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US 5744709 A Abstract This invention relates generally to methods of measuring interfacial areas, and more specifically to flow-based methods for measuring the area of the interfaces between two immiscible fluids. The immiscible fluids of interest are various oils and gases that do not have significant solubility, and thus form a distinct fluid phase and exist as agglomerations of varying sizes of blobs or ganglia when added to aqueous solutions. Our invention permits the measurement of such fluid-fluid interface areas for two immiscible fluids present in flow systems. The flow-based method involves the introduction of an interfacial tracer chemical into the flow system in one of two modes: (1) step input, and (2) pulse input. The tracer is soluble to appreciable extent in only one of the two fluids, designated as the carrier fluid phase. The average rate of the tracer migration through the flow system is measured and compared with the rate of migration of a non-adsorbing reference tracer which is added along with the interfacial tracer. The amount of the tracer adsorbed is calculated from the amount of the interfacial tracer adsorbed and from the relative migration rates of the interfacial and reference tracers through the flow system. The total fluid-fluid interfacial area present in the flow system is then calculated based on the amount of the interfacial tracer adsorbed and the interfacial area occupied by each of the interfacial tracer molecules.
Claims(15) 1. A method for measuring the surface area of immiscible fluid interfaces at a fluid-fluid interface in a flow system having a test volume containing at least two immiscible fluids therewithin either in the presence or absence of a solid phase, comprising the steps of:
providing in a first of said fluids an interfacial tracer compound soluble in said first fluid which will form a monolayer at the fluid-fluid interface when flown past second of said immiscible fluids, but which will not partition into the second of said fluids; allowing for the said tracer compound to accumulate as a monolayer at the said fluid-fluid interface; measuring the response of said tracer compound in the first of said fluids; calculating the area of said interface by interpreting the measured tracer response. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first of said fluids, designated the carrier fluid, is moving past the second of said fluids.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein said first and second fluids are in contact with a solid phase comprising a porous medium.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the calculation of the interfacial area αij (cm2 /cm3) of an immiscible fluid interface in a porous medium of volume V (cm2) is performed according to the equation: ##EQU6## where M (mg) is the mass of an interfacial tracer adsorbed at equilibrium from solution at critical micellar concentration (CMC), α (Å2) is the area per molecule of tracer adsorbed at the interface at monolayer adsorption, N is Avogadro's number and m (gm/mole) is the tracer molecular weight.
5. The method of claim 2, wherein said tracer compound is added to the first of said fluids at a first, upstream position, and the quantity of said tracer compound remaining in said first fluid after formation of said monolayer is measured at a second, downstream position.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein a non-reactive tracer, which does not react in any way with second of said fluid is added to said first fluid at said upstream position, and the amount of said non-reactive tracer in said first fluid is measured at said downstream position.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein at least a portion of said first fluid is flown past said second fluid.
8. The method of claim 5, wherein said interfacial tracer is added to said first fluid as a pulse input.
9. The method of claim 6, wherein said interfacial tracer is added to said first fluid as a step input that provides complete coverage of the fluid-fluid interfacial area.
10. The method of claim 3, wherein the specific fluid-fluid interfacial area of the interface is calculated according to the equation: ##EQU7## wherein Rt is a time delay retardation factor that represents retardation of the interfacial tracer (denoted by subscript IT) relative to the retardation of a non-reactive tracer (denoted by subscript NR) that does not react in any way with said second fluid, where said non-reactive tracer is given as: ##EQU8## and C(t) is the eluent tracer concentration where Equation 4 is the integrated polynomial involving a tracer pulse centroid and ts is the time period during which the tracer pulse is introduced, Θ is the carrier fluid content expressed as a volumetric fraction, and K.sub.μ is a linear adsorption coefficient, obtained as the slope of Gibbs' interfacial adsorption isotherm.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein said interfacial tracer includes, but is not limited to the following chemical classes: anionic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, fatty acids.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein said anionic surfactant is sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein said first fluid is water and said second fluid is one of the following: oil, organic liquid miscible with water, gas, air.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein said non-reactive tracer is pentafluorobenzoic acid or inorganic anion such as bromide, chloride and iodide.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentration of said interfacial tracer compound in said first fluid is absorbed at equilibrium from solution at a critical micellar concentration.
Description This invention relates generally to methods of measuring interfacial areas, and more specifically to methods for measuring the area of fluid-fluid interfaces between two immiscible fluids in flow systems. Solid-liquid and liquid-liquid interfaces play a very important role in a variety of physical-chemical-biological processes relevant in environmental and chemical engineering application. See A. W. Adamson, Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y., 1982. Behavior of immiscible fluids co-existing in flow systems is of fundamental interest in several sciences, including environmental science, surface science and engineering, hydrogeology, soil science, food technology, petroleum engineering and chemical engineering. See A. T. Corey, Mechanics of Immiscible Fluids in Porous Media, Water Resources Publications, Littleton, Colo., 1985. As used in the specifications and claims, we use the term flow system to represent a test volume element containing two immiscible fluids either in the presence or absence of solid phase, and through which flow of at least one fluid at some constant or variable rate is established. Two specific examples of the flow system schematics are illustrated in FIG. 1. We also use the term immiscible fluids to represent two fluids that do not dissolve in each other to an appreciable extent, and therefore form distinct fluid-fluid interfaces. Our present invention permits the measurement of the areas of such fluid-fluid interfaces in flow systems. Immiscible fluids such as air, water and oil, co-exist in many natural and synthetic flow systems, including soils, aquifers, petroleum reservoirs and packed beds. Similarly, emulsions or dispersions of oil-water or gas-water without the presence of a solid phase (either as a packing or as a fluidized bed) are encountered in various chemical processing units, for example in food and cosmetic manufacturing industries. Organic liquids (such as coal tar, gasoline, and industrial solvents) found at the hazardous waste sites, are another important example of oils as immiscible fluids co-existing in a flow system. Petroleum engineers are interested in recovering immiscible fluids such as crude oil for use as fuels, while environmental scientists and engineers are faced with the challenge of characterizing and remediating the immiscible organic liquid wastes distributed in subsurface flow systems, which is in the soil material under earth's surface extending into the aquifiers, in order to prevent soil and groundwater contamination. In water-unsaturated subsurface flow systems, it is of interest to characterize the amount and distribution of gases and water. Scientists and engineers performing these operations need to know how much immiscible fluid (e.g., oil or gas phase) there is in the flow system, and how it is spatially distributed. For these reasons, determining the total amount of spatial distribution of the immiscible fluid phases, and the fluid-fluid interfacial areas, is important. The volume of an immiscible fluid i per unit fluid volume of the flow system is known as the fluid saturation Si. The area of interface between two immiscible fluids i and j per unit volume of flow system is known as the specific fluid-fluid interfacial area αij. Fluid saturations and specific fluid-fluid interfacial areas are two important characteristics necessary to understand the fate, distribution, transport and morphology of immiscible fluids in flow systems, as well as the heat, mass and momentum transfer processes at the fluid-fluid interfaces. Tracer methods and liquid extraction techniques are available to measure Si (For a tracer technique to measure Si see Jin et al. 1955). However, no methods are currently available to measure αij in flow systems. The measurement of the interfacial area of immiscible fluids can present a significant challenge. In many flow systems, one fluid phase is dispersed as an immiscible phase in the other fluid as agglomerations of varying sizes. This precludes the possibility of calculating the interfacial area from parameters that are readily observed. The present invention offers a tracer method to measure αij in flow systems containing two immiscible fluids. In many engineering applications, laboratory and field tracer experiments are routinely conducted and the data are analyzed using theory and computer models. A tracer is a chemical compound which, when introduced into the flow system, chemically interacts with the system in a specific way. Observations of the manner in which an injected pulse of tracer solution is displaced through the flow system enables the characterization of the hydrodynamics of the flow system as well the quantity, distribution, and transport of immiscible fluids in the flow system. For example, non-reactive tracers (i.e., those chemical species that do not in any adsorb to any solid or fluid component of the flow system) have been used to characterize the hydrodynamics of fluid flow in flow systems. See Hutchins et al, 1993, U.S. Pat. No. 5,246,860; Satter et al., 1981, U.S. Pat. No. 4,278,128. Chemical tracers that dissolve and partition into the immiscible fluid phases present in flow systems have also been used to characterize the flow dynamics and the amount of immiscible fluids in flow systems. See Simmons et al., 1985, U.S. Pat. No. 4,520,109; Carter et al., 1980, U.S. Pat. No. 2,231,426; Jin et al., Water Resour. Res, 31, 1201 1995). The disclosures of these references are fully incorporated by references. Use of adsorbing gaseous tracer molecules, such as nitrogen, to measure the specific solid-fluid surface areas of porous solids is a well established technique. In this technique, the solid-fluid specific surface area is measured as the product of the average area occupied by a single tracer molecule adsorbed at the solid surface, and the number of tracer molecules covering the solid surface as a monolayer at saturation adsorption. See M. J. Rosen, Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena, John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y., 1978; A. W. Adamson, Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y., 1982; S. G. Gregg and K. S. W. Sing, Adsorption, Surface Area and Porosity, Academic Press, London, 1982; D. L. Carter, M. M. Mortland, and W. D. Kemper, in Methods of Soil Analysis, American Society of Agronomy, Inc. and Soil Science Society of America, Inc., Madison, Wis. 1986 (Chapter 16). While adsorbing tracers have been used to measure solid-fluid interfacial areas, no technique has heretofore been developed to utilize adsorbing tracer molecules to measure the fluid-fluid interfacial area of substantially immiscible fluids in flow systems. It is an object of the invention to provide a method to measure the fluid-fluid interfacial area between two immiscible fluids in flow systems. It is another object of the invention to provide flow-based methods to measure the area of immiscible fluid-fluid interfaces in subsurface flow systems. These and other objects are provided by a method for measuring the fluid-fluid interfacial area of between two substantially immiscible fluids. The method involves "step input" or a "pulse input" addition of an interfacial tracer compound soluble in one of the two immiscible fluids is added to a first of said fluids, which is designated as the "carrier" fluid phase. Thus, one of the said fluids is the mobile phase that carries the tracers, while the other can be either at rest or in a state of motion within the flow system. An interfacial tracer is a chemical species that is soluble in first of said fluids, adsorbs as a monolayer at the immiscible fluid-fluid interface of interest, but does not partition into the second of said immiscible fluids. A pulse input is a relatively small volume of tracer solution added to the flow system influent, whereas a step input is a larger volume of tracer solution added in the influent until the influent and effluent tracer concentration response becomes equal. For further detail see O. Livenspiel, 1972, Chemical Reaction Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, NY. In both cases, the interfacial tracer will accumulate as a monolayer at the fluid-fluid interface, but will not partition into the second of the said fluids. The response of interfacial tracer, usually mass concentration (mg/L), in the first of the said fluids exiting the flow system is measured as a function of time. In the case of step input, the amount of interfacial tracer that has adsorbed at the interface as a monolayer is calculated. The interfacial area, αij, is then calculated from the amount of tracer compound that has adsorbed at the interface as a monolayer. The fluid-fluid interfacial area is calculated according to the formula αij =αN, where α is the area occupied by a single tracer molecule and N is the amount of interfacial tracer in terms of total tracer molecules that has formed the monolayer. This method assumes complete coverage of the fluid-fluid interfacial area by the interfacial tracer. In most instances, however, it will not be practical to use the step-input method described above. In the second method, designated the pulse-input method, a non-reactive tracer that does not adsorb at the fluid-fluid interface or partitions into the second of said fluids must be used along with the interfacial tracer to determine the relative rates of migration of the two tracers through the flow system. Interfacial tracer accumulates at the fluid-fluid interface of interest from the first of the said fluids such that the proportion of interfacial tracer mass concentration on the interface to that in the first of the said fluids remains essentially constant, the constant of proportionality being referred to as an "adsorption coefficient", Kij. The adsorption coefficient is a constant, specific to a given tracer, a given immiscible fluid interface, and the composition of the two fluid phases. Because the interfacial tracer accumulates at the immiscible fluid-fluid interface where as the non-reactive tracer does not, and the rate of migration of the interfacial tracer is slower than that of the non-reactive tracer. Retardation Factor, Ri, which is a relative measure of the velocity at which the non-reactive tracer and the interfacial tracer move through the flow system, together with the adsorption coefficient, Kij, is used to determine the interfacial area that is adsorbing the interfacial tracer. The selection of the interfacial tracer will depend on the particular fluid-fluid system that is of interest. In the case of oil-water or air-water systems, such as are frequently encountered in the subsurface flow systems, surfactants are useful as interfacial tracers. In particular, various anionic surfactants are especially suitable, since they have insignificant solubility in the oil or air phase, high solubility in aqueous solutions, and do not sorb to the solid matrix (when present) in significant amounts. In summary, the method of the invention can be used to measure the area of interfaces formed by two immiscible fluid interfaces present in flow systems, using surfactants as interfacial tracers and non-reactive tracers in tandem. There are shown in the drawings embodiments that are presently preferred, it being understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities that are shown, wherein: FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of two types of flow systems in which the immiscible fluids are distributed. FIG. 2 is a graph of the change in Gibb's surface excess and interfacial tension due to adsorption of the interfacial tracer (SDBS) at decane-water interface. FIG. 3 is a graph of the changes in the relative concentration of non-reactive tracer (PFBA) and the interfacial tracer (SDBS) in effluent of sand-pack columns containing decane-water interfaces, where the cumulative effluent volume is represented as pore volumes. FIG. 4 is a graph of the isotherm for the adsorption of anionic surfactant SDBS at decane-water interfaces in columns of glassbead packings. FIG. 5 is a graph of the change in Gibb's surface excess and interfacial tension due to sorption of the interfacial tracer (SDBS) at air-water interface. FIG. 6 is a graph of the schematic representation of the apparatus used to measure air-water interfacial areas in sand-pack columns. FIG. 7 is a graph of changes in the relative concentration of non-reactive tracer (bromide) and the interfacial tracer (SDBS) in effluent of sand-pack columns with air-water interfaces, where the cumulative effluent volume is represented as pore volumes. FIG. 8 is a graph of the air-water specific interfacial area in sand-pack columns increasing with decreasing water content. The invention permits the measurement of the interfacial area between two immiscible fluids present in a flow system by the utilization of interfacial tracers. Interfacial tracers are defined as chemical species that accumulate at the fluid-fluid interface by adsorption, but dissolve into only one of the two fluids, which is defined here as the carrier fluid. The four assumptions that are made in using interfacial tracers formeasuring interfacial area are that: (1) the interfacial tracer adsorbs at the said fluid-fluid interface of interest, but does not dissolve in measurable quantities into the second fluid phase; (2) the interfacial tracer does not adsorb to a measurable extent at any interfaces other than the said fluid-fluid interface of interest; (3) the adsorption of the interfacial at the said fluid-fluid interface occurs as a monolayer coverage; and (4) each adsorbed tracer molecule occupies a constant, known molecular areaat the fluid-fluid interface. These assumptions are reasonable in a number of fluid-fluid systems, permitting use of the invention to measure the fluid-fluid interfacial area in flow systems. Two specific methods are described here for measuring the fluid-fluid interfacial area, aij, in flow systems using the interfacial tracers adsorption; the step-input method, and the pulse-input method. In both of these methods, a known volume of solution of interfacial tracer of known and fixed concentration, Co, is introduced into the flow system by addition with the carrier fluid, and the tracer concentration in the carrier fluid