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Definition: Optimized Generator Operation | Open Energy Information
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Optimized Generator Operation Optimized Generator Operation Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Optimized Generator Operation Better forecasting and monitoring of load and grid performance would enable grid operators to dispatch a more efficient mix of generation that could be optimized to reduce cost. The coordinated operation of energy storage, distributed generation, or plug-in electric vehicle assets could also result in completely avoiding central generation dispatch.[1] Related Terms sustainability References Ōåæ SmartGrid.gov 'Description of Benefits' An LikeLike UnlikeLike You like this.Sign Up to see what your friends like. inline Glossary Definition Retrieved from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=Definition:Optimized_Generator_Operation&oldid=502509" Categories:
Method and apparatus for optimizing operation of a power generating plant using artificial intelligence techniques
DOE Patents (OSTI)
A method and apparatus for optimizing the operation of a power generating plant using artificial intelligence techniques. One or more decisions D are determined for at least one consecutive time increment, where at least one of the decisions D is associated with a discrete variable for the operation of a power plant device in the power generating plant. In an illustrated embodiment, the power plant device is a soot cleaning device associated with a boiler.
Wroblewski, David (Mentor, OH); Katrompas, Alexander M. (Concord, OH); Parikh, Neel J. (Richmond Heights, OH)
Optimal generation of single-qubit operation from an always-on interaction by algebraic decoupling
E-Print Network (OSTI)
We present a direct algebraic decoupling approach to generate arbitrary single-qubit operations in the presence of a constant interaction by applying local control signals. To overcome the difficulty of undesirable entanglement generated by the untunable interaction, we derive local control fields that are designed to both drive the qubit systems back to unentangled states at the end of the time interval over which the desired single-qubit operation is completed. This approach is seen to be particularly relevant for the physical implementation of solid-state quantum computation and for the design of low-power pulses in NMR.
Jun Zhang; K. Birgitta Whaley
Optimized Maintenance of Generator Rotors
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Generator rotor maintenance options are limited and expensive. The timing and scope of work done requires optimization to obtain the maximum benefits for continued long-term trouble-free operation. This document is a comprehensive guide to the maintenance of large generator rotors of 2 and 4 pole design that are cooled directly or indirectly by air or hydrogen. These include 50 and 60 Hz machines, operating at speeds of 1500, 1800, 3000, and 3600 RPM. The guide does not cover water-cooled rotors. The inf...
Generating Alternatives Using Simulation-Optimization Combined with Niching Operators to Address Unmodelled Objectives in a Waste Management Facility Expansion Planning Case
Public sector decision-making typically involves complex problems that are riddled with incompatible performance objectives and possess competing design requirements which are very difficult-if not impossible-to quantify and capture when supporting decision ... Keywords: Environmental Decision Making Under Uncertainty, Modelling to Generate Alternatives MGA, Niching Operators, Planning, Simulation-Optimization SO, Strategy
Julian Scott Yeomans, Yavuz Gunalay
Power Systems Operation Planning Optimization.
??Optimal hydrothermal power dispatch on a multi-area network is a large-scale non-linear problem. Its objective is to find the optimal generation schedule of hydro andģ (more)
Cooperative operation and optimal design for islanded microgrid
Considering the operation constraints of main equipments, this paper addresses an optimization design and coordinated operation control strategy for an islanded microgrid including wind generator, photovoltaic, diesel generator and energy storage (Wind-PV-DG-ESS). ...
Chengshan Wang; Mengxuan Liu; Li Guo
Operating Reserves and Variable Generation
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
This report tries to first generalize the requirements of the power system as it relates to the needs of operating reserves. It also includes a survey of operating reserves and how they are managed internationally in system operations today and then how new studies and research are proposing they may be managed in the future with higher penetrations of variable generation.
Ela, E.; Milligan, M.; Kirby, B.
Optimal Sizing of a Stand-alone Wind/Photovoltaic Generation Unit using Particle Swarm Optimization
A hybrid wind/photovoltaic generation system is designed to supply power demand. The aim of this design is minimization of the overall cost of the generation scheme over 20 years of operation. Full demand supply is modeled as constraint for optimization ... Keywords: genetic algorithm, optimal sizing, particle swarm optimization, photovoltaic, wind energy
Ali Kashefi Kaviani; Hamid Reza Baghaee; Gholam Hossein Riahy
SciTech Connect
Eight 900-amp, 36-kw direct current welding generators driven by eight 60-hp induction motors were operated in parallel to supply up to 7200 amp to resistance loads for heat transfer studies. A description and circuit designs of this installation, which provides safety interlocks and permits sectionalized operation for separate leads, are given. (auth)
Butler, B.H.
Operation of Distributed Generation Under Stochastic Prices
Operation of Distributed Generation Under Stochastic PricesOPERATION OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION UNDER STOCHASTIC PRICESwith either on-site distributed generation (DG) or purchases
Siddiqui, Afzal S.; Marnay, Chris
Optimal operation of a virtual power plant with risk management
In the evolving smart power systems (or smart grids), distributed generators (DG) and virtual power plants (VPP) have major roles in providing electric energy for microgrids. This paper studies the optimal operation of a VPP in a microgrid considering ...
H. Taheri; A. Rahimi-Kian; H. Ghasemi; B. Alizadeh
Optimal operating strategy for a storage facility
In the thesis, I derive the optimal operating strategy to maximize the value of a storage facility by exploiting the properties in the underlying natural gas spot price. To achieve the objective, I investigate the optimal ...
Zhai, Ning
Operating strategy generators for nuclear reactors
Operating strategy generators, i.e., the software intended for increasing the efficiency of work of nuclear power plant operators, are discussed. The possibilities provided by the domestic and foreign operating-strategy generators are analyzed.
Solovyev, D. A., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Semenov, A. A.; Shchukin, N. V. [National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Russian Federation)
Economical operation of thermal generating units integrated with smart houses
This paper presents an economic optimal operation strategy for thermal power generation units integrated with smart houses. With the increased competition in retail and power sector reasoned by the deregulation and liberalization of power market make ... Keywords: particle swarm optimization, renewable energy sources, smart grid, smart house, thermal unit commitment
Shantanu Chakraborty; Takayuki Ito; Tomonobu Senjyu
Convergence acceleration operator for multiobjective optimization
A convergence acceleration operator (CAO) is described which enhances the search capability and the speed of convergence of the host multiobjective optimization algorithm. The operator acts directly in the objective space to suggest improvements to solutions ... Keywords: evolutionary multiobjective optimization, neural networks
Salem F. Adra; Tony J. Dodd; Ian A. Griffin; Peter J. Fleming
Distributed Generation Dispatch Optimization under Various Electricity Tariffs
LBNL-54447. Distributed Generation Dispatch Optimizationrelated work. Distributed Generation Dispatch Optimization3 2.2 Distributed Generation
Firestone, Ryan; Marnay, Chris
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) system using coal gasification is an important approach for future energy options. This work focuses on understading the system operation and optimizing it in the presence of uncertain operating conditions using ASPEN Plus and CAPE-OPEN compliant stochastic simulation and multiobjective optimization capabilities developed by Vishwamitra Research Institute. The feasible operating surface for the IGCC system is generated and deterministic multiobjective optimization is performed. Since the feasible operating space is highly non-convex, heuristics based techniques that do not require gradient information are used to generate the Pareto surface. Accurate CFD models are simultaneously developed for the gasifier and chemical looping combustion system to characterize and quantify the process uncertainty in the ASPEN model.
Juan M. Salazar; Urmila M. Diwekar; Stephen E. Zitney
Simulation and Optimization of Wind Farm Operations under Stochastic Conditions
This dissertation develops a new methodology and associated solution tools to achieve optimal operations and maintenance strategies for wind turbines, helping reduce operational costs and enhance the marketability of wind generation. The integrated framework proposed includes two optimization models for enabling decision support capability, and one discrete event-based simulation model that characterizes the dynamic operations of wind power systems. The problems in the optimization models are formulated as a partially observed Markov decision process to determine an optimal action based on a wind turbine's health status and the stochastic weather conditions. The rst optimization model uses homogeneous parameters with an assumption of stationary weather characteristics over the decision horizon. We derive a set of closed-form expressions for the optimal policy and explore the policy's monotonicity. The second model allows time-varying weather conditions and other practical aspects. Consequently, the resulting strategy are season-dependent. The model is solved using a backward dynamic programming method. The bene ts of the optimal policy are highlighted via a case study that is based upon eld data from the literature and industry. We nd that the optimal policy provides options for cost-e ective actions, because it can be adapted to a variety of operating conditions. Our discrete event-based simulation model incorporates critical components, such as a wind turbine degradation model, power generation model, wind speed model, and maintenance model. We provide practical insights gained by examining di erent maintenance strategies. To the best of our knowledge, our simulation model is the rst discrete-event simulation model for wind farm operations. Last, we present the integration framework, which incorporates the optimization results in the simulation model. Preliminary results reveal that the integrated model has the potential to provide practical guidelines that can reduce the operation costs as well as enhance the marketability of wind energy.
Byon, Eunshin
Optimal Planning and Operation of Smart Grids with Electric Vehicle
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
Optimal Planning and Operation of Smart Grids with Electric Vehicle Optimal Planning and Operation of Smart Grids with Electric Vehicle Interconnection Title Optimal Planning and Operation of Smart Grids with Electric Vehicle Interconnection Publication Type Journal Article Refereed Designation Refereed LBNL Report Number LBNL-5251E Year of Publication 2012 Authors Stadler, Michael, Chris Marnay, Maximillian Kloess, Gon├¦alo Cardoso, Gon├¦alo Mendes, Afzal S. Siddiqui, Ratnesh Sharma, Olivier M├®gel, and Judy Lai Journal Journal of Energy Engineering, Special Issue: Challenges and opportunities in the 21st century energy infrastructure Volume 138 Start Page 95 Issue 2 Pagination 95-108 Date Published 06/2012 Publisher LBNL ISSN ISSN (print): 0733-9402, ISSN (online): 1943-7897 Keywords carbon emissions, combined heat and power, commercial buildings, distributed energy resources, distributed generation, electric vehicle, electricity markets and policy group, energy analysis and environmental impacts department, load shifting, microgrid, microgrids, optimization, smart grid, storage technologies
Optimized Icosahedral Grids: Performance of Finite-Difference Operators and Multigrid Solver
This paper discusses the generation of icosahedral hexagonal/pentagonal grids, optimization of the grids, how optimization affects the accuracy of finite-difference Laplacian, Jacobian and divergence operators, and a parallel multigrid solver that ...
Ross P. Heikes; David A. Randall; Celal S. Konor
Safe Operation of Backup Power Generators
It is important to know how to operate backup power generators safely. The tips in this publication can prevent problems with CO poisoning, electrocution, fire and other hazards.
Smith, David
Safe Operation of Backup Power Generators (Spanish)
Optimal Planning and Operation of Smart Grids with Electric Vehicle...
Optimal Planning and Operation of Smart Grids with Electric Vehicle Interconnection Title Optimal Planning and Operation of Smart Grids with Electric Vehicle Interconnection...
Thermoelectric generator apparatus and operation method
A method of operating a thermoelectric generator includes: cyclically producing increasing then decreasing temperature differences in the thermoelectric material of the generator; and generating a cyclically increasing then decreasing electrical generator output signal, in response to such temperature differences, to transmit electrical power generated by the generator from the generator. Part of the thermoelectric material reaches temperatures substantially above the melting temperature of the material. The thermoelectric material of the generator forms a part of a closed electrical loop about a transformer core so that the inductor voltage for the loop serves as the output signal of the generator. A thermoelectric generator, which can be driven by the described method of operation, incorporates fins into a thermopile to conduct heat toward or away from the alternating spaces between adjacent layers of different types of thermoelectric material. The fins extend from between adjacent layers, so that they can also conduct electrical current between such layers, perpendicularly to the direction of stacking of the layers. The exhaust from an internal combustion engine can be employed to drive the thermoelectric generator, and, also, to act as a driver for a thermoelectric generator in accordance with the method of operation initially described.
Lowther, F.E.
Optimal generation of entanglement under local control
We study the optimal generation of entanglement between two qubits subject to local unitary control. With the only assumptions of linear control and unitary dynamics, by means of a numerical protocol based on the variational approach (Pontryagin's Minimum Principle), we evaluate the optimal control strategy leading to the maximal achievable entanglement in an arbitrary interaction time, taking into account the energy cost associated to the controls. In our model we can arbitrarily choose the relative weight between a large entanglement and a small energy cost.
Raffaele Romano; Alessio Del Fabbro
Romano, Raffaele
We model the operating decisions of a commercial enterprisethatneeds to satisfy its periodic electricity demand with either on-sitedistributed generation (DG) or purchases from the wholesale market. Whilethe former option involves electricity generation at relatively high andpossibly stochastic costs from a set of capacity-constrained DGtechnologies, the latter implies unlimited open-market transactions atstochastic prices. A stochastic dynamic programme (SDP) is used to solvethe resulting optimisation problem. By solving the SDP with and withoutthe availability of DG units, the implied option values of the DG unitsare obtained.
Generating exact D-optimal designs for polynomial models
This paper compares several optimization algorithms that can be used to generate exact D-optimal designs (i.e., designs for a specified number of runs) for any polynomial model. The merits and limitations of each algorithm are demonstrated on ... Keywords: general linear regression, mathematical optimization, optimal experimental design
Jacob E. Boon
Optimal Operation of a Multiple Reservoir System
energy production release policies system. percent while optimal the meet satisfactorily all Sensitivity analysis
Marino, Miguel A; Loaiciga, Hugo A
Valuation and Optimal Operation of Electric Power Plants in Competitive Markets
We present an algorithm for the valuation and optimal operation of hydroelectric and thermal power generators in deregulated electricity markets. Real options theory is used to derive nonlinear partial-integro-differential equations (PIDEs) for the valuation ... Keywords: dynamic programming/optimal control: application, finance/asset pricing: pricing power plants as real options, natural resources/energy: deregulated electricity markets
Matt Thompson; Matt Davison; Henning Rasmussen
A code generation approach to optimizing high-performance distributed data stream processing
We present a code-generation-based optimization approach to bringing performance and scalability to distributed stream processing applications. We express stream processing applications using an operator-based, stream-centric language called SPADE, which ... Keywords: profile driven optimization, streaming systems
Bu?ra Gedik; Henrique Andrade; Kun-Lung Wu
Optimal Technology Selection and Operation of Microgrids in Commercial Buildings
L ABORATORY Optimal Technology Selection and Operation ofEnvironmental Energy Technologies Division 15 January 2007for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions with funding
Marnay, Chris; Venkataramanan, Giri; Stadler, Michael; Siddiqui, Afzal; Firestone, Ryan; Chandran, Bala
Optimizing Asset Utilization and Operating Efficiency Efficiently, June
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
Optimizing Asset Utilization and Operating Efficiency Efficiently, Optimizing Asset Utilization and Operating Efficiency Efficiently, June 2008 Optimizing Asset Utilization and Operating Efficiency Efficiently, June 2008 Smart Grid Implementation Workshop Breakout Group Report, a discussion of metrics for smart grid implementation. The following major caveats and findings were identified: Optimizing asset utilization and operating efficiently depends on proper integration of technologies with business processes and associated IT Build metrics, by definition, need to be updated regularly to reflect new technology Build metrics should not be technology prescriptive or result innarrowing technology options for Smart Grid (should be as "technology agnostic"as possible) Build metrics need to differentiate between statistics
Computational Research Challenges and Opportunities for the Optimization of Fossil Energy Power Generation System
Emerging fossil energy power generation systems must operate with unprecedented efficiency and near-zero emissions, while optimizing profitably amid cost fluctuations for raw materials, finished products, and energy. To help address these challenges, the fossil energy industry will have to rely increasingly on the use advanced computational tools for modeling and simulating complex process systems. In this paper, we present the computational research challenges and opportunities for the optimization of fossil energy power generation systems across the plant lifecycle from process synthesis and design to plant operations. We also look beyond the plant gates to discuss research challenges and opportunities for enterprise-wide optimization, including planning, scheduling, and supply chain technologies.
Zitney, S.E.
Generating optimal plans in highly-dynamic domains
Generating optimal plans in highly dynamic environments is challenging. Plans are predicated on an assumed initial state, but this state can change unexpectedly during plan generation, potentially invalidating the planning effort. In this paper we make ...
Christian Fritz; Sheila A. McIlraith
Optimization Online - Asynchronous parallel generating set search ...
Aug 10, 2006 ... Category 3: Robust Optimization. Citation: Technical Report SAND2006-4621, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM and Livermore,Ā...
Operation of a third generation wind turbine
A modern wind turbine was installed on May 26, 1982, at the USDA Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, Bushland, Texas. This wind machine was used to provide electrical energy for irrigation pumping and other agricultural loads. The wind turbine purchased for this research is an Enertech Model 44, manufactured by Enertech Corporation, Norwich, Vermont. The horizontal-axis wind turbine has a 13.4 m diameter, three-bladed, fixed-pitch rotor on a 24.4-m tower. The blades are laminated epoxy-wood, and are attached to a steel hub. A 25-kW induction generator provides 240 V, 60 Hz, single-phase electrical power. The wind turbine operated 64 percent of the time, while being available to operate over 94 percent of the time. The unit had a net energy production of over 80,000 kWh in an average windspeed of 5.9 m/s at a height of 10 m in a 16-month period. The blade pitch was originally offset two degrees from design to maintain power production within the limitations of the gearbox, generator, and brakes. A maximum output of 23.2 kW averaged over a 15-second period indicated that with a new brake, the system was capable of handling more power. After a new brake was installed, the blade pitch was changed to one degree from design. The maximum power output measured after the pitch change was 29.3 kW. Modified blade tip brakes were installed on the wind turbine on July 7, 1983. These tip brakes increased power production at lower windspeeds while reducing power at higher windspeeds.
Vosper, F.C.; Clark, R.N.
Liquefaction Coal Gasification Thermal Electric Power Generation Oil Shale Conversion Fuel Refining Coal Slurry
Stanford University
Provably near-optimal algorithms for multi-stage stochastic optimization models in operations management
Many if not most of the core problems studied in operations management fall into the category of multi-stage stochastic optimization models, whereby one considers multiple, often correlated decisions to optimize a particular ...
Shi, Cong, Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Applications of Optimal Building Energy System Selection and Operation
Berkeley Lab has been developing the Distributed Energy Resources Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM) for several years. Given load curves for energy services requirements in a building microgrid (u grid), fuel costs and other economic inputs, and a menu of available technologies, DER-CAM finds the optimum equipment fleet and its optimum operating schedule using a mixed integer linear programming approach. This capability is being applied using a software as a service (SaaS) model. Optimisation problems are set up on a Berkeley Lab server and clients can execute their jobs as needed, typically daily. The evolution of this approach is demonstrated by description of three ongoing projects. The first is a public access web site focused on solar photovoltaic generation and battery viability at large commercial and industrial customer sites. The second is a building CO2 emissions reduction operations problem for a University of California, Davis student dining hall for which potential investments are also considered. And the third, is both a battery selection problem and a rolling operating schedule problem for a large County Jail. Together these examples show that optimization of building u grid design and operation can be effectively achieved using SaaS.
Marnay, Chris; Stadler, Michael; Siddiqui, Afzal; DeForest, Nicholas; Donadee, Jon; Bhattacharya, Prajesh; Lai, Judy
Second-generation-heliostat optimization studies. Final report
The objective of this study was to define and quantify cost reductions in the Martin Marietta Denver Aerospace Second Generation Heliostat resulting from design and cost optimization. These cost reductions were based on optimizing the heliostat performance vs. cost and engineering design, and reviewing the design specification in selected technological areas with a goal of removing nonrealistic requirements and eliminating or minimizing overdesign. Specific technological areas investigated were: (1) designing the heliostat for survival strength rather than stiffness and reducing the operational wind requirements as dictated by this design approach; (2) reducing the pointing accuracy and/or beam quality required for some fraction or all of the heliostat field; (3) modifying the operational temperature range; (4) relaxing the rate at which the heliostat must move in the slew mode; (5) using alternate beam safety strategies; (6) analyzing actual wind data for selected sites in the southwest United States vs. the heliostat design specification survival wind requirements; (7) estimating heliostat damage for winds in excess of the design specification over a 30 year period; (8) evaluating the impact of designing the heliostat for higher wind loads; and (9) investigating the applicability to heliostat design of the standard engineering practices for designing buildings.
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Generation Under Stochastic Prices Afzal S. Siddiqui andGENERATION UNDER STOCHASTIC PRICES AFZAL SIDDIQUI AND CHRIStransactions at stochastic prices. A stochastic dynamic
Optimization Online - Column Generation for Extended Formulations
Jul 8, 2011 ... We compare numerically a direct handling of the extended formulation, a standard column generation approach, and the ``column-and-rowĀ...
Nonlinear regression model generation using hyperparameter optimization
An algorithm of the inductive model generation and model selection is proposed to solve the problem of automatic construction of regression models. A regression model is an admissible superposition of smooth functions given by experts. Coherent Bayesian ... Keywords: Coherent Bayesian inference, Hyperparameters, Model generation, Model selection, Regression
Vadim Strijov; Gerhard Wilhelm Weber
Recovery code generation for general speculative optimizations
A general framework that integrates both control and data speculation using alias profiling and/or compiler heuristic rules has shown to improve CPU2000 performance on Itanium systems. However, speculative optimizations require check instructions and ... Keywords: Recovery code, multi-level data speculation, speculative SSA form
Jin Lin; Wei-Chung Hsu; Pen-Chung Yew; Roy Dz-Ching Ju; Tin-Fook Ngai
Saturated poroelastic actuators generated by topology optimization
In this paper the fluid-structure interaction problem of a saturated porous media is considered. The pressure coupling properties of porous saturated materials change with the microstructure and this is utilized in the design of an actuator using a topology ... Keywords: Coupled problems, FSI, Homogenization, Multi-scale modeling, Topology optimization
Casper Schousboe Andreasen; Ole Sigmund
Conversion efficiency, scaling and global optimization of high harmonic generation
Closed form expressions for the high harmonic generation (HHG) conversion efficiency in the plateau and cut-off region are derived showing agreement with previous observations. Application of these results to optimal ...
Falcao-Filho, Edilson L.
Reservoir Operation by Ant Colony Optimization Algorithms M. R. ...
many features which are similar to genetic algorithms (GAs). Table 1 ..... discretized storage volumes as well as along the 60-month operation horizon makes the local update rule .... "Optimization, learning and natural algorithms" Ph .D. Thesis,.
An ant algorithm for optimization of hole-making operations
This paper deals with the optimization of hole-making operations in conditions where a hole may need several tools to get completed. The objective of interest in the considered problem is to minimize the summation of tool airtime and tool switch time. ... Keywords: Ant algorithms, Drilling, Hole-making, Optimization
Heidar Ghaiebi; Maghsud Solimanpur
Optimal operation of chiller system using fuzzy control
Preservation of comfort conditions for buildings' occupants and minimization of energy consumption and cost are the main targets of the energy and indoor environment management systems. This paper aims to achieve those targets by presenting the optimal ... Keywords: air-conditioning system, chilling system, fuzzy control, fuzzy rules, fuzzy sets, membership function, optimal operation
Zazilah May; Nursyarizal Mohd Nor; Kamaruzaman Jusoff
Optimal power capturing of multi-MW wind generation system
Recently, an increasing number of multi-MW (1MW and up) wind generation systems are being developed and variable speed-variable pitch (VS-VP) control technology is usually adopted to improve the fast response speed and obtain the optimal energy, which ... Keywords: adaptive fuzzy proportional integral derivative, doubly-fed induction generator, hydraulic variable pitch mechanism, optimal, variable speed-variable pitch, wind turbine
Kong Yigang; Wang Zhixin
Optimal operational strategies for a day-ahead electricity market in the presence of market power using multi-objective evolutionary algorithm.
??This dissertation introduces a novel approach for optimally operating a day-ahead electricity market not only by economically dispatching the generation resources but also by minimizingģ (more)
Rodrigo, Deepal
New optimization techniques for power system generation scheduling.
??Generation scheduling in restructured electric power systems is critical to maintain the stability and security of a power system and economical operation of the electricityģ (more)
Sun, Wei
Variable speed operation of generators with rotor-speed feedback in wind power applications
The use of induction generators in wind power applications has been common since the early development of the wind industry. Most of these generators operate at fixed frequency and are connected directly to the utility grid. Unfortunately, this mode of operation limits the rotor speed to a specific rpm. Variable-speed operation is preferred in order to facilitate maximum energy capture over a wide range of wind speeds. This paper explores variable-speed operating strategies for wind turbine applications. The objectives are to maximize energy production, provide controlled start-up and reduce torque loading. This paper focuses on optimizing the energy captured by operating at maximum aerodynamic efficiency at any wind speed. The control strategy we analyze uses rotor speed and generator power as the feedback signals. In the normal operating region, rotor speed is used to compute a target power that corresponds to optimum operation. With power as the control objective, the power converter and generator are controlled to track the target power at any rpm. Thus, the torque-speed characteristic of the generator is shaped to optimize the energy capture. The target power is continuously updated at any rpm. in extreme areas of the operating envelope, during start-up, shutdown, generator overload, or overspeed, different strategies driven by other system considerations must be used.
Muljadi, E.; Butterfield, C.P.; Migliore, P.
Definition: Generator Operator | Open Energy Information
Services.1 Related Terms Interconnected Operations Service References Glossary of Terms Used in Reliability Standards An LikeLike UnlikeLike You like this.Sign Up...
A Methodology for Optimizing Boiler Operating Strategy
Among the many ways by which an energy manager can conserve energy is the establishment of a strategy for operation of fired boilers. In particular, he can effect total fuel consumption by his decision on how much on-line boiler surplus is required. There is a need to be able to balance the cost advantages of operating with less boiler surplus against the potential economic losses that might result from the increased risk of not meeting demand. A methodology for doing this along with an example calculation, is presented in this paper.
Jones, K. C.
-site DG installed by a microgrid in the presence of stochastic electricity and fuel prices. We proceed (natural gas generating cost) exceeds the natural gas generating cost (electricity price) by a significant fraction of energy conversion from primary fuels to electricity takes place closer to loads, i
Optimal Technology Selection and Operation of Commercial-
Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098 and by the California Energy Commission, Public Interest Energy Research, process, or service by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily: distributed generation; combined heat and power; decentralised optimisation; microgrid; power quality ABSTRACT
Optimization for Design and Operation of Natural Gas Transmission Networks
This study addresses the problem of designing a new natural gas transmission network or expanding an existing network while minimizing the total investment and operating costs. A substantial reduction in costs can be obtained by effectively designing and operating the network. A well-designed network helps natural gas companies minimize the costs while increasing the customer service level. The aim of the study is to determine the optimum installation scheduling and locations of new pipelines and compressor stations. On an existing network, the model also optimizes the total flow through pipelines that satisfy demand to determine the best purchase amount of gas. A mixed integer nonlinear programming model for steady-state natural gas transmission problem on tree-structured network is introduced. The problem is a multi-period model, so changes in the network over a planning horizon can be observed and decisions can be made accordingly in advance. The problem is modeled and solved with easily accessible modeling and solving tools in order to help decision makers to make appropriate decisions in a short time. Various test instances are generated, including problems with different sizes, period lengths and cost parameters, to evaluate the performance and reliability of the model. Test results revealed that the proposed model helps to determine the optimum number of periods in a planning horizon and the crucial cost parameters that affect the network structure the most.
Dilaveroglu, Sebnem 1986-
Optimizing Organic Waste to Energy Operations
A waste-to-energy firm that recycles organic waste with energy recovery performs two environmentally beneficial functions: it diverts waste from landfills and it produces renewable energy. At the same time, the waste-to-energy firm serves and collects ... Keywords: environment, operating strategy, organic waste to energy, regulation, sustainability
Bar?? Ata; Deishin Lee; Mustafa H. Tongarlak
Optimal operational strategy for hybrid renewable energy system using genetic algorithms
Off-grid settlements require efficient, reliable and cost-effective renewable energy as alternative to the power supplied by diesel generator. Techno-economic analysis is required to find the optimum renewable energy system in the long run. This paper ... Keywords: genetic algorithm, hybrid system, operation strategy, optimization, renewable energy
Juhari Ab. Razak; Kamaruzzaman Sopian; Zulkifli Mohd Nopiah; Azami Zaharim; Yusoff Ali
Off-grid settlements require efficient, reliable and cost-effective renewable energy as alternative to the power supplied by diesel generator. Techno-economic analysis is required to find the optimum renewable energy system in the long run. This paper ... Keywords: genetic algorithms, hybrid system, operation strategy, optimization, renewable energy
Kamaruzzaman Sopian; Azami Zaharim; Yusoff Ali; Zulkifli Mohd Nopiah; Juhari Ab. Razak; Nor Salim Muhammad
Planning and Operation of Smart Grids with Electric Vehicle Planning and Operation of Smart Grids with Electric Vehicle Interconnection Title Optimal Planning and Operation of Smart Grids with Electric Vehicle Interconnection Publication Type Journal Article Refereed Designation Refereed LBNL Report Number LBNL-5251E Year of Publication 2012 Authors Stadler, Michael, Chris Marnay, Maximillian Kloess, Gon├¦alo Cardoso, Gon├¦alo Mendes, Afzal S. Siddiqui, Ratnesh Sharma, Olivier M├®gel, and Judy Lai Journal Journal of Energy Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE): Special Issue: Challenges and opportunities in the 21st century energy infrastructure Volume 138 Issue 2 Date Published 06/2012 Abstract Connection of electric storage technologies to smartgrids will have substantial implications for building energy systems. Local storage will enable demand response. When connected to buildings, mobile storage devices such as electric vehicles (EVs) are in competition with conventional stationary sources at the building. EVs can change the financial as well as environmental attractiveness of on-site generation (e.g. PV or fuel cells). In order to examine the impact of EVs on building energy costs and CO2 emissions, a distributed-energy-resources adoption problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program with minimization of annual building energy costs or CO2 emissions and solved for 2020 technology assumptions. The mixed-integer linear program is applied to a set of 139 different commercial buildings in California and example results as well as the aggregated economic and environmental benefits are reported. Special constraints for the available PV, solar thermal, and EV parking lots at the commercial buildings are considered. The research shows that EV batteries can be used to reduce utility-related energy costs at the smart grid or commercial building due to arbitrage of energy between buildings with different tariffs. However, putting more emphasis on CO2 emissions makes stationary storage more attractive and stationary storage capacities increase while the attractiveness of EVs decreases. The limited availability of EVs at the commercial building decreases the attractiveness of EVs and if PV is chosen by the optimization, then it is mostly used to charge the stationary storage at the commercial building and not the EVs connected to the building.
Turbine-Generator Maintenance Interval Optimization Using a Financial Risk Assessment Technique
Turbine-generator (T-G) maintenance interval selection is evolving from a time-based and reliability-centered approach to an approach based on financial risk. The new financial-based decision methods seek to reduce each unit's maintenance costs to the lowest level consistent with safe operation, while balancing operations and maintenance (O&M) expenditures optimally over the entire plant or system. EPRI's Turbo-X software provides a powerful planning tool for engineers to evaluate specific proposals for ...
AVESTAR Center for Operational Excellence of Electricity Generation Plants
To address industry challenges in attaining operational excellence for electricity generation plants, the U.S. Department of EnergyÆs (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) has launched a world-class facility for Advanced Virtual Energy Simulation Training and Research (AVESTARTM). This presentation will highlight the AVESTARTM Center simulators, facilities, and comprehensive training, education, and research programs focused on the operation and control of high-efficiency, near-zero-emission electricity generation plants. The AVESTAR Center brings together state-of-the-art, real-time, high-fidelity dynamic simulators with full-scope operator training systems (OTSs) and 3D virtual immersive training systems (ITSs) into an integrated energy plant and control room environment. AVESTARÆs initial offering combines--for the first time--a ōgasification with CO2 captureö process simulator with a ōcombined-cycleö power simulator together in a single OTS/ITS solution for an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plant with carbon dioxide (CO2) capture. IGCC systems are an attractive technology option for power generation, especially when capturing and storing CO2 is necessary to satisfy emission targets. The AVESTAR training program offers a variety of courses that merge classroom learning, simulator-based OTS learning in a control-room operations environment, and immersive learning in the interactive 3D virtual plant environment or ITS. All of the courses introduce trainees to base-load plant operation, control, startups, and shutdowns. Advanced courses require participants to become familiar with coordinated control, fuel switching, power-demand load shedding, and load following, as well as to problem solve equipment and process malfunctions. Designed to ensure work force development, training is offered for control room and plant field operators, as well as engineers and managers. Such comprehensive simulator-based instruction allows for realistic training without compromising worker, equipment, and environmental safety. It also better prepares operators and engineers to manage the plant closer to economic constraints while minimizing or avoiding the impact of any potentially harmful, wasteful, or inefficient events. The AVESTAR Center is also used to augment graduate and undergraduate engineering education in the areas of process simulation, dynamics, control, and safety. Students and researchers gain hands-on simulator-based training experience and learn how the commercial-scale power plants respond dynamically to changes in manipulated inputs, such as coal feed flow rate and power demand. Students also analyze how the regulatory control system impacts power plant performance and stability. In addition, students practice start-up, shutdown, and malfunction scenarios. The 3D virtual ITSs are used for plant familiarization, walk-through, equipment animations, and safety scenarios. To further leverage the AVESTAR facilities and simulators, NETL and its university partners are pursuing an innovative and collaborative R&D program. In the area of process control, AVESTAR researchers are developing enhanced strategies for regulatory control and coordinated plant-wide control, including gasifier and gas turbine lead, as well as advanced process control using model predictive control (MPC) techniques. Other AVESTAR R&D focus areas include high-fidelity equipment modeling using partial differential equations, dynamic reduced order modeling, optimal sensor placement, 3D virtual plant simulation, and modern grid. NETL and its partners plan to continue building the AVESTAR portfolio of dynamic simulators, immersive training systems, and advanced research capabilities to satisfy industryÆs growing need for training and experience with the operation and control of clean energy plants. Future dynamic simulators under development include natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) and supercritical pulverized coal (SCPC) plants with post-combustion CO2 capture. These dynamic simulators are targeted for us
Zitney, Stephen
Optimizing the Day to Day Operation of Utility Systems
At the 2002 IETC, Linnhoff March presented an overview of spreadsheet-based software packages to rigorously model site utility systems. Such models allow the user to plan future scenarios that might impact upon the system operation (energy saving projects, production changes, new equipment, future energy tariffs, etc). Indeed, since last year, the DOE has made utility system template models freely available to industrial users as reported elsewhere at the 2003 IETC. Until last year, most industrial applications of this utility system software were set up for planning purposes, largely off-line. More recently, these applications have become more sophisticated and can operate on-line in real time. They include complex optimization routines to ensure that the utility system is always being operated in the best possible way under any prevailing conditions of production, energy tariffs and other variables. These optimizer models typically reduce day-to-day utility system operating costs by between 2 and 5%.
Eastwood, A.; Bealing, C.
Wind turbine generator with improved operating subassemblies
A wind turbine includes a yaw spring return assembly to return the nacelle from a position to which it has been rotated by yawing forces, thus preventing excessive twisting of the power cables and control cables. It also includes negative coning restrainers to limit the bending of the flexible arms of the rotor towards the tower, and stop means on the rotor shaft to orient the blades in a vertical position during periods when the unit is upwind when the wind commences. A pendulum pitch control mechanism is improved by orienting the pivot axis for the pendulum arm at an angle to the longitudinal axis of its support arm, and excessive creep is of the synthetic resin flexible beam support for the blades is prevented by a restraining cable which limits the extent of pivoting of the pendulum during normal operation but which will permit further pivoting under abnormal conditions to cause the rotor to stall.
Cheney, Jr., Marvin C. (24 Stonepost Rd., Glastonbury, CT 06033)
Particle Swarm Optimization Based on Cultural Algorithm for Short-Term Optimal Operation of Cascade Hydropower Stations
Difficulties likely exist in optimal reservoir operation along with discreteness and nonlinear constraints. Therefore, Particle Swarm Optimization based on Cultural Algorithm (PSO-CA) is presented in this paper for overcoming these defects. In this article ... Keywords: cultural algorithm, optimal operation of reservoir, particle swarm optimization
Wei Xie; Chang-ming Ji; Xin-wu Li
Optimal operation of pipeline systems using genetic algorithm
A Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used in this paper for the optimal operation, result in better solution than the existing one, of the pipeline systems under transient conditions caused by valve closure. Simulation of pipeline system is carried out here by ... Keywords: genetic algorithm, implicit method of characteristic, pipeline system, transient flow, water hammer
M. H. Afshar; M. Rohani
Modeling and optimization of stencil printing operations: A comparison study
This paper presents a comparison study for the optimization of stencil printing operations using hybrid intelligence technique and response surface methodology (RSM). An average 60% of soldering defects are attributed to solder paste stencil printing ... Keywords: DPMO, Fuzzy quality loss function, Genetic algorithms, Neural network, Printed circuit board, Stencil printing, Surface mount technology
Tsung-Nan Tsai
Guidelines on Optimizing Heat Recovery Steam Generator Drains
Severe thermal-mechanical fatigue damage to the superheaters (SHs), reheaters (RHs), and steam piping of horizontal-gas-path heat recovery steam generators due primarily to ineffective drainage of the condensate that is generated in superheaters and reheaters at every startup continues to be a significant industry problem that results in avoidable deterioration of unit reliability and significant unnecessary maintenance costs. This report will assist operators in guiding heat recovery steam generator (HR...
Islanded operation of a distribution feeder with distributed generation.
??A distribution system that is equipped with distributed generators, such as roof-mounted photovoltaic systems, can operate as a microgrid (i.e., separated from the grid) underģ (more)
Venu, Chandu
Operational test report for WESF diesel generator diesel tank installation
The WESF Backup Generator Underground Diesel Tank 101 has been replaced with a new above ground 1000 gallon diesel tank. Following the tank installation, inspections and tests specified in the Operational Test Procedure, WHC-SD-WM-OTP-155, were performed. Inspections performed by a Quality Control person indicated the installation was leak free and the diesel generator/engine ran as desired. There were no test and inspection exceptions, therefore, the diesel tank installation is operable.
