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Acknowledgment: Collection of the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study 2009 (NZAVS-09) data analyzed in this article was funded by University of Auckland FRDF (#3624435/9853) and ECREA (#3626075) grants awarded to Chris Sibley.
Original Article
A Model of Climate Belief Profiles: How Much Does It Matter If People Question Human Causation?
Article first published online: 14 MAY 2013
DOI: 10.1111/asap.12008
© 2013 The Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues
Additional Information
How to Cite
Sibley, C. G. and Kurz, T. (2013), A Model of Climate Belief Profiles: How Much Does It Matter If People Question Human Causation?. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 13: 245–261. doi: 10.1111/asap.12008
Publication History
- Issue published online: 5 DEC 2013
- Article first published online: 14 MAY 2013
Funded by
- University of Auckland FRDF. Grant Number: #3624435/9853
- ECREA. Grant Number: #3626075
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
Despite the weight of scientific evidence presented in recent assessment reports of the IPCC, there remains some skepticism among the public that the climate is changing and whether such change is caused by human activity. We modeled climate change belief profiles using Latent Class Analysis in a New Zealand national probability sample (N = 6,072). Roughly 50% of New Zealanders believed that climate change was real and caused by humans, with 30% undecided. The majority of New Zealanders believe that climate change is real and likely caused by humans, with one in six remaining skeptical. We identified two types of climate skeptics, those who did not believe in climate change (7%), and those who believed climate change was real but not caused by humans (10%). Beliefs about the reality of climate change were more predictive than beliefs about human cause of support for carbon emissions policy and self-reported proenvironmental behavior. Our model indicates that persuading people about the reality of climate change will predict greater incremental variance in behavior and policy attitudes than persuading people of its human cause; although persuading people of both will be still more effective due to the synergistic interaction of these dual beliefs.
The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) made strong claims regarding scientific evidence for the existence of climate change, its anthropogenic cause, and the potentially dire consequences that are likely to result from a failure to reduce global carbon emissions to a drastic extent. Despite the widespread publicity of this growing body of scientific evidence, a significant and potentially growing proportion of people in Western nations are skeptical about the existence of climate change and/or its human cause (Poortinga, Spence, Whitmarsh, Capstick, & Pidgeon, 2011). Such skepticism rests on various claims that range from criticisms of the IPCC's system of peer review; questions regarding the evidence used in its assessments, and disagreements about its projections (see Holt, 2006; Mann, Bradley, & Hughes, 1999; Pearce, 2010, for discussion and response).
The positions of climate skeptics and debates around the validity of climate skepticism have received widespread media attention (Boykoff & Boykoff, 2004; Trumbo, 1996) and have been a topic of much political debate (Giddens, 2009; Kurz, Augoustinos, & Crabb, 2010). However, questions remain regarding the extent to which denial that the climate is changing and disbelief in human causation among the public actually represents serious barriers to the taking of voluntary action, and/or support for political policies to reduce emissions. While there is some recent evidence that higher levels of broad climate change skepticism are associated with people reporting lower levels of proenvironmental behavior (e.g., Whitmarsh, 2011), such studies have generally not disentangled belief of climate change's existence from belief about its cause. Thus, there is currently a lack of available empirical evidence regarding what degree each of these two specific beliefs might be associated with, or influence, willingness to act and support for policies to reduce emissions. In this research, we investigate this issue through an analysis of large-scale survey data collected from a nationally representative cross-sectional sample of over 6,000 respondents in New Zealand.
Public Skepticism about Climate Change
Recent analyses of levels of climate change skepticism among the general public have suggested a relatively similar pattern of results across a range of Western nations. A fairly small proportion of people typically reject the notion that the climate is changing; however, a much larger proportion seems to question whether human activity is causing this change. In the United Kingdom, outright denial that climate change exists as a real problem has been estimated to occur in approximately 10–12% of the population, with this remaining relatively stable since 2002 (Whitmarsh, 2011). However, the proportion of the U.K. population who question the anthropogenic cause of climate change has generally been higher, especially in more recent surveys. Whitmarsh (2011), for example, reported that 23% of respondents in 2008 agreed with the statement "climate change is just a natural fluctuation in the earth's temperatures," reflecting a rise on 2001–2006 estimates, where 9–13% agreed with the same statement (DEFRA, 2002; Downing & Ballantyne, 2007).
Similar patterns have emerged in public opinion surveys in the United States, albeit with slightly higher levels of skepticism across the board. Leiserowitz, Maibach, and Roser-Renouf (2010) found that 10% of U.S. respondents in 2008 answered "no" when asked if they thought global warming was happening (with a further 19% indicating that they "don't know"). This rose to 20% (and 23% "don't know") in 2010. However, when asked about climate change causation, 33% of U.S. respondents indicated in 2008 that they felt it was "caused mostly by natural changes in the environment" (with 3% choosing "none of the above because global warming isn't happening"). By 2010, 36% indicated that they believed in natural causation and 9% chose "none of the above because global warming isn't happening."
These findings in the Northern Hemisphere mirror similar findings from surveys in the antipodes. In a recent summary report of the available nationally representative survey evidence for The Garbnaut Review, Leviston, Leitch, Greenhill, Leonard, and Walker (2011) suggested that approximately 17–25% of Australian respondents did not believe that climate change was happening, while roughly 50% regarded this change as not being driven by human activity (with quite a degree of variation being produced by how questions were worded on various surveys). Similarly, while only 17% of respondents in a recent New Zealand survey (Venables, 2010) did not accept that there was evidence to show that the world is experiencing climate change, only 46% indicated that they thought there was clear proof that climate change is caused by human activity.
Implications of Climate Belief and Skepticism for Personal Behavior and Voting Intentions
The observed discrepancy in the prevalence of these two types of climate change skepticism (reality and anthropogenic cause) raises the question as to what the relationship might be between these two sets of beliefs. It also calls into question what the actual implications of each type of belief might be for individuals' willingness to change their behaviors or support government policies targeting emissions reduction. One might assume that belief in the human cause of climate change should be a much stronger independent predictor of personal behavior and policy support than belief that the climate is changing. After all, whether or not one believes that the climate is changing would seem to be logically irrelevant to whether one feels compelled to act if the cause of such a change is not attributed to human activity. However, at present there is no actual empirical evidence to verify such an assumption. While a vast amount of research has examined the factors affecting willingness to engage in individual-level proenvironmental behaviors (for reviews, see Bamberg & Moser, 2007; Steg & Vlek, 2007), this literature is yet to explore in great depth the ways in which specific kinds of attitudes and beliefs toward climate change affect personal emissions-reduction behaviors and policy support.
Of the evidence that does exist, willingness to reduce personal emissions has been found to be influenced by individual differences in the extent to which people are generally concerned about climate change (Semenza et al., 2008). Moreover, O'Connor, Bord, and Fisher (1999) reported that belief that climate change was likely, belief that it would have negative consequences, and knowledge about the anthropogenic cause of climate change all significantly predicted variance in individual behaviors to help mitigate climate change. Additionally, Aiken, Chapman, and McClure (2011) measured beliefs in the anthropogenic cause of climate change, along with various demographic factors and self-perceived knowledge about climate change. They reported that belief in the anthropogenic cause of climate change was a significant and moderate predictor of self-reported change in behaviors to help mitigate climate change. However, the study did not measure beliefs about the overall reality of climate change. Thus, it remains an open question as to whether the effect they observed was driven by belief in the reality of climate change more generally (which should covary with beliefs in anthropogenic cause), or beliefs about its anthropogenic cause in particular.
Whitmarsh (2011) has also provided some recent evidence for a relationship between a multi-item measure of general climate change skepticism and respondents' reported levels of past proenvironmental behavior. In relation to government policy, willingness to support emissions reduction policies has been found to be influenced by individual differences in negative affect and imagery associated with climate change (Lieserowitz, 2006), as well as level of trust in environmentalists versus industry, level of recognition of the consequences of climate change, worldviews, and environmental beliefs (Dietz, Dan, & Shwom, 2007). Shwom, Bidwell, Dan, and Dietz (2010) also provide an analysis of the kinds of rationales offered by members of the public for supporting or rejecting mitigation policies (economic, political, technological, and moral) and how these rationales influence policy support.
In essence, what can currently be observed in the literature are two growing bodies of work—one examining the prevalence and nature of different forms of beliefs and skepticism about climate change, and one examining the factors influencing individual emissions behaviors and support for relevant economic policy. What is currently lacking though is empirical work that integrates these two areas within a general framework to investigate the relative influence of different types of climate change belief/skepticism upon behavior and policy support. Such an endeavor is important on both practical and theoretical grounds. There has been an implicit assumption in much of the reporting that a growing prevalence of skepticism about human causation should represent a major cause for alarm and concern among scientists and policy makers wishing to bring about global reductions in emissions. The research by Aiken et al. (2011), for instance, indicates that if levels of skepticism regarding the anthropogenic cause of climate change in a society is high, then people should tend to be fairly low in their level of willingness to make personal sacrifices/changes or support government policies that would promote/enforce such changes. The question remains, however, as to whether this effect occurs above and beyond (i.e., independently of) the effect of flat out denial that the climate is changing, or interacts synergistically with it.
