch of interesting technologies. (Other comment about knowing basics is correct: knowing core technology is important prerequisite, do that first if you're not there yet).

Then you can tell employers "yes, I'm inexperienced, but look, I can learn fast, here's proof." You're pretty much never going to know the _whole_ tech stack at a new job, so that matters a lot.

Another thing to focus on: learning how to build robust code (i.e. testing, both manual and automated). It's not exciting or flashy, but being able to say "and I can make sure my code actually works, and here's how" is worth a lot to smarter employers (though not all employers).

<comment><AUTHOR> Yeah, sorry, didn't mean to come off like I was denigrating other bootcampers for wanting to make money. Just meant that I didn't get into developing for the gold rush—that I care about the work itself.

And thanks for the advice! Building small things sounds good; I should set some goalposts for myself to that end.

</comment></comment><comment><USER4> WebGL is not a skill I'd put high on your list. Really knowing Javascript and learning how to be productive is far more important. WebGL IMO is still niche to specific use cases and doesn't have a broad appeal, so the positions you are seeing are likely a microcosm of the overall job market.

If you want to be employable, study and know javascript, know your front end stuff solid. Don't worry about knowing lots of different technologies, know a few key things really well, like Javascript, html and CSS, with those alone you have good employability. Each company will have their favorite framework and you'll work with it, so knowing how to come up to speed on Angular, or Ember or choose your flavor is more important then knowing them initially. And the core ability to do that is being solid in the basics.

Good luck!

</comment><comment><USER5> _GL is one area where just using a high level library is not going to help you master it. If you intend to use it as a black box, well you can use anything that wraps_ GL in your domain of choice (games, simulation etc).

However, what I have seen is that knowing the low level _GL stuff is really important when you get stuck and have to debug your way out. Write your own shaders etc. Most recently I figured my way out of a tricky skeletal animation problem only because I knew the low level details as well.

My recommendation: Work through this book: [1]

I even wrote a scene graph in CL while working through this book and after learning SceneKit(iOS, macOS 3d framework). So I am backing up what I am suggesting:[2]

If you want to be in the graphics field in the long run, better know the low level stuff. This is just my 2$ thought. YMMV. And as @blister suggests, he is right that you need to pick the graphics domain as it is niche as compared to Web programming and the pay will be on the lesser side comparatively, especially if you are starting off.

My email is in my profile, feel free to reach out if you need any help from me in learning _GL.

[1] [https://capnramses.github.io/opengl/](https://capnramses.github.io/opengl/) [2] [https://gitlab.com/cl-3d-graphics/cl- scene](https://gitlab.com/cl-3d-graphics/cl-scene)

</comment><comment><USER6> The branded technologies change with the breeze. This is not progress, or an emergent property of progress so much as it is by design (but that is a completely different conversation).

The best investment of your time is in the fundamentals; the things that don't change or change very slowly:

                      Stats: Useful in both data science and machine learning
                 Algorithms: Duh
      Differential Geometry: must-have if you're a graphics/games guy
              Discrete Math: Good stuff for dealing with machines that process things in bits.
             Linear Algebra: Comes in handy in so many different problem domains.
          Ethernet + TCP/IP: It's not going anywhere.
      Hardware/Architecture: Still running a von Neumann architecture last I checked. Things go
                             much more smoothly when you know what the physical limitations
                             and bottlenecks are before you start coding.

If you go all-in on WebGL and get a job, keep an eye out for the next new hotness, because you will officially be on the treadmill then.

</comment><comment><USER7> I'm seeing a dramatic up-tick in companies wanting WebGL content to be built, either in-house or externally. WebVR is only going to accelerate this trend. So, sure, picking up skills around WebGL content creation should be a safe bet but avoid learning WebGL at a low level. Tools like PlayCanvas are there to help you get excellent results in a fraction of the time - you're much better off learning that.

</comment><comment><USER8> What positions are you looking at where you're seeing WebGL and Unity frequently?

<comment><AUTHOR> Jobs at design firms, 'creative studios,' those sorts of things. WebGL more than Unity, but definitely both. Part of it seems to be the result of a big VR/AR push, going off of the job descriptions. This is all inference, though.</comment></comment>


Evolution of Conversations in the Age of Email Overload [pdf] - <AUTHOR> http://arxiv.org/pdf/1504.00704v1.pdf

<comment><USER2> In case you neglected to read the paper, here is most of the relevant quotes from the conclusion section. These are direct quotes from the conclusion section, broken into a few relevant bullets.

> We carried out a large-scale study of email replying behavior of more than > 2M users.

> emailing behavior is not well understood.

> users reply faster to emails received during weekdays and working hours

> In regard to demographics, younger users generally send faster and shorter > replies, and men send slightly faster and shorter replies than women.

> replies from mobile devices were faster and shorter than from desktops

> emails without attachments typically got faster replies.

We investigated the effect of email overload on the replying behavior.

> users increased their activity as they received more emails, but not enough > to compensate for the higher load.

> Older users generally replied to a smaller fraction of incoming emails, but > their reply time and length were not impacted by overload as much as younger > users.</comment>


Job Posting at cheap rates at LinkedPT - <AUTHOR> http://www.linkedpt.com/products <comment><USER2> Recent comparison review of job boards -- _Indeed is also the best deal for employers: Jobs are free to post. That's likely why it is able to beat out more tool-heavy sites when it comes to breadth and overlap. More people are simply posting more jobs on Indeed._ > [http://www.reviews.com/job- sites/](http://www.reviews.com/job-sites/)</comment>