text:
This action might not be possible to undo. Are you sure you want to continue?
1. I enjoy wolking on the beach at sunset" 2,. I avoid showing others what I'm feeling. 3,. I can't stand waiting for people.
4. I like to make a daily schedule.
5. love finding solutions to problems.
6. enjoy spending 'hours on the phone.
7. don', mind, listening to people's problems.
8. like to have lots of friends.
9. love to accomplish goals.
10,. r minterested in visiting; unusual places.
11. _
12. _
starting A How true are these statements for you? Complete the quiz. Then add two more point items about yourself.
2 Unil1
definitely generally definitely <
true true not true ~
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 }
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
"_ B Pair work Compare your responses to the quiz. How are they different?
C Group work JOin another pair. Use the statements in Exercise A to explain these personality traits. Give additional examples.
romantic sociable
sympathetic talkative
adventurous ambitious
impatient organized
practical reserved
A romantic person is the kind of person who enjoys walking on the beach at sunset and dreaming about the future.
Pair work Choose another partner. Find two personality traits that you have in common. Find one way that you're different.
A: So, tell me about yourself. B: Well, I'm pretty reserved. A: Really? So am 1. I like
spending time by myself.
B: I do, too. I love ...
What do you have in common?
So am I. (lam, too.)
I'm exactly the same way. So do I. (I do, too.)
Neither can 1. (I can't either.)
ThaI'S not true tor me. I'm not at all like thaI.
Really? I don't. on I can.
discussion A Read these personality profiles prepared for the "personals" section of the newspaper.
Which person would you most like to meet? Which person is most like you?
grammar focus
A gerund always follows these verbs. I enjoy meeting unusual people.
1 dislike spending 0 lot of time by myself. I don't mind waiting for people.
I avoid talking on the phone.
An infinitive or gerund con follow these verbs. I like goingJlo go to parties.
I love walchinglto walch movies alone. I hate waiting/to woit for people.
I can', stand slayIng/lo stay home alone.
A gerund is often the object of a preposition. I'm interested in meeting unusual people.
A Pair work How do you feel about these things? Write sentences using gerunds or infinitives from the grammar box. Then discuss with a partner.
1. talk on the phone
I love to tolk on the phone for hours.
2. go to big parties
3. eat a lot of junk food
4. learn about computers
5. go to places where I have to use my English
6. meet people from different cultures
7. talk about my private life with my friends
8. date someone who likes to dress differently
I hate going to big parties because I'm shy; I never know what to say.
I love to eat a lot of junk food, especially when I go to the movies.
B Pair workl Now write six more sentences about yourself. Use the verbs in the grammar box. Then compare with a partner.
I enjoy staying home on weekends. It's the only time I can relax I avoid speaking in front of large groups. It makes me nervous.
Who would you like to know?
Student Talkative and fun. Avid pet lover. Hate to cook.
Very organized. Fan of old movies. Love to travel.
Computer programmer Incurable romantic. Nature lover. Interested in learning a new language.
Musician Ambitious artist. Dedicated stamp collector. Enjoy playing rugby.
".--- - ....
B Class activity Write a personality profile for yourself without signing your name to it. Your teacher will mix up the profiles and distribute one to each student. Ask questions around the class to match the profile you were given with its writer.
Do you enjoy listening to classical music?
lesson A
listening A Group work What are some ways that people change over time? Can you give examples of people you know?
B ...__~ Listen to how Luis, Celine, and Diana have changed in the last five years. Why did they decide to change? Complete the chart.
Listen again. What does each person still want to change?
Wantsto change I ~
• ~ How have you changed?
discussion A How have you changed in the last five years? What do you want to change now?
I used 10 be ..... but now I'm, .. I'm more ... now. I enjoy, ..
Describing how you've changed
Describing how you'd like 10 change
I'm interested in .
I'd like to be more .
B Pair work Compare charts with a partner. Ask follow-up questions. A: Five years ago I was pretty shy. I'm more outgoing now.
B: Really? How did you change?
A: Well, I joined some clubs, made some new friends, and ...
4 Unit 1
Main ideas in paragraphs
sentence of the sentence.
A Underline the main idea in each of these paragraphs. Then compare with a partner.
I fNnk l11y 1110st positive q«ality is that ]'111 very pYac;tic.al.
]'/11 tAe kind of' pe-rso» wAo enjoys solvinq dil/ic.«/f problel11s, and I love disc.oveyinq sol«tions to lhinqs. Feople always ?Ol11e 10 l11e when they don'l know how fo lix sO/1lefhinq. For exa/1lple, two days aqo I'11y latAer's C-O/1Ipuler s«ddenly stopped workinq, and he asked l11e 10 liquye Otlt tAe pr06lel11. His c.o/1lputer is a poweYltll one. It look /1Ie only 15 l11inules. I loved eveyy l11in«te of'lf.
My /1Iosl neqalive qualify is Ihat ]'111 an extye/1lely disoYqaniZbd person. My apaY/l11ent is always a mes«, and] c;an nevey find anylhinq, wAlc;A is very fYustyafinq. My sistey is veyy neal. Lasf week I finished I11Y hOlnewoyk assiqnl11enl and Ihen l11isplac.ed it. I c-ouldn'l lind If' in 12/1 IAe duffer, so I
Aad 10 yedo If/ My dlsorqaniz..alion IS qeffil1q to be a biq probleln /n I11Y life. I'd love 10 c.hanqe, pul I don'l really kl10w wker» 10 peqil1.
c:::.4 .c;-4
~ ~ ~ ~ .:::-1t
~ ~
B Read the paragraphs again. Is there any information that doesn't relate to the main idea of the paragraph? Cross it out. Then compare with a partner.
C Think about your own positive and negative qualities. Make a list. Then decide which quality is most positive and which is most negative. Circle each one.
D Write a paragraph about either your most positive or your most negative quality. Make sure your paragraph has only one main idea.
E Pair work Exchange your paragraph with a partner, and answer these questions.
1. Is there any information that doesn't relate to the main idea? Cross it out.
2. What are some other ways your partner is ... ?
starting A. Group work Look at these different types of families. Can you explain what point these terms mean? What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of each type of family?
An advantage of having an extended family is that you always have a baby"siffer in the house,
B Pair work What's your family like? Choose at least five questions to discuss.
o What type of family do you come from?
o What's something unusual or special about your family?
o What are some rules that people have to follow in your family?
o How does your family celebrate birthdays?
o Is there a holiday your family always celebrates together?
o Who do you talk to in your family when you have a problem?
o What's the best thing about spending time with your family?
What's the worst thing?
D If you have any brothers or sisters, what things do you enjoy doing together? D Do you have a close relationship with the other members of your family?
What's an advantage of being close to one's family?
D Who takes care of the children in your family?
How are their families different?
listening A '-- ~ Listen to Paul and Andrea talking about their families, What are two things that are different about their families? Complete the chart.
B Pair work Is your family similar to Paul's or Andrea's? If so, how? If not, how is it different?
6 Unit 1
Lesson B
Noun clauses after be
grammar focus
That in noun clauses after be is optional. Notice the prepositions that are used with the following nouns.
I An advantage of having an older brother is (that) you always have someone to help you.
The best thing about having brothers and sisters is (that) you're never lonely.
A problem with having lots of brothers and sisters is (that) you don't get a very big allowance.
A Complete these sentences. Then compare with a partner.
1. An advantage of having an extended family is ...
2. The worst thing about being a parent is ...
3. The best thing about having a nuclear family is ...
4. A disadvantage of being an only child is ...
5. The worst thing about living near your parents is ...
6. A problem with being the oldest child is ...
7. The best thing about having a supportive family is ...
B Now combine these sentences, and complete them. Then compare with a partner. 1. I'm the most talkative person in my family. It's an advantage.
An advantage of being the most talkative person in your famify
is that you get a lot of attention
2. I'm the youngest in my family. It's a disadvantage.
3. I'm a twin. It's an advantage.
4. I have young parents. It's an advantage.
5. I work in the family business. It's a disadvantage.
6. I live alone. It's a problem.
7. I have a large family. It's a disadvantage.
C Read the results of this survey question. What do you think? Write two
advantages and two disadvantages
of living away from one's parents.
Do you think children should live away from their parents after age 18?
Yes 69% No 29%
Not sure 2%
Your place in the family
discussion A Check the sentences that apply to you.
o Our family always discusses problems frankly when they come up.
o My parents were very strict when I was a child.
o Both my parents have always worked.
o I don't live with my parents.
o I got along with my brothers and sisters when we were young.
o I never share personal secrets with my brothers and sisters.
o I always talk to my parents before making major decisions.
o I don't plan to follow in my parents' footsteps.
B Group work Talk about the advantages and disadvantages of the situations you checked in Exercise A.
Describing parents and children
vocabulary A Look at these adjectives. Which do you think are positive (+)? Which are negative (-) or neutral (N)? Compare your answers with a partner.
__ active
__ adventurous _ frank
__ generous
__ inexperienced __ innocent
__ mischievous __ patient
__ responsible
_ sensible _ strict
_ supportive
B Which words in Exercise A describe parents? Which describe children? Are there any adjectives that. can fit under both categories? Can you think of two more words to add to each list?
C Can you think of an opposite for each word in Exercise A?
D Pair work Choose an adjective to describe each person in your family. Ask follow-up questions.
A: My father is very supportive. B: In what way?
A: For one thing, he ...
•• Family rules
discussion Group work What rules do you have in your family? Discuss these topics and add others. Are there any rules your families all share? Make a list.
@ doing household chores @ coming home late
@ preparing meals
@ watching TV
@ talking on the telephone @ using the bath or shower @ settling disputes
@ using the family car
@ ---------
@ ------------
@ ---------
8 Unit 1
During the school year,! wasn't allowed to watch TV until! finished my homework.
In our family. we all have weekend chores. For example, ! have to wash the dishes and fake out the garbage.
Parents and children
reading A Pair work Discuss these questions. Then read the article, and compare yom ideas to the author's.
1. Look at the title of the article. What do you think it's going to be about?
2. Do you think parents should be strict with their children?
The parents set the rules and the children obey, right? Wrong .. In a growing number of North American families, adults have let their children take over. "Parents want to be nurturing and' make their small children happy, but many have become confused about the best way to achieve this," explains a noted child psychologist. "Large numbers of parents are being controlled by their child, to the poim that entire families end up organizing themselves around a small child's emotions."
The problem is that many mothers and fathers try to be a friend to their children. However, parenting is not a popularity contest. Challenging authority is a normal part of child development and is strongest between the ages of four and six. Setting rules and enforcing them teaches the child that he or she is equal in worth but not equal in authority. Then the child feels safe and secure and can be a kid again. Believe it or not, it's frightening for children to realize they are in charge of a situation. In upside-down families, when parents back down from rules they set, children become very insecure, anxious, and out of control. They don't trust their parents to protect them. Parents should follow these tips to avoid this situation and keep control.
Be a leader. Parents cannot guide a child and seek his or her approval of their decisions at the same time. Don't say, "It's time for bed. OK?" Instead, say; "It's time for bed, kids."
... Don't make rules quickly and then change them. It's very important to be consistent.
Once you make a rule, stick to it.
.. Pay less attention to your children when their behavior is bad and more when it is
good. Do not reward bad behavior by giving extra attention to it. Instead, save your attention for when the child acts appropriately.
.. Don't allow your kids to call you by your first name. This removes the authority figure in a child's life. Children need parents, not another friend.
B Pair work Which of these statements would the author agree with? Which ones do you agree with?
1. Children don't usually challenge authority.
2. Children like to feel that they are in charge.
3. It's important for parents to discipline children.
4. Parents should be leaders, not friends.
C Group work Discuss these questions. Then share your answers with the class. L Do you think your parents were too strict? Why or why not?
2. Will you use the same rules in raising your children?
Lesson B
Schools in the United States
starting point
A Read these facts about schools in the United States. Which statements do you find surprising? Why?
B Pair work Prepare four statements about schooling in your country that would be of interest to someone from another country. Then compare your statements with a partner.
In my country, schooling is compulsory from ages 5 to 78.
• How can we make education better?
discussion A Pair work Which of these suggestions would improve education in your country? Discuss each one and then agree on two recommendations.
• The school day should last longer so that students can take additional classes.
• Students ought to spend a minimum of three hours a day on homework.
• All students ought to have access to the Internet and ought to be allowed to watch educational TV in the classroom.
• Students shouldn't be given failing grades.
• Schooling should be free until the age of 21.
• The library ought to be replaced by a multimedia center with computers.
A: I think all students ought to have access to the Internet. B: Why do you think so?
A: Well, it's a useful tool. And almost everyone likes to use computers ....
B Group work Join another pair. Choose the most important recommendation, and then share it with the class.
10 Unit 2
grammar focus
Should and ought to in the active and passive
The modals should and ought to are often used to express suggestions.
Active = modal + simple form of verb Teachers shouldn't give students failing grades. Students ought to have access to the Internet.
Passive = modal + be + past participle
Students shouldn't be given failing grades. Students ought to be allowed to watch TV in class.
A Complete these sentences with the active or passive form of should or ought to and the verbs in parentheses. Then compare with a partner.
1. Computers should be ,Purchased (purchase) for all students.
2. Schools (install) computers, videos, and CD-ROMs in their
language labs.
3. Class credit (give) for foreign travel.
4. Science (teach) by famous researchers via television.
S. Physical education classes (make) optional.
6. Students (take) classes in all subject areas.
7. Students' grades (base) all class participation.
8. Schools (limit) class size to ten students.
B Pair work Which ideas do you agree with? Explain why.
I think computers should be purchased for all students because then students can learn at their own speed.
Maintaining educational standards
discussion A Pair work Read these statements. Which people do you agree with? Why?
Students should be required to pay a fee for any class that they fail and need to repeat.
Teachers' salaries should be based on how popular the teachers are with students.
High school students ought to be able to choose all their own cou rses. T hey I eo rn best when they study things that interest them.
More emphasis should be placed on helping students get job experience and less emphasis on courses like history and literature.
B Group work Jain another pair and discuss your answers.
A: I think more emphasis should be placed on helping students get job experience.
The whole point of education is to prepare you for a job.
B: I think job preparation is important, but courses in literature and history are important, too. They prepare students to be better citizens and live better lives.
1 1
discussion A Academic subjects aren't the only things you learn in school, Here are some other things. Read this list. Can you add two more items?
o how to get along with others
o how to think for yourself
o how to follow a schedule how to organize your time
o how to speak with confidence
o how to finish something you've started
o how to become independent from your family
o ___
0 __
B Pair work Now discuss these questions about the list in Exercise A.
1. Which of the skills did you learn in school? How did you learn them?
2. Was there a particular teacher who helped you learn these skills?
3. What subject areas helped you to learn these skills?
foreign languages history
literature mathematics
physical education
4. What are some important skills that you feel you didn't learn?
other: __
C Group work Look at this list. How could education be improved by making changes in these areas? How could the skills in Exercise A be better taught?
• extracurricular activities
• course offerings
• classrooms and equipment
• teaching methods
• examinations and grades
There should be more extracurricular activities available for students. That way, students would learn to get along with each other.
Also, students should be required to particioote in at least one or two extracurricular activities.
What they leamed in school
listening A '-- Listen to Carol and Michael talking about experiences they had when they went away to college and what they learned from those experiences. Complete the chart.
College experience
What they learned from it
B Pair work Are your experiences similar to Carol's or Michael's?
Identifying topic sentences
A Read this paragraph. Then choose the best topic sentence from the three choices. How did you make your choice?
The library should get new computers.
Students are not accustomed to using computers. Students should have access to the Internet.
_________________ . TAese days, fhe Infernef has be?Ome an essenfial fool/or sfl.ldenfs. Usin9 fAe Infernef, sfl.ldenfs are able fo qefl.lp-fo-dafe informafion /rom a variefy 01 sOl.lrces inc;./odin9 books, ma9azines, re!erenc;.e
//brayies, newspapers, and phofo lil/raYies. ,4lso, sfodenfs ee» join on-line disC-l.Ission 9rol.lps fo falk fo experts apol.lf soPjec;.fs fhey're inferesfed in. I pelon9 fo an Infernef disc;.l.Ission qrol.lp on c;.ompl.lfer qames. Sfudenfs sAol.lldn'f Aare fo qo fo a spedal library or compl.lfer lab fo as» fAe Infernef. If sAol.lld be available fo all sfl.ldenfs af all hines.
B Read the paragraph again. Is there any information that doesn't explain the main idea of the paragraph? Cross it out. Then compare with a partner.
C Choose one of these topic sentences. Write a paragraph to support your belief. Make certain your sentences all give good reasons for your opinion.
I think/don't think schools ought to pay teachers higher salaries.
Students should/shouldn't have to study a foreign language.
I think/don't think students should be required to take physical education.
I believe schools shouldlshouldn't place a lot of emphasis on music and art.
o Pair work Exchange your paragraph with a partner, and answer these questions.
1. Write a title for your partner's paragraph. How did you come up with your title?
2. Is there any information that doesn't belong? Cross it out.
3. Do you have any questions about your partner's ideas? What sentences do you agree with? Are there any ideas that you don't agree with?
starting A Read these statements about learning. What do you think they mean? Which point ones do you agree with? Why?
II you think education :is expensive, try ignorance.
BPair work Do you agree with these statements about studying foreign languages and literature? What are two other ways to learn a foreign language? to learn about literature?
@ A good way to learn a foreign language is by studying grammar and vocabulary so that you have some knowledge before you practice speaking.
@ A good way to learn a new language is by making friends with a native speaker and practicing with that person.
@ The only way to master a foreign language is to live in a country where it is spoken so that you have to speak it all the time.
@ The best way to learn about literature is by taking a course because a teacher can help you appreciate things that you wouldn't notice by yourself.
@ A good way to learn about literature is simply to choose books that interest you and then read them.
A: I don't think studying grammar is very useful.
I studied grammar for six years and couldn't speak at all.
B: I don't agree. I think grammar is very important. ...
listening A __ P Listen to Frank, Regina, and Sonia talking about something they're trying to learn. 'iNhat strategies are they using? What problems are they having?
Problems Iheyare having
How Iheyare Irying 10 learn
B Pai:r work What other suggestions can you think of for Frank, Regina, and Sonia?
14 Unit 2
Infinitives and gerunds to talk about how to do things
grammar focus
Notice the use of infinitives and gerunds to talk about ways and methods of doing things. A good way to learn a foreign language is to make friends with a native speaker.
The only way to learn to speak a new language is to live in a country where it is spoken.
The best way to learn about literature is by taking a course. .
