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US 5231346 A Abstract A field strength measuring instrument for simultaneously measuring E and H fields is described. A loop antenna is formed by a half-loop (1) which is terminated by a metal surface (2). Due to the mirror effect of the metal surface (2), this arrangement, in field theory, is equivalent to a loop antenna which is divided into a first and a second half-loop (1, 5) by two load resistors (4a, 4b) arranged at opposite ends of the loop antenna. A circuit (8) for determining the field strengths of the E and H fields by means of the voltages (V1, V2) measured across the load resistors (4a, 4b) is arranged in a part-space shielded from the first half-loop (1) by the metal surface (2).
Claims(12) 1. A field strength measuring instrument comprising:
an element having a conductive metal surface and defining a radiation measuring part-space exposed to E and H fields to be measured and a shielded part-space shielded by said metal surface from the field to be measured; a half-loop antenna disposed in said radiation measuring part-space and having opposed ends which are terminated via respective load resistors connected to said metal surface, said half-loop antenna in combination with said load resistors and said shielded surface producing a mirror image of said half-loop antenna to realize a closed loop antenna suitable for simultaneous detection of E and H fields existing in said radiation measuring part-space; and a circuit disposed in said shield part-space for determining the field strengths of the E and H fields by means of voltages induced by the E and H fields across the load resistors. 2. The field strength measuring instrument as claimed in claim 1, wherein the half-loop antenna is led through the metal surface at ends and is connected to the metal surface via the load resistors arranged in the shield part-space.
3. The field strength measuring instrument as claimed in claim 1, wherein the metal surface forms a curved surface closed in itself, which encloses the shielded part-space on all sides.
4. The field strength measuring instrument as claimed in claim 2 wherein the half-loop antenna essentially forms a part-section of a circle or of a regulator polygon.
5. The field strength measuring instrument as claimed in claim 1, wherein the two load resistors are essentially of the same size and have resistances of between 50 and 1000 ohms.
6. The field strength measuring instrument as claimed in claim 1, wherein a first-order low-pass filter with an input impedance (R1) which is large compared with the load resistance and a C section divided into a plurality of parallel part-capacitors is connected in parallel to each load resistor for picking-off the respective voltages present across the load resistors.
7. The field strength measuring instrument as claimed in claim 1 wherein the metal surface is constructed as a spherical surface and three identical half-loop antenna which are orthogonally aligned in pairs, are arranged on the spherical surface so that E and H field can be vectorially determined at the same time.
8. The field strength measuring instrument as claimed in claim 7, wherein the half-loop antenna each enclose area which is not larger than half the effective cross section of the area of the sphere, and wherein the diameter of the sphere is smaller than half, especially less than or equal to one tenth, of the smallest wavelength of the E or H field to be measured.
9. The field strength measuring instrument claimed in claim 1, wherein the half-loop antenna is wire-shaped and has a diameter of more than 0.1 mm, particularly of at least 1 mm.
10. The field measuring instrument as claimed in claim 1 wherein the half-loop antenna is a conductor track applied to an insulating circuit board.
11. The field strength measuring instrument as claimed in claim 1 wherein the half-loop antenna essentially forms on of a square.
12. The field strength measuring instrument as claimed in claim 5, wherein the two load resistors have resistances between 100 and 300 ohms.
Description 1. Field of the Invention The invention relates to a field strength measuring instrument comprising a loop antenna which is suitable for the simultaneous detection of E and H fields and which is divided into a first and a second half-loop by two load resistors arranged at opposite ends of the loop antenna, and comprising a circuit for determining the field strengths of the E and H fields by means of the voltages measured across the load resistors. 2. Discussion of Background It is relatively easy to determine electro-magnetic fields at a great distance from the radiation source. In contrast, the knowledge of the near fields of the radiation source to be investigated is of much greater significance for assessing the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and the biological effects. This is because the probability is much higher that these fields contain inadmissible field strength peaks. However, they are also characterized by extremely complicated field structures both with standing and with propagating waves, irregular surfaces of equal phase and the like. In such fields, the Poynting vector cannot be directly derived from the magnitude of the electrical or magnetic field alone. It is generally assumed that the susceptibility of equipment to interference from electromagnetic fields or the possibility of biological hazard is dependent on the field strength occurring. For example, the heating of lossy dielectrics (for example human tissue) and the associated risk of damage is proportional to the temporal mean value of the amount of the electric field strength squared. Similarly, the heating of partially conductive materials is proportional to the temporal mean value of the amount of the magnetic field strength squared. Since the conventional field strength measuring instruments operate with antennas which are relatively sensitive to direction, the complicated near fields cannot be reliably measured. In addition, these measuring instruments are restricted to measuring either only the E or only the H field which, for the above reasons, is not sufficient for characterizing near fields. A very elaborate active sensor system which, in principle, is suitable for near-field measurements, is known from the article An isolated sensor determining the Poynting vector in the near field of radiation antenna, Klaus Munter, IEEE Trans. on Instr. and Measurement, Vol. IM-32, No. 4, Dec. 1983. A measuring head comprises dipoles and magnetic loops for all three planes (x, y, z). The total of six signals (three dipoles, three magnetic loops) are amplified in parallel and converted to an intermediate frequency of 100 kHz by means of six parallel mixers. A 1-from-6 multiplexer serially switches the signals onto a similarly integrated optolink. A control device receives the optical information and forwards the signals to a vector analyzer. A computer can then be used for spatially representing E and H vector, and thus also the Poynting vector. The system just described operates at frequencies of 500 kHz to 10 MHz and has a maximum sensitivity of 0.2 V/m and 500 mA/m. The upper limit is 50 V/m. At higher field strengths, disturbances were observed in the computer system. Since this system only processes the fields by narrow-band means, the frequency to be measured must be known. It is not possible here to measure two superimposed fields at the same time. A wideband system for simultaneously measuring E and H field components under near-field conditions is described in the publication An electromagnetic near-field sensor for simultaneous electric and magnetic-field measurements, Motohisa Kanda, IEEE Trans. on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. EMC-26, No. 3, August 1984. A loop antenna which is divided by two identical load resistors at two diametrically opposite ends is used as sensor. To determine a component, predetermined by the antenna orientation, of the E or H field, the voltages are measured across the two load resistors. To be able to measure the two voltages simultaneously without introducing any loops causing interferences with the measurements, the antenna is constructed in the manner of a thick rectangular frame, in the tubular interior of which the measuring electronics are housed. Although the device by Kanda allows arbitrarily superimposed fields to be measured, it is restricted to measuring a predetermined directional component of the E or H field, for constructional reasons. Thus, it is not possible to measure all three components of the field vectors at the same time. In addition, it is rather large and unmanageable. It is the object of the invention to specify a field strength measuring instrument of the type initially mentioned, which measures over a wide bandwidth and is small and manageable. According to the invention, the solution consists in that, in a field strength measuring instrument of the type initially mentioned, the second half-loop is replaced by a metal surface terminating the first half-loop, in such a manner that the first half-loop, together with its mirror image generated by the metal surface in accordance with field theory, forms a closed loop antenna, and in that the circuit is arranged in a part space shielded from the first half-loop by the metal surface. The advantage of the arrangement according to the invention consists in that the voltages can be measured simultaneously across the two load resistors without interfering induction loops being formed by the electrical conductors needed for picking off the voltage and by the measuring electronics. At the same time, the circuit itself is also shielded by the metal surface and is thus not in danger of being impaired or destroyed by the electromagnetic field. It is also not capable of interfering in any way with the field to be measured. With regard to design, the first half-loop is preferably led through the metal surface with an insulated feed-through on both sides and connected to the metal surface via the load resistors arranged in the shielded part-space. When the metal surface forms a curved surface closed in itself, which encloses the shielded part-space on all sides, the field strength measuring instrument according to the invention represents a mobile and manageable test instrument which, for example, is suitable for measuring electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of broadcast transmitters. To ensure optimum detection, the first half-loop should essentially form a part-section (particularly one half) of a circle or of a regular polygon. It is especially advantageous if the two load resistors are essentially of the same size and have resistances of between 50 and 1000 ohms, particularly between 100 and 300 ohms, since then the voltages to be measured are of the same order of magnitude. This is because the processing of voltages is particularly easy from the point of view of measurement if they differ by less than one decade. To compensate for the inductive characteristic of the loop antenna, a first-order low-pass filter with an input impedance which is large compared with the load resistance and a C section divided into a plurality of parallel part-capacitors is provided for picking off a voltage present across a load resistor. To achieve a particularly preferred three-dimensional isotropic field strength measuring instrument, the metal surface is constructed as spherical surface and exhibits three identical half-loops which are orthogonally aligned in pairs, in such a manner that E and H field can be vectorially determined at the same