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Brave New (and Smaller) World
of Higher Education:
A Transatlantic View
Madeleine Green, American Council on Education Peter Eckel, American Council on Education Andris Barblan, European University Association
European University Association EUA
American Council on Education Center for Institutional and International Initiatives
Copyright © 2002
American Council on Education One Dupont Circle NW Washington, DC 20036 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Additional copies of this publication are available by sending a check or money order for $15 per copy, plus $6.95 shipping and handling (for orders of more than one copy, call the number below), to the following address: ACE Fulfillment Service Department 191 Washington, DC 20055-0191 Phone: (301) 632-6757 Fax: (301) 843-0159 When ordering, please specify Item #309460. A free electronic version of this report is available through www.acenet.edu/bookstore.
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments Foreword: Shared Realities An Unholy Trinity? Three Forces for Change Technology Globalization Competition New Responses Partnerships and Alliances Internationalization Efforts Policy Frameworks Conclusion: The Challenge to Academic Values Endnote: Higher Education and the GATS Negotiations Notes Transatlantic Dialogue Participants
1 3 7 7 10 12 17 17 21 24 27 29 31 32
also of the Université Laval. The Goldman Sachs Foundation. We also acknowledge the contributions to this paper by Herb O'Heron and Karen McBride of the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. we thank François Tavenas. Rector. Université Laval. This paper is the first in a series associated with a new ACE initiative. The project and this occasional paper series are supported by contributions from Accenture. for their superb hospitality. that seeks to chart and understand the new directions colleges and universities are pursuing to respond to increased competition and changing fiscal realities. The authors are indebted to the participants whose intellectual energy and willingness to explore complex issues in an international context made this essay possible. and Peterson's. Canada. a Thomson Learning Company. who provided much useful information and insights from the Canadian perspective. Finally. and Josée Sauvageau. and Nicole Nadeau.Acknowledgments T his essay emerged from the rich conversation of the Transatlantic Dialogue held in July 2001 at the Université Laval in Quebec. American Council on Education 1 . Michael Baer and Jacqueline King of the American Council on Education contributed helpful reviews. the Changing Enterprise Project. François Rheault.
Participants examined the promise and the peril of establishing alliances with partners outside the academy. The new environment and the many strategic choices facing institutional leaders on both sides of the Atlantic provided the framework for a rich conversation. At that time. The Transatlantic Dialogue explored strategies that institutions use to be more responsive and relevant. In continental Europe. The issues that participants discussed dramatically differed from the ones considered at the first Transatlantic Dialogue in 1989 in Hartford. A shared understanding of the forces that are reshaping higher education within and among nations provides an essential foundation for the development of sound policy and effective institutional strategies to adapt to these new realities. and Europe. such as businesses or for-profit educational institutions. and the complexities of international collaborations that go beyond traditional student and faculty mobility. This conversation of some 30 presidents. cost efficiency—these descriptors of the brave new world of higher education appear consistently in any discussion of its future. which was viewed as a zone of economic growth set up against Communism. internationalization. analyze how institutions and policy makers are responding. The purpose of this meeting was to explore the forces shaping change in higher education in the United States. In higher education. such terms describe different phenomena and elicit different interpretations. as was the European Union (EU). Even when used in the same national context. and what kind of change should occur. cosponsored by the American Council on Education (ACE).Foreword: Shared Realities M arket forces. new providers. doing business in a pragmatic world of public relations and money management that was alien to their European counterparts. The North American Free Trade Agreement was in its early stages. North American institutions were entrepreneurial and customer-oriented. Canada. The geopolitical situation was entirely different from the one that would exist half a decade later. the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada (AUCC). The Berlin Wall was still intact. the World Wide Web was virtually unknown to administrators. were open to question. and e-mail use was in its infancy. the Eastern Bloc countries were still part of the Soviet system. and assess the costs and benefits of these responses. and rectors (see page 32) assumed the volatility of the current environment and the need for continuous change. and the European University Association (EUA) and hosted by the Université Laval in Quebec. The sharp differences among national contexts across the Atlantic and within Europe provided few common bases for discussion. cross-cultural conversations are even more difficult. the American Council on Education 3 . Such challenges were the focus of the seventh Transatlantic Dialogue. globalization. vice chancellors. But just how much change is necessary and desirable. and reflected on the conflicts these strategies can present with respect to historic institutional values and mission. competition. Connecticut.
The Canadians and the Europeans agreed on all the assertions. Canadian. and although significant differences still exist among nations and continents. In brief. of the participants. and the national assessment exercises had not yet taken place. the American. Canadian. The vision of the future seen by those U. the seminar cosponsors asked each participant to vote on a series of statements about the future of higher education from his or her perspective. In order to secure a snapshot of the varying views. and the seventh Transatlantic Dialogue. and the Americans and Canadians differed on only one.1 By 2001. Europe had undergone vast political changes. In the United Kingdom. and European leaders had remarkably similar views of what lay ahead for higher education. the Americans and the Europeans disagreed on only four. the elected European rectors as first among equals. Of the approximately 20 assertions shown on the next page. and competition— are very much the same. the polytechnics were not considered universities.S. there was no doubt that higher education was indeed a global enterprise. the picture looked quite different. Further. The participants indicated the extent to which they agreed or disagreed with each statement regarding the actual future they foresaw (versus the ideal future they desired) in their own country. the Atlantic Ocean represented a formidable distance between European and North American higher education. globalization. it was mild. The appointed North American presidents saw themselves as leaders.ministries very much controlled universities' destinies. Indeed. By 2001. 4 A TRANSATLANTIC VIEW . The high level of consistency among all participants came as a surprise. Technology was a given. the fundamental challenges—especially those created by the new environment of technology. between the old world and the new. and the move to harmonize the varying forms of national higher education in the EU by making them more transparent and compatible was intensifying under the auspices of the Bologna Declaration. even when disagreement occurred. and European leaders at the 2001 Quebec seminar was more similar than dissimilar—a surprise to most. The concept of the "European dimension" of higher education was just emerging. and the rigidities of centuries-old traditions of teaching and learning were difficult to loosen. if not all. and competition— long established in Canada and the United States—was gaining ground in much of Europe.. a little more than a decade ago. They also noted the extent to which they agreed or disagreed with each assertion.
allowing institutions to expand their curricular offerings. The U.How do American.S. • Interinstitutional collaboration will increase significantly.) American Council on Education 5 . (The Canadians leaned more toward agreeing with the Americans on this issue. Canadian. (The Canadians were in the middle of the two views. • Governments will increasingly require outcome-oriented quality assessments as accountability measures. and European presidents and rectors largely agreed on the following points: • Society will place far greater emphasis on higher education's role in workforce preparation than in promoting social development and cultural identity. The Europeans and the Americans disagreed on the following points: • The Europeans were more likely than the Americans to believe that distance learning will not increase access.) The Canadians and the Americans differed only on the following point: • The Americans were more likely than the Canadians to see the lack of executive power as an increasingly significant obstacle to change. (The Canadians were in between the Americans and the Europeans on this assertion.) • The Europeans agreed more than the Americans with the idea that higher education must move from traditional content/curriculum-based teaching to competency-based teaching and learning. • Partnerships with businesses and other noneducational organizations will not increasingly threaten academic integrity. • The current patterns of governance and decision making in higher education represent tremendous obstacles to institutions' ability to change. • National governments will not lose their influence on higher education and markets. • The amount of instruction conducted in English around the world will increase. (The Europeans were in the middle of these two views. the participants indicated their agreement or disagreement with the following assertions about the future. (The Canadians voted closer to the Americans than to the Europeans. and European higher education leaders see the future? In an informal opinion poll. • Technology will play a major role in expanding access to higher education around the world because traditional modes of instruction cannot fill the need. but rather will enable institutions to reach new markets of affluent students.) • The Europeans were more likely than the Americans to see government policy as a significant force for change. • Competition and the power of the market will not allow "brand-name" institutions to dominate the higher education scene. • Borderless education will not undermine higher education's capacity to contribute to social development and cultural identity..) • The Americans were more likely than the Europeans to perceive that the inability of traditional higher education to adapt quickly enough to meet the needs of the knowledge economy will result in the growth of new providers. • Policy makers will not abandon the concept of higher education as a social investment (public good) in favor of higher education as a personal investment only (private good). and supranational bodies will not usurp their role. Canadian.
