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Binocular Interaction in the Frog Retina
JOSA, Vol. 53, Issue 12, pp. 1423-1428 (1963)
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Using intact frog-eye preparations (Rana pipiens and Rana catesbiana) the back of the eyeball was exposed and a microelectrode inserted into the retina. Both the intraretinal electroretinogram (ERG) and the responses of single-ganglion cells were recorded when the eye was stimulated with light flashes in the range of 0.3- to 1.5-sec duration. The responses in the test eye were compared when this eye alone was stimulated and when both eyes were stimulated. The basic experimental design was to alternate binocular and monocular stimulation, always recording the response to the test eye. It was found that under certain circumstances the magnitude of the negative intraretinal ERG was reliably increased when stimulation to the contralateral eye accompanied the test-eye response. Control procedures indicate that this effect is the result of neural interaction between the two eyes, since it cannot be attributed to the consensual pupillary response or to such experimental artifacts as light scatter or of direct response potentials from one eye to the other.
With respect to the single-unit responses, no units were found that showed responses to contralateral stimulation alone. While there were some units that appeared to show altered response patterns as a result of concurrent contralateral stimulation, no reliable changes across units could be found in the limited sample tested.
GEORGE K. SHORTESS, "Binocular Interaction in the Frog Retina," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 53, 1423-1428 (1963)
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Email marketing has become the most abused word in the digital media ecosystem in India. But first, let's get back to basics.
Email marketing has always been an unsung hero for majority of the advertisers. But brands that use this form of digital marketing know that it proves to be the most effective tool for delivering results. Internet, in India too, stands for targeting and within the available tools, email is one of the most targeted one that marketers leverage as part of their mix.
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In a country where the mobile subscriber base is over 850 million and around 150 million mobile Internet users, mobile email is no longer a choice. Every marketer must start thinking about formatting the mailers to adapt to the portable screens given the amount of emails being read on the smaller screens. Some marketers believe that they only need to worry about very high-end phones like iPhone etc but Android claimed nearly half of the smartphone market in 2011. Basically your message should be able to adapt itself to multiple platforms. These days, the majority of the smartphones use a mobile email client like MailDroid, Apple Mail, or GMail, and open rates, clickthroughs, etc. are trackable.
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Grades: 9-12
1,135 students
Chartiers Valley High School serves 1,135 students in grades 9-12.
The student:teacher ratio of 14:1 is equal to the PA average of 14:1.
Minority enrollment is 11% of the student body (majority Black), which is less than the state average of 29%.
Chartiers Valley High School operates within the Chartiers Valley School District.
The school district's 95% graduation rate is higher than the PA state average of 88%.
Online Public Schools in PA
The student population of 1135 students has stayed relatively flat over five years.
The teacher population of 79 teachers has stayed relatively flat over five years.
Grades Offered | Grades 9-12 |
Total Students | 1,135 students |
Gender % | 53% Male / 47%Female |
Total Classroom Teachers | 79 teachers |
Students by Grade |
School Comparison
The student:teacher ratio of 14:1 has stayed the same over five years.
The school's diversity score of 0.21 is less than the state average of 0.23. The school's diversity has stayed relatively flat over five years.
District Comparison
The district's student population of 3,447 students has stayed relatively flat over five years.
The district's graduation rate of 95% has decreased from 100% over five years.
School District Name | Chartiers Valley School District | |
Number of Schools Managed |
4 |
3 |
Number of Students Managed | 3,447 | 1,682 |
Graduation Rate | 95% | 88% |
District Total Revenue | $49 MM | $21 MM |
District Spending | $43 MM | $20 MM |
District Revenue / Student | $14,506 | $12,476 |
District Spending / Student | $12,674 | $11,944 |
School Statewide Testing | View Education Department Test Scores |
Nearby Schools:
The nearest high school is Mt Lebanon Senior High School (3.2 miles away).
The nearest middle school is Jefferson Middle School (2.7 miles away)
The nearest elementary school is Chartiers Valley Primary School (0.1 miles away)
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Bridgeville Chartiers Valley Primary School
125 Thoms Run Rd
Bridgeville , PA 15017
(412)429-3270 -
Carnegie Carnegie Elementary School
301 Franklin Ave
Carnegie , PA 15106
(412)429-2540 -
Pittsburgh Chartiers Valley Intrmd School
2030 Swallow Hill Rd
Pittsburgh , PA 15220
(412)429-2233 -
Pittsburgh Hoover Elementary School
37 Robb Hollow Rd
Pittsburgh , PA 15243
(412)276-7411 -
Pittsburgh Jefferson Middle School
21 Moffett St
Pittsburgh , PA 15243
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US & Canada3D printable gun causes stir in Washington Blueprints for the world's first 3D printable handgun have been downloaded at least 100,000 times. 11 May 2013 03:51 GMT | US & Canada, United States Moves by US authorities to remove blueprints for the world's first 3D printable handgun from the internet, appear to have come too late. The instructions have been downloaded at least 100,000 times, since being taken off the web. Al Jazeera's John Terrett reports from Washington. Source: Al Jazeera
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