The Current Study
This study had two broad goals. First, we aimed to identify the extent to which people might hold comparable or distinct beliefs about the reality and anthropogenic cause of climate change. Previous research has looked at people's levels of these and other related climate beliefs, but has not formally modeled a typology climate belief patterns. For example, Bain, Hornsey, Bongiorno, and Jeffries (2012) screened for climate deniers, by presenting people with a series of forced-choice statements about climate change. They defined climate deniers as those who selected a statement relating to the belief that: (a) climate change was occurring but not caused by humans or (b) those who did not believe in climate change more generally. Rather than forcing people who chose between different options, we conducted a Latent Class Analysis assessing the extent to which belief about the reality and anthropogenic cause of climate change fit a categorical model classifying people into different types of climate believers and skeptics.
We expected to observe a series of distinct types of climate belief, including Climate Believers (those who believe climate change is happening and caused by humans) and Undecided/Neutrals (those who are relatively neutral in their belief or certainty that climate change is happening and also caused by humans). We also predicted that there would be distinct types of skepticism, including Climate Skeptics (those who believe climate change is not happening and hence not caused by humans), and possibly also Anthropogenic Climate Skeptics (those who believe that climate change is happening, but not that it is caused by humans). Our first goal aimed to test a model determining whether these types could be reliably identified, and then to determine the relative proportion of each type of climate believer/skeptic in the New Zealand population.
Our second goal aimed to extend previous research by directly comparing the extent to which beliefs about the reality of climate change and its human cause predicted concurrent: (a) self-reported behaviors that people had made to help mitigate their impact on the environment and (b) support for social policy relating to the regulation of carbon emissions in New Zealand. Here, we aimed to determine the extent to which beliefs about the reality and human cause of climate change independently and interactively predicted each outcome variable. This is an important question because it will help to inform research on which aspects of climate change belief are most important to promote and communicate to the public in order to predict change in people's personal behavior and their support for relevant social policy. One possibility is that that belief in the reality of climate change trumps beliefs in anthropogenic cause in predicting behavior and policy attitudes. Another possibility is that beliefs in anthropogenic cause are also critical in predicting behavior. Yet, a third possibility is that the two forms of belief interact synergistically such that holding both forms of belief would predict maximal levels of behavior change. We predicted that beliefs about the reality of climate change would have a stronger unique relationship with our outcome variables than would belief that climate change is caused by humans.
Sampling Procedure
This study analyzed data from the 2009 New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study (NZAVS-09). The NZAVS-09 questionnaire was posted to 40,500 New Zealanders randomly selected from the 2009 New Zealand electoral roll. Roughly 1.36% of all people registered to vote in NZ were contacted and invited to participate. The NZAVS-09 contained responses from 6,518 participants, with a response rate of 16.6% (see Sibley, Houkamau, & Hoverd, 2011, for further details above sampling procedures for the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study more generally).
Participant Details and Demographic Covariates
Complete data for all exogenous measures analyzed here were available for 6,072 participants (missing data among endogenous measures were estimated using Full Information Maximum Likelihood). This sample consisted of 59.5% (n = 3,616) women and 40.5% (n = 2,456) men, with a mean age of 47.74 (SD = 15.59). In terms of ethnicity, 71.5% (n = 4,342) identified as New Zealand European, 17.0% (n = 1,034) as Māori, 4.2% (n = 255) as Pacific Nations, 4.7% (n = 285) as Asian, and 2.6% (n = 156) with another ethnic group. Forty-four percent of the sample identified as religious (N = 2,680). With regard to education, 22.7% (n = 1,380) had no formal qualifications or did not report a qualification, 29.3% (n = 1,777) had completed some high school, 16.2% (n = 985) had a post high school diploma or certificate, 22.7% (n = 1,379) had completed or were studying toward an undergraduate degree, and 9.1% (n = 551) had or were studying toward a postgraduate qualification. The sample provided a reasonably close match to expected proportions based on 2006 census figures with regard to ethnicity, although women were more likely to respond than men.
To measure deprivation, we used the New Zealand 2006 Deprivation Index, which is based on census information for each census area unit/neighborhood in New Zealand (Salmond, Crampton, & Atkinson, 2007). The Deprivation Index allocates a deprivation score to each decile meshblock based on a Principal Components Analysis of nine variables in the census data. These are (in weighted order): proportion of adults receiving a means-tested Government-supplied welfare benefit, household income, proportion not owning their own home, proportion single-parent families, proportion unemployed, proportion lacking qualifications, proportion household crowding, proportion with no telephone access, and proportion with no car access. The Deprivation Index thus reflects the average level of deprivation for neighborhoods (or small community areas) across the entire country. The Deprivation Index assigns a ranked decile score from 1 (most affluent) to 10 (most impoverished) to each geographical meshblock unit/neighborhood. The geographical size of these meshblock units differs depending on population density, but each unit tends to cover a region containing roughly 100 residents (M = 103, SD = 72, range = 3–1,431).
Belief about the reality of climate change was assessed using the item "Climate change is real." Belief about the human cause of climate change was assessed using the item "Climate change is caused by humans." Support for government regulation of carbon emissions policy was assessed using the item "The New Zealand government should be involved in regulating carbon emissions." These items were embedded in a larger battery of Likert-type questions, and were rated on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree).
The extent to which participants had made personal sacrifices to help protect the natural environment was assessed using the item "Have you made sacrifices in your standard of living (e.g., accept higher prices, drive less, and conserve energy) in order to protect the natural environment?" The extent to which participants had made changes to their daily routine to help protect the natural environment was assessed using the item "Have you made changes to your daily routine in order to protect the environment?" These items were modeled on the sacrifice intentions item developed by Liu and Sibley (2012a) and were measured on a scale from 1 (definitely no) through the midpoint of 4 (maybe) to 7 (definitely yes). As argued by Liu and Sibley (2012a, b), we opted to frame these questions in terms of protecting the natural environment, rather than in terms of reducing one's carbon footprints or directly referring to carbon emission, because it seemed to us more readily interpretable across a range of different cultures and contexts.
Beliefs about Climate Change
Broad descriptive analysis of the distribution of item responses indicated that 13.6% of people indicated that they did not think climate change was real (a rating of 1–3), 14.2% rated the neutral midpoint, and 72.2% rated above neutral on the scale, indicating a tendency to agree that climate change was real (ratings of 5–7). Only 33.4% strongly agreed (a rating of 7) that climate change was real. In comparison to these levels of belief regarding the reality of climate change, New Zealanders were less likely to believe that climate change is caused by humans; 21.3% indicated that they did not think climate change was caused by humans (ratings of 1–3), 19.2% rated the neutral midpoint, and 59.5% rated above neutral on the scale (ratings of 5–7), indicating a tendency to agree that climate change was caused by humans. Roughly one in five people (22.0%) strongly agreed (a rating of 7) that climate change is caused by humans.
Bivariate correlations and descriptive statistics for all measures are presented in Table 1. As shown, beliefs about the reality and human cause of climate change were moderately to strongly positively correlated (r = .54). This correlation indicates that people who tended to believe that climate change was happening were also more likely to believe that it was caused by humans and vice-versa. However, these measures did not have a one-to-one relationship and shared only 29% of their variance.
1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | 8. | 9. | 10. | |
| ||||||||||
1. Gender (−.50 women, .50 men) | ||||||||||
2. Age | .09 | |||||||||
3. Economic deprivation | −.00 | −.05 | ||||||||
4. Religious (−.50 no, .50 yes) | −.05 | .19 | .04 | |||||||
5. Education (cent. ordinal rank) | −.09 | −.14 | −.19 | −.02 | ||||||
6. Climate change reality | −.09 | −.08 | .10 | −.03 | .09 | |||||
7. Climate change human cause | −.06 | −.10 | .07 | −.03 | .05 | .54 | ||||
8. Sacrifices to standard of living | −.11 | .02 | .05 | .03 | .09 | .26 | .19 | |||
9. Sacrifices to daily routine | −.12 | .04 | .02 | .06 | .10 | .24 | .20 | .62 | ||
10. Support for carbon emissions policy | −.10 | −.04 | .06 | −.01 | .10 | .48 | .44 | .26 | .27 | |
The possibility exists that there may be some people who believe that: (a) climate change is happening but not that it is caused by humans, (b) climate change is happening and caused by humans, or (c) that climate change is not happening and hence not caused by humans. Of course, other patterns of belief are also possible, such as whether there might be a group with the (possibly incoherent) belief that climate change is caused by humans but not that it is happening. To examine the possible different combinations of belief pattern that people held, we constructed a Latent Class Model. Latent Class Analysis is a form of mixture modeling and provides a method for modeling possible categorical latent classes (or types) underlying the joint distribution of continuous variables (see Sibley & Liu, in press, for an overview). Latent Class Analysis allowed us to formally model different types of climate change belief, evaluate how well solutions with different numbers of classes fit the data, and determine how many people fit each class in our national probability sample of New Zealanders.