such differences of opinion do not necessarily correlate with nationality or institutional affiliation. and previously unquestioned assumptions."2 Distributed learning includes distance learning. Higher education leaders and observers differ in predicting the intensity of the impact these three forces will have. and the course of higher education's journey is unclear. Will change just happen. These forces on both continents are systematically—and quietly—reshaping higher education. predict the eventual demise of campus-based instruction as we know it. Many others foresee a scenario in which online instruction supplements. A few. or will higher education leaders and policy makers look ahead and be more intentional about creating the kind of higher education system their societies really need? American Council on Education 7 . traditional face-to-face teaching. Will change just happen. and competition—and explore some ways in which they interact. which focuses on students who may be separated in time and space from their peers and instructor. Leaders are navigating uncharted waters. technology has made its most dramatic impact by enabling the development of distributed learning. But. globalization. and new providers attract new populations of students. that is. sacred myths. As the votes showed. defying national borders and calling into question honored traditions. leaving traditional institutions to continue serving as centers of full-time undergraduate education and research. Technology Technology may be the single greatest force for change in higher education. rather then replaces. and competition have caused the ground to shift under higher education worldwide. or will higher education leaders and policy makers look ahead and be more intentional about creating the kind of higher education system their societies really need? What challenges do these changes pose to higher education's core activities and values? What exactly are these fundamental values of higher education that we must reaffirm or reinterpret in light of new realities? What are the challenges to institutional management and leadership created by the new environment? As we examine each of these forces in turn—technology. steered periodically by reactive government policies and institutional strategies. so that technology intensifies competition as well as enables globalization.An Unholy Trinity? Three Forces for Change D uring the last decade. such as management expert Peter Drucker. providing students with greater flexibility and eliminating time as a barrier to learning. as the Transatlantic Dialogue illustrated. globalization. none of the participants on either side of the Atlantic predicted business as usual for higher education. similarly. It is impossible to consider one of the three without introducing the others. but all raise uncomfortable questions that tradi- tional higher education must address to thrive in this brave new world. technology. learning that "can occur either on or off campus. They interact with each other. steered periodically by reactive government policies and institutional strategies. globalization fosters competition. we can see that each affects North America and Europe differently. To date.
enrollments plummet in University X's math department.5 Although many students who are enrolled in online courses also are taking campus-based courses.3 In Canada. respectively. As a result. and the department risks withering unless it can revitalize its offerings and improve quality to recapture students and their tuition fees.S. Technology is enabling many students in the United States and Canada to combine their campusbased learning with online courses. and eases the juggling of jobs and families with their education. posting course syllabi and texts on the web and using technology to transform large lecture courses. In addition to providing new forms of instruction.000 students (from a population of more than 6 million) were doing part of their coursework through various distance learning mechanisms.4 Online enrollment at places such as the University of Maryland University College and The Pennsylvania State University's World Campus grew in two years by 1. the shift is only from static overheads to intricate computer-driven projections. The abundant choices available to students through technology will pose formidable competitive challenges for institutions whose students will no longer be a captive audience for their programs. or from photocopied course packets to web materials. 8 A TRANSATLANTIC VIEW Consider the following scenario: At University X. 31 percent of Canadian undergraduate students are over age 24. Distributed learning permits students to study at their own pace and to choose when and where they learn. where college credits have been the coin of the realm for decades. technology is increasingly a transformational . institutions offer them. If this scenario becomes a normal occurrence. A relatively new emphasis on lifelong learning in Europe is attracting new older and part-time students into higher education and diversifying the student population. In some cases. it is well-known that the math department's offerings are uninspired and generally poorly taught. thus fostering active and group learning both in and out of the classroom. Students can choose among institutions around the world. from telephone or office hours to access via e-mail. Online instruction offered by other institutions opens a world of new possibilities to students attending that university. No longer will a rival institution be located primarily in neighboring towns or even within the nation. Some 40 percent of all undergraduates in the United States (by headcount) are over age 25.000 U.Online courses are a major form of distributed learning. This increased choice has dramatic implications for institutions as they compete for students and resources. The emerging credit system in Europe may make this scenario as common in Europe as it is in the United States and Canada. technology has a powerful effect on how institutions function in the marketplace. it will serve as a powerful lever for change. Older and part-time students make up an important group of postsecondary enrollments on both sides of the Atlantic. a survey of adult education and training (which includes but surpasses higher education) indicated that about 500. The ability to take courses online enables students to bypass their home institution's limited math offerings and fulfill requirements or take electives from the online courses offered by other institutions from around the world. Another important effect of technology is the reshaping of teaching and pedagogy. However. more than 2. Although the art of enhancing teaching through technology is still emerging and evolving. many professors in Europe and North America are adopting it readily.000 percent and 200 percent. others—largely working adult students— would not be enrolled without such flexible distributed learning opportunities.
It has spurred the development of new organizational structures and partnerships. As distributed learning expands. A further distinction looms between course designer and teacher. Whether it increases access for underserved Technology is also driving organizational change. As institutions develop separate units for distance learning. as well as increased professionalization of course design. How does a distributed learning course figure into a traditional professional workload? How should teaching staff be evaluated or compensated? How should credits earned through lifelong learning courses compare with those obtained in traditional courses—especially if they are to accumulate as recommended in Europe by the Bologna Declaration? What technologybased activities count as scholarship or service? Other key management issues raised by technology focus on the intellectual property of web-based course materials and software programs. a host of questions is bound to arise. Many believe that higher education worldwide is in the midst of the early stages of a revolution created by technology. It also risks draining resources from the sponsoring campus unless the lifelong education units become fully separate entities as well (which is the usual case in Europe)—in which case. we can expect to see a greater distinction between the two roles. That model has already taken hold in for-profit academic instruction. integrated learning experience. If the distance learning arm will be largely separate. How much should an institution invest in technology? How should it pay for this ongoing investment? Should it get involved in the business of distributed learning? For what reasons? How should it govern and administer these new operations? In North America and Europe. lifelong learning risks remaining on the institution's periphery instead of shaping change at the core of the institution. traditional governance often works against making decisions fast enough to capitalize on new opportunities and avoid threats. Distance learning puts into sharp relief the different roles of the faculty member as disciplinary scholar and content specialist. Because many of these technology-enhanced programs involve curricular decisions and the strategic deployment of academic resources. In institutions such as the Open University and the University of Phoenix. they will encounter resulting costs and benefits. What role should faculty and faculty committees play in launching and developing distributed education programs? If decision making on such matters skirts normal faculty channels. Whatever the organizational arrangement. and as course designer and pedagogical specialist.tool. American Council on Education 9 . and it requires unprecedented decisions concerning strategy and resource allocation. in the time-honored tradition. Technology is also driving organizational change. faculty discontent will likely result. and it requires unprecedented decisions concerning strategy and resource allocation. it must develop its own quality assurance measures. It has spurred the development of new organizational structures and partnerships. technology raises new questions about the role of teaching. with the "master professors" creating the course and the instructors teaching it from predesigned materials. On the positive side. specialists fill these roles. replacing the single professor who. profoundly changing the teacher's role from straightforward lecturer to designer of an active. has learned technology and pedagogy on the job. traditional academic governance responsi- bilities may no longer be clear. As a powerful engine of change. As the seminar participants underscored. the common solution involves enhancing continuing education divisions or establishing new offices to coordinate and manage distributed education programs. greater separation provides increased flexibility and agility.