exiting the flow system is monitored. In both methods, the total volume of the carrier fluid in the flow system, designated as the pore volume (P), is measured by conducting a similar experiment using nonreactive tracer which does not adsorb or dissolve into the immiscible fluid which is not the carrier fluid. In the step-input method, the interfacial and nonreactive tracer solutions are introduced until the measured exit concentrations of both interfacial and nonreactive tracer solutions are equal to that in the injected carrierfluid. A description of this approach is contained Nkdi-kisa, P. et al., "Influence of Organic Cosolvents on Leaching of Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals Through Soils, Envir. Science & Tech. Vol. 21, 1107, the disclosure of which is fully incorporated by reference. A typical tracer response curve, designated as the breakthrough curve (BTC), monitored in the exiting carrier fluid, is illustrated in FIG. 1. The area, ANR, above the BTCs for the nonreactive tracer is used to calculate P, the porevolume as defined earlier. The area, Arr, above the BTC for the interfacial tracer, is used to calculate the total mass, M, of the interfacial tracer adsorbed within the flow system. Note that, ##EQU1## where p represents number of pore volumes of carrier fluid flown through the flow system at any stage of the input experiment and pf is the total number of pore volumes of carrier fluid flown through the flow system to complete the step-input experiment. Then, the total mass of interfacial tracer adsorbed, M, is given as: M=(AIT -ANR)Co P (2) Using interfacial tracer adsorption method, the αij (cm2 /cm3) of an immiscible fluid interface in a flow system of total volume V (cm3) can be obtained by the following equation: ##EQU2##where M (mg) is the mass of an interfacial tracer adsorbed at equilibrium from carrier fluid, α(Å2) is the area per molecule of interfacial tracer adsorbed at the fluid-fluid interface as a monolayer, Nis Avogadro's number and m (gm/mole) is the interfacial tracer molecule weight. The fluid-fluid interfacial area can be calculated directly from the amountof interfacial tracer that has formed the monolayer. The fluid-fluid interfacial area can be determined according to the formula αij =αT, where α is the area of a single tracer molecule and T is the number of molecules of interfacial tracer that have formed the monolayer. The area occupied by each interfacial tracer molecule, α,can be determined by any appropriate method; the method that is presently preferred utilizes an analysis of tracer adsorption isotherm data using the Gibbs' model. The theory of the Gibbs' model is described in M. J. Rosen, Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena, John Wiley & Sons, NY, N.Y. (1978) pgs 55-60, and S. G. Oh and D. O. Shah, "Effect of Counterions on the Interfacial Tension and Emulsion Droplet Size in the Oil/Water/DodecylSulfate System", The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1993, 97. The disclosures of these documents are incorporated by reference. The interfacial tension γ is measured as a function of the tracer concentration. In the pulse-input method, a non-reactive tracer is used in tandem with an interfacial tracer to determine a Retardation Factor, Ri, which is a relative measure of the rate at which the centers-of-mass of the pulses ofthe non-reactive and the interfacial tracers move through the test volume in a flow system. The center-of-mass of the tracer pulse is calculated as the centroid of the injected pulse as it travels through the test volume. The retardation factor is used to determine the fluid-fluid interfacial area that is adsorbing the interfacial tracer. The non-reactive tracer provides a comparative measure of the rate at which a similar molecule moves through the flow system, except for the adsorption effects of the fluid-fluid interface. A comparison of the two rates will isolate the effects on the rate of travel of the interfacial tracer that are due to adsorption at the interface. To illustrate the measurement of αij using pulse-input method, aflow system can be considered which contains an immiscible fluid-fluid interface through which the carrier fluid is flowing at a constant rate. At time zero, a pulse of a nonreactive tracer and an interfacial tracer, of known concentration Co, is introduced in the carrier fluid at the inlet for a duration of ts. The rate of travel of the interfacial tracer through the flow system is retarded relative to the non-reactive tracer, due to adsorption at the immiscible fluid-fluid interface, which is measured by a `Retardation Factor`, Ri, defined from advection-dispersion theory of reactive solute transport through porous media (See R. A. Freeze and J. A. Cherry, 1979, Ground Water, Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.), as: ##EQU3##where μ, is the centroid of a tracer pulse, with the subscripts IT and NR referring respectively to the interfacial and non-reactive tracers. Thecentroid of each tracer pulse is calculated as: ##EQU4##Here, C(t) is the eluent tracer concentration monitored at the flow system outlet, θi is the carrier fluid content expressed as a volume fraction and Kij is a linear adsorption coefficient, obtained as the slope of the Gibbs' adsorption isotherm, and ts is the duration (hours) during which the tracer pulse is introduced. Equation 2 is based on the assumption of reversible, equilibrium adsorptionand a linear isotherm, implying a constant Kij for a surfactant at a given immiscible fluid-fluid interface, and also assumes that no other sinks and sources for the interfacial tracer are present in the flow system. Adsorption of interfacial tracers from dilute aqueous solutions at an oil-water interface or air-water interface can be described using Gibbs' adsorption isotherm (3) as below: ##EQU5##where Γ (mole/m2) is the Gibbs' surface excess of surfactant, γ (Joules/m2) is the interfacial tension at the fluid-fluid interface, C is the aqueous phase molar concentration of surfactant, R is universal gas constant and T (�K.) is temperature. Activity of surfactant monomers remains constant in the supra-CMC concentration range as micelles begin to form at the CMC (5), leading to adsorption saturationnear and above the CMC. If the slope of γ versus C plot, (δγ/δC), is a constant over a limited range of surfactant concentration, then the interfacial tracer adsorption isotherm becomes linear in that concentration range, and can be represented by the equation Γ=Kij C, where Kij is equal to -(1/RT)(δγ/δC). Anionic surfactants are excellent candidates for use as interfacial tracers, in both air-water and oil-water systems, with their insignificantsolubility in the oil or air phases and high water solubility values (3). It is reasonable to assume that anionic surfactants adsorbing at a hydrophobic oil-water interface or air-water interface attain monolayer, saturation adsorption coverage at the critical micellar concentration or CMC of the surfactant. CMC is the concentration at which surfactant monomers self-aggregate and form clusters called miscelles (2). Anionic surfactant monomers at the carbon/aqueous interface, a model hydrophobic surface, were found to exhibit a saturation monolayer coverage of the interface at the CMC (3,6). Anionic surfactants adsorb at the hydrophobic oil-water interface or air-water interface with the hydrophilic head groups oriented towards the aqueous phase. A bilayer formation on the resulting negatively charged interface is not likely. Described in the following sections are experiments conducted using sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS) as an interfacial tracer to measure αij in porous media containing decane or air, with aqueous solutions being the carrier fluid. Batch experiments verified that the anionic surfactant SDBS does not partition into the bulk oil phases, such as tetrachloroethane and decane, its oil-solubility being extremely low. Being non-volatile, SDBS does not partition into the air phase either. Experimental Demonstration To demonstrate the method and application of interfacial tracers, we conducted two sets of experiments in porous media (i.e., packings of glassbeads and clean sand), using decane-water and air-water pairs as the immiscible fluids. These experimental examples represent two diverse fields of application of the interfacial tracer technology. Decane-water experiments represent porous media containing oil and water, such as petroleum fields and hazardous waste oil contaminated aquifiers. The air-water experiments represent the unsaturated zone of the sub-surface, where air and water co-exist. Accordingly, the experimental results and interpretation are presented in separate sections below: In the decane-water experiments, we observed a bilinear trend in the γ versus C plot for the adsorption of SDBS at the said fluid-fluid interface (FIG. 2), which is consistent with several earlier observations (8,17). The γ versus C plot with an initial steep slope in the zero to less than 100 mg/L range, followed by a gentle slope from 100 mg/L to the CMC, results in a linear isotherm in the 100 mg/L to the CMC concentration range. The retardation of the interfacial tracer, SDBS, relative to that of a non-reactive tracer, PFBA, being displaced through packing of glassbeads containing decane-water interfaces is shown in FIG. 3. Furthermore, we observe (FIG. 4) that the SDBS interfacial adsorption isotherm, measured using the step input column techniques, can be approximated to be linear in the zero to CMC concentration range, which isa reasonable and useful approximation for tracer applications in hydrology and engineering. Such approximation enables one to define a Retardation Factor, Rt, as a linear function of Kij according to Eqn. 4, andthus simplifies the method application. Having measured Rt from flow adsorption experiment, Kij is the only additional parameter required to estimate the αij of the porous medium using Eqn. 4. A Kij value can also be approximated as the slope of the linear isotherm, as Γmax /CMC, where Γmax is the maximum Γ value corresponding to the CMC, and is equal to 1/Nα. The parameters α and CMC can be measured for a given anionic surfactant and fluid-fluid interface, using the γ versus lnC plots, or obtainedfrom the literature. The oil saturation Sn can be measured using partitioning tracers. Thus, after obtaining an Rt value from the tracer experiment, Eqn. 4 can be used to determine the αij, theonly unknown. Values of α reported for a number of anionic surfactants at air-waterand heptane-water interfaces range from 45 to 72 Å2 . Oh and Shah estimated α of sodium dodecylsulfate at hexadecane/water and air/water interfaces as 68.9 and 5.18 Å2 respectively. Sodium dodecylbenzosulfonate (SDBS), an anionic surfactant, exhibited saturation adsorption on graphon, a hydrophobic surface, at the CMC, with α value of 60 Å2. We obtained α value of 61 Å2 for SDBS at decane-water interface, from a plot of interfacial tension, γ, versus the lnC, using the Wilhelmy plate technique for measuring γ. Using glass columns packed with different porous media (glass beads of approximately 500 to 100 microns size and clean sand) and SDBS as a interfacial tracer, we conducted adsorption experiments to measure decane-water αij values. A spectrophotometer was used for SDBS analysis. Decane was introduced in the porous media, using a syringe pump at a flow rate of 0.2 ml/min. A part of the decane was later removed by injecting water in an upflow mode into the initially decane saturated columns, at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. At the end of loading, pore spaces in the columns are filled partially with decane at a saturation Sn. Characteristics of experimental columns are presented in Table 1. TABLE 1______________________________________Characteristics of Interfacial Tracer Experiment Columns pore mode of Length/dia porous volume decaneColumn cm medium P, ml decane Sn loading______________________________________IFT-O 5 � 2.54 clean sand 9.70 0% no decaneIFT-A 15 � 2.54 glass beads 21.5 21.8% decane firstIFT-B 5 � 2.54 clean sand 8.1 12.3% decane firstIFT-C 5 � 2.54 clean sand 7.5 25% water first______________________________________ Results from column experiments are tabulated in Table 2. Isotherm for adsorption of SDBS at the decane-water interface for the columns, shown inFIG. 4, is linear. Each data point in those isotherms represents a Γ value obtained from a column experiment at a Co value, using Eqn. 6. As can be seen from FIG. 2, slope of the γ-C plot is nearly constantin the 100 to 418 mg/L (CMC) tracer range, which explains the near linearity of the isotherms in this concentration range (FIG. 4). The Γ values closely agree among three columns runs, and with earlier reported values for SDBS at a hydrophobic surface. The partition coefficient Kij values approximately as slopes of isotherms are in agreement between IFT-A and IFT-B columns. Column experiments could not beconduced with Co values well beyond the CMC, as the supra-CMC surfactant solutions can significantly dissolve and mobilize decane in thecolumns, thus changing the morphology and the αij value. TABLE 2______________________________________Results of interfacial Tracer Experiments In Porous Media ColumnsColumn av, cm2 /cm3 Γmax moles/m2 K(m)______________________________________IFT-O 0 0 0IFT-A 480 2.73e-06 2.14e-06IFT-B 511 2.72e-06 2.16e-06IFT-E 162 2.73e-06 2.27e-06______________________________________ Assuming smooth, cubical particles and typical grain size distributions, the specific surface area of porous media in our experiments can be estimated by geometric analysis to be in the range 300 to 500 cm2 /cm3. However, irregular shape and surface roughness of particles canresult in a higher specific surface area as measured by chemisorption techniques tan that obtained by geometric calculations. The specific surface area for the sand is measured by nitrogen atmosphere to be 1300 cm2 /cm3 of sand. In the case of IFT-A and IFT-B columns, decaneappears to have wet the dry solid surfaces as films. Thus, the αij values of 480 cm2 /cm3 for decane coating relatively fine, dry glass beads and 511 cm2 /cm3 gram for a relatively coarse sand are reasonable. Further the αij values, indicating the possible role of grain texture and surface roughness in spreading of NAPL on the surfaces. Overall, the results (αij values) are reasonable for the porous media used and are in agreement withthe current understanding of immiscible fluid behavior in porous media. In the case of solid-liquid interfaces, fine powdered adsorbents of known area, like graphon, are used to verify a technique proposed to measure specific surface area. In contrast, it is very difficult to create a largefluid-fluid interface of known area in an experimental system. Further, no other methods currently are available against which to verify the proposedmethod. However, considering that the specific surface area is a utilitarian rather than an absolute entity together with the strong indirect evidence provided, the proposed method merits application. In many porous media applications, one is interested in comparing interfacialareas among different systems, rather than measuring the absolute interfacial areas per se. For example, the proposed experimental techniquecan be used to define an `oil-water interfacial area to oil volume ratio` (I), which is an index of how thinly spread the oil is in a porous medium.Between two porous media having the same oil saturation, the one containingmany smaller oil blobs and films will have a higher I value, a result useful in the location of large pools of oils in aquifers and petroleum reservoirs. The I values for the columns IFT-B and IFT-C in our experiments are 4154 and 648 cm-1 respectively. In the air-water experiments, a linear trend in the γ versus C plot for air-aqueous solution interface (FIG. 5) was observed for the air-waterinterface, which is linear within the reported concentration range, and results in a linear isotherm. Thus, as shown in (FIG. 5) the isotherm can be approximated to be linear within the SDBS concentration range of zero to 2.0E-04M, which is a reasonable and useful approximation for tracer applications in vadose zone hydrology and engineering. The slope of this isotherm, denoted as Ki in FIG. 5, is the equivalent of Kij. A linear isotherm enables one to define a retardation factor Ri as a linear function of Kij according to Eqn. 2, and thus simplifies the method application. Having measured Ri from flow adsorption experiment, Kij is the only additional parameter required to estimate the αij of the porous medium using Eqn. 4. In the present air-water experiments, the Kij value measured using the information of FIG. 4 is 0.00496 cm. After obtaining an Ri value from the tracer experiment and water saturation θ1 measured using non-reactive tracers, Eqn. 4 can be used to determine the specific air-water interfacial area, αij, the only unknown. Using glass columns packed with clean sand, SDBS as a interfacial tracer and potassium bromide as non-reactive tracer, experiments were conducted to measure air-water αij values at different water contents. The experiments were conducted using SDBS in the presence of NaCl at two different concentrations, viz. 0.2 mM and 0.1 mM. The experimental apparatus used is shown in FIG. 6. A spectrophotometer was used for SDBS analysis. The retardation of the interfacial tracer, SDBS, with respect tothe non-reactive tracer, Bromide, during displacement through sand-pack columns containing air-water interfaces, at various water contents, is shown in FIG. 7. The experimental conditions and results from these experiments are tabulated in Table 3. In this table, the experimental setsdenoted I and II correspond to similar experiments, conducted using SDBS inthe presence of two different NaCl concentrations, 0.2 mM and 0.1 mM, respectively. The results clearly indicate that the specific air-water interfacial area αij increased as the water content in the sand column decreased(FIG. 8). This result is in agreement with the theory of immiscible fluid behavior in porous media. With decreasing water contents, as the air content in the sand increases and the average size of air pockets grows larger, the αij value also should increase. Overall, the results (αij values) are reasonable for the porous media used and are in agreement with the current understanding of immiscible fluid behavior in porous media. The proposed technique finds immediate applications in groundwater remediation. Many groundwater contamination incidents begin with the release of immiscible, non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) into the sub-surface, which are trapped in the sub-surface as blobs, wedges and films coating the aquifier solids, primarily under the influence of capillary forces. Owing to the complex shapes NAPLs assume, quantificationof αij is essential for understanding the mass transfer and kinetics of dissolution of NAPLs in groundwater, and hence their mobilization and solubilization in chemically enhanced remediation. Patent Citations
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The only place we could find to stay during a NASCAR race. Prices were triple. Left lights on during the night and piled up the furniture against the door at night. Slept with one eye open but made it through the night. Left 2 days early and let the hotel keep the money. They needed it worse than we did.... More
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Pronunciation: kitéve
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határozói igenév
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What does DPTOE stand for?
What does DPTOE mean? This page is about the various possible meanings of the acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term: DPTOE.
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"DPTOE." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2015. Web. 2 Mar. 2015. <http://www.abbreviations.com/DPTOE>.