Schwehr, B.A.
System Operational and Planning Impacts of Increased Generator Cycling
This update describes research performed in 2012 to contextualize some of the key issues related to generator cycling with high wind and photovoltaic (PV) penetrations. Using representative system data from California, cycling with increasing wind and PV generation is examined. Sensitivities on the value of various generator-specific (turndown levels, hot start operation, outage rate, etc.) and system-specific (PV/wind mix, penetration of wind, etc.) characteristics are used to identify those ...
Distributed Generation Dispatch Optimization under VariousElectricity Tariffs
The on-site generation of electricity can offer buildingowners and occupiers financial benefits as well as social benefits suchas reduced grid congestion, improved energy efficiency, and reducedgreenhouse gas emissions. Combined heat and power (CHP), or cogeneration,systems make use of the waste heat from the generator for site heatingneeds. Real-time optimal dispatch of CHP systems is difficult todetermine because of complicated electricity tariffs and uncertainty inCHP equipment availability, energy prices, and system loads. Typically,CHP systems use simple heuristic control strategies. This paper describesa method of determining optimal control in real-time and applies it to alight industrial site in San Diego, California, to examine: 1) the addedbenefit of optimal over heuristic controls, 2) the price elasticity ofthe system, and 3) the site-attributable greenhouse gas emissions, allunder three different tariff structures. Results suggest that heuristiccontrols are adequate under the current tariff structure and relativelyhigh electricity prices, capturing 97 percent of the value of thedistributed generation system. Even more value could be captured bysimply not running the CHP system during times of unusually high naturalgas prices. Under hypothetical real-time pricing of electricity,heuristic controls would capture only 70 percent of the value ofdistributed generation.
A Pareto Strength SCE-UA Algorithm for Reservoir Optimization Operation
In this paper a new approach is presented to handle the reservoir constraints optimization operation problem. The new technique treats constrained optimization as a two-objective optimization. One objective is original objective function; the other is ... Keywords: Reservoir optimal operation, constrained optimization, Pareto dominate, Pareto strength, SCE-UA algorithm
Jian-Yi Lin; Chun-Tian Cheng; Tao Lin
Operational Surveillance Testing Program for Fossil Generating Stations
The operational surveillance test OST guideline can be used to develop a comprehensive surveillance testing program that enhances the testing performed by operations personnel. The OST programs observed at fossil generating stations contain inconsistencies in the content and in the effectiveness of operational testing. Some industry equipment failures can be attributed to the lack of effective surveillance testing. The bases for OSTs are similar to the bases for the plants preventive maintenance PM progr...
NREL: Energy Analysis - Distributed Generation Energy Technology Operations
Operations and Maintenance Costs Operations and Maintenance Costs Transparent Cost Database Button The following charts indicate recent operations and maintenance (O&M) cost estimates for distributed generation (DG) renewable energy technologies. The charts provide a compilation of available national-level cost data from a variety of sources. Costs in your specific location will vary. The red horizontal lines represent the first standard deviation of the mean. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) sponsored the distributed generation data used within these charts. If you are seeking utility-scale technology operations and maintenance estimates, please visit the Transparent Cost Database website for NREL's information regarding vehicles, biofuels, and electricity generation.
Residential Energy Management system for optimization of on-site generation
Residential Energy Management system for optimization of on-site generation Residential Energy Management system for optimization of on-site generation with HVAC Speaker(s): Ram Narayanamurthy Date: October 29, 2009 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3122 As the individual movements towards Net Zero Energy Homes (NZEH) and the SmartGrid converge on residential buildings, three major challenges need to be addressed: Flatten the highly peaked electric load profile of low energy homes Provide easy integration of energy efficiency into existing homes Provide builders and consumers with visibility into building operation, and ease of management. A Home Energy Management System (HEMS) owned by the consumer, capable of two way communications with Utility DR/SmartGrid/AMI is required to resolve these challenges. The HEMS will need to increase energy efficiency of building operations, provide consumers feedback and
Impacts of time-of-use rates on the optimal sizing and operation of cogeneration systems
For customers with a cogeneration system (CGS), a mixed-integer programming and nonlinear programming model is used to examine effects of time-of-use (TOU) rates on the optimal operation of the constituent equipment as well as the optimal sizing. Three customers are selected for case studies: a hotel, a hospital, and an office building. Effects of an on-peak/off-peak energy charge ratio on purchased power share in the total electricity demand are saturated at the ratio of 5. As the energy charge ratio is raised, cheaper off-peak power substitutes for city gas and the operating cost decreases. The responses of the hotel and the hospital are similar. The simulation results included in this paper indicate that properly designed TOU rates can provide commercial customers an incentive to operate a CGS with an appropriate mix of the self-generation and commercial power.
Asano, H.; Sagai, S.; Imamura, E. (Central Research Inst. of Electric Power Industry, Tokyo (Japan)); Ito, K.; Yokoyama, R. (Osaka Prefectural Univ., Sakai (Japan))
A Simple Strategy for Optimal Operation of Heat Exchanger V. LERSBAMRUNGSUK1
A Simple Strategy for Optimal Operation of Heat Exchanger Networks V. LERSBAMRUNGSUK1 , S for optimal operation of heat exchanger networks. Optimal operation in this context requires that 1) all of heat exchanger networks are analyzed and used to identify if the operation is structurally feasible
Skogestad, Sigurd
Energy Payback Optimization of Thermoelectric Power Generator Systems
An analytic model for optimizing thermoelectric power generation system is developed and utilized for parametric studies. This model takes into account the external thermal resistances with hot and cold reservoirs. In addition, the spreading thermal resistance in the module substrates is considered to find the impact of designing small fraction of thermo elements per unit area. Previous studies are expanded by a full optimization of the electrical and thermal circuits. The optimum condition satisfies both electrical load resistance match with the internal resistance and the thermal resistance match with the heat source and the heat sink. Thermoelectric element aspect ratio and fill factor are found to be key parameters to optimize. The optimum leg length and the maximum output power are determined by a simple formula. The output power density per mass of the thermoelectric material has a peak when thermo elements cover a fractional area of ~1%. The role of the substrate heat spreading for thermoelectric power generation is equally significant as thermoelement. For a given heat source, the co-optimization of the heat sink and the thermoelectric module should be performed. Active cooling and the design of the heat sink are customized to find the energy payback for the power generation system. The model includes both the air cooled heat sinks and the water cooled micro channels. We find that one can reduce the mass of thermoelement to around 3~10 % of that in commercial modules for the same output power, as long as the module and elements are designed properly. Also one notes that higher heat flux sources have significantly larger energy payback and reduced cost per output power.
Kazuaki Yazawa; Ali Shakouri
Optimizing the design and operation of aquifer thermal energy systems
The design of Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) systems is complicated by significant uncertainties in ones ability to reliably predict the response of the aquifer to fluid and thermal fluxes. Overdesigning the system, to compensate for these uncertainties, reduces the potential economic and energy benefits of an ATES system. Underdesigning the system results in systems that fail to meet design targets. Unfortunately, standard aquifer characterization methods and hydrologic models do not provide adequate information to overcome these uncertainties. Thus, expensive full-scale tests are generally recommended to develop an adequate-understanding of the systems response. However, the standard engineering {open_quotes}design-build-operate{close_quotes} process is not. appropriate for ATES systems because an optimal design cannot be completed without some operational experience, i.e., field tests. A more adaptive engineering process is required. This engineering process should be flexible enough to allow the design to be adjusted during the operation, as monitoring data become available and as an understanding of the system response increases. Engineering approaches being developed for environmental restoration of contaminated soil and groundwater can be adapted to optimally design and operate ATES systems.
Vail, L.W.; Jenne, E.A.
Distributed Renewable Energy Generation Impacts on Microgrid Operation and Reliability
Microgrids incorporating distributed generation, and particularly those incorporating renewable energy technologies, have the potential to improve electric power system efficiency and reliability while providing novel benefits to their owners, operators, and the system as a whole. This report focuses on the impact of renewable energy technologies on microgrids and on the larger question of the impact of distributed generation and microgrids on the electric power system.
Cold weather hydrogen generation system and method of operation
A system for providing hydrogen gas is provided. The system includes a hydrogen generator that produces gas from water. One or more heat generation devices are arranged to provide heating of the enclosure during different modes of operation to prevent freezing of components. A plurality of temperature sensors are arranged and coupled to a controller to selectively activate a heat source if the temperature of the component is less than a predetermined temperature.
Dreier, Ken Wayne (Madison, CT); Kowalski, Michael Thomas (Seymour, CT); Porter, Stephen Charles (Burlington, CT); Chow, Oscar Ken (Simsbury, CT); Borland, Nicholas Paul (Montpelier, VT); Goyette, Stephen Arthur (New Hartford, CT)
Natural circulation steam generator model for optimal steam generator water level control
Several authors have cited the control of steam generator water level as an important problem in the operation of pressurized water reactor plants. In this paper problems associated with steam generator water level control are identified, and advantages of modern estimation and control theory in dealing with these problems are discussed. A new state variable steam generator model and preliminary verification results using data from the loss of fluid test (LOFT) plant are also presented.
Feeley, J.J.
An Interior Point Constraint Generation Algorithm for Semi-Infinite Optimization with Health-Care Application
We propose an interior point constraint generation (IPCG) algorithm for semi-infinite linear optimization (SILO) and prove that the algorithm converges to an ?-solution of SILO after a finite number of constraints is generated. We derive a complexity ... Keywords: second-order cone optimization, sector duration optimization, semi-infinite linear optimization
Mohammad R. Oskoorouchi; Hamid R. Ghaffari; Tamßs Terlaky; Dionne M. Aleman
Optimal operation and design of solar-thermal energy storage systems
The present thesis focuses on the optimal operation and design of solar-thermal energy storage systems. First, optimization of time-variable operation to maximize revenue through selling and purchasing electricity to/from ...
Lizarraga-GarcĒa, Enrique
Application of genetic algorithms for optimal reactive power planning of doubly fed induction generators
This paper describes optimal reactive power control of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), which is widely used in a distributed generating plant. Although its structure is similar to that of induction motors, its reactive power control is more ... Keywords: doubly fed induction generator, genetic algorithms, optimal reactive power planning, optimization
P. Sangsarawut; A. Oonsivilai; T. Kulworawanichpong
Optimal reactive power planning of doubly fed induction generators using genetic algorithms
This paper describes optimal reactive power control of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), which is widely used in a distributed generating plant. Although its structure is similar to that of an induction motor, its reactive power control is more ... Keywords: doubly fed induction generator, genetic algorithms, optimal reactive power planning, optimization
Power Generation Loading Optimization using a Multi-Objective Constraint-Handling Method via
results of the power generation loading optimization based on a coal-fired power plant demonstratesPower Generation Loading Optimization using a Multi-Objective Constraint-Handling Method via PSO power industry. A major objective for the coal-fired power generation loading optimization
Li, Xiaodong
Distributed Generation Implementation Guidelines: Operations, Maintenance and Training
In 1997, EPRI conducted a study of how distributed generation (DG) was implemented at approximately 125 facilities in California and throughout the Midwest. Results of that study, as well as subsequent interviews with key facilities done the following year, enabled EPRI to develop guidelines representative of a "best practices" approach to implementing and operating a DG facility based on the experience of others.
Asynchronous parallel generating set search for linearly-constrained optimization.
Generating set search (GSS) is a family of direct search methods that encompasses generalized pattern search and related methods. We describe an algorithm for asynchronous linearly-constrained GSS, which has some complexities that make it different from both the asynchronous bound-constrained case as well as the synchronous linearly-constrained case. The algorithm has been implemented in the APPSPACK software framework and we present results from an extensive numerical study using CUTEr test problems. We discuss the results, both positive and negative, and conclude that GSS is a reliable method for solving small-to-medium sized linearly-constrained optimization problems without derivatives.
Lewis, Robert Michael (; ); Griffin, Joshua D.; Kolda, Tamara Gibson
Optimization of Piezoelectric Electrical Generators Powered by Random Vibrations
This paper compares the performances of a vibrationpowered electrical generators using PZT piezoelectric ceramic associated to two different power conditioning circuits. A new approach of the piezoelectric power conversion based on a nonlinear voltage processing is presented and implemented with a particular power conditioning circuit topology. Theoretical predictions and experimental results show that the nonlinear processing technique may increase the power harvested by a factor up to 4 compared to the Standard optimization technique. Properties of this new technique are analyzed in particular in the case of broadband, random vibrations, and compared to those of the Standard interface.
Lefeuvre, E; Richard, C; Petit, L; Guyomar, D
Decision-Support Software for Grid Operators: Transmission Topology Control for Infrastructure Resilience to the Integration of Renewable Generation
GENI Project: The CRA team is developing control technology to help grid operators more actively manage power flows and integrate renewables by optimally turning on and off entire power lines in coordination with traditional control of generation and load resources. The control technology being developed would provide grid operators with tools to help manage transmission congestion by identifying the facilities whose on/off status must change to lower generation costs, increase utilization of renewable resources and improve system reliability. The technology is based on fast optimization algorithms for the near to real-time change in the on/off status of transmission facilities and their software implementation.
Engineering to Control Noise, Loading, and Optimal Operating Points
Successful engineering of low-energy nuclear systems requires control of noise, loading, and optimum operating point (OOP) manifolds. The latter result from the biphasic system response of low-energy nuclear reaction (LENR)/cold fusion systems, and their ash production rate, to input electrical power. Knowledge of the optimal operating point manifold can improve the reproducibility and efficacy of these systems in several ways. Improved control of noise, loading, and peak production rates is available through the study, and use, of OOP manifolds. Engineering of systems toward the OOP-manifold drive-point peak may, with inclusion of geometric factors, permit more accurate uniform determinations of the calibrated activity of these materials/systems.
Mitchell R. Swartz
Optimization Under Various Electricity Tariffs Firestone,Optimization Under Various Electricity Tariffs Table of3 2.1 Electricity Tariff
An Optimized Autoregressive Forecast Error Generator for Wind and Load Uncertainty Study
This paper presents a first-order autoregressive algorithm to generate real-time (RT), hour-ahead (HA), and day-ahead (DA) wind and load forecast errors. The methodology aims at producing random wind and load forecast time series reflecting the autocorrelation and cross-correlation of historical forecast data sets. Five statistical characteristics are considered: the means, standard deviations, autocorrelations, and cross-correlations. A stochastic optimization routine is developed to minimize the differences between the statistical characteristics of the generated time series and the targeted ones. An optimal set of parameters are obtained and used to produce the RT, HA, and DA forecasts in due order of succession. This method, although implemented as the first-order regressive random forecast error generator, can be extended to higher-order. Results show that the methodology produces random series with desired statistics derived from real data sets provided by the California Independent System Operator (CAISO). The wind and load forecast error generator is currently used in wind integration studies to generate wind and load inputs for stochastic planning processes. Our future studies will focus on reflecting the diurnal and seasonal differences of the wind and load statistics and implementing them in the random forecast generator.
De Mello, Phillip; Lu, Ning; Makarov, Yuri V.
Optimal command generation for maneuvering the space station
The objective of this research is to obtain near minimum-fuel and minimum-time maneuver commands for large-angle maneuvers for the international space station. Attitude and angular velocity waypoints are generated using the method of differential inclusion. This approach, motivated by the inverse dynamics method, reduces the dimensionality of the discretized problem to be solved. Different types of control schemes are investigated using a combination of Thrusters and Control Moment Gyros. The optimized controls are determined using standard nonlinear optimization methods from the MATLAB program toolboxes. The maneuvers can be completed using considerably less fuel compared to eigen-axis maneuvers currently being implemented for the International Space Station. The differential inclusion method reduces the need for CMG desaturations as compared to a controller similar to the one on board the International Space Station. The near minimum-time results are comparable to eigen-axis maneuvers. The differential inclusion method is flexible and can easily be modified to accommodate the needs of problems with different constraints. The results obtained in this research use approximate models of the space environment and vehicle dynamics; however, the results can easily be used in a higher fidelity optimization.
Bryson, Amy Louise
Optimal Solar PV Arrays Integration for Distributed Generation
Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems hold great potential for distributed energy generation by installing PV panels on rooftops of residential and commercial buildings. Yet challenges arise along with the variability and non-dispatchability of the PV systems that affect the stability of the grid and the economics of the PV system. This paper investigates the integration of PV arrays for distributed generation applications by identifying a combination of buildings that will maximize solar energy output and minimize system variability. Particularly, we propose mean-variance optimization models to choose suitable rooftops for PV integration based on Markowitz mean-variance portfolio selection model. We further introduce quantity and cardinality constraints to result in a mixed integer quadratic programming problem. Case studies based on real data are presented. An efficient frontier is obtained for sample data that allows decision makers to choose a desired solar energy generation level with a comfortable variability tolerance level. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to show the tradeoffs between solar PV energy generation potential and variability.
Omitaomu, Olufemi A [ORNL; Li, Xueping [University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UTK)
Installation, Operation, and Maintenance Costs for Distributed Generation Technologies
Distributed generation (DG) is a broad term that encompasses both mature and emerging onsite power generation technologies with power output as small as 1 kW and as large as 20 MW. While the equipment or purchase cost of a DG system is very important, installation, operation, and maintenance (IOM) costs also are significant and often overlooked. This report reviews IOM costs for both mature and emerging DG technologies. Some equipment cost data is included for reference, but is not the focus of this repo...
Power System Operational and Planning Impacts of Generator Cycling Due to Increased Penetration of Variable Generation
This technical update describes work done in the second and final year of the EPRI Bulk Renewable Integration Program project, ōOperational and Planning Impacts of Generator Cycling.ö This project takes a system perspective in examining the issue of generator cycling behavior, which is likely to increase with increased renewable penetration. To better understand system impacts, researchers developed new modeling algorithms and used them in two case studies to investigate issues related ...
Optimal operational planning of steam power systems using an IPSOSA algorithm
The operation optimization problem of steam power systems for multiperiod operation with varying demands is formulated. The objective function of the mode! is to minimize the operational cost of steam power systems for all periods, by taking into account ...
Hongchao Yin; Wenzhi Dai
Feedback-Optimized Operations with Linear Ion Crystals
We report on transport operations with linear crystals of 40Ca+ ions by applying complex electric time-dependent potentials. For their control we use the information obtained from the ions' fluorescence. We demonstrate that by means of this feedback technique, we can transport a predefined number of ions and also split and unify ion crystals. The feedback control allows for a robust scheme, compensating for experimental errors as it does not rely on a precisely known electrical modeling of the electric potentials in the ion trap beforehand. Our method allows us to generate a self-learning voltage ramp for the required process. With an experimental demonstration of a transport with more than 99.8 % success probability, this technique may facilitate the operation of a future ion based quantum processor.
Eble, J F; Zahariev, P; Schmidt-Kaler, F; Singer, K
J. F. Eble; S. Ulm; P. Zahariev; F. Schmidt-Kaler; K. Singer
Methodology for Determining the Optimal Operating Strategies for a Chilled Water Storage System
This dissertation proposed a new methodology for determining the optimal operating strategies for a chilled water storage system under a Time-of-Use electricity rate structure. It is based on a new classification of operating strategies and an investigation of multiple search paths. Each operating strategy consists of a control strategy and the maximum number of chillers running during the off-peak and on-peak periods. For each month, the strategy with the lowest monthly billing cost and minimal water level higher than the setpoint is selected as the optimal operating strategy for the current month. A system model is built to simulate the tank water level at the end of each time step and the system total power during each time step. This model includes six sub-models. Specifically, the plant model is a forward model using a wire-to-water concept to simulate the plant total power. For the Thermal Energy Storage (TES) model, the tank state is described with total chilled water volume in the tank and its derivation is the tank charging or discharging flow rate. A regression model is adopted to simulate the loop supply and return temperature difference as well as the loop total flow rate demand. In the control strategy sub-model, except for three conventional control strategies and the operation without TES, a new control strategy is advanced to load the chiller optimally. The final results will be a table showing the monthly control strategy and maximal number of chillers staged on during the off-peak and on-peak periods, an approach which is easy for the operators to follow. Two project applications of this methodology are introduced in this dissertation. One is an existing TES system with state-of-the-art control and metering systems. The monthly optimal operating strategies are generated, which will achieve significant savings. The comparisons among different control strategies are also provided. The other application consists of multiple plants with little data. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the economic feasibility of designing a new chilled water storage tank and sharing it among four plants. This problem can be solved with a simplified system model, and an optimal tank size is recommended.
Zhang, Zhiqin
Optimal Reactive Power Planning of Radial Distribution Systems with Distributed Generation
The paper analyzes reactive power optimization problem in distribution system with wind power and PV generators. Reactive power optimization mathematical model including the active power loss, reactive power compensation capacity and static voltage margin ... Keywords: Distributed generation, Distributed Generation, Immune Algorithm, Cluster Evolutionary
Li Shengqi, Zeng Lilin, Li Yongan, He Zhengping
Optimal Transmission Switching in Electric Networks for Improved Economic Operations1
1 Optimal Transmission Switching in Electric Networks for Improved Economic Operations1 Emily. Abstract Growing demand for electric power seems to necessitate new transmission lines, but obstacles" bulk electric grid, one that is more controllable and flexible. Optimal transmission switching
Ferris, Michael C.
Optimal monitoring and visualization of steady state power system operation
Power system operation requires accurate monitoring of electrical quantities and a reliable database of the power system. As the power system operation becomes more competitive, the secure operation becomes highly important and the role of state estimation becomes more critical. Recently, due to the development of new technology in high power electronics, new control and monitoring devices are becoming more popular in power systems. It is therefore necessary to investigate their models and integrate them into the existing state estimation applications. This dissertation is dedicated to exploiting the newly appeared controlling and monitoring devices, such as Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices and (Phasor Measurement Units) PMUs, and developing new algorithms to include them into power system analysis applications. Another goal is to develop a 3D visualization tool to help power system operators gain an in-depth image of the system operation state and to identify limit violations in a quick and intuitive manner. An algorithm of state estimation of a power system with embedded FACTS devices is developed first. This estimator can be used to estimate the system state quantities and Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) controller parameters. Furthermore, it can also to be used to determine the required controller setting to maintain a desired power flow through a given line. In the second part of this dissertation, two methods to determine the optimal locations of PMUs are derived. One is numerical and the other one is topological. The numerical method is more effective when there are very few existing measurements while the topology-based method is more applicable for a system, which has lots of measurements forming several observable islands. To guard against unexpected failures of PMUs, the numerical method is extended to account for single PMU loss. In the last part of this dissertation, a 3D graphic user interface for power system analysis is developed. It supports two basic application functions, power flow analysis and state estimation. Different visualization techniques are used to represent different kinds of system information.
Xu, Bei
and N. Zhou, ōDistributed Generation with Heat Recovery andhe focuses on distributed generation investment underscheduling of distributed generation, real options analysis
Implications of a Regime-Switching Model on Natural Gas Storage Valuation and Optimal Operation
In this paper, we propose a one-factor regime-switching model for the risk adjusted natural gas spot price and study the implications of the model on the valuation and optimal operation of natural gas storage facilities. We calibrate the model parameters to both market futures and options on futures. Calibration results indicate that the regime-switching model is a better fit to market data compared to a one-factor mean-reverting model similar to those used by other authors to value gas storage. We extend a semi-Lagrangian timestepping scheme from Chen and Forsyth (2007) to solve the gas storage pricing problem, essentially a stochastic control problem, and conduct a convergence analysis of the scheme. Numerical results also indicate that the regime-switching model can generate operational strategies for gas storage facilities that reflect the existence of multiple regimes in the market as well as the regime shifts due to various exogenous events.
Zhuliang Chen; Peter A. Forsyth
Slack bus modeling for distributed generation and its impacts on distribution system analysis, operation and planning.
??Distribution system operating environments are changing rapidly. Proper distributed generation placement and operating will bring benefits for supporting voltage, reducing system loss, enhancing system reliability,ģ (more)
Tong, Shiqiong
Combining stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) and artificial neural networks (ANN) in optimal reservoir operation
After development of any optimization model a post-optimization simulation is needed for two purposes: 1) Checking and evaluating of system performance and 2) Computing performance criteria. The common rule is developing a simulation model in the form ... Keywords: ANN, SDP, optimal reservoir operation
Omid Bozorg Haddad; Saeed Alimohammadi
Automation and Optimization for Electrical Design of Hydro Generator
In this paper, the author presents a software platform to conceptually design hydraulic generator, a typical complex manufacture.Applying this platform, the generatorÆs electrical design can be performed interactively through a friendly human-machine ...
Zhu Dianhua; Guo Wei; Ma Ruimin
the Optimization of Cogeneration Dispatch in a Deregulatedheat and power (CHP), or cogeneration, systems make use ofheat and power (CHP), or cogeneration, systems make use of
Next-Generation Optimization under Uncertainty: Structure-Oriented...
One of the challenges facing researchers in developing optimization algorithms for the smart grid is variables such as wind speed. One of the challenges facing researchers in...
Implications of a Regime-Switching Model on Natural Gas Storage Valuation and Optimal Operation-switching model for the risk adjusted natural gas spot price and study the implications of the model on the valuation and optimal operation of natural gas storage facilities. We calibrate the model parameters to both
Forsyth, Peter A.
Optimal control of generator resynchronisation in electric power systems
Optimal control techniques are discussed for the resynchronisation of a steam turbine unit in an electric power system after it has lost synchronism. A time optimal control is derived and the resulting bang-bang control law is first simulated on an analogue ...
D. Rosenfeld; F. J. Evans
Optimal Operation of Large Agricultural Watersheds with Water Quality Restraints
Improved technology is needed for use in properly managing large agricultural watersheds. Proper watershed management means selecting land uses that are appropriate for each subarea, using erosion control measures where necessary, and applying fertilizers at rates that maximize agricultural production without polluting the environment. Watershed runoff and industrial and municipal effluents pollute streams and reservoirs. Point source pollution (industries and municipalities) can be monitored. Nonpoint-source pollution (watersheds) is widely dispersed and not easily measured. Mathematical models are needed to predict nonpoint-source pollution as affected by watershed characteristics, land use, conservation practices, chemical fertilizers, and climatic variables. Routing models are needed to determine the quality of water as it flows from nonpoint sources through streams and valleys to rivers and large reservoirs. Models are also needed to determine optimal strategies for planning land use, conservation practices, and fertilizer application to maximize agricultural production subject to water quality constraints. Three of the most important agricultural pollutants are suspended sediment, phosphorus, and nitrogen. Robinson [1971] pointed out that sediment is the greatest pollutant of water in terms of volume. Sediment also transports other pollutants, like phosphorus and nitrogen. These two elements are principally involved in lake eutrophication. Frequently algae blooms develop in nutrient-laden water and cause it to have an off-taste and an unpleasant odor. The odor of decaying plants becomes offensive; fish are killed because of reduced dissolved oxygen in the water, and recreation is deterred. The objective of this research was to develop models for use in managing large agricultural watersheds to obtain maximum agricultural production and to maintain water quality standards. The models were designed to: 1. Simulate daily runoff, and sediment, phosphorus, and nitrogen yields from small watersheds (areas land owners and operators) for planning land use, fertilizer application, and conservation practices on subwatersheds. 4. Determine the optimal strategy for each subwatershed to maximize agricultural production for the entire watershed subject to water quality constraints. Generally, water-quality models are developed by adding chemical modeling components to existing runoff and sediment models because runoff and sediment provide transportation for chemicals. Several conceptual models for predicting chemical yields from small watersheds have been presented [Crawford and Donigian, 1973; Donigian and Crawford, 1976; Frere, et al., 1975; Hagin and Amberger, 1974; Kling, 1974; Johnson and Straub, 1971]. However, these models are not applicable to large watersheds because they have no routing mechanism. For this reason, runoff, sediment, and nutrient models were refined and developed here for application to large watersheds. Probably, the most widely used and accepted model for predicting runoff volume is the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) curve number system [U.S. Soil Conservation Service, 1972]. The SCS model was modified by adding a soil-moisture-index accounting procedure [Williams and Laseur, 1976]. The modified water yield model is considerably more accurate than the original SCS model. On a watershed near Riesel, Texas, the modified model explained 95% of the variation in monthly runoff as compared with 65% for the original model. The water-yield model was refined here by replacing the climatic index (lake evaporation) with daily consumptive water use for individual crops.
Williams, J. R.; Hann, R. W.
High Speed Rotational Motor Unit with Optimized Couplant Feed System for Ultrasonic Examination of Steam Generator Tubes
A high-speed rotational motor unit was designed and built to increase the ultrasonic data acquisition speed of steam generator tube examination in field applications. Rotational and couplant delivery speeds were optimized as they have a significant impact on data acquisition speed. The motor unit was designed to be waterproof and to move couplant (water) to the ultrasonic search unit in an efficient manner. Lessons learned from design and operations of laboratory motors were applied to this design. The r...
Impact assessment of wind generation on the operations of a power system
The impact of intermittent wind generation on the operations of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) power system is investigated. The operations of the TVA power system are outlined, and the hypothetical reconfiguration of the TVA transmission system to accommodate wind generation is described. Simulations and analyses of wind generation impacts on unit commitment, unit predispatch, and automatic control of generation are also presented.
Sadanandan, N.D.; Hilson, D.W.; Morris, K.W.; Needham, M.E.; Sendaula, M.
Modeling and Optimization for Transportation Systems Planning and Operations
In this paper, we focus on a number of applications of network optimization techniques to transportation systems analysis. In particular, network analysis problems, network design problems, and network management problems ...
Gartner, Nathan H.
NPOESS: Next-Generation Operational Global Earth Observations
The United States is merging its two polar-orbiting operational environmental satellite programs operated by the Department of Commerce and the Department of Defense into a single system, which is called the National Polar-orbiting Operational ...
Thomas F. Lee; Craig S. Nelson; Patrick Dills; Lars Peter Riishojgaard; Andy Jones; Li Li; Steven Miller; Lawrence E. Flynn; Gary Jedlovec; William McCarty; Carl Hoffman; Gary McWilliams
Optimal generation expansion planning via the cross-entropy method
The Generation Expansion Planning (GEP) problem is a highly constrained, large-scale, mixed integer nonlinear programming problem. The objective of the GEP problem is to evaluate the least cost investment plan for addition of power generating units over ...
Rishabh P. Kothari; Dirk P. Kroese
Microsoft Word - Optimizes Assets Operates Efficiently_APPROVED...
day-to-day operations and the longer term will focus on dramatically improved asset management processes. Operation and asset management of the Grid will be fine-tuned to deliver...
Optimal Technology Selection and Operation of Microgrids inCommercial Buildings
The deployment of small (<1-2 MW) clusters of generators,heat and electrical storage, efficiency investments, and combined heatand power (CHP) applications (particularly involving heat activatedcooling) in commercial buildings promises significant benefits but posesmany technical and financial challenges, both in system choice and itsoperation; if successful, such systems may be precursors to widespreadmicrogrid deployment. The presented optimization approach to choosingsuch systems and their operating schedules uses Berkeley Lab'sDistributed Energy Resources Customer Adoption Model [DER-CAM], extendedto incorporate electrical storage options. DER-CAM chooses annual energybill minimizing systems in a fully technology-neutral manner. Anillustrative example for a San Francisco hotel is reported. The chosensystem includes two engines and an absorption chiller, providing anestimated 11 percent cost savings and 10 percent carbon emissionreductions, under idealized circumstances.
Marnay, Chris; Venkataramanan, Giri; Stadler, Michael; Siddiqui,Afzal; Firestone, Ryan; Chandran, Bala
GA based energy loss minimization approach for optimal sizing & placement of distributed generation
Distributed Generators (DG) provide the lowest cost solution to handle low voltage or overload problems. In conjunction with such problems, a technique of energy saving is introduced by placement of distributed generation (DG) in distribution systems. ... Keywords: Distributed generation (DG), energy saving, genetic algorithms (GA), optimal sizing and placement
Deependra Singh; Devender Singh; K. S. Verma
Generation of optimal artificial neural networks using a pattern search algorithm: Application to approximation of chemical systems
A pattern search optimization method is applied to the generation of optimal artificial neural networks (ANNs). Optimization is performed using a mixed variable extension to the generalized pattern search method. This method offers the advantage that ...
Matthias Ihme; Alison L. Marsden; Heinz Pitsch
Optimization Online - Simultaneous Column-and-Row Generation ...
Nov 14, 2010 ... Simultaneous Column-and-Row Generation for Large-Scale Linear Programs with Column-Dependent- ... Entry Last Modified: 05/17/2012.
Optimal Design and Operation of Energy Polygeneration Systems
downstream sections such as the gas turbine, FT process and the methanol process. In this thesis, the optimal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2.5 Methanol Synthesis Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.6 Gas Turbine million Btu for natural gas and oil [20]. Coal resources are also widely distributed around the world
Barton, Paul I.
Optimization system for operation of gas cogeneration power plant
The paper presents a distributed control system for the realization of cogenerative supply of electricity and heat and, in given case, for their combination with waste heat recovery, particularly in combined (gas-steam) cycle industrial power plants. ... Keywords: cogenerative gas power plant, control of distributed parameter systems, optimization, process control
Ion Miciu
Part load operation and heat recovery optimization in cogeneration units with diesel engines
This paper investigates the optimization possibilities of different co-generation units with diesel engines Ś especially applied in small and middle-size biogas power plant installations. The first subject of the publication is the analysis of ...
Slawomir Smolen
Simulation and Optimization on Power Plant Operation Using Sega's EOP Program
The operation of a cogeneration power plant is complicated. The Energy Optimization Program (EOP, software made by SEGA, Inc.) was designed to simulate and optimize the operation of TAMU power plant. All major plant components were represented by appropriate models and then structured to establish a system model. A better understanding of the complicated interaction among all energy components within the plant was achieved through systematic simulation using EOP. Overall performance of the plant operation under different conditions was investigated. Further more, (online) operational optimization is made possible by load reassignment according to EOP's calculation. Other researches on plant operation, such as the impact of utility rates on operational decision making, were also carried out with the help of this program. This paper shows how a well-designed commercial software is exploited in engineering research.
Zhou, J.; Deng, S.; Turner, W. D.; Liu, M.
Simulation and Optimization on Power Plant Operation Using SEGA's EOP Program
The operation of a cogeneration power plant is complicated. The Energy Optimization Program (EOP, software made by SEGA, Inc.) was designed to simulate and optimize the operation of TAMU power plant. All major plant components were represented by appropriate models and then structured to establish a system model. A better understanding of the complicated interaction among all energy components within the plant was achieved through systematic simulation using EOP. Overall performance of the plant operation under different conditions was investigated. Further more, (online) operational optimization is made possible by load re-assignment according to EOP's calculation. Other researches on plant operation, such as the impact of utility rates on operational decision making, were also carried out with the help of this program. This paper shows how a well-designed commercial software is exploited in engineering research.
Optimal design and operation of energy polygeneration systems
Polygeneration is a concept where multiple energy products are generated in a single plant by tightly integrating multiple processes into one system. Compared to conventional single-product systems, polygeneration systems ...
Chen, Yang, Ph. D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Chemical Engineering
A general framework for variable aliasing: towards optimal operators for sharing properties
We face the problem of devising optimal unification operators for sharing and linearity analysis of logic programs by abstract interpretation. We propose a new (infinite) domain ShLin? which can be thought of as a general framework from ...
Gianluca Amato; Francesca Scozzari
Control Structure Selection for Optimal Operation of a Heat Exchanger Network
Control Structure Selection for Optimal Operation of a Heat Exchanger Network Johannes J--We consider the control structure design for a heat exchanger network (HEN), where a stream is split of temperature measurements. Index Terms--Control structure selection, Self-optimizing con- trol, Heat exchanger
Optimizing counter-terror operations: Should one fight fire with "fire" or "water"?
This paper deals dynamically with the question of how recruitment to terror organizations is influenced by counter-terror operations. This is done within an optimal control model, where the key state is the (relative) number of terrorists and the key ... Keywords: Counter-terror, Epidemic modeling, Optimal dynamic control, Terrorism
Jonathan P. Caulkins; Dieter Grass; Gustav Feichtinger; Gernot Tragler
On Optimization of Reliability of Distributed Generation-Enhanced Feeders
Placement of protection devices in a conventionalfeeder (without distributed generation) is often performedso as to minimize traditional reliability indices (SAIDI,SAIFI, MAIFIe...), assuming the sole source(s) of energyat substation(s). Distributed ...
A. Pregelj; M. Begovic; A. Rohatgi; D. Novosel
Optimization of distributed generation penetration based on particle filtering
Distributed generation is small scale power cogeneration within an integrated energy network, that provides system wide and environmental benefits. Network benefits include enhancements to reliability, reduction of peak power requirements, improved power ...
Nurcin Celik; Juan Pablo Sßenz; Xiaoran Shi
Optimization Online - Robust mid-term power generation management
Feb 23, 2011 ... Robust mid-term power generation management. Vincent Guigues(vguigues *** at*** puc-rio.br) Renķ Aid(rene.aid ***at*** edf.fr) Papa MomarĀ...
Dynamic Graph Generation for Large Scale Operational Train ...
Aug 1, 2011 ... Abstract: The aim of operational train timetabling is to find a conflict free timetable for a set of passenger and freight trains with predefinedĀ...
Material interactions of the operational SNAP-9A generator
The design of the SNAP-9A generator includes a number of different materials in intimate contact. The possible interactions among the materials and their effect on the postulated re-entry breakup sequence of the generator are discussed. Experimental evidence obtained under static vacuum conditions for all of the interactions possible is presented. (auth)
Sasmor, D.J.; Wessling, F.C. Jr.