A Pair work How can you learn the following things? Choose from the methods listed on the right, and then add other ideas of your own. Compare with a partner. Do you agree?
1. learn how to drive a car
2. learn about history
3. learn how to run a business
4. learn how to fly a plane
5. learn a musical instrument
6. learn advanced math
7. learn a new dance
8. learn about current events
__ Watch someone do it, and then do the same thing. __ Try it out and learn by making mistakes.
__ Follow a set of rules or instructions.
__ Talk to people who were successful at it. __ Read as much as possible about the subject. __ Practice doing it by yourself.
__ Take a course from an expert.
__ Practice doing it with a personal instructor at your side.
The only way to learn how to drive is to practice with a driving instructor. A bad way to learn is by reading a manual about it.
B Pair work Think of something you were successful at learning. How did you learn it. What advice do you have for other people who want to learn something?
In order to and 50 that
grammar focus
The expressions in order to and so that introduce a reason or purpose for doing something. I plan to buy a computer so that I can master some new software programs.
I purchased a video course on public speaking so thai I could learn to give better speeches. I enrolled in a cooking class in order to learn how to cook.
Complete these sentences with a reason or purpose. Then compare with a partner.
1. One way to learn a foreign language is to live in a country where it's spoken so that ...
2. If I wanted to learn to use a computer, I'd sign up for a course so that ...
3. I'd like to purchase my own computer in order to ...
4. If you don't know how to drive, it's best to go to a driving school so that ...
5. It might be fun to enroll in a cooking class in order to ...
6. I would like to take a math course in order to ...
discussion Pair work List three things you want to do in the next year, and explain why you want to do them.
A: I want to take classes so that I can become an actor. I think the only way to be successful is to study with someone famous.
B: Really? Who would you study with?
Lesson B
Helping others learn
discussion Group work Choose one of these situations, and explain the best ways to help people learn how to do something. Then compare your suggestions around the class.
• A shy friend wants help preparing for a job interview,
• Your parents want to learn a new kind of dance.
• Your best friend wants to learn how to drive your car.
A: How would you help a shy friend prepare for a job interview?
B: I would begin by helping the friend make a list of possible interview questions so that ... C: Then you should play the role of the interviewer in order to .
Reach the top!
vocabulary A Check the noun that best goes with each verb. Then compare with a partner.
B :Pair work Complete these sentences with verbs from Exercise A. Then explain to your partner how you could manage to do each thing.
1. A dream I hope to in my life is ...
2. A goal I'd like to this year is ..
3. A task I hope to in the next few weeks is ...
a dream
• •
Learning alternatives
a goal
a task
A dream' hope to realize in my life is to visit every country in South America. I would start by saving a lot of money ....
discussion Pair work Match these terms with their definitions. What are some benefits of each way to learn? Have you taken advantage of any of them? Why or why not?
1. correspondence course _c_
2. field trip _
3. independent study __
4. home schooling _
5. vocational school __
6. educational TV course
7. continuing education __
a. a project that a student designs and completes alone
b. classes taught at home by a student's parents
c. a class conducted by mail -
d. a place for learning industrial or commercial skills
e. a visit to a location outside school to learn something
f. a program offering classes to adults who want to resume their education
g. a course that people can watch in their homes
The best thing about taking a correspondence course is that you don't have to travel to schoof.
I took a correspondence course in order to learn how to draw.
16 Unit 2
Learning at home
reading A Pair work Discuss these questions. Then read the article, and compare your ideas to the author's.
1. Is there anything you learn at school that you can't learn at home? What? Why?
2. Why might parents want to teach their kids at home rather than send them to school?
Home Schooling:
A GrowIng Trend
Rowena and Billy Wrangler are model high school students .. They study hard. They do extremely well on achievement tests. And next year, Rowena will be attending Harvard University. Billy, her younger brother, hopes to go 10 Cornell. What makes Rowena and Billy different from
most sludents is that they don't go to school. In teet, they've never been to school. Since kindergarten, they've studied at home, Neither Rowena nor BHly feels as if they've missed out on anything by being fought at home, Like many of the more than one million people who receive home schooling in the United States, they feel
as il they've gotten a good education.
The home-schooling, trend began in the U.S .. in the 1980s with parents keeping their children out of public schools so they could provide religious education at home. Today, as the home-schooling trend continues to grow, parents are more likely to consider home schooling as an option because they believe schools don't doa very good job of teaching and are occasionally dangerous places. Bul can parents really do
a better job?
The answer in many cases is yes, In many studies, students taught af home ranked average or above average when compared to students who went to public schools. More importantly,
these students me often more se]:f-directedand have a greater depth of knowledge .. "They are vePf well prepared for academic challenges," says Patricia Riordan, the dean 01 admissions at George Mason University.
One such student, Janie Fist, began home schooUng a:t the age of 11. "I was learning something aJI the time," says Fist. Now she's a first-year student at 0 college in New Jersey. Robert Conrad, now a sophomore at Florido International University, claims he really learned how 10 study and schedule his time during his eight years of home schooling. Still, not every student is as successful as Robert.
"For every home-schooling success staPf, there are an equal number of failures," states Henry lipscomb, an educational resea rcher. "There
are just so many d.isadvantages that students taught at homeh.ave to overcome." For example, they have fewer chances to interact with others their own age. Consequently, they sometimes lack the usual social skills. "No matter what, though," states Lipscomb, "home schooling is a growing: trend. I think we'l,! be seeing more and more of this:'
B Group work Discuss these questions. Then share your answers with the class.
1. According to the article, what are the advantages and disadvantages of being educated at home?
2. Do you think your parents could have done a better job of educating you than your school?
Why or why not?
3. Do you believe most kids are motivated enough to be taught at home? Why or why not?
4. What do you think you would miss most if you were schooled at home?
Lesson B
• Cities of the world
starting A Which cities do these sentences describe? Check your answers on page 118. paint
1. This city, which lies in the northeast, was the country's busiest port from
1500 to 1815. _
2. This is the city that hosted the summer Olympics in 1988. _
3. This city, which was the country's capital from 794 until 1868, has around
2,000 temples and shrines. _
4. People often visit this city in February or March for the famous Mardi Gras
Festival. _
5. This city, which is built on two levels, is famous for spicy food and lively music
that trace their origins to Africa. _
6. Visitors to this city love the French Quarter, which is known for its music clubs,
bars, and restaurants. _
7. In this city, food lovers should try the spicy cabbage dish called kimch'i, which is
served as a side dish with almost every meal. _
8. In this city, tiny shops on picturesque streets sell traditional sweets made from
beans. _
B Pair work If you were planning to visit the cities in Exercise A, what are three additional things you'd like to know about each place? Make up questions with a partner.
C Group work Join another pair. Can anyone in your group answer your questions?
listening '- Listen to Deborah and Todd talking about two of the cities in Exercise A. Which
city is each persoll talking about? What are some interesting features of each city?
18 Unit 3
Defining and non-defining relative clauses
grammar focus
A defining relative clause defines or gives essential. information about a noun. New Orleans is a city where people go to celebrate Mardi Gras.
Salvador is famous for food and music that trace their origins to Africa.
A .... non-defining relative clause g ... ives optional inform.ation about a .n. oun, .. N.O.'.i.ce .th. e .use of commas, I Seoul, which hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics, is well known for its shopping,
There are many temples and shrines in Kyoto, which used to be the co'pital of Japan.
A Underline the relative clauses in these sentences, and indicate if they are defining (D) or non-defining (ND). Add punctuation where required, Then compare with a partner.
NO 1. Brasilia, which is the capital of Brazil, is less than 50 years old.
2. Montreal is a city where both French and English are spoken.
3. Bangkok which is the capital of Thailand has many beautiful temples.
4. Bogota is a city that is surrounded by mountains.
5. Mexico City which has a population of around 20,000,000 is the largest urban area in the Americas.
6. Pusan is a busy port city that is located in the southern part of Korea.
B Here is some additional information about the cities on page 18. Jain these sentences with non-defining relative clauses. Then compare with a partner.
1. Salvador was founded in 1549. It has excellent examples of seventeenth- and
eighteenth-century colonial architecture.
2, The carnival in Salvador is a popular Brazilian festival, It runs for several days.
3, People often visit Kyoto in April. They can see the beautiful cherry blossoms in April. 4, Kyoto has more than 60 museums. It is a major cultural center of Japan,
5, New Orleans is located on the Mississippi River. It is well known for its steamboat cruises.
6, A favorite destination of jazz lovers is New Orleans, New Orleans made an important contribution to the development of jazz in the late nineteenth century,
7. Seoul is well known for its shopping areas, Everything from antique pottery to custommade clothing can be found there.
8, The month of January is very cold in Seoul. It has an average daily temperature between _90 and 00 Celsius,
discussion A Which of the four cities on page 18 would you like to visit? Write three sentences explaining your reasons. Use relative clauses if appropriate.
I'd like to visit Salvador because it's a city where, . ,
B Pair work Tell your partner which of the four cities you'd like to visit and why.
Describing a city
vocabulary A These words describe different features of a city. Can you give a definition for each word or phrase? Which features are most important to you when you're choosing a city to visit?
historical sites
Architecture refers to the design and construction of buildings_
B Write four sentences about a city that you've enjoyed visiting and that you would recommend to a tourist. Cover four of the features in Exercise A.
New York is a city that has many interesting skyscrapers _
Santiago, which is located at the foot of the Andes, has beautJful views of mountains covered with snow
C Group work Describe the city you wrote about to your group. Answer any questions your classmates may have .
What's the city like?
listening A..._ Listen to Jose and Vicki talking about the same city. What do they like
about it?
I Whatlhey like I Comments
Vicki B Pair work Would you like to visit that city? Why or why not?
_ Preferred destinations
discussion Group work Discuss these questions and give reasons for your answers. Then compare suggestions around the class.
What is ...
a place where you'd like to spend your honeymoon? a place that would make a great vacation destination? a city where you'd like to live for a few years?
a place that you would never want to visit?
• •
Creating topic sentences
A Look at this cluster diagram, and then read the paragraph. Which idea in the diagram is the most general? Which idea does the writer choose for a topic sentence?
rlando is a vibrant city full
of exciting activities. It has become a favorite destination of vacationers from all over the world because
of the amazing choices for both daytime and nighttime amusement. In fact, there are more than
60 attractions in the Orlando area. Nature lovers
can go on calming walks in a variety of parks and gardens. Shoppers can fmd one-of-a-kind boutiques,
in addition to six shopping malls scattered throughout the
city. Sports enthusiasts will enjoy the many golf courses and the incredible variety of beach and lake activities. The more than 2,000 restaurants, which range from pizza shops to sushi bars, offer something for everyone.
B Now choose a place you know, and make your own cluster diagram. Decide which idea best summarizes the other idea, and use that idea to write a topic sentence. Write a paragraph using that topic sentence.
C Pair work Exchange your paragraph with a partner, and answer these questions.
1. Is there any information that doesn't belong? Cross it out.
2. Would you like your partner to add more information?
3. Would you like to visit the place mentioned in your partner's paragraph? Why or why not?
Contrasting lifestyles
starting point
A What's important when choosing a city to live in? Rank these items from 1 to 5 (I = the most important).
__ cost of living
__ crime rate
__ weather
_ nightlife
B Pair work Read the descriptions of these two cities. Using the categories in Exercise A, which city do you think has more to offer?
If you're looking for an exciting place with lots of street life, can sid er mavin g to th is city, where th e streets are fi II sd all day, bars and nig htclu bs are open until 4:00 A.M., and the buses and subways run all night. Most evenings you can choose from among many concerts and plays or visit one of the many museums that have late hours ....
There are lots of jobs for newcomers to the city, and the average salary is around $2,500 per
month .... And don't forget to budget for air-conditioning. The heat and humidity can be quite high in the summer ....
If you want a large apartment in a picturesque little spot in the mountains, move to this town, where you can find a place for lust $800 a month, and average monthly salaries are around $2,000 .... The weather is great, too, with temperatures ranging from a low of 55"F to a high of 75"F in the summer - not warm enough to want to go to the nearest beach, located 200 miles away.
Transportation in town can be difficult, as there is no subway, and buses run infrequently. You'll need a car not only for work and shopping, but also to get to museums and concerts, allover 60 miles away ....
C Pair work Add these sentences to the descriptions in Exercise B where gaps are indicated by ( ... ). Does the added information change your opinion about these cities?
1. On the other hand, the beach is only an hour's train ride from the city!
2. And even though you'll feel safe on the streets at almost any hour, there's not much
action, and you'll probably prefer to curl up in front of the TV.
3. But be careful - in spite of all the late-night activity in the streets, the crime rate is high.
4. Unemployment, however, is quite high these days.
5.Just the same, you'll need more than that to find a nice apartment - a two-bedroom apartment costs on the average $2,000 per month.
discussion Group work Discuss these questions about the two cities in Exercise B.
1. In which city would you have the best chance of succeeding at a career?
2. Which city is better for a single person? for raising a family?
3. Which city has the best recreational activities?
22 Unit 3
discussion Pair work Compare the sentences you wrote in Exercise 4. How are they different? Ask and answer follow-up questions.
A: There are few job opportunities in my town. Nevertheless, I want to stay here. B: Why do you want to stay?
A: Because all my friends and family live here.
grammar focus
grammar focus
Order of adjectives
When two or more adjectives occur in a sentence, they usually follow this order.
qualify size age type noun modifying phrase
a picturesque little old town in the mountains
an exciting big port city with lots of street life Write descriptions of several cities you know. Then compare with a partner. 1. your hometown
My hometown is a huge, modern, industrial city with a busy downtown area.
2. a city you'd like to live in
3. a city you wouldn't enjoy living in
Connecting contrasting ideas
There are a number of ways to connect two statements that give contrasting information. In spite of/Despite the activity in the streets, the crime rote is high.
Even though/Although the streets are safe, you'll prefer to spend evenings at home. Monthly salaries are around $2,000. However. unemployment is quite high.
The average salary is $2,500 per month. Just the same/Nevertheless. housing is expensive. The heat and humidity are high. On the other hand. the beach is only an hour away.
Choose the words in parentheses that describe your situation. Then complete the sentences with your own information and opinions.
1. There are (many/few) job opportunities in my town. Nevertheless, ...
2. My city has (many/few) concerts. However, ...
3. I'd prefer living in a city located (in the mountains/on the seashore), even though ...
4. My city (offers/doesn't offer) many different cultural activities. On the
other hand, ...
5. I feel that the crime rate in my city is (high/averagellow). However, ...
6. The (winter/summer) weather in my town is very pleasant. Nevertheless, ...
7. There (is/isn't) a lot of open space in my town. However, ...
8. I would really enjoy living in (a big city/a small town), in spite of ...
My hometown
Lesson 8
listening .__;g What quality-of-life issues are these New Yorkers talking about? How do they feel about them?
Quality-ol-life issues
How they feel about them
_ Quality-of-life issues
discussion A Classify these quality-of-life issues under the headings in this chart. Are there any that can fit under more than one category? Can you add four more issues to the chart?
air quality commuting time food prices good restaurants hospitals humidity
arland culture
intercity travel museums neighborhood safety nightlife
public libraries
radio stations sanitation services schools
sunny days
taxes unemployment rate
cn mate/environ ment
cost of living
safely and crime
B Pair work How important are each of the issues listed in Exercise A where you live? Which three are most important to you personally?
24 Unit 3
J thInk air quality is most important to me. There's a tremendous amount of pollution here in , ..
• •
Travel tips
A Pair work Discuss these questions. Then read the article, and compare your ideas to the author's.
1. What would be the best way for a visitor to get to know YOUT city?
2. What do you like to do when you first arrive in a new city?
Source: "Get Yourself Lost" by Arlh ur Frommer, Reader's Digest
GET YOUKSfLf
Fravelers 10 new cilies are offen laid 10 start their I trip with a bus tour. The thinking is thatlhey can then return lathe places thai interested them. Nonsense! What you see from the inside of a moving bus is unreal: and completely removed from the authentic sights, sounds, and smells outside.
Be adventurous! The best way to experience any place is on loot and with absolutely no travel plan. Simply go wherever your feet and your interests lead you. You eventua.lly will get to the same sites thai are on the bus tour - the museums, the monuments, city hall - but you will have seen much more. You will hovelelt the contemporary life of the city.
"But what if I getlosl?" people might ask. No one ever gets hopelessly lost in a major city. Eventuolly, you can lind your way back to a well-knownl.ocation. If it frightens you to be "1051: just find a taxi and go back to where you storied. However, the nicest things can happen if you gel lost. You stop at a sidewalk cafe to sit and relax. You ask instructions of the local people a! the next table. And even if they don't speak your language, your trip becomes more memorable because of the experience. Here oreo.lew more ways to get the most out of your travel.
,/ Know before you go Spend a few hours before your trip learning about the history and culture of your destination. This will help you understand what you're seeing.
,/ Mave around like Q local Use the subways and buses of the city you're visiting. You'll not only save money- but you'll also learn how people really live.
,/ Check the bulletin boards Sometimes you can find advertisements for free concerts and other fun activities on bulletin boards around universities.
So the next time you see a poster advertising on introductory bus tour, sove your money. Instead, wander on your own.t promise you a time you'll remember with great pleasure.
B Group work Discuss these questions. Then share your answers with the class.
1. Do you agree with the author's view? Why or why not?
2. In your opinion, what are some advantages of taking a bus tour?
3. What are some disadvantages of wandering around a city on your own? 4 .. Can you learn about a city without taking a tour? Why or why not?
Lesson B
A Which verbs are always followed by gerunds? Which can be followed by either gerunds or infinitives? Put the verbs in the chart.
avoid can't stand
dislike don't mind
enjoy hate
like love
B Use the verbs in Exercise A with gerunds or infinitives to describe how you feel about these topics. Give additional information.
books hobbies movies music
I can't stand listening to heavy-metal music because It's 50 loud. It really gives me a headache.
Noun clauses after be
A Fill in the appropriate prepositions.
an advantage/disadvantage __
the best/worst thing __
aproblem __
B Pair work Now use the phrases in Exercise A to write noun clauses about the negative and positive aspects of these items. Compare your answers with a partner.
1. being self-employed 4. having roommates An advantage of being
2. being the oldest child 5. owning a car self-employed is that
3. having long hair 6. owning a dog you don't have a boss.
Should and ought to in the active and passive
A Read these statements about schooling. Then rewrite them in the passive.