time. To be able to ensure a linear frequency response in the entire frequency band, the half-loops should each enclose an area which is not larger than half the effective cross-section of the surface area of the sphere. In addition, the diameter of the sphere should be smaller than half, especially less than or equal to one tenth, of the smallest wavelength of the E or H field to be measured. According to a particularly simple and lightweight embodiment, the first half-loop is a wire-shaped structure having a diameter of more than 0.1 mm, particularly of at least 1 mm. A stable design is obtained if the first half-loop is a conductor track applied to an insulating circuit board. A first half-loop in the form of one half of a square is particularly advantageous because it can be easily simulated and correspondingly simply dimensioned (with respect to the desired signal levels). Further advantageous embodiments can be obtained from the totality of dependent patent claims, particularly from suitable combinations of the individual abovementioned features. A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein FIGS. 1a, b show the principle of the loop antenna according to the invention; FIG. 2 shows a diagrammatic representation of the spherical field strength measuring instrument; FIG. 3 shows a first-order low-pass filter for picking off the voltage present across the load resistor; FIG. 4 shows a diagrammatic representation of the three-dimensional embodiment; and FIG. 5 shows a diagrammatic representation of a half-loop in the form of a printed conductor track. The reference symbols used in the drawings and their meaning are summarized in the list of designations. In principle, like parts are provided with like reference symbols in the figures. Referring now to FIG. 1a, b, the principle of the invention will first be explained. Figure la shows the loop antenna according to the invention. It comprises a first, bow-shaped half-loop 1 which is terminated by a metal surface 2. The two ends of the half-loop 1 are passed through the metal surface 2 (coaxial feed-throughs 3a, 3b) and connected to the metal surface 2 by means of two load resistors 4a, 4b. In principle, the metal surface 2 can be considered as an infinite plane which divides the space into two part-spaces. The so-called external space is the part-space in which the electromagnetic field to be measured, and thus also the first half-loop 1, is located. The so-called internal space is the second part-space, shielded from the field to be measured by the metal surface. From a field theory point of view, the metal surface 2 mirrors the first half-loop 1 and thus simulates a second half-loop 5, as it were (FIG. 1b). Together, the first half-loop 1 and its mirror image form a closed loop antenna which is electromagnetically equivalent to that shown in FIG. 1b. The principle of this loop antenna consists in that the insertion of the two load resistors 4a, 4b makes it possible to separate the electrical influence from the magnetic influence completely and in a defined manner. The separation of the influences can be illustrated for the case of an ideal transverse electromagnetic field (plane wave). In this context, the E field is to be parallel to the plane of the loop antenna (plane of the drawing), perpendicular to the diameter connecting the two diametrically opposite load resistors 4a, 4b. The H field is to be perpendicular to the E field and perpendicular to the plane of the loop antenna (that is to say perpendicular to the plane of the drawing). The Poynting vector is thus parallel to the diameter of the loop antenna connecting the two diametrically opposite load resistors 4a, 4b. The directions described are drawn in conventional notation in FIG. 1b. E designates the component of the electrical field and H that of the magnetic field and P designates the Poynting vector (P=E�H). A voltage Ue which arises from the so-called dipole mode of the loop antenna is superimposed on the circulating current induced by the H field (which leads to a voltage Uh across the load resistors). Due to the balanced arrangement of the (resistive) load resistors 4a, 4b, the two voltages Ue and Uh add to form a voltage V1 at one load resistor 4a whilst they are subtracted from one another to form a voltage V2 at the other one. It is thus clear for this simple case that the influences of E and H field can be separated from one another. To prove that the principle will function for all cases occurring, particularly for near-field conditions, however, the sensor voltages need to be calculated in a general manner. This was also done and it was possible to show analytically that, in the end, the above considerations also apply to an arbitrarily polarized wave which impinges on the loop antenna from an arbitrary direction: the sum of the voltages formed across the two loads only depends on the fundamental mode, that is to say on the magnetic field component, whereas the difference only depends on the dipole mode and thus on the electrical field component. To be able to estimate the quantitative influence of the E and H fields on the loop antenna, numeric calculations were carried out. The calculations were based on a square loop having an edge length of 10 cm and a wire diameter of 1 mm. The calculations firstly showed in the frequency band from 1 to 100 MHz that the voltages V1, V2 across the load resistors rise at 20 dB per decade and thus behave like a first-degree inductance with respect to frequency. A flattening of the ideal rise commenced at about 30 MHz, that is to say when the antenna can no longer be approximated as being electrically short (μ1/10 of the wavelength). At 1 MHz, the signal voltages were within the range of 1 mV and at 100 kHz they are only within a range of 100 μV. Increasing the dimension of the loop increases the signal voltages overall but the frequency response already begins to flatten in an unwanted manner at relatively low frequencies. During the calculations, the load resistors were also varied. It was possible to find that with the geometric parameters of the present sample calculation, a critical value for the load exists between 50 and 200 ohms, at which the sum and the difference of the voltages V1 and V2 are of approximately equal magnitude. Further calculations have shown that the value of the critical load depends on the dimensions of the loop and remains approximately constant within the linear frequency range. Thus, the magnetic and the electrical signal response of the sensor can be selectively influenced by the choice of load. On the basis of the calculations, the conditions are advantageous with load resistors of about 1000 ohms. The signal levels are approximately within the same range (that is to say they differ by less than 1 decade), the minimum signal voltage (at 75 kHz and 10 V/m) being greater than in the case of the other load resistor values. In practice, however, such high-impedance terminations would not be optimum due to the stray capacitances. For this reason resistance values within a range from 100-300 ohms are therefore especially preferred. Whilst the abovementioned analytical proof was presented on the basis of a circular loop antenna, the above quantitative calculations were based on a square loop shape (for the sake of simplicity). In this connection, the square was considered to be the simplest approximation to the circle. However, it has been found in symmetrical, that is to say polygonal loops, that the shape has qualitively no influence and quantitively only a negligibly small influence on the voltage variations. With respect to the symmetry or the shape of the loop, it must be pointed out that the influence of the H field depends on the area and that of the E field depends on the "height" of the loop. What is meant here by "height" is the length of the projection of the loop on a straight line parallel to the E field (according to FIG. 1b). Thus, if the loop is severely unsymmetrical (that is to say if it has, for example, the shape of a long narrow rectangle), the desired linearity in the frequency response of the voltages V1, V2 is lost. In principle, the loop antenna reaches the limit of its capabilities when the curvature of the wave front is no longer negligible compared with the loop diameter. It is therefore of importance, especially for near-field measurements, to keep the extent of the sensor as small as possible. This provides a quasi-point-shaped field information and suppresses the influence of the wave front curvature. It is therefore recommended to choose the equivalent loop diameter to be no larger than 10 cm for a frequency band from 75 kHz to 30 MHz. The analytical and numeric calculations were carried out on the basis of the equivalent loop antenna according to FIG. 1b. For reasons of field theory, however, they also apply to the embodiment according to the invention (FIG. 1a) with the terminating metal surface. The results can even be adopted directly for the ideal case of the infinitely large plane metal surface. The validity must be proven for the preferred case of a curved surface closed in itself. This was also done, using the spherical metal surface as an example. Due to the complexity of the dependencies between loop geometry and field influences, however, it is not easily possible to uncover the relationships discussed above. However, it was possible to find that no standing waves occur on the surface when the diameter of the sphere has been suitably selected (<1/2 of the wavelength). The lower signal levels due to the curved metal surface do not represent any fundamental problem since they can be raised again by enlarging the loop geometry (particularly of the loop area). To obtain a point-shaped field information, the sphere should be as small as possible. On the other hand, the half-loop should not be too large compared with the sphere but should, nevertheless, lead to detectable voltage amplitudes. Given these considerations, it is recommended to dimension the enclosed area of the half-loop in such a manner that it is no larger than half the effective cross section of the surface of the sphere. The actual loop antenna, which, in principle, consists of the half-loop and its mirror image, thus has approximately the same effective cross section as the sphere. In the text which follows, a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention will be described. FIG. 2 shows a field strength measuring instrument which is particularly suitable for three-dimensional field measurements. For the sake of simplicity, however, only one loop antenna is shown. This is formed by a half-loop 6a and a sphere 7. The half-loop 6a preferably consists of a copper wire with a thickness of approximately 1-2 mm, which forms half a square. It thus has a long side and two short sides, the long side being about twice as long as one short side. The loop antenna detects the component of the E field which is parallel to the short sides. At the same time, the component of the H field is also determined which is perpendicular to the plane defined by the half-loop 6a (that is say perpendicular to the plane of the drawing in the present case). The orientation of the relevant components is shown in the conventional manner in FIG. 2 (top left). The copper wire of the half-loop is passed in an insulated manner through the sphere 7 at two essentially diametrically opposite points (with respect to the equivalent full loop). Finally, the copper wire is connected (soldered) to the inside of the sphere 7 via one load resistor 4a, 4b in each case. The coaxial feed-throughs 3a, 3b should preferably have