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Summary Report for:
41-4011.00 - Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products
Sell goods for wholesalers or manufacturers where technical or scientific knowledge is required in such areas as biology, engineering, chemistry, and electronics, normally obtained from at least 2 years of post-secondary education.
Sample of reported job titles: Account Development Manager, Account Executive, Account Manager, Channel Sales Director, Distribution Sales Manager, Inside Sales Representative, Marketing Representative, Sales Director, Sales Manager, Sales Representative
Also see: Solar Sales Representatives and Assessors
Tasks | Tools & Technology | Knowledge | Skills | Abilities | Work Activities | Work Context | Job Zone | Education | Credentials | Interests | Work Styles | Work Values | Related Occupations | Wages & Employment | Job Openings | Additional Information
- Contact new and existing customers to discuss their needs, and to explain how these needs could be met by specific products and services.
- Answer customers' questions about products, prices, availability, or credit terms.
- Quote prices, credit terms, or other bid specifications.
- Emphasize product features based on analyses of customers' needs and on technical knowledge of product capabilities and limitations.
- Negotiate prices or terms of sales or service agreements.
- Maintain customer records, using automated systems.
- Identify prospective customers by using business directories, following leads from existing clients, participating in organizations and clubs, and attending trade shows and conferences.
- Prepare sales contracts for orders obtained, and submit orders for processing.
- Select the correct products or assist customers in making product selections, based on customers' needs, product specifications, and applicable regulations.
- Collaborate with colleagues to exchange information, such as selling strategies or marketing information.
Tools & Technology
Tools used in this occupation:
|Notebook computers — Laptop computers
|Personal computers
|Personal digital assistant PDAs or organizers — Personal digital assistants PDA
|Tablet computers
Technology used in this occupation:
|Customer relationship management CRM software — ActionWare; NetSuite NetCRM; Sage ACT!; Sybase iAnywhere Sales Anywhere
|Data base user interface and query software — Data entry software; Microsoft Access; Oracle DBMS
|Electronic mail software — IBM Lotus Notes; Microsoft Exchange; Microsoft Outlook
|Presentation software — Microsoft PowerPoint
|Spreadsheet software — Microsoft Excel
|Word processing software — Microsoft Word
|Sales and Marketing — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products or services. This includes marketing strategy and tactics, product demonstration, sales techniques, and sales control systems.
|Customer and Personal Service — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.
|English Language — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition, and grammar.
|Computers and Electronics — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming.
|Production and Processing — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and other techniques for maximizing the effective manufacture and distribution of goods.
|Speaking — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
|Persuasion — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
|Active Listening — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.
|Social Perceptiveness — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
|Negotiation — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
|Reading Comprehension — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work related documents.
|Service Orientation — Actively looking for ways to help people.
|Active Learning — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-making.
|Complex Problem Solving — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions.
|Coordination — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
|Oral Expression — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.
|Oral Comprehension — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.
|Speech Clarity — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
|Speech Recognition — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
|Written Comprehension — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
|Written Expression — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.
|Deductive Reasoning — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.
|Near Vision — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
|Problem Sensitivity — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing there is a problem.
|Inductive Reasoning — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).
Work Activities
|Selling or Influencing Others — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or actions.
|Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.
|Communicating with Persons Outside Organization — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.
|Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.
|Making Decisions and Solving Problems — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.
|Getting Information — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.
|Analyzing Data or Information — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.
|Interacting With Computers — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information.
|Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
|Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.
Work Context
|Telephone — How often do you have telephone conversations in this job?
|Contact With Others — How much does this job require the worker to be in contact with others (face-to-face, by telephone, or otherwise) in order to perform it?
|Deal With External Customers — How important is it to work with external customers or the public in this job?
|Duration of Typical Work Week — Number of hours typically worked in one week.
|Electronic Mail — How often do you use electronic mail in this job?
|Face-to-Face Discussions — How often do you have to have face-to-face discussions with individuals or teams in this job?
|Freedom to Make Decisions — How much decision making freedom, without supervision, does the job offer?
|Structured versus Unstructured Work — To what extent is this job structured for the worker, rather than allowing the worker to determine tasks, priorities, and goals?
|Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results — How do the decisions an employee makes impact the results of co-workers, clients or the company?
|Level of Competition — To what extent does this job require the worker to compete or to be aware of competitive pressures?