1. We should teach foreign languages from an early age.
2. We should require students to wear school uniforms.
3. They ought to teach some courses over the Internet in high schooL
4. We should recruit more teachers from other countries.
5. They ought to offer classes on the weekends.
B Pair work Discuss the statements with a partner. Which ones do you agree with? Why?
26 Review of Units 1-3
Infinitives and gerunds to talk about how to do things
A How can you achieve these things? Complete these sentences using infinitives or gerund phrases. Write two sentences for each item.
1. The best way to get fit is ...
The best way to get fit is by walking 20 minutes a day The best way to get fit ;s to join a health club and exercise regularly
2. One way to improve your English is .
3. The only way to give up smoking is .
4. A good way to have a fun vacation is .
B Pair work Compare with a partner. Who has the best answers?
In order to and so that
A Complete these sentences using in order to or so that.
1. Many people buy computers they can use the Internet.
2. Some people join health clubs meet people.
3. People often take night classes they can find a better job.
4. People sometimes like to work overseas learn about another culture.
B Pair work Why would you do these things? Rewrite the sentences from Exercise A using your own information.
Defining and non-defining relative clauses
A Match the information about these cities. Then make non-defining relative clauses.
1. New York/famous for its skyline __
2. Moscow/artistic subway stations _
3. Tokyo/the business center of Japan __
4. Sydney/also famous for its Harbour Bridge __
5. Venice/built on 118 small islands
6. Honolulula warm: climate all year round __
New York,. which is home to the Empire State Building, ...
a. bustling with crowds day and night
b. a favorite winter destination for tourists
c. home to the Empire State Building
d. crossed by many canals
e. the largest city in Russia
f. well known for its Opera House
B Complete these sentences with defining relative clauses. 1. My country's capital city is a ... place where ...
2 is a romantic city that ...
3 is a cosmopolitan city where ...
Review of Units 1-3 27
Likes and dislikes
Pair work Give personal examples for these items. Then discuss your answers with a partner.
1. something you likelhate doing on your own
2. the kind of music you like/don't like to listen to when you feel low
3. something you like/don't like to eat when you are "stressed out"
4. a household chore you don't mind/can't stand doing
5. something you enjoy/avoid doing for a long time
A: I like going to museums on my own. That way I can spend as much time as I like in each room.
B: Oh, I'm just the opposite. I can't stand visiting museums on my own. I get so bored ....
This option is better for me.
Pair work What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of these situations? Which options do you prefer?
1. taking a correspondence course or taking a regular course with a teacher
2. teaching yourself how to do something or getting Someone else to teach you
3. studying on your own for an exam or studying with a friend
4. going to college in a small town or in a large city
A problem with taking a correspondence course is that you don't have a chance to meet other students.
Hidden benefits
Pair work Which of these areas do you think are worth studying? Explain why. Then compare with a partner. Do you agree?
computer programming counseling psychology foreign languages
one's family history public speaking
wildlife preservation
Giving reasons for doing something
It's worth studyi ng .. ,i n order to understand , , .
It's worth studyi ng .. , so that you con 0 ppreciate .. , Some people study .. , to learn how .. ,
People take courses in , .. because they want to . , .
I think it's worth studying foreign languages so that you can appreCiate other cultures.
I don't think it's worth studying computer programming because it's not necessary to learn about computers in such detail.
28 Review of Units 1-3
The People's Action Committee
A Pair work You are members of an action group that has been asked to suggest improvements for life in your city. Make recommendations, giving background information.
Making recommendations
The city should provide free/low-cost ... The city ought to ... to make our city safer/better/cleaner.
People should be encouraged to become more involved in order to ...
Young people oughllo be allowed 10 ...
I think the city should plant more trees along the
streets. At the moment, there are very few trees ....
B Group work Compare your recommendations in groups. Then choose the four most interesting recommendations, and share them with the class.
Welcome to my city.
Group work VVhat are three places of interest in your city that people would enjoy visiting? Why? Give as much information as you can about each place.
Our most beautiful church, which was built in the nineteenth century, is located in the oldest parI of town ....
Review of Units 1-3 29
What's your best time of day?
As soon as I wake up in Ihe morning, I get dressed and race off 10 work. Mornings ore when I'm at my best. I guess I'm on "early bird."
-Cecilia, from Brazil
Until I've had several cups of coffee, breakfast, and a long shower, I don't feel really awoke. I'm definitely not on "early bird."
-Tetsuo, from Japan
starting A Read these statements. Which of these people are you most similar to? point
I always feel sleepy around 4:00 in the afternoon while I'm working 01 the office! But if I can sneak a short nap, I can work for several more hours. I'm
a "cotnopper"
-Jennlter, from the U.S.
I don't get much done during the day, bull get a spurt of energy in Ihe late afternoon and can concentrate until after midnight. I'm a real
"night owl."
-Yuri, from Russia
B Pair work What's the best time of day for you to do the following things? Complete the chart and then compare with a partner.
morning afternoon evening
study for an exam 0 0 0
do something creative 0 0 0
do something that requires concentration 0 0 0
do vigorous exercise 0 0 0
speak English 0 D 0 A: I always study for an exam at night It's really quiet after everyone else has gone to sleep. B: I try to study for an exam as soon as I get up. That's when I'm most alert.
discussion Pair work Read this information. Do you agree with the advice given? Why or why not?
Does this information make you think differently about your answers in Exercise IE?
30 Unit 4
When you need to study for a lest, do il between 9:00 A.M. and noon. It's the besl lime 10 try 10 remember information you'll need to use very soon.
Study languages in the early afternoon. This is the best time of day to learn something you want 10 remember for a long time.
Whenever you have to work wilh numbers, plan to do il around noon. Your brain is most alert at this lime.
- w .-.-~~'
~ Energy levels dip between 2:00 and 4:00 P.M. ~ As soon as your energy level falls, try to lake
a short nap. If that's impossible. jusl relax.
A You're most energelic between Ihe hours of W 6:00 and 9:00 P.M. This is another good lime to do something that requires concentration.
If\. Your mind and body are sleepiest 014:00 A.M. ~ This is why its not a good idea to stay up sludying all nighl. Wait until morning.
Source: "The Secrets of Sleep" by Michael Segell. Esquire
Notice how these clauses and phrases show time relationships. As soon as I wake up, I gel dressed and race off to work.
Until I've had several cups of coffee, I don't feel really awake.
Whenever you have to work with numbers, you should try fo do it around noon. While I'm working/While working allhe office, I sometimes take a shari nap. After I finish wor.k/After finishing work, I'm too exhausted to do anything.
Before I go lobed/Before going to bed, I can't do anything that takes concentration.
Time relationships
grammar focus
Pair work Complete these statements with information that is true for you. Then compare information with a partner.
Ask and answer follow-up questions.
1. As soon as I wake up in the morning, ...
2. Whenever I have trouble concentrating on something, ...
3. While working on a very difficult task, ...
4. After I've stayed out too late in the
evening, ...
5. I become really exhausted whenever ...
6. I can never concentrate after ...
7. I don't feel awake in the morning until ...
8. I think it's a good idea to take a short nap whenever ...
A: As soon as I wake up in the morning, I go running in the park.
B: Really? Don't you- eat anything before you go out?
More or less energy?
discussion A Which activities do you think raise your energy level? Which activities lower it? Put the activities in the chart, and then add other ideas of your own,
doing vigorous exercise having an argument taking a brisk walk
drinking strong coffee playing video games taking a cold shower
eating a chocolate bar sleeping late in the morning taking a hot bath
eating a large meal taking an afternoon nap watching television
Activities that raise energy levels
Activities that lower energy levels
B Group work Answer these questions using some of the ideas in Exercise A and others of your own. Then share your best suggestions with the class.
What do you do ...
when you get sleepy in the afternoon? when you have a hard time waking up?
when you need a quick spurt of energy? when you have too much energy?
When I get sleepy in the afternoon, I drink something with caffeine in it.
Lesson A
.. Managing stress
listening A Class activity Sometimes stress is the cause of fatigue and a lack of energy.
Which of the following things do you do to reduce stress? Can you add other suggestions to the list?
D call a friend
D do vigorous exercise D do yoga
D drink herbal tea
D get a massage D listen to music D meditate
D take a hot bath
D think pleasant thoughts D vent your feelings
B '-- P Listen to the methods Lisa, Sean, and Victor use to lower stress. Complete the chart and then compare with a partner, Which of these methods would work best for you?
Frequent cause of stress
Method of lowering stress
C Pair work Talk about the activities in your life that are the most relaxing and the most stressful. Does your partner have any suggestions for lowering stress?
role play Pair work Think about these problems described on a radio call-in program.
Then take turns playing the role of the caller and the host of the program.
I work so hard during
the week that I'm too exhausted to do anything on the weekend.
Even though I study late every night just before my exams, I can't seem to rememberal.1 the informalion.
I gel so nervous before I have to give a speech that I can', sleep the night before, and then I'm not at my best.
My friends always ta.lk me into staying out late at night and then I sometimes get sleepy at work.
A: I have a real problem. I work so hard during the week that I'm too exhausted to do anything on the weekend.
B: So, how late do you usually work during the week? A: I work until I'm finished, usually around 9:00 P.M. B: Have you ever thought of going home a little
earlier and then doing some vigorous exercise? ...
32 Unit 4
Giving advice
Have you ever thought of (g.o.ing) . , . You might want to ...
II might no! be a bod ideo to ....
If I were in your shoes, I think I'd ... The way I seait, you ought to ...
Choosing the best topic sentence
opic sentence
1, It is too general or broad to be supported in a paragraph. 2, It is too specific or narrow for th e parag ra ph.
3, It does nol relate to the other sentences in the paragraph.
A Read this paragraph and choose the best topic sentence. Then answer the questions, and discuss them with a partner.
There are many different kinds of people in the world.
The world is divided into two types of people: "morning people" and "night people." A 24-hour day is not long enough for some people.
Almost everyone knows someone who's a "morning person."
________________ . Mornin9 people ja/7lp oaf of' pea in fhe /7Iornln9' cheerfal ana fall of' ener9Y' They see/71 fo gef /7Iosf of' fheir work aone pefore lanch. Ni9hf people, on fhe of her hana, asaally have real froaple geffin9 ap in fhe /7Iorn/n9' They oIfen ara9 fhe/7lselves fhroa9h fhe aay ana reach fheir peak /11 fhe evenin9' Ni9hf people, who oIfel1 stay ap al1hl 2:00 01" 5:00 A.M., are .last geffil19 started when /7Iornil19 people are 90/119 fo ped.
1. "Which topic sentence did you choose? "Why?
2. Explain why you think the other choices are not effective.
B Read this paragraph about aromatherapy, and write a topic sentence. Then compare with a partner. Is the topic sentence effective?
________________ . Many companies are 110W /7Iakin9 cal1t1ties, soaps, path oils, and powders that are 9aarantee.;:t to relax rhe people who ase rhe/7l. Special scents have peen a.;:t.;:ted 1'0 rhese prodacrs, and- these scenrs apparenrly 9ive the persol1 who s/7lells rhe/71 a feelin9 of rral1qailiry. After a srressfal day, yoa can/asr li9hr a peppeY/7llnr canale as yoa soak in a chamomile path, al1d allrhe day's tensions will /7Ielt away. So IOYger a/;ollr that styess, al1d- get yeady to smell YOllY way to a moye yelaxed- srafe.
C Here is a list of general topics. Choose one and then write a topic sentence and a paragraph that supports your main idea.
the best and worst times of day
an effective daily schedule
how to relax
D Group work Take turns reading your paragraphs. Don't read the topic sentence. Can others guess what the topic sentence is?
vocabulary A Combine adjectives from the first box with nouns from the second box.
How many combinations can you think of? Compare with a partner.
starting point
34 Unit 4
Sleep statistics
A Read these facts about sleep in the U.S. and Canada. Which ones are true for you? Compare with a partner.
6 hours or less 7 or 8 hours
9 hours or more Don't know
B Pair work How many of these statements are true about you? Check true (T) or false (F), and then discuss with a partner.
I sometimes lie awake at night, even if I'm very tired. 0 0
I fall asleep as soon as my head hits the pillow. 0 0
Unless I get eight hours of uninterrupted sleep, D 0
I feel tired the next day.
I can get along on five hours of sleep at night, D 0
provided that I can take a nap during the day.
Since I'm a very light sleeper, any small noise 0
wakes me up. 0
I'm such a heavy sleeper that nothing wakes me up. 0 0 Talking about sleep and dreams
chronic light dream nightmare
funny loud insomnia sleeper
heavy short nap snoring
horrible vivid B Pair work Use the words in Exercise A to ask and answer questions. A: Does loud snoring bother you at night?
B: Not if I'm the person who's snoring!
grammar focus
Clauses stating reasons and conditions
Because and since infroducecauses and reasons.
I often I;ie awake at night because I have so much pressure at work. SInce I'm a very light sleeper, any small noise wakes me up,
Provided that introduces Q condition on which another situation depends.
I I can get along on five hours of sleep a night, provid.ed Ihall can take a nap during the day.
Even if introduces a situation that does not influence another situation. I sometimes lie awake at night, even If I'm very tired.
Unless introduces something that must happen in order to avoid a consequence. Unless I get eight hours of uninterrupted sleep, I feel tired the next day.
A Match the clauses to make logical sentences. Then compare with a partner.
1. Some people have accidents _c_ a. because they are under too much
2. Many people can wake up without an pressure at work.
alarm clock, _ b. even if they use several alarm clocks.
3. Most people have trouble remembering c. just because they haven't slept well.
their dreams __ d. provided that they've gotten a good
4. Some people are so sensitive to noise night's sleep.
that they can't go to sleep __ e. unless they wear earplugs,
5. Some people always have difficulty waking up, f. unless they write them down as
6. People sometimes have trouble sleeping __ soon as they wake up.
B Now complete these sentences with your own information.
1. I can usually sleep pretty well, provided that ...
2. Unless I have enough sleep at night, ...
3,. Even if I have a case of insomnia" I never ...
4. Sometimes I don't set my alarm dock because ...
5. Since sleep is extremely important for my health, ...
A good night's sleep
Group work Discuss these questions. Ask follow-up questions.
Do things sometimes prevent you from falling asleep?
Are you a light sleeper or a heavy sleeper? -
Do you need a lot of sleep? How many hours per night? Do you take naps during the day?
Do you have trouble waking up in the morning? Do you use an alarm clock?
Do you snore? If so, is it loud enough to wake people up? Do you dream? Do you ever have nightmares?
Do you ever talk or walk in your sleep?
Do you sleep with the shades open or closed? 'What about the windows?
A: Do things sometimes prevent you from faIling asleep? B: I can't fall asleep unless I've checked to make sure the door is locked. C: Are there any other things that prevent you from falling asleep?
lesson B
falLiNG You are falling through space. Usually you don', hit the ground or hurt yourself. _5__
FLYING You are flying and enjoying the sensation. __ BEIN.Ci CHASED You !eelas if someone is chasing you and you're in danger. __
BEING EM.BRACED Someone you like approaches you and hugs or kisses you. __
fAllUICi You are unsuccessful in something you try to do. __
WINNING You are successful in doing something. __ BEING flSHAMED You do something embarrassing
and feel ashamed. __
t , You like someone and feel you can trust that person.
2. You are pleased with something you did and feel very positive about yourself.
3. You feel pleased with yourself and superior to other people.
4. You feel disappointed in yourself because of something you did.
5. You are worried about something, and this is a warning to be careful.
6. You feel out of oontrol because someone is threatening you.
7. You feel insecure about something and are worried about being unsuccessful.
I had the wildest dream.
listening A '- ~ Listen to Lucia and Rick describing a dream they each had. What did each person dream about? What do they think the dreams mean?
B Pair work What do you think the dreams mean? Have you ever had a similar dream?
~ The meaning of dreams
discussion A Pair work Read this information. Can you match the dreams with their meanings?
B Pair work Read these accounts of unusual dreams. What do you think they mean?
"Suddenly I found myself on stage in a school play and realized that I didn't know my lines."
"I was in a hot-air balloon above a big park.
When I looked down, I was amazed to see hundreds of people on the ground pointing up at me."
"I was in a big building, walking down a dark corridor. Every time I opened a door, there was another corridor. Whenever I stopped, 1 could hear footsteps stop behind me."
"I was in a strange country and didn't know how I'd gotten there. I asked a man for help, and he held up a sign in a language
I'd never seen before."
Interpreting the meaning
I think that means ... II sounds like
The building probably stands for .
The school play might symbalize .
My interpretation of the dream is .
C Group work Finish each of the dreams in Exercise B. Take turns adding sentences. Then share the most interesting dream with the class.
36 Unit 4
Avoiding insomnia
reading A Pair work What should you do if you have trouble getting to sleep? Think of four suggestions. Then read this article, and compare your ideas to the author's.
J en, _~y:; ~r
,Uleep is a basic human need, as basic as the need for oxygen. Getting a good night's
sleep is not only directly related to how we feel the next day, but to our long-term health as well. Still. many of us suffer from at least occasional insomnia. Even more of us report at least one night of restless sleep per week that leaves us feeling ill and irritable. This is a serious problem. If you think otherwise, consider this. People who sleep four hours or less per night are twice as likely not to survive in six years as those who sleep the normal eight hours or so.
Given the seriousness of sleep, how can we make sure that we rest well and stay healthy? While there are no foolproof methods. here are some suggestions from sleep experts. If you do have trouble sleeping and these methods don't help, it's important that you see a doctor before insomnia causes your health to suffer. Start with these suggestions, though.
o If you can't sleep in the middle of the night, don't get up. Exposing yourself to bright light will affect your body clock and worsen your insomnia. Stay in bed.
o Avoid naps except for a brief ten- to fifteen-minute nap between 2:00 and 4:00 P.M.
o Restrict your time in bed to the average number of hours you've actually slept per night during the previous week. Don't try to make up for
lost sleep. It can't be done.
o Get regular exercise each day, but finish at least six hours before bedtime. Exercising in the evening can help keep you awake.
o Take a hot bath for thirty minutes within two hours of bedtime. The bath will warm you, relax you, and make you feel sleepy.
o Keep your bedroom dark, quiet, and well ventilated.
o Keep a regular schedule seven days a week.
Avoid the urge to sleep late on weekends. Although it may feel good while you're dOing it. sleeping late on the weekends can lead to insomnia during the week.
o Get at least half an hour of sunlight within thirty minutes of waking. The morning sun helps set your body clock. Without the sunlight, your body doesn 1 know it's awake.
o Don't drink alcohol. Although having a drink before bed makes you sleepy, alcohol changes its effects after a bit of time. These secondary effects of alcohol can wake you up during the second half of your night's sleep.
o Keep the face of the clock in your bedroom turned away, and don't find out what time it is when you awaken in the night.