about the same impedance as the load resistors 4a, 4b. It is known that the impedance of a coaxial line is the result of the relation: ##EQU1## da =inside diameter of the outer conductor (shield) di =outside diameter of the inner conductor (copper wire) Yr =relative dielectric constant If, however, the diameter of the copper wire is 2 mm, the load resistor 200 ohms and the dielectric constant Yr =2 (Teflon), the inside diameter da would have to be approximately 22 cm for a matched impedance Zcoax. This value is too large for the present application. For this reason, calculations were carried out, the aim of which was to estimate the error which arises if easily obtainable 50 ohm coaxial feed-throughs are used with load resistors within the preferred range of 50-1000 ohms. Analysis of the calculations led to the finding that even with feed-through lengths of 5 cm (worst conceivable case), the transformation of the load impedance at the (outer) entrance of the coaxial feed-through is small. The effect examined can even be neglected with load resistors of up to 200 ohms. The disturbing effect is correspondingly reduced with feed-through lengths of 1 cm, close to those used in practice. Now back to FIG. 2 for the further description. The voltage V1, V2 present across the two load resistors 4a, 4b are picked off and processed by an electronic circuit 8, for example to form digital signals. These are sent via an optical transmission link known per se (so-called optolink) comprising a transmitter 9a, a fiber-optic cable 10 and a receiver 11, to a measuring computer 12. The circuit 8 should be as small as possible and only carry out the signal processing necessary for the transmission. The minimum size of the interior space of the sphere is determined, as it were, by the energy needed for processing and transmission in the sphere. This is because the energy must be provided by a line-independent battery 13 which must be accommodated in the sphere itself and the volume of which depends on the magnitude of the power to be supplied. The essential point with respect to the optolink and the battery lies in that the measuring probe (that is to say the sphere 7 with its half-loops and all its internal devices) are electrically completely isolated from other external measuring instruments. There must be no conductive connections (such as, for example, a coaxial cable) to the environment. This not only prevents hazardous induction loops but also interference influencing the field to be measured. The measuring computer 12, which is preferably a portable computer, can be directed a long distance away (for example 100-1000 m) from the measuring site where the risk of interference due to the strong field to be measured (for example near-field of a transmitting antenna) is low. It can, for example, record (store) and analyze test series. From the point of view of measurement technology, the electronic circuit 8 must meet high requirements. With a preferred measuring range from 75 kHz to 30 MHz, a diameter of approximately 15 cm is recommended for the sphere. Thus, the electronics must be rather small and have low losses. If field strengths within the range from 10-1200 V/m (about 40 dB) are to be measured, a dynamic range of approximately 92 dB must be expected due to the inductive characteristic of the loop antenna (20 dB per decade). Considering the small minimum signal levels (approximately 56 μV), the signals must be actively amplified. Finally, a measuring accuracy of, for example, 10% (1 dB) is desirable. It is thus clear that conventional active amplifiers will not produce the desired result. FIG. 3 shows then a preferred embodiment of a circuit for picking off a voltage V1 and V2, respectively, across the load resistor 4a and 4b, respectively. This is a first-order low-pass filter in the form of a high-impedance passive RC section. The sphere 7 is the ground for this circuit. The load resistor 4a has the preferred value of 200 ohms in the present example. A resistor R1 (for example 10 kohms) is connected between the coaxial feed-through 3a and the load resistor 4a. In comparison with the load resistor, the former resistor is of such a size that the input impedance is not significantly changed. R1 is preferably at least 10 times larger than the load. The C element of the low-pass filter comprises a plurality of parallel-connected capacitors C1, . . . , C4 (for example 4 chip capacitors of between 50 and 100 pF). This is because it has been found that when a single relatively large chip capacitor is used, a resonance occurs at about 100 MHz which disturbingly influences the frequency response down to 30 MHz. This can be avoided by the division described. Although so-called feed-through capacitors are also available on the market which have a much higher resonant frequency than the chip capacitors and therefore appear to be more suitable, they are not only relatively large and expensive but also exhibit a stronger dependence on temperature than the chip capacitors. So that the low-pass filter is not loaded too much and consequently its lower cut-off frequency raised in an unwanted manner, the first amplifier stage following the low-pass filter preferably exhibits a field-effect transistor (FET: for example junction FET) which not only has a high input impedance (>1 Mohm) but also excellent noise characteristics at low frequencies (<100 kHz). The further signal processing depends on the user's requirements and the capabilities of the power supply (battery) and does not present any insurmountable problems. The great advantage of the spherical measuring probe lies in the fact that it allows both E and H field to be determined simultaneously and three-dimensionally. For this purpose, three half-loops 6a, 6b, 6c, which are orthogonal in pairs, are arranged on the outside of the sphere 7 (FIG. 4). Each of the three half-loops 6a, 6b, 6c, together with the sphere 7, forms a loop antenna which detects the components of the E and H field allocated to it. The circuit 8 simultaneously processes not only two but six voltages (two per direction) and transmits these to the measuring computer via the optolink. Naturally, the invention is not only suitable for measuring complex near fields in free space but also for measuring fields in waveguides such as, for example, the TEM cell with pyramidically expanding outer conductor, known from Patent Specification EP-0,246,544. In the text which follows, a preferred embodiment is described which is distinguished by its ruggedness. FIG. 5 shows a diagrammatic representation of a half-loop in the form of a printed conductor track 14. A conventional insulating circuit board 15 can be used as carrier. In the case of a TEM cell measurement, the metal surface 2 is formed by the (grounded) outer conductor of the TEM cell, the half-loop naturally being located in the interior of the TEM cell but the circuit being located on the outside. In principle, coaxial feed-throughs 3a, 3b, load resistors 4a, 4b and all of the evaluating electronics are designed as described above. In particular, the statements with respect to the shape and area of the half-loop correspondingly apply to the conductor track 14. In contrast to the spherical probe, there are naturally no space problems with TEM cell measurements using the outer conductor as metal surface. The statements made above show that the half-loop should be wire-shaped. This is intended to mean that it has the form of a long thin rod curved to form a semicircle, semisquare, semioctagon and so forth. The rod cross section should thus be much (for example 10 to 100 times) smaller than the diameter of the formed semicircle (or semisquare, semioctagon and so forth). The term "wire" must thus be interpreted in the widest conceivable sense (that is to say as a long, thin structure of a suitable material) and is in no way restricted to copper or metal wire. The wideband characteristic of the loop antenna can be increased without reducing the loop diameter by means of a suitable choice of material. This can be achieved by using a material which has a certain loss. Instead of a metal half-loop, one of graphite or a (possibly doped}semiconductor material can thus be used, for example. This principle is refined in a half-loop with location-dependent impedance. At the point where the current is highest on average, a higher impedance value is provided than at points of low current. The aim of the location-adapted impedance dimensioning should be to achieve as constant as possible a current distribution over the half-loop. This is because as soon as resonances occur, the desired linearity of the antenna characteristic disappears. A further advantage should arise from the fact that the signal levels are generally higher than with a simple metal half-loop with a predetermined upper cut-off frequency. This is because the loop diameter is allowed to be larger due to the damping means than in the undamped case because the loop reaches the region of resonance and thus the non-linear frequency range much less quickly. The variable impedance can be achieved, for example, by a coated wire by means of which the local impedance value can be adjusted by the thickness of the coating (for example metal alloy). It is apparent that the increased or even locally matched impedance can also be easily implemented with the coated circuit board (FIG. 5). In summary, the following can be stated: the invention has created the basis for implementing a novel field strength measuring instrument, with which the entire long wave, medium wave and short wave range (75 kHz to 30 MHz) can be covered with a high measuring accuracy. For the first time, it is possible to detect electrical and magnetic fields simultaneously and three-dimensionally with only one measuring probe and, as a result, to characterize near fields. The cost-intensive measuring time is already shortened by at least 50% merely by the simultaneous measurement of E and H field. The possibility of computerized control allows error-free and field-rated use even under difficult conditions. At very high field strengths, optimum personal protection is also ensured since the measurement data can be easily transmitted by fiber-optic cable up to 1000 m from the location of the sensor. Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. 1, 5, 6a, 6b, 6c--half-loop; 2--metal surface; 3a, 3b--coaxial feed-throughs; 4a, 4b load resistor; 7--sphere; 8--circuit; 9--transmitter; 10--fiber-optic cable; 11--receiver; 12--measuring computer; 13--battery; 14--conductor track; 15--circuit board. Patent Citations
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- Developer: House on Fire
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- Genre: Adventure
- Release Date: Dec 6, 2012
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How I keep the light on in the future
When I go to turn the light on it says that it is broken and when I turn it to the future every thing is dark and it won't let me cut the bars to the sewer
Answer from: Lee
Turn the light on in the past & cut the bars
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
This may seem like a dumb question, but here's our situation. We are trying to decide between Disney or a beach vacation this year. If we do Disney, then we will likely stay at a moderate resort for the week. If we do the beach, then we would do one day at the Magic Kingdom and stay at a value resort for the night. Can I book a week at a resort, in case we choose the Disney vacation and also book just one night at a value resort in case we do the beach vacation and want to just do one day at Disney?