Study on the operation of a low-voltage AC microgrid with multiple distributed generations
This paper aims to study the operation of a grid-connected low-voltage AC microgrid with multiple distributed generations (DGs). First of all, a 400 V low-voltage AC microgrid integrated with a 30 kW microturbine generator, a 13 kW photovoltaic generation ... Keywords: distributed generators, distribution systems, microgrids, steady-state analysis, three-phase power flow
Wei-Tzer Huang
Generating optimal states for a homodyne Bell test
We present a protocol that produces a conditionally prepared state that can be used for a Bell test based on homodyne detection. Based on the results of Munro [PRA 1999], the state is near-optimal for Bell-inequality violations based on quadrature-phase homodyne measurements that use correlated photon-number states. The scheme utilizes the Gaussian entanglement distillation protocol of Eisert et. al. [Annals of Phys. 2004] and uses only beam splitters and photodetection to conditionally prepare a non-Gaussian state from a source of two-mode squeezed states with low squeezing parameter, permitting a loophole-free test of Bell inequalities.
Sonja Daffer; Peter L. Knight
Hybrid evolutionary optimization of the operation of pipeless plants
Pipeless plants are a new production concept in chemical engineering in which automated guided vehicles (AGVs) transport the substances in mobile vessels between processing stations. In the operation of such plants, decisions have to be made on the scheduling ... Keywords: AGV routing, Evolutionary algorithm, Genetic algorithm, Pipeless plant, Scheduling, Simulation
Sabine Piana; Sebastian Engell
Feedwater Iron Optimization: Quad Cities Generating Station Unit 1
EPRI's BWR Water Chemistry Guidelines 2004 Revisions (report 1008192) recommends feedwater iron control in the range of 0.1 ppb 1.0 ppb for plants operating with reducing chemistry conditions for intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) mitigation. Since all U.S. plants now operate under moderate hydrogen water chemistry (HWC-M) or noble metals chemical addition and hydrogen water chemistry (NMCA+HWC), it is appropriate to target the lower end of the range (0.1 0.5 ppb) to minimize zinc requiremen...
Hybrid Powertrain Optimization for Plug-In Microgrid Power Generation Automated Modeling Laboratory Slide 1 of 28
Hybrid Powertrain Optimization for Plug-In Microgrid Power Generation Automated Modeling LaboratoryPlug--InIn MicrogridMicrogrid Power GenerationPower Generation Scott J. MouraScott J. Moura DongsukDongsuk KumKum Hosam Powertrain Optimization for Plug-In Microgrid Power Generation Automated Modeling Laboratory Slide 2 of 28
Krstic, Miroslav
Optimal study of distributed generation impact on electrical distribution networks using GA and generalized reduced gradient
This paper presents the effect of Distributed Generators (DG) existence in the electrical power distribution networks taking IEEE 14 and IEEE 30 bus test feeders as proposed systems. The analysis is done to examine the effect on the overall system losses ... Keywords: IEEE 14 bus system, IEEE 30 bus system and optimization, distributed generator (DG), generalized reduced gradient (GRG), genetic algorithms (GA)
Samuel Raafat Fahim; Walid Helmy; Hany M. Hasanien; M. A. L. Badr
Optimal control in energy conversion of small wind power systems with permanent-magnet-synchronous-generators
This paper presents the results of experimental investigation of a low-power wind energy conversion system (WECS), based on a permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) connected directly to the turbine. A development system was built in order to ... Keywords: hardware-in-the-loop simulation, maximum power point tracking, optimal control, permanent-magnet synchronous generator, wind system
C. Vlad; I. Munteanu; A. I. Bratcu; E. Ceanga
Computational Needs for the Next Generation Electric Grid Proceedings
F. ĀWollenburg,ĀōPowerĀGenerationĀOperationĀandĀControlö,ĀCommitmentĀ withĀ WindĀ PowerĀ Generation:Ā IntegratingĀOptimalĀinvestmentsĀinĀ powerĀgenerationĀunderĀcentralizedĀ
Birman, Kenneth
AVESTAR Center for operational excellence of electricity generation plants
To address challenges in attaining operational excellence for clean energy plants, the U.S.Department of EnergyÆs National Energy Technology Laboratory has launched a world-class facility for Advanced Virtual Energy Simulation Training and Research (AVESTARÖ). The AVESTAR Center brings together state-of-the-art, real time,high-fidelity dynamic simulators with operator training systems and 3D virtual immersive training systems into an integrated energy plant and control room environment.
Zitney, S.
Property:EIA/861/OperatesGeneratingPlant | Open Energy Information
OperatesGeneratingPlant OperatesGeneratingPlant Jump to: navigation, search This is a property of type Boolean. Description: Operates Generating Plant Entity operates power generating plants (Y or N) [1] References Ōåæ EIA Form EIA-861 Final Data File for 2008 - F861 File Layout-2008.doc Pages using the property "EIA/861/OperatesGeneratingPlant" Showing 25 pages using this property. (previous 25) (next 25) A A & N Electric Coop (Virginia) + true + AEP Generating Company + true + AES Eastern Energy LP + true + AGC Division of APG Inc + true + Akiachak Native Community Electric Co + true + Alabama Municipal Elec Authority + true + Alabama Power Co + true + Alaska Electric & Energy Coop + true + Alaska Electric Light&Power Co + true + Alaska Energy Authority + true +
Simulation and optimization of cogeneration power plant operation using an Energy Optimization Program.
??The operation of a combined cycle cogeneration power plant system is complicated because of the complex interactions among components as well as the dynamic natureģ (more)
Zhou, Jijun
Optimizing Electric Humidifier Operation with an Air Side Economizer
Air side economizer cycle is a control scheme that is often used in WAC systems to reduce cooling energy consumption by introducing variable quantities of ambient air into a conditioned space to satisfy the space cooling load (free cooling). Humidifiers are used to maintain the pre-set humidity levels in a conditioned space by introducing steam or atomized water into the space. An WAC system containing both electric humidifier and air side economizer cycle can appear to be energy efficient, but has the potential of being inefficient due to lack of proper controls. The economizer, which often operates independently of the humidifier, introduces large quantities of cool and dry ambient air into the space to reduce the mechanical cooling energy, but because of the environmental requirement of the space, the air has to be humidified. The humidification energy could offset the energy savings from the reduction in mechanical cooling energy. The solution for this potential problem is a control scheme that makes the operation of the economizer and electric humidifier interdependent. The control scheme will use ambient conditions and space environmental requirements to calculate the appropriate amount of outside air that the economizer should draw into the space. The control scheme can be implemented through a Direct Digital Control system.
Shami, U. F.
Generalized Kraus Operators and Generators of Quantum Dynamical Semigroups
Quantum dynamical semigroups play an important role in the description of physical processes such as diffusion, radiative decay or other non-equilibrium events. Taking strongly continuous and trace preserving semigroups into consideration, we show that, under a special criterion, the generator of such a group admits a certain generalized standard form, thereby shedding new light on known approaches in this direction. Furthermore, we illustrate our analysis in concrete examples.
Sabina Alazzawi; Bernhard Baumgartner
Variational stability of optimal control problems involving subdifferential operators
This paper is concerned with the problem of minimizing an integral functional with control-nonconvex integrand over the class of solutions of a control system in a Hilbert space subject to a control constraint given by a phase-dependent multivalued map with closed nonconvex values. The integrand, the subdifferential operators, the perturbation term, the initial conditions and the control constraint all depend on a parameter. Along with this problem, the paper considers the problem of minimizing an integral functional with control-convexified integrand over the class of solutions of the original system, but now subject to a convexified control constraint. By a solution of a control system we mean a 'trajectory-control' pair. For each value of the parameter, the convexified problem is shown to have a solution, which is the limit of a minimizing sequence of the original problem, and the minimal value of the functional with the convexified integrand is a continuous function of the parameter. This property is commonly referred to as the variational stability of a minimization problem. An example of a control parabolic system with hysteresis and diffusion effects is considered. Bibliography: 24 titles.
Tolstonogov, Aleksandr A [Institute of System Dynamics and Control Theory, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk (Russian Federation)
Appeared in Proceedings of First International ACM/IEEE Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization, 2003 Optimizing Memory Accesses For Spatial Computation
optimizations pre- sented are: load/store hoisting (subsuming partial re- dundancy elimination and common programs in hardware. Each operation in the program is implemented as a hard- ware operator. Data flows
Budiu, Mihai
VLSI floorplan generation and area optimization using AND-OR graph search
Floorplan design based on rectangular dualization is considered in two phases. First, given the adjacency graph and sets of aspect ratios of the blocks, a topology is generated which is likely to yield a minimum-area floorplan during the second phase ... Keywords: AND-OR graph search, VLSI, VLSI floorplan generation, adjacency graph, area optimization, aspect ratios, bottom-up polynomial-time algorithm, circuit layout CAD, circuit optimisation, graph theory, heuristic search method, integrated circuit interconnections, minimum-area floorplan, nonslicible floorplans, optimal sizing, rectangular dualization, search effort, top-down first phase
P. S. Dasgupta; S. Sur-Kolay; B. B. Bhattacharya
Compaction Scale Up and Optimization of Cylindrical Fuel Compacts for the Next Generation Nuclear Plant
Multiple process approaches have been used historically to manufacture cylindrical nuclear fuel compacts. Scale-up of fuel compacting was required for the Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) project to achieve an economically viable automated production process capable of providing a minimum of 10 compacts/minute with high production yields. In addition, the scale-up effort was required to achieve matrix density equivalent to baseline historical production processes, and allow compacting at fuel packing fractions up to 46% by volume. The scale-up approach of jet milling, fluid-bed overcoating, and hot-press compacting adopted in the U.S. Advanced Gas Reactor (AGR) Fuel Development Program involves significant paradigm shifts to capitalize on distinct advantages in simplicity, yield, and elimination of mixed waste. A series of designed experiments have been completed to optimize compaction conditions of time, temperature, and forming pressure using natural uranium oxycarbide (NUCO) fuel. Results from these experiments are included. The scale-up effort is nearing completion with the process installed and operational using nuclear fuel materials. The process is being certified for manufacture of qualification test fuel compacts for the AGR-5/6/7 experiment at the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL).
Jeffrey J. Einerson; Jeffrey A. Phillips; Eric L. Shaber; Scott E. Niedzialek; W. Clay Richardson; Scott G. Nagley
Optimal Operation Scheme for a Cogeneration System Promoted from an Emergency Standby System Combined with Absorption Chiller
A novel optimal operation scheme for a cogeneration system that is promoted from an emergency standby system combined with absorption chiller is introduced. The fuel cost, Time-of-use (TOU) tariff and various operational constrains are taken into account ... Keywords: cogeneration system, Time-of-use tariff, optimal operation scheme
Shyi-Wen Wang
Multidisciplinary optimization of aircraft design and takeoff operations for low noise
Aircraft planform design, takeoff operations, and airfoil design are examined as a complete system in order to quantify tradeoffs that can result in a quiet aircraft. An aircraft design model was developed to generate ...
Jones, Anya Rachel
Optimal Placement and Sizing of Distributed Generator Units using Genetic Optimization
and electricity in the distribution grid. A group of DG units can form a virtual power plant, being centrally of distributed generation units in a residential distri- bution grid. Power losses are minimized while grid topology with pro- duction and residential load data based on measurements. Different scenarios
Probability-Based Software for Grid Optimization: Improved Power System Operations Using Advanced Stochastic Optimization
GENI Project: Sandia National Laboratories is working with several commercial and university partners to develop software for market management systems (MMSs) that enable greater use of renewable energy sources throughout the grid. MMSs are used to securely and optimally determine which energy resources should be used to service energy demand across the country. Contributions of electricity to the grid from renewable energy sources such as wind and solar are intermittent, introducing complications for MMSs, which have trouble accommodating the multiple sources of price and supply uncertainties associated with bringing these new types of energy into the grid. SandiaÆs software will bring a new, probability-based formulation to account for these uncertainties. By factoring in various probability scenarios for electricity production from renewable energy sources in real time, SandiaÆs formula can reduce the risk of inefficient electricity transmission, save ratepayers money, conserve power, and support the future use of renewable energy.
Optimization of lithium target for epithermal neutrons generation B. Bayanov, V. Belov, V. Kindyukb
Optimization of lithium target for epithermal neutrons generation B. Bayanov, V. Belov, V. Kindyukb of the facility is lithium target, that produces neutrons via threshold 7 Li(p,n)7 Be reaction at 25 kW proton carrier flow and lithium layer temperature are shown. Calculation showed that the lithium target could run
Taskaev, Sergey Yur'evich
Real-time optical micro-manipulation using optimized holograms generated on the GPU
Holographic optical tweezers allow the three dimensional, dynamic, multipoint manipulation of micron sized dielectric objects. Exploiting the massive parallel architecture of modern GPUs we can generate highly optimized holograms at video frame rate allowing the interactive micro-manipulation of 3D structures.
S. Bianchi; R. Di Leonardo
Dynamic architecture for solving optimization problems of operators of mobile telephony
The operators of the mobile telephony are more and more demanding towards their applications. They wait for a big reliability, for a number ceaselessly increasing of services, the respect for the constraints of conviviality, for cost, etc. Therefore, ... Keywords: GSM, algebra of process, cellular networks, dynamic optimization, multi agents systems
Chaker Mezioud; Mohammed Khireddine Kholladi
A Semi-Lagrangian Approach for Natural Gas Storage Valuation and Optimal Operation
A Semi-Lagrangian Approach for Natural Gas Storage Valuation and Optimal Operation Zhuliang Chen]. As such, natural gas storage facilities are constructed to provide a cushion for such fluctuations by releasing natural gas in storage in seasons with high demand. Recently, several authors [1, 32, 35, 36, 25
A Semi-Lagrangian Approach for Natural Gas Storage Valuation and Optimal Operation Zhuliang Chen such as fuel and electricity, natural gas prices exhibit seasonality dynamics due to fluctuations in demand [28]. As such, natural gas storage facilities are constructed to provide a cushion for such fluctuations
A general framework for the manufacturing workstation design optimization: a combined ergonomic and operational approach
A general framework for the effective design, or re-design, of manufacturing workstations under a combined ergonomic and operational optimization approach is presented. This general framework must be regarded as a method for facilitating and supporting ... Keywords: digital human modelling and simulation (DHMS), production/ manufacturing systems, workstations design
David Del Rio Vilas, Francesco Longo, Nadia Rego Monteil
Optimizing the operating conditions in a high precision industrial process using soft computing techniques
This interdisciplinary research is based on the application of unsupervized connectionist architectures in conjunction with modelling systems and on the determining of the optimal operating conditions of a new high precision industrial process known ... Keywords: exploratory projection pursuit, industrial applications, modelling systems, unsupervized learning
Emilio Corchado; Javier Sedano; Leticia Curiel; Josķ R. Villar
Operational Forecasting of Wind-Generated Waves by Hurricane Isabel at NCEP
The accuracy of the operational wave models at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) for sea states generated by Hurricane Isabel is assessed. The western North Atlantic (WNA) and the North Atlantic hurricane (NAH) wave models ...
Hendrik L. Tolman; Jose-Henrique G. M. Alves; Yung Y. Chao
The Operational Generation of Continuous Winds in the Australian Region and Their Assimilation with 4DVAR
Atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) have been generated continuously from Multifunctional Transport Satellite 1 Replacement (MTSAT-1R) radiance data (imagery) since 2005, and more recently from MTSAT-2, which are operated by the Japan Meteorological ...
John Le Marshall; Rolf Seecamp; Yi Xiao; Paul Gregory; Jim Jung; Peter Stienle; Terry Skinner; Chris Tingwell; Tan Le
Operable Generating Units in the United States by State and Energy...
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
Operable Generating Units in the United States by State and Energy Source, 2011" "Note: Descriptions of field names and codes can be obtained from the record layout in the Form...
A power system includes an engine, a motor/generator operatively connected to the engine, and a starter operatively connected to at least one of the engine and the motor/generator.
Hoff, Brian D. (East Peoria, IL); Algrain, Marcelo C. (Peoria, IL)
Making the Most out of Distributed Generation without Endangering Normal Operation: A Model-Based Technical-Policy Approach.
??In this dissertation we introduce a model-based approach for efficiently locating and operating distributed generation (DG) without endangering stable system operation. The proposed approach supportsģ (more)
Nazari, Masoud Honarvar
Abstract--An optimization model that incorporates demand in the paradigm of smart grids and distributed generation is
, Maximum expected demand in the optimization period Cost associated to energy generated by demand from1 Abstract--An optimization model that incorporates demand in the paradigm of smart grids and distributed generation is formulated. The objective is to transform the demand into an active agent that helps
Catholic University of Chile (Universidad Cat├│lica de Chile)
Flexible Operation of Current and Next-Generation Coal Plants, With and Without Carbon Capture
Based on input from research sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and other respected industry sources, this report aims to initially highlight the implications for existing pulverized coal (PC) plants when they are required to operate frequently under changing load conditions. The report presents design improvements to enable more flexible operation of the current and next generation coal fleet. It also discusses the implications on operation flexibility of both new and ...
Integration of Variable Generation Forecasting into System Operations: Current Practices and Future Requirements
This project update provides the first output of the EPRI Bulk Renewable Integration Program Project P173-010, ōIntegration of Variable Generation Forecasts into System Operations.ö This project, begun in 2013, aims to improve existing methods utilities/independent system operators (ISOs) use to integrate forecasts into system operations and develop new methods. This yearÆs goal was to identify current practices and future requirements. This was done by interacting with a wide ...
The constant pressure ratio process, as implemented in the floating pressure - Ganni cycle, is a new variation to prior cryogenic refrigeration and liquefaction cycle designs that allows for optimal operation and design of helium refrigeration systems. This cycle is based upon the traditional equipment used for helium refrigeration system designs, i.e., constant volume displacement compression and critical flow expansion devices. It takes advantage of the fact that for a given load, the expander sets the compressor discharge pressure and the compressor sets its own suction pressure. This cycle not only provides an essentially constant system Carnot efficiency over a wide load range, but invalidates the traditional philosophy that the (æTSÆ) design condition is the optimal operating condition for a given load using the as-built hardware. As such, the Floating Pressure- Ganni Cycle is a solution to reduce the energy consumption while increasing the reliability, flexibility and stability of these systems over a wide operating range and different operating modes and is applicable to most of the existing plants. This paper explains the basic theory behind this cycle operation and contrasts it to the traditional operational philosophies presently used.
Venkatarao Ganni, Peter Knudsen
Models, Calculation and Optimization of Gas Networks, Equipment and Contracts for Design, Operation, Booking and Accounting
There are proposed models of contracts, technological equipment and gas networks and methods of their optimization. The flow in network undergoes restrictions of contracts and equipment to be operated. The values of sources and sinks are provided by contracts. The contract models represent (sub-) networks. The simplest contracts represent either nodes or edges. Equipment is modeled by edges. More sophisticated equipment is represented by sub-networks. Examples of such equipment are multi-poles and compressor stations with many entries and exits. The edges can be of different types corresponding to equipment and contracts. On such edges, there are given systems of equation and inequalities simulating the contracts and equipment. On this base, the methods proposed that allow: calculation and control of contract values for booking on future days and for accounting of sales and purchases; simulation and optimization of design and of operation of gas networks. These models and methods are realized in software syst...
Ostromuhov, Leonid A
Aging of nuclear station diesel generators: Evaluation of operating and expert experience: Workshop
Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) evaluated operational and expert experience pertaining to the aging degradation of diesel generators in nuclear service. The research, sponsored by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), identified and characterized the contribution of aging to emergency diesel generator failures. This report, Volume II, reports the results of an industry-wide workshop held on May 28 and 29, 1986, to discuss the technical issues associated with aging of nuclear service emergency diesel generators. The technical issues discussed most extensively were: man/machine interfaces, component interfaces, thermal gradients of startup and cooldown and the need for an accurate industry database for trend analysis of the diesel generator system.
Hoopingarner, K.R.; Vause, J.W.
Optimizing Geographic Allotment of Photovoltaic Capacity in a Distributed Generation Setting: Preprint
A multi-objective optimization was performed to allocate 2MW of PV among four candidate sites on the island of Lanai such that energy was maximized and variability in the form of ramp rates was minimized. This resulted in an optimal solution set which provides a range of geographic allotment alternatives for the fixed PV capacity. Within the optimal set, a tradeoff between energy produced and variability experienced was found, whereby a decrease in variability always necessitates a simultaneous decrease in energy. A design point within the optimal set was selected for study which decreased extreme ramp rates by over 50% while only decreasing annual energy generation by 3% over the maximum generation allocation. To quantify the allotment mix selected, a metric was developed, called the ramp ratio, which compares ramping magnitude when all capacity is allotted to a single location to the aggregate ramping magnitude in a distributed scenario. The ramp ratio quantifies simultaneously how much smoothing a distributed scenario would experience over single site allotment and how much a single site is being under-utilized for its ability to reduce aggregate variability. This paper creates a framework for use by cities and municipal utilities to reduce variability impacts while planning for high penetration of PV on the distribution grid.
Urquhart, B.; Sengupta, M.; Keller, J.
Optimizing hourly hydro operations at the Salt Lake City Area integrated projects
The Salt Lake City Area (SLCA) office of the Western Area Power Administration (Western) is responsible for marketing the capacity and energy generated by the Colorado Storage, Collbran, and Rio Grande hydropower projects. These federal resources are collectively called the Salt Lake City Area Integrated Projects (SLCA/IP). In recent years, stringent operational limitations have been placed on several of these hydropower plants including the Glen Canyon Dam, which accounts for approximately 80% of the SLCA/IP resources. Operational limitations on SLCA/IP hydropower plants continue to evolve as a result of decisions currently being made in the Glen Canyon Dam Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and the Power Marketing EIS. To analyze a broad range of issues associated with many possible future operational restrictions, Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), with technical assistance from Western has developed the Hydro LP (Linear Program) Model. This model simulates hourly operations at SLCA/IP hydropower plants for weekly periods with the objective of maximizing Western`s net revenues. The model considers hydropower operations for the purpose of serving SLCA firm loads, loads for special projects, Inland Power Pool (IPP) spinning reserve requirements, and Western`s purchasing programs. The model estimates hourly SLCA/IP generation and spot market activities. For this paper, hourly SLCA/IP hydropower plant generation is simulated under three operational scenarios and three hydropower conditions. For each scenario an estimate of Western`s net revenue is computed.
Veselka, T.D.; Hamilton, S. [Argonne National Lab., IL (United States); McCoy, J. [Western Area Power Administration, Salt Lake City, UT (United States)
National Lab Helping to Train Operators for Next Generation of Power Plants
National Lab Helping to Train Operators for Next Generation of National Lab Helping to Train Operators for Next Generation of Power Plants National Lab Helping to Train Operators for Next Generation of Power Plants January 25, 2013 - 11:10am Addthis AVESTAR provides high-quality, hands-on, simulator-based workforce training delivered by an experienced team of power industry training professionals for West Virginia students. | Photo courtesy of the Office of Fossil Energy. AVESTAR provides high-quality, hands-on, simulator-based workforce training delivered by an experienced team of power industry training professionals for West Virginia students. | Photo courtesy of the Office of Fossil Energy. Gayland Barksdale Technical Writer, Office of Fossil Energy What Does AVESTAR Provide? Advanced dynamic simulation, control and virtual plant technologies
Lab Helping to Train Operators for Next Generation of Lab Helping to Train Operators for Next Generation of Power Plants National Lab Helping to Train Operators for Next Generation of Power Plants January 25, 2013 - 11:10am Addthis AVESTAR provides high-quality, hands-on, simulator-based workforce training delivered by an experienced team of power industry training professionals for West Virginia students. | Photo courtesy of the Office of Fossil Energy. AVESTAR provides high-quality, hands-on, simulator-based workforce training delivered by an experienced team of power industry training professionals for West Virginia students. | Photo courtesy of the Office of Fossil Energy. Gayland Barksdale Technical Writer, Office of Fossil Energy What Does AVESTAR Provide? Advanced dynamic simulation, control and virtual plant technologies
Aging of nuclear station diesel generators: Evaluation of operating and expert experience: Phase 1, Study
Pacific Northwest Laboratory evaluated operational and expert experience pertaining to the aging degradation of diesel generators in nuclear service. The research, sponsored by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), identified and characterized the contribution of aging to emergency diesel generator failures. This report, Volume I, reviews diesel-generator experience to identify the systems and components most subject to aging degradation and isolates the major causes of failure that may affect future operational readiness. Evaluations show that as plants age, the percent of aging-related failures increases and failure modes change. A compilation is presented of recommended corrective actions for the failures identified. This study also includes a review of current, relevant industry programs, research, and standards. Volume II reports the results of an industry-wide workshop held on May 28 and 29, 1986 to discuss the technical issues associated with aging of nuclear service emergency diesel generators.
Hoopingarner, K.R.; Vause, J.W.; Dingee, D.A.; Nesbitt, J.F.
Operational experience and maintenance programs of Transamerica Delaval, Inc., diesel generators
Concerns regarding the reliability of large-bore, medium-speed diesel generators manufactured by Transamerica Delaval, Inc. (TDI) for application at domestic nuclear plants were first prompted by a crankshaft failure at Shoreham Nuclear Power Station in August 1983. A number of diesel generator components were identified which had potential deficiencies from a manufacturing and operational standpoint. In response to these problems, 11 (now 8) U.S. nuclear utility owners formed a TDI Diesel Generator Owners Group (Owners Group) to address operational and regulatory issues relative to diesel generator sets used for standby emergency power. The Owners` Group performed extensive design reviews of all key engine components and developed recommendations to be implemented by the individual owners concerning needed component replacements and modifications, component inspections to validate the {open_quotes}as-manufactured{close_quotes} and {open_quotes}as-assembled{close_quotes} quality of key engine components, engine testing, and an enhanced maintenance and surveillance program.
Rajan, J.R.
SUBJECT: Insights and Implications of Steam Generator Operating, Inspecting and Maintenance Experience
The steam generator tube failure event at Indian Point Unit 2 and the potential issues surrounding the in-situ pressure testing of selected tubes and test specimens at Arkansas Nuclear One Unit 2, prompted industry to evaluate its generic steam generator guidelines, plant experiences, and insights gained from the periodic steam generator program review visits conducted by the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (INPO). The purpose of this letter is to share with the NRC staff the industry conclusions and actions taken. As the NRC staff is well aware, the operation, inspection, and maintenance of steam generators are a high industry priority. Given the critical role of the steam generator in providing safe, reliable, and economic power production, steam generator performance has received broad industry attention for years. Generic industry activities, managed by EPRI, have been underway continuously since 1978. NRC staff is familiar with those efforts based on past briefings on the activities of the EPRI Steam Generator Management Program (SGMP) and attendance at selected SGMP workshops. More recently, other industry support organizations, such as NEI, INPO, and NSSS Owners Groups, have played important roles as well. Industry data indicates continual improvement in steam generator performance since the initiation of these efforts.
David J. Modeen; Dr. Brian; W. Sheron
Optimizing the CEBAF Injector for Beam Operation with a Higher Voltage Electron Gun
Recent developments in the DC gun technology used at CEBAF have allowed an increase in operational voltage from 100kV to 130kV. In the near future this will be extended further to 200kV with the purchase of a new power supply. The injector components and layout at this time have been designed specifically for 100kV operation. It is anticipated that with an increase in gun voltage and optimization of the layout and components for 200kV operation, that the electron bunch length and beam brightness can be improved upon. This paper explores some upgrade possibilities for a 200kV gun CEBAF injector through beam dynamic simulations.
F.E. Hannon, A.S. Hofler, R. Kazimi
Optimization of non-aqueous electrolytes for Primary lithium/air batteries operated in Ambient Enviroment
The selection and optimization of non-aqueous electrolytes for ambient operations of lithium/air batteries has been studied. Organic solvents with low volatility and low moisture absorption are necessary to minimize the change of electrolyte compositions and the reaction between lithium anode and water during discharge process. It is critical to make the electrolytes with high polarity so that it can reduce wetting and flooding of carbon based air electrode and lead to improved battery performance. For ambient operations, the viscosity, ionic conductivity, and oxygen solubility of the electrolyte are less important than the polarity of organic solvents once the electrolyte has reasonable viscosity, conductivity, and oxygen solubility. It has been found that PC/EC mixture is the best solvent system and LiTFSI is the most feasible salt for ambient operations of Li/air batteries. Battery performance is not very sensitive to PC/EC ratio or salt concentration.
Xu, Wu; Xiao, Jie; Zhang, Jian; Wang, Deyu; Zhang, Jiguang
Monitoring and Optimization of Building Operations of a Low-Energy School Building
The ambitious design and energy concept of the new Gebhard-M³ller-Schule (GMS) school building in Biberach/Riss, Germany proved itself during the first three school years of operation. The intended target value of 30 kWh/(m2a) overall heating energy consumption was almost met during the second year of operation in 2006 and finally achieved in 2007, due to well-working optimization measures, which were identified through monitoring of the building operation. Heating and cooling energy is mainly provided by a groundwater well plant, which serves as a heat source for two heat pumps as well as a direct cooling source for supplying the radiant heating and cooling system that is integrated in the concrete floor and ceiling slabs (thermally activated building component systems ¢ TABS). Indoor air conditioning and server room cooling are also connected to the groundwater cooling system. The main component of the groundwater well plant is a submersible pump on the bottom of the well which is located underneath the building. The pump supplies the building reliably with geothermal energy, but also consumes a significant amount of electricity. Monitoring and optimization of the buildingÆs operation, funded by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology in Germany, revealed fundamental findings about the operation of the system and the possibilities to improve the buildingÆs performance. Since 2005, the measurements show a continuous increase in efficiency, particularly in the field of auxiliary energies. This significantly increased performance clearly shows the potential of the use of groundwater for heating and cooling purposes and of thermally activated building component systems. In addition the measurements reveal the sensitivity of the system efficiency in terms of operating parameters.
Koenigsdorff, R.; Heinrich, S.; Baumann, O.; Reiser, C.
Abstract--A bi-objective optimization model of power and power changes generated by a wind turbine is discussed in this
for optimizing the power of the DFIG (Doubly Fed Induction Generator). Abdelli et al. [5] applied a multi
Kusiak, Andrew
Real-Time Combined Heat and Power Operational Strategy Using a Hierarchical Optimization Algorithm
Existing attempts to optimize the operation of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems for building applications have two major limitations: the electrical and thermal loads are obtained from historical weather profiles; and the CHP system models ignore transient responses by using constant equipment efficiencies. This paper considers the transient response of a building combined with a hierarchical CHP optimal control algorithm to obtain a real-time integrated system that uses the most recent weather and electric load information. This is accomplished by running concurrent simulations of two transient building models. The first transient building model uses current as well as forecast input information to obtain short term predictions of the thermal and electric building loads. The predictions are then used by an optimization algorithm, i.e., a hierarchical controller, that decides the amount of fuel and of electrical energy to be allocated at the current time step. In a simulation, the actual physical building is not available and, hence, to simulate a real-time environment, a second, building model with similar but not identical input loads are used to represent the actual building. A state-variable feedback loop is completed at the beginning of each time step by copying, i.e., measuring, the state variable from the actual building and restarting the predictive model using these ?measured? values as initial conditions. The simulation environment presented in this paper features nonlinear effects such as the dependence of the heat exchanger effectiveness on their operating conditions. The results indicate that the CHP engine operation dictated by the proposed hierarchical controller with uncertain weather conditions have the potential to yield significant savings when compared to conventional systems using current values of electricity and fuel prices.
Yun, Kyung Tae; Cho, Heejin; Luck, Rogelio; Mago, Pedro J.
Optimization Measures for Sporting and Special Event Facilities: Design and Operation
Reducing unnecessary building energy costs is becoming more of a priority. Rising fuel prices and a global emphasis on energy efficiency are key contributing factors. This push towards energy efficiency certainly applies to today's athletic and special event facilities. High customer expectations and corresponding large operating expenses have helped to make energy conservation measures more of a priority in the facilities design. The heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in sporting and special event facility present a unique challenge to Continuous Commissioning (CC) engineers. In such facilities, high occupancy and equipment loads occur at the design load condition, but only a small fraction of the designed capacity is necessary for routine operations. On the other hand, during games and other events, system performance is critical. Therefore, significant savings potential exists, but care must be taken to avoid compromising the peak load operations. Maintenance uncertainties, equipment wear, and lack of operator knowledge all combine to affect the building operating costs. Continuous Commissioning, a process developed by the Texas A&M Energy Systems Laboratory, addresses issues such as these and proves very worthwhile. An overview of multi-purpose arenas and their usage will be given, and potential optimization measures and Continuous Commissioning of these facilities will be presented, along with some illustrative examples.
Giebler, T.; Wei, G.; Deng, S.; Claridge, D. E.; Turner, W. D.; Liu, M.
Turbine Reliability and Operability Optimization through the use of Direct Detection Lidar Final Technical Report
The goal of this Department of Energy (DOE) project is to increase wind turbine efficiency and reliability with the use of a Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) system. The LIDAR provides wind speed and direction data that can be used to help mitigate the fatigue stress on the turbine blades and internal components caused by wind gusts, sub-optimal pointing and reactionary speed or RPM changes. This effort will have a significant impact on the operation and maintenance costs of turbines across the industry. During the course of the project, Michigan Aerospace Corporation (MAC) modified and tested a prototype direct detection wind LIDAR instrument; the resulting LIDAR design considered all aspects of wind turbine LIDAR operation from mounting, assembly, and environmental operating conditions to laser safety. Additionally, in co-operation with our partners, the National Renewable Energy Lab and the Colorado School of Mines, progress was made in LIDAR performance modeling as well as LIDAR feed forward control system modeling and simulation. The results of this investigation showed that using LIDAR measurements to change between baseline and extreme event controllers in a switching architecture can reduce damage equivalent loads on blades and tower, and produce higher mean power output due to fewer overspeed events. This DOE project has led to continued venture capital investment and engagement with leading turbine OEMs, wind farm developers, and wind farm owner/operators.
Johnson, David K; Lewis, Matthew J; ,; Pavlich, Jane C; Wright, Alan D; Johnson, Kathryn E; Pace, Andrew M
Operational-Condition-Independent Criteria Dedicated to Monitoring Wind Turbine Generators: Preprint
To date the existing wind turbine condition monitoring technologies and commercially available systems have not been fully accepted for improving wind turbine availability and reducing their operation and maintenance costs. One of the main reasons is that wind turbines are subject to constantly varying loads and operate at variable rotational speeds. As a consequence, the influences of turbine faults and the effects of varying load and speed are coupled together in wind turbine condition monitoring signals. So, there is an urgent need to either introduce some operational condition de-coupling procedures into the current wind turbine condition monitoring techniques or develop a new operational condition independent wind turbine condition monitoring technique to maintain high turbine availability and achieve the expected economic benefits from wind. The purpose of this paper is to develop such a technique. In the paper, three operational condition independent criteria are developed dedicated for monitoring the operation and health condition of wind turbine generators. All proposed criteria have been tested through both simulated and practical experiments. The experiments have shown that these criteria provide a solution for detecting both mechanical and electrical faults occurring in wind turbine generators.
Yang, W.; Sheng, S.; Court, R.
Generation of a novel phase-space-based cylindrical dose kernel for IMRT optimization
Purpose: Improving dose calculation accuracy is crucial in intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). We have developed a method for generating a phase-space-based dose kernel for IMRT planning of lung cancer patients. Methods: Particle transport in the linear accelerator treatment head of a 21EX, 6 MV photon beam (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) was simulated using the EGSnrc/BEAMnrc code system. The phase space information was recorded under the secondary jaws. Each particle in the phase space file was associated with a beamlet whose index was calculated and saved in the particle's LATCH variable. The DOSXYZnrc code was modified to accumulate the energy deposited by each particle based on its beamlet index. Furthermore, the central axis of each beamlet was calculated from the orientation of all the particles in this beamlet. A cylinder was then defined around the central axis so that only the energy deposited within the cylinder was counted. A look-up table was established for each cylinder during the tallying process. The efficiency and accuracy of the cylindrical beamlet energy deposition approach was evaluated using a treatment plan developed on a simulated lung phantom. Results: Profile and percentage depth doses computed in a water phantom for an open, square field size were within 1.5% of measurements. Dose optimized with the cylindrical dose kernel was found to be within 0.6% of that computed with the nontruncated 3D kernel. The cylindrical truncation reduced optimization time by approximately 80%. Conclusions: A method for generating a phase-space-based dose kernel, using a truncated cylinder for scoring dose, in beamlet-based optimization of lung treatment planning was developed and found to be in good agreement with the standard, nontruncated scoring approach. Compared to previous techniques, our method significantly reduces computational time and memory requirements, which may be useful for Monte-Carlo-based 4D IMRT or IMAT treatment planning.