We examined a range of different solutions, with models ranging from 1 to 5 latent classes. Sample-size-adjusted Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) statistics for the different solutions were as follows. Single-class solution BIC = 50,164.26. Two-class solution BIC = 47,406.67. Three-class solution BIC = 45,780.19. Four-class solution BIC = 45,127.21 (preferred). Five-class solution BIC = 44,677.02. The BIC statistics indicate that the incremental increase in model fit seemed to plateau once four latent classes had been specified, suggesting that this solution provided a reasonably parsimonious model of the latent classes underlying the observed data. A Lo-Mendell-Rubin-Adjusted Likelihood Ratio Test (aLRT) indicated that the four-class model performed significantly better than a three-class model (LRT = 645.27, p < .01). The four-profile LCA solution is presented in Figure 1. We labeled the four profiles as follows:
- Climate Believers (52.9%).
- Undecided/Neutral (30.5%).
- Climate Skeptics (9.9%).
- Anthropogenic Climate Skeptics (6.7%).
As shown in Figure 1, the majority of people tended to hold comparable levels of belief in the reality and human (or anthropogenic) cause of climate change. Roughly 10% of New Zealanders fit an undifferentiated Climate Skeptic class. This class was characterized by a low level of belief in the reality and human cause of climate change. Approximately 30% of New Zealanders tended to express moderate or neutral (midpoint) beliefs about the reality and human cause of climate change. We call this class Undecided/Neutral. Around 50% of New Zealanders fit a Climate Believer class. People in this class expressed a high level of belief in both the reality and human cause of climate change. Finally, we identified a fourth class representing between 6% and 7% of New Zealanders. This class was characterized by the belief that climate change was real, but not that it was caused by humans. We called this class Anthropogenic Climate Skeptics.
Links between Beliefs and Public Responses to Climate Change
Our Latent Class Model indicated that there was a high degree of consistency in climate beliefs. That is, most people who believed climate change was real also believed it was caused by humans at roughly the same level of agreement or attitude strength. However, not all people fit this pattern, and our model thus implies that there may be an interaction between beliefs about climate reality and human cause. To explore this, we conducted a series of multiple regression models contrasting the unique concurrent effects of beliefs about the reality and human cause of climate change on self-reports of having made sacrifices to one's standard of living, one's daily routine, and more general levels of support for government regulation of carbon emissions.
As shown in Table 2, belief about the reality of climate change was moderately positively associated with having made sacrifices to one's standard of living (β = .24), daily routine (β = .21), and support for government regulation of carbon emissions (β = .35). Adjusting for the effect of belief about the reality of climate change, belief about its human cause was in all cases more weakly associated with these outcomes (βs = .07, .09, and .26, respectively). We imposed univariate Wald tests of parameter constraint to assess whether the size of the effect of beliefs in the reality and human cause in climate change differed significantly on each of the three outcomes in turn. Beliefs about the reality of climate change had a stronger unique effect on having made sacrifices to one's standard of living (χ2(1) = 45.12, p < .01), daily routine (χ2(1) = 19.63, p < .01), and support for government regulation of carbon emissions (χ2(1) = 19.30, p < .01), relative to the belief about whether or not climate change was actually caused by humans.
Sacrifices | Sacrifices | Support | |||||||
to standard | to daily | for carbon | |||||||
of living | routine | emissions policy | |||||||
b | SE(b) | β | b | SE(b) | β | B | SE(b) | β | |
| |||||||||
Step 1 model | |||||||||
Constant | 4.70 | 4.57 | 4.84 | ||||||
Climate change reality | .25 | .02 | .25** | .22 | .02 | .22** | .36 | .01 | .36** |
Climate change human cause | .06 | .01 | .06** | .09 | .02 | .09** | .25 | .01 | .25** |
Climate reality × human cause | .03 | .01 | .06** | .03 | .01 | .05** | .02 | .01 | .03** |
Step 2 model | |||||||||
Constant | 4.71 | 4.59 | 4.85 | ||||||
Climate change reality | .24 | .02 | .24** | .21 | .02 | .21** | .35 | .01 | .35** |
Climate change human cause | .07 | .01 | .07** | .09 | .02 | .09** | .25 | .01 | .26** |
Climate reality × human cause | .03 | .01 | .06** | .02 | .01 | .05** | .01 | .01 | .03** |
Gender (−.50 women, .50 men) | −.30 | .04 | −.09** | −.33 | .04 | −.09** | −.18 | .04 | −.05** |
Age (cent.) | .01 | .00 | .06** | .01 | .00 | .08** | .00 | .00 | .03* |
Economic deprivation (cent.) | .02 | .01 | .04** | .01 | .01 | .01 | .01 | .01 | .02** |
Religious (−.50 no, .50 yes) | .08 | .04 | .02 | .17 | .04 | .05** | .01 | .04 | .00 |
Education (cent. ordinal rank) | .09 | .02 | .07** | .11 | .02 | .08** | .07 | .02 | .06** |
In addition to the strong main effect of belief about the reality of climate change, belief about the reality of climate change and its human cause interacted to predict a small, but statistically significant, amount of unique variance in all three of our outcome variables. The unique variance explained by this interaction ranged from only 0.1% to 0.3%. Belief about the reality of climate change was slightly more predictive of having made sacrifices to one's standard of living (b = .29, SE = .02, t = 12.87, p < .01), daily routine (b = .26, SE = .02, t = 11.03, p < .01), and support for government regulation of carbon emissions, (b = .37, SE = .03, t = 18.64, p < .01) when belief about the human cause of climate change was high (+1 SD), relative to low (–1 SD; b = .19, SE = .02, t = 12.19, p < .01, b = .17, SE = .02, t = 10.56, p < .01 and b = .33, SE = .01, t = 23.47, p < .01, respectively).
Overview of the Results
This study investigated beliefs about the reality of climate change and its anthropogenic cause in a large national probability sample of New Zealanders. We were interested in examining the relationship between these two types of beliefs, as well as the relative independent influence of each belief type on respondents' retrospective behavioral self-reports and their level of support for government policies to curb carbon emissions. A Latent Class Analysis of patterns in these two beliefs identified four distinct types of climate believers and skeptics in the New Zealand population. Our use of Latent Class Analysis allowed us to identify the categories (classes) that were apparent in the data, rather than those that we might expect to be there a priori. Roughly 50% of New Zealanders believed that climate change was real and caused by humans, and 30% were undecided. In New Zealand, as of 2009, it seems the majority of people believed that climate change was happening and also that it was likely caused by humans, with another large proportion of the population unsure or undecided. The number of climate skeptics in the population was relatively small, and these skeptics came in two distinct types: the 7% who did not believe climate change was happening (and also not caused by humans), and the 10% who believed climate change may have been happening but not that it was caused by humans. We found no evidence of a class expressing the (potentially incoherent) combination of high beliefs that climate change was caused by humans, but that climate change was not happening.
The second goal of our study was to model the extent to which these two different beliefs (the reality of climate change and its anthropogenic cause) independently and interactively predicted concurrent support for relevant social policies and (self-reported) sacrifices people had made to help protect the environment. Our models indicated that beliefs about the reality of climate change were significantly more predictive of support for carbon emissions policy and self-reported proenvironmental behavior than were beliefs about human cause. These results are promising for two reasons. First, they indicate that climate skeptics are a minority in the New Zealand population. Second, our findings indicate that beliefs about the reality of climate change trump beliefs about human cause in predicting policy attitudes and behavior. Our results suggest that changing overall beliefs about the reality of climate change may represent a more important barrier in predicting changes to daily behavior and support for social policy, than specific beliefs about whether or not it is caused by humans.
Of course, this broad implication of our model needs to be interpreted with the caveat that beliefs about the reality and anthropogenic cause of climate change interacted to predict unique variance in all three of our outcome measures. Our model indicated that these interactions occurred because people who both believed that climate change was real and caused by humans were more likely to strongly support policies regulating carbon emissions and had made sacrifices to their standard of living and daily routine to help protect the environment. To be most effective in promoting change, beliefs about both reality and human cause should be targeted. This may not always be possible, however. We live in a world with limited resources for psychological research targeting multiple patterns of beliefs about different aspects of climate change. Our model indicates that changes in beliefs about the reality of climate change will be of more utility than changes in beliefs about its human cause.
This finding seems to be particularly important given that much has been made in the recent literature of the finding that cause (rather than reality) skepticism appears to be more prevalent among people in Western nations (Leiserowitz, Maibach, & Roser-Renouf, 2010; Leviston et al., 2011; Poortinga et al., 2011; Whitmarsh, 2011). On the basis of our findings generated in New Zealand, however, it may be the case that, to some extent, if people believe that the climate is changing then this is "enough" for them to think about changing their behavior and/or supporting government policies, regardless of whether they are necessarily convinced that human activity is driving the process. If this is indeed true, then our results present a somewhat rare piece of potential "good news" regarding public reactions to climate change. If the existence of climate change is indeed the key belief in terms of public responses to the issue, then the proportion of "skeptics" that scientists and policymakers need to be concerned about is probably much smaller than would be the case if human causation were the key predictive factor relating to behavior change and political policy support.