Applied to higher education.. Ironically. as some charge. and the loss of national identity and culture. faculty time and workload.students. For example. technology's effects are already profound in Europe and North America. with many different meanings and increasingly negative connotations. the European participants did not view the increasing prevalence of English as a particular threat to national cultures and languages. who may see the dominance of their language as a disincentive to develop foreign language competency. the roles of academic staff as instructors and experts. such as the Netherlands and Norway. capital. and Australian exports of distance learning will undermine their national higher education systems. and intellectual property in a technology-rich environment? • Why are institutions investing in technology? What problems do they solve and what opportunities do they tap? Who are their target audiences? What processes did they use to create and launch these technology investments? How will they fund such investments? What are their real costs and benefits? Globalization Globalization is a tricky term. For others. challenging questions: • How do the new types of students and the emerging technology-enhanced pedagogies challenge long-held assumptions about how students learn best. globalization connotes similar possibilities and elicits comparable fears. Indeed. For some. these benefits and opportunities carry with them a series of difficult. others are heavily recruiting students away from their home countries. leading to the "McDonaldization" of higher education. can higher education sufficiently demonstrate that the current practice is more personal and more effective at developing those skills in students? • What are the issues regarding compensation. thus reinforcing their chronic monolingualism and narrow world views. English enables "small-language" countries. the types of knowledge different students both need and seek. or improves teaching and learning. people.. and the social and vocational relevance of their learning? How do they reinforce these academic assumptions? • How does higher education defend timehonored teaching practices that rely on lectures and passive learning when more dynamic forms of pedagogy that use technology are readily available? • If online learning is "depersonalized" or inadequate to teaching critical thinking skills. and goods around the world in the context of the diminishing relevance of national borders. it implies the hegemony of the capitalist system. However. To the Americans' surprise. running counter to popular commentary.K. its definition points to the flow of ideas. U. to be active international players. Some fear that U. Seminar participants agreed that the amount of instruction delivered in English would increase around the world.S. the growth of English may be most dangerous to American students. promotes lifelong learning. some participants saw real benefits. Many see the dominance of the English language as a threat to national cultures and languages. globalization is a fairly neutral description of an unstoppable reality. 10 A TRANSATLANTIC VIEW . Many continental European universities already offer academic programs in English and rely heavily on English books and materials. the domination of rich nations and corporations over poor. Some institutions have established programs in other countries.
a major threat is posed by the Anglo-Saxon countries and by their strong position in the international higher education market. However. They did not believe that only a few big. strong traditions in distance learning.S. With this global competition comes the potential danger of a highly stratified market dominated by the "brand-name" institutions that prosper as they increase their reach worldwide. With English as the lingua franca. both traditional and adult. for the moment. As the Dutch scholar Marijk van de Wende points out. as of 2000. Some view internationalization as a response to globalization. instead. aggressive players would dominate worldwide higher education. Europe also is an important destination for U. There is no doubt that the Anglo-Saxon countries. the University of Phoenix is the largest private institution in the United States. the presidents and rectors at the meeting doubted that "brand-name" institutions would eclipse other institutions in the global marketplace.7 Another aspect of globalization that affects Europe. unable to compete globally. creating its own brand image. collectively providing distance education programs to more than 900. and enrolled approximately 84.000 students. and the United States is the imperative for institutions to internationalize—that is. which provide incentives to institutions to actively market themselves. American Council on Education 11 . their flexible degree structures.000 students. and DeVry Institutes). their (differential) fee systems. and governments that actively support international marketing strategies. both of traditional higher education (such as the HarvardStanford executive management programs) and the new for-profit higher education institutions and companies (such as the University of Phoenix. and Australia). are relegated to limited local markets. especially the United States. the Anglo-Saxon countries have a competitive advantage: In general. Sylvan Learning Systems. Canada. are relegated to limited local markets. or the alliance between France's European Institute for Business Administration (INSEAD) and the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School of Business.6 The University of Phoenix has experienced remarkable growth in enrollments and has enjoyed tremendous visibility around the world. they have an undeniable foothold in the international market. Europe is both an exporter and importer of higher education—it is technologically sophisticated and has a large potential market of students. they felt that institutions served local societal needs in ways that "brand-name" institutions from abroad could not. are the most aggressive exporters of higher education.Perhaps the most important effect of globalization is the intensifying competition across national boundaries.K. more student-centered approaches. off-shore delivery strategies (especially the U. The growth of the University of Phoenix supports the assertion that less prestigious institutions can thrive in the marketplace. begin with the advantage of prestige and name recognition. The European Association of Distance Teaching Universities already includes 18 members from 14 countries. Similar to the United States and Canada. Founded in 1976. The newly announced joint global executive management programs between Harvard and Stanford Universities. With this global competition comes the potential danger of a highly stratified market dominated by the "brand-name" institutions that prosper as they increase their reach worldwide. unable to compete globally. while other higher education institutions. the university operated 55 campuses and 98 learning centers in the United States and Canada. to integrate an international or global dimension into their outlook and operations. educational exports. Considering the diminishing importance of borders and the increased flow of people. also overseas. while other higher education institutions.
) Because globalization is a rather recent phenomenon. and as institutions seek to recruit the most academically talented students. the student as consumer is a well-established. While demand has exploded in Canada (Ontario saw a 17 percent rise in applicants for 2002–03). (A more detailed discussion of this issue appears later in this essay. but Europe has clearly made a significantly greater commitment to meeting it than Canada or the United States. if disconcerting. better teaching. and goods around the world. and even the . resources. Student demand drives competition on both sides of the Atlantic. concept. but also with the economic marketplace as they compete for students. In the United States. As students bear a greater share of attendance costs and are willing to vote with their feet. students must acquire the knowledge and develop the skills that will enable them to live and work in this new environment. we are just now seeing the questions it presents for higher education leaders.ideas. and reputation. as students seek more flexible programs. thus exerting pressure on institutions to respond to their interests and desires. Internationalization poses a major challenge to higher education systems on both sides of the Atlantic. and to some extent in Canada. and that their benefits accrue to the larger society? Can institutions back up their claims that they. and more userfriendly institutions. unlike the new providers. Some of the more salient questions are: • In what ways does the globalization of higher education challenge national and cultural identity? How might it reinforce them? • How can nations take advantage of globalization to improve the education they deliver? • How should governments respond to increasing attempts by foreign universities and corporations to deliver education locally? Will opposing borderless and transnational education protect national systems? Can policies encourage healthy competition with foreign providers while protecting public universities? What forms of quality assurance can institutions use to protect students? • To what extent can colleges and universities demonstrate that they actually fulfill their claims that they prepare students for citizenship and provide disinterested scholarship. students—particularly the high achievers—still have choices. The rapid advance of globalization and the relative lack of data on its effects make it difficult to predict how it will reshape the course of higher education worldwide. staff. while it continues to be free at most continental European universities. exist to serve 12 A TRANSATLANTIC VIEW the public good and are not simply providing students with employment credentials? • What kinds of national policies will promote wider access to education through distance learning and other transnational education? • What kinds of curricular changes can ensure that all higher education graduates are globally competent? • What national policies can support institutions' efforts to internationalize their education? Competition Higher education institutions no longer concern themselves only with the marketplace of ideas. Tradition. This mentality is reinforced by the fact that students in the United States and Canada must pay for higher education. they will likely demand more from their institutions and show less tolerance for ineffective pedagogies and general inattention to their academic needs.
thus enhancing flexibility and providing more opportunities for lifelong learning. The "three-plus-two" model (three years for the first degree and two for the master's degree. replacing the five-year program leading directly to the rough equivalent of a U. students will enjoy greater flexibility and more choices. the Netherlands. the TEI in Greece.9 In some instances. At the graduate level. and Switzerland. technology has facilitated the introduction of new players into tertiary education from the corporate sphere. the HBO in the Netherlands. both within and outside their home countries. master's degree) may help broaden the European market for students worldwide. As European countries move to a comparable three-year first degree. the existence of On both sides of the Atlantic. Competition also is increasing worldwide as "corporate universities"—the instructional arm of businesses offering courses to their own employees and marketing them to other corporations—now total approximately 2. the AMK in Finland. This is changing. relevant. Austria. and Germany are changing their degree structures to bachelor's/master's systems. Norway.6 million individuals worldwide earned about 2. offering instruction and certificates around the globe. expanding the marketplace of options for those potential students seeking advanced training and education." as more native students leave to take degrees in other European countries while fewer foreign students enter the country to study. Nevertheless. for example. and the Instituts Universitaires de Technologie in France.000 in the United States alone. however. and whose options have grown tremendously. are attracting students from a traditionally publicly dominated higher education sector. Competition in Europe leaves its mark beyond restructuring degrees.S. the domination of publicly supported institutions throughout Europe and of centralized policies governing the enrollment patterns of students in some European countries has historically kept interinstitutional competition for students to a minimum. offering alternatives to students seeking to expand their skills and knowledge. Enterprises such as Microsoft and Novell represent the important "parallel universe" to higher education (a term coined by Clifford Adelman8). corporate programs are direct competitors.prestige associated with research and scholarship. Cisco Systems offers its certification training in 19 languages and on every inhabited continent. both online and in person. Hungary. as European policy makers pursue options that encourage competition.4 million certificates in information technology by early 2000. Underlying the Bologna Declaration is the objective of making European higher education more competitive and attractive in the world marketplace by enhancing the comparability of higher education structures and degrees within Europe. new private law schools in Germany. For example. Some European countries already are seeing a "trade imbalance. the Politecnichs in Portugal. On both sides of the Atlantic. expanding the marketplace of options for those potential students seeking advanced training and education. and operating outside the traditional system of higher education credentials and accreditation. may mean less to students whose priority is an affordable. This sector includes the Fachhochschulen in Germany. Some institutions are increasing the amount of instruction conducted in English to compete for foreign students. American Council on Education 13 . He also notes that approximately 1. technology has facilitated the introduction of new players into tertiary education from the corporate sphere. A growing sector in Europe provides attractive alternatives to the traditional university for first-degree students who want a more applied approach to engineering and technology. Countries such as Italy. In contrast. Other times they supplement traditional graduate (or even first) degrees and certifications offered by colleges and universities. and convenient education.