Zhong Hualiang; Chetty, Indrin J. [Department of Radiation Oncology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan 48202 (United States)
Optimal Design of Integration of Intelligent, Adaptive Solar (PV) Power Generator with Grid for Domestic Energy Management System
This paper introduces a novel system based on integration of solar power generator with grid for optimal utilization of energy by minimizing the power drawn from grid. A prototype grid integrated PV system comprising of PV module (2*75Wp), battery bank ... Keywords: Solar power Generator (SPG), Domestic Energy Management, Bi-directional Inverter, Photovoltaic(PV), Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
S. N. Singh; Pooja Singh; Swati Kumari; Swati
iCycle: Integrated, multicriterial beam angle, and profile optimization for generation of coplanar and noncoplanar IMRT plans
Purpose: To introduce iCycle, a novel algorithm for integrated, multicriterial optimization of beam angles, and intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) profiles. Methods: A multicriterial plan optimization with iCycle is based on a prescription called wish-list, containing hard constraints and objectives with ascribed priorities. Priorities are ordinal parameters used for relative importance ranking of the objectives. The higher an objective priority is, the higher the probability that the corresponding objective will be met. Beam directions are selected from an input set of candidate directions. Input sets can be restricted, e.g., to allow only generation of coplanar plans, or to avoid collisions between patient/couch and the gantry in a noncoplanar setup. Obtaining clinically feasible calculation times was an important design criterium for development of iCycle. This could be realized by sequentially adding beams to the treatment plan in an iterative procedure. Each iteration loop starts with selection of the optimal direction to be added. Then, a Pareto-optimal IMRT plan is generated for the (fixed) beam setup that includes all so far selected directions, using a previously published algorithm for multicriterial optimization of fluence profiles for a fixed beam arrangement Breedveld et al.[Phys. Med. Biol. 54, 7199-7209 (2009)]. To select the next direction, each not yet selected candidate direction is temporarily added to the plan and an optimization problem, derived from the Lagrangian obtained from the just performed optimization for establishing the Pareto-optimal plan, is solved. For each patient, a single one-beam, two-beam, three-beam, etc. Pareto-optimal plan is generated until addition of beams does no longer result in significant plan quality improvement. Plan generation with iCycle is fully automated. Results: Performance and characteristics of iCycle are demonstrated by generating plans for a maxillary sinus case, a cervical cancer patient, and a liver patient treated with SBRT. Plans generated with beam angle optimization did better meet the clinical goals than equiangular or manually selected configurations. For the maxillary sinus and liver cases, significant improvements for noncoplanar setups were seen. The cervix case showed that also in IMRT with coplanar setups, beam angle optimization with iCycle may improve plan quality. Computation times for coplanar plans were around 1-2 h and for noncoplanar plans 4-7 h, depending on the number of beams and the complexity of the site. Conclusions: Integrated beam angle and profile optimization with iCycle may result in significant improvements in treatment plan quality. Due to automation, the plan generation workload is minimal. Clinical application has started.
Breedveld, Sebastiaan; Storchi, Pascal R. M.; Voet, Peter W. J.; Heijmen, Ben J. M. [Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Groene Hilledijk 301, 3075 EA Rotterdam (Netherlands)
Operational water consumption and withdrawal factors for electricity generating technologies: a review of existing literature
content has been downloaded from IOPscience. Please scroll down to see the full text. content has been downloaded from IOPscience. Please scroll down to see the full text. Download details: IP Address: 188.8.131.52 This content was downloaded on 04/11/2013 at 23:01 Please note that terms and conditions apply. Operational water consumption and withdrawal factors for electricity generating technologies: a review of existing literature View the table of contents for this issue, or go to the journal homepage for more 2012 Environ. Res. Lett. 7 045802 (http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/7/4/045802) Home Search Collections Journals About Contact us My IOPscience IOP PUBLISHING ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS Environ. Res. Lett. 7 (2012) 045802 (10pp) doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/045802 Operational water consumption and withdrawal factors for electricity generating technologies:
Optimal Operation of a Waste Incineration Plant for District Heating Johannes Jaschke, Helge Smedsrud, Sigurd Skogestad*, Henrik Manum
Optimal Operation of a Waste Incineration Plant for District Heating Johannes J┬©aschke, firstname.lastname@example.com off-line. This systematic approach is here applied to a waste incineration plant for district heating. In district heating networks, operators usually wish to ob- tain the lowest possible return temperature
Optimal selection of on-site generation with combined heat andpower applications
While demand for electricity continues to grow, expansion of the traditional electricity supply system, or macrogrid, is constrained and is unlikely to keep pace with the growing thirst western economies have for electricity. Furthermore, no compelling case has been made that perpetual improvement in the overall power quality and reliability (PQR)delivered is technically possible or economically desirable. An alternative path to providing high PQR for sensitive loads would generate close to them in microgrids, such as the Consortium for Electricity Reliability Technology Solutions (CERTS) Microgrid. Distributed generation would alleviate the pressure for endless improvement in macrogrid PQR and might allow the establishment of a sounder economically based level of universal grid service. Energy conversion from available fuels to electricity close to loads can also provide combined heat and power (CHP) opportunities that can significantly improve the economics of small-scale on-site power generation, especially in hot climates when the waste heat serves absorption cycle cooling equipment that displaces expensive on-peak electricity. An optimization model, the Distributed Energy Resources Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM), developed at Berkeley Lab identifies the energy bill minimizing combination of on-site generation and heat recovery equipment for sites, given their electricity and heat requirements, the tariffs they face, and a menu of available equipment. DER-CAM is used to conduct a systemic energy analysis of a southern California naval base building and demonstrates atypical current economic on-site power opportunity. Results achieve cost reductions of about 15 percent with DER, depending on the tariff.Furthermore, almost all of the energy is provided on-site, indicating that modest cost savings can be achieved when the microgrid is free to select distributed generation and heat recovery equipment in order to minimize its over all costs.
Siddiqui, Afzal S.; Marnay, Chris; Bailey, Owen; HamachiLaCommare, Kristina
A Systems Engineering Framework for Design, Construction and Operation of the Next Generation Nuclear Plant
Not since the International Space Station has a project of such wide participation been proposed for the United States. Ten countries, the European Union, universities, Department of Energy (DOE) laboratories, and industry will participate in the research and development, design, construction and/or operation of the fourth generation of nuclear power plants with a demonstration reactor to be built at a DOE site and operational by the middle of the next decade. This reactor will be like no other. The Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) will be passively safe, economical, highly efficient, modular, proliferation resistant, and sustainable. In addition to electrical generation, the NGNP will demonstrate efficient and cost effective generation of hydrogen to support the PresidentÆs Hydrogen Initiative. To effectively manage this multi-organizational and technologically complex project, systems engineering techniques and processes will be used extensively to ensure delivery of the final product. The technological and organizational challenges are complex. Research and development activities are required, material standards require development, hydrogen production, storage and infrastructure requirements are not well developed, and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission may further define risk-informed/performance-based approach to licensing. Detailed design and development will be challenged by the vast cultural and institutional differences across the participants. Systems engineering processes must bring the technological and organizational complexity together to ensure successful product delivery. This paper will define the framework for application of systems engineering to this $1.5B - $1.9B project.
Edward J. Gorski; Charles V. Park; Finis H. Southworth
Operating experience feedback report -- turbine-generator overspeed protection systems: Commercial power reactors. Volume 11
This report presents the results of the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission`s Office for Analysis and Evaluation of Operational Data (AEOD) review of operating experience of main turbine-generator overspeed and overspeed protection systems. It includes an indepth examination of the turbine overspeed event which occurred on November 9, 1991, at the Salem Unit 2 Nuclear Power Plant. It also provides information concerning actions taken by other utilities and the turbine manufacturers as a result of the Salem overspeed event. AEOD`s study reviewed operating procedures and plant practices. It noted differences between turbine manufacturer designs and recommendations for operations, maintenance, and testing, and also identified significant variations in the manner that individual plants maintain and test their turbine overspeed protection systems. AEOD`s study provides insight into the shortcomings in the design, operation, maintenance, testing, and human factors associated with turbine overspeed protection systems. Operating experience indicates that the frequency of turbine overspeed events is higher than previously thought and that the bases for demonstrating compliance with NRC`s General Design Criterion (GDC) 4, Environmental and dynamic effects design bases, may be nonconservative with respect to the assumed frequency.
Ornstein, H.L.
Combining Optimization and Simulation for Strategic and Operational Industrial Gas Production and Distribution
of liquefied atmo- spheric gases. A simulation engine that interacts with the optimization models is used-wide Optimization; Simulation Optimization; 1 Introduction Liquid oxygen (lox) and liquid nitrogen (lni
Linderoth, Jeffrey T.
Detailed analysis of an endoreversible fuel cell : Maximum power and optimal operating temperature determination
Producing useful electrical work in consuming chemical energy, the fuel cell have to reject heat to its surrounding. However, as it occurs for any other type of engine, this thermal energy cannot be exchanged in an isothermal way in finite time through finite areas. As it was already done for various types of systems, we study the fuel cell within the finite time thermodynamics framework and define an endoreversible fuel cell. Considering different types of heat transfer laws, we obtain an optimal value of the operating temperature, corresponding to a maximum produced power. This analysis is a first step of a thermodynamical approach of design of thermal management devices, taking into account performances of the whole system.
A. Vaudrey; P. Baucour; F. Lanzetta; R. Glises
Vaudrey, A; Lanzetta, F; Glises, R
Design and operation of an inert gas facility for thermoelectric generator storage
While the flight hardware is protected by design from the harsh environments of space, its in-air storage often requires special protection from contaminants such as dust, moisture and other gases. One of these components, the radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) which powers the missions, was deemed particularly vulnerable to pre-launch aging because the generators remain operational at core temperatures in excess of 1000 degrees centigrade throughout the storage period. Any oxygen permitted to enter the devices will react with thermally hot components, preferentially with molybdenum in the insulating foils, and with graphites to form CO/CO{sub 2} gases which are corrosive to the thermopile. It was important therefore to minimize the amount of oxygen which could enter, by either limiting the effective in-leakage areas on the generators themselves, or by reducing the relative amount of oxygen within the environment around the generators, or both. With the generators already assembled and procedures in place to assure minimal in-leakage in handling, the approach of choice was to provide a storage environment which contains significantly less oxygen than normal air. 2 refs.
Goebel, C.J.
Optimization of Preprocessing and Densification of Sorghum Stover at Full-scale Operation
Transportation costs can be a prohibitive step in bringing biomass to a preprocessing location or biofuel refinery. One alternative to transporting biomass in baled or loose format to a preprocessing location, is to utilize a mobile preprocessing system that can be relocated to various locations where biomass is stored, preprocess and densify the biomass, then ship it to the refinery as needed. The Idaho National Laboratory has a full scale 'Process Demonstration Unit' PDU which includes a stage 1 grinder, hammer mill, drier, pellet mill, and cooler with the associated conveyance system components. Testing at bench and pilot scale has been conducted to determine effects of moisture on preprocessing, crop varieties on preprocessing efficiency and product quality. The INLs PDU provides an opportunity to test the conclusions made at the bench and pilot scale on full industrial scale systems. Each component of the PDU is operated from a central operating station where data is collected to determine power consumption rates for each step in the process. The power for each electrical motor in the system is monitored from the control station to monitor for problems and determine optimal conditions for the system performance. The data can then be viewed to observe how changes in biomass input parameters (moisture and crop type for example), mechanical changes (screen size, biomass drying, pellet size, grinding speed, etc.,), or other variations effect the power consumption of the system. Sorgum in four foot round bales was tested in the system using a series of 6 different screen sizes including: 3/16 in., 1 in., 2 in., 3 in., 4 in., and 6 in. The effect on power consumption, product quality, and production rate were measured to determine optimal conditions.
Neal A. Yancey; Jaya Shankar Tumuluru; Craig C. Conner; Christopher T. Wright
Optimization of disk generator performance for base-load power plant systems applications
Disk generators for use in base-load MHD power plants are examined for both open-cycle and closed-cycle operating modes. The OCD cases are compared with PSPEC results for a linear channel; enthalpy extractions up to 23% with 71% isentropic efficiency are achievable with generator inlet conditions similar to those used in PSPEC, thus confirming that the disk configuration is a viable alternative for base-load power generation. The evaluation of closed-cycle disks includes use of a simplified cycle model. High system efficiencies over a wide range of power levels are obtained for effective Hall coefficients in the range 2.3 to 4.9. Cases with higher turbulence (implying ..beta../sub eff/ less than or equal to 2.4) yield high system efficiencies at power levels of 100 to 500 MW/sub e/. All these CCD cases compare favorably with linear channels reported in the GE ECAS study, yielding higher isentropic efficiences for a given enthalpy extraction. Power densities in the range 70 to 170 MW/m/sup 3/ appear feasible, leading to very compact generator configurations.
Teare, J.D.; Loubsky, W.J.; Lytle, J.K.; Louis, J.F.
Has Restructuring Improved Operating Efficiency at U.S. Electricity Generating Plants?
States N Distribution Transmission Generation RestructuringStates N Distribution Transmission Generation Restructuringof generation, transmission, and distribution services, we
Fabrizio, Kira; Rose, Nancy; Wolfram, Catherine
The second generation of optimized beam orbit measurement (BOM) system of LEP hardware and performance description
The BOM System with its 504 Beam Position Monitors and 40 Processing Electronics Stations, distributed along the 27 km of the LEP tunnel, has been optimized for all beam conditions and modes of operation. The description of the Beam Position Monitors (or PU) behavior in the tunnel is given. The guiding approaches for obtaining both main aspects of the critical BOM performances were: a) high reliability, since most of the electronics is not accessible during operation, and b) resolution, precision and stability of the signal processing equipment for the management of the LEP optics, polarization and energy calibration. The finalized analog signal processing chains, both Wide-Band and Narrow-Band, are described. Since local memories allow for the recording of data at each bunch passage during more than 1000 revolutions, it can be followed by a powerful digital signal processing allowing for many modes of beam observation. Examples are presented of beam and machine behavior studies. The BOM System has been a key...
Borer, J; Manarin, A; Vismara, Giuseppe
Integration of Wind Generation and Load Forecast Uncertainties into Power Grid Operations
In this paper, a new approach to evaluate the uncertainty ranges for the required generation performance envelope, including the balancing capacity, ramping capability and ramp duration is presented. The approach includes three stages: statistical and actual data acquisition, statistical analysis of retrospective information, and prediction of future grid balancing requirements for specified time horizons and confidence intervals. Assessment of the capacity and ramping requirements is performed using a specially developed probabilistic algorithm based on a histogram analysis incorporating all sources of uncertainty and parameters of a continuous (wind forecast and load forecast errors) and discrete (forced generator outages and failures to start up) nature. Preliminary simulations using California Independent System Operator (CAISO) real life data have shown the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach.
Makarov, Yuri V.; Etingov, Pavel V.; Huang, Zhenyu; Ma, Jian; Chakrabarti, Bhujanga B.; Subbarao, Krishnappa; Loutan, Clyde; Guttromson, Ross T.
Live Operation Data Collection Optimization and Communication for the Domestic Nuclear Detection OfficeÆs Rail Test Center
For the Domestic Nuclear Detection OfficeÆs Rail Test Center (i.e., DNDOÆs RTC), port operation knowledge with flexible collection tools and technique are essential in both technology testing design and implementation intended for live operational settings. Increased contextual data, flexibility in procedures, and rapid availability of information are keys to addressing the challenges of optimization, validation, and analysis within live operational setting data collection. These concepts need to be integrated into technology testing designs, data collection, validation, and analysis processes. A modified data collection technique with a two phased live operation test method is proposed.
Gelston, Gariann M.
Evaluation of Next Generation Nuclear Power Plant (NGNP) Intermediate Heat Exchanger (IHX) Operating Conditions
This report summarizes results of a preliminary evaluation to determine the operating conditions for the Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) Intermediate Heat Exchanger (IHX) that will transfer heat from the reactor primary system to the demonstration hydrogen production plant(s). The Department of Energy is currently investigating two primary options for the production of hydrogen using a high temperature reactor as the power source. These options are the High Temperature Electrolysis (HTE) and Sulfur-Iodine (SI) thermochemical hydrogen production processes. However, since the SI process relies entirely on process heat from the reactor, while the HTE process relies primarily on electrical energy with only a small amount of process heat required, the design of the IHX is dictated by the SI process heat requirements. Therefore, the IHX operating conditions were defined assuming 50 MWt is available for the production of hydrogen using the SI process. Three configurations for the intermediate loop were evaluated, including configurations for both direct and indirect power conversion systems. The HYSYS process analysis software was used to perform sensitivity studies to determine the influence of reactor outlet temperatures, intermediate loop working fluids (helium and molten salt), intermediate loop pressures, and intermediate loop piping lengths on NGNP performance and IHX operating conditions. The evaluation of NGNP performance included assessments of overall electric power conversion efficiency and estimated hydrogen production efficiency. Based on these evaluations, recommended IHX operating conditions are defined.
E. A. Harvego
Optimal Technology Investment and Operation in Zero-Net-Energy Buildings with Demand Response
N. Zhou (2007), ōDistributed Generation with Heat RecoveryCO 2 emissions, distributed generation, energy management,2008)). Although distributed generation ( DG) units are less
Stadler, Michael
Optimal selection of on-site generation with combined heat and power applications
ios in which distributed generation and heat recovery486-7976 Keywords: distributed generation; combined heat andCERTS) Microgrid. Distributed generation would alleviate the
Siddiqui, Afzal S.; Marnay, Chris; Bailey, Owen; Hamachi LaCommare, Kristina
the burning of natural gas for on-site power generation andnatural gas absorption chiller GenL i , m , t , h , u Generated power by distributed generation
Incorporating Wind Generation Forecast Uncertainty into Power System Operation, Dispatch, and Unit Commitment Procedures
In this paper, an approach to evaluate the uncertainties of the balancing capacity, ramping capability, and ramp duration requirements is proposed. The approach includes three steps: forecast data acquisition, statistical analysis of retrospective information, and prediction of grid balancing requirements for a specified time horizon and a given confidence level. Assessment of the capacity and ramping requirements is performed using a specially developed probabilistic algorithm based on histogram analysis, incorporating sources of uncertainty of both continuous (wind and load forecast errors) and discrete (forced generator outages and start-up failures) nature. A new method called the "flying-brick" technique is developed to evaluate the look-ahead required generation performance envelope for the worst case scenario within a user-specified confidence level. A self-validation process is used to validate the accuracy of the confidence intervals. To demonstrate the validity of the developed uncertainty assessment methods and its impact on grid operation, a framework for integrating the proposed methods with an EMS system is developed. Demonstration through integration with an EMS system illustrates the applicability of the proposed methodology and the developed tool for actual grid operation and paves the road for integration with EMS systems from other vendors.
Makarov, Yuri V.; Etingov, Pavel V.; Huang, Zhenyu; Ma, Jian; Subbarao, Krishnappa
Incorporating Uncertainty of Wind Power Generation Forecast into Power System Operation, Dispatch, and Unit Commitment Procedures
An approach to evaluate the uncertainties of the balancing capacity, ramping capability, and ramp duration requirements is proposed. The approach includes three steps: forecast data acquisition, statistical analysis of retrospective information, and prediction of grid balancing requirements for a specified time horizon and a given confidence level. An assessment of the capacity and ramping requirements is performed using a specially developed probabilistic algorithm based on histogram analysis, incorporating sources of uncertainty - both continuous (wind and load forecast errors) and discrete (forced generator outages and start-up failures). A new method called the 'flying-brick' technique is developed to evaluate the look-ahead required generation performance envelope for the worst case scenario within a user-specified confidence level. A self-validation process is used to validate the accuracy of the confidence intervals. To demonstrate the validity of the developed uncertainty assessment methods and its impact on grid operation, a framework for integrating the proposed methods with an EMS system is developed. Demonstration through EMS integration illustrates the applicability of the proposed methodology and the developed tool for actual grid operation and paves the road for integration with EMS systems in control rooms.
Makarov, Yuri V.; Etingov, Pavel V.; Ma, Jian; Huang, Zhenyu; Subbarao, Krishnappa
Maintenance and operation of a small wind generator in the marine environment. Final report
This report discusses the maintenance and operation of a wind-turbine generator that has been undergoing tests as a source of energy for remote Coast Guard lighthouses. The report documents both the effects of operating the wind machine in the marine environment and the maintenance that it required. Design parameters and performance records of the generator are also evaluated. The HR2 is a horizontal-axis, upwind-oriented, three-bladed wind machine. It is equipped with a direct-drive system that allows the kinetic force captured by the propeller to be converted directly into rotational force driving the main shaft. The HR2 alternator and blade/hub system are allowed to tilt out of a near-vertical plane about a shaft and bearing mechanism. The VARCS is a torsion spring- and hinge-mechanism that acts against the lifting dynamics of the spinning blades. As high winds or gusts tilt the alternator about the hinge, the VARCS's spring opposes this force and regulates the blades angle of attack into the wind; the propeller's RPM drop when tilted because of the feathering action. If the wind subsides, the force of the VARCS spring drives the alternator assembly down and presents the blades back into the wind.
Heerlein, W.
Organ sample generator for expected treatment dose construction and adaptive inverse planning optimization
Purpose: To create an organ sample generator (OSG) for expected treatment dose construction and adaptive inverse planning optimization. The OSG generates random samples of organs of interest from a distribution obeying the patient specific organ variation probability density function (PDF) during the course of adaptive radiotherapy. Methods: Principle component analysis (PCA) and a time-varying least-squares regression (LSR) method were used on patient specific geometric variations of organs of interest manifested on multiple daily volumetric images obtained during the treatment course. The construction of the OSG includes the determination of eigenvectors of the organ variation using PCA, and the determination of the corresponding coefficients using time-varying LSR. The coefficients can be either random variables or random functions of the elapsed treatment days depending on the characteristics of organ variation as a stationary or a nonstationary random process. The LSR method with time-varying weighting parameters was applied to the precollected daily volumetric images to determine the function form of the coefficients. Eleven h and n cancer patients with 30 daily cone beam CT images each were included in the evaluation of the OSG. The evaluation was performed using a total of 18 organs of interest, including 15 organs at risk and 3 targets. Results: Geometric variations of organs of interest during h and n cancer radiotherapy can be represented using the first 3 {approx} 4 eigenvectors. These eigenvectors were variable during treatment, and need to be updated using new daily images obtained during the treatment course. The OSG generates random samples of organs of interest from the estimated organ variation PDF of the individual. The accuracy of the estimated PDF can be improved recursively using extra daily image feedback during the treatment course. The average deviations in the estimation of the mean and standard deviation of the organ variation PDF for h and n cancer radiotherapy were less than 2 and 1 mm, respectively, for most organs after the second week of treatment. After the first three weeks of treatment, the mean discrepancy of the dose estimation accuracy was within 1% for most of organs, the corresponding standard deviation was within 2.5% for parotids, the brain stem and the cochleae, and within 1% for other organs. Conclusions: A patient specific OSG is feasible and can be used to generate random samples of organs of interest for the expected treatment dose construction and adaptive inverse planning. The accuracy of the OSG can be improved continuously and recursively during the adaptive treatment course using daily volumetric image feedback.
Nie Xiaobo; Liang Jian; Yan Di [Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, Michigan 48073 (United States)
Decentralized optimal neuro-controllers for generation and transmission devices in an electric power network
In this paper, the dual heuristic programming (DHP) optimization algorithm is applied for the design of two LOCAL nonlinear optimal neuro-controllers on a practical multi-machine power system. One neuro-controller is designed to replace the conventional ... Keywords: Decentralized control, Dual heuristic programming, Optimal neuro-controller, Power network, Series capacitive reactance compensator
Jung-Wook Park; Ronald G. Harley; Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy
Land Surface Temperature Estimation from the Next Generation of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites: GOES M¢Q
The next generation of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES M¢Q) will have only one thermal window channel instead of the current two split-window thermal channels. There is a need to evaluate the usefulness of this new ...
Donglian Sun; Rachel T. Pinker; Jeffery B. Basara
al. (1993) considered integration of IGCC systems with solar PV, while Forsberg (2008, 2009) studied significant attention (e.g., wind and solar in Celik, 2002 and Habib et al., 1999; wind and hydro in Jaramillo
Model of variable speed constant frequency double fed wind power generation system and analysis of its operating performance
Structure of variable speed constant frequency double fed wind power generation system (WPGS) was analyzed, and its model was established. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control, constant power control and vector control for WPGS were discussed. ... Keywords: operating performance, variable speed constant frequency, vector control, wind power generation system
Pan Tinglong; Ji Zhicheng
www.electricitystorage.org/tech/technologies_comparisons_Chandran (2008), ōOptimal Technology Selection and Operationand Thermal Storage Technologies,ö ACEEE 2008 Summer Study
Operational readiness review plan for the radioisotope thermoelectric generator materials production tasks
In October 1989, a US shuttle lifted off from Cape Kennedy carrying the spacecraft Galileo on its mission to Jupiter. In November 1990, a second spacecraft, Ulysses, will be launched from Cape Kennedy with a mission to study the polar regions of the sun. The prime source of power for both spacecraft is a series of radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs), which use plutonium oxide (plutonia) as a heat source. Several of the key components in this power system are required to ensure the safety of both the public and the environment and were manufactured at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in the 1980 to 1983 period. For these two missions, Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. (Energy Systems), will provide an iridium-alloy component used to contain the plutonia heat source and a carbon-composite material that serves as a thermal insulator. ORNL alone will continue to fabricate the carbon-composite material. Because of the importance to DOE that Energy Systems deliver these high-quality components on time, performance of an Operational Readiness Review (ORR) of these manufacturing activities is necessary. Energy Systems Policy GP-24 entitled Operational Readiness Process'' describes the formal and comprehensive process by which appropriate Energy Systems activities are to be reviewed to ensure their readiness. This Energy System policy is aimed at reducing the risks associated with mission success and requires a management-approved readiness plan'' to be issued. This document is the readiness plan for the RTG materials production tasks. 6 refs., 11 figs., 1 tab.
Cooper, R.H.; Martin, M.M.; Riggs, C.R.; Beatty, R.L.; Ohriner, E.K.; Escher, R.N.
An Integrated Framework for Gas Turbine Based Power Plant Operational Modeling and Optimization .
??The deregulation of the electric power market introduced a strong element of competition. Power plant operators strive to develop advanced operational strategies to maximize theģ (more)
Zhao, Yongjun
Combined cycle electric power plant having a control system which enables dry steam generator operation during gas turbine operation
A control system for a combined cycle electric power plant is described. It contains: at least one gas turbine including an exit through which heated exhaust gases pass; means for generating steam coupled to said gas turbine exit for transferring heat from the exhaust gases to a fluid passing through the steam generator; a steam turbine coupled to the steam generator and driven by the steam supplied thereby; means for generating electric power by the driving power of the turbines; condenser means for receiving and converting the spent steam from the steam turbine into condensate; and steam generating means comprising a low pressure storage tank, a first heat exchange tube, a boiler feedwater pump for directing fluid from a low pressure storage tank through the first heat exchange tube, a main storage drum, a second heat exchange tube, and a high pressure recirculation pump for directing fluid from the main storage pump through the second heat exchange tube. The control system monitors the temperature of the exhaust gas turbine gases as directed to the steam generator and deactuates the steam turbine when a predetermined temperature is exceeded.
Martz, L.F.; Plotnick, R.J.
An "ageing" operator and its use in the highly constrained topological optimization of HVAC system design
The synthesis of novel heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC), system configurations is a mixed-integer, non-linear, highly constrained, multi-modal, optimization problem, with many of the constraints being subject to time-varying boundary ... Keywords: HVAC, evolutionary algorithms, system design, topological optimization
Jonathan Wight; Yi Zhang
Rigorous Kinetic Modeling, Optimization, and Operability Studies of a Modified Claus Unit for an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Power Plant with CO{sub 2} Capture
The modified Claus process is one of the most common technologies for sulfur recovery from acid gas streams. Important design criteria for the Claus unit, when part of an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power plant, are the ability to destroy ammonia completely and the ability to recover sulfur thoroughly from a relatively low purity acid gas stream without sacrificing flame stability. Because of these criteria, modifications to the conventional process are often required, resulting in a modified Claus process. For the studies discussed here, these modifications include the use of a 95% pure oxygen stream as the oxidant, a split flow configuration, and the preheating of the feeds with the intermediate pressure steam generated in the waste heat boiler (WHB). In the future, for IGCC plants with CO{sub 2} capture, the Claus unit must satisfy emission standards without sacrificing the plant efficiency in the face of typical disturbances of an IGCC plant, such as rapid change in the feed flow rates due to load-following and wide changes in the feed composition because of changes in the coal feed to the gasifier. The Claus unit should be adequately designed and efficiently operated to satisfy these objectives. Even though the Claus process has been commercialized for decades, most papers concerned with the modeling of the Claus process treat the key reactions as equilibrium reactions. Such models are validated by manipulating the temperature approach to equilibrium for a set of steady-state operating data, but they are of limited use for dynamic studies. One of the objectives of this study is to develop a model that can be used for dynamic studies. In a Claus process, especially in the furnace and the WHB, many reactions may take place. In this work, a set of linearly independent reactions has been identified, and kinetic models of the furnace flame and anoxic zones, WHB, and catalytic reactors have been developed. To facilitate the modeling of the Claus furnace, a four-stage method was devised so as to determine which set of linearly independent reactions would best describe the product distributions from available plant data. Various approaches are taken to derive the kinetic rate expressions, which are either missing in the open literature or found to be inconsistent. A set of plant data is used for optimal estimation of the kinetic parameters. The final model agrees well with the published plant data. Using the developed kinetics models of the Claus reaction furnace, WHB, and catalytic stages, two optimization studies are carried out. The first study shows that there exists an optimal steam pressure generated in the WHB that balances hydrogen yield, oxygen demand, and power generation. In the second study, it is shown that an optimal H{sub 2}S/SO{sub 2} ratio exists that balances single-pass conversion, hydrogen yield, oxygen demand, and power generation. In addition, an operability study has been carried out to examine the operating envelope in which both the H{sub 2}S/SO{sub 2} ratio and the adiabatic flame temperature can be controlled in the face of disturbances typical for the operation of an IGCC power plant with CO{sub 2} capture. Impact of CO{sub 2} capture on the Claus process has also been discussed.
Jones, Dustin; Bhattacharyya, Debangsu; Turton, Richard; Zitney, Stephen E
The US Department of Energy has launched the Zero-Net-Energy (ZNE) Commercial Building Initiative (CBI) in order to develop commercial buildings that produce as much energy as they use. Its objective is to make these buildings marketable by 2025 such that they minimize their energy use through cutting-edge energy-efficient technologies and meet their remaining energy needs through on-site renewable energy generation. We examine how such buildings may be implemented within the context of a cost- or carbon-minimizing microgrid that is able to adopt and operate various technologies, such as photovoltaic (PV) on-site generation, heat exchangers, solar thermal collectors, absorption chillers, and passive / demand-response technologies. We use a mixed-integer linear program (MILP) that has a multi-criteria objective function: the minimization of a weighted average of the building's annual energy costs and carbon / CO2 emissions. The MILP's constraints ensure energy balance and capacity limits. In addition, constraining the building's energy consumed to equal its energy exports enables us to explore how energy sales and demand-response measures may enable compliance with the CBI. Using a nursing home in northern California and New York with existing tariff rates and technology data, we find that a ZNE building requires ample PV capacity installed to ensure electricity sales during the day. This is complemented by investment in energy-efficient combined heat and power equipment, while occasional demand response shaves energy consumption. A large amount of storage is also adopted, which may be impractical. Nevertheless, it shows the nature of the solutions and costs necessary to achieve ZNE. For comparison, we analyze a nursing home facility in New York to examine the effects of a flatter tariff structure and different load profiles. It has trouble reaching ZNE status and its load reductions as well as efficiency measures need to be more effective than those in the CA case. Finally, we illustrate that the multi-criteria frontier that considers costs and carbon emissions in the presence of demand response dominates the one without it.
Stadler , Michael; Siddiqui, Afzal; Marnay, Chris; ,, Hirohisa Aki; Lai, Judy
be acquired. Battery storage costs are roughly consistentcosts ($/kW or $/kWh) lifetime (a) thermal storage 15 flow batterycosts, carbon emissions, or other objectives, and delivers optimal schedules. Recently, electrical (conventional lead/acid battery) and
Controlled operation of variable speed driven permanent magnet synchronous generator for wind energy conversion systems
The introduction of distributed generation through renewable sources of energy has opened a challenging area for power engineers. As these sources are intermittent in nature, variable speed electric generators are employed for harnessing electrical energy ... Keywords: permanent magnet synchronous generator, power conditioners, power quality, variable speed generators, wind energy
Rajveer Mittal; K. S. Sandhu; D. K. Jain
Optimal Planning and Operation of Smart Grids with Electric Vehicle Interconnection
Planning and Operation of Smart Grids with Electric VehiclePlanning and Operation of Smart Grids with Electric Vehicleenergy costs at the smart grid or commercial building due to
Heat exchanger Exergoeconomic lifecycle cost optimization
Considering lifecycle cost analysis during the design phase of thermal systems gives the design effort more worth. Furthermore thermodynamic exergetic optimization is proven to be useful method for determining the most lifecycle cost optimal design of ... Keywords: entropy generation, exergy destruction, heat exchanger, operating cost, optimization, thermodynamics
Liaquat Ali Khan; Ali El-Ghalban
Environmental Assessment for the Installation and Operation of Combustion Turbine Generators at Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
DOElEA- 430 DOElEA- 430 LA-UR-02-6482 Nationat Nudea- Security Administration Environmental Assessment for the Installation and Operation of Combustion Turbine Generators at Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico December II,2002 Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration Los Alamos Site Office Environmental Assessment for the Installation and Operation of Combustion Turbine Generators at LANL DOE LASO December 11, 2002 iii Contents ACRONYMS AND TERMS.......................................................................................................V EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... IX 1.0 PURPOSE AND NEED ........................................................................................................1
Optimal design of a high-speed slotless permanent magnet synchronous generator with soft magnetic composite stator yoke and rectifier load
This paper presents a specific design methodology of a DC generation system using a high-speed slotless generator with surface-mounted magnets and soft magnetic composite (SMC) stator yoke connected to a rectifier. The method is based on an analytical ... Keywords: Eddy currents, High-speed generation system, Optimal design, Permanent magnet machine, Soft magnetic composite material
Ahmed Chebak; Philippe Viarouge; Jķr¶me Cros
Optimization of steady-state and hybrid operations in a tokamak fusion reactor by using divertor scaling models
Steady-state and hybrid-mode operation of a tokamak fusion reactor is investigated by power balance calculations, and operation points are optimized with respect to divertor heat load. The dependence of the divertor heat load on a variety of models is also discussed. Several schemes to reduce the heat load are investigated, and the goal of physics research and development is clarified. Hybrid-mode operation appears to be suitable for technology testing, which requires a long burn time and a high neutron wall load. The divertor heat load can be reduced to the ignition-mode level without impurity seeding if the energy confinement is enhanced by 10%. The relation between the divertor heat load and the controllability of the current profile, that is, the fraction of the beam-driven current, is also discussed. 9 refs., 17 figs., 4 tabs.
Murakami, Yoshiki; Sugihara, Masayoshi (Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Naka-machi (Japan))
Review of Operational Water Consumption and Withdrawal Factors for Electricity Generating Technologies
Various studies have attempted to consolidate published estimates of water use impacts of electricity generating technologies, resulting in a wide range of technologies and values based on different primary sources of literature. The goal of this work is to consolidate the various primary literature estimates of water use during the generation of electricity by conventional and renewable electricity generating technologies in the United States to more completely convey the variability and uncertainty associated with water use in electricity generating technologies.
Macknick, J.; Newmark, R.; Heath, G.; Hallett, K. C.
How Run-of-River Operation Affects Hydropower Generation Henriette I. Jager Mark S. Bevelhimer
aquatic biota? 2. Did annual power generation decrease as a result of relicensing? 3. Did the proportion of higher-valued power generated during peak demand decrease because of relicensing? Flexibility requirements that constrain seasonal and diurnal shifting of flow can influence power generation by requiring
Jager, Henriette I.
Performance Calculations and Optimization of a Fresnel Direct Steam Generation CSP Plant with Heat Storage.
?? This master thesis deals with the performance calculations of a 9MW linear Fresnel CSP plant withdirect steam generation built by the Solar Division ofģ (more)
Schlaifer, Perrine
of electricity distribution systems and theu Purchased electricity from the distribution company by theelectricity that it needs beyond its self-generation from the distribution
and Marnay, C. (2007). ōMicrogrids, An Overview of Ongoingand Operation of Microgrids in Commercial Buildings,ö IEEEwith commercial smartgrids/microgrids, which may include
Parallel Operation of Wind Turbine, Fuel Cell, and Diesel Generation Sources: Preprint
We investigated a small isolated hybrid power system that used a parallel combination of dispatchable and non-dispatchable power generation sources. The non-dispatchable generation came from a nature-dependent wind turbine, and the dispatchable generations were a fuel cell and a diesel generator. On the load side, the non-dispatchable portion was the village load, and the dispatchable portion was the energy storage, which could be in many different forms (e.g., space/water heater, electrolysis, battery charger, etc.) The interaction among different generation sources and the loads was investigated. Simulation results showed the effect of the proposed system on voltage and frequency fluctuations.
Muljadi, E.; Wang, C.; Nehrir, M. H.
Energy Efficient DSL via Heterogeneous Sleeping States: Optimization Structures and Operation
rate and thus increases service delay. In addition, switching to and from low-power sleeping states provide a method to optimally decide which sleeping Fig. 1. Transitions between different power states (L0 length [Number of jobs] R Service rate [jobs/s] Arrival rate [jobs/s] p(i) policy for state i PSL power
A fuzzy optimization method for multicriteria decision making: An application to reservoir flood control operation
This paper presents a fuzzy optimization method based on the concept of ideal and anti-ideal points to solve multi-criteria decision making problems under fuzzy environments. The quantitative criteria values of each alternative are represented by triangular ... Keywords: Ideal and anti-ideal points, Linguistic value, Multiple criteria analysis, Triangular fuzzy number
Guangtao Fu
Development and optimization of new generation start-up instrumentation systems (SUI) for domestic CANDU reactors.