He~~imC d[€arm~
Source: "The Secrets of Sleep" by Michael Segell, Esquire
B Group work Discuss these questions. Then share your answers with the class.
1. Do you think the suggestions in the article are helpful? How many of them do you follow? Discuss each suggestion.
2. What other methods of getting to sleep do you know about? Do these methods work?
Lesson B
Everyday habits: TV watching
(28 hours, 13 minutes lost week), drivi'ng (2 hours yesterday), reading the newspaper
Hobbies: Spectator sports, comedy movies. eating out Heallh:.Exerc.ises twice (I week. doesn't smoke, isn't worried about her weight
Favorite meal:. Green salad, vegetable soup, steak, potatoes, broccoli
Beliefs: neligiouS,envirorlmentalist, doesn't believe in ghosts
starting point
The average American
Read this information about the u.s. Then complete the sentences about your country. Compare with a partner.
Age: 32.7 years old Sex: Female
Education: High school graduate Empl.oyment: Works for a
manufacturing company as a clerical worker Housing: Pays 0 monlh.ly mortgage 01$737 for a three-bedroom home Expenses: Owes $2,317 on
credit cards; spent $375 on gHls I est yea r
Possessions: Owns a cor. two TVs, one VCR, two telephones
Source: "This Is Your Life, Generally Speaking" by Anne erontn. The New York Times
I. In contrast to the average American, people in my country don't usually _
2. People in my country like to except that we don't do it as often
as Americans do.
3. Unlike the average American, people in my country _
4. While many Americans , people in my country _
discussion A Pair work What questions would an interviewer ask in order to collect the information in the chart about "The Average American"? Write at least six questions.
38 Unit 5
1. ___
2. _
3, ___
4. _
5. ___
6. ___
B Pair work Use the questions to interview your partner. Find two things you have in common with the average American. Find two ways that you're different from the average American.
CGroup work join another pair. Are you an average person in your own country? Explain why or why not.
Most people in my country live at home until they get married. I'm 26, single, and live with my parents, so in that sense I'm average.
I don't think I'm average because my ideas are less conservative than everyone else's.
discussion A Pair work Read these statements made by some Americans. Do you think these people are typical? Why or why not? (Refer to the chart on page 38 for help.)
grammar focus
Use while, unlike, and in contrast to to present contrasting information.
While many Americans drive every day, people in my country use public transportation. Unlike the average American, people in my country don't use credit cards very often.
In contrast to the average American, people in my country don't usually eat out.
Use except fhot and except for to show an exception.
I'm very similar to the average American except (that) I don't have a car. People in my country don't eat out except (for) on special occasions.
A Here's some information about American customs. How different are customs in your country? Write sentences showing contrasts and indicating exceptions.
1. If people study a foreign language, it is often Spanish.
While Americans often study Spanish, If people in my country study a foreign language, it's usually English.
2. If two friends meet on the street, they usually shake hands.
3. If two people get married, the bride's parents pay for most of the wedding.
4. If friends go out to eat together, they usually split the bilL
5. If children misbehave, they're often sent to their rooms.
6. If someone wants to visit a friend, he or she normally calls first.
B Are you completely typical? What are some ways in which you are different from other people in your country? Complete these sentences and compare with a partner.
1. Unlike most (men/women) in my country, .
2. In contrast to the majority of my friends, .
3. While quite a few of the people in my class .
4. Unlike most people who are my age, ...
Typical or not?
Jun: I'm not a very good cook, so I eat out at least three times a week. Moybe I should toke 0 cooking class.
Marcos: I watch TV every day after work. I have a stressful job, and I find that watching TV helps me relax.
Tammy: I exercise four times a week. am very careful about whot I ect, and can't tolerate cigarette smoke at all.
responsibility to take care of the earth. I often go hiking and like to spend time outdoors.
B Pa.ir work Which of the people in Exercise A are you similar to? different from?
I'm very similar to Tammy except that f only exercise once or twice a week.
Unlike Jun. I always cook at home. I hate restaurant food!
Lesson A
.. In what ways are you unique?
discussion A What would make you stand out from the crowd? Answer as many of these questions as you can with information that makes you unique.
B Group work Use the questions in Exercise A to interview your classmates. Find at least two ways in which each person in the group is unique. Use the expressions in the box to present the information to the class.
1. What kind of music do you listen to?
2. What do you like to do in your free time?
3. What makes you laugh?
4. What kind of people do you go out with?
5. What habits in other people irritate you?
6. What do you like to wear?
7. What kinds of things do you like to read?
8. What kinds of foods do you like to eat?
9. What types of movies do you hate?
10. What games or sports do you like to play?
Making generalizations
In general, ...
For the most part, ..
Generany speaking, ... As CI rule, ...
myself classical
most of my friends rock.
In general, most of our friends listen to rock music. However, Jonah prefers classical music.
How are they different?
listening A ..__!!!I How are Yoshiko, Renata, and Suzanne similar to people their own age? How are they different? Listen and complete the chart.
Similar I Different
Suzanne B Group work Jain another pair. Check your answers on page 118. Who is the most "normal" person in your group? Do you agree with the results?
B Pair wor.k Who are you most similar to? Who are you different from?
_ Do you behave likeevelJlOne else?
discussion A ,Pair work Interview your partner.
1. Can you cross your eyes?
2. Do you make your bed every day?
3. Do you eat your foods in a particular order?
4. Do you always replace the cap on a toothpaste tube when finished?
5. Do you collect rubber bands?
40 Unit 5
6. Do you ask before taking the last helping of food?
7. Do you give up yOUT seat on a bus or train for someone needier?
8. Do you use an alarm dock?
9. Do you keep a diary?
• •
Suppol1ing statements
A Underline the information that develops the main idea. Then answer the questions, and compare answers with a partner.
As a rulej youl19 people ill my lowl1 t:WI1'f really sfarf dalil1g ul1til fhey're a/Jovf /G. IM,fore fhis age, people go ovf /n grovps rafher fhan as a aoop/e: A fa/1li/y frlemper offen ?Ofrles alol1g as a ?haperol1e. The re-aso» for fhis is ?u/fural. 111 my ?Ovl1fry, fhe fafrll'ly I1l1lf 15 very sfrong, al1d parel1fs worry a 101. For eXdfrlple, whel1 I was 15, my parel1fs ne.ver leI" frle go oaf wlfh my girlfriend I1l1less my brol"her or her sisfer ?afrle alol1g wil"h as .. Maype I"hlngs are dil'f'erel1f il1 fhe ?fly, Pal" fhl5 15 fhe sil"vafion in I-he I-own where I live.
1. What is the topic sentence?
2. 'What are the facts, reasons, or examples the writer gives to support the idea in the topic sentence?
3. Are dating customs similar in yOUT country? Explain.
B Finish these statements with information of your own to make topic sentences. Compare with a partner.
1. As a rule, most teenagers in my country ...
2. In general, people from the city ...
3. If young couples in my country want to get married, ...
C Choose one of the topic sentences in Exercise B, and add at least four supporting statements to make a complete paragraph.
If yovl1g ?Oaples In my?ovl1fry wanl- 1-0 gel friarY/ed, I-hey frlasf firsl- gel- I-he perfrll5sion of'l-heir parenfs. Generally, I-he yovn9 frlan sfarfs Py vI5il-ing hl5 fal-vre wife's fafrlily ....
D Pair work Exchange paragraphs and answer these questions.
1. Do all the supporting statements relate to the topic sentence?
2. Do they develop and explain the topic sentence?
3. 'What other points or examples could be added?
starting point
The American mind-set
A Read this information about issues in the United States. Which issues also concern you? Which ones do most people in your country worry about?
.... Most Americans (82%) are concerned about immigration.
They worry about where new immigrants will live and how they will find jobs .
.... The majority of Americans (75%) are worried about politics.
They think that politicians don't understand their real feelings .
... Many Ameri.cans (40%) are worried about their safety because of the high crime rate .
... Quite a few people (25%) are concerned about the economy.
They wony that a close relative may lose a job because the economy isn't strong enough .
... Recently, Americans have become increasingly concerned
about drug use. The majority of those surveyed (70%) thought that drug abuse is worse now than it was five years agv, despite the amount of money the government is spending on the problem .
... "When presented with the following statement, most women in America (83%) agreed: "Women work out of necessity and are having a hard time."
Source: The Peoplepedia B Pair work What are three other issues people in your country worry about?
., How do you feel about if?
vocabulary A Are these adjectives positive (+), negative (-), or neutral (N)? Compare your answers with a partner.
__ alarming __ fortunate __ mind-boggling __ sickening
__ appalling __ heartening __ reassuring __ surprising
__ fascinating __ interesting __ shocking __ unfortunate
42 Unit 5
B Pair work How do you feel about the information given in "What Americans Worry About ... "? Use adjectives from Exercise A.
I find it reassuring that people are concerned about drug use. It's a serious problem almost everywhere.
It's surprising that Americans worry about crime. In my country, that's not really a problem.
grammar focus
grammar focus
Quantifiers '
The majority of the people in my country keep up with current events. Mosl business professionals are worried about the economy.
Quile a few (of the) people here are concerned about crime.
About half (of) the people I know voted in the last election.
Hardly any (of the) people I know are worried about crime.
Almost no one I know is really interested in politics.
Do you and your friends worry about any of these issues? Write about each issue, explaining your reasons.
economic performance educational reform
immigration controls political reform pollution
population control tax reform working women
The majority of my friends aren't worried about crime because there are so many police officers on the street.
Use the simple past tense in the ifclause and would + verb in the main clause to talk obout hypothetical situations.
Conditional sentence: If people cared more about the environment. our cities would be cleaner. (Fact: People don't care enough about the environment.)
Offer solutions for the concerns you wrote about in Exercise 3, using conditional sentences.
If more people rode public transportation, we wouldn't have such a serious pollution problem.
discussion Class activity Look at the results of this survey. Then take your own class survey. What were the results to this question? What are the main concerns of your classmates? What solutions can be offered for those concerns?
Will the IUtUI'B 01 the next genel'atioR be e BI' 01'
pse than today?
No Opinion
lesson B
discussion A What do you worry about on a personal level? Check off the items that concern you. Can you add any items to the list?
D getting a job D changing your appearance D finding the right person to spend your life with D making friends
B Pair work What do you plan to do about your concerns? Ten your partner.
I'm concerned about getting Q job, so I'm working on my resume.
The different approaches to problem solving
listening A Pair work Read about these three types of problem solvers. What type are you? Give examples to support your answer.
I prefer action to talk. When I'm faced with a problem, I immediately try to work out a solution.
If I have a problem, I sit and think about if. Sometimes the answer comes to mei! I don't act on somethi.ng right away. It's strange!
I think the easiest way to solve a difficult problem is to get help Irom others. Another person's perspective can help me when I'm not getting anywhere with a problem.
B '-- P Listen to Dominique, Carla, and Wayne talking about their personal concerns. How do they solve them? What type of problem solver is each person?
Concerns Type of problem solver
Wayne C Pair work Which person solved his or her problem most effectively? Explain your answer.
44 Unit 5
• •
An American profile
A Pair work Can you guess the answers to these questions? Read the article to check your answers.
1. What is the largest ethnic group in the United States?
2. How many Americans were not born in the United States?
3. What is the average number of people in an American family?
4. What percentage of Americans do you think own their homes?
5. Do you think the majority of Americans are religious?
6. Do you think most people in the U.S. would favor a ban on smoking in public?
The United States is composed of many racial and ethnic groups. Currently, almost 26 million (9.9%) are of Hispanic origin, and more than 9 million (3.5%) identify themselves as Asian or Pacific Islanders. African-Americans number 32.5 million, or 12.5% of the population, and the Native American/Eskimo/Aleut populations make up about 2.2 million (0.8%). An estimated 192.5 million people (74.1 %) consider themselves to be white non-Hispanic. According to the Census Bureau, nearly 20 million Americans were not born in the U.S. Americans speak many languages - more than 31 million people speak a language other than English at home; more than half this number speak Spanish.
Living Arrangements Typical Americans live in a household with others. The average number of people living in a household in the U.S. is 2.63. There are a total of about 105 million housing units nationwide. Almost two-thirds (64%) of Americans are homeowners. Of the
60 million owner units, nearly 35 million are mortgaged.
Quality of Life - Education America has more high school graduates than a any other time in U.S. history: more than 80.2% of all Americans age 25 and older. About 21.9'lo of the people in th is same grou p have a bachelor's degree or higher. Educational attainment has
a direct impact on many aspects of life, but most directly on earnings. Average annual earnings for persons without a high school diploma are $14,391; with a diploma, $20,036; with a bachelor's degree, $34,096; and with a doctorate, $54,982.
WhalThey Believe Over 80% of Americans say that they believe in God. Over two-thirds of the people in the U.S. claim that UFOs probably exist. About 74% believe that it's hard to be successful without a college degree. Approximately 67% of the population think that people are basically honest. Over half of all Americans believe that there should be a complete ban on smoking in public places. Nearly 47% believe the death penalty helps prevent crime. About 39% think that an honest person is not necessarily a good person.
Sou ree: 7997 Information Pleose" Almanac, © 1997
B Group work Discuss these questions. Then share your answers with the class.
1. What information in the article did you find most surprising?
2. Does the information in the article change your perception of the average American?
Why or why not?
Lesson B
starting point
46 Unit 6
Irs impolite to talk about your accomplishments too much, but that doesn't stop the bragger.
The complimenter knows irs polite to find something nice to say to others.
Irs not good to ignore your conversation partner, but the wandering eye does II anyway.
Irs good to talk about topics that interest you. Unfortunately, the bore's conversation is interesting to no one else.
irs customary to take turns speaking, but the interrupter is always jumping into the conversation out of turn.
Irs appropriate to try d iflerent topics to get a conversation going, and the conversation starter does just that.
Poor conversationalists
A Read about six different types of people you sometimes meet on social occasions. Can you find an example of each type in the illustrations?
B Pair work Which of the people in Exercise A have good conversational styles? Which do not?
discussion Pair work Read these comments about poor conversationalists. Have you ever met anyone like this? Tell your partner.
• "Asking about other people's personal business is impolite, but he does it anyway."
• "Hearing her stories about all the famous people she knows is baling. I'm tired of it."
• "Having private conversations is normal. However, he's always whispering secrets to his friends in front of other people. It makes everyone feel uncomfortable."
• "Interrupting someone else's story is very annoying. She's always doing that."
grammar focus
Infinitive and gerund phrases
It + be + adjective + infinitive phrase is often used to comment on behavior.
It's impolite 10 ask about other people's personal business.
It's boring 10 hear her stories about famous people.
These sentences can be res a e gerund
Asking about other people's persona custnsss is impolite.
Hearing her stories about famous poop e is boring.
A Use these adjectives to complete the sentences about typical or appropriate behavior. Decide if you need not in front of each adjective. Compare with a partner.
acceptable appropriate customary important polite unusual
1. It's not polite to speak a foreign language in front of people who don't understand it.
2. It's to address a teacher by his or her first name.
3. Embracing a friend when you meet him or her is _
4. It's to talk about politics at work or school.
5. Complimenting a person about his or her appearance is _
6. It's to ask a lot of questions to keep a conversation going.
7. Asking someone's age is _
8. It's to bring a conversation to a close before it becomes boring.
B What is typical or appropriate in your culture? Write sentences about these topics. Then compare with a partner.
1. shake hands when you meet a friend
It's appropriate to shake hands .. ./Shaking hands ..
2. kiss a female friend on the cheek when you see her
3. stand very close to people when you talk to them
4. use your hands a lot when you talk
5. ask people about their families
6. ask people how much they earn
7. ask people about their social plans
8. interrupt someone who's talking
What should you do?
discussion Group work What should you do in these situations? Give advice to me other people in your group.
~ You've been asked to give a short speech at a friend's birthday pany . .... Someone admires something you own.
~ You meet someone who has a serious health problem. ~ You meet someone whose relative has recently died.
A: It's important to be prepared if you've been asked to give a short speech at a party.
B: Yes, you should take it seriously. But it's also acceptable to make a joke to relax the audience.
Making small talk
discussion A Pair work Small talk is informal conversation with friends and acquaintances at school, on the job, or on social occasions. Which of these topics a~ suitable for small talk?
o current affairs
o entertainment
o health problems D hobbies
o marital status
o salaries
o the weather
o work
B Pair work Read these expressions commonly used in making small talk, and
place them under the appropriate heading. Can you add any more expressions to the list?
Can you believe this weather we're having? How's the job going?
Catch up with you later. It's been a long time! How have you been?
Hi. How's life been treating you? Sorry, I've got to run. Talk to you later.
How's everything at school? Well, it's been nice talking to you.
Introducing a topic
C Class activity Imagine you're at a party. Greet a person and start a conversation. Keep the conversation going for at least a minute. Then bring it to a dose, and move on to the next person.
Starting a conversation
Closing a conversation
A: It's been a long time! How have you been?
B: I've been really busy studying for exams. On top of that, I just started a new job.
A: Oh, really? Doing what? B: Well, ...
listening A '- ~ Listen to people at a party making small talk. What topic is introduced in each conversation? "What closing phrase is used to end the conversation?
TopiC Closing phrase(s)
First conversation
Second conversation
Third conversation B Pair work Do you think these people are good conversationalists? Why or why not? Discuss with a partner.
What are they talking about?
48 Unit 6
Keeping a journal
A Read these three journal entries about the same piece of news. 'Who do you think wrote each one? Match each writer to the paragraph.
1. Sao Mi's sister __ 2. Sao Mi's mother __ 3. Sao Mi's friend __
® Yesferaay 500 Mi fola /7Ie she's t:£ec:ided- fo go 10 c:.ollege in The Unlre.d Stares J1eXr semester 1'0 sh1ay fashion aesiqn. I've knoNn Soo Mi all my life, aJ1a I kJ10W fJ1Is has afrNays been her aream. I remember when we were jusl kids, Soo Mi used fo ralk abouf wanting fo live in /IIew York so she ?Quid gef involved in rhe fashion world. II' wasn'f jusf lalk elfher She's always desiqnea her own dofhes. She's so c.reatlve. I'm sure she's goiflg 1'0 do really well /J1 New York.