authorities will need to rethink national civil service policies about who can teach in public universities and under what conditions. particularly in Eastern Europe. Canada." Now. the challenge is not simply one of population projections. it was simply "state-located." then "state-assisted" institution. The United States has a similar proportion of faculty older than age 55 (31 percent). or pursuing donors. A short time later. The Academic Senate of the 10 University of California campuses predicts that the university will have to hire more tenure-track faculty in the next 12 years than it currently employs on its campuses. In Canada. Europe also faces a shortage in academic staff. many institutions are filling their faculty ranks by hiring a large cadre of part-time and adjunct instructors. so does the competition for those who will teach them. with differences existing among countries. All European countries. In some countries. and Europe—created by perpetual funding constraints. is creating an emerging—if uneven—demand for scholars worldwide. As competition for students increases. compounded by continued expansion of postsecondary education. Funding is a third area of competition common to the United States. signal an end to the monopoly of state-supported. Prestige and quality are frequently conflated so that quality is defined not as "fitness for purpose" or fulfilling an institution's mission with distinction. and attracting the best and the brightest students. luring star faculty members. and then on to the student. one-third of faculty members are age 55 or older. The search for "new blood" increases competition for professors within each country's borders and beyond.10 Institutional leaders are increasingly preoccupied with finding new funding sources. developing alliances. The aging of the professoriate. he describes it as "state-annoyed. and unpredictable government support. Each strategy has its own competitive environment. and the attractiveness of foreign universities. Eastern and Western. In the United States.corporate universities and for-profit institutions. Thus. but only 27 percent are between 40 and 54. or attracting business partners. selling services. Institutions compete with one another and with other claimants on the public treasury. where many scholars have left the country or abandoned the academy for more lucrative jobs. Increasingly. his university was a "state institution. seeking new markets of students. Yet another arena of competition is the drive for prestige and the benefits of additional resources and students that a well-established reputation brings. A now infamous quip by an American university president described his institution's shrinking reliance on public funding: At first." to convey public officials' demand for accountability yet their unwillingness to provide sufficient funding. rising costs. Although higher education and the larger society purportedly value multiple models of excellence. and one-half are between 40 and 54. whether the challenge is competing for corporate and foundation funds. whether through operating businesses. governments on both sides of the Atlantic are shifting the burden of financing from the state to the institution. nonprofit colleges and universities as providers of both instruction and credentials. the classical or research university 14 A TRANSATLANTIC VIEW . but rather as acquiring more resources (particularly through lucrative research grants and contracts)." which then became a "state-supported. a crisis looms. face growing needs for staff renewal as baby-boom–generation academics approach retirement.
and enhancing their ability to produce and license technological breakthroughs. creating a managerial and entrepreneurial culture that frequently clashes with the more traditional and collegial academic culture. As one participant noted. Others are creating business incubator projects. with institutions wanting to focus more on research and offer more advanced degrees. New executive management programs are now commonplace on both sides of the Atlantic. globalization has introduced competition from new corporate providers and once seemingly distant institutions. Selectivity in admissions and climbing entrance test scores become indicators of excellence and points of institutional pride for many. creating a managerial and entrepreneurial culture that frequently clashes with the more traditional and collegial academic culture. many of the market-driven responses meet only short-term needs.] no one is attending to the long term. resources. U.remains the gold standard. While policy makers stress institutional differentiation as the road to efficiency and effectiveness. often deeply discounting tuition to recruit them. staff. engaging in land development. and health care management abound. technology.S. and prestige requires institutions to be more aggressive and competitive. American Council on Education 15 . The new global competition has turned up the heat. and priorities. and prestige requires institutions to be more aggressive and competitive. The pressures of competition have spurred new structures. resources. Fund raising is gaining ground in Europe. offerings. Continuing professional development in education."Mission creep" is rife in Europe and North America. many institutions strive to emulate the classical university. Competition underscores the question of how institutions can broadly serve their many stakeholders while staying sufficiently focused so that they do not dissipate their energy and resources." In brief.and media-related fields. and often generate a surplus. and nearly all institutions are creating new sources of revenue through expanded academic offerings. Competition for students. forcing traditional institutions to confront difficult questions squarely: • At what point do activities associated with revenue generation create too great a distraction from the "core business" of the institution? • What compromises are institutions making as they compete for students? • What are the costs of the drive for prestige? • What are the costs and benefits of competition among institutions for state and private funding? Are there ways that institutions can collaborate to minimize the "winners and losers" mentality? • What academic values do entrepreneurial ventures place at risk? • What is faculty's appropriate role in charting the course of the entrepreneurial institution? Competition for students. Many institutions have developed certificate programs to provide continuing education without the constraints associated with the development and oversight of degree programs. [By responding to market pressures. However. "The market is blind and focused on the short term. These offerings are financially self-sufficient at a minimum. colleges and universities in particular compete for the most academically gifted students. staff.
National and international research partnerships among universities have helped them respond to downturns in national funding for basic research to offset the escalating costs of cutting-edge scientific inquiry. and strengths that each partner brings. with institutions in other countries. with institutions in other countries. heightened competition. is a well-established feature of the North American higher education landscape. Three types of responses emerge as particularly important in crafting an institutional strategy: new partnerships and alliances. they often come at a price. particularly with corporate partners. others are fraught with difficulties and complications as each partner brings its own values. and institutional players are inventing the rules along the way. The loss of independence in developing a research agenda and the chilling effect of corporate interests on academic freedom remain oft-cited examples in the research arena. expertise. and complex challenges makes it extremely difficult for any institution to have sufficient human or financial resources or the know-how to "go it alone. Such collaboration is growing rapidly in Europe. Research Partnerships. internationalization efforts. Some alliances of diverse partners are reasonably straightforward. often conducted in partnership with higher education. several institutions worldwide have formed a new alliance to facilitate Universities worldwide are forming more partnerships—whether with other institutions in the same country." Universities worldwide are forming more partnerships—whether with other institutions in the same country. and timetables to the alliance. American Council on Education 17 . Although alliances can generate a tremendous benefit for all partners. At the international level. Collaboration that enhances an institution's research capacity.New Responses T he work ahead for higher education is difficult and uncharted. or with other kinds of organizations—to enhance their capacity in a variety of areas. where it is strongly encouraged by the EU Research Framework Program. goals. This 17 billion Euro fund supports research and development in industry. In universitycorporate research partnerships. however. for example. as institutions worldwide try a variety of solutions to thrive in this brave new world. they deserve attention and analysis because they are contemporary responses pertinent to the changing environment. While these are not the only important responses. Other research partnerships that exist among universities draw upon the resources. which now has opened to several countries outside the Union. the list of such partnerships in the United States is long and varied. The new environment of collaboration that facilitates research and teaching raises difficult issues. or with other kinds of organizations— to enhance their capacity in a variety of areas. Partnerships and Alliances This environment of increased demands. the corporation's role ranges from the more passive funder to the highly active partner in technology development and transfer. and policy frameworks that facilitate change.