You can book two reservations, but not two packages...unless you use two different names on the reservation of the adults going. You can definitely book a package and a room-only or just two room-only reservations. I wouldn't tell them the real reason why. You could be making a room-only for someone else that will be visiting you during your "week" stay. Hope this helps.
I tried doing something similar to that last week and this is what they told me: Because you can't be at 2 places at the same time, you can make the different reservations, but, there has to be a different 'lead guest' in each one of the rooms, you cannot be the lead guest for both. I just set up my wife as the lead guest in the second room and everything worked out ok.
You can definitely hold 2 room-only reservations with the same lead guest for the same night at different resorts. I did this a few weeks ago, although my arrival days were different (only one night overlapped), so maybe that affects things. I booked everything online (using the same account), so I never talked to a CM about it.


text:
Hemispherx Biopharma Appoints New Chief Financial And Chief Accounting Officers
PHILADELPHIA, Dec. 4, 2013 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Hemispherx Biopharma, Inc. (NYSE MKT:HEB) (the "Company" or "Hemispherx") today announced that the Board has appointed Thomas Equels as the new Chief Financial Officer and Adam Pascale as the new Chief Accounting Officer for Hemispherx Biopharma Inc. According to Mr. Equels, "With the recent departure of our prior Senior Vice President, who was largely responsible for both finance and market issues, and the recent resignation of our former CFO/CAO, we have an opportunity to restructure all of these functions with existing personnel. The Company is projected to significantly reduce expenditures with the restructuring and thereby achieve significant operational savings which will far better serve our missions in drug development. The Company is absolutely committed to the goals of stronger financial leadership, disciplined cost controls and a renewed commitment to creating shareholder value."
Mr. Equels currently serves as Executive Vice Chairman, Secretary and General Counsel of Hemispherx. Mr. Equels' experience and education provide a firm basis for his service as Chief Financial Officer. For more than thirty years his legal practice focused on complex business litigation, including cases related to corporate finance and market issues. For example, in 2008 he won Florida's highly coveted "Most Effective Lawyer" award in that category based upon obtaining for the Delaware Insurance Commissioner a $26.8 million judgment against Bear Stearns in a case which unraveled Bear Stearns' abuses related to CMOs, a complex financial instrument. He also has extensive experience in international matters, for example he has served as counsel for the Republic of Panama and the People's Republic of China's Chinese National Petroleum Corp. He has worked extensively in Europe, as well as in South America, Asia and Africa. Mr. Equels received his Juris Doctor degree Magna Cum Laude from Florida State University and is a graduate Summa Cum Laude of Troy University, where he also received a management related Master's Degree. Mr. Equels has also demonstrated a strong commitment to civic duties. He was awarded, by order of the President of the United States, two Distinguished Flying Crosses for heroism in combat actions as a Cobra Gunship pilot during the Vietnam War. He has also received the Bronze Star, 15 Air Medals, 3 with "v" device, and the Purple Heart for his combat service. As a lawyer, he has been awarded the Florida Bar President's Pro Bono Service Award, 1987; the Federal Bar Public Service Award, 1987; The Guild of Catholic Lawyers' St. Thomas More Award, 1991; and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference's Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Community Service Award, 1995. In 2012 Pope Benedict XVI, in one of the Vatican's highest honors, made Mr. Equels a Papal Knight in the Order of St. Gregory the Great in recognition of his many years of service to the poor and disenfranchised in his community as well as service to the church.
Mr. Pascale has been the Controller at Hemispherx for eighteen years, with twenty four years of public accounting experience and prior public company experience. His degree is from Rutgers University in Accounting and he served for many years as a CPA prior to joining Hemispherx. He is a member of both the American and the Pennsylvania Institutes of Certified Public Accountants. According to Mr. Equels, "Adam has the education and experience to excel in the function of Chief Accounting Officer. I look forward to working with him to create a stronger, better, Hemispherx."
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text:
Is there a way to remove the Virgin Mobile animated start-up splash screen without rooting your phone? Even if I could just delete the sound file, it would be an improvement.
sorry no this is a root only type of thing. if it bothers you that bad and you dont want to root you could make sure you put your phone on vibrate before you shut it down that way you wont hear the sound at least.
look at the reverbs all things root thread and you will find out how in there...be sure your device is rooted though or else it is not possible, right now I have the droid incredible boot sound set and I like it a lot


text: The night we ate here, the restaurant was very chilly, and all but empty. The TV by the bar was the main sound and the lighting and atmosphere was very plain. The staff was super friendly and the food was ok. If you are checked in to the Crown Plaza and need a quick place to eat, and don't feel... read more


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Discuss any and everything BBQ. Have questions? Ask fellow pitmasters!
Thinking about posting? Seeing posts about grilling in /r/BBQ?! Check out our posting guidelines
A great resource for tracking your cooks is at http://www.bbqpad.com/ you are able to share your cooking specifics when asking/sharing information with /r/bbq.
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I'm looking for something like an oven thermometer for the lid of my 22" Weber Kettle (self.BBQ)
submitted 2 years ago by theanonymousbob
I have a 22" Weber kettle grill that's 2 years old. I don't have room for a smoker in my current living situation, so I have to rely on the Weber Kettle to do it. On the newer models, and on the Weber performer, I've notice there's a thermometer built into the lid of the grill, and I'd like to try to either retrofit that into mine, or look for some other variety as a way to gauge the temperature of the grill from the lid. Have any of you guys done this, or do you know of a good way to do this?
[–]Raijer 6 points7 points8 points 2 years ago (0 children)
No big loss on the lack of a Weber lid thermometer, they're basically junk. What you want is a good digital thermometer, say the Maverick Wireless Thermometer Set - Maverick ET732.
Meathead backs me up, btw. ;) Check it out. It's a really good read on BBQ thermometers.
[–]HardwareLust 2 points3 points4 points 2 years ago (0 children)
Thermo in the lid is useless. There can be as much as 25-50F difference between the grate and the top of the dome.
Get you a Maverick, like an ET-732 and measure your temps at the grate, not in the lid.
[–]speleo_don 0 points1 point2 points 2 years ago (0 children)
You just need to drill a hole...
[–]ericn1300 0 points1 point2 points 2 years ago (0 children)
I bought one for ECB of the shelf at Lowes
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Commentary: The Volcher rule: Beware Gremlins in Guccis
A big chunk of rock went missing from Mount Rushmore when Paul Volcker broke away in 2008 to stand stony-faced behind candidate Barack Obama. The former Federal Reserve chairman served as a reassuring presence from an older, more orderly financial era that had been sacrificed on the altar of deregulation.
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Grip-n-Gulp Bottle
Long a favorite of outdoorsy types, the Nalgene bottle is now available for toddlers, too. This sturdy bottle with a sippy spout holds 12 ounces of their favorite drink.
Why it's a giggle pick This popular bottle is BPA-free for worry-proof drinking.