Caveats and Directions for Future Research
Our models identify two specific and distinct types of climate skeptics. This raises an interesting question about what the psychological differences between these two types of people might be. What predicts some people believing in climate change, but not in human cause, while other skeptics flat out believe that climate change is not happening? Future research could expand on our Latent Class Model to explore the factors that differentiate these two forms of skepticism. One hypothesis might be that flat out denial of the existence of climate change could be associated with an extremely rigid and antagonistic psychological relationship with climate change as a concept. This is consistent with other related research, which indicates that those low in Openness (and who tend to be more cognitively rigid) place less emphasis on protecting the environment (Milfont & Sibley, 2012). Similarly, Bain et al. (2012) suggested that Climate Skeptics may be highly resistant to change because such skepticism may be held at least partially on ideological grounds (see also Hoffman, 2011).
By contrast, it may be that the expression of skepticism regarding the certainty that climate change is caused by human activity may simply reflect a desire to be seen as careful and discerning in one's consideration of evidence. After all, just because someone might believe that "the jury is still out" on the link between climate change and human activity does not necessarily preclude them from believing that one should adopt "the precautionary principle" in any event and pursue emissions reduction just in case. It would also be helpful to explore whether our findings can be replicated in other developed nations, such as those in North America and Western Europe. Cross-cultural research should aim to identify factors that might predict variation in the proportion of the population who fit different climate change belief profiles. New Zealanders pride themselves on their "clean and green image," and this image is a core part of national identity (Sibley, Hoverd, & Liu, 2011). This might contribute to a high proportion of the population fitting the Climate Believers profile relative to other nations where a "clean and green image" is less central to national identity.
A key strength of our study is that it analyzed data from a large-scale national probability sample, and can thus be considered reasonably representative of beliefs held in the New Zealand population in 2009. However, given space constraints in the questionnaire, we relied on single-item measures of all constructs. We were thus not able to estimate climate change beliefs, self-reported behavior, or policy attitudes as latent factors, and consequently were unable to estimate and statistically adjust for measurement error in our indicators. Future research could extend our model using multi-items scales to address this. In practical terms, this means we may have underestimated the magnitude of the association of both beliefs about the reality and human cause of climate change beliefs with self-reported behavior and policy attitudes. Given that the level of measurement error in the constructs is likely to be similar, this would be unlikely to change the pattern of our results; that is, adjusting for comparable levels of measurement error, belief in climate change should still retain a stronger effect on our outcome measures relative to belief in the human cause of climate change.
Our results were also based on cross-sectional data. Thus, while our results are consistent with a causal model in which climate change beliefs predict self-reported behavioral actions and policy attitudes, they do not prove causality. Our regression models held when statistically controlling for a number of demographic covariates, such as level of deprivation, gender, age, religious affiliation, and level of education. This rules out these variables as possible confounding factors. Our model is also highly consistent in broad respects with previous social psychological models of attitude change, such as the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991). Consistent with the theory of planned behavior, our model asserts that attitudes are more likely to predict policy support and self-reported change in behavior (and in that theory, also behavioral intentions), rather than the reverse (see also Liu & Sibley, 2012b, for discussion of this issue in other contexts). Recent longitudinal research also supports this causal sequence. Milfont (2012) showed, for instance, that knowledge about climate change predicted concerns about issues relating to climate change longitudinally. This, in turn, predicted an increased sense of efficacy in being able to perform behaviors that could help in mitigating climate change and protect the environment. We look forward to future research assessing rates of change in different aspects of climate change belief, and the effects of such change on distal behavioral outcomes. Such work is desperately needed.
The Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC in 2007 provided a clear consensus among experts on the weight of evidence supporting climate change. As Liu and Sibley (2012a, p. 191) commented when discussing this issue, "Rarely in the history of environmental science has the scientific community spoken with the degree of unanimity as to the fact that human activity in the form of greenhouse gas emissions is causing climate change." And yet, this consensus is not mirrored in public opinion about climate change, where there seems to remain a vocal minority of climate skeptics. Understanding what promotes and maintains such skepticism, possible differences in the types of skeptics, and the effects of different forms of skepticism on willingness to change personal behaviors and support social policies and government regulations helping to mitigate climate change is a key area in which psychology can help (see Swim et al., 2011).
This study aimed to contribute to this research effort by modeling different types of belief and skepticism in climate change. We focused on two distinct aspects of climate belief: belief that climate change is real, and belief that climate change is caused by humans. Roughly 50% of New Zealanders believed that climate change was real and caused by humans, and 30% were undecided. We identified two types of climate skeptics, those who did not believe in climate change (7%), and those who believed climate change was real but not caused by humans (10% of the population). Moreover, our results indicated that when it came to predicting possible change in personal behavior and sacrifices to one's standard of living to help protect the environment, beliefs about the reality of climate change trumped beliefs about human cause; with a weak synergistic interaction showing that holding both beliefs predicted the highest levels of sacrifice. The same pattern held when predicting support for social policy changes aimed at reducing carbon emissions. These findings are promising because they suggest a direct and explicit avenue for future psychological research aiming to inform people about climate change and promote conservation behavior. Our model indicates that informing and persuading people about the reality of climate change will predict greater incremental outcomes in behavior and policy attitudes than will focusing on persuading people that humans are responsible for climate change. This is one avenue into which we should invest our resources when informing the public about climate change in order to maximally affect behavior and social policy.
- 2011). Climate change, powerlessness and the commons dilemma: Assessing New Zealanders' preparedness to act. Global Environmental Change, 21, 752–760. , , & (
- 1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211. (
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- DEFRA, 2002. Survey of public attitudes to quality of life and to the environment – 2001. London: DEFRA.
- 2007). Support for climate change policy: Social psychological and social structural influences. Rural Sociology, 72, 185–214. , , & (
- 2007). Tipping point or turning point? Ipsos-Mori Social Research Institute. Retrieved January 15, 2013 from http://www.lowcvp.org.uk/assets/reports/IPSOS_MORI_turning-point-or-tipping-point.pdf. , & (
- 2009). The politics of climate change. Cambridge: Polity Press. (
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- 2006). Climate change skeptics. ISEMA: Perspectives on Innovation, Science and Environment, 1, 1–17. (
- IPCC (2007). The physical science basis. Summary for policymakers. In Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva: IPCC.
- 2010).Contesting the 'national interest' and maintaining 'our lifestyle': A discursive analysis of political rhetoric around climate change. British Journal of Social Psychology, 49, 601–625. , , & (
- 2006). Climate change risk perception and policy preferences: The role of affect, imagery and values. Climatic Change, 77, 45–72. (
- 2010) Climate change in the American mind: Americans' global warming beliefs and attitudes in January 2010. Yale University and George Mason University. New Haven, CT: Yale Project on Climate Change. Retrieved January 15, 2013 from http://environment.yale.edu/uploads/AmericansGlobalWarmingBeliefs2010.pdf. , , & (
- 2011). Australian's views of climate change. Canberra: CSIRO Report. Retrieved January 15, 2013 from http://www.garnautreview.org.au/update-2011/commissioned-work/australians-view-of-climate-change.pdf. , , , , & (
- 2012a). Hope for the future? Understanding self-sacrifice in the face of global warming among young citizens of the world. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 12, 190–203. , & (
- 2012b). Hope for the future in mitigating climate change? On statistically modelling self-sacrifice in the face of global warming. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 12, 239–244. , & (
- 1999). Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: Inferences, uncertainties, and limitations. Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 759–762. , , & (
- 2012). The interplay between knowledge, perceived efficacy, and concern about global warming and climate change: A one-year longitudinal study. Risk Analysis, 32, 1003–1020. (
- 2012). The big five personality traits and environmental engagement: Associations at the individual and societal level. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 32, 187–195. , & (
- 1999). Risk perceptions, general environmental beliefs, and willingness to address climate change. Risk Analysis, 19, 461–471.Direct Link: , , & (
- 2010). The climate files: The battle for the truth about global warming. London: Guardian Books. (
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- 2008). Public perception of climate change: Voluntary mitigation and barriers to behavior change. Behavioral and Public Communication Issues, 35, 479–487. , , , , , & (
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- Relocating attitudes as components of representational profiles: Mapping the epidemiology of intergroup policy attitudes using Latent Class Analysis. European Journal of Social Psychology. , & (in press).
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- 2010). Survey shows climate change ranks lowest among issues and concerns about its costs have risen. Media release for the Greenhouse Policy Coalition. Available online http://gpcnz.co.nz/Site/News_Releases/GPC_survey_2010.aspx (
- 2011). Skepticism and uncertainty about climate change: Dimensions, determinants and change over time. Global Environmental Change, 21, 690–700. (


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Grey's Anatomy
Thursdays 8:00 PM on ABCFollow Grey's Anatomy
Oh! Oh, sorry. I'm sorry. Take care now.
Cristina: Oh!
Owen: Oh, sorry. I'm sorry. Take care now.
Around the Web
- Characters:
- Cristina Yang, Owen Hunt
- Episode:
- Grey's Anatomy Season 5 Episode 21: "No Good at Saying Sorry (One More Chance)"
- Show:
- Grey's Anatomy
- Related Quotes:
- Cristina Yang Quotes, Owen Hunt Quotes, Grey's Anatomy Season 5 Episode 21 Quotes, Grey's Anatomy Quotes
- Added by:
- Steve Marsi
- Added:
Grey's Anatomy Season 5 Episode 21 Quotes
Alex: Chicken.
George: Good chicken.
Meredith, Cristina: It's chicken.
Izzie: I know it's chicken! I wanna know what it tastes like.