® Yesterday 500 Mi said she's going fo go fo ?Ollege in fhe Ufl/fed Sfafes. I fried fo be happy for her, but as she falked abouf If, 1 r&aliZba 1 was acfually jealous. Ever .sinc& 1 can remember, I've wanfea fo study abroad. Even though if's afrNays been my dream, I've never done anyfhing abouf If. Now, if Mom and Dad spend fhe money fo send 500 Mi abroad, I wont:£er 1/ fhey'll have any leff fo send me
away J1exf year. 1 knON I shoula be AapP'! for 500 Mi, buT If'S a/flicalf for me.
© YesTeraay morning over break/asf! 500 Mi tola uS she's t:£ecit:£ed TO
go fo ?Ollege in Ihe Unlfea 5Tales nexf semesfer. She ?Oul,:;tJ1'r have
~ pic.kea a worse momenT to tell us, aJ1a a 1;;9 argtlmenf broke oor oyer
~ everyfhlflg from family expenses fo wha Will do the work she tlsually does
-=- arOtlna The hOtlse. I felT baa, btlT if's really rroe-. Nof only Will everyone have fo work haraer fo pay for her expenses, btlt her absenu is goil1g fo ,;:;.atlse a lOT of adadional problems for everyone. I don'r Think she has Thotlghf fhis Throtlgh c:areftlily.
B Think of a piece of good news you received from a parent, sibling, or friend, and write a paragraph about it. Include your reaction to the news.
C Pair work Read your partner's paragraph, and answer these questions.
1. What was the piece of good news about?
2. Were there any other details that you wanted to hear more about?
Lesson A
Sharing personal information
starting A Read the information in the chart. Would you rank each person in the same way? point
discussion Pair work Read each person's statement. Have you ever been in a situation like this? Do you think it's appropriate to tell this kind of news? Discuss with a partner.
Who do you tell first?
We asked a group of young adults to rank each person in the chart according to when they would tell that person different types of personal news (1 = tell first, 4 = tell last). This is what they said.
family spouse, boyfriend, close
Who would you tell ... member or girlfriend friend colleague
good news? 2 1 3 4
bad/tragic news? 1 2 3 4
gossip about others? 4 3 2 1
a secret about yourself? 3 2 1 4 Source: Interviews with people between the ages of 15 and 19
B Pair work Why would you tell
a particular type of secret to one person and not another? Discuss your reasons.
I would tell Q secret about myself to a close friend first.
I know that I can trust him, and he won't tell anyone else.
News about other people
I overheard someone soy that two of our colleagues had gotten engaged lost week. I told several other people, and they were surprised, I guess that no one was supposed to know about it yet. .. ,
My friend told me not to soy anything, but I couldn't resist. She told me yesterday that she'd flunked her English exam! I asked her what she was planning to do about it, and she said .. ,
If I tell you something, will you promise to keep it a secret? I just heard that Steve is going to be fired. Can you believe it? I'm not supposed to tell anyone ... ,
Reported speech
grammar focus
They gOI engaged.
He said (that) they had gollen engaged.
YEs-No QUESTIONS
Has the date been set?
REPORTED YEs-No QUESTIONS
I asked him if the date had been set yet.
What are you planning to do?
I asked her what she was planning to do.
Don'l soy anything!
My friend told me net te say anything.
The sun rises in the east.
She said (that) the sun rises in the east.
IMMEDIATELY REPORTED STATEMENTS Steve is going 10 be fired.
IMMEDIATELY REPORTED STATEMENTS IN REPORTED SPEECH I (just) heard (that) Steve is going 10 be fired.
A Rewrite these sentences in reported speech. Compare with a partner.
1. I'm not feeling well. She told me that she wasn't feelin@ well
2. Did you hear the shocking news? He asked me _
3. When are your friends arriving? They asked me _
4. Why aren't you going to the party? She asked me _
5. Try it again! He told me _
6. I'm getting married next year. She told me _
7. Water boils at 100°C. The teacher said _
8. We will be leaving at 7:00. They told me _
9. Was the movie scary? The children asked me _
10. Our essays are due next week. The teacher just said _
B Pair work Imagine that you have overheard this conversation. Take turns reporting each line of the conversation.
Ryan told Emily that he had a secret to tell her ....
.. ~ Secrets
Ryan: I have a secret to tell you. Do you know Don
and Sally at work?
Emily: I've heard their names, but I've never met them. Ryan: Well, they're getting married.
Emily: How did you find out?
Rvan: Don's sister told me.
Emily: When's the wedding?
Ryan: I don't know ....
discussion Group work Whisper a "secret" about yourself to another person in your group, who will then whisper it to the next person, and so on, around the group. The last person reports the secret they heard. Was it reported accurately?
Last person: Jean said that she was going to look for a new job.
Jean: That's right. I'm going to start looking next week.
Lesson B
Responding to news
vocabulary A Look at these adjectives. Which have a positive meaning, and which have a negative meaning? Put them in the chart, and then compare with a partner.
annoyed delighted embarrassed flattered offended proud
appalled depressed excited irritated pleased relieved
B Group work Tell about two pieces of news you received in the past. Explain how you reacted to the news.
My teacher told me that I'd passed my math exam. I was very relieved because it was so difficult.
listening A '- Listen to Nicole, Tony, and Darren telling different pieces of news. What
was the news? What happened exactly?
What was the news
What happened exactly
B Pair work How would you have reacted to each piece of news?
discussion A Write down some interesting news about yourself on a piece of paper, along with your name. Write at least five sentences.
"ve. Du-I'I au...c.pte.d to Mc.bill Vl'live.v<;i-hJ. I'm ~;~ to bavc. fov Cani.lda in Jvl~ , plan to <;tvd~ ...
I jllsT 90T a new parT-h"me jol;. I'// I;e makin9 more money.
The firs!- !-Ain9 I plan To do wITh my payc:.ilec:.k is
B Group work Give your papers to your teacher, who will mix them up and hand them out at random. Read the information you received. Then tell the others what you "found out."
A: I just heard that Sergio has been accepted to McGill University.
B: Really? Tell us all about it.
A: Well, he said that he's going to leave for Canada in July ....
52 Unit 6
Improving your conversational style
reading A Pair work What makes a conversation boring? List three reasons. Then read the article, and compare your ideas to the author's.
1. _
2. _
3. _
People resent and dislike those who bore them, so if you are boring, you are at a distinct disadvantage in conversation. Almost everyone has some boring traits, however, and it is worth anyone's time to consider the main characteristics of boring people that research has identified.
6. Passive Do you fail to take a full part in conversations or express opinions? Is everything you say too predictable, and do you continually conform to the other person's point of view?
7. Tedious Do you talk too slowly, pause too long. before replying, take too long to make a point, and make conversations drag on beyond their normal life?
8. Self·preoccupied Do you show little interest in others and talk about yourself too much?
9. Banal Do you only talk about superficial things, or ore you interested in only one subject? Do you repeat the some stories and jokes again and again?
1. Distracting Are you easily sidetracked?
Do you become overexcited, engage in too much small talk, or use too much slang?
2. Unenthusiastic Do you use too little eye contact, lack expressiveness, and speak in a monotone?
3. Ingratiating In order to impress, do you try unsuccessfully to be funny? Are you trying too hard to be nice?
4. Overserious Do you rarely smile and always use a serious tone of voice. even when your partner is trying to be light and amusing?
5. Negative Do you only see the depressing side of things, and are you always complaining about the world and your problems?
How many of these traits do you have? Do yourself and others a favor - work on changing hem 0 . Your friends will thank you for it.
B Pair work Find an appropriate adjective in the article [Q describe each of these people. Then give one piece of advice to each person.
1. Chuck only wants to talk about the one subject thai interests him - himself.
2. Helene always tells too many jokes.
3. Alexis looks at the dark side of everything and is always complaining.
4. Carlos takes a long time to think before answering even simple questions.
Source:~Anatomy of a Bore· am Eye 0 Eye by Peter Marsh
C Group work Discuss these questions. Then share your answers with the class.
1. Can you think of any other characteristics of boring people?
2. Which of the nine characteristics in the list do you find the most annoying?
lesson 8
Time relationships
A How do you try to improve your English? Complete these sentences with your own strategies.
1. As soon as I come across a new word in a book or a
magazine, ...
2. Before I start writing a composition, ...
3. I ... until I feel I can pronounce a new word correctly.
4. Whenever I don't understand somebody, ...
5. While I'm listening to native speakers of English, ...
6. After I have read something in English, ...
B Pair work Add at least three more learning strategies to the list in Exercise A. Whose strategies are most effective?
Clauses stating reasons and conditions
Complete these sentences to give advice on sleeping habi s,
1. Sleepwalking is not dangerous, provided that ...
2. Since people always get sleepy in the
afternoon ...
3. Taking a nap is OK, provided that ...
4. Try to sleep eight hours a night, even if ...
5. Unless you set your alarm clock, ...
6. You shouldn't exercise in the evening because ...
7. You won't be able to wake up early tomorrow morning unless ...
8. Try to avoid taking sleeping pills even if ...
. -
Complete these statements with information about people you know.
1. The majority of my friends enjoy ...
The majority of my friend5 enjoy playing hockey
2. Hardly anyone I know believes ...
3. Quite a few of my friends are worried about ...
4. Most of the people I go out with are interested in ...
s. Almost no one I know has ever ...
6. The majority of people who are my age feel that ...
54 Review of Units 4-6
Conditional sentences
A Write conditional sentences to suggest solutions to these problems.
1. People throw out their trash along the highway.
If people had to pay high fines for littering, they wouldn't throw out their trash along the highway
2. Factories discharge waste products into rivers.
3. Many people don't use public transportation.
4. College graduates can't find jobs when they graduate.
5. Students cannot attend good universities because they are too expensive.
B Which problem in Exercise A is most serious in your country? Write three more sentences that give solutions to other problems in your country. Use conditional sentences.
Infinitive and gerund phrases
A Use these adjectives to give advice about each situation. Express the same advice in two different ways, as in the example.
1. when you meet a foreign visitor for the first time
It's inappropriate to ask too many personal questions when you meet a foreign visitor for the first time. Asking too many personal questions is inappropriate when you meet a foreign visitor for the first time.
2. when you stay as a guest in someone's house
3. when you notice someone at a party who doesn't seem to know anyone
4. when you notice that one of your friends seems worried or depressed
5. when you hear someone speaking English and making lots of serious grammar mistakes
B Pair work Who has the best advice?
Reported speech
Read this conversation overheard in a restaurant. Then rewrite it in reported speech.
Ed: Why are you an hour late?
Sue: I've been very busy at work! I forgot about our appointment. Have you been waiting a long time?
Ed: Well, not really. I almost went home, but I decided to wait.
Sue: I'm glad that you're really patient. Since I'm so late, I'll treat you to dinner.
Ed; Don't worry about it! Actually, I was more than half an hour late myself!
Ed ask.ed Sue why she was an hour late. Sue told him that _ .
Review of Units 4-6 55
Sensible solutions for l'pesky" problems
A What do you do when these situations occur?
1. You feel depressed.
2. You've been lying in bed for hours and can't get to sleep.
3. You feel you need a break from studying or working.
4. You feel really angry about something.
B Pair work Compare your answers with a partner. Who has the best ideas?
Whenever { feel depressed, I call up a friend and talk for a while. That usually makes me feel better.
What's average for parents and teenagers?
A Complete this chart.
The average parents The average teenager
What are some of their typical concerns?
What do you think is their most valued !
What kinds of hobbies do they generally
What political views do they have?
What do they like to do ona vacation? B Pair work Write at least four sentences contrasting the average parents and the average teenager. Then compare with a partner.
While the average parents are concerned about their children, the average teenager IS concerned about friends
My personal sense of style
A Pair work Discuss these questions with a partner. How similar are you?
1. What is your personal sense of style?
2. Where are your favorite places?
3. What are yOUT personal spending habits? 4 .. What are your most prominent personality characteristics?
5. Can you think of anything special about your daily routine?
B Group work join another pair. Who has the most interesting answer to each question? Why is it interesting?
56 Review.of Units 4-6
That's surprising!
A Pair work Discuss these topics with a partner. Ask and answer follow-up questions.
@ the most heartening news story you've heard in the last few months
@ the most interesting movie you've seen recently @ the most appalling thing you've read in the newspaper lately
@ the most surprising thing you've ever heard from a friend or family member
B Group work join another pair. VVho has the most interesting answer for each topic?
We're really close.
A What kinds of things do you usually talk about with these people? What kinds of things do you avoid talking about?
a brother or sister your grandparents a person you meet for the first time
your parents your closest friends
B Pair work Now discuss with a partner. Give additional information.
I tell my sister everything. We're really close.
When I need advice on something practical, I ask my parents. As for personal matters, I usually ...
Let me tell you something .
. A '-,. Listen to Stephanie and Lee talking about something. What news are they reporting?
What they're tofking about
How each sifuafion has chonged
B ,-!!!I Listen again. How has each situation changed?
ThaYs some story!
starting point
A Pair work What do you think happened in these situations? Choose two of the stories, and complete them by filling in the gaps indicated by ~ .
My friend couldn't go windsurfing that day, so I decided to go alone. ~ As soon as ! was some distance from the shore, the wind really picked up. ~
I entered a contest and won free skydiving lessons. ~ Afterwards, my knees were shaking for several hours,
~ She told me to be very carelul with it. ~ Up until then, I had never lost anything lmpormnt. I d~idn't know what to do, ~
I left my home to go fa work at the normal time. ~ As soon as :1 arrived at work, my boss asked to speak to me, I knew he would never believe why I was late.
I flew to South America lost summer. Before lhet, I'd never been on a plane. ~ The momenlthe plane landed, I feJ! relieved.
B Group work Take turns sharing your stories. Have you had any similar experiences?
listening ...._ I§ Listen to two entire stories from Exercise A. What happened in each situation?
Story 1
Story 2
58 Unit 7
grammar focus
Adverbs with the past and past perfect
Use these adverbs with the past perfect to describe something that was true or that happened before another event in the past.
Up until then,/Before Ihal,lUntiithatlime, .1 had never losl anything important.
Use these adverbs with the past tense to describe something that happens at a later time. AfterwardsJLoter,lThe next day, we laughed aboul lt. but i.f wasn't funny at fhe time!
I Use these adverbs with the past tense to describe two things that happen at Ihe same time. Il When/As soon aslThe moment I arrived 01 work, my boss asked to speak to me.
_ _j
Write two sentences for each situation using the adverbs from the grammar box. Compare with a partner.
1. I was pickpocketed on the subway last week. Up until then, I had never had anything stolen before. The moment it happened, I screamed, "Pickpocket!"
2. I knew I shouldn't have agreed to give a short speech at my best friend's wedding reception.
3. Somehow I managed to pass the exam.
4. I didn't really enjoy my trip to New York last month.
5. I knew I was going to be late for my appointment.
6. I got married in August.
Uncomfortable situations
discussion A Match the sentences with each illustration. Compare with a partner.
1. I was backing my car out of the gmage. _c_
2. I'd never been on an airplane before. _
3. I was chatting with my friends at a dinner party. _
4. The plane started to shake Violently. I got scared. _
5. I crashed into my neighbor's car. _
6. I accidentally knocked a cup of coffee on the floor.
7. I called my friend to thank him for dinner and to apologize for the mess. _
8. I went next door to report the accident to my neighbor. _
9. The flight attendant told me not to worry.
She said that we were passing through a storm and that the shaking would end soon. _
B Pair work Take turns telling the stories in Exercise A. Use adverbs to describe when things happened.
I was chatting with my friends when I accidentally. , . The next day I called ...
CPair work What would you have done in these situations? Discuss with a partner.
Lesson A
discussion A Pair work Choose a time when one of these things happened to you, and share it with your partner. Where were you? What happened?
Unexpected experiences
@ You were terrified.
@ You forgot something important.
@ You felt really stupid because of something you
had done.
@ You got lost.
@ You had a totally new experience. @ You did something really exciting.
B Group work Jain another pair and tell your stories.
/'II never forget the time I was chased by Q big dog in my neighborhood. I was terrified ....
listening A Pair work Are you easily embarrassed? What are some embarrassing things that have happened to you?
B "- g!I Listen to actress Stella Hamptons talking about her life. What are some of her most embarrassing moments?
Most embarrassing moments
discussion Class activity Choose one of the following sentences, and start a story. Go around the class, with each person adding a sentence.
o I got up yesterday and decided to do something completely different. D I was walking home from school when I heard a loud explosion.
D I decided to run away to an exotic place.
D I was in a hurry and decided to take a shortcut through the forest. o I realized that I needed to change my life in a dramatic way.
D I just started to wander, with no particular destination in mind.
A: I got up yesterday and decided to do something completely different. B: So instead of going to school, I decided to take a trip.
C: Up until then, I'd never missed a day of class.
D: As soon as I finished breakfast, I went straight to a travel agency ....
60 Unit 7
• •
Putting events in order
A Put the events in order. Use the illustrations to get started.
__ I reached for my glasses, and then remembered I'd left them at home.
I couldn't see the object clearly. __ He said he didn't see a thing.
__ The lifeguard looked through his binoculars. __ I ran as fast as I could to get the lifeguard.
__ I bought a newspaper. There was an article about dolphins swimming
near the shore.
__ I was pretty embarrassed.
_1_ I was taking a walk on the beach and stopped to look at the waves. _1_ I thought I saw something struggling in the water.
__ I read the article. I realized that I had seen a dolphin in the water - not a man! _]_ It looked like a man who was having trouble swimming.
__ I never went anywhere without my glasses again.
__ We arrived back at the spot where I had seen the man. __ A big wave came, and the man was gone.
B Use these adverbs where appropriate to combine the sentences in Exercise A. Put them in paragraph form, and then compare with a partner.
after that at that moment the next day suddenly
as soon as just then one day when
One day 1 was f-akinq a walk on fhe beac:.h and sf-opped fo look af- f-he waves. Suddenly, 1 f-hougAf 1 saw sOlllefA/ng sfruggling in f-he wafer. If looked like a llIan who . . .
C Write a paragraph about a real (or imaginary) experience in the past. Organize your paragraph in chronological order using adverbs.
o Group work Take turns reading your paragraph in groups. Ask and answer follow-up questions about your stories. Who has the most interesting story?
_ News events
starting A Read the beginning of each newspaper article. Then answer the questions.
Pilot Linda Finch completed her solo flIght. around the world yesterday,
. coven~g 26,000 miles and visiting 17 c~untnes. A large crowd was cheering wildly.as the. pilot landed her plane safely 11! Callfornia .. Immediately after the sllccessful landing, Linda ...