See Full Details
Meets the following
giggle Criteria:
MULTI-USE: versatile & long-lasting
HEALTHY: made with safe or organic materials
INNOVATIVE: smart products that do more
TRAVEL-FRIENDLY: lightweight & portable
-bottle: Eastman Tritan" copolyester
--cap: polypropylene
--sipping valve: silicon
--all parts are BPA-free -
Age2 - 3 Years


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April 21st, 2011, 11:28 PM | #1 |
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So I have a Detroit ez locker for my Chrysler 8.25 rear axle. I blew the springs up this past winter and am in need of a spring kit for it but eaton hasn't manufactured this locker in 3 years so this spring kit is impossible to find. Now my question is... will a spring kit for another locker work? I have looked at a couple powertraxxx spring kits and those springs look just like the ones I broke in my ez locker. I just don't want to put it together with those springs and have it not work or have a catastrophic failure. Any help is appreciated guys.
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text: January 15, 2014December 12, 2014Amy Poehler's Smart Girls Campaigns, TAKE ACTION Operation Nice January: Plant A Tree Get active in your community with January's Operation Nice by planting a tree! SHARE THIS! MEET THE AUTHOR: Amy Poehler's Smart Girls Team Smart Girls is here to remind you that you change the world by being yourself. We love dance parties, activism, laughing, friendship, pet adoption, getting our hair wet, and YOU!! We are glad you're here. Thanks for joining us :) Operation Nice, plant a tree, tree planting


text:
Residents wait for flooding to subside in the town of Totowa, N.J. on Aug. 30, 2011. In the United States, uniquely in the developed world, insuring homeowners against flood damage is the sole province of the federal government.
Homeowners and businesses welcomed the Senate's passage on Thursday of a bill designed to slow implementation of a 2012 law that would end federal insurance subsidies for people living in flood zones.
But critics blasted the effort as gutting reforms needed to help the government pay off a $24 billion debt from storm payouts.
The 2012 law — known as the Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act — had mandated steep changes to the National Flood Insurance Program administered by FEMA: Ending of the "grandfathering" system in which homeowners could pass on their subsidized insurance rates to prospective buyers; and increasing those insurance premiums, up to a maximum of 25 percent a year, until they reached the actual market rate.
Nearly 5.5 million homes and businesses have flood insurance through the NFIP.
The new Senate bill, which now heads to the President Obama's desk since the House approved it last week, reinstated the grandfathering and decreased the annual hike in premiums to an average of 15 percent.
"This legislation protects homeowners who played by the rules..."
Michael Hecht of the Coalition for Sustainable Flood Insurance called the legislation a "milestone victory for hard-working Americans across the country."
"This legislation protects homeowners who played by the rules and keeps real estate markets alive while putting the NFIP on a more realistic path to solvency," Hecht, CEO of Greater New Orleans, Inc., said in a statement.
Lawmakers passed Biggert-Waters in July 2012, hailing it at the time as building a road to solvency for the heavily-indebted flood program. Several hurricanes and storms, like Katrina, had led to the program's growing financial woes, and legislators haggled over renewing it before settling on a plan to get it in the black.
But after Superstorm Sandy struck in in October 2012, homeowners recovering from the devastation realized that their insurance was set to go up, in some cases dramatically, because FEMA had been re-mapping the area – which revealed greater flood risk, triggering higher premiums. With that and the ending of the subsidies, some homeowners grappled with whether or not they should even return home.
But the impact wasn't limited to Sandy victims. As FEMA did its re-mapping across the country, more coastal and even inland communities were experiencing the hikes, too.
"It's not the best bill in the world, but it's the best compromise we can get," said George Kasimos, a homeowner in Toms River, N.J., who is facing an annual flood bill of $9,000 – up from $1,000 -- when his premium reaches the actual market rate. "We're just not going to get to those exorbitant rates right away. It's just going to delay foreclosure."
The new legislation calls for the building of a "NFIP reserve fund" from subsidized policyholders by applying a $25 a year surcharge for primary homeowners and $250 for businesses and vacation homes until they reach the full market rate. The fund will be used to cover future NFIP obligations, lawmakers said.
According to the Congressional Budget Office, the bill wil have no net effect on the National Flood Insurance Program due to the fund offsetting the cancelling or slowing down of the premium increases.
But Steve Ellis, vice president of the Taxpayers for Commonsense, a nonpartisan budget watchdog, said the greater multi-billion dollar debt facing the government's flood program remain and the bill would instead "accelerate the fiscal collapse" of it.
"That's going to be a real albatross around the program's neck," he said of the debt. "Reducing rates doesn't reduce risk."
A nascent private flood insurance market had sprung up since the 2012 law offering competitive rates and the bundling of all kinds of homeowner insurance together. But Ellis said those efforts would be scuttled with a revert to the below-market premiums of the past.
"It's not the best bill in the world, but it's the best compromise we can get."
"We're going to be subsidizing people to be in harm's way," he said. "They gutted the heart of the reforms."
However, realtors, who had warned about the potential impact of increasing premiums on the housing market, applauded the bill. The National Association of Realtors called it a "responsible and balanced solution to the skyrocketing flood insurance premiums."
"We believe this legislation will bring relief to property owners by ensuring a slow and steady phase in of risk-based increases," the organization said in a statement.
Miranda Leitsinger is a reporter at NBC News. She started this role in February 2011. Leitsinger is responsible for long-term enterprise and breaking news coverage. Her beats include recovery from natural disasters and mass shootings, the LGBT community, income inequality, immigration and the Boy Scouts. Leitsinger previously worked at CNN.com in Hong Kong as a digital producer, where she collaborated with the network's television staff in Asia to produce enterprise stories for the website. Before that she worked as a reporter at The Associated Press for seven years in various cities, including New York, Miami, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, Bangkok, Thailand, and San Juan, Puerto Rico. She covered the aftermath of 9/11 in Florida, the 2004 tsunami in Asia, the initial military tribunal at Guantanamo and Cambodia's bid to recover from genocide and the ensuing decades of civil war.Leitsinger, a San Francisco native, lives in New York.


text:
The other day, as I sat in a lawyer's office, a real estate agent told me that I was a "mover and a shaker." That's a term that gets batted around a lot, usually in reference to politicians and/ or businesspeople. I always used it that way…until recently. Because, guess what? That's wrong. WAY wrong.
The term "movers and shakers" comes from the poem "Ode" by Arthur O'Shaughnessy. (That's Arthur, in the pic above.) Never heard of "Ode?" I'll bet you have and didn't realize it. The poem opens with the lines, "We are the music-makers,/And we are the dreamers of dreams" (1-2). Many artists know that line; it's about us. And that opening stanza ends with, "Yet we are the movers and shakers/ Of the world for ever, it seems" (7-8).
Whaaaaaaaaaat? Yes, my friends. Movers and shakers are ARTISTS. But–how? Check out these lines: "One man with a dream, at pleasure/ Shall go forth and conquer a crown;/ And three with a new song's measure/ Can trample an empire down" (14-17). It is about both the fact that artists create worlds in their work, and the fact that this art can influence and change reality. Too often, the world acts as if art is of dubious value. "Dreamers" they call us, as if that's something bad. But this world is built on dreams. As Joseph Campbell points out in The Hero with a Thousand Faces, "Dream is the personalized myth, myth the depersonalized dream; both myth and dream are symbolic in the same general way of the dynamic of the psyche. But in the dream the forms are quirked by the peculiar troubles of the dreamer, whereas in myth the problems and solutions sown are directly valid for all mankind." In other words, myths are a reflection of our the human dream. Stories and art connect us to a reality that is deeper than the reality we experience every day, deeper than real estate and lawyer's offices. As Clive Barker points out in Writers Dreaming (by Naomi Epel), "As a child you are given dream time as part of your fictional life. Into your hands go the books of dream travel, Dorothy's dream travel, the Darling family's dream travel in Peter Pan, the children of Narnia…. And then at the age of five or something like that, they start to teach you the gross national product of Chile." Right. We are taught that "reality" is all that matters. But reality is, of course, a point of view.
So, dreamers, to you I say this: Keep on moving and shaking.


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Tonight: Tech N9ne at the Boulder Theater
At this point in his career, Tech N9ne needs no introduction to Colorado. The independent and highly successful Kansas City rapper -- who makes his fourth and final stop in the state tonight for this round of his tour -- found a niche for his bizarre hip-hop style in and around the Mile High City early on.
Though not directly connected to the Insane Clown Posse's Detroit rap empire, Tech N9ne's similar clownish leanings aren't hurt by the comparisons, either: The artist taps into the Midwestern deviant feel that brings Juggalos out in droves.