??Due to the age and operating experience of Bruce Power units, equipment ageing and obsolescence has become one of the main challenges that need toģ (more)
Nasimi, Elnara
NN-Based Near Real Time Load Prediction for Optimal Generation Control
In the environment of ongoing deregulated power industry, traditional automatic generation control (AGC) has become a set of ancillary services traded in separate markets which are different than the energy market. The performance of AGC is mandated ... Keywords: Automatic Generation Control (AGC), Control Performance Standard (CPS), Dynamic Economic Dispatch, Hierarchical Neural Network, Load Dynamics, Very Short Term Load Prediction (VSTLP)
Dingguo Chen
Improved taguchi method based contracted capacity optimization for power consumer with self-owned generating units
The paper proposes an improved Taguchi method to determine the best capacity contracts and dispatch the power output of the self-owned generating units from almost infinite combinations. To be achieved are savings of total power expenses of the consumers ... Keywords: capacity contracts, improved Taguchi method, self-owned generating units
Hong-Tzer Yang; Pai-Chun Peng; Chung-His Huang
Simulation and Optimization of the Stabilizer Tower Operation at Catalytic Reforming of Esfahan Oil Refining Company
Production of gasoline with low RVP specifications have made the operators of the catalytic reforming unit of Esfahan Oil refining company in Iran to apply new operating conditions. RVP is an abbreviation for Reid Vapor Pressure which is the vapor pressure ... Keywords: RVP, platformate, initial boiling point, catalytic reforming, distillation curve
Ali Izadyar; Bahram Hashemi Shahraki; Ahmad Shariati
Optimizing the Synchronization Operations in Message Passing Interface One-Sided Communication
One-sided communication in Message Passing Interface (MPI) requires the use of one of three different synchronization mechanisms, which indicate when the one-sided operation can be started and when the operation is completed. Efficient implementation ... Keywords: MPI, one-sided communication, remote-memory access, synchronization
Rajeev Thakur; William Gropp; Brian Toonen
EV3 : Traction drives and generators A: Electric machine design and optimization 1
of Rotor Structure and Number of Phases on First and Second Order Characteristics of TOYOTA PRIUS torque, torque-speed characteristics. I. STUDIED PRIUS MACHINE A. The average torque Taverage (first of PRIUS machine. A methodology consists of coupling between an optimization program of Matlab and the FEM
Paris-Sud XI, Universit├® de
Generating Hard Test Instances with Known Optimal Solution for the Rectilinear Quadratic Assignment Problem
In this paper we consider the rectilinear version of the quadratic assignment problem (QAP). We define a class of edge-weighted graphs with nonnegatively valued bisections. For one important type of such graphs we provide a characterization of point ... Keywords: Combinatorial optimization, Graphs, Quadratic assignment, Test instances
G. Palubeckis
Use of Frequency Response Metrics to Assess the Planning and Operating Requirements for Reliable Integration of Variable Renewable Generation
An interconnected electric power system is a complex system that must be operated within a safe frequency range in order to reliably maintain the instantaneous balance between generation and load. This is accomplished by ensuring that adequate resources are available to respond to expected and unexpected imbalances and restoring frequency to its scheduled value in order to ensure uninterrupted electric service to customers. Electrical systems must be flexible enough to reliably operate under a variety of"change" scenarios. System planners and operators must understand how other parts of the system change in response to the initial change, and need tools to manage such changes to ensure reliable operation within the scheduled frequency range. This report presents a systematic approach to identifying metrics that are useful for operating and planning a reliable system with increased amounts of variable renewable generation which builds on existing industry practices for frequency control after unexpected loss of a large amount of generation. The report introduces a set of metrics or tools for measuring the adequacy of frequency response within an interconnection. Based on the concept of the frequency nadir, these metrics take advantage of new information gathering and processing capabilities that system operators are developing for wide-area situational awareness. Primary frequency response is the leading metric that will be used by this report to assess the adequacy of primary frequency control reserves necessary to ensure reliable operation. It measures what is needed to arrest frequency decline (i.e., to establish frequency nadir) at a frequency higher than the highest set point for under-frequency load shedding within an interconnection. These metrics can be used to guide the reliable operation of an interconnection under changing circumstances.
Eto, Joseph H.; Undrill, John; Mackin, Peter; Daschmans, Ron; Williams, Ben; Haney, Brian; Hunt, Randall; Ellis, Jeff; Illian, Howard; Martinez, Carlos; O' Malley, Mark; Coughlin, Katie; LaCommare, Kristina Hamachi
Potential Economic Impact of Constructing and Operating Solar Power Generation Facilities in Nevada
Nevada has a vast potential for electricity generation using solar power. An examination of the stock of renewable resources in Nevada proves that the state has the potential to be a leader in renewable-electric generation--one of the best in the world. This study provides estimates on the economic impact in terms of employment, personal income, and gross state product (GSP) of developing a portion of Nevada's solar energy generation resources.
Schwer, R. K.; Riddel, M.
Diploma Thesis Optimal Operation of a Hydroelectric Power System Subject to Stochastic Inflows and Load
Optimal scheduling of hydro-thermal power plants is crucial for economical electricity production. In this diploma thesis, a stochastic programming approach is used to find optimal scheduling policies in terms of minimal production cost. Stochasticity from water inflows and energy load is included in the model. The problems are approximated by the Sample Average Approximation (SAA) method and solved using a nested decomposition procedure. The precision of the solution is assessed in terms of confidence bounds computed with help of the SAA samples. Acknowledgments I would like to thank my supervisor Kristian Nolde and Andreas Poncet from ABB Corporate Research for the challenging discussion about the modelling problem. I owe many thanks to Jonas Nart, who gave mindful criticism and pointed out many inconsistencies during the writing of this thesis. Of course, any deficiencies are completely
Markus Uhr; Supervisor Kristian Nolde; Prof Dr; M. Morari
Evolution of the CERN Power Converter Function Generator/Controller for Operation in Fast Cycling Accelerators
Power converters in the LHC are controlled by the second generation of an embedded computer known as a Function Generator/Controller (FGC2). Following the success of this control system, new power converter installations at CERN will be based around an evolution of the design ¢ a third generation called FGC3. The FGC3 will initially be used in the PS Booster and Linac4. This paper compares the hardware of the two generations of FGC and details the decisions made during the design of the FGC3.
Calcoen, D; Semanaz, PF
Magnetostatic focal spot correction for x-ray tubes operating in strong magnetic fields using iterative optimization
Purpose: Combining x-ray fluoroscopy and MR imaging systems for guidance of interventional procedures has become more commonplace. By designing an x-ray tube that is immune to the magnetic fields outside of the MR bore, the two systems can be placed in close proximity to each other. A major obstacle to robust x-ray tube design is correcting for the effects of the magnetic fields on the x-ray tube focal spot. A potential solution is to design active shielding that locally cancels the magnetic fields near the focal spot. Methods: An iterative optimization algorithm is implemented to design resistive active shielding coils that will be placed outside the x-ray tube insert. The optimization procedure attempts to minimize the power consumption of the shielding coils while satisfying magnetic field homogeneity constraints. The algorithm is composed of a linear programming step and a nonlinear programming step that are interleaved with each other. The coil results are verified using a finite element space charge simulation of the electron beam inside the x-ray tube. To alleviate heating concerns an optimized coil solution is derived that includes a neodymium permanent magnet. Any demagnetization of the permanent magnet is calculated prior to solving for the optimized coils. The temperature dynamics of the coil solutions are calculated using a lumped parameter model, which is used to estimate operation times of the coils before temperature failure. Results: For a magnetic field strength of 88 mT, the algorithm solves for coils that consume 588 A/cm{sup 2}. This specific coil geometry can operate for 15 min continuously before reaching temperature failure. By including a neodymium magnet in the design the current density drops to 337 A/cm{sup 2}, which increases the operation time to 59 min. Space charge simulations verify that the coil designs are effective, but for oblique x-ray tube geometries there is still distortion of the focal spot shape along with deflections of approximately 3 mm in the radial and circumferential directions on the anode. Conclusions: Active shielding is an attractive solution for correcting the effects of magnetic fields on the x-ray focal spot. If extremely long fluoroscopic exposure times are required, longer operation times can be achieved by including a permanent magnet with the active shielding design.
Lillaney, Prasheel; Shin, Mihye; Conolly, Steven M.; Fahrig, Rebecca [Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 (United States) and Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 (United States); Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 (United States) and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 (United States); Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720 (United States) and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720 (United States); Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 (United States)
Price Forecasting and Optimal Operation of Wholesale Customers in a Competitive Electricity Market.
??This thesis addresses two main issues: first, forecasting short-term electricity market prices; and second, the application of short-term electricity market price forecasts to operation planningģ (more)
Zareipour, Hamidreza
Optimization-based routing and scheduling of IED-detection assets in contemporary military operations
Improvised Explosive Devices, or IEDs, have become a familiar and lethal part of contemporary military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, producing more casualties than any other weapons system. One reason for their success ...
Marks, Christopher E. (Christopher Edward)
Optimized Operation and Calibration Procedures for Radical Amplifier-Type Detectors
Laboratory experiments were conducted to improve the operation and calibration procedures for the ambient ROx radical detectors (ROx = HO2 + RO2 + OH + RO) based on chemical amplification. A new method for the experimental determination of the ...
C. M. Mihele; D. R. Hastie
Generation of Optimal Unit Distance Codes for Rotary Encoders through Simulated Evolution
An evolutionary algorithm is used to generate unit distance codes for absolute rotary encoders. The target is to obtain a code suitable for disk size reduction, or for resolution increase, thus overcoming the limitations of conventional Gray codes. Obtained ...
Stefano Gregori; Roberto Rossi; Guido Torelli; Valentino Liberali
Optimal Generation Expansion Planning for Electric Utilities Using Decomposition and Probabilistic Simulation Techniques
Three related methods are presented for determining the least-cost generating capacity investments required to meet given future demands for electricity. The models are based on application of large-scale mathematical ...
Bloom, Jeremy A.
Hybrid simulation and optimization-based capacity planner for integrated photovoltaic generation with storage units
Unlike fossil-fueled generation, solar energy resources are geographically distributed and highly intermittent, which makes their direct control difficult and requires storage units. The goal of this research is to develop a flexible capacity planning ...
Esfandyar M. Mazhari; Jiayun Zhao; Nurcin Celik; Seungho Lee; Young-Jun Son; Larry Head
Calibration of Instrumented Steam Separators to Determine Quality and Flow Distribution in an Operating Steam Generator
This study examined the feasibility of instrumenting steam separators on a steam generator as two-phase flowmeters to measure flow distributions and steam quality near the separator deck plate. Instrumented prototypical separators were tested in a laboratory under steam generator conditions, and test data correlations were developed. The usefulness of such data in the qualification of thermal-hydraulic computer codes was addressed.
Characterization of deuterium beam operation on RHEPP-1 for future neutron generation applications.
We investigate the potential for neutron generation using the 1 MeV RHEPP-1 intense pulsed ion beam facility at Sandia National Laboratories for a number of emerging applications. Among these are interrogation of cargo for detection of special nuclear materials (SNM). Ions from single-stage sources driven by pulsed power represent a potential source of significant neutron bursts. While a number of applications require higher ion energies (e.g. tens of MeV) than that provided by RHEPP-1, its ability to generate deuterium beams allow for neutron generation at and below 1 MeV. This report details the successful generation and characterization of deuterium ion beams, and their use in generating up to 3 x 10{sup 10} neutrons into 4{pi} per 5kA ion pulse.
Schall, Michael (University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM); Cooper, Gary Wayne (University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM); Renk, Timothy Jerome
Particle Generation by Laser Ablation in Support of Chemical Analysis of High Level Mixed Waste from Plutonium Production Operations
Investigate particles produced by laser irradiation and their analysis by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (LA/ICP-MS), with a view towards optimizing particle production for analysis of high level waste materials and waste glass. LA/ICP-MS has considerable potential to increase the safety and speed of analysis required for the remediation of high level wastes from cold war plutonium production operations. In some sample types, notably the sodium nitrate-based wastes at Hanford and elsewhere, chemical analysis using typical laser conditions depends strongly on the details of sample history composition in a complex fashion, rendering the results of analysis uncertain. Conversely, waste glass materials appear to be better behaved and require different strategies to optimize analysis.
J. Thomas Dickinson; Michael L. Alexander
Hydroelectric power provides a cheap source of electricity with few carbon emissions. Yet, reservoirs are not operated sustainably, which we define as meeting societal needs for water and power while protecting long-term health of the river ecosystem. Reservoirs that generate hydropower are typically operated with the goal of maximizing energy reve
Hydroelectric power provides a cheap source of electricity with few carbon emissions. Yet, reservoirs are not operated sustainably, which we define as meeting societal needs for water and power while protecting long-term health of the river ecosystem. Reservoirs that generate hydropower are typically operated with the goal of maximizing energy revenue, while meeting other legal water requirements. Reservoir optimization schemes used in practice do not seek flow regimes that maximize aquatic ecosystem health. Here, we review optimization studies that considered environmental goals in one of three approaches. The first approach seeks flow regimes that maximize hydropower generation, while satisfying legal requirements, including environmental (or minimum) flows. Solutions from this approach are often used in practice to operate hydropower projects. In the second approach, flow releases from a dam are timed to meet water quality constraints on dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature and nutrients. In the third approach, flow releases are timed to improve the health of fish populations. We conclude by suggesting three steps for bringing multi-objective reservoir operation closer to the goal of ecological sustainability: (1) conduct research to identify which features of flow variation are essential for river health and to quantify these relationships, (2) develop valuation methods to assess the total value of river health and (3) develop optimal control softwares that combine water balance modelling with models that predict ecosystem responses to flow.
Jager, Yetta [ORNL; Smith, Brennan T [ORNL
Particle Swarm Optimization Based Reactive Power Optimization
Reactive power plays an important role in supporting the real power transfer by maintaining voltage stability and system reliability. It is a critical element for a transmission operator to ensure the reliability of an electric system while minimizing the cost associated with it. The traditional objectives of reactive power dispatch are focused on the technical side of reactive support such as minimization of transmission losses. Reactive power cost compensation to a generator is based on the incurred cost of its reactive power contribution less the cost of its obligation to support the active power delivery. In this paper an efficient Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based reactive power optimization approach is presented. The optimal reactive power dispatch problem is a nonlinear optimization problem with several constraints. The objective of the proposed PSO is to minimize the total support cost from generators and reactive compensators. It is achieved by maintaining the whole system power loss as minimum...
Sujin, P R; Linda, M Mary
Optimal utilization of field generated analytical data for site characterization and remedial decision making. Master's thesis
This study developed data quality standards for assessing environmental analytical data quality and its use in remedial decision making, specifically in risk assessment calculations. The primary purpose was to increase the use of field generated data in environmental site investigations versus the continued reliance on costly and time consuming EPA Contract Lab Program data. Increased reliance on field lab data could significantly reduce remedial investigation costs. The standards developed are based on regulatory criteria for data useability, achievable quality in a CLP lab setting, and basic statistical methods. The standards were applied to sets of Volatile Organic Compound data in water and soil matrices from CLP generated data from one Installation Restoration Program site and field lab generated data from another site. The CLP data failed the test for data useability based on the standards as established where the field generated data performed much better but also had its specific failures. The results of the test of the standards on actual data sets indicate that the standards may be more stringent than necessary. Also seen in the results is a strong performance of field labs in generating data of acceptable quality.
Lester, R.J.
Analysis of the Impact of Balancing Area Cooperation on the Operation of the Western Interconnection with Wind and Solar Generation (Presentation)
This presentation describes the analysis of the impact of balancing area cooperation on the operation of the Western Interconnection with wind and solar generation, including a discussion of operating reserves, ramping, production simulation, and conclusions.
Milligan, M.; Lew, D.; Jordan, G.; Piwko, R.; Kirby, B.; King, J.; Beuning, S.
Study on Real Options Model of Operating Capital Value of Generator for Spinning Reserve and Risk Assessment Based on Monte Carlo Methods
Electricity market has complex market rules, and its operation with great uncertainty. In this paper, the real options model of operating capital value of generator for spinning reserve is constructed under uncertainty market conditions including uncertainty ...
Xin Ma
Subtask 1.24 - Optimization of Cooling Water Resources for Power Generation
The Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) has developed an interactive, Web-based decision support system (DSS{copyright} 2007 EERC Foundation) to provide power generation utilities with an assessment tool to address water supply issues when planning new or modifying existing generation facilities. The Web-based DSS integrates water and wastewater treatment technology and water law information with a geographic information system-based interactive map that links to state and federal water quality and quantity databases for North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Wyoming, Montana, Nebraska, Wisconsin, and Iowa.
Daniel Stepan; Richard Shockey; Bethany Kurz; Wesley Peck
An Operational System for Predicting Hurricane-Generated Wind Waves in the North Atlantic Ocean
A new wind¢wave prediction model, referred to as the North Atlantic hurricane (NAH) wave model, has been developed at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) to produce forecasts of hurricane-generated waves during the Atlantic ...
Yung Y. Chao; Jose-Henrique G. M. Alves; Hendrik L. Tolman
Introducing GOES-I: The First of a New Generation of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites
In the spring of 1994, the first of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) next generation of geostationary satellites, GOES-I, is scheduled for launch. The introduction of this major component of NOAA's modernization ...
W. Paul Menzel; James F. W. Purdom
Mesoscale Forecasts Generated from Operational Numerical Weather-Prediction Model Output
A technique called Model Output Enhancement (MOE) has been developed for the generation and display of mesoscale weather forecasts. The MOE technique derives mesoscale or high-resolution (order of 1 km) weather forecasts from synoptic-scale ...
John G. W. Kelley; Joseph M. Russo; Toby N. Carlson; J. Ronald Eyton
Optimal maintenance policies for systems subject to a Markovian operating environment
Many stochastic models of repairable equipment deterioration have been proposed based on the physics of failure and the characteristics of the operating environment, but they often lead to time to failure and residual life distributions that are quite ... Keywords: Condition-based maintenance, Dynamic environment, Stochastic degradation
Yisha Xiang; C. Richard Cassady; Edward A. Pohl
Optimal Selection of On-Site Generation with Combined Heat and
Optimal sizing study of hybrid wind/PV/diesel power generation unit
In this paper, a methodology of sizing optimization of a stand-alone hybrid wind/PV/diesel energy system is presented. This approach makes use of a deterministic algorithm to suggest, among a list of commercially available system devices, the optimal number and type of units ensuring that the total cost of the system is minimized while guaranteeing the availability of the energy. The collection of 6 months of data of wind speed, solar radiation and ambient temperature recorded for every hour of the day were used. The mathematical modeling of the main elements of the hybrid wind/PV/diesel system is exposed showing the more relevant sizing variables. A deterministic algorithm is used to minimize the total cost of the system while guaranteeing the satisfaction of the load demand. A comparison between the total cost of the hybrid wind/PV/diesel energy system with batteries and the hybrid wind/PV/diesel energy system without batteries is presented. The reached results demonstrate the practical utility of the used sizing methodology and show the influence of the battery storage on the total cost of the hybrid system. (author)
Belfkira, Rachid; Zhang, Lu; Barakat, Georges [Groupe de Recherche en Electrotechnique et Automatique du Havre, University of Le Havre, 25 rue Philippe Lebon, BP 1123, 76063 Le Havre (France)
Proceedings: EPRI Workshop on Improved Operational Flexibility: Making the Most of Generating Assets
EPRI conducted the Workshop on Improved Operational Flexibility in October 2003. This report presents the Proceedings from that workshop. Within the Proceedings, each session is captured with the presenters' presentation slides.
Operational behavior of a double-fed permanent magnet generator for wind turbines
Greater efficiency in wind turbine systems is achieved by allowing the rotor to change its rate of rotation as the wind speed changes. The wind turbine system is decoupled from the utility grid and a variable speed operation ...
Reddy, Sivananda Kumjula
Incorporating operational flexibility into electric generation planning : impacts and methods for system design and policy analysis
This dissertation demonstrates how flexibility in hourly electricity operations can impact long-term planning and analysis for future power systems, particularly those with substantial variable renewables (e.g., wind) or ...
Palmintier, Bryan S. (Bryan Stephen)
Wind Energy Management System EMS Integration Project: Incorporating Wind Generation and Load Forecast Uncertainties into Power Grid Operations
The power system balancing process, which includes the scheduling, real time dispatch (load following) and regulation processes, is traditionally based on deterministic models. Since the conventional generation needs time to be committed and dispatched to a desired megawatt level, the scheduling and load following processes use load and wind and solar power production forecasts to achieve future balance between the conventional generation and energy storage on the one side, and system load, intermittent resources (such as wind and solar generation), and scheduled interchange on the other side. Although in real life the forecasting procedures imply some uncertainty around the load and wind/solar forecasts (caused by forecast errors), only their mean values are actually used in the generation dispatch and commitment procedures. Since the actual load and intermittent generation can deviate from their forecasts, it becomes increasingly unclear (especially, with the increasing penetration of renewable resources) whether the system would be actually able to meet the conventional generation requirements within the look-ahead horizon, what the additional balancing efforts would be needed as we get closer to the real time, and what additional costs would be incurred by those needs. To improve the system control performance characteristics, maintain system reliability, and minimize expenses related to the system balancing functions, it becomes necessary to incorporate the predicted uncertainty ranges into the scheduling, load following, and, in some extent, into the regulation processes. It is also important to address the uncertainty problem comprehensively by including all sources of uncertainty (load, intermittent generation, generatorsÆ forced outages, etc.) into consideration. All aspects of uncertainty such as the imbalance size (which is the same as capacity needed to mitigate the imbalance) and generation ramping requirement must be taken into account. The latter unique features make this work a significant step forward toward the objective of incorporating of wind, solar, load, and other uncertainties into power system operations. Currently, uncertainties associated with wind and load forecasts, as well as uncertainties associated with random generator outages and unexpected disconnection of supply lines, are not taken into account in power grid operation. Thus, operators have little means to weigh the likelihood and magnitude of upcoming events of power imbalance. In this project, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), a framework has been developed for incorporating uncertainties associated with wind and load forecast errors, unpredicted ramps, and forced generation disconnections into the energy management system (EMS) as well as generation dispatch and commitment applications. A new approach to evaluate the uncertainty ranges for the required generation performance envelope including balancing capacity, ramping capability, and ramp duration has been proposed. The approach includes three stages: forecast and actual data acquisition, statistical analysis of retrospective information, and prediction of future grid balancing requirements for specified time horizons and confidence levels. Assessment of the capacity and ramping requirements is performed using a specially developed probabilistic algorithm based on a histogram analysis, incorporating all sources of uncertainties of both continuous (wind and load forecast errors) and discrete (forced generator outages and start-up failures) nature. A new method called the ōflying brickö technique has been developed to evaluate the look-ahead required generation performance envelope for the worst case scenario within a user-specified confidence level. A self-validation algorithm has been developed to validate the accuracy of the confidence intervals.
Makarov, Yuri V.; Huang, Zhenyu; Etingov, Pavel V.; Ma, Jian; Guttromson, Ross T.; Subbarao, Krishnappa; Chakrabarti, Bhujanga B.
A semi-Lagrangian approach for natural gas storage valuation and optimal operation
The valuation of a gas storage facility is characterized as a stochastic control problem, resulting in a Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation. In this paper, we present a semi-Lagrangian method for solving the HJB equation for a typical gas storage valuation problem. The method is able to handle a wide class of spot price models that exhibit mean-reverting, seasonality dynamics and price jumps. We develop fully implicit and Crank-Nicolson timestepping schemes based on a semi-Lagrangian approach and prove the convergence of fully implicit timestepping to the viscosity solution of the HJB equation. We show that fully implicit timestepping is equivalent to a discrete control strategy, which allows for a convenient interpretation of the optimal controls. The semi-Lagrangian approach avoids the nonlinear iterations required by an implicit finite difference method without requiring additional cost. Numerical experiments are presented for several variants of the basic scheme.
A Virtual Reality Framework to Optimize Design, Operation and Refueling of GEN-IV Reactors.
many GEN-IV candidate designs are currently under investigation. Technical issues related to material, safety and economics are being addressed at research laboratories, industry and in academia. After safety, economic feasibility is likely to be the most important crterion in the success of GEN-IV design(s). Lessons learned from the designers and operators of GEN-II (and GEN-III) reactors must play a vital role in achieving both safety and economic feasibility goals.
Rizwan-uddin; Nick Karancevic; Stefano Markidis; Joel Dixon; Cheng Luo; Jared Reynolds
A composite P&O MPPT control with intelligent orthogonal particle swarm optimization for steepest gradient river current power generation system
This paper proposes a demonstration system of steepest gradient river current (SGRC) power generation with energy storage system. A direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous generator with multiple poles is used to transfer the steepest gradient river ... Keywords: full-bridge DC/DC converter controller, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), orthogonal particle swarm optimization (OPSO), perturbation and observation (P&O) method, steepest gradient river current (SGRC) power generation
Jian-Long Kuo; Chun-Jae Chang
Recursive operation time maximization model for the maintenance of power generation equipment
Repairable equipment requires preventive maintenance (PM) to maintain proper function. An appropriate PM strategy can extend the life of equipment and reduce variable costs. A power generation company in Taiwan that has a fixed-period PM strategy is ... Keywords: Maintenance improvement factor, Mathematical programming, Preventive maintenance (PM)
Der-Chiang Li; Chiao-Wen Liu; Tung-Liang Chen
Cluster versus grid for operational generation of ATCOR's modtran-based look up tables
A critical step in the product generation of satellite or airborne earth observation data is the correction of atmospheric features. Due to the complexity of the underlying physical model and the amount of coordinated effort required to provide, verify ... Keywords: Atmospheric correction, Imaging spectroscopy
Jason Brazile; Rudolf Richter; Daniel Schlõpfer; Michael E. Schaepman; Klaus I. Itten
Heat Recovery Steam Generators for Combined Cycle Applications: HRSG Procurement, Design, Construction, and Operation Update
Design alternatives and procurement approaches for heat recovery steam generators, supplemental firing duct burners, and ancillary steam systems are addressed in this report. Power engineers and project developers will find an up-to-date, comprehensive resource for planning, specification and preliminary design in support of combined cycle plant development.
Cycling Operation of Fossil Plants: Volume 3: Cycling Evaluation of Pepco's Potomac River Generating Station
This report presents a methodology for examining the economic feasibility of converting fossil power plants from baseload to cycling service. It employs this approach to examine a proposed change of Pepco's Potomac River units 3, 4, and 5 from baseload operation to two-shift cycling.
An Assessment of the First- and Second-Generation Navy Operational Precipitation Retrieval Algorithms
Rainfall estimates produced from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) data have been utilized operationally by the United States Navy since the launch of the first SSM/I sensor in June of 1987. The navy initially contracted Hughes Aircraft ...
Wesley Berg; William Olson; Ralph Ferraro; Steven J. Goodman; Frank J. LaFontaine
Characterizing the Impacts of Significant Wind Generation Facilities on Bulk Power System Operations Planning: Utility Wind Interest Group - Xcel Energy-North Case Study
This report describes a case study evaluation of the impact of wind generation on electricity grid operations in the Xcel Energy-North service area around Minneapolis, Minnesota. The project's methodology and results will be useful when evaluating the operating impacts of wind generation at other locations.
Performance Optimization of a Fan System- Overcoming Impacts of Modified Design Criteria Due to Regulatory Requirements and Changed Operating Conditions
The Louisiana Pacific mill in Tomahawk Wisconsin manufactures oriented-strand board. Several large induced-draft fans and combustion-air blowers were operating inefficiently at this mill. This case study highlights a systems approach that was applied to address fan inefficiency. Energy savings from optimizing the system are estimated to be 338 kW, nearly half of the original measured input power of 678 kW. The project is currently being implemented and will have a payback period of less than 8 months. The opportunities here are typical of opportunities thought to exist in most industrial plants. In this case, process needs changed due to environmental regulations and change of location, but the system did not, leading to low overall system efficiency.
Wroblewski, R. G.; Preis, F.; Smith, R.
Wind Energy Management System Integration Project Incorporating Wind Generation and Load Forecast Uncertainties into Power Grid Operations
The power system balancing process, which includes the scheduling, real time dispatch (load following) and regulation processes, is traditionally based on deterministic models. Since the conventional generation needs time to be committed and dispatched to a desired megawatt level, the scheduling and load following processes use load and wind power production forecasts to achieve future balance between the conventional generation and energy storage on the one side, and system load, intermittent resources (such as wind and solar generation) and scheduled interchange on the other side. Although in real life the forecasting procedures imply some uncertainty around the load and wind forecasts (caused by forecast errors), only their mean values are actually used in the generation dispatch and commitment procedures. Since the actual load and intermittent generation can deviate from their forecasts, it becomes increasingly unclear (especially, with the increasing penetration of renewable resources) whether the system would be actually able to meet the conventional generation requirements within the look-ahead horizon, what the additional balancing efforts would be needed as we get closer to the real time, and what additional costs would be incurred by those needs. In order to improve the system control performance characteristics, maintain system reliability, and minimize expenses related to the system balancing functions, it becomes necessary to incorporate the predicted uncertainty ranges into the scheduling, load following, and, in some extent, into the regulation processes. It is also important to address the uncertainty problem comprehensively, by including all sources of uncertainty (load, intermittent generation, generatorsÆ forced outages, etc.) into consideration. All aspects of uncertainty such as the imbalance size (which is the same as capacity needed to mitigate the imbalance) and generation ramping requirement must be taken into account. The latter unique features make this work a significant step forward toward the objective of incorporating of wind, solar, load, and other uncertainties into power system operations. In this report, a new methodology to predict the uncertainty ranges for the required balancing capacity, ramping capability and ramp duration is presented. Uncertainties created by system load forecast errors, wind and solar forecast errors, generation forced outages are taken into account. The uncertainty ranges are evaluated for different confidence levels of having the actual generation requirements within the corresponding limits. The methodology helps to identify system balancing reserve requirement based on a desired system performance levels, identify system ōbreaking pointsö, where the generation system becomes unable to follow the generation requirement curve with the user-specified probability level, and determine the time remaining to these potential events. The approach includes three stages: statistical and actual data acquisition, statistical analysis of retrospective information, and prediction of future grid balancing requirements for specified time horizons and confidence intervals. Assessment of the capacity and ramping requirements is performed using a specially developed probabilistic algorithm based on a histogram analysis incorporating all sources of uncertainty and parameters of a continuous (wind forecast and load forecast errors) and discrete (forced generator outages and failures to start up) nature. Preliminary simulations using California Independent System Operator (California ISO) real life data have shown the effectiveness of the proposed approach. A tool developed based on the new methodology described in this report will be integrated with the California ISO systems. Contractual work is currently in place to integrate the tool with the AREVA EMS system.
Optimization of Operating Parameters for Minimum Mechanical Specific Energy in Drilling
Efficiency in drilling is measured by Mechanical Specific Energy (MSE). MSE is the measure of the amount of energy input required to remove a unit volume of rock, expressed in units of energy input divided by volume removed. It can be expressed mathematically in terms of controllable parameters; Weight on Bit, Torque, Rate of Penetration, and RPM. It is well documented that minimizing MSE by optimizing controllable factors results in maximum Rate of Penetration. Current methods for computing MSE make it possible to minimize MSE in the field only through a trial-and-error process. This work makes it possible to compute the optimum drilling parameters that result in minimum MSE. The parameters that have been traditionally used to compute MSE are interdependent. Mathematical relationships between the parameters were established, and the conventional MSE equation was rewritten in terms of a single parameter, Weight on Bit, establishing a form that can be minimized mathematically. Once the optimum Weight on Bit was determined, the interdependent relationship that Weight on Bit has with Torque and Penetration per Revolution was used to determine optimum values for those parameters for a given drilling situation. The improved method was validated through laboratory experimentation and analysis of published data. Two rock types were subjected to four treatments each, and drilled in a controlled laboratory environment. The method was applied in each case, and the optimum parameters for minimum MSE were computed. The method demonstrated an accurate means to determine optimum drilling parameters of Weight on Bit, Torque, and Penetration per Revolution. A unique application of micro-cracking is also presented, which demonstrates that rock failure ahead of the bit is related to axial force more than to rotation speed.
Hamrick, Todd
The US Department of Energy (DOE) is sponsoring research, development, and deployment on Light Water Reactor Sustainability (LWRS), in which the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) is working closely with nuclear utilities to develop technologies and solutions to help ensure the safe operational life extension of current nuclear power plants. One of the main areas of focus is control room modernization. Within control room modernization, alarm system upgrades present opportunities to meet the broader goals of the LWRS project in demonstrating the use and safety of the advanced instrumentation and control (I&C) technologies and the short-term and longer term objectives of the plant. In this paper, we review approaches for and human factors issues behind upgrading alarms in the main control room of nuclear power plants.
Ronald L. Boring; J.J. Persensky
Microsoft Word - Optimal_Performance_of_Hybrid_Generation_2011-05-24.docx
and Economic Analysis of and Economic Analysis of Various Power Generation Resources Coupled with CAES Systems May 17, 2011 DOE/NETL-2011/1472 Disclaimer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference therein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
Impact of Nuclear Power Plant Operations on Carbon-14 Generation, Chemical Forms, and Release
As nuclear power plants continue to implement best practices to reduce the total radioactivity in plant effluents, other radionuclides that were not previously significant fractions of the effluent streams will need to be quantified and reported. Carbon-14 can become a principal radionuclide for the gaseous effluent pathway as the concentrations of other radionuclides decrease. This report documents the potential opportunities for further understanding the impact of nuclear power plant operations on Carb...
Developing a next-generation community college curriculum forenergy-efficient high-performance building operations
The challenges of increased technological demands in today's workplace require virtually all workers to develop higher-order cognitive skills including problem solving and systems thinking in order to be productive. Such ''habits of mind'' are viewed as particularly critical for success in the information-based workplace, which values reduced hierarchy, greater worker independence, teamwork, communications skills, non-routine problem solving, and understanding of complex systems. The need is particularly compelling in the buildings arena. To scope the problem, this paper presents the results of interviews and focus groups--conducted by Oakland California's Peralta Community College District and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory--in which approximately 50 industry stakeholders discussed contemporary needs for building operator education at the community college level. Numerous gaps were identified between the education today received by building operators and technicians and current workplace needs. The participants concurred that many of the problems seen today in achieving and maintaining energy savings in buildings can be traced to inadequacies in building operation and lack of awareness and knowledge about how existing systems are to be used, monitored, and maintained. Participants and others we interviewed affirmed that while these issues are addressed in various graduate-level and continuing education programs, they are virtually absent at the community college level. Based on that assessment of industry needs, we present a new curriculum and innovative simulation-based learning tool to provide technicians with skills necessary to commission and operate high-performance buildings, with particular emphasis on energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality in the context of HVAC&R equipment and control systems.
Crabtree, Peter; Kyriakopedi, Nick; Mills, Evan; Haves, Philip; Otto, Roland J.; Piette, Mary Ann; Xu, Peng; Diamond, Rick; Frost, Chuck; Deringer, Joe
Price forecasting and optimal operation of wholesale customers in a competitive electricity market
c ? Hamidreza Zareipour 2006I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. This thesis addresses two main issues: first, forecasting short-term electricity market prices; and second, the application of short-term electricity market price forecasts to operation planning of demand-side Bulk Electricity Market Customers (BEMCs). The Ontario electricity market is selected as the primary case market and its structure is studied in detail. A set of explanatory variable candidates is then selected accordingly, which may explain price behavior in this market. In the process of selecting the explanatory variable candidates, some important issues, such as direct or indirect effects of the variables on price behavior, availability of the variables before real-time, choice of appropriate forecasting horizon and market time-line, are taken into account. Price and demand in three neighboring electricity markets, namely, the New York, New England, and PJM electricity markets, are also considered among the explanatory variable candidates.
Hamidreza Zareipour
Doubly Fed Induction Generator in an Offshore Wind Power Plant Operated at Rated V/Hz: Preprint
Doubly Fed Induction Generator Doubly Fed Induction Generator in an Offshore Wind Power Plant Operated at Rated V/Hz Preprint Eduard Muljadi, Mohit Singh, and Vahan Gevorgian To be presented at the IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exhibition Raleigh, North Carolina September 15-20, 2012 Conference Paper NREL/CP-5500-55573 June 2012 NOTICE The submitted manuscript has been offered by an employee of the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC (Alliance), a contractor of the US Government under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Accordingly, the US Government and Alliance retain a nonexclusive royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so, for US Government purposes. This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government.
Operating Reserve Reductions from a Proposed Energy Imbalance Market with Wind and Solar Generation in the Western Interconnection
This paper considers several alternative forms of an energy imbalance market (EIM) proposed in the nonmarket areas of the Western Interconnection. The proposed EIM includes two changes in operating practices that independently reduce variability and increase access to responsive resources: balancing authority cooperation and sub-hourly dispatch. As the penetration of variable generation increases on the power system, additional interest in coordination would likely occur. Several alternative approaches could be used, but consideration of any form of coordinated unit commitment is beyond the scope of this analysis. This report examines the benefits of several possible EIM implementations--both separately and in concert.
King, J.; Kirby, B.; Milligan, M.; Beuning, S.
Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Optimal Offers in Electricity Markets
In this paper, we consider the optimal policy for a generator offering power into a wholesale electricity market operating under a pool arrangement. Anderson and Philpott [Math. Oper. Res., 27 (2002), pp. 82--100] recently discussed necessary ... Keywords: electricity markets, necessary conditions, optimal offer, sufficient conditions
Edward J. Anderson; Huifu Xu
C-reactor disassembly basin is being prepared for deactivation and decommissioning (D and D). D and D activities will consist primarily of immobilizing contaminated scrap components and structures in a grout-like formulation. The disassembly basin will be the first area of the C-reactor building that will be immobilized. The scrap components contain aluminum alloy materials. Any aluminum will corrode very rapidly when it comes in contact with the very alkaline grout (pH > 13), and as a result would produce hydrogen gas. To address this potential deflagration/explosion hazard, Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) reviewed and evaluated existing experimental and analytical studies of this issue to determine if any process constraints are necessary. The risk of accumulation of a flammable mixture of hydrogen above the surface of the water during the injection of grout into the C-reactor disassembly area is low if the assessment of the aluminum surface area is reliable. Conservative calculations estimate that there is insufficient aluminum present in the basin areas to result in significant hydrogen accumulation in this local region. The minimum safety margin (or factor) on a 60% LFL criterion for a local region of the basin (i.e., Horizontal Tube Storage) was greater than 3. Calculations also demonstrated that a flammable situation in the vapor space above the basin is unlikely. Although these calculations are conservative, there are some measures that may be taken to further minimize the risk of developing a flammable condition during grouting operations.
Wiersma, B.