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Geocaching > Hide and Seek A Geocache > Geocache Log
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Best kids swag we have seen so far in a cache. T:robot dog, L:several items kids would like. Dropped a TB.
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2011 Peterbilt 387 Newnan, GA
2006 Chevrolet C65 New Hampton, IA
2013 Dodge RAM 3500 Orlando, FL
2007 International 9400i Lake Butler, FL
2010 International PROSTAR Des Moines , IA
Trailer for 2013 CONST TRLR SPEC Frameless Steel Dumps Voorhees, NJ
2011 Freightliner CA11342DC - CASCADIA Healdsburg, CA
2006 Freightliner BUSINESS CLASS M2 112 Ocala, FL
2012 Volvo VNL670 Cincinnati, OH
Description: 2008 CHEVROLET C7500; DURAMAX 7.8L 6 CYL DIESEL (230 HP); FULLER 9 SP (8 SP + LO); POWER STEERING; AIR BRAKES; AIR CONDITIONING; TIRES: 11R22.5; 33K GVW (12K FRONT, 21K REAR). CAB 214'' REAR OF CAB TO CENTER OF REAR AXLE; 306'' TOTAL FRAME BEHIND CAB; 281'' WHEELBASE.More Information
Description: 2003 CHEVROLET C7500; CAT 3126 6 CYL DIESEL (230 HP); ALLISON 6 SP AUTO; POWER STEERING; AIR BRAKES; AIR CONDITIONING; TIRES: 11R22.5; 35K GVW (12K FRONT, 23K REAR). IMT 1295/9000 KNUCKLEBOOM; 5.5 TON; PICKS 11,300 LB AT 8' SIDE REACH; PICKS 3,240 LB AT 25'7'' MAX SIDE REACH; 2 HYD EXT + WINCH ON OUTER BOOM; 2 HYD OUT + DOWN OUTRIGGERS; UNDERDECK AIR COMP; 11' UTILITY BODY.More Information
Description: Chevy Kodiak 2 axle Oil Delivery Truck Cat 3208 @215 hp, 10 speed Fuller transmission, single drive rear axle on spring suspension, 11,000# front axle, 295/75R 22.5 tires, aluminum wheels, #21,200 rear axle, 11R22.5 tires, aluminum wheels, 32,200# GVW, 50 gallon steel step tank under drivers door with step……. 1987 Progress MC306MS truck tank (mfg.08-87) 2500 gallon, 5 compartment (700-600-500-400-300), bottom load heads, cable operated internal valves, (2) dry brake swing hoses for compartm...More Information
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Kevin Jones has an enthusiastic fascination with the supply chain. As editor of American Trucker, he focuses on the critical role owner-ops and small fleets play in the economy, both local and global. And he plays with big trucks.