and industry and foundation sources. The Center's mission is to develop an intellectual infrastructure through academic and industrial partnerships in genomics. and manufacturing companies. and 18 foundations and nonprofit organizations. they can help get new ideas to market and expedite the impact of new discoveries.14 . such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH). and bioinformatics that will contribute to the economic development of North Carolina and enhance teaching and research at partner universities. to fund basic research in the Department of Plant and Microbial Biology. In a similar arrangement. maximizing the various partners' contributions and talents. Corporate support may bring fewer bureaucratic requirements than government funding for grant or contract administration and reporting. does that entitle it to establish the research agenda or suppress findings? When the University of California. 18 A TRANSATLANTIC VIEW ceutical company. Its funding comes from state appropriations. and. and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).S. frequently. access to highly specialized equipment. contribute to regional economic development through spinoff companies. Hautes Etudes Commerciales (HEC) business school in Paris. For universities. the National Science Foundation (NSF). Polytechnic University of Catalonia in Barcelona. these alliances can identify important research problems and provide expanded opportunities and support for academic staff and students. and Al Akhawayn University in Morocco. 13 universities and community/technical colleges. Berkeley's College of Natural Resources signed a $25 million (USD) agreement with Novartis. computing. particularly internships and work experience. an uproar among academics ensued. If the corporation is the sole or primary supporter. develop corporate advocates. proteomics. a Swiss pharma- The North Carolina Biotechnology Center The North Carolina Biotechnology Center was created to host a consortium of higher education institutions and businesses in North Carolina working together to strengthen research efforts in the biosciences and related fields.12 That funding makes up one-third of the department's research budget. it gained two of five seats on the department's research committee. and attract other companies to the region. One such question is who determines the research agenda and where (and when) findings will be reported. the Center provides a structure to facilitate collaboration. expertise. École des Hautes Études Commerciales in Montréal. Additionally. federal designation as a "Center of Excellence". Such partnerships come with costs and dangers that institutions must weigh carefully. add visibility to university research. when Novartis was granted first rights to negotiate licenses on one-third of the department's discoveries.high-tech startups in partner universities: École des Mines d'Alès.11 These partnerships clearly enhance the research capacity of universities by providing financial resources. Still in the early stages of development. the U. Members of the consortium include 34 pharmaceutical. which determines how the money is spent. The benefits are reciprocal. Cambridge University. and they have the added advantage of identifying potential employees among student interns and workers and of providing professional development opportunities for their staff. federal sponsors.13 However. the pursuit of resources is not the sole driver of partnerships among universities and corporations. Partnerships with corporations can raise difficult questions about academic values and institutional priorities. corporate partners benefit by gaining access to new ideas and cutting-edge research. agricultural and forestry. the Beeson Gregory Bank in the United Kingdom will pay for one-third of a new chemistry building ($28 million [USD]) at Oxford University in return for half of the university's share of profits from any of its spinoff companies during the next 15 years. Department of Agriculture (USDA).
For example. For example. to develop and deliver nondegree courses to corporate customers such as General Motors. Consortia alliances typically allow students access to courses not available at their own institution. Some institutions have begun to develop degree or certificate programs tailored to employer requests. Milwaukee (U. and Barclay's Capital. share classes and libraries.) is a for-profit subsidiary of the member institutions. Traditional university-corporate instructional partnerships provide onsite training and education of corporate employees by a local college or university. a coordinating institution that creates a cross-border learning region from both countries— countries that were recently connected by an extensive tunnel and bridge project.K.S. The Auckland University of Technology. competition. Examples from the United States include less commonly taught languages. and the University of Chicago. The programs include environmental studies. A smaller scale example with no geographical basis is the twoyear master's degree in leadership that Princeton and Oxford Universities are jointly creating and offering. AOL Time Warner. health and health sciences. among others. Until recently. UNext. most instructional alliances consisted of either consortia among local universities or partnerships between universities and local corporations. the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology. The George Washington University. sport. the London School of Economics and Political Science. the International Business School (Hogeschool Brabant) in the Netherlands. It taps the online courses and programs offered by each partner that focus on applied knowledge. The alliance allows partners to collaborate in course development and share software and hardware development costs. an American firm. The level of available study ranges from general nonaward and certificate to the doctorate. allowing member universities to extend their programs to more students in a wider range of countries. The Global University Alliance (GUA) This partnership of Athabasca University (Canada). are equivalent to on-campus ones.). sometimes including individual students seeking continuing education. 11 higher education institutions in Denmark and Sweden have jointly developed Øresund University. A more recent development in partnerships centers on the delivery of instruction. co-branded with partner universities. psychology. These new alliances allow partners to offer programs or specialties that they cannot offer alone.gua. fundamental questions: • To what extent do such alliances drive the university's research agenda? • Who owns what research? What are the ground rules for publishing this research? (Will the corporation subscribe to academic practices of immediate publication and dissemination?) • How do such activities relate to the "core business" of teaching and learning? How will students. American Council on Education 19 . and the University of Wisconsin. or technology-intensive courses related to allied health care or subfields of engineering. visit http://www. GUA degrees and awards. and leisure. and foster new relationships with the private sector. Such partnerships develop courses and programs to serve a range of clients. the University of Derby (U. benefit? Instructional Alliances. and tourism. Other new instructional partnerships are appearing among traditional institutions in different nations. both undergraduate and graduate. For example. University of South Australia.Partnerships among universities and corporations raise important. Students must apply for admission to one of GUA's partner institutions. University of Glamorgan (Wales).com. alliances are emerging between traditional universities and for-profit corporations that package and deliver instructional information. and globalization also are generating new instructional alliances. nursing.15 This new institution is designed to create joint programs. is partnering with Carnegie Mellon University. For further information. Technology.
what are the public policy issues regarding student access and aid. standards. the structure and focus of the highly visible Universitas 21 (http://www.au/) are uncertain. the partners face the same issues that emerge in research partnerships. enhance instructional capacities. and negotiate between academic and corporate cultures? • Public policy: To what extent are existing quality assurance structures and methods adequate to assess the instruction that these new organizations offer? If profit is the major motive. the ground rules are recrafted as new partnerships unfold. each of which has its own traditions. edu. particularly corporate-university alliances. revenue generation. These partnerships have raised the following salient questions related to instruction: • Strategy: Does it make sense for a college or university to venture into the for-profit world with its teaching activities? What are the goals? How will the institution define and measure success? What are the financial risks? What are the potential gains. provide faculty with new experiences. quality control. manage collaborations. although new universities continue to join. Particular challenges surface over academic governance. Because these new programs and delivery systems extend beyond a single institution. Some of these partnerships. and expectations for academic decision making. For example. Questions surface regarding the program direction. provide educational institutions access to necessary startup funding. Through these ventures. each partner's relative contributions and returns on investment. The alliance might make decisions that traditionally fell under the domain of campus academics. The alliances frequently fluctuate. and use of facilities? 20 A TRANSATLANTIC VIEW . financial and otherwise? • Intellectual property: Who owns a course developed by a faculty member? What are the terms of employment for faculty who teach electronic courses? Who owns the courseware created by faculty independent of their institutional commitments? What conflict-of-interest issues must be addressed? What revenuesharing arrangements should the institution and the faculty member make for income generated by the internal and external use of course materials? • Management and governance: To what extent can existing decision-making structures cope with the new environment? What are the costs and benefits of bypassing them with alternative structures? What new skills and knowledge do campus leaders require to set strategy in competitive markets. decision-making structures. and how individual institutions will be associated (or not associated) with alliance activities.universitas. institutions seek to gain new expertise. individual academic governing bodies' expectations and traditions can be called into question. The long-range prospects of these new teaching and learning ventures and partnerships are not yet clear.These instructional partnerships provide benefits similar to those of research alliances. Decisions that remain within the traditional governance structure may need to be addressed by faculty governance bodies across multiple institutions. the University of Toronto withdrew in April 2001 and the University of Michigan has declined to participate in the new online project. At the same time. members join and withdraw. and extend institutional market reach.