Alex: Tastes like chicken.
Izzie: I'm having surgery today.
Bailey: Maybe, if the meds are strong.
Izzie: I am maybe having surgery today, and as such I cannot taste the chicken for myself. So I really need you guys to tell me what it tastes like. I need to nail down this dinner, so I can announce it on Meredith and Derek's wedding website.
Meredith: There's a website?
Izzie: So, can you please be a little more articulate than just chicken?
- Permalink: Chicken. Good chicken. It's chicken. I know it's chicken! ...
- Added:
[narrating] Remember when we were little, and we would accidentally bite a kid on the playground? Our teachers would go "Say you're sorry." And we would say it, but we wouldn't mean it. Because the stupid kid we bit, totally deserved it. But, as we get older, making amends isn't so simple. After the playground days are over, you can't just say it. You have to mean it. Of course, when you become a doctor, sorry is not a happy word. It either means you're dieing and I can't help. Or, it means this is really gonna hurt.
- Permalink: Remember when we were little, and we would accidentally bite a k...
- Added:


text:
Watch a video Watch a video review from one of our experts Nikon's D80 kitincludes a versatile zoom lens Back Top Photos (3) Video View larger Nikon D80 Kit 10.2-megapixel digital SLR camera with 18-135mm Zoom-Nikkor lens Item #: 054D80K135 5 Reviews This item is no longer available. Original Price: $849.99 Shop all Digital SLR Cameras Need help? 1.888.955.6000 Email Chat Ask an expert advisor No pressure, no commission — just lots of good advice from our highly trained staff.
by Dave Bar Sophisticated picture settings, ultra-fast processing speed, and amazing image quality Nikon's impressive D80 has it all. This cam was designed for the serious photo enthusiast who needs quick, responsive handling and complete photographic control. But Nikon also made sure that the D80 was easy to use, even for digital SLR novices. Beginners and experts alike will appreciate its ability to take stunningly detailed 10.2-megapixel images. Helpful picture modes and a bright, clear display Inside the D80 you'll find lots of picture-taking conveniences to help you get that perfect shot. A wide selection of preset shooting modes lets you capture beautiful, accurately exposed photos in tricky lighting conditions. Plus, built-in editing functions let you retouch and fine-tune your images. If an otherwise perfect shot turns out too dark, Nikon's exclusive in-camera processing lets you brighten it up with the push of a button. Tired of red-eye? The D80 can fix it before you even see it. The D80's high-resolution 2-1/2" LCD screen makes reviewing your images a breeze, and Nikon's intuitive menu system makes it easy to adjust camera settings in a hurry. Shoot continuously at 3 frames per second The D80's advanced image processor ensures near-instant camera startup and shutter response. You can snap images continuously at three frames per second, for up to 23 shots in a row. All that speed is great for shooting action sequences, like capturing the graceful arc of your daughter's perfect high dive or a child blowing out the candles on his birthday cake. Flexible recording options Capture your photos to optional SD memory cards (no memory included). The D80 lets you save your images as JPEG files for convenient storage, or as uncompressed RAW files great for serious image editing on your PC. You can also use the RAW+JPEG mode to simultaneously record a high-resolution RAW image for editing, plus a smaller JPEG image for direct photo printing or e-mailing. Advanced SLR performance and versatility The D80 makes it easy to capture images exactly as you envision them. Nikon's impressive light metering system uses an on-board database of over 30,000 scenes from actual photos to compare and evaluate your shots for accurate exposure. The camera's 10.2-megapixel image sensor delivers vivid, high-resolution images with more than enough detail for cropping out portions of a shot, blowing them up, and printing them at large sizes. One of the main advantages of an SLR design is the ability to change lenses for different applications. The high-quality 18-135mm zoom lens supplied with this camera is great for all-around shooting. It offers a broad focal range that gives you versatile wide-angle and telephoto options. When you want to specialize, the D80's versatile lens mount provides compatibility with Nikon's large family of renowned DX and AF Nikkor lenses. Choose from an impressive array of wide-angle, telephoto, and specialty lenses to explore a broad range of photographic possibilities. Product Highlights:10.2-megapixel effective recordingAPS-C-size CCD image sensor (23.6 x 15.8 mm)AF-S DX 18-135mm Zoom-Nikkor f/3.5-5.6G ED-IF lens (35mm equivalent focal length: 28-200mm)7.5X optical zoom (approximate)2-1/2" LCD screen with brightness adjustment and 170-degree viewing angle3D Color Matrix Metering II evaluates your shots for accurate exposuretop-mounted LCD panel with green backlighting displays camera and exposure settingscompatible with Nikon AF, AF-S, and DX Nikkor lensesbuilt-in i-TTL pop-up flashhot shoe for Nikon Speedlite flash accessoriesbright, high-quality pentaprism viewfinder with diopter adjustmentfocus screen with on-demand gridlines and focusing brackets11-area autofocusin-camera editing functions including D-Lighting and red-eye reductionJPEG, RAW, and RAW+JPEG shooting modes (with all JPEG size and compression options available in RAW+JPEG mode)JPEG options: 3872 x 2592; 2896 x 1944; 1936 x 1296shutter speed range: 1/4000 to 30 seconds, Bulb (shutter stays open indefinitely)flash sync at 1/200 secondcontinuous shooting mode: 3 frames per second up to 23 frames in JPEG (Fine/Large) or 6 frames in RAW (NEF)sensitivity or ISO (film speed equivalent): 100-1600three extended high-ISO settings up to 3200variable high-ISO noise reduction settings (Normal, Low, High, Off)manual, shutter priority, and aperture priority exposure modesmultiple exposure mode for recording up to 3 images as a single framedepth of field previewselectable sRGB and Adobe RGB color spacewhite balance controlbuilt-in slideshow function with transitions and music (can be displayed on built-in LCD or a TV via supplied audio/video cable)audio/video output (NTSC/PAL video compatible)Exif Print 2.21 and PictBridge printing capabilityaccepts standard Secure Digital® memory cards and SD High Capacity (SDHC) cards 4GB and greater (no memory card included; must be purchased separately)high-speed USB interfacecompatible with Nikon's optional infrared wireless remote5-1/4"W x 4-1/8"H x 3"Dweight (body only): 21 oz.warranty: 1 yearOur 60-day money-back guaranteeSupplied Accessories:rechargeable EN-EL3e lithium ion batteryAC battery chargerprotective plastic LCD cover (to prevent scratching)audio/video and USB cablesneck strapbody capeyepiece caprubber eyecupaccessory shoe coversoftware CD-ROM (PC and Mac) Develop your photography hobby You don't have to be an expert photographer to use an SLR they all offer easy automatic shooting. Because of their build quality and the physics of good glass and large sensors, even their built-in automatic settings will get you better pictures than most point-and-shoots or mobile devices. But experienced photographers and budding hobbyists can get more creative by manually adjusting settings like aperture and shutter speed. SLRs let you expand your shooting options with additional lenses and flashes to suit just about any situation. If you'd like to record the occasional video, look for a model with high-def movie mode.
Nikon D80 Kit Written By Peter, Orlando, Fl on Monday, October 06, 2008 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) Only three stars as I just received the camera and I'm a SLR rookie. The camera is much easier to use than I expected. I am having some focusing problems that may be operator error. The battery pack holds a charge for a long time, much longer than my Canon point and shoot (which I do like very much). Five stars goes to Crutchfield for their customer service. You can always find "cheaper" but if you have a problem you soon find out that "cheaper" is the same as WORTHLESS. I had an issue that was taken care of immediately, with a smile no less. So far, I would recommend this camera.
better than i ever imagined... Written By richard, wenatchee, wa on Monday, February 25, 2008 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) this is by far the best camera i've ever owned, hands down. very fast, just enough features, but not too many! spend a little time with the manual, and this camera will be your friend. once i learned the button layout/menu layout, i found it to be quite user friendly and quite easy to use in real life settings. only issue so far: when shooting in macro with flash off in low light, camera doesn't autofocus correctly. but manually focusing fixes that right up.
Nikon D80 Kit Written By NREMT-B24, Columbus, NJ on Wednesday, March 28, 2007 This is one of the best cameras that i have ever owned. I have owned a couple of nikon 35mm SLR cameras and this one holds up to the nikon tradition of producing an awesome camera. Great for anyone and takes awesome pictures too!!
Nikon D80 Kit Written By Bill, Tampa Bay,FL on Friday, March 02, 2007 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) Fine DSLR. I love all of the options it provides. In some ways it has a lot of the D200 features with the exception of the waterproof body.Bought the 18-135 kit lens with this D80. While the optics seem ok the lens itself does not have the same quality feel of Nikkor lens in the past. Maybe that's just me. We'll see how it works out.I've read in other reviews on the web that this model is more for a newbie. I'm no newbie to photography but I'll say this camera has a lot of pro features and will take some using if you plan to shoot in anything other than "auto". Nikon has done it's usual fine job and raised the bar vs.other manufactures of DSLR's in this price point.Cannot say enought about the fine service I received from Crutchfield on this order. Quality service from a quality organization.