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2007 Balletto Vineyards Russian River Valley Estate Bottled Winery Block Pinot Noir
13.9% alc., $28. · Sensual aromas of confected berries, cherries and baking spices. Rich cherry liquor on the palate, nicely spiced, beautifully balanced, with gossamer tannins and a clean finish. Holds up in the glass nicely over time. Reviewed November 2, 2008
Winery: Balletto Vineyards From article: Fog Makes Pinot in the Russian River Valley


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byRobert Westervelt on
Stolen Account Credentials Top Attack Motives
Cybercriminals are using a variety of tactics to steal passwords and other account credentials to gain almost unfettered access to corporate systems, according to Cisco Systems. The firm's 2014 Threat Report, issued this week, outlines why attacks are having a serious impact on the public's trust and stability of the Internet.
Customer confidence in the integrity of technologies and systems that support and protect websites and other web-based services is eroding as attackers find ways to bypass security restrictions or exploit software vulnerabilities, Cisco said. The firm believes that authentication and authorization architectures that serve as the gatekeeper to network and application assurance are impacted most by cybercriminal attack campaigns. CRN pulled together 10 key findings from the Cisco Systems report that supports the company's assertion that malicious actors are exploiting public trust to effect harmful consequences.
As solution providers position themselves for growth, the pressure is on vendors and distributors to meet their partners' needs. Here CRN presents the 2015 Channel Chiefs, our annual look at the executives responsible for running channels at today's IT vendors.
Here are 10 recent searches by CRN visitors.
Cloud 100


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21 Questions Australia Has For The US
WTF, America.
WTF, America.
Who brought them here? What do they want?
The first step in re-creating Pinterest treats is failure.
Dogs know what's up.
Which he has been doing… A lot.
The underground game takes Russian roulette and replaces the guns with gun-shaped Tasers, making for some very disturbing pictures.
Sam the Eagle, step it up.
Continuing proof that Australia is the craziest.
HOW is this even possible?!
Yup, even more hilarious than the sex scenes.
It was a dog.
L'Amérique, terre de contrastes. Et de fusils en vente au supermarché.
Take it from Urban Dictionary, you should date a Chris.
He's f-ugg-ing amazing.
Luckily, they had the balls to do it.
Weird is always better than normal.
Either that or he has a crazy Orphan Black-esque doppelgänger.
Pithund. Sausagebull. Cockpit.
Now find out when you're walking down the aisle.
I attended the AVN Adult Entertainment Expo in Las Vegas and asked people in adult entertainment what misconceptions there are about the industry. These were the answers from cam models to professional dommes.
I went to the AVN Adult Entertainment Expo in Las Vegas. These are the craziest sex products I saw!
Lisa Palmer, a dating and relationship coach for the over-forties, has invented the "vajacial", a procedure that helps treat "dry, sagging vaginas".
You feel that? That's your heart beating super fast.
Abracadabra !
It was a bright cool day in January, and the clowns were hitting the streets.
Spoiler alert: It involves an iceberg.
Calm down, Photoshop. Via PSD Disasters.
Sunburn, peeling and blisters. This post is seriously NSFL.
DON'T GO INTO YOUR MAKEUP BAG, it's haunted with spilled stuff.


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HomeSend Continues To Extend Its Reach Through Partnership With Moneytrans
About eServGlobal
eServGlobal specializes in Mobile Money solutions and Value-Added Services (VAS), to help Mobile Service Providers increase their revenue and gain and maintain customer ownership. eServGlobal invests heavily in product development, using carrier-grade, next-generation technology and aligning with the requirements of more than 80 customers in over 55 countries.
For 28 years mobile and financial service providers have used eServGlobal solutions to lead and innovate in their local markets, leveraging their core assets and their trusted agent and subscriber relationships.
With 13 offices globally, eServGlobal provides full "end-to-end" and "any account to any account" Mobile Money Services and International Remittance Services. Delivered in partnership with BICS, the HomeSend solution is the only mobile-centric international remittance hub to gain endorsement from the GSM Association.
eServGlobal's Value-Added Services in promotions, loyalty and messaging enable service providers to engage with their subscribers in a personalized and dynamic manner. To reduce time-to market and to meet the needs of operators and banks, eServGlobal provides multiple licensing alternatives as well as SaaS-based products and services. eServGlobal is listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ESV) and the London Stock Exchange AIM (ESG). More information at: http://www.eservglobal.com http://www.cenkos.com http://www.newgatethreadneedle.com SOURCE eServGlobalCheck Out Our Best Services for Investors
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recipe reviews for:
"This authentic German potato salad is tangy and light with vinegar and a touch of mustard. Serve it warm or cold."
My Profile | Cooks I Like Reviews | Photos | Recipes | Menus | Blog
Cooking Level: Expert
Cooking Level: Intermediate
Muffins are great for breakfast, with coffee, or just as a snack on the go.
Soup is what the doctor ordered to cure those winter blahs.
Delicious recipes, party ideas, and cooking tips! Get a year of Allrecipes magazine for $7.99!
This tasty German-style potato salad is served warm.
See how to make traditional vinegar-based potato salad with crumbled bacon.
See how to make real German-style potato pancakes.