MBC Studios announced at a Hollywood press conference last night that they have finished auditioning for their latest blockbuster movie. The cast of the film will include at least four major stars, among them ...
nEW FILM HAS BRICi·HTEST STARS
A new talk show that addresses current issues of interest to young people was launched last May in European, Asian, .. and South American markets. The show, caned "Talk It Out," is wildly successful
and features . . .
You've heard of hip hop, but how about techr1O? This new. style of music has attracted many fans, and techno CDs
. are practically flying off the shelves. Fans say they like the music because ...
1. Which article would you most like to read? Which one least interests you? Why?
2. Which article would make the biggest news in your country?
B Pair work Now compare your answers with your partner.
I'd like to read the article about the pi/at. I can't imagine doing something like that all by myself.
C Group work Think of an ending to one of the articles, and share it with the class.
discussion Pair work Read these items. In what section would you place the newspaper articles in Exercise A? Which sections of the newspaper do you read? Why?
62 Unit 7
business news comics editorials
international news letters from readers local news
entertainment news feature stories horoscopes
sports news travel news weather report
grammar focus
grammar focus
Present perfect vs. past
The present peliect tense describes an event af an unspecified time in the past, often the recent post.
The storm has flattened the entire downtown area. This new style of music has attracted many fans.
The past tense is used to describe an event of II specified time in the post. Pilot Linda Finch completed her solo flight around the world yesterday.
MBC Studios oinnounced at a Hollywood press conference last night that they have finished auditioning for their latest blockbuster movie,
Complete the first line of these newspaper articles with the present perfect or past tense of the verbs in parentheses. Then compare with a partner.
1. Fire has destroyed (destroy) the Fulton Hotel, a familiar city landmark.
2. A convicted criminal (escape) from prison at 2:00 this afternoon.
3. A rare manuscript (vanish) from the city library on Tuesday.
4. Area department stores (enjoy) record-breaking sales this season.
5. Some local teens . (discover) a rare diamond in their backyard.
6. Last night vandals (damage) two historic buildings downtown. They
______ (break) windows and (spray) graffiti on the walls.
7. A local scientist (win) the Nobel Prize for his work in the field
of biology.
8. Zookeepers (realize) yesterday that six African parrots _
(disappear) from their cages over the past two days. Police are investigating.
Past vs. past continuous
The past continuous describes an event that was .in progress when another event took place. While customers were calmly eating their meals, a college student ate 20 doughnuts
in five minutes.
A large crowd wos cheering wildly as the pilot landed her plane safely.
Use the past or past continuous of the verbs in parentheses to complete these sentences.
1. During her solo flight around the world,
Linda Finch Visited (visit)
17 countries and (give)
speeches to interested students.
2. While Linda (fly)
from Honolulu to California, she ______ (begin) to think about her children at home.
3. A large crowd (wait)
for Linda when she finally ______ (arrive).
4. Linda (wave) to the crowd
as she (climb)
out of her plane.
5. She (say) she felt glad to
be home, and then she _
(kiss) her daughter.
You'll find it in the newspaper.
vocabulary A Pair work We often read about these events in the news. Can you explain what each item means?
epidemic famine hijacking
kidnapping natural disaster political crisis
rebellion robbery scandal
B Pair work Think of some news events you have read about recently. Take turns giving examples to illustrate the words in Exercise A.
A: I read about a scandal in yesterday's paper. B: Really? What was it? A: Well, it seems a famous politician was arrested for taking bribes ....
On the radio
listening A ,-.p Listen to an early morning news broadcast. Write down the number of each type of news story you hear. Then take notes about what happened.
1. natural disaster 3. scandal 5. political crisis
2. epidemic 4. hijacking 6. human interest story
News SIOI)'
Whal happened
B '-- 9!! Listen again and take more notes.
C Pair work Now take turns telling the news stories in your own words.
_ _ Preparing a news story
discussion Group wo,rk Which of these photos looks most interesting to you? Choose one and prepare a short news story to share with the class.
SlllIing jway
64 Unit 7
Big WinneI'
• •
"Nuffy" news
A Read these headlines and unusual news articles. Match each article to the appropriate headline. These headlines do not give much information, Can you rewrite each one, giving more information?
_ Vanished Pet
_ A LeHer from Mom
_ Illegal Passenger
R alice said that Rob Bailey planned his bank robbery very carefully, but he didn't think to bring any paper with him - and that's what got him in trouble. Bailey apparently found an envelope in his pocket and
wrote on the back of it "Give me all your money." This is what he gave to the bank teller. Unfortunately for Bailey; he had written his note on an envelope that contained a letter from his mother. The bank teller
noticed Bailey's name and address on the envelope as soon as he handed it to her. She gave the envelope to the police, and the police soon arrested him at home.
No one noticed when Mi.ck Novak carried
. little Alex, a sleeping bundle wrapped III a blanket, onto a NorthStar Airlines flight. Alex caused no trouble when he woke up as he was strapped into his own seat, purchased at the full fare of $400. He was enjoying
his lunch when the trouble began. A flight attendant screamed, "He's alive!" when she realized furry little Alex wasn't a stuffed animal.
Alex is a 25-pound chimp. He is tidy, quiet, and pleasant, but he is a chimp, and NorthStar says he cannot fly economy class. In fact, NorthStar spokesperson Jon Austin said the airline's policy is that large animals have
to ride in the cargo hold. But Novak said,
"I would think, given Northstar's current financial problems, they would be happy
to take any paying customer."
3,f-----------~--------~~-----------------~---------~--------------- ~ .. -. ~
Carmen Ferreira had given
up hope of fi nd i ng her pet parrot, Raquel, who disappeared from the back garden of her house two years ago. But when she heard the famil iar screech "Hello, Raquel!" as she walked past a neighbor's house one
weekend, she called the police .. The neighbor den i ed the bird was Raquel and said he had bought it from a pet store three years ago. But the bird revealed his true owner while behind bars at the police station, screeching "Hello, Luis!"
the name of Ferreira's grandson, and "Hello, Smoky!" her eat's name. During the court case last week, the bird dozed off but interrupted its nap to shout "Hello, Luis!" at the judge,
who ruled the bird belonged
to Ferreira.
B Pair work Find the best place in each article for these sentences. __ The bird was taken to the police station to detennine its rightful owner.
__ Most of the letter was about how proud she was that Bailey was staying out of trouble. __ In fact, another passenger commented on how well behaved he was.
e Group work Join another pair and share with the group an unusual news story you have heard. Ask and answer follow-up questions. Whose story is the most surprising?
lesson B
starting point
Fond memories and regrets
Pair work Read these comments people have made about their lives. What values do they believe in?
I'm glad that I grew up in on international city. I think if's important to be tolerc nt of other people's cultures and beliefs.
I'm thankful that I grew up with parents who encouraged me. There's nothing better than getting support from your family.
I wish that I hadn't been so selfish, just thinking about myself. I really believe thaI you should always put other people's needs before your own.
I ought to have spent more time going out with my friends and less time at work. After all, the whole point of life is to have as much fun as possible.
I wish I hod saved some money because there ore so many things I want to buy. It's impossible to be happy without money.
I shouldn't have been so critical of my best friend, I guess I learned that you shouldn't take your friends for granted.
Sharon values the family. She really appreCiates her parents.
Penny believes that it's important to think of other people first.
discussion Pair work Who are you like? Which of the values in Exercise 1 do you think are important? Which values did you learn when growing up?
66 Unit 8
I'm similar to Stan. I think it's important to enjoy your fife.
When I was growing up, my parents taught me to be generous.
grammar focus
grammar focus
Use these patterns to describe something 'iQ.Y_ did that you wish you hadn't done.
I wish (that) .1 hadn't been so selfish.
I ought not to/shouldn't have been so
critical of my besl friend.
Should have and ought to have; wishes about the past
- ---
I'm really happy that I took this class. I've made a lot of new friends.
Adjectives of emotion + past time clauses
Use adjectives of emotion and a clause with a past tense verb
~~d:;~~~;h:~~le~hr~! :~ui~r:nhi~~::n~~i~nd~~ c~;/idn't do. j
I'm thankful (thaI) I had the opportU~ity to go to college. __
What are your feelings about some of the things that happened to you (or didn't happen to you) in the past? Complete these sentences with your own information. Compare with a partner.
1. I'm glad (that) I learned .
2. I'm happy (that) I lived .
3. I'm pleased (that) my parents ...
4. I'm relieved (that) I didn't ...
5. I'm happy (that) I never ...
6. I'm relieved (that) my family .
7. I'm pleased (that) I always .
8. I'm glad (that) my friends .
Life's ups and downs
discussion Pair work Think about the past few years of your life. What three things were you most happy about doing? What three things do you regret doing or not doing? Give details.
Use these patterns to describe something 'iQ!,! dJ.d.!l1 do that you wish you had done.
.1 oughtto/should have spent more time
going out with my friends.
I wish (that) I had saved some money.
Read these statements made by young people. Rewrite them using should, ought to, and wish. How many of them are true for you?
1. I didn't listen to my parents when I was a child. I ought to/should have listened
to my parents when I was a child
/ Wish I had listened to my parents when I was a child.
2. I never paid attention to my schoolwork.
3. I didn't learn to play any sports well.
4. I spent too much time by myself
when I was a kid.
5. I didn't join any clubs when I was in school.
6. I didn't travel very much as a kid.
7. I didn't take my studies very seriously in college.
I wish I hadn't argued with my brothers and sisters so much. f think it really upset my parents.
lesson A
Learning a thing or two
vocabulary Pair work Choose four of these values. Explain to your partner why you think they're important.
o compassion
o courage
o forgiveness
o honesty
o kindness
D loyalty D patience
D perseverance D self-discipline D sensitivity
I think perseverance is very important. You can't get ahead in life jf you always give up easill"
What values do you think are most important?
listening A Listen to Randy Simmons interviewing people on the street. What values
do they think are most important and why?
• ..
68 Unit 8
Values Why they are important
First person
Second person
Third person B Pair work Which person do you agree with and why?
Making the most of it
A Pair work What do teenagers need to know in order to make the most of their lives? Why?
A: I think it's really important to make friends with different kinds of people.
B: Why do you think that? A: Because ...
B Class activity Take a survey. Which pieces of advice got the most votes? Why do you think they were so popular?
A multi~paragraph composition
A Read the composition and choose the best thesis statement.
My high school years were an incredibly exciting time of my life.
I have nothing but regrets about the time I spent in high school. When I think about high school, I have both good and bad memories.
__________________ . Doring high sc.hoo/, fhe fofore seeme,,::t very far away. NON fhaf 1'/11 o/,,::ter, I fhink apoof fAose ,,::taysa lof. I re/1le/1lper fhings fhaf I wish I ha,,::tn'f done or haa aone ,,::til'ferenfly. I a/so re/1le/1lper fhlngs I ai,,::t ana woo/,,::t never c.hange.
I have only one regref apool fhe fi/1le I spenf in high school: I shool,,::t Aave faken /1Iore a,,::tvance,,::t classes. For example, I Aa,,::t fhe opporlol1lfy fo fake an a,,::tvance,,::t English class, puf ,,::teci,,::te,,::t fo fake The regolar class. I /1Iaae fhaf ,,::tecision pecause I ,,::ti,,::tn'T wanT fo sTu,,::ty TOO har,,::t. I also wanfe,,::t TO spen,,::t more. fi/1le wITh Illy Irlen,,::ts. Now 1'/11 in college an,,::t have TO Take apegl11flinq Eng/ish class. I wish I'd sT(.Idled harder in hIgh se-hoo!.'
1'/11 gla,,::t fhaf I had an opporlunify TO parfic.ipafe in exfracurricv/ar ae-liv/Tles. I was a memper of fhe gY/1lnasTics feam. I'Ve prae-fie-e,,::t every ddy a#er se-hoo/ ana haa ?OmpefiTions on Saf(.lrdays. I'Ve even won several ?O/1Ipefifions.' My fea/1l/1lafes pecame IllY gOOd frienas. Now I know fhat- exfrac.vrricvlar acTivifies are imporlanf pec.a(.lse yo(.l can learn apoul responsivi/lfy, disc.ipline, .an,,::t Teamwork.
Goo,,::t an,,::t pa,,::t experiences are a pari of everyone's high school years. Is IT possi/JIe TO learn from fhese expenenc.es? I fNnk IT is pec.a(.lse even fhe .bad ones Aelp TO prepare yoo for fhe lof(.lre.
B Write a three-paragraph composition. Follow these guidelines.
lst paragraph
End with a conclusion.
Begin with a thesis statement, and introduce your topic in the rest of your paragraph.
2nd paragraph
3rd paragraph
4th paragraph
Write aboullhings you wish you'd done differently.
Write about things you're glad you did.
C Group work Take rums reading your compositions. Is the thesis statement too general? Does it need to be improved?
Lesson A
Generation gap
starting point
A Read these comments made by people of different generations. Do you know anyone who thinks this way? Do you agree with any of the statements? "Why or why not?
It's sad that kids today don't respect their elders. When I was young, children never talked back to older people. I hope that schools will do something abo lit teaching respect.
II's a shame that people focus so much on the post. We cont go bock to the old days. I believe that there is nothing we con leorn from the past. We should concentrate on the future.
It's unfortunate that parents don't spend more time teaching traditional values. Kids need to learn how to behove, but I don't think some of them ever will.
B Pair work "What do older people you know typically say about younger people? "What do younger people usually say about older people?
discussion A Match each word with its opposite. "What other words do you know to describe people's values or attitudes? Can you add any more pairs of your own?
closed-minded liberal optimistic unconventional
conservative modern pessimistic unrealistic
conventional old-fashioned realistic
intolerant open-minded tolerant
B Pair work Which words in Exercise A would you choose to describe these people? Explain your choices.
your best friend your parents
your grandparents your teacher
70 Unit 8
My best friend is very optimistic. He a/ways thinks that things will turn out OK.
grammar focus
grammar focus
Noun clauses introduced by it
In these sentences, if refers to the clauses that follow. Irs sad that kids today don" respect their elders.
Irs a shame that people focus so much on the past.
A What do you think about the statements below? Introduce each statement with an appropriate expression.
apparent likely obvious sad a shame true unfortunate
1. A child's character is strongly influenced by his or her parents.
It's apparent that a child's character is strongly injluenced by his or her parents. However, it's also likely that there are other in~uences, such as his or her friends.
2. A happy person makes a better parent.
3. Age doesn't always bring wisdom.
4. Most elderly people think the world was a better place when they were young.
5. Many teenagers are afraid they may gTOW up to be like their parents.
6. Most people have learned all they need to know by the time they are 20.
B Now write three sentences about young people and three about older people using the expressions from Exercise A. Compare with a partner.
Noun clauses introduced by verbs
Use these verbs to describe hopes and beliefs.
I hope (that) schools will do something about teaching respect. I believe (that) there is nothing we can learn from the past.
Write two statements these people might make about their hopes or beliefs. Compare with a partner.
1. .Lbups that people will spend more monev on education.
1. __
2. ___
1. ___
2. _
2. _
Changing beliefs
discussion Group work How have your beliefs or opinions changed in the last five to ten years? Think of at least two beliefs
or opinions you hold now that you didn't hold before. Compare with the other members of your group.
Five years ago I didn't believe that saving money was important Now I realize that you need to save money in order to prepare for the future.
Role models
listening A '-- Listen to Cristina, Vince, and Brian talking about people who have had
an influence on them. Who is each person talking about? What did they learn from these people?
72 Unit B
Who What they learned
Brian B Pair work Which older people have had an influence on your life? Why? What kind of people were they? Ask and answer follow-up questions.
A: My aunt had a big influence on me.
B: Why? What was she like?
A: Well, she was a very open-minded woman ....
A Combine the verbs on the left with the nouns on the right. Can you think of any more nouns to go with these verbs?
give have make set
a contribution a donation
an effort
an example
a good impression an influence
an opinion
a positive effect support
B Pair work Write sentences using the phrases you made in Exercise A to describe relations between younger people and older people.
I believe that parents should set an example for their children
. rowing older
reading A Pa.ir work Discuss these questions with a partner. Then read the article to compare your ideas with the author's.
1. How would you define middle age?
2. What adjectives do you think of when you think of middle age?
3. Do you think middle age is a more or less stressful time than youth? Why?
4. What things can middle-aged people give or do that younger people can't?
nee middle age was thought of as something to fear. Many thought of middle age as simply the time between youth and old age. Now, though, researchers claim that middle age can be the most fruitful time of life, full of new growth and development. New studies show, for example, a sharp rise
in people's altruism - their willingness to give to others - during middle age. Several studies show that as people approach their midlife, they tend to experience fewer stressful events, such as losing a job. When they do go through such a major change, the studies found
that middle-aged people see it as much less upsetting than do younger people. In mct, many of the middle-agers remember their youth as a particularly difficult time. Middle age for them is more peaceful. As a result, people shift their priorities and think again about what's important to them. In middle age, many people no longer focus on themselves, but on the people around them.
Not alI researchers agree on what constimtes middle age; most of them think it is the years . between 45 and 65, but others claim it covers the years between 35 and ro. A recent survey found that most people define middle age by
life's landmarks, the things they've done and accomplished, rather than by age. The majority of those in the survey state that middle age is
a time when people deepen their relationships and care more about other people. For example, 84 percent said that middle age is a time of becoming closer to family and friends, a rime to be generous, a time to think more of others than one's self
Why are older people more generous? One man puts it this way: "In my twenties I learned how to get along with my wife. In my thirties
I learned to get ahead in my job. In my forties I began thinking more about other people's needs." This is typical'. Although people's careers may still be blossoming in middle age, they often have more insight and perhaps time to devote to others. "When you're older," one woman says, "your career is settled and you have more time to give. Plus, you have 1IU1Ye
to give." So, if you are reading this while you are still young, do not fear. Middle age can
be an exciting and rewarding time. If you
are already in middle age, rake a deep breath, then rum to those around you. And if you are past middle age? Look back and count the good things you have done.
B Group work Discuss these questions. Then share your answers with the class.
1. Can you summarize the main idea of the article in one or two sentences?
2. Can you think of other examples of older people who help younger people?
3. What sort of influences do you think you'll have on young people when you're older? Why?
Lesson B
Qualities of creative people
starting point
A What qualities do you think creative people usually have? Rank them in terms of importance, and add others of your own. Then compare with a partner.
_ curiosity
_ decisiveness _ determination _ discipline
__ independence __ intelligence _ originality _ patience
__ resourcefulness __ sensitivity
__ thriftiness
B Pair work Do you think these occupations demand a high level of creativity? Discuss some of the qualities you need in each job, and then compare around the class.