Great Camera! Written By David, Maryland on Sunday, December 31, 2006 This is one great camera. Just got it a week ago. I had a D50 which is a nice camera, but the D80 has more feature I liked. Two +'s the D80 has I really like was you can take pictures in Black and White and the camera has in-camera editing which is nice. Also the D80 can take multi-exposure pictures like the old SLR cameras could. So if you want a DSLR camera with lots of feature then this is the one to get.
Get everything you'll need to enjoy your new Nikon D80 Kit Choose Category Camera Lenses Rechargeable Batteries Flashes Miscellaneous Accessories Camera Grips, Docks & Remotes Camera Lenses Rechargeable Batteries Flashes Miscellaneous Accessories Camera Grips, Docks & Remotes Choose the lens or lenses to enhance your camera. Don't miss that great shot because your camera's battery died. Get better results when shooting in low light. A range of helpful extras for your camera. Make shooting your pictures more convenient. Camera Lenses Rechargeable Batteries Flashes Miscellaneous Accessories Camera Grips, Docks & Remotes Nikon AF-S DX Nikkor 18-200mm f/3.5-5.6G ED VR II Zoom lens with vibration reduction for compatible Nikon digital SLRs Item #: 054AF18200 (9) $499.95 After $100.00 Instant Rebate Add to Cart Nikon AF-S VR Zoom-Nikkor 70-300mm f/4.5-5.6G IF-ED Zoom lens with vibration reduction for compatible Nikon SLR cameras Item #: 05470300VR (9) $589.99 Add to Cart Nikon AF-S Nikkor 24-70mm f/2.8G ED Zoom lens for compatible Nikon digital SLRs Item #: 0542070MM (14) $1,689.95 After $200.00 Instant Rebate Add to Cart Nikon AF-S DX Nikkor 55-300mm f/4.5-5.6G ED VR Zoom lens with Vibration Reduction for compatible Nikon SLR cameras Item #: 05455300G (14) $399.99 Add to Cart Nikon AF-S DX Nikkor 35mm f/1.8G Standard lens for compatible Nikon digital SLR cameras Item #: 05435MM (50) $179.95 After $20.00 Instant Rebate Add to Cart Nikon AF-S Micro Nikkor 105mm f/2.8G ED VR Macro lens with vibration reduction for compatible Nikon digital SLR cameras Item #: 054105MMVR (2) $799.95 After $185.00 Instant Rebate Add to Cart Nikon AF-S Micro Nikkor 60mm f/2.8G ED Macro lens for compatible Nikon digital SLR cameras Item #: 05460MM (4) $599.95 Add to Cart Nikon AF-S Nikkor 28-300mm f/3.5-5.6G ED VR Zoom lens with Vibration Reduction for compatible Nikon SLR cameras Item #: 05428300G (4) $1,049.95 Add to Cart Nikon AF-S DX Micro-Nikkor 40mm f/2.8G Close-up and general photography lens for Nikon DX DSLRs Item #: 05440MMG (5) $249.95 After $30.00 Instant Rebate Add to Cart Nikon AF-S Nikkor 70-200mm f/2.8G ED VR II Telephoto zoom lens for compatible Nikon SLR cameras Item #: 05470200II (10) $2,099.95 After $300.00 Instant Rebate Add to Cart Nikon EN-EL3e Rechargeable battery for select Nikon digital SLR cameras Item #: 054ENEL3E (5) $49.99 Add to Cart Nikon SB-700 AF Speedlight Flash for select Nikon cameras Item #: 054SB700 (16) $329.99 Add to Cart SideKick by LensPen® Touchscreen cleaning kit Item #: 780SDKICK (3) $14.99 After $5.00 Price Break Add to Cart Nikon ML-L3 Wireless remote control for compatible Nikon cameras Item #: 054MLL3 (23) $17.49 Add to Cart


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3 bedroom property to rent near Orchard Road, Chippenham SN14
£795 pcm (£183 pw) Just added
3 bed terraced house to rent
Culverwell Road, Chippenham SN14***looks can be deceptive ! Come and view this large family home with garage *** Spacious 3 Bedroom Family home with Conservatory and Garage just off Derriards in Chippenham. More details
- Chippenham (1.2 miles)
- Melksham (5.4 miles)
Note: Distances are straight line measurementsMarketed by The Total Letting Service, SN15. Call 01249 584023
£800 pcm (£185 pw)3 bed property to rent
Littlecote Road, Chippenham SN14A beautifully presented three bedroom detached house, in excellent condition with garage and driveway parking for at least 2 cars. Excellent access to Town Centre and major transport links. More details
- Chippenham (1.3 miles)
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Latest Orchard Road, Chippenham SN14 3 bedroom property to rent
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The Best Facial Oils view
Ask the Experts: How to Match Your Makeup view
How to Get The Perfect Eye For New Year's Eve view
Celebrity chef Lauren Von Der Pool shares three top diet changes you should make for a leaner, sexier you.
Lauren Von Der Pool, celebrity chef and author of Eat Yourself Sexy, says the...
Lauren Von Der Pool, celebrity chef and author of Eat Yourself Sexy, says the salt you put in your body can make a world of difference in improving your health. "If you begin to eat Pink Hawaiian Sea Salt you are providing your body with 84 different minerals that your body significantly needs," says Von Der Pool. "Pink sea salt also manages your pH balance, creates an alkaline state in your body, and cuts down on a lot of water retention."


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Genre/Form: | Digital video Streaming multimedia Video recordings for the hearing impaired Interviews |
Named Person: | Charlton Heston; Harrison Ford |
Material Type: | Internet resource, Videorecording |
Document Type: | Internet Resource, Computer File, Visual material |
All Authors / Contributors: |
John Lithgow; Peter Coyote; New York Center for Visual History.; KCET (Television station : Los Angeles, Calif.); British Broadcasting Corporation. Television Service.; Annenberg/CPB. |
OCLC Number: | 159981674 |
Language Note: | Closed captioned. |
Notes: | Using clips from more than 300 of the greatest movies ever made, this series explores film history and American culture through the eyes of over 150 Hollywood insiders. Presents film as a powerful economic force, potent twentieth-century art form, and viable career option. |
Performer(s): | Hosted by John Lithgow. Narrated by Peter Coyote. |
Target Audience: | High school/college.; 9-12+. |
Details: | Mode of access: Windows Media Player, World Wide Web. |
Series Title: | American cinema, 2. |
Responsibility: | produced by the New York Center for Visual History in association with KCET/Los Angeles and the BBC. |
Using Paramount Pictures as a case study, the program looks at the "factory system" perfected by major film studios in 1930s Hollywood. Explores the tensions in the industry between the artistic goals of the talent and the manufacturing goals of studio executives. Discusses how the industry was impacted by the separation of motion picture studios and motion picture theatres, television, the emergence of independent film makers, non-exclusive contracts, and conglomerate ownership. Includes commentary by motion picture producers, directors and actors, including Charlton Heston and Harrison Ford.
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- Heston, Charlton -- Interviews.
- Ford, Harrison, -- 1942- -- Interviews.
- Paramount Pictures Corporation (1914-1927) -- History.
- Motion pictures -- History.
- Motion picture studios.
- Motion pictures -- Production and direction.
- Motion picture producers and directors.
- Motion picture industry.
- Motion picture actors and actresses -- Interviews.
- Motion picture acting.
- Motion pictures, German.
- Strikes and lockouts -- Motion picture industry.
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Celebrities and Their Babies Over the Weekend 2008-08-04 16:00:00
Monday Celebaby Roundup
by babysugar
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Monday Celebaby Roundup
While the lil ones got their beauty rest, many celebrity parents were out on the town this weekend. The Garner–Afflecks and the Damons made a special trip to Miami to support their man Barack Obama, while the Beckhams walked the carpet for the Teen Choice Awards. Check out my Celebaby Roundup by clicking Start Slideshow.
Pacific Coast News Online
Read More Celebrity Baby RoundupSoliel Moon FryeLevi McConaugheyLiam FlockhartLuciana DamonGarcelle Beauvais-NilonCamila AlvesSheryl CrowPete WentzMinnie DriverChris RobinsonMarc AnthonyJennifer LopezCalista FlockhartRyder RobinsonKate HudsonMatt DamonVictoria BeckhamCelebrity PregnanciesJennifer GarnerBen AffleckDavid BeckhamAshlee SimpsonCelebrity BabiesMatthew McConaughey
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- Mike Fisher and Carrie Underwood welcome son Isaiah Michael — People Moms & Babies
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Pronunciación: /ˈspɛktək(ə)l/
Definición de spectacle en inglés:
1A visually striking performance or display: the acrobatic feats make a good spectacle [ mass noun] : the show is pure spectacle
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- Heather Taylor and Amy Chu produced and performed in the spectacle.
- A handful of other artists staged theatrical public spectacles, performances grounded in the sociologies of place and personality.
- Everywhere amazing spectacles were being performed, as crowds gathered and applauded the snake charmers, coal-walkers, and fire-eaters.
1.1An event or scene regarded in terms of its visual impact: the spectacle of a city's mass grief
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- But the unseemly scenes provided an entertaining spectacle for those drinking in the evening sun outside the pub.
- The two of them whooped and hollered some more; their wives sighed at the spectacle and regarded each other with love.
- It would be an odd spectacle, for two friends of opposite sex parading through the town on horses with no saddle.