Internationalizing teaching and learning to match today's global realities requires most institutions to undergo some dramatic. or the individual institution? In other words. academic traditions. research. colleges and universities are reexamining the knowledge and skills that are required of today's and tomorrow's graduates. colleges and universities are reexamining the knowledge and skills that are required of today's and tomorrow's graduates. U. economic development. and communication modes are shifting at an unprecedented pace. In the United States. and the environment. and the relative absence of government support. higher education plays a key role in preparing students for the global workforce as well as addressing the broader issues of peace. institutions. American Council on Education 21 .S. market economies. The academic reward system in both countries for In a rapidly changing and shrinking world in which political boundaries. although the recent study revealed growing concern about balancing academic and economic motivations. Higher education systems in the United States and Canada are elevating the internationalization of learning as an institutional priority. For examples of good practice in eight exemplary U. Many institutions are seriously working to provide a more global perspective in the curriculum and are promoting foreign language study as well as study and internships abroad.edu/international. Survey data from ACE reveal that about 44 percent of four-year institutions include international education in their mission statement (compared with 66 percent of Canadian institutions) and 38 percent include internationalization among their top five strategic priorities. fundamental changes. market economies. new partnerships for student exchange and research collaboration.16 The surveys also showed that the academic rationales for internationalization were paramount.S. a group of interests. with a high level of consensus among survey respondents that the key goal of internationalization was "to prepare graduates who are internationally knowledgeable and interculturally competent. Eighty-four percent of Canadian institutions reported in 1999 that internationalization was part of their university-wide strategy. Clearly. and increased efforts to recruit international students to Canadian campuses. or external stakeholders—the partnership or network.• Social costs and benefits: To what extent does participation in these activities distract faculty from their responsibilities to their students. is the partnership or network a simple confederation. and communication modes are shifting at an unprecedented pace. Data gathered in 1993 and 1999 Canadian surveys showed significant progress during a decade: new organizational structures. teachers.acenet. the events of September 11 seem to be increasing the intensity and urgency of the internationalization discussion. One of the most pressing and daunting challenges is to respond to the demands of an increasingly global society with an appropriate curriculum and educational experience. and service? What value conflicts arise between the entrepreneurial initiatives and the institution's core business? • Group responsibility: Who is responsible in cases of legal claims from students. albeit with varying degrees of intensity and success. and Canadian colleges and universities face formidable challenges to internationalization posed by their size." The academic rationale outweighed income generation and political motivation in both surveys. Clearly. or a new entity? Internationalization Efforts In a rapidly changing and shrinking world in which political boundaries. see the description of ACE's Promising Practices project at http:// www. health. Institutions on both sides of the Atlantic are mobilizing to meet the challenge of internationalization.
Internationalization is squarely on the table. and Canadian students who work while they attend school. The mutual recognition of such steps should demonstrate universities' commitment to the European Higher Education Area. U. launched in 1987. The Bologna Declaration aims to move even further than the mobility programs such as ERASMUS and SOCRATES by developing shared tools of cooperation (such as a common credit system). the 90 percent of students who do not participate in international exchanges lack the opportunity to gain international perspectives from experience. or promotion and tenure decisions. The ERASMUS Program has driven greater comparability and compatibility of academic programs across national borders through joint curriculum design. students who study abroad are doing so in Englishspeaking countries. undergraduates study abroad.S. More than 1 million students have participated in a program that now involves more than 2.S. and a common European core for specific academic programs. a borderless European higher education space where.17 while the United States received some 547. particularly outside of Quebec.058 in 1997–98. This program encourages universities to structure their course offerings for foreign students so that their stay abroad becomes an integral part of their "home" studies—the structure of the program treats Europe as if it were already a country of its own. both within and outside of the EU. These measures provide institutions with strong incentives to recognize coursework and degrees across institutional boundaries and to develop joint degrees and coordinated 22 A TRANSATLANTIC VIEW curriculum planning. In the longer term. compatible quality assessment procedures. professors or by local professors under contract. The Bologna Declaration also encourages vertical mobility—the transfer from undergraduate to graduate studies in other universities and countries. The U.S.000 students from other countries in 2000.S. In Europe. faculty. this effort should lead to common degrees.18 In both Canada and the United States. the proximity of neighboring countries and the economic imperatives of a mobile and multilingual workforce have fueled institutional initiatives to internationalize. now includes most European countries. model of study abroad presents another set of challenges for internationalization. While the mobility programs have achieved considerable success. Three-quarters of U. staff. and to increasing the international attractiveness of their higher education systems. institutions. or 0. . Foregone income is a major issue for the many U. Many U. Fewer than 3 percent of U.S.S. supported by policy frameworks such as the Bologna Declaration and the influence and resources of the EU. Mastery of a second language is nearly nonexistent in the United States (except for heritage speakers) and in some parts of Canada. Similarly.the most part does not recognize international or intercultural expertise in performance reviews. programs tend to reside at institutions in other countries. by 2010. backed by staff exchange. academics.S. and graduates. Europe's ministers of education are committed to enhancing the mobility and exchange of students. rather than be conducted as academic partnerships. students who study abroad sit in classrooms with their fellow Americans and are taught by U. only a small fraction of Canadian students study abroad—5. Furthermore.S.9 percent of full-time students. the absence of financial support for study abroad is a significant barrier. Rarely does an American student enroll at a foreign university in the same way that foreign students enroll at U. The ERASMUS Program for student mobility.000 institutions in some 30 countries.
The university's goal is to have 20 percent of all graduates participate in study abroad by 2005.500 at the postgraduate level. The university created an international office in 1998 to support all administrative work associated with internationalization. Thus. as well as in reward policies. and students (undergraduate and graduate) to invest in international activities as part of their core activities? What changes are needed in human and financial resource allocation. There are now 160 partner universities.000 at the graduate level. Such integration involves a guaranteed equivalence of credits before departure. Each student going abroad receives a subsidy—$1. recognition of student results upon return. are the new motors of internationalization in Europe. as well as on accomplishing coursework in another country that counts toward the degree.500 per session at the undergraduate level. American Council on Education 23 . lack of institutional support. Laval works with partner universities to develop agreements on course-bycourse equivalencies to facilitate exchange. mention on the diploma. assurance that study abroad does not extend time to degree. and joint teaching with other universities)? • Management and governance: What is the communication strategy within the institution (or the network of institutions) to motivate the majority of faculty. The emphasis is on integrating languages and cultures from around the world into the curriculum. by using foreign staff. A task force determined that cost.and students will move freely among countries. administrators. The university launched the effort with a $1. foreign textbooks and facilities. This bottom-up strategy relies on professors and departments to seek partners and negotiate agreements within their disciplines. making it an institutional priority and a well-integrated feature of all courses of study. added to economic and cultural incentives. how does it influence the normal curricular content and pedagogy (for example. or is the university—as an institution—the main instigator of a common internationalization strategy? • Pedagogy: If internationalization is a core interest. lack of available information. out of 30.5 million (CDN) foundation grant and a $10 million fund-raising campaign in 2000. internationalization evokes the following series of questions: • Strategy: Is internationalization a core institutional interest or a marginal effort? Are the departments or the schools (the faculties) the prime movers in international relations. $2. political stimuli. 40 of which are Anglophone institutions and 25 of which are Spanish-speaking institutions. Laval adopted the strategy of integrating study abroad into all programs the university offered. the Université Laval sent barely 200 students abroad per year. and mandatory language preparation and predeparture training. to solidify participation in and commitment to international activities as a key element of institutional excellence and student learning outcomes? • Public policy: How might internationalization—as a consequence of or a prelude to globalization—be influenced by the World Trade Organization negotiations on trade in services (see endnote)? What are the obstacles to the free trade of knowledge and to student and faculty mobility? Can higher education institutions be real partners with governments in regulating the international knowledge market? The Université Laval's Internationalization Strategy A central element of internationalization efforts underway at the Université Laval (Quebec. Canada) is an initiative to dramatically increase the number of its students studying abroad. and the inability to speak a second language were students' main obstacles to greater international mobility. while the administration encourages and facilitates this. From an institutional point of view.000. Students also can receive additional funding for long-distance travel and foreign language training. and $2. study abroad. During most of the 1990s. instruction in foreign languages. thus relieving the professors of these tasks.