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DCP Midstream Partners To Present At Wells Fargo Securities Pipeline, MLP And Energy Symposium
DCP Midstream Partners, LP (NYSE: DPM), or the Partnership, today announced that William S. Waldheim, president, will present at the Wells Fargo Securities Pipeline, MLP and Energy Symposium, at approximately 11:20 a.m. EST on December 4, 2012 in New York City.
To listen to a live audio webcast of the presentation and to view the related presentation material, visit the Partnership's website at http://www.dcppartners.com under the "Investor" page. A replay of the webcast will be archived on the website shortly after the presentation is concluded and will be available for 60 days.
Mark A. Borer, chief executive officer, and Rose M. Robeson, senior vice president and chief financial officer, will join Mr. Waldheim at the conference and meet with investors.
DCP Midstream Partners, LP (NYSE: DPM) is a midstream master limited partnership engaged in the business of gathering, compressing, treating, processing, transporting, storing and selling natural gas; producing, fractionating, transporting, storing and selling NGLs and condensate; and transporting, storing and selling propane in wholesale markets. DCP Midstream Partners, LP is managed by its general partner, DCP Midstream GP, LLC, which is wholly owned by DCP Midstream, LLC, a joint venture between Spectra Energy and Phillips 66. For more information, visit the DCP Midstream Partners, LP website at
Check Out Our Best Services for Investors
Action Alerts PLUS
Portfolio Manager Jim Cramer and Director of Research Jack Mohr reveal their investment tactics while giving advanced notice before every trade.
Product Features:
- $2.5+ million portfolio
- Large-cap and dividend focus
- Intraday trade alerts from Cramer
Quant Ratings
Access the tool that DOMINATES the Russell 2000 and the S&P 500.
Product Features:
- Buy, hold, or sell recommendations for over 4,300 stocks
- Unlimited research reports on your favorite stocks
- A custom stock screener
Stocks Under $10
David Peltier uncovers low dollar stocks with serious upside potential that are flying under Wall Street's radar.
Product Features:
- Model portfolio
- Stocks trading below $10
- Intraday trade alerts
Check Out Our Best Services for Investors
Dividend Stock Advisor
David Peltier identifies the best of breed dividend stocks that will pay a reliable AND significant income stream.
Product Features:
- Diversified model portfolio of dividend stocks
- Updates with exact steps to take - BUY, HOLD, SELL
Trifecta Stocks
Every recommendation goes through 3 layers of intense scrutinyquantitative, fundamental and technical analysisto maximize profit potential and minimize risk.
Product Features:
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- Intra Day Trade alerts
- Access to Quant Ratings
Options Profits
Our options trading pros provide over 100 monthly option trading ideas and strategies to help you become a well-seasoned trader.
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Children's Hospital
Boy Hit By Car While Riding Pony In Clarion County
A western Pennsylvania boy is hospitalized after he and the pony he was riding were hit by a car and thrown 90 feet.
Babysitter Facing Charges In Westmoreland Co. Shaken Baby Case
A mother says her 10-month-old baby was seriously injured while a babysitter was caring for her.
Man To Stand Trial In Shaken Baby Death
A man who allegedly shook his girlfriend's daughter to death was in court this morning for a preliminary hearing.
5th Annual 'Shear the Beard' Information
Tonight, the fifth annual "Shear the Beard" event will be held to help raise money for the cancer programs at Children's Hospital.
Girl Honoring Her Late Father By Donating Girl Scout Cookies To Children's Hospital
A 7-year-old girl is using Girl Scout cookies to honor her father who passed away.
Blawnox Couple Charged After Girl, 2, Taken To Hospital With Multiple Injuries
A couple faces charges for the abuse of a two year old girl in Blawnox.
Teen Shot During Tarentum Home Invasion, In Critical Condition
A gunman shot a teenager during a violent home invasion.
Police Make Special Holiday Delivery To Children's Hospital Patients
Volunteers in blue gather at the police station in Aspinwall, where Officer David Nemec continues a tradition he began four years ago: "Presents from Police."
9-Year-Old Girl Teams Up With Medics For Children's Hospital Toy Drive
It's not every day that an ambulance arrives playing Christmas carols, glittering with colored bulbs and packed with presents instead of patients.
Annual Free Care Fund Benefit Show Raises More Than $2M
A big thank you goes out to everyone who donated to the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh's Free Care Fund.
Charges Dismissed Against Father In Wilkinsburg Child Endangerment Case
The parents of an 11-month-old baby boy charged with endangering the welfare of a child appeared in court Thursday where a video presented at their hearing helped to clear the father.
CHP Gives Premature Baby A Fighting Chance
A premature baby has a fighting chance and his parents thank Children's Hospital for his improving condition.
Child Severely Burned By Firecracker In Sheraden
A child is recovering after being burned by a firecracker Monday night.
Man Arrested In Shaking Death Of Infant
Police have arrested a man accused of shaking his girlfriend's baby so severely the baby died, and it wasn't the first time he was accused of abuse.
Toddler, Donor Remain Hospitalized After Liver Transplant For Rare Disease
On Monday morning at Children's Hospital, 3-year-old Kennedy Stevenson, who has a rare, life-threatening metabolic disease, didn't know she'd be receiving part of Michael Thompson's liver the following day.


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As we're wandering aimlessly around Duval street, we come across the Hot Dog Lounge. It's past midnight now and I figure, what the hell, a dog for the road. More than anything, I was drawn to the "Lounge" because of all the sauces. I was surprised to see Sriracha Hot Sauce (UPDATE: This was obviously before it was readily available … Continue reading
Tag Archives: Key West
After walking out of Hog's Breath, Marcela and I decide to go check out the Pirate Soul Museum. I suggest checking it out as it's got lots of very cool authentic Pirate artifacts like one of the two Jolly Roger(skull and crossbones) flags still in existence from that era. There was also an audio sensory story telling portion in the … Continue reading
A few years back, I accompanied my cousin Fred on a work assignment to Key West. The one thing we knew for sure was that we were going to go to Hog's Breath. When we finally get down there, we realize there is no way that Fred's truck is going to fit in any of the parking spaces. So we … Continue reading
Cheeseburger? "That's that Hawaiian burger joint. I hear they got some tasty burgers. I ain't never had one myself. How are they?" Well, read on. My wife Marcela and I are walking around Duval St. in Key West looking for somewhere to eat and we come across Cheeseburger. It has everything on the menu I'm looking for (you know what … Continue reading


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Sarah Smith
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Sarah Smith is the outdoors editor. She covers courts, business and breaking news in addition to outdoors events.
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"A security nightmare" is how authorities are reacting to a judge's ruling last week to bring back a convicted murder and a man convicted of numerous assaults to testify at the trial of a Lake George man charged in a domestic assault case. On Nov.
As seamstresses sewed away in the classroom of Monika's, knitters and crocheters were working around a table in the yarn room, making caps for people going through chemotherapy.
Last Thursday Alan Saar kept his eyes glued to the stock ticker running across the screen of his laptop computer. General Motors was undergoing the largest initial public offering in U.S. history, more than a year after its old stock became worthless, the company went bankrupt and received a $50 billion government bailout. Outside of Thielen Motors in Park Rapids, evidence of the new leaner, meaner General Motors was taking place on the Highway 34 lot.
A daring and dangerous rescue mission by a platoon of emergency personnel successfully pulled three people from the frigid waters of Island Lake south of Nevis Saturday noon when their hovercraft broke down and sank. Ambulance personnel immediately began treating the three, 48-year-old Kenneth James Thompson, his 20-year-old son James Patrick Thompson and 19-year-old Justine Renae Christopherson, for hypothermia after the amphibious vehicle they were in broke through the ice several hundred yards from shore.
Park Rapids schools will be closing at 1:45 today due to the weather conditions. Nevis will close at 2:15 p.m. Laporte school district indicated at 12:45 it was still running on time, but that could change. Rapidly deteriorating weather conditions descended on the region about 12:30 p.m. Menahga's district is also running on schedule. If you have a scheduled event that will not occur, please call Sarah at the Enterprise at 732-3364 or e-mail email@example.com
A thick layer of freezing drizzle coated Hubbard County roadways Sunday as drivers who should know better adjusted to winter driving conditions the hard way. Numerous accidents were reported around the area. Hubbard County crews were out sanding and salting roadways early Sunday. The area is under a winter weather advisory. "The causative event is freezing drizzle," said National Weather Service meteorologist Bill Barrett. "But that can be worse than a couple inches of snow." Barrett said the conditions should subside by early Sunday afternoon, with about another inch of precipitatio
A daring and dangerous rescue mission by a platoon of EMTs, ambulance personnel, firefighters and a cold water rescue team successfully pulled three people from the frigid waters of Island Lake south of Nevis Saturday noon. Ambulance personnel immediately began treating the three, a 48-year-old man, his 20-year-old son and a 19-year-old woman, for hypothermia after the hovercraft they were in broke through the ice several hundreds yards from shore.
A pending state recount of votes for Minnesota governor drew the ire of Hubbard County officials Wednesday just as GOP gubernatorial candidate Tom Emmer sought a recount delay via a court filing. The recount is scheduled to begin locally Nov. 29 at 9 a.m. Emmer wants the Minnesota Supreme Court to look into vote reconciliation during the general election, claiming in some precincts people may have cast more than one ballot. It was unclear by press time if that would delay the statewide recount.
Cougar sighting After the Wolf Lake cougar sighting, which was site verified by the DNR, Jane Brevik called with her own story. She lives on the Straight River south of Park Rapids. "I was looking out window one day last spring and one walked right by," she said of a cougar. "I called DNR. They kind of brushed it off. I've seen tracks in our yard. This was last spring. It walked really slow. It had that big fat tail," she reports. That was not her first sighting.


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- Product Information
Product Description
Serve up a slice of happiness on our Bright Snowflakes 7 Inch Plates. These pretty and colorful holiday or winter wonderland theme plates feature assorted color snowflakes and are perfect for creating a colorful and fun table setting for your holiday or Winter Olympics party. Our 7 inch snowflakes plates go great with any color scheme you choose for your get together and match our other Bright Snowflakes paper goods perfectly. Use our Bright Snowflakes 7 inch plates to serve up appetizers and desserts at your next holiday party. Paper 8 per pack 7 inches - Questions & Answers
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Add a Pink and Gold Color Scheme to Your Party!
Throwing a party? Try using a mix of pink and gold colors to create the color scheme for your party décor. This color combination can be used for birthday parties, bridal parties, baby showers, and much more!
Add Some Flair to Your Formal Affair!
Prepare for any special occasion with these formal event decorating tips. Learn how to transform a simple decoration into something elegant and beautiful.
Heat up Your Winter with a Luau Party!
Get rid of the winter blues with a luau party. Use these luau party ideas to help you create a party in paradise.