Cryogenic aspects of the experience in operating the U-25 superconducting MHD magnet in conjunction with the MHD generator
In order to facilitate the rapid development of MHD technology for the generation of electrical energy, the U.S. and U.S.S.R. are jointly conducting research within the framework of the Program of Scientific and Technical Cooperation. The Institute for High Temperature (IVTAN) of the U.S.S.R. has designed and fabricated a special MHD facility which uses as its base much of the equipment of the existing U-25 Facility. The new MHD fow train consisting of a combustor, magnet, channel, and diffuser is named U-25B. The U.S. has provided a superconducting magnet system for the U-25B MHD Facility. As a result of these joint efforts, a unique and broad range of experimental test conditions similar to those that will exist in operation of commercial MHD generators has been created. The United States Superconducting Magnet System (U.S. SCMS) was designed, fabricated, and delivered to the U-25B Facility by the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Energy. The following description focuses on the cryogenic-related aspects of the magnet system commissioning and operation in the U.S.S.R.
Niemann, R.C.; Mataya, K.F.; Smith, R.P.; McWilliams, D.A.; Borden, R.; Streeter, M.H.; Wickson, R.; Privalov, N.P.
nationÆs mix of generation sources changes. The potentiallarge conventional generation sources can be used as a toolVariable Renewable Generation Source: Undrill (2010) Figure
Eto, Joseph H.
Performance of Wind Power Generation Working Group. ö IEC1971. Control of Generation and Power Flow on Interconnectedvariable renewable generation on power system reliability,
EPRI Ergonomics Handbook for the Electric Power Industry: Ergonomic Interventions for Plant Operators and Mechanics in Fossil-Fueled Generating Stations
The EPRI Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Committee Research Program has provided ergonomic information to the electric energy industry workforce since 1999. This is the sixth EPRI ergonomics handbook; it specifically focuses on tasks performed by plant operators and mechanics working in fossil-fueled generating stations and also addresses some tasks performed by steam services technicians. Fossil-fueled generating station operational and mechanical work is physically strenuous and can expose workers...
Design and operating experience of the cryogenic system of the U. S. SCMS as incorporated into the bypass loop of the U-25 MHD generator facility
The design features and accumulated operating experience, from a cryogenics point of view, of the United States Superconducting Magnet System (U.S. SCMS) are presented. The principal cryogenic system design parameters are enumerated. Details of the cryogenic aspects of magnetic system commissioning, standby mode, and operation with MHD generators are discussed. Included are system operation, problems encountered and corrective actions taken, and measured operating parameters which include liquid helium boiloff, cryostat pressure and level versus time, etc. The aspects of the transition between operation in the laboratory and in an MHD plant are elaborated.
Niemann, R.C.; Mataya, K.F.; McWilliams, D.A.; Borden, R.; Streeter, M.H.; Wickson, R.; Smelser, P.; Privalov, N.P.
1052 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 25, NO. 2, MAY 2010 Co-Optimization of Generation Unit Commitment
grid controllability: to make better use of the existing system and meet growing demand with existing element , state . Maximum ramp up rate for generator . Maximum ramp down rate for generator . Maximum shutdown ramp rate for generator . Maximum startup ramp rate for generator . Number of periods. , Max
Oren, Shmuel S.
HGP-A Wellhead Generator, Proof-Of-Feasibility Project 3 MW Wellhead Generator, Start-Up Training and Operating Manual
The start-up manual is an information aid to initially familiarize plant operators with the plant operation and later be used as a reference manual while operating the plant. This start-up manual is supplemented by the Plant Data Manual which contains a detailed description of the philosophy of operation and equipment characteristics. The sequencing herein presents the necessary operating procedures which must be followed in order that a smooth start-up is obtained. The sequence includes, first conditioning the well and stabilizing the steam/water separations, and then bringing the operating machinery on line. The Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams and Electrical Drawings are included under Section 12.0 and are frequently referred to in the text. Information for ''trouble-shooting'' is provided in the maintenance and operations manuals on all the equipment.
Tone signal generator for producing multioperator tone signals using an operator circuit including a waveform generator, a selector and an enveloper
A frequency modulation (FM) tone signal generator for generating a FM tone signal is disclosed. The tone signal generator includes a waveform generator having a plurality of wave tables, a selector and an enveloper. The waveform generator furnishes a waveform signal in response to a phase angle address signal. Each wave table stores a different waveform. The selector selects one of the wave tables in response to a plurality of selection signals such that the selected wave table largely provides the waveform signal upon being addressed largely by the phase angle address signal. Selection of the selected wave table varies with each selection signal. The enveloper impresses an envelope signal on the waveform signal. The envelope signal is used as a carrier or modulator for generating the FM tone signal. 17 figs.
Dong, Q.; Jenkins, M.V.; Bernadas, S.R.
control because the industry assumed that power system operationsPower system operations planners conduct extensive studies to assess whether primary frequency controlcontrol is a fundamental requirement for reliable operation of any power system.
The R- and P-reactor buildings were retired from service and are now being prepared for deactivation and decommissioning (D&D). D&D activities will consist primarily of immobilizing contaminated components and structures in a grout-like formulation. Aluminum corrodes very rapidly when it comes in contact with the alkaline grout materials and as a result produces hydrogen gas. To address this potential deflagration/explosion hazard, the Materials Science and Technology Directorate (MS&T) of the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) has been requested to review and evaluate existing experimental and analytical studies of this issue to determine if any process constraints on the chemistry of the fill material and the fill operation are necessary. Various options exist for the type of grout material that may be used for D&D of the reactor vessels. The grout formulation options include ceramicrete (pH 6-8), low pH portland cement + silica fume grout (pH 10.4), or Portland cement grout (pH 12.5). The assessment concluded that either ceramicrete or the silica fume grout may be used to safely grout the P-reactor vessel. The risk of accumulation of a flammable mixture of hydrogen between the grout-air interface and the top of the reactor is very low. Portland cement grout, on the other hand, for the same range of process parameters does not provide a significant margin of safety against the accumulation of flammable gas in the reactor vessel during grouting operations in the P-reactor vessel. It is recommended that this grout not be utilized for this task. The R-reactor vessel contains significantly less aluminum and thus a Portland cement grout may be considered as well. For example, if the grout fill rate is less than 1 inch/min and the grout temperature is maintained at 70 C or less, the risk of hydrogen accumulation in the R-reactor vessel is very low for the Portland cement. Alternatively, if the grout fill rate is less than 0.5 inch/min and the grout is maintained at a temperature of 80 C, the risk will again be very low. Although these calculations are conservative, there are some measures that may be taken to further minimize the potential for hydrogen evolution. (1) Minimize the temperature of the grout as much as practical. Lower temperatures will mean lower hydrogen generation rates. For P-reactor, grout temperatures less than 100 C should provide an adequate safety margin for the pH 8 and pH 10.4 grout formulations. For R-reactor, grout temperatures less than 70 C or 80 C will provide an adequate safety margin for the Portland cement. The other grout formulations are also viable options for R-reactor. (2) Minimize the grout fill rate as much as practical. Lowering the fill rate takes advantage of passivation of the aluminum components and hence lower hydrogen generation rates. For P-reactor, fill rates that are less than 2 inches/min for the ceramicrete and the silica fume grouts will reduce the chance of significant hydrogen accumulation. For R-reactor, fill rates less than 1 inch/min will again minimize the risk of hydrogen accumulation. (3) Ventilate the building as much as practical (e.g., leave doors open) to further disperse hydrogen. The volumetric hydrogen generation rates in the P-reactor vessel, however, are low for the pH 8 and pH 10.4 grout, (i.e., less than 0.32 ft{sup 3}/min). If further walk-down inspections of the reactor vessels suggest an increase in the actual areal density of aluminum, the calculations should be re-visited.
The R- and P-reactor buildings were retired from service and are now being prepared for deactivation and decommissioning (D&D). D&D activities will consist primarily of immobilizing contaminated components and structures in a grout-like formulation. Aluminum corrodes very rapidly when it comes in contact with the alkaline grout materials and as a result produces hydrogen gas. To address this potential deflagration/explosion hazard, the Materials Science and Technology Directorate (MS&T) of the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) has been requested to review and evaluate existing experimental and analytical studies of this issue to determine if any process constraints on the chemistry of the fill material and the fill operation are necessary. Various options exist for the type of grout material that may be used for D&D of the reactor vessels. The grout formulation options include ceramicrete (pH 6-8), low pH portland cement + silica fume grout (pH 10.4), or portland cement grout (pH 12.5). The assessment concluded that either ceramicrete or the silica fume grout may be used to safely grout the R- and P- reactor vessels. The risk of accumulation of a flammable mixture of hydrogen between the grout-air interface and the top of the reactor is very low. Conservative calculations estimate that either ceramicrete or the silica fume grout may be used to safely grout the R- and P- reactor vessels. The risk of accumulation of a flammable mixture of hydrogen between the grout-air interface and the top of the reactor is very low. Although these calculations are conservative, there are some measures that may be taken to further minimize the potential for hydrogen evolution. (1) Minimize the temperature of the grout as much as practical. Lower temperatures will mean lower hydrogen generation rates. Grout temperatures less than 100 C should however, still provide an adequate safety margin for the pH 8 and pH 10.4 grout formulations. (2) Minimize the fill rate as much as practical. Lowering the fill rate takes advantage of passivation of the aluminum components and hence lower hydrogen generation rates. Fill rates that are less than 2 inches/min will reduce the chance of significant hydrogen build-up. (3) Ventilate the building as much as practical (e.g., leave doors open) to further disperse hydrogen. The volumetric hydrogen generation rates however, are low for the pH 8 and pH 10.4 grout, i.e., less than 0.32 ft{sup 3}/min. Portland cement grout, on the other hand, for the same range of process parameters does not provide a significant margin of safety against the accumulation of flammable gas in the reactor vessel during grouting operations. It is recommended that this grout not be utilized for this task. If further walk-down inspections of the reactor vessels suggest an increase in the actual areal density of aluminum, the calculations should be re-visited.
Iowa / Nebraska Distributed Wind Generation Projects First and Second-Year Operating Experience: 1999-2001: U.S. Department of Energ y - EPRI Wind Turbine Verification Program
The Wind Turbine Verification Program (TVP) is a collaborative effort of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), EPRI, and host utilities to develop, construct, and operate wind power plants. This report describes the first- and second-year operating experience at the 2.25-MW Iowa Distributed Wind Generation Project (IDWGP) in Algona, Iowa, and the 1.5-MW Nebraska Distributed Wind Generation Project (NDWGP) in Springview, Nebraska. The lessons learned in both projects will be valuable to other utilities pla...
Conceptual design and optimization of a 1-1/2 generation PFBC plant task 14. Topical report
The economics and performance of advanced pressurized fluidized bed (PFBC) cycles developed for utility applications during the last 10 years (especially the 2nd-Generation PFBC cycle) are projected to be favorable compared to conventional pulverized coal power plants. However, the improved economics of 2nd-Generation PFBC cycles are accompanied by the perception of increased technological risk related to the pressurized carbonizer and its associated gas cleanup systems. A PFBC cycle that removed the uncertainties of the carbonizer while retaining the high efficiency and low cost of a 2nd-Generation PFBC cycle could improve the prospects for early commercialization and pave the way for the introduction of the complete 2nd-Generation PFBC cycle at some later date. One such arrangement is a PFBC cycle with natural gas topping combustion, referred to as the 1.5-Generation PFBC cycle. This cycle combines the advantages of the 2nd-Generation PFBC plant with the reduced risk associated with a gas turbine burning natural gas, and can potentially be part of a phased approach leading to the commercialization of utility 2nd-Generation PFBC cycles. The 1.5-Generation PFBC may also introduce other advantages over the more complicated 2nd-Generation PFBC system. This report describes the technical and economic evaluation of 1.5-Generation PFBC cycles for utility or industrial power generation.
White, J.S.; Witman, P.M.; Harbaugh, L.; Rubow, L.N.; Horazak, D.A.
Next Generation Nuclear Plant Project Evaluation of Siting a HTGR Co-generation Plant on an Operating Commercial Nuclear Power Plant Site
This paper summarizes an evaluation by the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) Project of siting a High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) plant on an existing nuclear plant site that is located in an area of significant industrial activity. This is a co-generation application in which the HTGR Plant will be supplying steam and electricity to one or more of the nearby industrial plants.
L.E. Demick
Application of Time-Lapse Seismic Monitoring for the Control and Optimization of CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery Operations
The ''Application of Time-Lapse Seismic Monitoring for the Control and Optimization of CO{sub 2} Enhanced Oil Recovery Operations'' project is investigating the potential for monitoring CO{sub 2} floods in carbonate reservoirs through the use of standard p-wave seismic data. This project will involve the use of 4D seismic (time lapse seismic) to try to observe the movement of the injected CO{sub 2} through the reservoir. The differences between certain seismic attributes, such as amplitude, will be used to detect and map the movement of CO{sub 2} within the reservoir. This technique has recently been shown to be effective in CO{sub 2} monitoring in EOR projects such as Weyborne. The project is being conducted in the Charlton 30/31 field in northern Michigan Basin which is a Silurian pinnacle reef that has completed its primary production. This field is now undergoing enhanced oil recovery using CO{sub 2}. The CO{sub 2} flood was initiated the end of 2005 when the injection of small amounts of CO{sub 2} begin in the A1 Carbonate. This injection was conducted for 2 months before being temporarily halted in order for pressure measurements to be conducted. The determination of the reservoir's porosity distribution is proving to be a significant portion of this project. In order to relate the differences observed between the seismic attributes seen on the multiple surveys and the actual location of the CO{sub 2}, a predictive reservoir simulation model had to be developed. From this model, an accurate determination of porosity within the carbonate reservoir must be obtained. For this certain seismic attributes have been investigated. The study reservoirs in the Charlton 30/31 field range from 50 to 400 acres in size. The relatively small area to image makes 3-D seismic data acquisition reasonably cost effective. Permeability and porosity vary considerably throughout the reef, thus it is essential to perform significant reservoir characterization and modeling prior to implementing a CO{sub 2} flood to maximize recovery efficiency. Should this project prove successful, the same technique could be applied across a large spectrum of the industry. In Michigan alone, the Niagaran reef play is comprised of over 700 Niagaran reefs with reservoirs already depleted by primary production. These reservoirs range in thickness from 200 to 400 ft and are at depths of 2000 to 5000 ft. Approximately 113 of these Niagaran oil fields have produced over 1 million bbls each and the total cumulative production is in excess of 300 million bbls and 1.4 Tcf. There could potentially be over 1 billion bbls of oil remaining in reefs in Michigan much of which could be mobilized utilizing techniques similar to those employed in this study.
Brian E. Toelle
An Operational System for Generating Cloud Drift Winds in the Australian Region and Their Impact on Numerical Weather Prediction
The Australian Bureau of Meteorology has, since June 1992, produced cloud drift wind data for operational use. These data are used in the analysis cycle of the local operational numerical weather prediction system. This paper describes the ...
John Le Marshall; Neil Pescod; Bob Seaman; Graham Mills; Paul Stewart
Life Cycle Management Plan for Main Generator and Exciter at Wolf Creek Generating Station: Generic Version
As the electric power industry becomes more competitive, life cycle management (LCM) of systems, structures, and components (SSCs) becomes more important to keep nuclear power plants economically viable throughout their remaining licensed operating terms, whether 40 or 60 years. This report provides Wolf Creek Nuclear Operating Corp. with an optimized LCM plan for the main generators and exciters at Wolf Creek Power Plant.
A Statistical Analysis on Operation Scheduling for an Energy Network Project
Distributed power generation, using renewable energy, has been attracting attention to cope with global environment issues; a microgrid is a promising configuration for distributed power generation. To augment the stability and efficiency of the microgrid, ... Keywords: Schedules,Power generation,Electricity,Optimization,Fuel cells,Vectors,Batteries,operation scheduling,Schedules,Power generation,Electricity,Optimization,Fuel cells,Vectors,Batteries,principal component analysis.,Smart grid,microgrid,energy network
Yoshihiro Sugaya; Shinichiro Omachi; Akira Takeuchi; Yousuke Nozaki
Integration of Variable Renewable Generation The report isISO (CAISO). 2007. Integration of Renewable Resources.recommendations for integrating renewable resources on the
Developing a next-generation community college curriculum for energy-efficient high-performance building operations
Generation Community College Curriculum for Energy-Efficientwe present a new curriculum and innovative simulation-basedto vocational level college curriculum in this area is
Analysis and optimization of the Graz cycle : a coal fired power generation scheme with near-zero carbon dioxide emissions
Humans are releasing record amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere through the combustion of fossil fuels in power generation plants. With mounting evidence that this carbon dioxide is a leading cause of global ...
Alexander, Brentan R
This paper introduces the concept of constant Volt/Hz operation of offshore wind power plants. The deployment of offshore WPPs requires power transmission from the plant to the load center inland. Since this power transmission requires submarine cables, there is a need to use High-Voltage Direct Current transmission, which is economical for transmission distances longer than 50 kilometers. In the concept presented here, the onshore substation is operated at 60 Hz synced with the grid, and the offshore substation is operated at variable frequency and voltage, thus allowing the WPP to be operated at constant Volt/Hz.
Muljadi, E.; Singh, M.; Gevorgian, V.
This project, 'Application of Time-Lapse Seismic Monitoring for the Control and Optimization of CO{sub 2} Enhanced Oil Recovery Operations', investigated the potential for monitoring CO{sub 2} floods in carbonate reservoirs through the use of standard p-wave seismic data. This primarily involved the use of 4D seismic (time lapse seismic) in an attempt to observe and map the movement of the injected CO{sub 2} through a carbonate reservoir. The differences between certain seismic attributes, such as amplitude, were used for this purpose. This technique has recently been shown to be effective in CO{sub 2} monitoring in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) projects, such as Weyborne. This study was conducted in the Charlton 30/31 field in the northern Michigan Basin, which is a Silurian pinnacle reef that completed its primary production in 1997 and was scheduled for enhanced oil recovery using injected CO{sub 2}. Prior to injection an initial 'Base' 3D survey was obtained over the field and was then processed and interpreted. CO{sub 2} injection within the main portion of the reef was conducted intermittently during 13 months starting in August 2005. During this time, 29,000 tons of CO{sub 2} was injected into the Guelph formation, historically known as the Niagaran Brown formation. By September 2006, the reservoir pressure within the reef had risen to approximately 2000 lbs and oil and water production from the one producing well within the field had increased significantly. The determination of the reservoir's porosity distribution, a critical aspect of reservoir characterization and simulation, proved to be a significant portion of this project. In order to relate the differences observed between the seismic attributes seen on the multiple 3D seismic surveys and the actual location of the CO{sub 2}, a predictive reservoir simulation model was developed based on seismic attributes obtained from the base 3D seismic survey and available well data. This simulation predicted that the CO{sub 2} injected into the reef would remain in the northern portion of the field. Two new wells, the State Charlton 4-30 and the Larsen 3-31, were drilled into the field in 2006 and 2008 respectively and supported this assessment. A second (or 'Monitor') 3D seismic survey was acquired during September 2007 over most of the field and duplicated the first (Base) survey, as much as possible. However, as the simulation and new well data available at that time indicated that the CO{sub 2} was concentrated in the northern portion of the field, the second seismic survey was not acquired over the extreme southern end of the area covered by the original (or Base) 3D survey. Basic processing was performed on the second 3D seismic survey and, finally, 4D processing methods were applied to both the Base and the Monitor surveys. In addition to this 3D data, a shear wave seismic data set was obtained at the same time. Interpretation of the 4D seismic data indicated that a significant amplitude change, not attributable to differences in acquisition or processing, existed at the locations within the reef predicted by the reservoir simulation. The reservoir simulation was based on the porosity distribution obtained from seismic attributes from the Base 3D survey. Using this validated reservoir simulation the location of oil within the reef at the time the Monitor survey was obtained and recommendations made for the drilling of additional EOR wells. The economic impact of this project has been estimated in terms of both enhanced oil recovery and CO{sub 2} sequestration potential. In the northern Michigan Basin alone, the Niagaran reef play is comprised of over 700 Niagaran reefs with reservoirs already depleted by primary production. Potentially there is over 1 billion bbls of oil (original oil in place minus primary recovery) remains in the reefs in Michigan, much of which could be more efficiently mobilized utilizing techniques similar to those employed in this study.
Brian Toelle
Integration and operation of post-combustion capture system on coal-fired power generation: load following and peak power
Coal-fired power plants with post combustion capture and sequestration (CCS) systems have a variety of challenges to integrate the steam generation, air quality control, cooling water systems and steam turbine with the ...
Brasington, Robert David, S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Optimization Online - Optimal Job Scheduling with Day-ahead Price ...
Aug 17, 2011 ... Optimization Online. Optimal Job Scheduling with Day-ahead Price and Random Local Distributed Generation: A Two-stage Robust Approach.
electricity (e.g. , steam turbines, combustion turbines,all be used to run a steam turbine). See Undrill (2010) forcycle plants whose steam turbines are operated with their
operating flexibility of baseload units, faster start-up ofoperating flexibility of baseload units, faster start-up ofsystem load. At these times, baseload units are kept on line
EA-0995: Drum Storage Facility for Interim Storage of Materials Generated by Environmental Restoration Operations, Golden, Colorado
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE))
This EA evaluates the environmental impacts of the proposal to construct and operate a drum storage facility at the U.S. Department of Energy's Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site in Golden,...
Dynamic Analysis of Hybrid Energy Systems under Flexible Operation and Variable Renewable Generation -- Part I: Dynamic Performance Analysis and Part II: Dynamic Cost
Dynamic analysis of hybrid energy systems (HES) under flexible operation and variable renewable generation is considered in order to better understand various challenges and opportunities associated with the high system variability arising from the integration of renewable energy into the power grid. Unique consequences are addressed by devising advanced HES solutions in which multiple forms of energy commodities, such as electricity and chemical products, may be exchanged. Dynamic models of various unit operations are developed and integrated within two different HES options. One HES option, termed traditional, produces electricity only and consists of a primary heat generator (PHG) (e.g., a small modular reactor), a steam turbine generator, a wind farm, and a battery storage. The other HES option, termed advanced, includes not only the components present in the traditional option but also a chemical plant complex to repurpose excess energy for non-electricity services, such as for the production of chemical goods (e.g., transportation fuel). In either case, a given HES is connected to the power grid at a point of common coupling and requested to deliver a certain electricity generation profile as dictated by a regional power grid operator based on a predicted demand curve. Dynamic analysis of these highly-coupled HES are performed to identify their key dynamical properties and limitations and to prescribe solutions for best managing and mitigating the high variability introduced from incorporating renewable energy into the energy mix. A comparative dynamic cost analysis is also conducted to determine best HES options. The cost function includes a set of metrics for computing fixed costs, such as fixed operations and maintenance (O&M) and overnight capital costs, and also variable operational costs, such as cost of variability, variable O&M cost, and cost of environmental impact, together with revenues. Assuming different options for implementing PHG (e.g., natural gas, coal, nuclear), preliminary results identify the level of renewable penetration at which a given advanced HES option (e.g., a nuclear hybrid) becomes increasingly more economical than a traditional electricity-only generation solution. Conditions are also revealed under which carbon resources may be better utilized as carbon sources for chemical production rather than as combustion material for electricity generation.
Humberto E. Garcia; Amit Mohanty; Wen-Chiao Lin; Robert S. Cherry
Optimal Tariff Period Determination Cost of electricity generation is closely related to system demand. In general, the
,Pakistan,Nepal and Bangladesh) direct management is all the more Flat-rate electricity tariffs induce farmers to pump more of annual hours of pump operation,electric (flat tariff) and diesel pumpsets Water Policy Briefing 2 #12,there are strong theoretical arguments in favor of the metered electricity tariff. Farmers would learn the real
Hydroelectric reservoir optimization in a pool market
For a price-taking generator operating a hydro-electric reservoir in a pool electricity market, the optimal stack to offer in each trading period over a planning horizon can be computed using dynamic programming. However, the market trading period (usually ...
G. Pritchard; A. B. Philpott; P. J. Neame
Equipment Maintenance Optimization Manual Prototypes
This report provides detailed information to assist plant staff in performing recommended equipment maintenance tasks. It is a compilation of equipment maintenance optimization manual (EMOM) prototypes that include procedures and trouble shooting supported by broad-based utility experience. The EMOMs enable utility generation stations to: minimize operation and maintenance costs, including parts and labor; assist in maintenance planning, scheduling, and parts strategy; develop comprehensive maintenance m...
Title: Electrical Power Generation from Produced Water: Field Demonstration of Ways to Reduce Operating Costs of Small Producers
Title: Electrical Power Generation from Produced Water: Field Demonstration of Ways to Reduce produced water to create "green" electricity usable on site or for transmission off site . The goal the environmental impact by creating green electricity using produced water and no additional fossil fuel. Approach
Dimensioning and operating wind-hydrogen plants in power markets
This paper presents a two-step method for dimensioning and time-sequential operation of Wind-hydrogen (H2) plants operating in power markets. Step 1 involves identification of grid constraints and marginal power losses through load flow simulations. ... Keywords: distributed generation, hydrogen, quadratic optimization, renewable energy, weak grids, wind power
Christopher J. Greiner; Magnus KorpÕs; Terje Gjengedal
Life Cycle Management Plan for Main Generator and Exciter at Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station: Generic Version
As the electric power industry becomes more competitive, life cycle management (LCM) of systems, structures, and components (SSCs) becomes more important to keep nuclear power plants economically viable throughout their remaining licensed operating terms, whether 40 or 60 years. This report provides an optimized LCM plan for the main generators and exciters at the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station (PVNGS).
Effect of steam generator configuration in a loss of the RHR during mid-loop operation at PKL facility
The loss of the residual heat removal system in mid-loop conditions may occur with a non-negligible contribution to the plant risk, so the analysis of the accidental sequences and the actions to mitigate the accident are of great interest in shutdown conditions. In order to plan the appropriate measures to mitigate the accident is necessary to understand the thermal-hydraulic processes following the loss of the residual heat removal system during shutdown. Thus, transients of this kind have been simulated using best-estimate codes in different integral test facilities and compared with experimental data obtained in different facilities. In PKL (Primaerkreislauf-Versuchsanlage, primary coolant loop test facility) test facility different series of experiments have been undertaken to analyze the plant response in shutdown. In this context, the E3 and F2 series consist of analyzing the loss of the residual heat removal system with a reduced inventory in the primary system. In particular, the experiments were developed to investigate the influence of the steam generators secondary side configuration on the plant response, what involves the consideration of different number of steam generators filled with water and ready for activation, on the heat transfer mechanisms inside the steam generators U-tubes. This work presents the results of such experiments calculated using, RELAP5/Mod 3.3. (authors)
Villanueva, J. F.; Carlos, S.; Martorell, S.; Sanchez, F. [Dpto. Ingenieria Quimica Y Nuclear, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Camino Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia (Spain)
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC Fuel Cell Tri-Generation System Case
and Renewable Energy operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC Fuel Cell Tri-Generation System Case and analyze a range of realistic case studies for tri-generation systems. #12;National Renewable Energy Tri-Generation System Provides Hydrogen as an Additional Output Reformer 90100 43 Heat Loss (10
Storage Sizing and Placement through Operational and Uncertainty-Aware Simulations
As the penetration level of transmission-scale time-intermittent renewable generation resources increases, control of flexible resources will become important to mitigating the fluctuations due to these new renewable resources. Flexible resources may include new or existing synchronous generators as well as new energy storage devices. Optimal placement and sizing of energy storage to minimize costs of integrating renewable resources is a difficult optimization problem. Further,optimal planning procedures typically do not consider the effect of the time dependence of operations and may lead to unsatisfactory results. Here, we use an optimal energy storage control algorithm to develop a heuristic procedure for energy storage placement and sizing. We perform operational simulation under various time profiles of intermittent generation, loads and interchanges (artificially generated or from historical data) and accumulate statistics of the usage of storage at each node under the optimal dispatch. We develop a gre...
Dvijotham, Krishnamurthy; Chertkov, Misha
Optimization of Cooling Water
A cooling water system can be optimized by operation at the highest possible cycles of concentration without risking sealing and fouling on heat exchanger surfaces. The way to optimize will be shown, with a number of examples of new systems.
Matson, J.
Optimization Online - Stochastic Programming Submissions - 2013
Stochastic Programming Submissions - 2013. January 2013. Generating moment matching scenarios using optimization techniques. Sanjay Mehrotra, DavidĀ...
Optimization Online Digest -- December 2012
Optimization Online Digest Ś December 2012. Applications ... Solving the integrated airline recovery problem using column-and-row generation. Stephen J Ā...
Relaying and Controls for Generator Applications
In today's competitive marketplace, many electrical energy consumers are encouraged to enter into interruptible or cogeneration contracts by their electrical utility. Interruptible contracts provide year-round cost savings for the consumer, and defer costly infrastructure expansion for the utility. In some cases, existing generators and controls can be upgraded or modified for paralleling with the utility. In new installations, there are literally dozens of options available for generator operation. This paper provides an overview of generators, relaying and controls. Typical operational procedures are discussed to provide a framework for optimizing generator performance. Additionally, methods of providing electrical protection and control for generators are discussed for small and large generator applications at low and medium voltages. Note: The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily represent the views of the United States of America, the U. S. Department of Justice, or the Federal Bureau of Prisons.
Massey, G. W.
Steam generation in line-focus solar collectors: a comparative assessment of thermal performance, operating stability, and cost issues
The engineering and system benefits of using direct steam (in situ) generation in line-focus collectors are assessed. The major emphasis of the analysis is a detailed thermal performance comparison of in situ systems (which utilize unfired boilers). The analysis model developed for this study is discussed in detail. An analysis of potential flow stability problems is also provided along with a cursory cost analysis and an assessment of freeze protection, safety, and control issues. Results indicated a significant thermal performance advantage over the more conventional oil and flash systems and the flow stability does not appear to be a significant problem. In particular, at steam temperatures of 220/sup 0/C (430/sup 0/F) under the chosen set of assumptions, annual delivered energy predictions indicate that the in situ system can deliver 15% more energy than an oil system and 12% more energy than a flash system, with all of the systems using the same collector field. Further, the in situ system may result in a 10% capital cost reduction. Other advantages include improvement in simpler control when compared with flash systems, and fluid handling and safety enhancement when compared with oil systems.
Murphy, L.M.; May, E.K.
Imperialist competitive algorithm for dynamic optimization of economic dispatch in power systems
As energy costs are expected to keep rising in the coming years, mostly due to a growing worldwide demand, optimizing power generation is of crucial importance for utilities. Economic power dispatch is a tool commonly used by electric power plant operators ... Keywords: dynamic optimization, economic dispatch, imperialist competitive algorithm, metaheuristic, microgrid
Robin Roche; Lhassane Idoumghar; Benjamin Blunier; Abdellatif Miraoui
Towards Dynamic Pricing-Based Collaborative Optimizations for Green Data Centers
by data center operations. The next-generation Smart Grid proposes to combat the current electrical grid the information exchange framework for utilities and data centers and employ a distributed constraint optimization.S. electricity use [4]. Meanwhile, a sea change in our nation's power distribution network should not be ignored
Plotkin, Joshua B.
Virtually simulating the next generation of clean energy technologies: NETL's AVESTAR Center is dedicated to the safe, reliable and efficient operation of advanced energy plants with carbon capture
Imagine using a real-time virtual simulator to learn to fly a space shuttle or rebuild your car's transmission without touching a piece of equipment or getting your hands dirty. Now, apply this concept to learning how to operate and control a state-of-the-art, electricity-producing power plant capable of carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) capture. That's what the National Energy Technology Laboratory's (NETL) Advanced Virtual Energy Simulation Training and Research (AVESTAR) Center (www.netl.doe.gov/avestar) is designed to do. Established as part of the Department of Energy's (DOE) initiative to advance new clean energy technology for power generation, the AVESTAR Center focuses primarily on providing simulation-based training for process engineers and energy plant operators, starting with the deployment of a first-of-a-kind operator training simulator for an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plant with CO{sub 2} capture. The IGCC dynamic simulator builds on, and reaches beyond, conventional power plant simulators to merge, for the first time, a 'gasification with CO{sub 2} capture' process simulator with a 'combined-cycle' power simulator. Based on Invensys Operations Management's SimSci-Esscor DYNSIM software, the high-fidelity dynamic simulator provides realistic training on IGCC plant operations, including normal and faulted operations, as well as plant start-up, shutdown and power demand load changes. The highly flexible simulator also allows for testing of different types of fuel sources, such as petcoke and biomass, as well as co-firing fuel mixtures. The IGCC dynamic simulator is available at AVESTAR's two locations, NETL (Figure 1) and West Virginia University's National Research Center for Coal and Energy (www.nrcce.wvu.edu), both in Morgantown, W.Va. By offering a comprehensive IGCC training program, AVESTAR aims to develop a workforce well prepared to operate, control and manage commercial-scale gasification-based power plants with CO{sub 2} capture. The facility and simulator at West Virginia University promotes NETL's outreach mission by offering hands-on simulator training and education to researchers and university students.
Synchrotron Beamline Operations
... of next-generation catalysts for chemical production; optimization of ... of-the-art local structure measurements for electronic, energy, and magnetic ...
4th Generation ECR Ion Sources
the 1980s. Second generation sources, which operate betweengenerations. First generation ECR sources operate between 5Two superconducting 3 rd generation ECR sources, VENUS and
Lyneis, Claude M.
single unit with the abililty to pump highly radioactive sodium (10/sup 8/ Mev/(cm/sup 3/) (sec) at high temperature (800 deg C) is described. The unit components are aligned vertically to reduce the electrical conductor length between homopolar generator and pump. The entire structure, including the 1250- hp drive motor is 30 ft high and weighs 35 tons. The pump is designed to develop a head of 75 psi at a pumping rate of 10,000 gpm. At this rate the generator must deliver 250,000 amp at 2.5 v. The low-voltage requirement of the pump permits the use of flat sheet insulation of pure mica or ceramic. The pump is limited in temperature by the curie point of iron (763 deg C). The homopolar generator is of the liquid brush type: eutectic NaK serves as the current- conductor between the rotating and stationary members. There are no windings in the machine other per strap. The essence of the pump-power supply unit lies in its ability to convert 2300-volt, 3-phase electrical power to controllable sodium pumping. Tests on the unit have revealed many interesting results which will aid greatly in the design of advanced models. (auth) Performacne tests are being conducted on two prootype 5000-gpm sodium pumps for application in the primary and secondary heat transfer systems of the EBR-II. Both pumps, one electromagnetic and one mechanical, have operated more than 5500 hr in sodium at temperatures whcih chave exceeded 800 deg F. The pump designs and test facilities are descrbied. (auth)
Jaross, R.A.; Barnes, A.H.
Steam System Optimization : A Case Study
The steam system optimization (generation, distribution, use and condensate return) offers a large opportunity for action to comply with the new levels of energy efficiency standards. Superior design and improved maintenance practices are the two main sources of savings in steam systems. Increased competition no longer permits an industry to survive with energy waste that could be eliminated. This paper highlights the study findings of the steam system in a plant from the Food industry. The steam system operates with an annual budget of $1.9 million. Normal steam demand ranges between 80,000 to 85,000 lb/hr. The steam system analysis identified energy savings worth $270,000 per year. The optimization measures were in two categories: Ģ No cost/low cost optimizations that can be done through a better maintenance and improved operating condition Ģ Major improvements that require a significant investment, and includes the modification of the process and major equipment.
Iordanova, N.; Venkatesan, V. V.; Calogero, M.
of the operating point near to optimality. The reference of turbine rotor speed is adjusted such that the turbine at which the turbine should operate for producing maxi- mum power. MPPT controller will generate a rotor as 2 38 where Pwt is the rotor mechanical power (W), wt is the turbine torque (Nm), v is the wind speed
Planning solar array operations on the international space station
Flight controllers manage the orientation and modes of eight large solar arrays that power the International Space Station (ISS). The task requires generating plans that balance complex constraints and preferences. These considerations include context-dependent ... Keywords: Planning, constraint satisfaction, optimization, scheduling, space mission operations
Sudhakar Y. Reddy; Jeremy D. Frank; Michael J. Iatauro; Matthew E. Boyce; Elif K³rkl³; Mitchell Ai-Chang; Ari K. J¾nsson
Hybrid robust predictive optimization method of power system dispatch
A method of power system dispatch control solves power system dispatch problems by integrating a larger variety of generation, load and storage assets, including without limitation, combined heat and power (CHP) units, renewable generation with forecasting, controllable loads, electric, thermal and water energy storage. The method employs a predictive algorithm to dynamically schedule different assets in order to achieve global optimization and maintain the system normal operation.
Chandra, Ramu Sharat (Niskayuna, NY); Liu, Yan (Ballston Lake, NY); Bose, Sumit (Niskayuna, NY); de Bedout, Juan Manuel (West Glenville, NY)
Analysis of the Impact of Balancing Area Cooperation on the Operation of WECC and the Compounding Effect of Wind and Solar Generation
It is the intent of this analysis to examine the operational benefits of increased cooperation between a large number of WECC operating regions.
Jordan, G.; Piwko, D.
Optimization Online
NEOS Optimization Server Ę NEOS Optimization Guide Ę Linear Programming FAQ Ę Nonlinear Programming FAQ Ę Mathematical Programming GlossaryĀ...
Optimization of pulsed-DEER measurements for Gd-based labels: choice of operational frequencies, pulse durations and positions, and temperature
In this work, the experimental conditions and parameters necessary to optimize the long-distance (? 60 ┼) Double Electron-Electron Resonance (DEER) measurements of biomacromolecules labeled with Gd(III) tags are analyzed. The specific parameters discussed are the temperature, microwave band, the separation between the pumping and observation frequencies, pulse train repetition rate, pulse durations and pulse positioning in the electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum. It was found that: (i) in optimized DEER measurements, the observation pulses have to be applied at the maximum of the EPR spectrum; (ii) the optimal temperature range for Ka-band measurements is 14-17 K, while in W-band the optimal temperatures are between 6-9 K; (iii) W-band is preferable to Ka-band for DEER measurements. Recent achievements and the conditions necessary for short-distance measurements (<15 ┼) are also briefly discussed.