The Declaration also has led to the examination of national policies and to modifications of existing degree structures. they were not subject to the same academic scrutiny and institutional politics that characterize internally driven change initiatives.19 The Bologna Declaration is instigating the process of identifying convergence across the diverse landscape of European higher education and forging commonalities. The Declaration aims to organize and coordinate European higher education while respecting national differences and priorities. one that was consistent with latent institutional needs. the Bologna process has initiated explicit conversations about higher education and employability.Policy Frameworks The third response. The Bologna Declaration outlined an action program to create a "coherent European higher education space" by 2010 to foster employability and mobility in Europe and to increase the competitiveness and attractiveness of European higher education. 24 A TRANSATLANTIC VIEW . For example. The Bologna process also has focused attention on the use of credits and on quality assurance. and Turkey. one that separates Europe from Canada and the United States. Some universities have started to translate their traditional degrees into master's degrees. is to translate the European agenda into a meaningful local one. transnationally and at individual institutions. raising the profile of the issue to new levels and asking new questions about the social relevance of degrees and the responsiveness of higher education. is a policy framework that promotes change and guides action. however. The Declaration provided a common vision for change and suggested a clear set of goals and principles. Many rectors at the Transatlantic Dialogue noted the Bologna Declaration's importance as an external lever for change. Many rectors believed that because the ideas originated outside the institutions. universities traditionally awarded a single degree after four to five years of study. then. in Switzerland. The "Bologna process"—as this effort to create a European space for higher education is called—has emerged in all of the signatory countries as well as in other nonsignatory countries that joined the process later. The process has resulted in numerous conferences and workshops to discuss the proposed changes within nations. The leadership challenge. many European countries and individual institutions have organized a "Bologna Day" to discuss the Declaration and its implications for institutions and national higher education systems. such as Croatia. This policy framework calls for reforming national university systems and making significant changes within individual institutions. and some of the Fachhochschulen are translating their diplomas into bachelor's degrees. The changes outlined in the Declaration include the widespread adoption of a binary. For example. leaving little ambiguity about why European universities should change or what direction those changes should take. it has already caused a higher level of coordination within nations and across national boundaries. Cyprus. as well as the initiation of new degrees. In some countries. curriculum of undergraduate and graduate education and the implementation of a comparable credit system. or twotiered.
Americans and Canadians see change as largely an institutional matter." The European rectors tended to view national and European policy as a significant lever for positive change. focusing on short-term advantages suggested by the market.Although the Bologna process and the Declaration itself are important drivers in European higher education. and the historic mistrust of centralized national policy.S. creating choice for students and redundancy within a state or region (Does the United States really need another executive MBA program? Should the states decide. Indeed. The explanation for the difference between the North Americans and the Europeans is not entirely clear. "The situation was ripe. they are part of a larger European ethos regarding the development of a united continent. leaving institutions on their own to tend to long-term issues and the larger social purposes of higher education. One rector noted. or Canadian institution president thought that government pressure would serve as a significant force for change. States and provinces differ greatly in their level of institutional control and their constriction of institutional autonomy. Institutional individualism feeds competition. with financial pressure as the most important. programs proliferate. American and Canadian academic leaders tended to view policy as an intrusion into institutional autonomy and an impediment to positive institutional change. or should the market?). the European rectors named government policy as the second most powerful force for change. they identified financial and consumer pressure as most important. One factor may be the predominant role of the states and provinces in the United States and Canada. Policy makers tend to focus intensely on the short term. and state and provincial policies are highly variable. American Council on Education 25 . In fact.S. National or supranational postsecondary policy frameworks do not exist in either country. in contrast to their Canadian and U. when asked at the beginning of the meeting to identify forces for change. In some cases. No U. counterparts. Institutions often are free to set their direction as opportunities arise. then leaders pushed. with mixed results. and especially on workforce needs. Instead.
so has space. The long-term and holistic view. Can universities make sense of it all—their raison d'être. virtual and instant communication have recast and confused the individual reality of people inside and outside the academy. consumer. Can institutions balance the pressing issues of the day with the longer view of their contributions to society and the public good? Will they find satisfactory answers to fundamental and vexing questions.Conclusion:The Challenge to Academic Values G lobalization. demonstrate. the temptation is to meet immediate challenges—whether in the form of new clientele. new intellectual concerns. like most other groups in society? If they are simply surfing the present. may be displaced by quick reactions to obvious demands—the tree of immediacy hiding in the forest of duration. after all—or will they be tossed around by the tide of immediacy. and regulator? • How can institutions become sufficiently agile to adapt to the rapidly changing environment without losing their intellectual souls? American Council on Education 27 . These forces have reduced the time horizon of most higher learning institutions to act. or new revenues—rather than to forecast and address long-term changes that require welldefined goals. and students? • How can institutions find an equilibrium between autonomy and responsiveness. and between themselves and the state as a partner. and social development. Shortsightedness presents serious dangers. competition. citizens. and an understanding of the sometimes obscure cross-fertilization processes in science. they indeed risk losing their ability to take the long-term view as both critic of society and as partner in its development and improvement. and improve its results for increasingly skeptical and demanding policy makers. such as: • What are higher education's fundamental values and how can they be reinterpreted in the current changing tides? • How can higher education do a better job of articulating its service to society and its role beyond career preparation and the transfer of knowledge from teacher to student? • How can higher education assess. If time has shrunk. technology. In a fast-changing world. and resource restrictions have intensified the turbulence and difficulty of the brave new world of higher education.
who struggle daily to keep the ship afloat. Canada.In Quebec. and internationalization are vehicles for riding the turbulence of the times. Inaction is not an option. Building commitment to a long-term perspective is a prerequisite for the continued health and vibrancy of higher education in the United States. the participants concurred that partnerships and alliances. educational cooperation. and economic change. and Europe. social. 28 A TRANSATLANTIC VIEW . and this commitment underscores the importance of continued communication among higher education leaders. Higher education leaders. face the central challenge of realizing higher education's potential— serving as a key instrument for political.
And now.S. state and provincial authority over fiscal policy. In the GATS process. these issues have become part of the discussions of world trade. the recognition of credit and credentials from other countries has always been a difficult matter. the Association of Colleges and Universities of Canada. including higher education. legally enforceable agreement covering international trade in services. Some nations restrict the educational programs that can be provided by foreign institutions or organizations. The associations expressed concerns over several issues. held under the auspices of the World Trade Organization. These negotiations are in process. the United States presented its first proposal concerning the inclusion of higher education in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) negotiations. it is important for higher education leaders to work with their governments to follow the negotiations as they proceed and shape their course constructively. and Japan—have presented proposals on higher education. In addition to the United States. offshore campuses.). The declaration appears on the EUA web site at http://www. are one of the 12 broad sectors currently being negotiated under GATS. and the outcomes and consequences for colleges and universities around the world are as yet unclear. Educational services. the WTO member nations make "commitments" to negotiate on a particular area. In December 2000. raising the stakes. American Council on Education 29 .ch/eua/ (click on "Activities. The mobility of students and faculty. GATS is a multilateral. three countries—Australia. The sailing is not always smooth." then on "GATS").Endnote: Higher Education and the GATS Negotiations C ross-border higher education is nothing new. and the European University Association have expressed their concerns about these negotiations in a joint declaration and in communications with their respective governments. The American Council on Education. the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (U. New Zealand. Because the negotiations are far from complete. but both its pace and its scope have accelerated considerably in the past decade.unige. including what they saw as unclear distinctions between public and private higher education and how each is covered by GATS. and independent accreditation and quality assurance processes around the world. and distance learning have globalized higher education to an unprecedented level. institutional autonomy concerning academic matters.
a U.wto. higher education. • http://www.For additional information on the GATS negotiations. This site is the homepage of the WTO. New Zealand.uk/products/reports/pdf/March2002.acenet.obhe.pdf. Australia. and the United States.cfm.S.wto.ac.aucc.pdf.ca/en/international/bulletins/gatspaper. This paper provides an overview of GATS." at http://www. It includes the negotiating proposals from Japan.htm#top.cfm and http://www. and academics. consult: • http://www. • http://www.gats. • http://www. and implications for Canadian higher education. These February and June 2002 letters to Assistant U. then select the search button under "Education Services.acenet.K.S. It was prepared by the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Trade Representative Joseph Papovich outline key principles important to U. with a particular focus on the Commonwealth countries.edu/washington/letters/2002/02february/papovich. Click on "Sectoral Proposals.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/s_propnewnegs_e. including its structure.org.-based group focusing on borderless education. Additional information will be available on the ACE web site as the negotiations proceed (www. This report was commissioned by The Observatory. Author Jane Knight explores the implications of GATS for university managers. administrators.edu/washington/letters/2002/06june/papovich. processes." 30 A TRANSATLANTIC VIEW .edu).gats. obligations.acenet.