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Womens' equivalent to the t-shirt worn by Sheldon in season 1,episode 7 and season 2, episode 7.
Tags: t-shirts, women, geeky, lightning bolts, Sheldon, dorky, d.c. comics, Shazam!!, big bang theoryAdded 6 Years Ago from Coastcitystyles -
I just heart it. Here's why: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OdB7GDZY3Pk Quirky, affordable, fun, tasty, it's the best grocery store ever.
Added 6 Years Ago from Traderjoes -
This is an officially licensed Shazam Logo from DC Comics. The shirt is made from heavyweight preshrunk 6oz cotton t-shirts. This design was worn by Sheldon on The Big Bang Theory (Season 1, Ep. 7 and Season 2, Ep 7).
Added 6 Years Ago from StylinOnline -
It's an Iphone.. need I say more :)


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We have a large collection of music box tunes for you to pick from. Originally developed from snuff boxes, musical boxes are instruments that produce sound by the use of a set of pins placed on a revolving cylinder or disc that pluck a tine on a specially tuned comb. Our carefully picked collection of musical boxes is sure to enchant everyone regardless of whether you buy it as a gift for someone else or for yourself. We can customize your musical box with a tune that best appeals to your musical tastes. In addition, we have a range of discs of different sizes that can also be personalized with your own original melody or with a licensed tune to play with a disc player.
We take immense pride in the quality and workmanship of our music boxes, and we assure you that you will get only quality products at our store. Shop with us at the Music House Shop for your favorite musical tunes to customize your music boxes, and you will not be disappointed. You can place an order over the phone or via email.
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THEMUSICHOUSE.COM, INC. (formerly Port Washington Music House established 1965 in Port Washington, NY) DADE CITY, FLORIDA 33525
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7 months ago
fincest THIS IS WHAT I MEAN MY BELOVED BABES ABOUT TRAINING U FOR Z ANAL LOVE MAKING WHICH IS QUITE DIFFERENT FROM ANAL SEX. THIS CLIP CONTAINS FOUR OUT OF Z THIRTEEN RULES OF ANAL LOVE MAKING, SEND ME UR SKYPE NAME F U LIKE. fincest AT gm dot com
5 years ago | by [2787BA8D]
Anonymous this would be one of the hottest videos i've seen... if the sound wasn't off.


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PROMOTIONBuy 1 Get 1 FreeFor a limited time, buy 1 Infinite Labs Final Form, 100 Capsules & get 1 FREE!
- Mobilize Fat Stores to be Used as Energy*
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Infinite Labs® Final Form® combines L-carnitine, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), and raspberry ketones to provide bodybuilders and athletes a comprehensive supplement that incorporates thermogenic and fat burning properties to support an overall healthy body composition and promote optimal recovery.*
L-carnitine is synthesized from the amino acids lysine and methionine and is accountable for the transport of fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondria to be oxidized for energy. Research has suggested that L-carnitine supplementation increases fat utilization and spares muscle glycogen, thus promoting performance enhancements. Several studies have also suggested that L-carnitine may promote recovery from exercise by enhancing blood flow regulation via an enhanced vasodilatory effect that reduces the magnitude of exercise-induced hypoxia. Decreases in pain and muscle damage, decreases in markers of metabolic stress, and enhanced recovery have been demonstrated following high-intensity resistance exercise in individuals who supplemented with L-carnitine.*
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is essentially a fatty acid that has been suggested to promote fat loss, decrease catabolism, increase bone density, promote immune system functioning and serve as an antiatherogenic and anticarcinogenic agent. Research has advocated CLA supplementation and its potential to improve the ratio of lean body mass to fat by enhancing insulin sensitivity, thereby allowing fatty acids and glucose to pass more easily through muscle-cell membranes and away from fat tissue.*
Raspberry ketones are a natural phenol, organic compound responsible for creating the aroma in red raspberries. Raspberry ketones have been suggested to boost metabolic functioning and promote lipid utilization. The primary mechanism of action is a result of their ability to manipulate the enzyme lipase. Lipase facilitates the breakdown of fat cells, so the increase in lipase activity due to raspberry ketones results in a greater amount of fat cells being broken down and burned as fuel during training sessions and everyday activities.*
Bacurau RFP, Navarro F, Bassit RA, Meneguello MO, Santos RVT, Almeida ALR & Costa Rosa LFBP (2003). Does exercise training interfere with the effects of L-carnitine supplementation? Nutrition. 19: 337-341.
Beekwilder J, et al. (2007). Microbial production of natural raspberry ketone. Biotechnol J.
Hultman E, Cederblad G & Harper P (1991). Carnitine administration as a tool to modify energy metabolism during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 62: 450.
Kerner J & Hoppel C (2000). Fatty acid import into mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1486:1-17.
Kreider RB, Ferreira MP, Greenwood M, Wilson M & Almada AL (2002). Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance training on body composition, bone density, strength, and selected hematological markers. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 16(3): 325-334.
Morimoto C, et al. (2005) Anti-obese action of raspberry ketone. Life Sci.
Park KS (2010). Raspberry ketone increases both lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Planta Med.
Spiering BA, Kraemer WJ, Vingren JL, Hatfield DL, Fragala MS, Ho J, Maresh CM, Anderson JM & Volek JS (2007). Responses of criterion variables to different supplemental doses of L-carnitine L-tartrate. J Strength Cond Res. 21: 259-264.
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Politics Democrats Move To Reinstate Assault Weapons Ban February 28, 2013 The Senate held its first hearing on an assault weapons ban Wednesday, with activists pushing for tighter gun regulations sharing a table with gun-rights activists. They are seizing on public outrage over the December gun massacre at a school in Connecticut. Listen Loading… 4:23 Download Playlist
Rep. Bob Goodlatte, R-Va., checks his phone before a hearing on Capitol Hill in September. Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images hide caption itoggle caption Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images It's All Politics Meet The Virginian Shaping The House GOP's Immigration Plan February 21, 2013 Republican Rep. Bob Goodlatte is charged with drafting the House immigration bill. He is against a path to citizenship for unauthorized immigrants but says the "broken" system needs work. And he says President Obama "should calm down, back off and let the Congress do its work." Listen Loading… 4:41 Download Playlist
Politics Hagel Nomination Blocked At Least Temporarily February 15, 2013 Chuck Hagel will have to wait at least another 10 days to find out if the Senate will confirm him as the next secretary of defense. That's because Senate Democrats failed to muster the 60 vote supermajority needed to break a GOP filibuster of the former Nebraska Republican senator's nomination. Listen Loading… 4:28 Download Playlist
Politics Senate Republicans Stall Hagel's Secretary Of Defense Nomination February 14, 2013 Senate Republicans embarked on an unprecedented filibuster of President Obama's choice for Secretary of Defense, Chuck Hagel, on Thursday. Listen Loading… 3:34 Download Playlist
Politics Senate Takes First Formal Step Toward Immigration Reform February 13, 2013 The Senate formally took up the question of immigration on Wednesday, with an at-times testy hearing about how to deal with the 11 million undocumented immigrants in the country. Republicans on the Senate Judiciary Committee insisted nothing should be done until border security is increased even further. Listen Loading… 4:06 Download Playlist
Sen. Marco Rubio, R-Fla., speaks during a fundraiser in Altoona, Iowa, on Nov. 17. He is delivering the GOP response to President Obama's State of the Union address Tuesday night. Charlie Neibergall/AP hide caption itoggle caption Charlie Neibergall/AP Politics Sen. Rubio's Response Gives GOP A Chance To Woo Hispanics February 12, 2013 The 41-year-old Florida senator will deliver the official Republican response to President Obama's State of the Union address Tuesday night. It's a chance for a party that has fared badly with both young and Hispanic voters to showcase a new stance on immigration. Listen Loading… 4:01 Download Playlist
President Obama greets law enforcement officers after speaking on ideas to reduce gun violence at the Minneapolis Police Department Special Operations on Monday. Pablo Martinez Monsivais/AP hide caption itoggle caption Pablo Martinez Monsivais/AP Reporter's Notebook For Some In Minneapolis, National Gun Debate Hits Close To Home February 9, 2013 Earlier this week, President Obama was in Minneapolis advocating new limits on guns; no law or set of laws, he said, can keep children completely safe. NPR's David Welna sent this reporter's notebook about what he heard from some of those engaged in the gun debate in his home state. Listen Loading… 3:42 Download Playlist
Jeff Torgerson (top) and Dan Volkman browse the selection of rifles at Mainstream Firearms and Marine in Winona, Minn., on Monday. Andrew Link/Winona Daily News/AP hide caption itoggle caption Andrew Link/Winona Daily News/AP It's All Politics Even In Blue Minnesota, Gun Control Seems A Tough Sell February 6, 2013 Minnesota has a Democratic governor, two Democratic senators, and Democrats control both houses of its Legislature. President Obama went there to rally support for his proposals to reduce gun violence. But even in Minnesota, there's considerable resistance to placing further restrictions on guns. Listen Loading… 4:23 Download Playlist
Politics In Minn., Obama Appeals For Movement On Gun Background Checks February 5, 2013 On Monday, President Obama was in Minnesota. It's a democratic state he won easily in November, yet it's a state with strong hunting tradition. The president was in Minneapolis to push his proposals to reduce gun violence. Listen Loading… 5:17 Download Playlist
Politics Obama: Lawmakers Must Feel Like They Have To Act Against Gun Violence February 4, 2013 President Obama traveled to Minneapolis to push his proposal to reduce gun violence on Monday. Listen Loading… 2:05 Download Playlist
Sen. Marco Rubio, R-Fla, is among a bipartisan group of eight senators who this week announced a plan to overhaul the nation's immigration laws. Charlie Neibergall/AP hide caption itoggle caption Charlie Neibergall/AP It's All Politics What's Behind Rubio's 'Full Circle Back' On Immigration? February 1, 2013 Sen. Marco Rubio, R-Fla., appears to have reversed his views on an earned path to citizenship, which in a Tea Party-backed 2010 campaign he called "code for amnesty." Some critics say the young Cuban-American lawmaker seems to be looking ahead to 2016 and a possible White House bid. Listen Loading… 4:09 Download Playlist
Politics Confirmation Hearing Was A Rough Ride For Hagel February 1, 2013 It was just days ago that Massachusetts Democratic Senator John Kerry sailed through Senate confirmation to his new job as secretary of state. When Nebraska Republican Chuck Hagel came before his former colleagues Thursday, he got a decidedly less friendly reception on his path to secretary of defense. Listen Loading… 4:10 Download Playlist
Around the Nation Bipartisan Immigration Reform Plan 'A Major Breakthrough' January 28, 2013 A bipartisan group of eight senators unveiled a plan to overhaul the nation's immigration laws on Monday. Listen Loading… 4:09 Download Playlist
Politics Senate Changes Filibuster Rules January 25, 2013 The new rules would make it easier to bring bills and nominations to the floor for debate. There was a time when a senator would have to sustain a filibuster by holding the floor and talking non-stop for hours on end, just as Jimmy Stewart did in the movie Mr. Smith Goes to Washington. Listen Loading… 4:15 Download Playlist
Politics Congress Could Limit Senators' Ability To Filibuster January 24, 2013 Senate leaders have reached an agreement to limit filibusters in the new Congress, especially as they relate to presidential nominations. But they stopped short of requiring senators to hold the floor in person and in real time, as the classic filibuster required. Listen Loading… 4:05 Download Playlist