Middle English: via Old French from Latin spectaculum 'public show', from spectare, frequentative of specere 'to look'.
- 1
make a spectacle of oneself
- Draw attention to oneself by behaving in a ridiculous way in public: she was making a spectacle of herself with her childish outburstMás ejemplos en oraciones
- It could be us falling over and making a spectacle of ourselves in public.
- I was shy and preferred to not make a spectacle of myself in public places.
- I would like to try novel-writing, but I don't think I've got the confidence not to make a spectacle of myself.
exhibition, laughing stock, fool, curiosity
Definición de spectacle en:
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Share this post. We double dog dare you!
Gearing up for the 22nd annual Colorado Tattoo Competition March 16th. Giving-away lots of free tattoo's for the next 3 Fridays from locals Tattoo-X, Uncle Bud's Pikes Peak Tattoo, Pens & Needles Custom Tattoo, Timeless Body Art, Bone Deep Tattoo and Tat's By Cassidy.
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596 Alleghenyville, PA Tile, Stone & Countertop Manufacturers and Showrooms
Tile, stone and countertop projects might not sound especially complicated, but they can be surprisingly hard to get right. Seeking expert assistance can help homeowners save time, money and frustration. Contractors who specialize in this field are trained to install and repair tile and stone surfaces in your Pennsylvania home, from flooring to backsplashes, as well as countertop materials such as solid surface, granite and marble. More
Inglenook Tile Design
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We created Inglenook Thin Brick Tile out of a passion for the timeless elegance and warmth that brick can bring to a home. Each brick tile is unique and handcrafted to look like... Read More
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Lesher Natural Stone, Quartz, & Tile has central PA's most experienced natural stone, quartz and tile craftsmen. Our 5,000 square foot showroom offers endless kitchen and bath... Read More
Stone Masters Inc
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Stone Masters Design Center is all about kitchen and bath remodeling. We design, and manufacture the critical elements of your remodeling project and pull it all together for a... Read More
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At ASCO Granite our passion is Stone. We import our own slabs from all over the world. In addition to our own stock, we can locate and special order almost everything you wish... Read More
Stone Park USA Inc
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Stone Park USA Inc. is importer and distributor of natural stone slabs of Granite, Marble, Quartzite, Soapstone, Slate and Engineered Quartz. Company warehouse is located near... Read More
Virtual Warehouse
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Virtual Warehouse is the modern way for homeowners and builders to shop for exotic stonework counter tops – online!
Pick your stone type, pick your piece, give us the... Read More
Distinctive Tile & Stone Design
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We are a showroom specializing in porcelain tile, spectacular handcrafted tile, glass, metal, and specialty murals and accents. We also do custom countertops! Read More
Frank's Marble & Granite, LLC
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garden state tile
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Direct importer of high quality tile and stone. Our extensive collection of tile and stone includes the newest and hottest trends in styles and materials. We provide free personal... Read More
H. Winter Tile
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H.Winter and Company, Inc. is a tile importer and distributor to designers, architects, builders and dealers. We have been serving the Lehigh Valley for over 35 years, supplying... Read More
Bucks County Soapstone
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Shastry V Mallady
To check 'sub-standard courses,' irregularities
MADURAI: The country will soon have a Distance Education Act to monitor and regularise functioning of distance education courses offered by various universities and lay strict guidelines for them.
In an attempt to check 'sub-standard courses' offered by a few universities and irregularities, the Distance Education Council (DEC), New Delhi, prepared a draft copy of the bill with support from the Ministry of Human Resources Development and circulated it among DEC members.
Speaking to The Hindu here on Saturday, the Vice-Chancellor of Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) and DEC Chairman, H. P. Dikshit, said the bill was likely to be taken up for discussion in the next session of Parliament.
To be given shape soon
"The Centre is keen to give a shape to the bill, strengthen distance education and make it free of lapses and malpractices."
The copy has also been sent to the Planning Commission, University Grants Commission, National Council for Technical Education and various other bodies to get more suggestions for its effectiveness.
Prof. Dikshit, who was here to address the IGNOU centre coordinators, said the bill was in the final stages and would be given shape soon "and everything is based on a Supreme Court judgement that is aimed at giving quality education through distance education mode."
The DEC, in a major decision taken at its meeting on January 19, has directed universities to be cautious while appointing franchisees/authorised centres outside their State Prof. Dikshit said, hereafter, one private centre will have to offer courses of one university only; "people cannot offer courses of so many universities from a single room."
The DEC has also written to universities to get their distance education courses evaluated, assessed and recognised by the Council.


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News and Features Related to Digestive Disorders
C. diff May Be Worse With Low Vitamin D
May 5, 2010 -- Patients with low vitamin D levels who catch the nasty superbug Clostridium difficile, or C. diff, are more likely to have persistent diarrhea than those with normal levels, preliminary research suggests. C. diff infections resolved in 15 of 28 (53%) hospitalized patients with normal
Read Full Article -
Olive Oil May Protect Against Ulcerative Colitis
May 5, 2010 -- Two or three tablespoons a day of olive oil may help protect against ulcerative colitis, preliminary research suggests. In a new study, people with the highest consumption of oleic acid -- a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid found in olive oil, peanut oil, and grapeseed oil, as well
Read Full Article -
IBD May Raise Risk of Pancreatic Cancer
May 5, 2010 -- People with inflammatory bowel disease -- especially men and those with ulcerative colitis -- may be at increased risk for developing pancreatic cancer, preliminary research suggests. Up to 1 million Americans have inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); the main types are ulcerative coliti
Read Full Article -
Combination Therapy Treats Crohn's Disease
April 14, 2010 -- Patients with moderate to severe Crohn's disease are most likely to get better if treated with a combination of biologic and immune-suppressing therapies, a clinical trial suggests. It's a "landmark trial," says gastroenterologist David Kerman, MD, assistant professor of clinical m
Read Full Article -
Seasonal Digestive Distress: 10 Tips for Coping
End of summer and early fall is a time for barbecue, seaside clambakes, and fair food. And unless we're careful, we suffer some unpleasant results: stomachaches, nausea, heartburn, and constipation or diarrhea. Outdoor events can trigger digestive problems in a number of ways: Picnic and party food
Read Full Article -
Dating and Relationships With Ulcerative Colitis
One of the upsides of college: all that new freedom! One of the downsides of college for people with UC: all that freedom! With it come the pressures of dating and the social scene. It's true that dating and getting into relationships can be more complicated when you have an inflammatory bowel dise
Read Full Article -
Ulcerative Colitis: Avoiding the Temptations of College Life
If college is the first time that you're living away from home, it's probably also the first time you're completely in charge of managing your inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). To keep your ulcerative colitis symptoms at bay, you'll want to live healthily, which can sometimes be at odds with the "ty
Read Full Article -
UC and Pregnancy: Eating Well to Gain the Right Amount of Weight
Getting the right balance of nutrients is always important when you have ulcerative colitis. But when you're pregnant and have UC, getting a well-balanced diet is absolutely essential to ensure that your baby has enough nutrition to grow and thrive. Gastrointestinal woes can be an everyday occurrenc
Read Full Article -
C. diff Infection Rate May Overtake MRSA
March 22, 2010 -- A new superbug may be sneaking up on hospitals already struggling to lower infections from another, more well-known antibiotic-resistant bacterium. A new study shows rates of infection from the bacterium Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) are now surpassing those associated with
Read Full Article -
Brewing a Gentler Java
March 22, 2010 - Scientists in Europe say they've pinpointed several components of coffee that may cause many people to suffer stomachaches and heartburn. The researchers say their discovery of "culprit" substances could lead to a new generation of stomach-friendly brews with the rich taste and arom
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Dr. Michael Barton Jr specializes in general dentistry in Lebanon, Pennsylvania.
Dr. Michael Barton Jr has been compared 12 times. Details of Dr. Barton's experience as an are available on your free dentist report.
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Lebanon, PA 17042
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Wheeland Haven, 1920 (Sangamon Valley Collection) Wheeland Haven was an estate east of Riverton constructed in the 1900s by Olive Black Wheeland and her husband, Cyrus. Many people today might remember the Wheeland house as The Mansion, a nightclub and music venue in the 1980s and '90s.The building was destroyed by a fire in 1992.Contributor Chuck Stone tells the Wheeland Haven story in today's featured entry in SangamonLink.org.You too can add to the knowledge of Sangamon County history. Go to "Writing for SangamonLink" for more information.
addressLocation, ST | website.com


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The Latest from President Smatresk
UNT Highlights
UNT and the UNT System is one of the nation's top research institutions for Fulbright Scholars this year. UNT accounted for four of the System's six scholars, according to a review by The Chronicle of Higher Education. Fulbright awards are one of the most prestigious award programs, known for fostering research and study abroad.
UNT's Eagle Advantage takes the guesswork and the legwork out of applying for college. It guarantees admission to high school juniors in the Top 20 percent of their class from participating school districts.
Help raise the roof at the Super Pit by cheering on the men's and women's Mean Green basketball teams. Check out the men's basketball schedule and the women's basketball schedule. Get ticket information.