With an extensive career spanning more than ten years and just as many albums, Tech N9ne is readying the release of two collaborative full-length albums in 2011 on his own label, Strange Music. This show is all-ages, and tickets are $37. Doors open at 8 p.m., show begins at 9 p.m.
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Extended Play: Featuring extended interviews and content from KSEE24 and CBS47.
Follow your local news team on Facebook and Twitter.
Public Libraries grow and support our communities. And you can support them by donating your books!
CBS47, Friends of the Fresno County Public Library and our partnershave teamed for 4th Annual
CBS47 Collection Drive and Book Sale. Take your used books and bring them to the CBS47 Collection Drive
August 13th on the South Side of the Sierra Vista Mall from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m.
You can also take your book donation to any Fresno County Public Library.
We'll hold a public book sale after the collection drive to raise money for our
libraries August 21st-24th, inside Sierra Vista Mall. Support our public libraries.
Donate your books at the CBS47 Collection Drive August 13th.


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1. If the interest rate is 10%, the factor for the future value
Resolved Question:
1. If the interest rate is 10%, the factor for the future value of annuity due of 1 for n = 5, i = 10% is equal to the factor for the future value of an ordinary annuity of 1 for n = 5, i = 10% (Points: 6)
plus 1.10.
minus 1.10.
multiplied by 1.10.
divided by 1.10.
2. Which statement is false? (Points: 6)
The factor for the future value of an annuity due is found by multiplying the ordinary annuity table value by one plus the interest rate.
The factor for the present value of an annuity due is found by multiplying the ordinary annuity table value by one minus the interest rate.
The factor for the future value of an annuity due is found by subtracting 1.00000 from the ordinary annuity table value for one more period.
The factor for the present value of an annuity due is found by adding 1.00000 to the ordinary annuity table value for one less period.
3. Ed Sloan wants to withdraw $20,000 (including principal) from an investment fund at the end of each year for five years. How should he compute his required initial investment at the beginning of the first year if the fund earns 10% compounded annually? (Points: 6)
$20,000 times the future value of a 5-year, 10% ordinary annuity of 1.
$20,000 divided by the future value of a 5-year, 10% ordinary annuity of 1.
$20,000 times the present value of a 5-year, 10% ordinary annuity of 1.
$20,000 divided by the present value of a 5-year, 10% ordinary annuity of 1.
4. Ann Ruth wants to invest a certain sum of money at the end of each year for five years. The investment will earn 6% compounded annually. At the end of five years, she will need a total of $40,000 accumulated. How should she compute her required annual investment? (Points: 6)
$40,000 times the future value of a 5-year, 6% ordinary annuity of 1.
$40,000 divided by the future value of a 5-year, 6% ordinary annuity of 1.
$40,000 times the present value of a 5-year, 6% ordinary annuity of 1.
$40,000 divided by the present value of a 5-year, 6% ordinary annuity of 1.
5. If an annuity due and an ordinary annuity have the same number of equal payments and the same interest rates, then (Points: 6)
the present value of the annuity due is less than the present value of the ordinary annuity.
the present value of the annuity due is greater than the present value of the ordinary annuity.
the future value of the annuity due is equal to the future value of the ordinary annuity.
the future value of the annuity due is less than the future value of the ordinary annuity.
6. If a short-term obligation is excluded from current liabilities because of refinancing, the footnote to the financial statements describing this event should include all of the following information except (Points: 6)
a general description of the financing arrangement.
the terms of the new obligation incurred or to be incurred.
the terms of any equity security issued or to be issued.
the number of financing institutions that refused to refinance the debt, if any.
7. An employee's net (or take-home) pay is determined by gross earnings minus amounts for income tax withholdings and the employee's (Points: 6)
portion of FICA taxes, and unemployment taxes.
and employer's portion of FICA taxes, and unemployment taxes.
portion of FICA taxes, unemployment taxes, and any voluntary deductions.
portion of FICA taxes, and any voluntary deductions.
8. Which of these is not included in an employer's payroll tax expense? (Points: 6)
F.I.C.A. (social security) taxes
Federal unemployment taxes
State unemployment taxes
Federal income taxes
9. Which of the following is a condition for accruing a liability for the cost of compensation for future absences? (Points: 6)
The obligation relates to the rights that vest or accumulate.
Payment of the compensation is probable.
The obligation is attributable to employee services already performed.
All of these are conditions for the accrual.
10. The amount of the liability for compensated absences should be based on
1. the current rates of pay in effect when employees earn the right to compensated absences.
2. the future rates of pay expected to be paid when employees use compensated time.
3. the present value of the amount expected to be paid in future periods. (Points: 6)
Either 1 or 2 is acceptable.
11. Which of the following is the proper way to report a gain contingency? (Points: 6)
As an accrued amount.
As deferred revenue.
As an account receivable with additional disclosure explaining the nature of the contingency.
As a disclosure only.
12. Treasury bonds should be shown on the balance sheet as (Points: 6)
an asset.
a deduction from bonds payable issued to arrive at net bonds payable and outstanding.
a reduction of stockholders' equity.
both an asset and a liability.
13. An early extinguishment of bonds payable, which were originally issued at a premium, is made by purchase of the bonds between interest dates. At the time of reacquisition (Points: 6)
any costs of issuing the bonds must be amortized up to the purchase date.
the premium must be amortized up to the purchase date.
interest must be accrued from the last interest date to the purchase date.
all of these.
14. The generally accepted method of accounting for gains or losses from the early extinguishment of debt treats any gain or loss as (Points: 6)
an adjustment to the cost basis of the asset obtained by the debt issue.
an amount that should be considered a cash adjustment to the cost of any other debt issued over the remaining life of the old debt instrument.
an amount received or paid to obtain a new debt instrument and, as such, should be amortized over the life of the new debt.
a difference between the reacquisition price and the net carrying amount of the debt which should be recognized in the period of redemption.
15. A company issues $5,000,000, 7.8%, 20-year bonds to yield 8% on January 1, 2006. Interest is paid on June 30 and December 31. The proceeds from the bonds are $4,901,036. What is interest expense for 2007, using straight-line amortization? (Points: 6)
16. On January 1, 2007, Foley Co. sold 12% bonds with a face value of $600,000. The bonds mature in five years, and interest is paid semiannually on June 30 and December 31. The bonds were sold for $646,200 to yield 10%. Using the effective-interest method of amortization, interest expense for 2007 is (Points: 6)
17. On January 2, 2007, a calendar-year corporation sold 8% bonds with a face value of $600,000. These bonds mature in five years, and interest is paid semiannually on June 30 and December 31. The bonds were sold for $553,600 to yield 10%. Using the effective-interest method of computing interest, how much should be charged to interest expense in 2007? (Points: 6)
18. The December 31, 2006, balance sheet of Eddy Corporation includes the following items:
9% bonds payable due December 31, 2015 $1,000,000
Unamortized premium on bonds payable 27,000
The bonds were issued on December 31, 2005, at 103, with interest payable on July 1 and December 31 of each year. Eddy uses straight-line amortization. On March 1, 2007, Eddy retired $400,000 of these bonds at 98 plus accrued interest. What should Eddy record as a gain on retirement of these bonds? Ignore taxes. (Points: 6)
19. On January 1, 2001, Gonzalez Corporation issued $4,500,000 of 10% ten-year bonds at 103. The bonds are callable at the option of Gonzalez at 105. Gonzalez has recorded amortization of the bond premium on the straight-line method (which was not materially different from the effective-interest method).
On December 31, 2007, when the fair market value of the bonds was 96, Gonzalez repurchased $1,000,000 of the bonds in the open market at 96. Gonzalez has recorded interest and amortization for 2007. Ignoring income taxes and assuming that the gain is material, Gonzalez should report this reacquisition as (Points: 6)
a loss of $49,000.
a gain of $49,000.
a loss of $61,000.
a gain of $61,000.
20. The 10% bonds payable of Klein Company had a net carrying amount of $570,000 on December 31, 2006. The bonds, which had a face value of $600,000, were issued at a discount to yield 12%. The amortization of the bond discount was recorded under the effective-interest method. Interest was paid on January 1 and July 1 of each year. On July 2, 2007, several years before their maturity, Klein retired the bonds at 102. The interest payment on July 1, 2007 was made as scheduled. What is the loss that Klein should record on the early retirement of the bonds on July 2, 2007? Ignore taxes. (Points: 6)
21. Pryor Corporation issued a 100% stock dividend of its common stock which had a par value of $10 before and after the dividend. At what amount should retained earnings be capitalized for the additional shares issued? (Points: 6)
There should be no capitalization of retained earnings.