Originality is an important quality for a person who is working as 0 screenwriter. A screenwriter has to think up interesting, new stories.
listening A ._!]!I Listen to Angela, Simon, and Naomi talking about their jobs. What are their occupations? Why is creativity important in their work?
Occupation , ~ Why creativity is important
Simon .-
~ ..
Naomi " J
-_ 74 Unit 9
B Pair work Is creativity important in what you do every day? Why or why not?
Reduced relative clauses
grammar I You can shorten a relative clause by dropping who and the verb be.
focus Originalilyis on important quality for a person (who is) working as a screenwrifer.
You can also drop who and change the verb to ·ing.
A Rewrite these sentences by reducing each relative clause. Then compare with a partner.
1. Anyone who wants to become a journalist should be able to write under pressure. Anyone wanting to become a journalist should be able to write under pressure.
2. Anyone who is hoping to succeed in business needs
to have original ideas on how to market products.
3. A person who works as an inventor is always looking for new ways of solving common problems.
4. A person who is working as a detective has to try to get inside the mind of a criminal.
5. Anyone who is trying to become a successful actor will find that there is a lot more to it than he or she first thought.
6. Someone who works in advertising needs to be able to write catchy slogans.
7. A person who is responsible for a large staff has to be creative with scheduling.
B Now rewrite the sentences in Exercise A with your own ideas. Then compare with a partner.
Anyone wanting to become a journalist
should keep up on current events.
Jobs that demand creativity
discussion A Pair work How much creativity do these jobs require? Rank them from I (most creative) to 6 (least creative), and then compare with a partner.
Ask and answer follow-up questions. -
_. _ businessperson _chef
- radio DJ
__ fashion designer __ lawyer
__ teacher
A: I think being a businessperson takes a lot of creativity, especially if you have your own company.
B: How so?
A: Well, someone running a business has a lot of problems to solve ....
B Gt'oupwork Jain another pair. Describe one more job that requires a high degree of creativity, one that requires a medium degree, and one that requires little creativity. Explain your choices and then share your answers with the class.
lesson A
Creativity quiz
discussion A Creative people often answer "yes" to questions like these. Can you think of two more questions to add to the list?
1. Do you like to take risks? .
2. Do you often question the way things work?
3. Do you like to come up with ways of improving things?
4. Are you sensitive to beauty?
5. Do you think it's OK if your ideos don't
work at first?
6. Do you excel in many different fields?
7. Are you curious about the world in general?
8. Do you have a creative sense of humor?
10.------------ __
Are you sensitive to beauty? Do you like to toke risks?
Source: From Eccentrics by David Weeks, M.D., and Jamie James
B Group work Answer the questions in Exercise A. Give examples to explain your answers.
I like to take risks. For example, last week I went bungee jumping.
Creative solutions
discussion A Pair work Look at these situations, and think of at least three interesting suggestions for each one.
1. You manage a sports club and want to attract new members. What are the best ways?
2. You have to entertain some preschool children for an afternoon. What will you do?
3. It's your friend's birthday, and you want to plan a surprise he or she will never forget. What can you come up with?
4. You have an empty closet in your apartment and want to use it for something other than storage. What can you do with such a small space?
A: What would you do to attract new members to a sports club?
B: Well, there are many people who are embarrassed to exercise in public. I would try to attract them by ...
B Group work Compare your ideas in groups. Which are the most creative?
76 Unit 9
Beginning new paragraphs
A Read this composition and decide where the writer changes focus. Write a ® where you think each new paragraph should begin. Compare with a partner.
~ ?
L{.IC-Y GO!llez is The !lIOST c.reaftve person 1 know.
She sTaded- piano lessons when she was only I'D years old-. Af se-hool, she was always c-reaftng Inferesftng projec.rs In her arT ?lass. When she was only 12 years old, she won a c.iryw1de poefry ?anTesT. Her parenrs were very pro{.ld of her. Now L/.IC-y works as a slf?O!lI wr/re« lor a popular TV show. She works wlrA a gro{.lp of wnrers, and rogerAer rAey Aave ro rNnk of fresA i,:;teas. They also have ro c.ol118o /.Ip wlrA funny d-Idlog
for rAe aefors on rAeir show peca{.lse rAe ac-roys Aave ro play pelieva/Jle c-Aarac.rers rhaf wi/I l1Iake fAe a{.ld-ienc.8o laug.h. IT is nor an easy jo/J I Paf L.ucy does iT well. She sfarTs work lare In rAe l1Iorning and oITe.n works /.Inril 7 or 5 ar nigAf. L.ucy is very
aar/oos, She likes fo fravel and- l1Ieef new people who Aave opinions fAaf are differenf frol1l hers. She ollen c-arries a norepook wl!A her .an.d- wrires down wAar she sees and- Aears. Lucy fells 11180 fhar fhese new experiences .are a good sourc.e of l,:;teas for her work. I always enjoy falking fo her .and al1l Aappy fo know sOl1leo.ne as /Jrighr and- c-rearive as Lucy.
B Write a three-paragraph composition about someone you know who is very creative or who is unique or different in some other interesting way. Use these questions or others of your own to get started.
1. In what ways is this person special or different?
2. How does this affect his or her life?
3. Would you like to be like this person? Why or why not?
C Pair wo.rk Read your partner's composition, and answer these questions.
1. Are the paragraphs divided where they should be?
2. Is the focus of each paragraph clear?
3. Is there any additional information that you would like to know that was not included in the composition?
Lesson A
starting point
j I
Everyday objects
A Look at these "inventions," Why do people use them often? VVhy do you think they have been successful?
People need a quick and easy way to cook food, which is why the microwave oven has been so successful,
microwave oven
Post-it' Notes
I !tHUd!!!.
Great ideas?
B Pair work What everyday objects in your household are the most useful? VVhy do you think they have been so successful?
listening A '- ~ Listen toJohn, Sandra, and Ted talking about what they would invent to make their lives easier, What are the inventions? What would they do?
78 Unit 9
What are the inventions
What would they do
BPair wor;k Which invention would be most useful for you personally? Why?
grammar focus
Non-defining relative clauses as sentence modifiers
Non-defining relative clauses with which can be used to make a comment about an entire sentence. Notice the use of the comma.
People need a quick and easy way to cook food, which is why the microwave oven has been so successful. Seat belts are now required in all vehicles, which means fewer people die in traffic accidents.
A Match these problems with the appropriate non-defining clauses. Then compare with a partner. Can you think of another clause to complete each sentence?
1. AIDS kills thousands of people each a. which means that more powerful models
year, _,_ need to be developed.
2. Cities are running out of safe places to b. which means that new methods of
dispose of trash, _ recycling will have to be invented.
3. It's very difficult to quit smoking, __ c. which means engineers need to work
4. Au: travel became more dangerous in the harder to design safer workplaces.
1980s because of terrorism, _ d. which is why express delivery services
5. Children used to get sick after opening have become very popular.
medicine bottles and taking pills, __ e. which is why scientists developed the
6. There are thousands of accidents in the nicotine patch.
workplace each year, __ f. which is why personal navigation systems
7. The postal service in many countries is were developed for rental cars.
not very efficient, __ g. which is why childproof bottle caps were
8. People already find today's computers invented.
inadequate, __ h. which is why windshield wipers were
9. It's easy to get lost when driving in a invented.
new city, _ i. which is why scientists are working so
10. It used to be that people couldn't drive in hard to find a vaccine.
the rain, __ j. which is why more sensitive types of metal
detectors were invented.
B Add non-defining clauses beginning with which is why ... or which means (that) ... to these statements. Then compare with a partner.
1. People today watch TV more than they buy books, ...
2. The Internet is used by millions of people, .
3. Airplane design has improved tremendously, .
4. There have been many advances in medicine in recent years, ...
5. It's becoming less expensive to use cellular phones, ...
Inventions and discoveries
discussion Group work What three inventions or discoveries have had the greatest impact on life in the twentieth century?
The jet engine has had a great impact on life in the twentieth century. People can now travel long distances in a short amount of time.
lesson B
vocabulary A Combine the verbs with the nouns to make common expressions. How many expressions can you find? Compare with a partner.
analyze explore find
make organize solve
a mistake a problem a situation a solution
alternatives possibilities information
B Pair work How do people come up with ideas for new inventions? Answer using the expressions in Exercise A.
If's important not to be afraid to make a mistake.
analyze a situation
solve a problem
Making life better
discussion A Pair work Why do inventors invent new products? Read this list of reasons, and add two more of your own.
@ to make business more efficient @ to make daily life easier
@ to help protect people's health @ to save lives
@ to make life more enjoyable @ to protect the environment
@ ---------------------------
@ ---------------------------
B Group work Jain another pair. Why do you think these things were invented? Use the reasons in Exercise A or others of your own.
air bags for cars lie detectors overnight delivery services
fax machines life preservers the Walkman
handheld computers jet engines virtual reality
Air bags for cars were invented in order to save lives. Without them, more people would be injured in car accidents.
Unit 9
• Innovative products and services
reading A Pair work Why were these things developed or invented? Why have they been so successful?
. Sony Walkman
B Now read the article. What questions do you think inspired the inventors of these products?
Several years ago, Masaru Ibuka, the chairman of Sony, was at a company planning meeting. Suddenly he had a brilliant idea. He stopped the meeting and asked everyone present what would happen if Sony removed the recording function and speaker and sold headphones with a tape player instead. Almost everyone thought he was crazy. Still, Ibuka kept thinking about his idea and worked at refining it. The result,
of course, turned out to be the wildly successful Sony Walkman.
Good ideas often start with a really silly question. Bill Bowerman was making breakfast one day. As he stood there making waffles for his son, he wondered what would happen if he poured rubber into his waffle iron. Later, he tried it and the result looked something like the bottom of most sports shoes we see today. Still, when he took this idea to several existing shoe companies, he was literally laughed at.
In fact, every single company turned him
down. Though rather discouraged, Bowerman persevered and went on to form his own company, making NlKE athletic shoes.
Sometimes good ideas grow out of frustration. When Fred Smith was a student at Yale University, he had some paperwork that he needed to have delivered across the country the next day. Smith was amazed to find out that overnight delivery was impossible. He sat for a long while wondering why. Why couldn't there be a reliable overnight mail delivery service? He decided to design one. Smith did just that and turned his design into a class project. His business professor gave him only a C for his efforts. However, Smith was not through. He refined the ideas in that class project and eventually turned them into one of the first and most successful overnight mail services in the world - FedEx.
We know today, of course, that each of these ideas led to an incredibly successful product
or service that has changed the way many of
us live. The best questions are usually openended and are often silly. Children aren't afraid to ask such questions, but adults frequently are. Think how different the world might be if people never asked "silly" questions!
C Group work Discuss these questions. Then share your answers with the class.
1. Why do you think so many people turned down Bowerman's idea?
2. Why do you think Smith's professor gave him a C on the project?
3. Which idea has led to the most imitations?
4. Do you have any ideas for new products or services? What are they.
Lesson B
Adverbs with the past and past perfect
A Complete these sentences to describe an event that occurred at an earlier time. Use the past perfect.
I. I've been wearing contact lenses since I was 16. Before that, ... Before that, I'd always worn glasses.
2. I took my first trip on an airplane last year. Until that time, .
3. I traveled abroad for the first time last summer. Before that, .
4. I moved into an apartment with two friends a few months ago. Up until then, ...
B Choose two of the events from Exercise A, and write more information about each one using these expressions.
as soon as
the moment
the next day
I've been wearing contact lenses since f was 16. Before that, I'd always worn glasses. As soon as I tried on the contact lenses, I knew they were right for me. The next day,
Present perfect VB. past continuous VB. past
Complete these news articles with the verbs in parentheses. Use the present perfect, past continuous, or the past tense of each verb.
The mayor (armounce)
yesterday that the subway system would be
reducing its fares. The city _
(develop) a plan that will take effect next month. An audience of about 100 people _____ ~ (listen) carefully when the
mayor (make) the announcement.
Subway ridership (drop)
dramatically since last summer, when the last
fare increase (take place).
82 Review of Units 7-9
A tragic accident (occur)
on the Pacific Coast Highway last Friday night A sports car carrying three passengers
_ (run) off the road around
10:00 P.M. Two people suffered minor injuries. The passengers (travel) from their home to a friend's house when the driver ______ (lose) control of the car.
There (be) no other cars on
the road at the time. The place where the
accident occurred (be) the
site of many similar accidents.
Should have and ought to have; wishes about the past
Do you have any regrets about the past? Complete these sentences and compare with a partner.
1. I wish that I had ... I wish that I had spent more time with
the international students In my school. I had many opportunities to practice foreign languages, and I didn't take advantage of them.
2. I wish that I hadn't ...
3. I ought to have .
4. I shouldn't have .
Noun clauses introduced by it
Use these adjectives to comment on the information below. Give examples to support your statements.
fortunate interesting
obvious true
unfortunate wonderful
I. Children today have far more opportunities.
2. Young people don't pay much attention to their parents' advice.
3. Teenagers everywhere face the same problems.
4. Schools don't always prepare students to succeed in the real world.
5. Young people have to learn about computers if they are going to survive in this world.
Reduced relative clauses
A Complete the sentences with the words on the right.
B Now rewrite the sentences as reduced relative clauses. A person working as a fashion designer should be
aware of trends and familiar with different styles.
1. A person who works as a fashion designer should be __
2. A person who is working as an accountant has to be
3. A person who works as a forest ranger needs to be __
4. A person who is working as a taxi driver must be
a. a good driver.
b. aware of trends.
c. knowledgeable about plants and animals.
d. familiar with different styles.
e. good with numbers ..
f. familiar with city streets.
g. physically fit.
h. very accurate.
Review of Units 7-9 83
Te// me a stOlY.
A Pair work Tell your partner about a time when one of these things happened to you.
@ You met someone fascinating.
@ You did something that took a lot of courage .. @ Something made you laugh hysterically.
B Group work Jain another group and tell your stories. Ask and answer follow-up questions.
A: I met a fascinating person at a cafe. B: Really. Who?
A: It was Joan Lewis, the newscaster from Channel 2. C: How did you meet her?
A: Well, I was sitting alone at a table and ...
Head/ine news
A What kinds of news articles do these headlines introduce? Write a brief news item about one of these topics or one of your own.
I hu man- interest story
o Children Visit Elderly in Hospital ~
e Styles of the Seventies Make Triumphant Return __
8 Doctors May Have Cure for Deadly D:isease __
8 Heavy Rains Cause Mudsl.ides
a .. art review
b. fashion report
c. human-interest story
d. news of a medical breakthrough
e. news of a natural disaster
f. sports report
• World Cup Soccer Match Canceled
CD Exhibit of Impressionist Paintings Draws Crowds __
'------------- --- -
B Grou,p work Take turns reading your news articles. Which article do you find the most interesting?
84 Review of Units 7-9
Teaching values
A Grou,p work You belong to an organization that runs workshops for young people. "What activities would you plan in order to teach these values?
@ concern for the homeless
@ tolerance of other races and nationalities @ generosity and charity
@ the importance of keeping your neighborhood clean
A: To teach concern for the homeless, we could arrange for kids to spend a few nights on the streets, with no money and nowhere to sleep.
B:. That might be a bit dangerous. How about asking kids to work at a center for the homeless?
B Class activity Share your ideas around the class. "Who has the best suggestions?
Learning from others
Pair work What do you think are the two most important values these people learn from other groups of people? Give examples from your own experience.
o children from their parents
o parents from their children
o teenagers from their peers
o employees from their bosses <) bosses from their employees
I've learned how to be patient from my parents..
Give us your ideas.
A Pair work Read these situations and suggest a good solution for each one.
• A store owner ordered too much merchandise and has a large number of T-shirts still in stock. How would you sell this merchandise as quickly as possible?
• A new language school wants to attract new students. What would you do to promote the school?
• Your youth dub is going to open a center where teenagers can go after school.
You have a very low budget. "What kinds of activities would you offer?
B Group work Join another pair and share your answers. "Who has the most creative solution for each problem?
Review of Units 7-9 85
Everyday annoyances
starting point
Pair work Have you ever had a problem similar to those in the illustrations? Do you sympathize with the comment below each one? Why or why not?
One thing that annoys me is when my neighbors have loud parties lote at night
Something thaI really bathers me is people who talk loudly during a movie.
The thing I can't understand about people with dogs is why they allow them to bark at night.
Salesclerks who take a break when customers are waiting is the thing that gets on my nerves.
listening A ,--!J!' Listen to Jane and Bob talking about something that irritated them.
What happened in each situation?
What happened
B Pair work Do you sympathize withJane and Bob? Do the same situations irritate you?
86 Unit 10
grammar focus
Noun clauses containing relative clauses
Relative clauses can function like nouns when introduced with something, one thing, or the thing, They can be the subject or the object of a sentence.
Something that really bothers me is people who talk loudly during a movie.
Salesclerks who take a break when customers are waiting is the thing that gets on my nerves.
This type of noun clause can occur with clauses beginning with when, how why, etc. One thing that annoys me is when my neighbors have loud parties late at night.
The thing I can't understand about people with dogs is why they allow them to bark at night.
A Do you sometimes have complaints about these people or situations? Complete the sentences with your own information.
1. Something that really annoys me in restaurants is ...
Something that really annoys me in restaurants is when the waiters ignore me.
2. When I'm waiting in line, one thing that gets on my nerves is ...
3. Something that bothers me about people on buses and subways is ...
4. When I'm riding in a car, something that irritates me is ...
5. Something that gets on my nerves at the movies is .' ..
6 .... is something that bothers me at home.
7 .... is one thing that bothers me about my neighbors.
8 .... is something that bothers me when I'm trying to go to sleep.
B Pair work Compare answers with a partner. Ask and answer follow-up questions.
A: Something that really annoys me in restaurants is when the waiters ignore me. B: Has that happened recently?
A: Yes, it has. Just last week, ...
Pet peeves
discussion A List at least four of your "pet peeves" - things that get on your nerves on a regular basis.
B Pair work Discuss your pet peeves. Do you and your partner have any complaints that are similar?
One thing that gets on my nerves is when my father tells me what time I should be home. I wish he wouldn't do that.
Lesson A
.. What typeo! complainer are you?
discussion A Pair work "Which of these descriptions fits you best? Give examples to support your answer.
a silent sufferer
a calm, collected type
I never complain.
I only complain if I really have fo.
I complain because irs my right.
I complain allhe slightest opportunity.
A: I guess I'm usually a silent sufferer. For example, I never complain in a restaurant, even if the food is terrible.
B: I complain whenever I can, so I must be a "fighter." For example, ...