RT @BritneyTabor: Do you want to build a snow man? Local residents work on a snow creation at the #Denton Square http://t.co/HfvgmkHnQc
4 hours 50 min ago


text: Israel Family Cruise to Bermuda View full-size image < previous next > Is this photo a winner? "We decided to treat our children & grandchildren to something we love....a cruise! We squeezed 11 of us into 2 vehicles and drove from Maine to my brother's house in NY...where he graciously allowed us to crash for the night. Then we drove to the pier at Cape Liberty and boarded the Celebrity Summit for an 8 day Bermuda cruise. We had a blast...and the youngest, six-year old Maddox, got to meet the Captain and blow the ship's horn...he was some pleased! We wore our shirts for embarkation and sail-away. A fun time was had by all!" - Jane & Dick Israel (Aug 19, 2013) Share this photo on: Twitter Facebook Pinterest Similar Photos: event vacation | vacation | family | cruise | bermuda | red Feeling inspired? Visit the CustomInk Design Lab to start your own group order. Design Your Own comment by Guest - Aug 20, 2013 - back to the top As the brother who let you crash here...we loved having you! :) comment by Guest - Aug 20, 2013 - back to the top what a great event to be able to do with your family. I know you all had a wonderful time comment by Guest - Sep 22, 2013 - back to the top hermes replica bags handbags Custom T-Shirts for Israel Family Cruise To Bermuda - Shirt Design Ideas fake birkin canvas bag http://www.azulpropiedades.com.uy/images/replica-hermes-shoulder-bags.html comment by Guest - Oct 03, 2013 - back to the top Absolutely, people love chtcolaoe! I happen to be drinking from a branded water bottle right now. And you made a good point, you can do some things yourself. All it takes is a little creativity. Seeing a logo in unexpected places always gets people's attention. Thanks for sharing; I'm glad you enjoyed the post! comment by Guest - Aug 04, 2014 - back to the top 3TtY10 I really enjoy the article post.Really looking forward to read more. Really Great. comment by Guest - Aug 05, 2014 - back to the top MzqpZs Enjoyed every bit of your blog article.Really looking forward to read more. Will read on... comment by Guest - Jan 15, 2015 - back to the top JvIuQY My brother recommended I might like this website. He was totally right. This post truly made my day. You cann't imagine simply how much time I had spent for this info! Thanks!


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Apple iPhone 5: 10 Most Prevalent Rumors About New Features
Apple iPhone 5: 10 Most Prevalent Rumors About New Features
Don Reisinger
Posted 2012-04-10
NEWS ANALYSIS: Apple hasn't even confirmed that an iPhone 5 is in design. But already the rumor mill is churning out reports of possible features for a new model that might appear as soon as June.
Apple hasnt yet launched its iPhone 5, despite hopes that it would do so last year before it offered up the iPhone 4S. But that doesnt mean the company wont do it this year. In fact, rumors abound, suggesting Apple will launch the iPhone 5 this year. The stage is set, according to the latest rumors, for Apple to blow smartphone users away with its next smartphone. That said, its hard to determine what the device might come with when it launches sometime later this year. Over the last several months, a host of rumors have surfaced that either corroborate or counter earlier claims. All that has created a scenario where rumors keep coming and consumers have no idea what to believe. Its a real issue for analysts, too, who want to predict Apples future financial success.
To provide some understanding of the rumors circulating about the next Apple iPhone model and to provide some guidance about which ones might be more plausible than others, this column will examine 10 of the more prevalent rumors.
Then readers can decide which ones make sense and which ones dont
1. A bigger display
The iPhones 3.5-inch screen looks awfully small compared with competing devices featuring a 4.3- or even 4.6-inch display. Now a host of rumors suggest that
Apple could launch either a 4- or 4.6-inch screen with its new iPhone 5
. If so, that just might make current iPhone customers want to ditch their current devices and take advantage of the bigger screens.
2. A June launch
According to the latest rumors,
all signs point to a June launch for Apples iPhone 5
. The rumor mill, citing information supposedly leaking out of Apple supplier Foxconn, claims that the device will be unveiled at the Worldwide Developers Conferencean event used in the past for new iPhone launchesand be released at some point around that time.
3. An October launch
Guess what? Another rumor out of Foxconn says Apple doesnt want to launch the iPhone 5 in June, since it would be too close to the launch of the iPhone 4S. Therefore, the company is reportedly considering launching the device in October to give the 4S enough room to generate massive profits for the tech giant.
4. 4G LTE iPhone
When Apple launched the new iPad with 4G LTE connectivity,
nearly everyone believed that the iPhone 5 would follow suit
. Now, a host of rumors have surfaced confirming that speculation. Whats not clear, though, is how Apple will handle battery drain that inevitably comes with LTE support.
Page 1 of 2
Don Reisinger is a freelance technology columnist. He started writing about technology for Ziff-Davis' Gearlog.com. Since then, he has written extremely popular columns for CNET.com, Computerworld, InformationWeek, and others. He has appeared numerous times on national television to share his expertise with viewers. You can follow his every move at http://twitter.com/donreisinger.
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Surveillance video: Cops authorized to use force against Ronell Wilson
On Tuesday prosecutors in the case against convicted cop killer Ronell Wilson played a video for the jury showing Wilson being subdued by guards at the Metropolitan Detention Center in Brooklyn after he had cursed at them and refused to leave a recreation area to return to his holding cell. NYPD Handout. (July 2, 2013)
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LIers react to winter weather
A view from above: Snow plows
Snow ends, frigid temperatures to come
Copper Street plowed in Babylon
Southern State Parkway slippery and slushy
Montauk Highway in Bay Shore slippery, but moving
Hicksville LIRR station during the snowstorm
Wyandanch Rising developer talks about the project
Delta plane skids off LaGuardia runway
Route 25 ranked No. 1 road for pedestrian deaths
More snow to come overnight
Cop injured in crash with SUV


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Bikes & Gear
Specialized 2014 Mountain Bikes and Gear Preview
Dissident Comp DH Helmet
10 / 11
Gravity riders can now get the same lightweight (1,000g), full-face protection provided by Specialized's technologically advanced Dissident DH helmet for less than half the cost with the Dissident Comp. Instead of a carbon shell, the Comp, $160, uses a composite shell, which helps drop the price while still providing expert-level features. Riders still enjoy the 4th Dimension cooling system, where strategically placed vents in the face, forehead, and rear allow airflow through the lid. There are also many of the same safety features, including the EMT removal system, and the Helmet EJECT system, which allows medical professionals to safely remove an injured rider's helmet.
Related Content
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Boston Harbor Islands National Park Area
Island hop through Boston Harbor
One Long Wharf, Boston, MA 02110
183 people saved this
Did you know Boston Harbor has thirty-four accessible islands? That's thirty-four opportunities to camp, kayak, picnic, swim, bird watch, and explore historic trails and forts throughout this National Park Area. Check out unmatched panoramic views of Boston, the harbor, and the Atlantic. Ferry service provided by Harbor Express. The Summer Shack manages the food concessions on Spectacle and Georges Islands.
5 Fabulous + Fun Things to Do on Martha's Vineyard in the "Off-Season"
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Is the name of the page I just became a fan of on facebook.
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The Neurons that Shaped Civilization
In this short 10 minute video, neuroscientist Vilayanur Ramachandran outlines the fascinating functions of mirror neurons. Only recently discovered, these neurons allow us to learn complex social behaviors, some of which formed the foundations of human civilization as we know it.
The Neurons that Shaped Civilization,


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We understand that choosing the right location is important to you. Our CareLine is ready to assist you in making the right decision for care needed.
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American Association of Blood Banks http://www.aabb.org
American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org
Canadian Blood Services http://www.bloodservices.ca
Canadian Red Cross http://www.redcross.ca
Acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH). Society for the Advancement of Blood Management website. Available at: http://www.sabm.org/glossary/acute-normovolemic-hemodilution-anh. Accessed October 15, 2014.
Blood testing. American Red Cross website. Available at: http://www.redcrossblood.org/learn-about-blood/what-happens-donated-blood/blood-testing. Accessed October 14, 2014.
Blood types. American Red Cross website. Available at: http://www.redcrossblood.org/learn-about-blood/blood-types. Accessed October 14, 2014.
Eligibility requirements. American Red Cross website. Available at: http://www.redcrossblood.org/donating-blood/eligibility-requirements. Accessed October 14, 2014.
Donation FAQs. American Red Cross website. Available at: http://www.redcrossblood.org/donating-blood/donation-faqs. Accessed October 14, 2014.
Goodnough LT, Shander A. Blood management [review]. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2007;131:695-701.
Intraoperative blood salvage. NoBlood.org website. Available at: http://www.noblood.org/content/intraoperative%5Fblood%5Fsalvage-209. Accessed October 14, 2014.
Iron info for frequent donors. American Red Cross website. Available at: http://www.redcrossblood.org/iron/frequent-donors. Accessed October 14, 2014.
Lee GC, Cushner FD. The effects of preoperative autologous donations on perioperative blood levels. J Knee Surg. 2007;20:205-209.
Pre-operative autologous donation (PAD). United Blood Services for Hospitals & Physicians website. Available at: http://hospitals.unitedbloodservices.org/preoperative-autologous-donation.html. Accessed October 14, 2014.
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