Par value
Market value on the declaration date
Market value on the payment date
22. The issuer of a 5% common stock dividend to common stockholders preferably should transfer from retained earnings to contributed capital an amount equal to the (Points: 6)
market value of the shares issued.
book value of the shares issued.
minimum legal requirements.
par or stated value of the shares issued.
23. The balance in Common Stock Dividend Distributable should be reported as a(n) (Points: 6)
deduction from common stock issued.
addition to capital stock.
current liability.
contra current asset.
24. A feature common to both stock splits and stock dividends is (Points: 6)
a transfer to earned capital of a corporation.
that there is no effect on total stockholders' equity.
an increase in total liabilities of a corporation.
a reduction in the contributed capital of a corporation.
25. What effect does the issuance of a 2-for-1 stock split have on each of the following?
Par Value per Share Retained Earnings
(Points: 6)
No effect No effect
Increase No effect
Decrease No effect
Decrease Decrease
26. Which one of the following disclosures should be made in the equity section of the balance sheet, rather than in the notes to the financial statements? (Points: 6)
Dividend preferences
Liquidation preferences
Call prices
Conversion or exercise prices
27. The payout ratio can be calculated by dividing (Points: 6)
dividends per share by earnings per share.
cash dividends by net income less preferred dividends.
cash dividends by market price per share.
dividends per share by earnings per share and dividing cash dividends by net income less preferred dividends.
28. Windsor Company has outstanding both common stock and nonparticipating, non-cumulative preferred stock. The liquidation value of the preferred is equal to its par value. The book value per share of the common stock is unaffected by (Points: 6)
the declaration of a stock dividend on preferred payable in preferred stock when the market price of the preferred is equal to its par value.
the declaration of a stock dividend on common stock payable in common stock when the market price of the common is equal to its par value.
the payment of a previously declared cash dividend on the common stock.
a 2-for-1 split of the common stock.
29. On July 1, 2007, an interest payment date, $60,000 of Risen Co. bonds were converted into 1,200 shares of Risen Co. common stock each having a par value of $45 and a market value of $54. There is $2,400 unamortized discount on the bonds. Using the book value method, Risen would record (Points: 6)
no change in paid-in capital in excess of par.
a $3,600 increase in paid-in capital in excess of par.
a $7,200 increase in paid-in capital in excess of par.
a $4,800 increase in paid-in capital in excess of par.
30. Quayle Corporation had two issues of securities outstanding: common stock and an 8% convertible bond issue in the face amount of $16,000,000. Interest payment dates of the bond issue are June 30th and December 31st. The conversion clause in the bond indenture entitles the bondholders to receive forty shares of $20 par value common stock in exchange for each $1,000 bond. On June 30, 2007, the holders of $2,400,000 face value bonds exercised the conversion privilege. The market price of the bonds on that date was $1,100 per bond and the market price of the common stock was $35. The total unamortized bond discount at the date of conversion was $1,000,000. In applying the book value method, what amount should Quayle credit to the account "paid-in capital in excess of par," as a result of this conversion? (Points: 6)
31. Investments in debt securities should be recorded on the date of acquisition at (Points: 6)
lower of cost or market.
market value.
market value plus brokerage fees and other costs incident to the purchase.
face value plus brokerage fees and other costs incident to the purchase.
32. An available-for-sale debt security is purchased at a discount. The entry to record the amortization of the discount includes a (Points: 6)
debit to Available-for-Sale Securities.
debit to the discount account.
debit to Interest Revenue.
none of these.
33. APB Opinion No. 21 specifies that, regarding the amortization of a premium or discount on a debt security, the (Points: 6)
effective-interest method of allocation must be used.
straight-line method of allocation must be used.
effective-interest method of allocation should be used but other methods can be applied if there is no material difference in the results obtained.
par value method must be used and therefore no allocation is necessary.
34. Which of the following is correct about the effective-interest method of amortization? (Points: 6)
The effective interest method applied to investments in debt securities is different from that applied to bonds payable.
Amortization of a discount decreases from period to period.
Amortization of a premium decreases from period to period.
The effective-interest method produces a constant rate of return on the book value of the investment from period to period.
35. Which of the following is not generally correct about recording a sale of a debt security before maturity date? (Points: 6)
Accrued interest will be received by the seller even though it is not an interest payment date.
An entry must be made to amortize a discount to the date of sale.
The entry to amortize a premium to the date of sale includes a credit to the Premium on Investments in Debt Securities.
A gain or loss on the sale is not extraordinary.
36. The method most commonly used to report defaults and repossessions is (Points: 6)
provide no basis for the repossessed asset thereby recognizing a loss.
record the repossessed merchandise at fair value, recording a gain or loss if appropriate.
record the repossessed merchandise at book value, recording no gain or loss.
none of these.
37. Under the installment-sales method, (Points: 6)
revenue, costs, and gross profit are recognized proportionate to the cash that is received from the sale of the product.
gross profit is deferred proportionate to cash uncollected from sale of the product, but total revenues and costs are recognized at the point of sale.
gross profit is not recognized until the amount of cash received exceeds the cost of the item sold.
revenues and costs are recognized proportionate to the cash received from the sale of the product, but gross profit is deferred until all cash is received.
38. The realization of income on installment sales transactions involves (Points: 6)
recognition of the difference between the cash collected on installment sales and the cash expenses incurred.
deferring the net income related to installment sales and recognizing the income as cash is collected.
deferring gross profit while recognizing operating or financial expenses in the period incurred.
deferring gross profit and all additional expenses related to installment sales until cash is ultimately collected.
39. A manufacturer of large equipment sells on an installment basis to customers with questionable credit ratings. Which of the following methods of revenue recognition is least likely to overstate the amount of gross profit reported? (Points: 6)
At the time of completion of the equipment (completion of production method)
At the date of delivery (sales method)
The installment-sales method
The cost-recovery method
40. A seller is properly using the cost-recovery method for a sale. Interest will be earned on the future payments. Which of the following statements is not correct? (Points: 6)
After all costs have been recovered, any additional cash collections are included in income.
Interest revenue may be recognized before all costs have been recovered.
The deferred gross profit is offset against the related receivable on the balance sheet.
Subsequent income statements report the gross profit as a separate item of revenue when it is recognized as earned.
41. According to the FASB, immediate recognition of a liability (referred to as the minimum liability) is required when the accumulated benefit obligation exceeds the fair value of plan assets. Conversely, when the fair value of plan assets exceeds the accumulated benefit obligation, the Board (Points: 6)
requires recognition of an asset.
requires recognition of an asset if the excess fair value of plan assets exceeds the corridor amount.
recommends recognition of an asset but does not require such recognition.
does not permit recognition of an asset.
42. Which of the following disclosures of pension plan information would not normally be required by Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 132, "Employers' Disclosure about Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits"? (Points: 6)
The major components of pension expense
The amount paid from the pension fund to retirees during the period
The funded status of the plan and the amounts recognized in the financial statements
The rates used in measuring the benefit amounts
43. The main purpose of the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation is to ____________. (Points: 6)
require minimum funding of pensions
require plan administrators to publish a comprehensive description and summary of their plans
administer terminated plans and to impose liens on the employer's assets for certain unfunded pension liabilities
all of these
44. A lessee with a capital lease containing a bargain purchase option should depreciate the leased asset over the (Points: 6)
asset's remaining economic life.
term of the lease.
life of the asset or the term of the lease, whichever is shorter.
life of the asset or the term of the lease, whichever is longer.
45. If the lease were nonrenewable, there was no purchase option, title to the building does not pass to the lessee at termination of the lease and the lease were only for eight years, what type of lease would this be for the lessee? (Points: 6)
Sales-type lease
Direct-financing lease
Operating lease
Capital lease
46. Huffman Company leases a machine from Lincoln Corp. under an agreement which meets the criteria to be a capital lease for Huffman. The six-year lease requires payment of $102,000 at the beginning of each year, including $15,000 per year for maintenance, insurance, and taxes. The incremental borrowing rate for the lessee is 10%; the lessor's implicit rate is 8% and is known by the lessee. The present value of an annuity due of 1 for six years at 10% is 4.79079. The present value of an annuity due of 1 for six years at 8% is 4.99271. Huffman should record the leased asset at (Points: 6)
47. Which type of accounting change should always be accounted for in current and future periods? (Points: 6)
Change in accounting principle
Change in reporting entity
Change in accounting estimate
Correction of an error
48. Which of the following is (are) the proper time period(s) to record the effects of a change in accounting estimate? (Points: 6)
Current period and prospectively
Current period and retrospectively
Retrospectively only
Current period only
49. When a company decides to switch from the double-declining balance method to the straight-line method, this change should be handled as a (Points: 6)
change in accounting principle.
change in accounting estimate.
prior period adjustment.
correction of an error.