Raitsimring, Arnold; Astashkin, Andrei V.; Enemark, John H.; Kaminker, Ilia; Goldfarb, Daniella; Walter, Eric D.; Song, Y.; Meade, T. J.
Thermodynamic and cost optimization using program GEOTHM
Some of the features of the computer program GEOTHM are shown. This program designs and optimizes thermodynamic process cycles. Several examples of geothermal cycle optimization are given. Three dimensional plots generated by the computer show how the optimization process works.
Green, M.A.; Pines, H.A.; Pope, W.L.; Williams, J.D.
Monitoring and Controlling Carryover in Heat Recovery Steam Generators
Optimization of the cycle chemistry in the steam generating system of combined-cycle/heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) plants is vital to ensuring the efficient and reliable operation of the equipment. Monitoring of steam purity and drum carryover are core parameters for HRSG chemistry programs. Carryover is any solid, liquid, or vaporous contaminant that leaves the HRSG steam drum along with the steam. Carryover might be the result of the limited separation of the steam/water mixture in the steam dru...
Main Generator Rotor Maintenance
Main generator rotors are constructed and designed to provide decades of reliable and trouble-free operation. However, a number of incidences have occurred over the years that can adversely impact reliable operation of generator rotors and, ultimately, production of electrical power. This report is a guide for power plant personnel responsible for reliable operation and maintenance of main generators. As a guide, this report provides knowledge and experience from generator experts working at power plants...
Time O«set Optimization in Digital Broadcasting - Optimization Online
height, polarization (horizontal/vertical) and antenna diagram (directivity). In Figure 1 the time ..... Phase 2: Optimization and constraint generation continue =
Research Note on a Parabolic Heat-Balance Integral Method with Unspecified Exponent: An Entropy Generation Approach in Optimal Profile Determination
The heat-balance integral method of Goodman is studied with two simple 1-D heat conduction problems with prescribed temperature and flux boundary conditions. These classical problems with well known exact solutions enable to demonstrate the heat-balance integral method performance by a parabolic profile and the entropy generation minimization concept in definition of the appropriate profile exponent. The basic assumption generating the additional constraints needed to perform the solution is based on the requirement to minimize the difference in the local thermal entropy generation rates calculated by the approximate and the exact profile, respectively. This concept is easily applicable since the general concept has simple implementation of the condition requiring the thermal entropy generations calculated through both profiles to be the same at the boundary. The entropy minimization generation approach automatically generates the additional requirement which is deficient in the set of conditions defined by the heat-balance integral method concept.
Jordan Hristov
The cost of geothermal energy in the western US region:a portfolio-based approach a mean-variance portfolio optimization of the regions' generating mix to 2013.
Energy planning represents an investment-decision problem. Investors commonly evaluate such problems using portfolio theory to manage risk and maximize portfolio performance under a variety of unpredictable economic outcomes. Energy planners need to similarly abandon their reliance on traditional, ''least-cost'' stand-alone technology cost estimates and instead evaluate conventional and renewable energy sources on the basis of their portfolio cost--their cost contribution relative to their risk contribution to a mix of generating assets. This report describes essential portfolio-theory ideas and discusses their application in the Western US region. The memo illustrates how electricity-generating mixes can benefit from additional shares of geothermal and other renewables. Compared to fossil-dominated mixes, efficient portfolios reduce generating cost while including greater renewables shares in the mix. This enhances energy security. Though counter-intuitive, the idea that adding more costly geothermal can actually reduce portfolio-generating cost is consistent with basic finance theory. An important implication is that in dynamic and uncertain environments, the relative value of generating technologies must be determined not by evaluating alternative resources, but by evaluating alternative resource portfolios. The optimal results for the Western US Region indicate that compared to the EIA target mixes, there exist generating mixes with larger geothermal shares at equal-or-lower expected cost and risk.
Beurskens, Luuk (ECN-Energy Research Centre of the Netherland); Jansen, Jaap C. (ECN-Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands); Awerbuch, Shimon Ph.D. (.University of Sussex, Brighton, UK); Drennen, Thomas E.
Operations-Based Planning for Placement and Sizing of Energy Storage in a Grid With a High Penetration of Renewables
As the penetration level of transmission-scale time-intermittent renewable generation resources increases, control of flexible resources will become important to mitigating the fluctuations due to these new renewable resources. Flexible resources may include new or existing synchronous generators as well as new energy storage devices. The addition of energy storage, if needed, should be done optimally to minimize the integration cost of renewable resources, however, optimal placement and sizing of energy storage is a difficult optimization problem. The fidelity of such results may be questionable because optimal planning procedures typically do not consider the effect of the time dynamics of operations and controls. Here, we use an optimal energy storage control algorithm to develop a heuristic procedure for energy storage placement and sizing. We generate many instances of intermittent generation time profiles and allow the control algorithm access to unlimited amounts of storage, both energy and power, at a...
Dvijotham, Krishnamurthy; Backhaus, Scott
Optimization Online Digest -- August 2011
Optimal Job Scheduling with Day-ahead Price and Random Local Distributed Generation: A Two-stage Robust Approach Anna Danandeh, Long Zhao, Bo Zeng,Ā...
Optimization Online Digest -- June 2012
Optimization Online Digest Ś June 2012. Applications Ś OR and ... A new warmstarting strategy for the primal-dual column generation method. Jacek GondzioĀ...
Design of a Power Oscillation Damper for DFIG-based Wind Energy Conversion System Using Modified Particle Swarm Optimizer
This paper presents a method to design a Power Oscillation Damper (POD) for Double-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) based Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), operating with voltage control loop. Based on eigen values information from Small Signal Stability ... Keywords: Computational Intelligence, double fed induction generator, power oscillation damper, modified particle swarm optimizer, small signal stability analysis, wind energy conversion system
Huazhang Huang; C. Y. Chung
Optimal Siting and Sizing of Solar Photovoltaic Distributed Generation to Minimize Loss, Present Value of Future Asset Upgrades and Peak Demand Costs on a Real Distribution Feeder.
??The increasing penetration of distributed generation (DG) in power distribution systems presents technical and economic benefits as well as integration challenges to utility engineers. Governmentsģ (more)
Mukerji, Meghana
Operation chaining asynchronous pipelined circuits
We define operation chaining (op-chaining) as an optimization problem to determine the optimal pipeline depth for balancing performance against energy demands in pipelined asynchronous designs. Since there are no clock period requirements, asynchronous ...
Girish Venkataramani; Seth C. Goldstein
Human Performance Optimization: Emerging Management Issues and Artificial Intelligence Methods: Volume 4: Supporting Group Decision Making and Team Operations with Artificial Intelligence
Human performance optimization is critical to all aspects of the energy enterprise. This four-volume report presents findings from a review of the human performance challenges and opportunities created by the changing nature of the energy industry, its workforce, and its work environments.
Evidence from the U.S. and some other countries indicates that organized wholesale markets for electrical energy and operating reserves do not provide adequate incentives to stimulate the proper quantity or mix of generating capacity consistent with mandatory reliability criteria. A large part of the problem can be associated with the failure of wholesale spot market prices for energy and operating reserves to rise to high enough levels during periods when generating capacity is fully utilized. Reforms to wholesale energy markets, the introduction of well-design forward capacity markets, and symmetrical treatment of demand response and generating capacity resources to respond to market and institutional imperfections are discussed. This policy reform program is compatible with improving the efficiency of spot wholesale electricity markets, the continued evolution of competitive retail markets, and restores incentives for efficient investment in generating capacity consistent with operating reliability criteria applied by system operators. It also responds to investment disincentives that have been associated with volatility in wholesale energy prices, limited hedging opportunities and to concerns about regulatory opportunism. 1
Paul L. Joskow; Paul L. Joskow; Paul L. Joskow
Optimization of Hot Standby
Energy Optimization is one of the key issues facing the chemical process industries today. The drivers are both economic and environmental. Utilities are among the top operating expenses for manufacturers, reflecting elevated energy prices and the energy
de Souza, J.; Holden, D.
Study on Control Performance of HVAC System or Interior Zone and Perimeter Zone in Office Building; Estimation of Optimal PI Tuning in Cooling Operation
In office buildings there are generally two HVAC systems installed, one in the perimeter zone (PZ) and one in the interior zone (IZ), and the temperatures of each zone are independently controlled. In the present paper, in order to the solve problem of not being able to satisfy the requirements of room temperature control during the cooling period in summer, an optimal PID parameter (O-PI) is selected through simulation of its two feedback control systems with mutual influence using the models identified with the experimental data. The step response characteristics of the system with optimal parameters compared to those with the parameters selected by the Ziegler-Nichols Method (ZNM-PI) that are generally used for PID parameter tuning on site. The result shows O-PI improved control performance, and the difference between O-PI and ZNM-PI can be used to readjust ZNM-PI selected on site.
Maehara, K.; Sagara, N.
Optimal power flow in microgrids using event-triggered optimization Pu Wan and Michael D. Lemmon
Optimal power flow in microgrids using event-triggered optimization Pu Wan and Michael D. Lemmon Abstract-- Microgrids are power generation and distribution systems in which users and generators-triggered distributed optimization algorithm to solve the optimal power flow (OPF) problem in microgrids. Under event
Lemmon, Michael
Model Predictive Control-based Optimal Coordination of Distributed Energy Resources
Distributed energy resources, such as renewable energy resources (wind, solar), energy storage and demand response, can be used to complement conventional generators. The uncertainty and variability due to high penetration of wind makes reliable system operations and controls challenging, especially in isolated systems. In this paper, an optimal control strategy is proposed to coordinate energy storage and diesel generators to maximize wind penetration while maintaining system economics and normal operation performance. The goals of the optimization problem are to minimize fuel costs and maximize the utilization of wind while considering equipment life of generators and energy storage. Model predictive control (MPC) is used to solve a look-ahead dispatch optimization problem and the performance is compared to an open loop look-ahead dispatch problem. Simulation studies are performed to demonstrate the efficacy of the closed loop MPC in compensating for uncertainties and variability caused in the system.
Mayhorn, Ebony T.; Kalsi, Karanjit; Lian, Jianming; Elizondo, Marcelo A.
Optimal deployment of solar index
There is a growing trend, generally caused by state-specific renewable portfolio standards, to increase the importance of renewable electricity generation within generation portfolios. While RPS assist with determining the composition of generation they do not, for the most part, dictate the location of generation. Using data from various public sources, the authors create an optimal index for solar deployment. (author)
Croucher, Matt
An economic feasibility analysis of distributed electric power generation based upon the Natural Gas-Fired Fuel Cell: a model of the operations cost.
This model description establishes the revenues, expenses incentives and avoided costs of Operation of a Natural Gas-Fired Fuel Cell-Based. Fuel is the major element of the cost of operation of a natural gas-fired fuel cell. Forecasts of the change in the price of this commodity a re an important consideration in the ownership of an energy conversion system. Differences between forecasts, the interests of the forecaster or geographical areas can all have significant effects on imputed fuel costs. There is less effect on judgments made on the feasibility of an energy conversion system since changes in fuel price can affect the cost of operation of the alternatives to the fuel cell in a similar fashion. The forecasts used in this model are only intended to provide the potential owner or operator with the means to examine alternate future scenarios. The operations model computes operating costs of a system suitable for a large condominium complex or a residential institution such as a hotel, boarding school or prison. The user may also select large office buildings that are characterized by 12 to 16 hours per day of operation or industrial users with a steady demand for thermal and electrical energy around the clock.
1996 international joint power generation conference: Proceedings. Volume 2; PWR-Volume 30
This is volume 2 of the proceedings of the 1996 International Joint Power Generation Conference held in Houston, Texas. The topics of the paper include emerging technologies for heat exchangers, maintenance and repair of feedwater and service water heat exchangers, steam surface condensers, understanding performance test codes, reliability, availability and maintainability of units and components, economics and reliability, Kalina cycle technologies, systems development under DOE`s combustion 2000 program, improvements in turbine materials and operating environment, combined cycle steam turbine application, case histories of turbine improvements, advanced generator mechanical design improvements and upgrades, steam turbine performance improvements, improvements in turbine materials and operating environment, combustion turbines for power generation, optimization of boiler performance using CEMS, international power plant design and restructuring issues, recent improvements in utility operations, turbine generator assessment technology, environmental compliance for industrial operations, industrial energy systems and services, industrial steam generation options.
Kielasa, L. [ed.] [Detroit Edison Co., MI (United States); Weed, G.E. [ed.] [Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY (United States)
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 4, NO. 3, JULY 2013 577 Optimal Operation of Plug-In Electric Vehicles in
storage with vehicle-to-grid (V2G) function may transfer power from or to the grid when the electric cars-In Electric Vehicles in Power Systems With High Wind Power Penetrations Weihao Hu, Member, IEEE, Chi Su in the power generation, which must be balanced by other sources. The battery storage-based Plug-In Electric
Bak-Jensen, Birgitte
Energy optimization system
A system for optimizing customer utility usage in a utility network of customer sites, each having one or more utility devices, where customer site is communicated between each of the customer sites and an optimization server having software for optimizing customer utility usage over one or more networks, including private and public networks. A customer site model for each of the customer sites is generated based upon the customer site information, and the customer utility usage is optimized based upon the customer site information and the customer site model. The optimization server can be hosted by an external source or within the customer site. In addition, the optimization processing can be partitioned between the customer site and an external source.
Zhou, Zhi; de Bedout, Juan Manuel; Kern, John Michael; Biyik, Emrah; Chandra, Ramu Sharat
Robust Generator System Using PM Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Generator with Current-fed Drive
The growth of embedded generation and portable electrical installations has led to an increased demand for low cost, flexible and reliable generator systems for military and commercial applications. An interior permanent magnet (IPM) machine has high power density due to its reluctance torque and magnetic torque components so it can produce a large constant power-speed range. However, an IPM machine needs demagnetizing current at high-speed during the flux-weakening region and thus develops an inverter shutdown problem in an uncontrolled generator mode operation. In order to overcome the disadvantages of the IPM machine, the permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance generator (PMa-SynRG) can be a good solution for low cost, high efficiency reliable generator systems. A PMa-SynRG can produce a high efficiency drive by utilizing the proper amount of magnet and reluctance torque. This work proposes a PMa-SynRG with two flux barriers and permanent magnets embedded in the second layer of the rotor. A neodymium magnet (NdFeB) was used as permanent magnets in the rotor to prevent demagnetization. Finding the minimum amount of magnet is one of the goals of the optimization process. The objectives of this work are to build an optimal design for the 3kW generator and an advanced power electronics converter for the PMa-SynRG drive system. In order to find the optimized 3kW machine, a Lumped Parameter Model (LPM) was used to achieve fast computation, and Differential Evolution Strategy (DES) was used to embed the LPM in an efficient numerical optimization routine to identify optimum designs. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was used for test performance of optimum designs. On the basis of differences between LPM and FEA, model predictions were used to fine tune the LPM model. For new optimum design converges, numerical optimizations and iterations were performed to produce LPM and FEA predictions. For the drive system, the thyristor based, current-fed drive is much simpler and has lower power losses compared to the pulse width modulation (PWM) drive. Eliminating the requirement for self-controlled switches is a distinct advantage for lower cost. Another feature of the developed current-fed drive is its inherent capability to provide generating action by making the PMa-SynRG operates as a generator, rectifying the phase voltages by means of the three-phase rectifier and feeding the power into the load. These features make the current-fed drive a good candidate for driving any type of synchronous generators including the proposed PMa-SynRG.
Baek, Jeihoon
Operating Efficiency Comes From Teamwork
A group of operating and planning personnel formed the INter Plant Utilities Team [INPUT] to improve energy efficiency and reliability for Exxon's Baytown, Texas, refinery and chemical plants complex. The Team coordinates the day-to-day operations of the Site's utilities generation and distribution systems, which cross the operating boundaries of all three of the plants in the complex, and supports both capital improvements and long-term energy optimization projects for those systems. INPUTs origins go back to the early 1980's, when a utility coordination team was organized to manage the interplay of the Site's several high-level steam systems, and to reduce the impact of occasional steam shortages on the operations of both Refinery and Chemical Plant. Three years ago the current team was formed to find ways to make the systems more efficient and reliable, and to pave the way for the Site's cogeneration expansion. INPUT provides a regular forum for surfacing and resolving issues that affect the economics and reliability of the Site's utility systems, and is a commitment on the part of the three Plants at the Site to work together for the overall benefit of the Site --a commitment worth over $5,000,000 annually in operating cost savings.
Relyea, D. L.; Stone, A.
Optimal Power Cost Management Using Stored Energy in Data Centers
Since the electricity bill of a data center constitutes a significant portion of its overall operational costs, reducing this has become important. We investigate cost reduction opportunities that arise by the use of uninterrupted power supply (UPS) units as energy storage devices. This represents a deviation from the usual use of these devices as mere transitional fail-over mechanisms between utility and captive sources such as diesel generators. We consider the problem of opportunistically using these devices to reduce the time average electric utility bill in a data center. Using the technique of Lyapunov optimization, we develop an online control algorithm that can optimally exploit these devices to minimize the time average cost. This algorithm operates without any knowledge of the statistics of the workload or electricity cost processes, making it attractive in the presence of workload and pricing uncertainties. An interesting feature of our algorithm is that its deviation from optimality reduces as the...
Urgaonkar, Rahul; Neely, Michael J; Sivasubramaniam, Anand
SEANO: Structure-Exploiting Algorithms for Nonlinear Optimization...
Algorithms for Nonlinear Optimization Advances in high-performance computing have led to a new generation of complex optimization problems that span the breadth of...
Weather forecast-based optimization of integrated energy systems.
In this work, we establish an on-line optimization framework to exploit detailed weather forecast information in the operation of integrated energy systems, such as buildings and photovoltaic/wind hybrid systems. We first discuss how the use of traditional reactive operation strategies that neglect the future evolution of the ambient conditions can translate in high operating costs. To overcome this problem, we propose the use of a supervisory dynamic optimization strategy that can lead to more proactive and cost-effective operations. The strategy is based on the solution of a receding-horizon stochastic dynamic optimization problem. This permits the direct incorporation of economic objectives, statistical forecast information, and operational constraints. To obtain the weather forecast information, we employ a state-of-the-art forecasting model initialized with real meteorological data. The statistical ambient information is obtained from a set of realizations generated by the weather model executed in an operational setting. We present proof-of-concept simulation studies to demonstrate that the proposed framework can lead to significant savings (more than 18% reduction) in operating costs.
Zavala, V. M.; Constantinescu, E. M.; Krause, T.; Anitescu, M.
Optimal Siting and Sizing of Distributed Energy Resources
Optimal Siting and Sizing of Distributed Energy Resources Optimal Siting and Sizing of Distributed Energy Resources Speaker(s): Johan Driesen Date: February 15, 2007 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3122 Seminar Host/Point of Contact: Chris Marnay Ongoing changes in the operation of distribution grids call for a new way to plan grid modifications. This presentation gives an overview of possible methods of long-term planning for the deployment of Distributed Energy Resources (distributed generation, storage and controllable loads) in a given grid. The placement and sizing of the units have to be considered, making this a complex optimization problem with discrete and continuous variables. In the optimization problem, multiple objectives are often conflicting, e.g. minimal grid losses, maximal use of the resources and voltage stability. An evolutionary algorithm (genetic algorithms) is used
The effect of the operation modes of a gas discharge low-pressure amalgam lamp on the intensity of generation of 185 nm UV vacuum radiation
The effect of the discharge current, mercury vapor pressure, and the inert gas pressure on the intensity and efficiency of the 185 nm line generation are considered. The spectra of the UV radiation (vacuum ultraviolet) transmission by protective coatings from the oxides of rare earth metals and aluminum are investigated.
Vasilyak, L. M., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Russian Academy of Sciences, Joint Institute of High Temperatures (Russian Federation); Drozdov, L. A., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Kostyuchenko, S. V.; Sokolov, D. V. [ZAO LIT (Russian Federation); Kudryavtsev, N. N.; Sobur, D. A., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Moscow Institute for Physics and Technology (Russian Federation)
Decision support for operations and maintenance (DSOM) system
A method for minimizing the life cycle cost of processes such as heating a building. The method utilizes sensors to monitor various pieces of equipment used in the process, for example, boilers, turbines, and the like. The method then performs the steps of identifying a set optimal operating conditions for the process, identifying and measuring parameters necessary to characterize the actual operating condition of the process, validating data generated by measuring those parameters, characterizing the actual condition of the process, identifying an optimal condition corresponding to the actual condition, comparing said optimal condition with the actual condition and identifying variances between the two, and drawing from a set of pre-defined algorithms created using best engineering practices, an explanation of at least one likely source and at least one recommended remedial action for selected variances, and providing said explanation as an output to at least one user.
Jarrell, Donald B. (Kennewick, WA); Meador, Richard J. (Richland, WA); Sisk, Daniel R. (Richland, WA); Hatley, Darrel D. (Kennewick, WA); Brown, Daryl R. (Richland, WA); Keibel, Gary R. (Richland, WA); Gowri, Krishnan (Richland, WA); Reyes-Spindola, Jorge F. (Richland, WA); Adams, Kevin J. (San Bruno, CA); Yates, Kenneth R. (Lake Oswego, OR); Eschbach, Elizabeth J. (Fort Collins, CO); Stratton, Rex C. (Richland, WA)
Design and Assessment of Volt-VAR Optimization Systems
Utilities are seeking to improve the overall efficiency and performance of the distribution system to squeeze more capacity out of existing facilities and to accommodate high penetrations of distributed energy resources, including renewable generating sources with highly variable output. Distribution voltage optimization (DVO) will play a major role in accomplishing these objectives without compromising safety, asset protection, and operating constraints (such as maximum loading and minimum/maximum volta...
Source codes as random number generators
AbstractŚA random number generator generates fair coin flips by processing deterministically an arbitrary source of nonideal randomness. An optimal random number generator generates asymptotically fair coin flips from a stationary ergodic source at a rate of bits per source symbol equal to the entropy rate of the source. Since optimal noiseless data compression codes produce incompressible outputs, it is natural to investigate their capabilities as optimal random number generators. In this paper we show under general conditions that optimal variable-length source codes asymptotically achieve optimal variable-length random bit generation in a rather strong sense. In particular, we show in what sense the Lempel¢Ziv algorithm can be considered an optimal universal random bit generator from arbitrary stationary ergodic random sources with unknown distributions. Index Terms Ś Data compression, entropy, Lempel¢Ziv algorithm, random number generation, universal source coding.
Karthik Visweswariah; Student Member; Sanjeev R. Kulkarni; Senior Member; Sergio Verd·
Life Cycle Management Plan for Main Generator and Exciter at Callaway Nuclear Plant: Generic Version
As the electric power industry becomes more competitive, life cycle management (LCM) of systems, structures, and components (SSCs) becomes more important to keep nuclear power plants economically viable throughout their remaining licensed operating terms, whether 40 or 60 years. This report provides Ameren UE with an optimized LCM plan for the main generator and exciter at Callaway Plant.
Dynamic provisioning in next-generation data centers with on-site power production
The critical need for clean and economical sources of energy is transforming data centers that are primarily energy consumers to also energy producers. We focus on minimizing the operating costs of next-generation data centers that can jointly optimize ... Keywords: data centers, dynamic provisioning, on-site power production, online algorithm
Jinlong Tu, Lian Lu, Minghua Chen, Ramesh K. Sitaraman
Life Cycle Management Plan for Main Generator and Exciter at South Texas Project: Generic Version
As the electric power industry becomes more competitive, life cycle management (LCM) of systems, structures, and components (SSCs) becomes more important to keep nuclear power plants economically viable throughout their remaining licensed operating terms, whether 40 or 60 years. This report provides an optimized LCM plan for the main generators and exciters at the South Texas Project Power Plant.
Modeling and optimization of operating parameters for a test-cell option of the Fusion Power Demonstration-II tandem mirror design
Models of tandem mirror devices operated with a test-cell insert have been used to calculate operating parameters for FPD-II+T, an upgrade of the Fusion Power Demonstration-II device. Two test-cell configurations were considered, one accommodating two 1.5 m blanket test modules and the other having four. To minimize the cost of the upgrade, FPD-II+T utilizes the same coil arrangement and machine dimensions outside of the test cell as FPD-II, and the requirements on the end cell systems have been held near or below those for FPD-II. The maximum achievable test cell wall loading found for the short test-cell was 3.5 MW/m/sup 2/ while 6.0 MW/m/sup 2/ was obtainable in the long test-cell configuration. The most severe limitation on the achievable wall loading is the upper limit on test-cell beta set by MHD stability calculations. Modification of the shape of the magnetic field in the test-cell by improving the magnet design could raise this beta limit and lead to improved test-cell performance.
Haney, S.W.; Fenstermacher, M.E.
Generator backup overcurrent protection
A concern that the characteristics and correct application of the generator backup relay are misunderstood is addressed in this report to the Power Systems Protection Committee. It is inherently a secure device, and rarely has the opportunity to operate in its intended capacity. So the question was asked, ''Do generator backup overcurrent relays really protect anything.'' In response a description of the function and operating characteristics of the backup relays, a discussion of generator fault current behavior, examples of relay settings for a typical application, and methods and criteria for determining that the relay both protects the generator and operates selectively with other protective devices are included.
Baker, D.S.
Unprecedented Generation Shifts
The economic recession, which reduced electricity demand, and falling natural gas costs have brought about unprecedented shifts in electric generation. These developments have affected coal-fired generation the most, leading to operational challenges (cycling and shut downs), deterioration of financial performance, and an awareness of the vulnerability of many units to retirement. A third force, though usually affecting natural gas unit operations more than coal, is the build-up of wind generation. This ...
Overview of KSTAR initial operation
Since the successful first plasma generation in the middle of 2008, three experimental campaigns were successfully made for the KSTAR device, accompanied with a necessary upgrade in the power supply, heating, wall-conditioning and diagnostic systems. KSTAR was operated with the toroidal magnetic field up to 3.6 T and the circular and shaped plasmas with current up to 700 kA and pulse length of 7 s, have been achieved with limited capacity of PF magnet power supplies. The mission of the KSTAR experimental program is to achieve steady-state operations with high performance plasmas relevant to ITER and future reactors. The first phase (2008 2012) of operation of KSTAR is dedicated to the development of operational capabilities for a super-conducting device with relatively short pulse. Development of start-up scenario for a super-conducting tokamak and the understanding of magnetic field errors on start-up are one of the important issues to be resolved. Some specific operation techniques for a super-conducting device are also developed and tested. The second harmonic pre-ionization with 84 and 110 GHz gyrotrons is an example. Various parameters have been scanned to optimize the pre-ionization. Another example is the ICRF wall conditioning (ICWC), which was routinely applied during the shot to shot interval. The plasma operation window has been extended in terms of plasma beta and stability boundary. The achievement of high confinement mode was made in the last campaign with the first neutral beam injector and good wall conditioning. Plasma control has been applied in shape and position control and now a preliminary kinetic control scheme is being applied including plasma current and density. Advanced control schemes will be developed and tested in future operations including active profiles, heating and current drives and control coil-driven magnetic perturbation.
Kwon, M. [National Fusion Research Institute, Daejon, South Korea; Oh, Y. K. [National Fusion Research Institute, Daejon, South Korea; Yang, H. L. [National Fusion Research Institute, Daejon, South Korea; Na, H. K. [National Fusion Research Institute, Daejon, South Korea; Kim, Y. S. [National Fusion Research Institute, Daejon, South Korea; Kwak, J. G. [National Fusion Research Institute, Daejon, South Korea; Kim, W. C. [National Fusion Research Institute, Daejon, South Korea; Kim, J. Y. [National Fusion Research Institute, Daejon, South Korea; Ahn, Joonwook [ORNL; Ahn, J.W. [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); Bae, Y. S. [National Fusion Research Institute, Daejon, South Korea; Baek, S. H. [National Fusion Research Institute, Daejon, South Korea; Bak, J. G. [National Fusion Research Institute, Daejon, South Korea; Bang, E. N. [National Fusion Research Institute, Daejon, South Korea; Chang, C. S. [Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; Chang, D. H. [Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute; Chavdarovski, I. [National Fusion Research Institute, Daejon, South Korea; Chen, Z. Y. [National Fusion Research Institute, Daejon, South Korea; Cho, K. W. [National Fusion Research Institute, Daejon, South Korea; Cho, M. H. [Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea; Choe, W. [Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; Choi, J. H. [National Fusion Research Institute, Daejon, South Korea; Chu, Y. [National Fusion Research Institute, Daejon, South Korea; Chung, K. S. [Hanyang University, Korea; Diamond, P. H. [University of California, San Diego; Do, H. J. [National Fusion Research Institute, Daejon, South Korea; Eidietis, N. W. [General Atomics, San Diego; England, A. C. [National Fusion Research Institute, Daejon, South Korea; Grisham, L. [Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL); Hahm, T. S. [Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL); Hahn, S. H. [National Fusion Research Institute, Daejon, South Korea; Han, W. S. [National Fusion Research Institute, Daejon, South Korea; Hatae, T. [Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA); Hillis, D. L. [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); Hong, J. S. [National Fusion Research Institute, Daejon, South Korea; Hong, S. H. [National Fusion Research Institute, Daejon, South Korea
On-line economic optimization of energy systems using weather forecast information.
We establish an on-line optimization framework to exploit weather forecast information in the operation of energy systems. We argue that anticipating the weather conditions can lead to more proactive and cost-effective operations. The framework is based on the solution of a stochastic dynamic real-time optimization (D-RTO) problem incorporating forecasts generated from a state-of-the-art weather prediction model. The necessary uncertainty information is extracted from the weather model using an ensemble approach. The accuracy of the forecast trends and uncertainty bounds are validated using real meteorological data. We present a numerical simulation study in a building system to demonstrate the developments.
Optimal Sequencing of Central Refrigeration Equipment in an Industrial Plant
A model was developed to find a viable solution to the problem of selecting the optimal sequence of refrigeration equipment (chillers, cooling towers, pumps) to operate in a Central Utility Plant. The optimal equipment sequence is that sequence which has the lowest energy cost to operate at a given plant cooling load and outside air wet bulb temperature. and satisfies all the constraints associated with the refrigeration system. Selection of the optimal equipment sequence is very difficult given the complexity of the refrigeration system and the dynamic nature of the plant cooling load. As a solution a computer program was developed to generate optimal equipment sequences to operate for combinations of a wide range of plant cooling loads and outside air wet bulb temperatures. Analysis of the solution identified the need for a retrofit project to remove "vital" constraints in order to improve the refrigeration system's performance. The solution to the problem was then incorporated in the operating procedures for the Central Utility Plant.
Fiorino, D. P.; Priest, J. W.
Assessment of Distributed Generation Potential in JapaneseBuildings
To meet growing energy demands, energy efficiency, renewable energy, and on-site generation coupled with effective utilization of exhaust heat will all be required. Additional benefit can be achieved by integrating these distributed technologies into distributed energy resource (DER) systems (or microgrids). This research investigates a method of choosing economically optimal DER, expanding on prior studies at the Berkeley Lab using the DER design optimization program, the Distributed Energy Resources Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM). DER-CAM finds the optimal combination of installed equipment from available DER technologies, given prevailing utility tariffs, site electrical and thermal loads, and a menu of available equipment. It provides a global optimization, albeit idealized, that shows how the site energy loads can be served at minimum cost by selection and operation of on-site generation, heat recovery, and cooling. Five prototype Japanese commercial buildings are examined and DER-CAM applied to select the economically optimal DER system for each. The five building types are office, hospital, hotel, retail, and sports facility. Based on the optimization results, energy and emission reductions are evaluated. Furthermore, a Japan-U.S. comparison study of policy, technology, and utility tariffs relevant to DER installation is presented. Significant decreases in fuel consumption, carbon emissions, and energy costs were seen in the DER-CAM results. Savings were most noticeable in the sports facility (a very favourable CHP site), followed by the hospital, hotel, and office building.
Zhou, Nan; Marnay, Chris; Firestone, Ryan; Gao, Weijun; Nishida,Masaru
The objective of this field test instruction is to provide technical guidance for aqueous injection emplacement of an extension apatite permeable reactive barrier (PRE) for the sequestration of strontium-90 (Sr-90) using a high concentration amendment formulation. These field activities will be conducted according to the guidelines established in DOE/RL-2010-29, 100-NR-2 Design Optimization Study, hereafter referred to as the DOS. The DOS supports the Federal Facility Agreement Consent Order (EPA et al., 1989), Milestone M-16-06-01, and 'Complete Construction of a Permeable Reactive Barrier at 100-N.' Injections of apatite precursor chemicals will occur at an equal distance intervals on each end of the existing PRE to extend the PRB from the existing 91 m (300 ft) to at least 274 m (900 ft). Field testing at the 100-N Area Apatite Treatability Test Site, as depicted on Figure 1, shows that the barrier is categorized by two general hydrologic conceptual models based on overall well capacity and contrast between the Hanford and Ringold hydraulic conductivities. The upstream portion of the original barrier, shown on Figure 1, is characterized by relatively low overall well specific capacity. This is estimated from well development data and a lower contrast in hydraulic conductivity between the Hanford formation and Ringold Formations. Comparison of test results from these two locations indicate that permeability contrast between the Hanford formation and Ringold Formation is significantly less over the upstream one-third of the barrier. The estimated hydraulic conductivity for the Hanford formation and Ringold Formation over the upstream portion of the barrier based on observations during emplacement of the existing 91 m (300 ft) PRB is approximately 12 and 10 m/day (39 and 32 ft/day), respectively (PNNL-17429). However, these estimates should be used as a rough guideline only, as significant variability in hydraulic conductivity is likely to be observed in the barrier extension wells, particularly those in the Ringold formation. The downstream portion of the original barrier, shown on Figure 1, is characterized by generally higher well specific capacity and a larger hydraulic conductivity contrast between the Hanford formation and Ringold Formation. Hydraulic conductivity rates for the Hanford formation and Ringold Formation over the downstream portion of the barrier were estimated at 29 and 9 m/day (95 and 29 ft/day), respectively (with the Hanford formation hydraulic conductivity being greater in the downstream portion than the upstream portion). Once again, it should be noted that the actual conductivities may vary significantly, and the values state above should only be used as a rough initial estimates. Optimum apatite emplacement has been shown to occur when injections targeting the Hanford formation and the Ringold Formation are performed separately. The remainder of this test instruction provides details for conducting these formation-targeted injections.
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the Transfer of the Heat Source / Radioisotope Themoelectric Generator Assembly and Test Operations From the Mound Site
031 031 Federal Register / Vol. 63, No. 191 / Friday, October 2, 1998 / Notices SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The package listing contains the following information: (1) Title of the information collection package; (2) current OMB control number; (3) type of respondents; (4) estimated number of responses annually; (5) estimated total burden hours, annually, including recordkeeping hours required to provide the information; (6) purpose; and (7) number of collections. Package Title: Legal. Current OMB No.: 1910-0800. Type of Respondents: DOE management and operating contractors, and offsite contractors. Estimated Number of Responses: 2,719. Estimated Total Burden Hours: 21,052. Purpose: This information is required by the Department to ensure that legal resources and requirements are
Sootblowing optimization for improved boiler performance
A sootblowing control system that uses predictive models to bridge the gap between sootblower operation and boiler performance goals. The system uses predictive modeling and heuristics (rules) associated with different zones in a boiler to determine an optimal sequence of sootblower operations and achieve boiler performance targets. The system performs the sootblower optimization while observing any operational constraints placed on the sootblowers.
James, John Robert; McDermott, John; Piche, Stephen; Pickard, Fred; Parikh, Neel J
James, John Robert; McDermott, John; Piche, Stephen; Pickard, Fred; Parikh, Neel J.
Application of Advanced Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm Based on SA in Multi-tiers Hydropower Stations Optimization
Optimal operation of multi-tiers hydropower stations is a kind of nonlinear optimization problem. An advanced PSO algorithm based on simulated annealing is put forward to promote the solution accuracy and to avoid falling into local optimal solutions ...
Kong Ke; Wang Shao-bo; Xie Jian-cang; Sun Fan
Steam generator replacement overview
Since nuclear power began to be widely used for commercial purposes in the 1960s, unit operators have experienced a variety of problems with major components. Although many of the problems have diminished considerably, those associated with pressurized water reactor (PWR) steam generators persist. Steam generator problems rank second, behind refueling outages, as the most significant contributor to lost electricity generation. As of December 31, 1995, 38 steam generators had been replaced in 13 of the 72 operating PWRs, and three units had been shut down prematurely, due primarily (or partially) to degradation of their steam generators: Portland General Electric`s Trojan unit, located in Prescott, OR, in 1992; Southern California Edison`s San Onofre 1, located in San Clemente, CA, in 1992; and Sacramento Municipal Utility District`s Rancho Seco unit in 1989. In the coming years, operators of PWRs in the US with degraded steam generators will have to decide whether to make annual repairs (with eventual derating likely), replace the generators or shut the plants down prematurely. To understand the issues and decisions utility managers face, this article examines problems encountered at steam generators over the past few decades and identifies some of the remedies that utility operators and the nuclear community have employed, including operational changes, maintenance, repairs and steam generator replacement.
Chernoff, H. [Science Applications International Corp., McLean, VA (United States); Wade, K.C. [USDOE Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC (United States)
Modeling Power System Operation with Intermittent Resources
Electricity generating companies and power system operators face the need to minimize total fuel cost or maximize total profit over a given time period. These issues become optimization problems subject to a large number of constraints that must be satisfied simultaneously. The grid updates due to smart-grid technologies plus the penetration of intermittent re- sources in electrical grid introduce additional complexity to the optimization problem. The Renewable Integration Model (RIM) is a computer model of interconnected power system. It is intended to provide insight and advice on complex power systems management, as well as answers to integration of renewable energy questions. This paper describes RIM basic design concept, solution method, and the initial suite of modules that it supports.
Marinovici, Maria C.; Kirkham, Harold; Glass, Kevin A.; Carlsen, Leif C.