"U. and Hawkins (2001). 14 Business–Higher Education Forum (2001). A Virtual Revolution: Trends in the Expansion of Distance Education. J. Progress and Promise: The AUCC Report on Internationalization at Canadian Universities. Distributed Education and Its Challenges: An Overview. Barone.com. Special Tabulation from the Adult Education and Training Survey. (2001). Knight. (March 16. "Internationalisation Policies: About New Trends and Contrasting Paradigms. Woodward. signed by 29 ministers of education of European nations.futuresproject.J. http://www. F. A45. T. 18 Haug. DC: Office of Educational Research and Improvement. (2001). Choices. 2000). J. (2001). 19 American Council on Education 31 . and Washburn. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Birchard. K. Essick." The Chronicle of Higher Education." The Chronicle of Higher Education. Distributed Education: Challenges. Washington." Higher Education Policy 14.. (April 2001). 3 2 Newman. Oblinger. of Oxford Sells a Share in Its Future. Department of Education. 1998. G.acenet. RI: Brown University. and Tauch." Atlantic Monthly 285(3). D.statcan. "The Kept University. 1 (available in PDF form at www.pdf. 2001).edu/bookstore). Washington DC: American Council on Education (available in PDF form at www. Trends in Learning Structures in Higher Education (II): Follow-up Report Prepared for the Salamanca and Prague Conferences of March/May 2001. Washington DC: American Council on Education. 17 Hayward. 40. E. DC: American Federation of Teachers.C.. C. 249–59. J. (March 2000). encourages reforms in European higher education that will result in greater comparability and compatibility of national systems and promote mobility of students and staff. 6 5 Kriger. Duderstadt. Barone.edu/bookstore). Progress and Promise: The AUCC Report on Internationalization at Canadian Universities. A Parallel Postsecondary Universe: The Certification System in Information Technology.. Internationalization of U. Meister.S. F. (December 15. Washington.acenet. 16 15 Knight.. Adelman. as cited in Oblinger. C.S. Finland: National Board of Education. Ottawa: Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Higher Education: A Preliminary Status Report. K.edu/ bookstore). B10. (2001). 4 PricewaterhouseCoopers and the University of North Carolina. (2000). Statistics Canada. (2001).. http://www. DC: American Council on Education (available in PDF form at www. 2001).L. D. 2001). "Universities Join Forces to Spur Entrepreneurs. Van de Wende. M.html. http://www.thestandard.acenet.org/publications/new_competitive_ arena. "Bridging the Gap: Danish and Swedish Universities Join Forces to Create an Integrated Learning Region. "The Brave New World of Corporate Education. J. (2001). A60. (2000). (February 9.Notes 1 The Bologna Declaration of 1999.A. Barone.ca/start. and Hawkins. B. C.. C. L. Oblinger. C. U. (2000). B. Press. Washington DC: American Council on Education. (2000). 3. The Futures Project: Policy for Higher Education in a Changing World. Creating Knowledge: The UniversityIndustry Research Collaboration Initiative. Providence. and Hawkins. The New Competitive Arena: Market Forces Invade the Academy (working paper). and Couturier. (May 25. Ottawa: Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Washington. A University for the 21st Century.G. and a New Environment." The Chronicle of Higher Education.J. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. J. Working Together." The Industry Standard online.
former President CRE: The Association of European Universities Wilfried Hartmann. Adams. The State University of New Jersey Molly Corbett Broad. President and Vice Chancellor Dalhousie University Martha Piper. Professeur et Vice Recteur Université de Lausanne Rainer Künzel. Dr. Professor and Rector Università degli Studi di Torino Eric Froment. and Vice President Universitat Hamburg Jacques Diezi. Giroux. Vice President American Council on Education 32 A TRANSATLANTIC VIEW . Professeur et Président Université Lumière Lyon 2 Pierre de Maret. Rector Università degli Studi di Pisa President Italian Rectors' Conference Paolo Blasi. President and Vice Chancellor The University of British Columbia Jacquelyn Scott. President and Vice Chancellor University College of Cape Breton UNITED STATES Stanley O. Prof. President Ohio University Frank Newman. Canada July 2001 Peter Eckel. Visiting Professor and Director. Green. Dr. President The University of Georgia Robert Glidden. and President University of Osnabrück Andris Barblan. President and CEO Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada (AUCC) Dominique Abrioux. Professeur et Recteur Université Libre de Bruxelles Jiri Zlatuska. Futures Project Brown University Augustine P. President Athabasca University Thomas Traves. Prof. Associate Director for Institutional Initiatives American Council on Education EUROPE Lucy Smith.Transatlantic Dialogue Participants Université Laval Quebec. President American Council on Education Francis L. Ikenberry. Président EUA Professeur Université Lumière Lyon 2 Luciano Modica. Chancellor and Chief Executive Officer San Diego Community College District Madeleine F. Secretary General European University Association (EUA) Rinaldo Bertolino. Professor and Rector Masaryk University CANADA François Tavenas. Rector Université Laval Robert J. Professor and Former Rector Università degli Studi di Firenze Emanuela Stefani. President Rutgers. Gallego. President The University of North Carolina Michael F. Lawrence. Executive Director Italian Rectors' Conference Gilbert Puech. former Rector University of Oslo Institutt for Privatrett Kenneth Edwards.
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Yahoo has named Elisa Steele, former marketing exec at NetApp, as its new chief marketer. The firm's new CEO Carol Bartz has a connection to Steele through enterprise application firm NetApp, where Bartz serves on the board of directors. In hiring Steele, Bartz indicated a desire to centralize Yahoo's marketing teams and strategy.
Starting today, Steele will lead Yahoo's worldwide marketing strategy including brand and audience marketing, corporate communications, and privacy policy. Steele will report to Bartz.
Yahoo has not had a permanent chief marketing officer since October 2007, when Cammie Dunaway resigned from the post after a four-year stint. According to a Yahoo spokesperson, Bartz decided to re-establish the position.
The new CMO hails from NetApp, where she served as SVP of corporate marketing, handling a similar set of responsibilities. Steele also has management experience at Sun, AT&T, iPlanet eCommerce Solutions, and JavaSoft.
"Yahoo!'s marketing strategy and teams have become decentralized over time; hiring Elisa in the CMO role will quickly mobilize our plan to integrate the function globally and more effectively represent the Yahoo brand," noted Bartz in a company statement.
Steele's is the first major executive hire announced by Yahoo since Bartz took over the foundering company in January. The move could signal a shift at Yahoo toward recruiting from outside the digital media industry. Soon after her appointment as CEO, Bartz, previously CEO at design software firm Autodesk, suggested that her own tech-centric background will not prevent her from understanding the media market. "Media versus technology, that's a lot of nonsense," she said during a press conference in January.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Schneider Receives SEC Freshman of the Week Award
COLUMIBA -- Tyler Schneider was recognized as the Cross Country Men's Freshman of the Week on Tuesday by the SEC. The recognition comes after an impressive start from the Schaumburg, IL, native, as he not only scored in both of the meets thus far for the Tigers, but also currently holds the fastest freshman 8K time, seventh overall, in the SEC.
On Saturday, Schneider dropped 66-seconds off of his debut time at Iowa State to finish 27th at the Greater Louisville Classic in 24:23.54. He was the third freshman overall in the race, and the second runner in for the Tigers, helping them to a fourth place finish in the highly competitive field.
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Ciprico, a provider of data storage technology, has announced its new RAIDCore RC5000 line of SAS and SATA II RAID controllers. The new controllers are the company's first significant step into the hybrid digital media-IT storage markets.
A successor to Ciprico's 4000 series, the RC5000 series controllers offer better performance at a lower cost for Windows and Linux servers, workstations, personal computers and other embedded storage appliances employing RAID level protection.
The new controllers provide support for the latest serial attached SCSI (SAS) and serial ATA II (SATA II) specifications, as well as supporting both the traditional PCI-X and newer PCIe bus standards.
Shipping in May will be the eight port versions of the 5000 family, specifically the low-profile PCI-X based RC5110-08 and RC5152-08 boards, along with the RC5210-08 and RC5252-08 PCIe boards. All versions support the new mini-SAS SFF8087 connectors. Later this year, the company plans to ship 12- and 16-port SAS/SATA II boards, RC5252-12 and RC5252-16, based on the recently announced Marvell 6640 SAS/SATA II controller chip.
The new cards have demonstrated laboratory performance of more than 1.1GB/s throughput using only 16 SATA II drives, according to the company. Using the spanning algorithms, it is possible to create virtual arrays of up to 32 drives with any configuration of four, eight, 12 or 16 port boards as with earlier generations, as well as provide mixed drive size support without loss of disk capacity.
For more information, visit www.ciprico.com.
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