B Group work Would you complain in these situations? What would you do or say? Compare your answers.
• You need to make an important call at a public telephone, and the person in front of you has already been chatting on the phone for 15 minutes.
• Your neighbors are having a loud argument, and you can't get to sleep.
• A salesclerk is rude to you when you ask a question.
• You see someone littering in a public park.
If f needed to make an important caff, f would stand very close to the person on the phone and top my foot impatiently.
• Responding to complaints
role play A Pai.r work Write a dialog for each situation.
taxi driver is playing the radio '"er;' loudly while rou and another
passenger are trying to talk.
Someone is sitting
in yo. ur 8)at on the
waiter or waitress brings
you somefY' . g that you didn't
Offering to correct ,he problem
I'm sorry. l'll turn the radio down.
Explaining you were not aware of something
I'm really sorry .. 1 didn't realize my radio was bothering you,
B Group work Take turns acting out your dialogs for the class, Which complaints are the most effective? Which responses are the most polite?
88 Unit 10
Writing a letter of complaint
A Read the letter of complaint, and decide in which paragraphs these sentences belong. Compare with a partner.
Despite these problems, none of your employees apologized to us. Unfortunately, because of your poor service, our weekend was a disaster. Until things change at your inn, I will never recommend it to anyone.
Dear Sir or Madam:
1 On July 16 my friends and I arrived at your inn hoping to spend an enjoyable weekend. Since your ad says "have a fabulous time or get your money back, II I am requesting that you refund our money.
2 From the moment we arrived, there were problems with the service. First, a very unfriendly desk clerk couldn't find our reservation. After waiting almost half an hour, we were led by another unfriendly clerk to our room. The room, which had a view of a parking lot instead of the bay, had not yet been cleaned, so we found dirty towels on the beds and cigarette butts in the ashtrays. This was not the weekend we had been looking forward to.
3 Service at your inn was not always like this. My previous visits were always enjoyable because of the courteous service and clean rooms with beautiful views. I expect to receive my refund shortly.
Sincerely yours,
Dale Thomas
B Write a letter of complaint using one of these situations or one of your own. You ordered a stereo from a mail-order catalog but received the wrong model.
Someone did not show up to fix your computer, but you were billed for the visit anyway. A waiter spilled coffee allover your expensive jacket. It cost you $15 to have it cleaned. Your credit card company charged you for a purchase you never made.
C Group work Take turns reading your letters in small groups. Decide which letter you think will be most effective.
Lesson A
starting A How many of these things are problems in your city? Check yes (Y) or no (N). point Compare with a partner.
If takes hours to find a parking space. I wonder if they're going to build more parking garages.
yo NO
I don't understand why people can't pick up after their dogs.
yo NO
Teenagers "hang out" on the streets too much. f don't know why there aren't more youth centers.
yo NO
I don't leave work until
7:00 P.M., and by then most of the stores are already closed. Why stores close so early is something I don't understand.
yo NO
Taxi drivers drive too recklessly. Where they learn to drive like that is a mystery to me.
yO NO
I wonder whether or not they're going to enforce the new law against littering.
yo NO
B Pair work What problems affect your community? Choose the four most serious problems in Exercise A or others of your own.
A: My neighborhood is too noisy. Kids are always driving around in their cars late at night. I don't know why they have to play their music so loudly!
B: How late do they play loud music? ...
listening A ,-" Listen to Mike and Rosanna talking about problems where they live.
What are the biggest problems? What do they think should be done about them?
B Pai'r work Can you think of any other suggestions for these problems? Compare answers with a partner.
90 Unit 10
Noun clauses beginning with question words, whether, and if
Notice the change to statement word order in noun clauses beginning with quest on Why aren't there more youth centers?
I don'! know why there aren't more youth centers.
Why do stores close so early?
Why stores close so early is something I don" understand.
grammar focus
Use if, whether, or whether or not for yes-no questions, Are they going to build more parking garages?
I wonder if they're gOing to build more parking garages.
Are they going to enforce the new low against IiHering?
I wonder whether or not they're going 10 enforce the new law against liHering.
A Rewrite these questions as noun clauses, Compare with a partner. 1. Is it possible to stop people from littering? (I wonder ... )
I wonder whether or not it's possible to stop people from littering.
2. How can we convince people to pick up after their dogs? (I'd like to figure out ... )
3. Why do motorcycles have to be so loud? ( ... is a mystery to mel)
4. When are they going to help the homeless people? (I'd like to know ... )
5. How can 1 help to maintain the city parks? (I want to find out ... )
6. Would hiring more police help to lower crime? (I wonder ... )
7. Why can't the city add more street lights? (I don't understand ... )
8. Why do drivers honk their horns so much? ( ... is something I can't understand.)
B Pai.r work Read your sentences to your partner. Make comments about
each one. .
A: I wonder whether or not it's possible to stop people from littering. B: I think it is. The police just need to enforce the law.
... Taking action ~_~
role play A Pair work How would you solve problems in your community? Brainstorm as many solutions as you can
for these problems or others of your own.
• How can the police build a good relationship with the citizens?
• How can we stop people from littering?
• How can the city keep young kids out of trouble?
B Group work Now take turns playing the role of a citizen making a complaint and a city official offering suggestions. Ask and answer follow-up questions.
Citizen: I don't understand why the police are so unfriendly in my neighborhood.
City official: Well, we are taking steps to solve this problem. First, ...
I want to retum this!
discussion A Pair work Read these complaints. What is each person complaining about? l. "The first time I wore them, one of the heels came off."
2. "When I washed it, it shrunk so much that I couldn't wear it."
3. "When I tried to install the software, the whole thing crashed."
4. "1 read the instructions, but I still didn't understand how to use it, so I couldn't take any pictures at my brother's wedding."
5. "When 1 took it out of the box, I noticed a big crack in it.
It won't hold water like that!"
B Pair work Have you had any consumer complaints lately? What did you do about them?
Advice for consumers
vocabulary A Can you match these words with their definitions?
1. bargain .E: a. reduction in the usual price of something
2. bill __ b. something on sale for a lower price than its true value
3. credit __ c. a promise that something bought will be repaired or replaced if defective
4. deposit _ d. money paid as part of the full price when you've agreed to buy something
5. discount __ e. a piece of paper showing money owed for something bought
6. guarantee __ f. a piece of paper showing that something has been paid for
7. receipt __ g. money returned to you when "you return goods to a store
8. refund _ h. a way of paying for goods or services at a later time
B Pair work Use two of the words in Exercise A to give consumer advice.
Be sure to check your refund to make sure it's the right amount.
A word to the wise
discussion A Read this common-sense advice about how to prevent consumer problems. Can you add more items to the list?
@ Examine things carefully when you are still in the store.
@ Make sure there's a guarantee. @ Do comparison shopping.
@ ---------------------@ -----------------------
@ ----------------------
@ Buy from a reputable store.
@ Find out what the return policy is.
@ Ask how clothing should be washed.
B Group work Tell about a time when you had a problem with something you bought. Would the advice in Exercise A have helped you?
A: I bought an expensive suitcase, and the first time I used it, one of the wheels came off. B: Did you take it back to the store?
A: Yes, but they told me I couldn't return it because I had bought it on sale. I should have found out what the return policy was ....
.; Consumer complaints
reading A Pair work Discuss these questions. Then read the article, and compare your ideas to the author's.
1. Do you complain when you experience consumer problems? 'Why or why not?
2. Do you think complaining is effective? Why or why not?
Most people who e.xperience a .. problem While. traveling, shopping, or dining out do not complain. They tolerate bad service and inferior products without making a sound. Why? Many feel complaining won't do ony good - but they're wrong .. Complaining works because companies don't want dissatisfied customers. Not sure you can do it? Here are some strategies to use when things go wrong.
1 .. If yOU' have a complaint, do something about it right away. The longer you welt, the harder it
will be to get your cornplclnt resolved.
2 .. First,compl'ain to service agents. If they are not going: to resolve your problem, then ask pol.itely to speak to a manage.r.And if that doesn't work, you can always request to speak to the manager's manager!
3. Stand up for yourrig'hts. You have the right to receive a product you ordered in a time.ly manner.
With oirlines. you have the right to be on a flight you've booked. Always demand sa.tisfaction when your consumer rights are violated.
4. Demand a. perk ora discount. let's say you were promised a hotel room with an ocean view, but g.ola view of a brick wall instead, or you were assigned on aisle seat in the front of the cabin on an overseas flight. but got a seat in the middle section all the way in the bock. You should do something about both of these situations - ask to be compensated with a special discount or perk.
5.Don't be passive. Stay involved and offer ways you think the company can satisfy you.
Be reasonable, but be firm.
6.lnsisl on the price you were quoted. If you are refused, get a manager's name and telephone number, and promise to follow up with a leller and 0' telephone call.
7 . .If all else fails, wait until you get home and' take action. Call the company's head office,
and speak to the most senior person possible. Then follow up your call with. a letter of complaint. If necessary, don't hesitate to call the consumer affairs office in your city and complain.
B Group work Read these consumer problems. What should each person do? What would you do?
Celia requested a window seat on a flight, but she was put on the aisle.
Russ asked for a hotel room with a king-sized bed, but he got a room with two Singles. Carl ordered a toy for his nephew. It came damaged, but he didn't return it.
Leslie complained to a salesclerk, but then she left when the clerk refused to help her. Marissa experienced bad service at a restaurant while she was traveling. A month
later, she wrote a letter to complain about it.
lesson B
Moving abroad
starling A Imagine you have just learned that you will be moving abroad in a few months. point How would you feel? Answer these questions.
1. Would you be afraid of moving to a foreign country? Why or why not?
2. How would you prepare for culture shock?
B Read the descriptions of the different stages of culture shock. Then look at this chart. Write the numbers of the stages next to their descriptions.
D the emptiness stage After only a few weeks, you will have settled into your doily routine. The original excitement you felt will hove disoppeared. Everything will seem so different, confusing, and disappointing!
D the acceptance stage At this point. you will hove accepted the cultural differences of the new
country. Unfortunately, this is sometimes the point when you are about to move back home!
D the tourist stage You will have a positive attitude. Everything will feel new and exciting!
D the recovery stage By this time, you will have been living in your new home for several months. You will start to feel more relaxed.
C Pair work What three steps would you take to help a visitor to your country who is experiencing the "emptiness stage" of culture shock?
•• How did they fare?
listening ...._!fJI Listen to Andrew, Amy, and Layla talking about their experiences abroad.
Were they positive or negative experiences?
94 Unit 11
Experiences Positive or negative
Loylo grammar focus
grammar focus
Future perfect and future perfect continuous
The future perfect focuses on the completion of an action or event in the future.
l After only a few weeks, you will have senlled info your daily routine.
The future perfect continuous focuses on the duration of an event in the future.
By this time, you will have been living in your new hom..:.. for s:_v:[al month~
A Complete these sentences with the future perfect or future perfect continuous of the verbs in parentheses. Compare with a partner.
1. By the end of next year, I Oearn) another foreign language.
2. In a year's time, I (live) in this city for 20 years.
3. Within two years, I (open) my own business.
4. In five years' time, I (settle) down with the person of my dreams.
5. By this time next year, I (study) English for more than half my life.
6. Within six months or so, I (pay) off all my loans.
B Rewrite the statements in Exercise A so that they are true for you.
Gerunds as the objects of prepositions
Use gerunds after these expressions that contain prepositions .. Many people are afraid of moving to a foreign country.
I'm looking forward to experiencing another culture.
VV'hat are some of the feelings you would experience if you were moving abroad? Write two sentences for each expression.
1. be afraid of
I would be afraid of leaving all my friends and family behind.
2. be excited about
3. be interested in
4. insist on
5. look forward to
6. worry about
Words of encouragement
discussion Pair work What words of encouragement and advice would you give to someone who is preparing to move abroad? Think of two encouraging things to say about the challenges below.
adjusting to a new school or job breaking the language barrier developing a social life
You shouldn't worry about making new friends.. By this time next year, I'm sure you will have an active social life.
getting used to the food learning new customs missing friends and family
Lesson A
.. Customs and traditions
discussion A Read this list of customs in Canada and the U.S. Are they the same or different in your country? Compare answers with a partner.
1. People are usually punctual for appointments. In fact, most people arrive slightly early,
2. Business meetings are friendly, but even so, there isn't much socializing
3. lunch is usually a fairly light meal that doesn't last long.
4. Both men and women shake hands when introduced.
5. It's common to ask people you meet what kind of work they do.
6. Many people eat dinner early in the evening, around 6:00 P.M.
7. People generally talk quite a bit while they're eating dinner.
8. Its not uncommon for couples to display affection in public.
9. When invited to someone's home, you're not necessarily expected to bring a gift. Even so, something small, such os flowers or dessert, is always appreciated.
10. Most people open gifts as soon as they receive them.
Same Different
0 0
B Pair work Discuss the customs in Exercise A that are not the same in your culture. How do you think they would affect visitors to your country?
Crossing cunures
discussion Group work How would you be affected by living abroad? Think of a personal example for each item below. Then share your information with the other members of the group.
something of value from your own culture you would like to share with others
something from your own culture that you don't think you
would miss
96 Unit 11
something about yourself that would change as a result of
something about yourself that you don't think would ever change,
• ..
Planning a composition
A Group work Brainstorm ideas on the advantages and disadvantages of one of these topics.
studving abroad
having an exchange student live with you
traveling alone
~ deve/opinq a sense of
- learning a.6oat a new ?aJtare ~ makinq new frien.c£s
- learninq a new lanqaaqe
- learninq to .6e tolen/nt of
- missinq friends and family
- aiff'ic.alfy in c.ommal1l?atinq
- ina.6i1ity to get aroana easi/y
- aif'f'kaify in aajasting to a
dif'f'erent pau of life
OVerall ?OndLision: Even thoaqh sta.c£yinq a.6r-oaa may present many c.hal/enqes, overall If c.an .6e a very poslf!"Ye experienu.
B Now use your brainstorming ideas to write a composition. You can use the overall conclusion from your brainstorming session in Exercise A as your thesis statement.
ben thoagh stadyinq abroad hlay present hlany c.hallenges, overall If C.an be a very poslf!"Yeexperienu. Yoar experienu abroad c.an af'f'e?t 'lOLl I" entire life Py
The Plggest disadvantaqes one has when slaaying a.6roaa hliqht indade Ih/ngs like . . .
Even so, Ihe aavantages far oaiweiqh the aisa,:;tyantaqes.
For example, . . .
All In all, stadyinq abroaa is an experienc.e 'lOt/II c.arry wITh 'loa for the rest of yoar life/ I Ihink . , .
C Pair work Exchange compositions and answer these questions.
1. What was the most interesting piece of information you learned?
2. What part of the composition would you like to hear more about?
Lesson A
starting A Pair work What important tips do you have for travelers reg~rding point these topics?
money , ,J
B Pair work Read these statements made by people who did not have positive travel experiences, What would you have done in each situation?
FLIGHT 2:00 pm
FLIGHT 6:00 pm
"If I were more organized, I wouldn't hove brought so much luggage."
"If I had budgeted more carefully, I wouldn't be worrying about money right now."
What went wrong
listening ,-!J!I Listen to Cindy, Scott, and Kate talking about their travel experiences, What happened during each one? What went wrong?
98 Unit 11
"If I had token the earlier flight, I wouldn't be missing my oppointment:'
What happened What wenl wrong
Cindy ,
Scott ., , ;
'" 'J~ r. '" • =,
Kate " , ~ ,f ~. ""
" , Mixed conditionals .
These conditional sentences mix present and past time to talk about hypothetical situations. Fact: I didn't take the earlier flight. so I'm missing my appointment.
Conditional sentence: If I had taken the earlier flight. I wouldn't be missing my appointment.
Fact: I'm not organized, so I broug.ht too much lug.gage.
Conditional sentence: If [ were more organized. I wouldn't have brought so much luggage.
Fact: I didn't budget carefully, so I'm worrying about money now.
Conditional sentence: [f [ had budgeted more carefully. [ wouldn', be worrying about money right now.
grammar focus
A Rewrite this information as conditional sentences. Then compare with a partner. Have you ever been in similar situations?
1. Mark and Steve didn't make a hotel reservation, so they're spending the night in a train station.
If Mark and Steve had made a hotel reservation, they wouldn't be spending the night in a train station.
2. My mother doesn't speak any English, so she was afraid to explore New York on her own.
3. I forgot to bring my camera with me to Thailand, so I can't take any pictures of the beautiful temples.
4. The airline lost my luggage, so I'll have to wear the same clothes for two days.
5. Elizabeth didn't pack a bathing suit, so she's spending the first day of her vacation at the beach shopping for one.
6. My father doesn't like to fly, so he didn't visit me when I lived overseas.
B Pair work Complete these sentences and then discuss with a partner,
1. People wouldn't be so concerned about air travel if ...
2. If there were more tourists in my country, ...
3. There would be fewer communication problems in the world if ...
4. If more Americans and Canadians spoke foreign languages fluently, ...
5. If I could speak several languages fluently, ...
6. I would have spent my last vacation differently if ...
Your own trip
discussion Pair work Tell your partner about a travel experience that didn't work out the way you had planned. What could you have done better? Consider these topics or others of your own.
getting around local customs
food packing
language weather
A: I was in Tokyo last year and had difficulty getting around.
B: What kinds of problems did you have? A: Well, most of the street signs are only in Japanese, and I don't know enough
of the language to ask for help. If I spoke Japanese, I wouldn't have gotten lost
so often.
lesson B
Compound adjectives
vocabulary A What characteristics are important for someone traveling abroad? Combine the items from both boxes to make a list of compound adjectives. Then compare
with a partner.
culturally assured minded culturally aware
non aware motivated nonjudgmental
open- conforming reliant
self- hearted sensitive open-minded
judgmental B Pair work Why are the characteristics in Exercise A important when you travel abroad? Give an example for each one.
If you're culturally aware, you'll find it easier to accept cultural differences.
C Pair work Can you think of three more characteristics that are important to have when you travel? Why are they important?
Travel options
Pair work Imagine you are planning a vacation. Discuss these options. How would you like to travel? Explain your reasons, and then share your answers in groups.
Would you rather ...
• travel on a group tour or travel on your own?
• stay in hotels or youth hostels?
• spend a little time in many places or a long time in a single place?
• plan your itinerary in advance or figure it out as you go? travel with your family or with friends?
• travel by car or by public transportation?
• spend some time alone or spend all your time with your travel companions?
I would rather travel on a group tour so that I would be sure to see all the major sites.
100 Unit 11
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