Optimization Online - Coordinators
... Programming); William Hart Ś Sandia National Laboratory; (Combinatorial Optimization / Global Optimization / Optimization Software and Modeling Systems
Analysis of accident sequences and source terms at treatment and storage facilities for waste generated by US Department of Energy waste management operations
This report documents the methodology, computational framework, and results of facility accident analyses performed for the US Department of Energy (DOE) Waste Management Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (WM PEIS). The accident sequences potentially important to human health risk are specified, their frequencies assessed, and the resultant radiological and chemical source terms evaluated. A personal-computer-based computational framework and database have been developed that provide these results as input to the WM PEIS for the calculation of human health risk impacts. The WM PEIS addresses management of five waste streams in the DOE complex: low-level waste (LLW), hazardous waste (HW), high-level waste (HLW), low-level mixed waste (LLMW), and transuranic waste (TRUW). Currently projected waste generation rates, storage inventories, and treatment process throughputs have been calculated for each of the waste streams. This report summarizes the accident analyses and aggregates the key results for each of the waste streams. Source terms are estimated, and results are presented for each of the major DOE sites and facilities by WM PEIS alternative for each waste stream. Key assumptions in the development of the source terms are identified. The appendices identify the potential atmospheric release of each toxic chemical or radionuclide for each accident scenario studied. They also discuss specific accident analysis data and guidance used or consulted in this report.
Mueller, C.; Nabelssi, B.; Roglans-Ribas, J.; Folga, S.; Policastro, A.; Freeman, W.; Jackson, R.; Mishima, J.; Turner, S.
SUMMARY: This paper presents a model that is developed to optimize the selection and operation of energy systems in commercial buildings based on their environmental performance. The model can be used for decision support regarding infrastructure in both design and operation of building energy systems. The approach is composed of energy simulation to generate buildingÆs energy demand, life cycle assessment (LCA) to model different energy systems, and optimization model to optimize the selection and operation of these energy systems. The energy systems that are discussed in this paper are cogeneration systems, average electric grid, gas boilers, and absorption and electric chillers. The performance criteria presented in this paper are primary energy consumption (PEC) and tropospheric ozone precursor potential (TOPP).
J. Vanier; Ayat E. Osman; Phd C; Robert Ries; Assistant Professor
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONTROL SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 1, JANUARY 2004 75 Optimal Pulse Shaping for Plasma Processing
and control of next generation plasma process reactors must be explored. Standard operation of plasma reactors describes the bulk plasma region of a pure argon inductively coupled reactor and is developed using a zeroIEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONTROL SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 1, JANUARY 2004 75 Optimal Pulse
Raja, Laxminarayan L.
An Optimization-Based Algorithm for Scheduling Hydrothermal Power Systems with Cascaded Reservoirs and Discrete Hydro Constraints
An optimization-based algorithm is presented for the short-term scheduling of hydrothermal power systems using the Lagrangian relaxation technique. This paper concentrates on the solution methodology for hydro subproblems with cascaded reservoirs and discrete hydro constraints. Continuous reservoir dynamics and constraints, discontinuous operating regions, discrete operating states, and hydraulic coupling of cascaded reservoirs are considered in an integrated fashion. The key idea is to substitute out the reservoir dynamics and to relax the reservoir level constraints by using another set of multipliers, making a hydro subproblem unit-wise and stage-wise decomposable. The optimal generation level for each operating state at each hour can be obtained simply by minimizing a single variable function. Dynamic programming is then applied to optimize the operating states across the planning horizon with a small number of well-structured transitions. A modified subgradient algorithm is used...
Xiaohong Guan; Ernan Ni; Renhou Li; Peter B. Luh
Amine plant troubleshooting and optimization
A systematic method for troubleshooting and optimization of amine plants, if properly used, will result in fewer plant upsets, quick and correct responses to changing conditions and long-term profitable operations of any amine unit. It is important for amine plants to maintain safe, continuous and optimized operations for short- and long-term success. Effective and fast resolution of maine unit upsets plays a large part in this success. These considerations are as important in plants using generic amines such as monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) and specialty amines based on MDEA. The key to troubleshooting and optimization is a systematic approach. Developing and using control charts can also be used to monitor amine plant operations. By using these techniques collectively, a formal method for troubleshooting and optimization can be established. This will ultimately result in a more trouble-free, continuous operation.
Abry, R.G.F. [Dow Chemical Co., Ft. Saskatchewan, Alberta (Canada); DuPart, M.S. [Dow Chemical Co., Freeport, TX (United States)
Optimal Control of a Parabolic Equation with Dynamic Boundary Condition
We investigate a control problem for the heat equation. The goal is to find an optimal heat transfer coefficient in the dynamic boundary condition such that a desired temperature distribution at the boundary is adhered. To this end we consider a function space setting in which the heat flux across the boundary is forced to be an L{sup p} function with respect to the surface measure, which in turn implies higher regularity for the time derivative of temperature. We show that the corresponding elliptic operator generates a strongly continuous semigroup of contractions and apply the concept of maximal parabolic regularity. This allows to show the existence of an optimal control and the derivation of necessary and sufficient optimality conditions.
Hoemberg, D., E-mail: email@example.com; Krumbiegel, K., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Weierstrass Institute for Applied Mathematics and Stochastics, Nonlinear Optimization and Inverse Problems (Germany); Rehberg, J., E-mail: email@example.com [Weierstrass Institute for Applied Mathematics and Stochastics, Partial Differential Equations (Germany)
A linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics approach to optimization of thermoelectric devices
Improvement of thermoelectric systems in terms of performance and range of applications relies on progress in materials science and optimization of device operation. In this chapter, we focuse on optimization by taking into account the interaction of the system with its environment. For this purpose, we consider the illustrative case of a thermoelectric generator coupled to two temperature baths via heat exchangers characterized by a thermal resistance, and we analyze its working conditions. Our main message is that both electrical and thermal impedance matching conditions must be met for optimal device performance. Our analysis is fundamentally based on linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics using the force-flux formalism. An outlook on mesoscopic systems is also given.
Ouerdane, H; Apertet, Y; Michot, A; Abbout, A
Steam Generator Management Program: Alloy 800 Steam Generator Tubing Experience
Nuclear grade (NG) Alloy 800 has been used for steam generator tubing since 1972 in over 50 nuclear power plants worldwide. The operational performance of this alloy has been very good, although some degradation modes have recently been observed. This report describes worldwide operating experience for Alloy 800 steam generator tubing along with differences in tubing material, plant design, and operating conditions that can affect tube degradation. The various types of plants with Alloy 800 steam generat...
TFTR Motor Generator
A general description is given of 475 MVA pulsed motor generators for TFTR at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. Two identical generators operating in parallel are capable of supplying 950 MVA for an equivalent square pulse of 6.77 seconds and 4,500 MJ at 0.7 power factor to provide the energy for the pulsed electrical coils and heating system for TFTR. The description includes the operational features of the 15,000 HP wound rotor motors driving each generator with its starting equipment and cycloconverter for controlling speed, power factor, and regulating line voltage during load pulsing where the generator speed changes from 87.5 to 60 Hz frequency variation to provide the 4,500 MJ or energy. The special design characteristics such as fatigue stress calculations for 10/sup 6/ cycles of operation, forcing factor on exciter to provide regulation, and low generator impedance are reviewed.
Murray, J.G.; Bronner, G.; Horton, M.
Process Synthesis and Optimization of Biorefinery Configurations
The objective of this research was to develop novel and applicable methodologies to solve systematically problems along a roadmap of constructing a globally optimum biorefinery design. The roadmap consists of the following problems: (1) synthesis of conceptual biorefinery pathways from given feedstocks and products, (2) screening of the synthesized pathways to identify the most economic pathways, (3) development of a flexible biorefinery configuration, and (4) techno-economic analysis of a detailed biorefinery design. In the synthesis problem, a systems-based "forward-backward" approach was developed. It involves forward synthesis of biomass to possible intermediates and reverse synthesis starting with desired products and identifying necessary species and pathways leading to them. Then, two activities are performed to generate complete biorefinery pathways: matching (if one of the species synthesized in the forward step is also generated by the reverse step) or interception (a task is determined to take a forward-generated species with a reverse-generated species by identifying a known process or by using reaction pathway synthesis to link to two species.) In the screening problem, the Bellman's Principle of Optimality was applied to decompose the optimization problem into sub-problems in which an optimal policy of available technologies was determined for every conversion step. Subsequently, either a linear programming formulation or dynamic programming algorithm was used to determine the optimal pathways. In the configuration design problem, a new class of design problems with flexibility was proposed to build the most profitable plants that operate only when economic efficiency is favored. A new formulation approach with proposed constraints called disjunctive operation mode was also developed to solve the design problems. In the techno-economic analysis for a detailed design of biorefinery, the process producing hydrocarbon fuels from lignocellulose via the carboxylate platform was studied. This analysis employed many state-of-the-art chemical engineering fundamentals and used extensive sources of published data and advanced computing resources to yield reliable conclusions to the analysis. Case studies of alcohol-producing pathways from lignocellulosic biomass were discussed to demonstrate the merits of the proposed approaches in the former three problems. The process was extended to produce hydrocarbon fuels in the last problem.
Pham, Viet
JGI - Operations
Operations The Operations Department sees to it that JGI has the best possible facilities and support, ensuring that its operations are conducted in accordance with the...
Power Operations
Power Operations Outage Coordination Standards of Conduct Transmission Planning You are here: SN Home page > Power Operations Power Operations Western's Sierra Nevada Region...
Washington Nuclear Profile - Columbia Generating Station
Columbia Generating Station" "Unit","Summer capacity (mw)","Net generation (thousand mwh)","Summer capacity factor (percent)","Type","Commercial operation date","License expiration...
Illinois Nuclear Profile - Braidwood Generation Station
Braidwood Generation Station" "Unit","Summer capacity (mw)","Net generation (thousand mwh)","Summer capacity factor (percent)","Type","Commercial operation date","License...
Illinois Nuclear Profile - Byron Generating Station
Byron Generating Station" ,"Summer capacity (mw)","Net generation (thousand mwh)","Summer capacity factor (percent)","Type","Commercial operation date","License expiration date"...
Illinois Nuclear Profile - Dresden Generating Station
Dresden Generating Station" "Unit","Summer capacity (mw)","Net generation (thousand mwh)","Summer capacity factor (percent)","Type","Commercial operation date","License expiration...
Jrgen Bauck Jensen Optimal Operation of Refrigera-
as function of implementation error . . . . . 52 xiii #12;xiv List of Figures 4.5 Proposed control structure deficiencies shows that the Tmin-method is not sufficient. An alternative method (simplified TAC) is proposed and compared with the Tmin-method. Considering the large amount of work that goes into the design of LNG
Combustion turbine operation and optimization model.
??Combustion turbine performance deterioration, quantified by loss of system power, is an artifact of increased inlet air temperature and continuous degradation of the machine. Furthermore,ģ (more)
Sengupta, Jeet
Convex Optimization of Centralized Inventory Operations
Jan 11, 2005 ... Abstract: Given a finite set of outlets with joint normally distributed demands and identical holding and penalty costs, inventory centralizationĀ...
Jan 10, 2005 ... holding and penalty costs, inventory centralization induces a cooperative cost alloca- ... buying, storing and distributing their inventory jointly.
Chemotherapy Operations Planning and Scheduling - Optimization ...
Feb 12, 2010 ... Cancer is treated with different methods such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. ... laboratory test results, and chemotherapy administration has been identified as a major source ...... National Quality Health Report.
Optimization Online - Optimal Design of Electrical Machines ...
Jun 8, 2011 ... Optimal Design of Electrical Machines: Mathematical Programming ... Science and Engineering (Multidisciplinary Design Optimization ).
Optimal Control of Distributed Energy Resources using Model Predictive Control
In an isolated power system (rural microgrid), Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) such as renewable energy resources (wind, solar), energy storage and demand response can be used to complement fossil fueled generators. The uncertainty and variability due to high penetration of wind makes reliable system operations and controls challenging. In this paper, an optimal control strategy is proposed to coordinate energy storage and diesel generators to maximize wind penetration while maintaining system economics and normal operation. The problem is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem with the goals of minimizing fuel costs and changes in power output of diesel generators, minimizing costs associated with low battery life of energy storage and maintaining system frequency at the nominal operating value. Two control modes are considered for controlling the energy storage to compensate either net load variability or wind variability. Model predictive control (MPC) is used to solve the aforementioned problem and the performance is compared to an open-loop look-ahead dispatch problem. Simulation studies using high and low wind profiles, as well as, different MPC prediction horizons demonstrate the efficacy of the closed-loop MPC in compensating for uncertainties in wind and demand.
Mayhorn, Ebony T.; Kalsi, Karanjit; Elizondo, Marcelo A.; Zhang, Wei; Lu, Shuai; Samaan, Nader A.; Butler-Purry, Karen
Applications: Operational wind turbines
Capability Applications: Operational wind turbines Benefits: Optimize wind turbine performance Summary: Researchers at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Intelligent Wind Turbine Program are developing a multi-physics modeling approach for the analysis of wind turbines in the presence of realistic
Operating Practices Guidebook (OPG)
This guidebook is a summary of current practices concerning operation, maintenance, siting, and staffing of combustion turbine, combined cycle, and cogeneration equipment. Information obtained from both utility and independent generators addresses the important issues faced by operators, project planners, and business managers.
Digitally programmable signal generator and method
A digitally programmable signal generator (DPSG) and method are disclosed. The DPSG can be used in applications such as Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation (AVLIS) to create an optimal match between the process laser's spectral profile and that of the vaporized material. Other applications include optical telecommunications, non-optical telecommunication in the microwave and radio spectrum, radar, electronic countermeasures, high speed computer interconnects, local area networks, high definition video transport and the multiplexing of large quantities of slow digital memory into high speed data streams. This invention extends the operation of DPSGs into the GHz range, while preserving all of the current art's DPSGs' operational features.
Priatko, G.J.; Kaskey, J.A.
Optimal Coupling of Energy Infrastructures
This paper presents a framework for integrated modeling and optimization of energy systems with multiple energy carriers. Based on the concept of energy hubs, a generic steadystate model for describing conversion and storage of multiple energy carriers, such as electricity, natural gas, hydrogen, or district heating, is developed and used for system optimization. Besides operational optimization of energy flows, the optimal structure of the system is investigated. Mathematically, the problems are stated as (mixed-integer) nonlinear programming problems. An example demonstrates the use and potential applications of the proposed method and highlights its features.
M. Geidl; G. Andersson
Operating Procedures Guideline
The intention of this report is to provide guidance for generating stationsÆ management and personnel striving for successful methods of developing effective operating procedures. Standard operating procedure management is used in most businesses and industries to assist in the safe and efficient operation of those companies. Effectively managing the program is essential in order to comply with mandatory regulations, maintain the highest possible level of plant integrity, minimize human ...
increases with electricity price volatility as expected,Intuitively, as the electricity price becomes more volatile,between it and the electricity price, there will be fewer
Performance Optimization of an Irreversible Heat Pump with Variable-temperature Heat Reservoirs
An irreversible cycle model of a heat pump operating between two variable-temperature heat reservoirs is established and used to analyze the performance of the heat pump affected by heat resistances, heat leakage and internal dissipation of the working substance. The coefficient of performance of the heat pump is optimized for a given heating load. The characteristic curves of the coefficient of performance versus power input are generated. The influence of intake temperatures of heat reservoirs, thermal capacity of heat reservoirs, efficiency of heat exchangers, heat leak and internal irreversibilities on the performance of the system is discussed. The optimal ratio of the times spent on two processes of heat transfer to and from the working substance is determined. Some new results which are conducive to the optimal design and operation of real heat pump systems are obtained.
Huang, Y.; Sun, D.
Optimizing Process Loads in Industrial Cogeneration Energy Systems
Optimum dispatch of energy supply systems can result in large savings in industrial facilities. Identifying the configuration of available equipment, and its loading to minimize total energy consumption to satisfy given load demands, has very high payback potential. This paper discusses an approach to determine integrated energy supply and end use optimum equipment dispatch to simultaneously satisfy given power, process steam and additional "end energy" product needs such as compressed fluids, chemical unit production, etc. Techniques applied to power generation and industrial cogeneration are extended to solving this trigeneration problem where the optimum dispatch of the final load devices (i.e. compressors, fans, pumps, etc.) are an integral part of the total energy system optimization. An example industrial trigeneration system is discussed to illustrate the application and procedures. The methods of considering alternate energy sources, for end use optimization with export power and steam generation will be illustrated. The savings associated with operations optimization readily justify the hardware and software costs required for implementation of Optimization Energy Management Systems (OEMS). An OEMS capability for this application is briefly discussed.
Ahner, D. J.; Babson, P. E.
Optimizing Steam & Condensate System: A Case Study
Optimization of Steam & Condensate systems in any process plant results in substantial reduction of purchased energy cost. During periods of natural gas price hikes, this would benefit the plant in controlling their fuel budget significantly, irrespective of the plant's size. This paper highlights the efforts taken by the management of a medium sized specialty chemicals plant in North East Louisiana. This site spent over $19 million in 2007 ($13.7 million for natural gas & $5.6 million for electricity). The site generates steam for its process operation from 3 gas fired boilers at 525-psig pressure. The steam is consumed at 5 process areas; Acid, Basics, Crystals, Derivatives & Hydrogen plants. All of the process areas recover condensate inside their area, utilize it partially, and drain the rest into the sewer. Boiler Feed Water (BFW) is supplied from the water treatment plant located at the Boiler House. The optimization study was conducted at this site, between Jul - Sep 2008, to identify opportunities to reduce the energy cost and to improve the steam system's reliability. The study identified 5 energy cost optimization opportunities that would result in a total cost savings of $1,181,000 annually. The initial estimates indicated that all the 5 projects recommended by the study would have simple payback periods of less than 2 years. This case study is a good example and motivation for all engineers and managers who are responsible for maintaining the efficiency and reliability of small and medium sized steam systems.
Venkatesan, V. V.; Norris, C.
Success rates for linear optical generation of cluster states in coincidence basis
We report on theoretical research in photonic cluster-state computing. Finding optimal schemes of generating non-classical photonic states is of critical importance for this field as physically implementable photon-photon entangling operations are currently limited to measurement-assisted stochastic transformations. A critical parameter for assessing the efficiency of such transformations is the success probability of a desired measurement outcome. At present there are several experimental groups which are capable of generating multi-photon cluster states carrying more than eight qubits. Separate photonic qubits or small clusters can be fused into a single cluster state by a probabilistic optical CZ gate conditioned on simultaneous detection of all photons with 1/9 success probability of each gate. This design mechanically follows the original theoretical scheme of cluster state generation proposed more than a decade ago by Raussendorf, Browne and Briegel. The optimality of the destructive CZ gate in application to linear optical cluster state generation has not been analyzed previously. Our results reveal that this method is far from the optimal one. Employing numerical optimization we have identified that maximal success probability of fusing n unentangled dual-rail optical qubits into a linear cluster state is equal to 1/2^(n-1); m-tuple of photonic Bell pair states, commonly generated via spontaneous parametric down-conversion, can be fused into a single cluster with the maximal success probability of 1/4^(m-1).
D. B. Uskov; P. M. Alsing; M. L. Fanto; L. Kaplan; A. M. Smith
An Application of Integrated Thermal and Electrical Energy Cogeneration Optimization
The savings associated with operations optimization of power generation and cogeneration facilities are large, and readily justify the hardware and software costs required for implementation of Energy Management Optimization Systems (EMOS). The objective of such systems is to minimize the total energy operating costs for specified power and steam load profiles, including the purchase of external power and/or steam, and the use of internal self-generation equipment. The EMOS may require online operation using current measurements (e.g. flow, powers, temperatures, etc.), and calculating optimum energy purchase and equipment dispatch within time periods consistent with changing ambients, loads and/or purchase energy price conditions. The automatic recognition of changes in equipment status and system operating configuration may be required. The EMOS may also consider the electrical distribution system to minimize losses, and to ensure that tbe optimum thermal power dispatch may be reliably delivered to the loads under tbe existing distribution configuration within electrical equipment operating limits. Automatic generation dispatch may also be required. A system which incorporates the requirements of the above specification and more, has been designed, installed and is operational at a large industrial cogeneration facility. A description of the specifics of this entire system is beyond tbe scope of this paper, however, a discussion of selected system features will be given. This application involves the simultaneous optimization of energy supply for in-plant power and process steam from many highly integrated system components. Cogeneration plants, as shown in Figure 1, are generally characterized by multiple sources of energy, various types of prime movers (e.g. boilers, waste heat recovery, steam and gas turbines, etc.), and varying requirements for process heat and electrical power, particularly if bulk power is being purchased, or dispatched to a utility grid as in the case of Independent Power Producers. In addition, the operating characteristics of tbe equipment and loads are continuously changing due to outage of equipment, changes in process steam and electrical demands, ambient conditions and performance deterioration. The ability to coordinate and optimize the simultaneous operation of the various components to meet all the energy requirements at minimum cost is a formidable task. In addition to the thermal optimization of boilers, gas turbines, and various types of condensing and autoextraction steam turbines, the system also considers the electrical distribution system, where changing bus configurations, power and voltage control impose additional constraints and limits which are solved in the optimum dispatch. The application incorporates automatic closed loop control of many process set points with a sophisticated system of permissives and automatic generation control features. Since a high on-line operating factor is essential, many design features are incorporated for signal validation and malfunction identification, and to make the system robust to instrument failure and drift. The system can be used as an on-line or off-line supervisory program. For on line implementation, closed loop response, fail safe operation and interfacing with process control systems are key closed loop implementation considerations. The system involves the interaction of several modules. The following will describe selected modules and how they interface to satisfy existing loads at minimum cost.
Ahner, D. J.; Mills, R. J.
Operations & Maintenance
Rates Operations & Maintenance Operations OASIS: WACM (Note: this site is not hosted by Western and requires a digital certificate and login for full access.) wesTTrans Common...
Integrated Control of Active and Reactive Power Flow Controllers to Optimize Transmission System Utilization
Optimized power system control requires oversight of numerous control elements to efficiently and reliably transfer power across the system. The objective of this project was to minimize losses in the Consolidated Edison Electric power system via modification of control variables available to the system operator. These variables include generator voltages, transformer voltage/phase angle tap set points, and switched shunt status. System constraints include bus voltages, branch/interface flow limits, ...
Robust and Stochastically Weighted Multiobjective Optimization Models and Reformulations
We introduce and study a family of models for multiexpert multiobjective/criteria decision making. These models use a concept of weight robustness to generate a risk-averse decision. In particular, the multiexpert multicriteria robust weighted sum approach ... Keywords: McRow, Pareto optimality, multicriterion optimization, multiexpert optimization, robust optimization, weighted sum method
Jian Hu; Sanjay Mehrotra
Synchronization-Aware and Algorithm-Efficient Chance Constrained Optimal Power Flow
One of the most common control decisions faced by power system operators is the question of how to dispatch generation to meet demand for power. This is a complex optimization problem that includes many nonlinear, non convex constraints as well as inherent uncertainties about future demand for power and available generation. In this paper we develop convex formulations to appropriately model crucial classes of nonlinearities and stochastic effects. We focus on solving a nonlinear optimal power flow (OPF) problem that includes loss of synchrony constraints and models wind-farm caused fluctuations. In particular, we develop (a) a convex formulation of the deterministic phase-difference nonlinear Optimum Power Flow (OPF) problem; and (b) a probabilistic chance constrained OPF for angular stability, thermal overloads and generation limits that is computationally tractable.
Bent, Russell; Chertkov, Michael
Analysis of accident sequences and source terms at waste treatment and storage facilities for waste generated by U.S. Department of Energy Waste Management Operations, Volume 3: Appendixes C-H
This report contains the Appendices for the Analysis of Accident Sequences and Source Terms at Waste Treatment and Storage Facilities for Waste Generated by the U.S. Department of Energy Waste Management Operations. The main report documents the methodology, computational framework, and results of facility accident analyses performed as a part of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Waste Management Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (WM PEIS). The accident sequences potentially important to human health risk are specified, their frequencies are assessed, and the resultant radiological and chemical source terms are evaluated. A personal computer-based computational framework and database have been developed that provide these results as input to the WM PEIS for calculation of human health risk impacts. This report summarizes the accident analyses and aggregates the key results for each of the waste streams. Source terms are estimated and results are presented for each of the major DOE sites and facilities by WM PEIS alternative for each waste stream. The appendices identify the potential atmospheric release of each toxic chemical or radionuclide for each accident scenario studied. They also provide discussion of specific accident analysis data and guidance used or consulted in this report.
Mueller, C.; Nabelssi, B.; Roglans-Ribas, J. [and others
Pathwise Optimization for Optimal Stopping Problems
We introduce the pathwise optimization (PO) method, a new convex optimization procedure to produce upper and lower bounds on the optimal value (the ōpriceö) of a high-dimensional optimal stopping problem. The PO method builds on a dual characterization ... Keywords: American options, Bermudian options, dynamic programming, optimal control, optimal stopping
Vijay V. Desai; Vivek F. Farias; Ciamac C. Moallemi
On complexity of optimal recombination for binary representations of solutions
We consider the optimization problem of finding the best possible offspring as a result of a recombination operator in an evolutionary algorithm, given two parent solutions. The optimal recombination is studied in the case where a vector of binary variables ... Keywords: Complexity, evolutionary algorithm, optimal recombination, optimized crossover
Anton V. Eremeev
Changes in the Economic Value of Variable Generation at High Penetration Levels: A Pilot Case Study of California
Optimal investments in power generation under centralizedwith significant wind power generation. IEEE Transactions onmodeling of a regional power generation system - integrating
Mills, Andrew
Optimization approach to entanglement distillation
We put forward a method for optimized distillation of partly entangled pairs of qubits into a smaller number of more entangled pairs by recurrent local unitary operations and projections. Optimized distillation is achieved by minimization of a cost function with up to 30 real parameters, which is chosen to be sensitive to the fidelity and the projection probability at each step. We show that in many cases this approach can significantly improve the distillation efficiency in comparison to the present methods.
T. Opatrny; G. Kurizki
Options for Generating Steam Efficiently
This paper describes how plant engineers can efficiently generate steam when there are steam generators and Heat Recovery Steam Generators in their plant. The process consists of understanding the performance characteristics of the various equipment as a function of load and operating them close to the maximum efficiency point.
Ganapathy, V.
Operations Improvement Surveys
Exxon Chemical Company developed unique site-wide energy optimization technology in the mid1970's. This technology was applied by means of site energy surveys which were carried out at every major Exxon facility throughout the world during the 1976-1981 timeframe. The first 20% of energy savings, versus the 1972 reference, had already been captured or was in progress via conventional energy conservation methods. The site energy surveys identified attractive investments to save a second 20% of energy use. In early 1982, Exxon Corp. started to apply this same technology to its major facilities to define attractive NO INVESTMENT and LOW INVESTMENT operational improvement savings which could be implemented quickly. This presentation covers Exxon's approach to site energy optimization and the Operations Improvement Survey Program. The Program has identified at many sites, an average of 5% reduction in today's energy costs at No/Low investment plus additional savings in the feedstock and energy supply areas.
Guide, J. J.; O'Brien, W. J.
Optimization Online - Nonconvex Robust Optimization
Oct 23, 2009... and Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) for cancer treatment. ... Sloan School of Management, Operations Research Center, 2007.
Operational Waste Volume Projection
Waste receipts to the double-shell tank system are analyzed and wastes through the year 2015 are projected based on generation trends of the past 12 months. A computer simulation of site operations is performed, which results in projections of tank fill schedules, tank transfers, evaporator operations, tank retrieval, and aging waste tank usage. This projection incorporates current budget planning and the clean-up schedule of the Tri-Party Agreement. Assumptions were current as of June. 2000.
Using Backup Generators: Choosing the Right Backup Generator - Business
Choosing the Right Backup Generator Choosing the Right Backup Generator - Business Owners Using Backup Generators: Choosing the Right Backup Generator - Business Owners Using Backup Generators: Choosing the Right Backup Generator - Business Owners Identify essential systems and equipment-What do you need to keep your business operating? These may include heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems; industrial equipment and major appliances, such as refrigerators and freezers; lights (interior and exterior), computers, and other office equipment; pumps, including sump pumps, sprinkler system pumps, and well water pumps; and alarm systems. Some of these systems and equipment may have to operate continuously, while others may be needed only during normal business hours. Choose the generator's fuel source-Backup generators are
Siemens Power Generation, Inc.
2005 Pittsburgh Coal Conference 2005 Pittsburgh Coal Conference Siemens Power Generation, Inc. Page 1 of 10 ┬® Siemens Power Generation, Inc., All Rights Reserved Development of a Catalytic Combustor for Fuel Flexible Turbines W. R. Laster Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation Abstract Siemens has been working on a catalytic combustor for natural gas operation for several years using the Rich Catalytic Lean (RCL TM ) design. The design has been shown to produce low NOx emissions on natural gas operation. By operating the catalyst section fuel rich, the design shows considerable promise for robust operation over a wide range of fuel compositions including syngas. Under the sponsorship of the U. S. Department of Energy' s National Energy Technology Laboratory, Siemens Westinghouse is conducting a three year
Electrical generating plant availability
A discussion is given of actions that can improve availability, including the following: the meaning of power plant availability; The organization of the electric power industry; some general considerations of availability; the improvement of power plant availability--design factors, control of shipping and construction, maintenance, operating practices; sources of statistics on generating plant availability; effects of reducing forced outage rates; and comments by electric utilities on generating unit availability.
Operation Diagnostics: Use of Visualization Techniques and Operation
Operation Diagnostics: Use of Visualization Techniques and Operation Operation Diagnostics: Use of Visualization Techniques and Operation Patterns to Verify and Optimize Dynamic Building and System Operation Speaker(s): Oliver Baumann Date: December 7, 2004 - 12:00pm Location: Bldg. 90 Seminar Host/Point of Contact: Peng Xu Building automation systems (BAS) and building energy management systems (BEMS) have been used in modern edifices for the last 2 decades. These systems measure, process, and monitor a huge amount of data to operate the building and systems more or less properly. Often, the data is only used to signal failures or break-downs of systems or components. Further information of the data to analyze and diagnose the building operation is not used due to the lack of analysis methods and tools. Within the Operation Diagnostics, different visualization techniques are applied to
Distributed Generation
Untapped Value of Backup Generation Untapped Value of Backup Generation While new guidelines and regulations such as IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 1547 have come a long way in addressing interconnection standards for distributed generation, utilities have largely overlooked the untapped potential of these resources. Under certain conditions, these units (primarily backup generators) represent a significant source of power that can deliver utility services at lower costs than traditional centralized solutions. These backup generators exist today in large numbers and provide utilities with another option to reduce peak load, relieve transmission congestion, and improve power reliability. Backup generation is widely deployed across the United States. Carnegie Mellon's Electricity
Pump Systems Optimization: Energy Efficiency
Pump Systems Pump Systems Optimization: Energy Efficiency and Bottom-Line Savings Host this one-day course to help participants learn how to identify and reduce hidden operation and energy costs. Participants will: * Identify energy savings * Increase profitability * Increase reliability * Earn seven PDH credits Attendees of the "Pump Systems Optimization" one-day course will gain valuable new skills to help them improve centrifugal pump system efficiency to reduce energy and operating costs while earning seven professional development hour (PDH) credits from the Hydraulic Institute. Topics covered include:* * Why Efficient Pump Systems Are Important
The DynCOAA algorithm for dynamic constraint optimization problems
Numerous problems in software coordination, operations research, manufacturing control and others can be transformed in constraint optimization problems (COPs). Moreover, most practical problems change constantly, requiring algorithms that can handle ... Keywords: ACO, distributed constraint optimization, dynamic
Koenraad Mertens; Tom Holvoet; Yolande Berbers
Numerical Simulation and Optimal Control of Air Separation Plants
Numerical simulation has already become an indispensable tool in the chemical engineering industry. In this paper, the extension of an already existing simulation package to the efficient and reliable solution of optimal control problems for optimal plant operation is discussed.
Gabriele Engl; Andreas Kr÷ner; Thomas Kronseder; Oskar von Stryk
Industrial Boiler Optimization Utilizing CO Control
Escalating energy costs have caused industry to search the technical section for the current state-of-the-art in combustion and control technology for power generation. Long a forgotten area in many industrial facilities, today the steam generating complex is the focus of many corporate and plant managers. This paper discusses the approach of a large chemical company that is effectively utilizing a direct digital control (DOC) system coupled with the measurement of carbon monoxide to optimize boiler combustion and generate steam in the most cost effective manner. Significant reductions in the amount of excess air have resulted from the use of CO as a control parameter. Previously, combustion effectiveness was determined by the more typical 02 measurement. For reasons of boiler leakage and gas stratification, this control technique was not suitable when operating close to stoichiometry. The use of DOC type control in our multiple boiler installation has also enabled the intelligent allocation of boiler capacity by evaluating steam demand versus incremental boiler steam cost. The system selectively increases or decreases boiler loads within specified constraints to provide the lowest overall steam production cost while continuing to meet the steam demand.
Ruoff, C. W.; Reiter, R. E.
Equipment Maintenance Optimization Manual Applications
This report is a compilation of Equipment Maintenance Optimization Manuals (EMOMs) that include procedures and troubleshooting supported by broad-based utility experience. EMOMs for critical generating station equipment allows power generating plants to replace existing maintenance practices with the latest industry best practices. Using this information as a benchmark, current practices can be validated or adjusted for more optimum performance of the overall maintenance process. In addition, the EMOMs c...
Simplify heat recovery steam generator evaluation
Heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs) are widely used in process and power plants, refineries and in several cogeneration/combined cycle systems. They are usually designed for a set of gas and steam conditions but often operate under different parameters due to plant constraints, steam demand, different ambient conditions (which affect the gas flow and exhaust gas temperature in a gas turbine plant), etc. As a result, the gas and steam temperature profiles in the HRSG, steam production and the steam temperature differ from the design conditions, affecting the entire plant performance and economics. Also, consultants and process engineers who are involved in evaluating the performance of the steam system as a whole, often would like to simulate the performance of an HRSG under different gas flows, inlet gas temperature and analysis, steam pressure and feed water temperature to optimize the entire steam system and select proper auxiliaries such as steam turbines, condensers, deaerators, etc.
Ganapathy, V. (ABCO Industries, Abilene, TX (US))
Operator strength reduction
Operator strength reduction is a technique that improves compiler-generated code by reformulating certain costly computations in terms of less expensive ones. A common case arises in array addressing expressions used in loops. The compiler can replace ... Keywords: loops, static single assignment form, strength reduction
Keith D. Cooper; L. Taylor Simpson; Christopher A. Vick
An autonomic operating environment for large-scale distributed applications
This paper presents the OptimalGrid Operating Environment, and shows how it tackles the difficulty of automatically building, distributing and running connected distributed parallel programs. One of the main goals of OptimalGrid is to hide the complexity ...
Tobin J. Lehman; Robert G. Deen; James H. Kaufman
Optimization Online - A cutting surface algorithm for semi-infinite ...
Jun 14, 2013 ... The combination of this distribution optimization method and the cutting ... column generation, cutting surface methods, cutting plane methods,Ā...
Optimization Online - Temporal vs. Stochastic Granularity in Thermal ...
Jul 25, 2013 ... Optimization Online. Temporal vs. Stochastic Granularity in Thermal Generation Capacity Planning with Wind Power. Shan Jin(shan.jin.c ***at**Ā...
OPS) OPS) OBJECTIVE OPS.1 The formality and discipline of operations is adequate to conduct work safely and programs are in place to maintain this formality and discipline. (CR 13) Scope: The Conduct of Operations Program was evaluated during the recent KE Basin FTS ORR and was found to be adequately implemented. Based on this result and the subsequent program enhancements, the scope of the review is to be limited to the SWS operating and maintenance evolutions. Criteria * Programmatic elements of conduct of operations are in place for SWS operations. (DOE Order 5480.19) * The SWS operations personnel adequately demonstrate the principles of conduct of operations requirements during the shift performance period. (DOE Order 5480.19)
Performance and Optimization
and Optimization Performance and Optimization Compiler Comparisons Using a set of benchmarks described below, different optimization options for the different compilers on...
Optimal control of photovoltaic arrays
A high value of the energy conversion efficiency is not the only feature a photovoltaic power processing system must have. An optimal control of the photovoltaic generator must be also designed in order to maximize the electrical power it produces, even ... Keywords: Maximum power point tracking, Photovoltaic systems, Power electronics
N. Femia, G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, M. Vitelli
Curtailing Intermittent Generation in Electrical Systems
Energy generation from intermittent renewable sources introduces additional variability into electrical systems, resulting in a higher cost of balancing against the increased variabilities. Ways to balance demand and supply for electricity include using ... Keywords: economic curtailment, energy storage operations, flexible generation, intermittent generation, operations management practice, wind power
Owen Q. Wu, Roman Kapuscinski
PRODCOST: an electric utility generation simulation code
The PRODCOST computer code simulates the operation of an electric utility generation system. Through a probabilistic simulation the expected energy production, fuel consumption, and cost of operation for each plant are determined. Total system fuel consumption, energy generation by type, total generation costs, as well as system loss of load probability and expected unserved energy are also calculated.
Hudson, II, C. R.; Reynolds, T. M.; Smolen, G. R.
Optimized Triple-Junction Solar Cells Using Inverted Metamorphic Approach (Presentation)
Record efficiencies with triple-junction inverted metamorphic designs, modeling useful to optimize, and consider operating conditions before choosing design.
Geisz, J. F.
OSiL: An Instance Language for Optimization
2002. http://www.lindo.com/lindoapi_pdf.zip. [19] Robin Lougee-Heimer. The Common Optimization INterface for operations research. IBM Journal of ResearchĀ...
Key Findings from the NBI PIER Project: Optimization of Airside...
reset for energy savings and to prevent operation in surge; a new way of modeling fan performance; and an optimized approach for selecting and controlling VAV boxes. The...