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Festival fashion: Fringe, denim and color
From camping out to dancing for days under the hot sun, music festivals are not for the faint of heart. Whether you're planning on chilling at Bonnaroo or rocking out at Coachella, you'll need easy, no fuss fashion that still shows off your sense of style. Here, some of our top picks. -- Compiled by Brianna McMahon
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7 Radio Stations from South Lake Tahoe
Listen to radio stations from South Lake Tahoe CA, from a wide variety of genres like Adult Contemporary, Christian, Dance, Hits and News. Enjoy stations such as Wild 102.9 - KWYL, KTHO, KOWL, KRLT, KXJZ and more. Come find the top new songs, playlists, and music! Listen on your iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, Android, Blackberry, and other app-enabled mobile phones.


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First Friday: Shamrock Shenanigans!
Your children are welcome to join us on Friday, March 6, for First Friday, a children's night out program designed to give parents an evening to themselves. Volunteers provide creative and exciting entertainment for the children in a safe and fun atmosphere at the church. Read more Women's Book Group
The Women's Book Group will meet on Sunday, March 8 to discuss Marilynn Robinson's novel Gilead. A narration of the preacher's life, it is also a meditation on fathers and children, faith, and the imperfection of people. Please join us! Read more Lenten Soup and Discussion Series
This Lent, we will spend time reflecting on our congregation's sixty years of ministry. Please join us for soup supper and discussions on Sunday evenings through March 22. Themes are drawn from the "generational theory" research of William Strauss and Neil Howe. Read more |


text: Fight AficionadoChicago guy I'm not a political fan I'm a boxing fan. Only when his political obligations derail his boxing plans do I care about politics. When athletes spread themselves too thin their athletic career suffers whether it's getting into music, acting or politics. A sport as hard as boxing needs full dedication. Posted September 3, 2012 2:36 pmChicago guyBradley rematch and a 4th fight with cybaby JMM both makes no sense fight. Posted September 3, 2012 10:04 amChicago guyFight Aficionado, i don't care if Paquiao will fight or not or who he will fight next. I'm not excited anymore. For me it's better for Pacquiao to retire and devout all his time as public servant if Arum can't get Jailboy for him. Posted September 3, 2012 10:00 amChicago guyFight Aficionado, plzWell, if BHop could force the Klitchkos to cut down to 175 "in order to level the playing field" he'd probably beat them. Wouldn't make it a legit win however,,, Posted September 3, 2012 6:19 amFight AficionadoSpeaking of delayed fights, they say Adrian Broner is in a dispute with HBO over his next opponent, forcing them to push his October date to November. HBO wants him to fight a live body and Broner wants another soft touch. HBO needs to hold firm and make that clown fight someone. These easy six figure paydays are ridiculous. Posted September 3, 2012 4:53 amFight AficionadoThe hemming and hawing leads me to suspect Pac doesn't want to fight Dec. 1 anymore. He's got a lot of political nonsense to handle as a senator or whatever the hell he does back in the Filipines. Posted September 3, 2012 4:49 amMixIf there's 4 boxers I wanna see the back of it's Pacman, PBF & the Klitschko Bros! Posted September 3, 2012 4:46 amRichIn years to come whenever they mention JMM they will include the name of Pacq……In years to come when they mention Pacq they won't always include the name JMM….. Posted September 3, 2012 3:43 amGIRRIGO TO PLANET MARS, PAC. PLANET EARTH IS NOT LUCRATIVE PLACE ANYMORE FOR BOXING. EARTHLINGS SPECIALLY FLOYD, JR. ARE SCARED OF YOUR HOOKS. Posted September 3, 2012 3:32 amGIRRIYOU MEAN KNOCKING DOWN MARQUEZ FOUR TIMES NEVER HURT HIM? AND MARQUEZ SCHOOLED PAC BUT FAILED TO KNOCKED HIM DOWN? WHO SCHOOLED WHO? WHO TASTED THE CANVAS FOUR TIMES? GO BACK TO YOUR NORMAL SENSES, JESS. WAKE UP AND WASH YOUR FACE. HA HA HA HA. Posted September 3, 2012 12:36 amGIRRICOTTO FOUGHT MARGARITO AT 151 AND FLOYD'S BLINDED FANS (NOT COTTO'S) SUGGESTING PAC TO FIGHT FLOYD AT 154 IS RIDICULOUS AND FUNNY. BUT EVEN AT 154 COTTO SHOULD AVOID PAC FOR OBVIOUS REASON. ASK MIGUEL'S WIFE. Posted September 3, 2012 12:32 amwhat it isPacquiao's in a tough spot. There's not really any PPV fights left for him that make business sense with respects to risk/reward and a potential Mayweather fight on the horizon next spring. People have their opinions on the Bradley fight, and the OP correctly articulates that fight's a tough sell. A fourth fight with Marquez would be a tough sell also, although with Marquez having a larger base than Bradley, that fight would likely bring in more $. Of course in a fourth fight with Marquez, Pacquiao risks definitively losing a matchup with Mayweather – however slim the perceived chances of that fight finally coming off are perceived to be. A fight on HBO Championship Boxing vs a Lucase Mathyese (or similar) opponent . Relatively safe fight, but likely exciting. Posted September 3, 2012 12:16 amThe PrinceArum is trying to find someone who will go for his unfair BS. People are refusing and finding other owlets for a fight and a decent pay day. Toprank has been exposed. Posted September 2, 2012 9:47 pmLmanIm a Pacman fan but I say who cares… Posted September 2, 2012 6:51 pmAnonymousomg you pacquiao fanboys are SO creepy. all you guys talk about is how humble pacquiao is, yet everywhere on the internet it's always you guys speaking hatefully about mayweather and pacquiao. truly hateful stuff. you guys are HYPOCRITES! Posted September 2, 2012 6:42 pmTachyonOne thing I do have to admit Arum is brilliant. After thinking about everything Arum is making the right moves and has a great grasp of tactics looking at the big picture. Posted September 2, 2012 1:17 pmBoxing Fanaticdont hate. be like your boy, "pac is an unbelieveable fighter" maybe he'll get the urge to fight him this time now that he knows pac aint the same any more LOL Posted September 2, 2012 11:36 amJoeKiddCotto is too big for Pacquiao, so why force the issue. A man needs to know his limitations! And it's not what the best deal is for PACQUIAO…it's what the best deal is for Arum. Arum gets a huge chunk of Bradley's purse, so do the math. And if Pacquiao is to lose another decision, who would Arum prefer that to be against? Too much politics has been screwing the great entertainment that is Pacquiao. But if a man cannot take control of his destiny than what make of man are you! Posted September 2, 2012 11:07 ammexicutioneri think pacquiao should fight saul alvarez next. there is enough time for alvarez to recuperate after the lopez fight which i see him winning by UD. weight should be 150 lbs since pacquiao is the bigger draw. pacquiao himself said the worst punishment he's had to take was during the margarito fight. so going beyond 150 is just to much for pacquiao's small but powerful body frame. Posted September 2, 2012 10:57 amanonymoushappyboy is happy suI<ing forreal's di<k Posted September 2, 2012 9:23 amanonymoushappyboy is happy suI<ing forreal's di(k Posted September 2, 2012 9:23 amThe Pinoy PikeyMy apologies: during a time when it WAS common to fight as many as 15 to 20 times per year! Posted September 2, 2012 9:00 amThe Pinoy PikeyI failed to mention, that Henry Armstrong fought in an era where it wasn't common to fight as many as 15 to 20 times per year–Homicide Hank was one of a kind and will never be duplicated. Posted September 2, 2012 8:57 amThe Pinoy PikeyThe one thing that MP has not accomplished is establishing any significant reign at any one wieight class, nor has he ever unified or attempted to unify the titles in any onf the wieight classes that he has glided into and from. IMO, these are important criteria for consideration as a HOF'er and ATG! I don't mean to diminish his asscensions through the several wieght classes, but, as many folks make comparisons between MP and Henry Armstrong, there is no way that MP would have been able to climb the wieghts during a time when there were only 8 wieght classes with one champion, and he certainly wouldn' have been able to hold 3 titles, in 3 of the weight classes at the same time (feather, light and welter). My point: this is an opportunity to atleast gain a title back, and make some attempt to unify the titles in one of the greatest weight classes there has ever been–the welterwieghts! Let's see what he does? Posted September 2, 2012 8:54 amChicago guyPaquiao/JMM 4 is not worth to see. The outcome will be the same a close win for Pacquiao. JMM is the only one interested a 4th fight because of big paycheck but not beccause to prove once more that he won the last two fights. JMM lost both by a thin margin. JMM did well but not enough to get the verdict as the winner. JMM is crying for the 4th fight because Pacquiao is the only opponent that can give JMM a good money fight. JMM knows he lost both but his gimmick is to keep on crying that he won to sway the public to get interest for the 4th fight. JMM has nothing to prove over Pacquiao he can't win even they fight 100 times. Posted September 2, 2012 8:31 amThe Pinoy PikeyManny, needs to do something to gain his leverage back. Perhaps take a fight with Bailey or Malinaggi, gaining a piece of the welterwieght title back–this action would negate Bradley's nonsense of saying MP needs to fight him, while he prices himself out at the same time. If, MP gets back a title, and "offers" TB a rematch, and TB declines, then there would be no better time to try and get that fight with FM. Posted September 2, 2012 8:26 amChicago guyNo Pacquiao/Bradley 2 what for? There's no defeat that Pacquiao need to avenge over Headbutt Storm he won the fight. Pacquiao will be in laughable situation if he fight Headbutt Storm to avenge his lost that he and everybody knows that he won.Pacquiao don't want it, everybody don't want to see it(rematch) and i think only Arum want a rematch with Bradley. Posted September 2, 2012 8:15 amChicago guyJess is BUGOK he knows well about boxing. Posted September 2, 2012 8:08 ampugfani am of the opinion that Cotto's refusal to have a rematch with Paquiao has a lot more to do with the memories of having his face all busted up in their first bout then it dose with any perceived weight issues. besides that,Cotto's wife and family probably begged him not to have another fight with Paquiao for obvious reasons. Posted September 2, 2012 8:05 amRay RayOh god we still talking about this…..clearly beat Marquez or Bradley it's easy. 4 get about competing with Floyds PPV number it isn't guna happen Posted September 2, 2012 8:00 amflydogWhere is Pac's pride as a fighter? He has a chance here to avenge a decision that most people think he was robbed of but the focus instead seems to be on who will make the most money for himself and Uncle Bob!! This should not be a difficult decision. Bradley is even waiting around for the call. Just get the fight made and set the record straight. I've already seen 3 close fights vs Marquez and have little interest in watching a fourth. Get Bradley out of the way and then get Mayweather in the ring next year. Simples!! :wink: Posted September 2, 2012 7:18 amOlu G. RotimiIn my opinion Bradley won a close fight against Pacman. Posted September 2, 2012 6:53 amAnonymousEveryone is sick of it. I can't wait until Pacquiao retired and all the fanboys disappear. Posted September 2, 2012 4:15 amAnonymousI know right. I'm so tired of Pacquiao. He's so not what he used to be. Posted September 2, 2012 4:14 amJohn Titorthis guy rapes children and at some point you are a hero? Posted September 2, 2012 2:58 ambugokyea right…you know everything about boxing…you are the expert! right you are the best… Posted September 2, 2012 2:42 amTARKCotto was fed up with the weight demands… He finally said "Screw it. He's been a title holder in my weight class. He'll fight me at 154 like Mayweather did — or he can fight Bradley or that other guy who beat him the fight before that." Posted September 2, 2012 1:46 amJavier UrquizaYou don't know boxing then, Marquez clearly won the last fight and should've won the second one. I can go with a draw on the first fight. Marquez should be 2-0-1 against Pacman instead he is 0-2-1. Make Marquez vs Pacquiao IV happen to settle unfinished business! Posted September 2, 2012 1:14 amJabPacquiao hasn't named an opponent because he has no intention of fighting anyone on Nov. 10th or Dec. 1st. That belief is based on reports of Bob Arum's failure to name an opponent after meeting with Pacquiao as he confidently promised. It was further reported that Pacquiao is sitting the rest of the year out to work on a Mayweather fight. But Arum continues to announce fight dates without a confirmed opponent or Pacquiao's approval. Their deferences may stem from the Bradley fight. The question that hasn't been answered is whether Pacquiao renewed his contract with Top Rank! Posted September 2, 2012 12:54 amAnonymousI actually do want to see manny beat Bradley because of Bradley's jessit was not that close. Pacquiao never once hurt Marquez. And those compubox numbers were way too exagerated. Pacquiao never landed 170 + shots. I would say it was more like 40 or 50 shots. Marquez took him to school. Posted September 2, 2012 12:10 amroyjoneslastfightManny Pacquiao vs Ricardo Mayorga !!!!! I'LL PAY $100 Posted September 2, 2012 12:02 amforrealDRAMA QUEEEN!! Posted September 2, 2012 12:00 ammarachoI'd like to see him and Bradley again Posted September 1, 2012 11:31 pmHrdknxWho cares who is next opponent will be. PAC and Arum can suck my choda. I'm sick of the games. Arum thought it was smart to drag this on and capitalize on his meal ticket. But now there is the backlash. F$&k u boob arum. Sick of ur crap. Posted September 1, 2012 11:08 pmRealtalkNotice manny won't even say mays name lol Posted September 1, 2012 10:39 pmJohn O'NeillMaybe Money and Pac are going to shock the world by announcing they will fight on Dec 8?! Posted September 1, 2012 10:37 pmkingmdUhh,no,there was less a fuss over the decision with Marquez because the fight was competitive and extremely close..unlike the fight with Bradley that was ass lopsided…thank u Posted September 1, 2012 10:19 pm |