50. The estimated life of a building that has been depreciated 30 years of an originally estimated life of 50 years has been revised to a remaining life of 10 years. Based on this information, the accountant should _______________. (Points: 6)
continue to depreciate the building over the original 50-year life
depreciate the remaining book value over the remaining life of the asset
adjust accumulated depreciation to its appropriate balance, through net income, based on a 40-year life, and then depreciate the adjusted book value as though the estimated life had always been 40 years
adjust accumulated depreciation to its appropriate balance through retained earnings, based on a 40-year life, and then depreciate the adjusted book value as though the estimated life had always been 40 years
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Star Trek: Peaceful Occupations
A Vorta of the Dominion. The Tuhmeen was transporting him from Cardassian Space to the Bajoran Wormhole in early 2372, when the Sirco cell captured him and, through a series of chases, ultimately caused him to somehow commit suicide without any obvious, external means. His body was ejected in an escape pod to distract the USS Boston NCC-71935.
He was seen again on Delta 110, which confused the Maquis somewhat until news eventually filtered down from Starfleet that Vorta are frequently cloned.
During the Dominion War, he commanded a significant portion of the Dominion forces, as well as engaging in diplomatic efforts on the Founders' behalf. The Ferengi captured him in a prisoner exchange and handed him over to Starfleet intelligence. Even so, he (or his next clone) was soon sighted on Tantok Nor, leading the conference with neutral governments there, and then again on Darona, setting up some sort of ketracel white processing center. He barely escaped capture in this last instance, beaming aboard a Jem'Hadar battle cruiser seconds before the USS Agora could transport him to them instead.


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Quality Inn & Suites 555 N. Centre City Parkway Escondido, CA 92025 Phone: (760) 743-3700 Fax: (760) 480-5887 |
»San Diego North County Convention & Visitors Bureau
The North County region offers upscale hotels and lodging, great beaches and terrific recreational opportunities, all of which San Diego North County Convention & Visitors Bureau office will be happy to share with visitors. Got questions about golfing, places to go, things to do with kids or the best places to dine? The staff here has answers by mail, e-mail, phone and at the Escondido office. Just give them a chance to talk about why they think North San Diego County is the best part of San Diego.
»Escondido Children's Museum
This children's museum combines history, culture, commerce, technology, and more with interactive exhibits and "mini-worlds" for children to learn through playing.
»Escondido Historical Society / Grape Day Park
Stop by this North County park and pick up a little flavor of how this area used to be more than a century ago. A complex of buildings on Escondido Historical Society house the 1888 Santa Fe Railroad Depot, a Victorian house, a barn and windmill, a model train, the first library and a working blacksmith shop. There is no cost to tour the museum.
»Grape Day Park
Established in 1908, this is Escondido's oldest park and it is a registered landmark. The park is home to a turn-of-the-century working barn, the Escondido Historical Society Museum, and other historic buildings and monuments.
»Escondido Civic Center
The 60-foot vertical entrance at this civic center is a grand pathway to Escondido's City Hall. City Hall was the first building in this complex, next to Grape Day Park and the new California Center for the Arts. Visitors arrange tours of City Hall through the city manager's office. Two weeks advance notice is required. Those who plan to tour the Escondido City Hall may want to note that the tour involves walking up and down staircases between two floors of the building.
»Escondido Public Library
Founded in 1898, this library offers up-to-date books, videos, books on tape, state-of-the-art technology, resources, Internet access, and a CD collection of over 300,000 items.
»El Norte Park
This two and a half acre neighborhood park offers a children's play area, picnic tables, barbecue grills, and open turf area.
»Felicita County Park
Situated at the site of one of the largest and oldest Indian villages in the county, this 53 acre park features two ballfields, four horseshoe pits, four playgrounds, two volleyball courts, nature and hiking trails, picnic tables, and barbecue grills.
»Old Richland School
This New England style, one-room schoolhouse was built in 1889 of redwood boards and square nails; a year later, a second classroom was added. The school, with its distinctive belfry, was the first school in San Marcos to have a bell. It is available for weddings and special events.
»Dixon Lake
Located in northern San Diego County, this man-made reservoir offers picnic tables, camping facilities and boat rentals. The lake is a popular spot to fish for bass, catfish and trout. Fishing fees range from USD3-5. With four piers located around the lake, many opt for shore fishing. The boating at this lake is restricted to boats rented on the premises; rowboats or motorboats. In addition, the lake has bait, tackle and ice for sale. No swimming and no pets are permitted.
»Stone Brewing Company
A local craft brewery making some of the finest beers in the world, this award-winning brewery offers brews such as Stone Pale Ale, Stone Smoked Porter, Stone India Pale Ale, Stone Ruination IPA, Stone Levitation Ale, Arrogant Bastard Ale, and Stone Special Releases. Brewery tours are available.
»Kit Carson Park
A large park that features 100 developed and 185 undeveloped acres, with features including beautiful walking and hiking trails, lighted tennis courts, lighted softball fields, lighted soccer fields, three ponds, a fitness course, children's playground, a five acre arboretum, and a 3,000 seat amphitheater.


text:
Sponsored by: Desert Diamond Casino
Feb 15, 2014 12:20 AM by Associated Press
TEMPE - Jermaine Marshall scored eight of his 29 points in the second overtime and Jordan Bachynski blocked T.J. McConnell's layup attempt with 6 seconds left, sending Arizona State to a 69-66 victory over No. 2 Arizona on Friday night.
With both teams struggling offensively most of the night, Arizona State (19-6, 7-5 Pac-12) turned to Marshall when it counted. He went over 20 minutes without a field goal, but hit consecutive 3-pointers and scored on a drive with 14 seconds left to put the Sun Devils up 67-66.
McConnell then tried to drive the lane, but Bachynski swatted his shot away, leading to a breakaway dunk by Jahii Carson.
Arizona State's fans rushed the court, had to be cleared because there was 0.8 seconds left, then poured out of the stands again after Nick Johnson missed a 3-pointer at the buzzer.
McConnell led Arizona (23-2, 10-2) with 17 points and five rebounds.
4 weeks ago


text:
Ever noticed when you are at a four way stop people can not figure out when it is their turn to go?
I make up their minds for them.
Best Answer
Everyone to the right has right of way... that means they will never go. stalemate.
Best Answer
I the uncertainty for a second because of the added dimension.

If in doubt I just go and let everyone else please them selves
Best Answer
It always happens.
I make sure I have eye contact with them before I go, that way they see me coming.
Best Answer
Yes its annoying
Best Answer
esp if someone is a recent immigrant
Best Answer
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- Shopping Bag ( 0 items )
This series covers some of the most important documents in American history, providing photos of the documents along with historical photographs and images and full text for each document. The Emancipation Proclamation goes into the background of the Civil War and the abolitionist movement. Much of the text is devoted to Lincoln's decision-making processes and the reasoning that went into making the proclamation when he did. Although McComb attempts to explore the nuances involved in the ending of slavery, space constraints result in some oversimplification. Included as well are the full text of the fugitive slave act and the amendments to the Constitution dealing with civil rights. The text is very simple, and all the topics are touched upon quite briefly. With the integrated illustrations, easy text, and short format, these works, which also include books on the Constitution, the Bill of Rights and the Declaration of Independence, serve best as a starting point, or a quick way to find the full text of these documents. (American Documents). VOYA CODES: 4Q 3P M (Better than most, marred only by occasional lapses; Will appeal with pushing; Middle School, defined as grades 6 to 8). 2006, National Geographic, 48p.; Glossary. Index. Illus. Photos., Ages 11 to 14.—Teresa Copeland


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Salem District is a district of Tamil Nadu state in southern India. Salem is the district headquarters and other major towns in the district include Mettur, Omalur and Attur. Salem is a Geologist's paradise, surrounded by hills and the landscape dotted with hillocks. Salem has a vibrant culture dating back to the ancient Kongu Nadu. As a district, Salem has its significance in various aspects, it is known for mangoes cultivation, silver ornaments, textile, sago industries and steel production. [edit] Research tips