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Drayton Arms, Earls Court
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Drayton Arms is a Grade II listed public house at 153 Old Brompton Road, Earls Court, London.[1]
It was built in the late 19th century, and the architect is not known.[1]
- ^ a b "Drayton Arms public house". English Heritage list. English Heritage. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
Coordinates: 51°29′26.1″N 0°10′59.9″W / 51.490583°N 0.183306°W
This pub-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |


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2211 Pretty Lake Avenue
Most errands require a car.
A few nearby public transportation options.
Score Details
2211 Pretty Lake Avenue has a Walk Score of 26 out of 100. This location is a Car-Dependent neighborhood so most errands require a car.
This location is in Norfolk. Nearby parks include Tarrallton Park and East Ocean View Community Park.
Nearby schools include Tarrallton Elementary School, Bay View Elementary School and Little Creek Elementary School.
The closest grocery stores are Sav-A-Lot, Walmart Neighborhood Market and Family Dollar #1915.
Nearby coffee shops include Dunkin' Donuts and Java Cup Cafe. Nearby restaurants include Chanello's Pizza, Jessy's Tienda and China Way.
2211 Pretty Lake Avenue is near Old Dominion University, 海军公园 and Norfolk State University.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from 2211 Pretty Lake Avenue.
2211 Pretty Lake Avenue has some transit which means a few nearby public transportation options.
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0.2 mi
This location is in the city of Norfolk, VA. Norfolk has an average Walk Score of 44 and has 242,803 residents.
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Arshi Pipa
Arshi Pipa | |
Born | 1920 Shkodër, Albania |
Died | July 20, 1997 Washington, D.C., United States |
Occupation | philosopher |
Language | Albanian, English, French, Italian |
Nationality | Albanian |
Citizenship | Albanian, Yugoslavian, United States |
Education | PhD on philosophy |
Alma mater | University of Florence |
Period | 1944–1995 |
Genre | epic poetry, literary criticism |
Arshi Pipa (1920 – July 20, 1997) was an Albanian-American philosopher, writer, poet and literary critic.[1]
He attended school in Shkodër until 1938. Pipa received a BA equivalent degree ("Laurea") in philosophy at the University of Florence in 1942.[2] After he completed his studies he was a teacher of Italian language in different schools in Albania.[3]
He was imprisoned for ten years (1946–1956) in Communist Albania[4] because he antagonized the communist regime with his recitation of a verse from a "Song of the Flea" by Goethe found in a translation of Faust.[3] After he was released from the prison (he was sentenced for 20 years of prison, but after amnesty it was cut to ten) he escaped to Yugoslavia and lived in Sarajevo during the period 1957–1959.[3] In 1959 he emigrated to United States where he was first a teacher at Adelphi College, Georgetown University, Columbia University, UC Berkeley and then in 1966 to 1989 he was a professor of Italian literature at the University of Minnesota, Department of Romance Languages.[3][5][6]
Pipa died in Washington DC on July 20, 1997.[6]
The first poetry Pipa composed in late 1930', Lundërtarë [Seamen], was published in Tirana in 1944. When he was in prison he thought out and actually wrote some parts of his best known collection of poems Libri i burgut [The Prison Book], published in 1959.[7] His epic poem Rusha (1968), composed in 1955 during Pipa's imprisonment, describes love between Albanians and Serbs in the late 14th century.[3]
Pipa claimed that unification of Albanian language was wrong because it deprived Albanian language of its richness at the expense of Gheg.[8] He called unified literary Albanian language a "monstrosity" produced by Tosk communist leadership which military conquered Anti-Communist north Albania and imposed their Tosk Albanian dialect on the Ghegs.[9]
- ^ Elsie, Robert. "Arshi Pipa". Robert Elsie. Archived from the original on January 9, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
Writer and scholar, Arshi Pipa (1920–1997) ... studied philosophy ... published ... poetry
- ^ Elsie, Robert. "Arshi Pipa". Robert Elsie. Archived from the original on January 9, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
in Shkodra where he attended school until 1938. ..Pipa studied philosophy at the University of Florence, where he received the degree of "dottore in filosofia" in 1942.
- ^ a b c d e The Columbia literary history of Eastern Europe since 1945, New York: Columbia University Press, 2008, p. 152, ISBN 978-0-231-50804-9, OCLC 174138806, retrieved January 11, 2012,
...at a poetry reading ... antagonized the authorities with his recitation of lyrics...that also included ... lines from Goethe's song...
- ^ Elsie, Robert. "1959 Arshi Pipa: Communism and Albanian Writers". Retrieved January 10, 2012.
Arshi Pipa (1920–1997) spent ten years in prison (1946–1956) in communist Albania
- ^ Zeitschrift für Balkanologie. R. Trofenik. 1984. p. 211. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
- ^ a b Kvanbeck, Martha (1997). "1997–98 UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA (No. 1) UNIVERSITY SENATE MINUTES". University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
he taught at Georgetown, Columbia, and Berkeley before being appointed in 1966 to our University's Department of romance Languages
- ^ Books abroad. University of Oklahoma. 1971. p. 556. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
Arshi Pipa, an Albanian poet now living in the United States, is best known for his Libri i Burgut (The Prison Book), a collection of poems which were thought out, and in some cases actually written, during a long spell of political
- ^ Canadian review of studies in nationalism: Revue canadienne des études sur le nationalisme, Volume 19. University of Prince Edward Island. 1992. p. 206. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
- ^ Canadian review of studies in nationalism: Revue canadienne des études sur le nationalisme, Volume 19. University of Prince Edward Island. 1992. p. 207. Retrieved January 10, 2012.