Job Zone
|Job Zone Four: Considerable Preparation Needed
|Most of these occupations require a four-year bachelor's degree, but some do not.
|Related Experience
|A considerable amount of work-related skill, knowledge, or experience is needed for these occupations. For example, an accountant must complete four years of college and work for several years in accounting to be considered qualified.
|Job Training
|Employees in these occupations usually need several years of work-related experience, on-the-job training, and/or vocational training.
|Job Zone Examples
|Many of these occupations involve coordinating, supervising, managing, or training others. Examples include accountants, sales managers, database administrators, teachers, chemists, environmental engineers, criminal investigators, and special agents.
|SVP Range
|(7.0 to < 8.0)
Percentage of Respondents
|Education Level Required
|Bachelor's degree
|Associate's degree
|Some college, no degree
Interest code: EC
|Enterprising — Enterprising occupations frequently involve starting up and carrying out projects. These occupations can involve leading people and making many decisions. Sometimes they require risk taking and often deal with business.
|Conventional — Conventional occupations frequently involve following set procedures and routines. These occupations can include working with data and details more than with ideas. Usually there is a clear line of authority to follow.
Work Styles
|Initiative — Job requires a willingness to take on responsibilities and challenges.
|Independence — Job requires developing one's own ways of doing things, guiding oneself with little or no supervision, and depending on oneself to get things done.
|Achievement/Effort — Job requires establishing and maintaining personally challenging achievement goals and exerting effort toward mastering tasks.
|Persistence — Job requires persistence in the face of obstacles.
|Dependability — Job requires being reliable, responsible, and dependable, and fulfilling obligations.
|Attention to Detail — Job requires being careful about detail and thorough in completing work tasks.
|Adaptability/Flexibility — Job requires being open to change (positive or negative) and to considerable variety in the workplace.
|Integrity — Job requires being honest and ethical.
|Stress Tolerance — Job requires accepting criticism and dealing calmly and effectively with high stress situations.
|Self Control — Job requires maintaining composure, keeping emotions in check, controlling anger, and avoiding aggressive behavior, even in very difficult situations.
Work Values
|Independence — Occupations that satisfy this work value allow employees to work on their own and make decisions. Corresponding needs are Creativity, Responsibility and Autonomy.
|Achievement — Occupations that satisfy this work value are results oriented and allow employees to use their strongest abilities, giving them a feeling of accomplishment. Corresponding needs are Ability Utilization and Achievement.
|Working Conditions — Occupations that satisfy this work value offer job security and good working conditions. Corresponding needs are Activity, Compensation, Independence, Security, Variety and Working Conditions.
Related Occupations
|Marketing Managers
|Sales Managers
|Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes
|Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists
|Personal Financial Advisors
|Public Relations Specialists Green
|Copy Writers
|Advertising Sales Agents
|Insurance Sales Agents Bright Outlook
|Sales Agents, Financial Services
Wages & Employment Trends
|Median wages (2013)
|$35.83 hourly, $74,520 annual
|State wages
|Employment (2012)
|382,000 employees
|Projected growth (2012-2022)
|Average (8% to 14%)
|Projected job openings (2012-2022)
|State trends
|Top industries (2012)
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics 2013 wage data and 2012-2022 employment projections . "Projected growth" represents the estimated change in total employment over the projections period (2012-2022). "Projected job openings" represent openings due to growth and replacement.
Job Openings on the Web
Sources of Additional Information
Disclaimer: Sources are listed to provide additional information on related jobs, specialties, and/or industries. Links to non-DOL Internet sites are provided for your convenience and do not constitute an endorsement.
- Wholesale and Manufacturing Sales Representatives . Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2014-15 Edition.
- Manufacturers' Agents National Association (MANA) , P.O. Box 3467, Laguna Hills, CA 92654-3467. Phone: (949) 859-4040.
- Manufacturers' Representatives Educational Research Foundation (MRERF) , 8329 Cole St., Arvada, CO 80005. Phone: (303) 463-1801. Fax: (303) 463-3198.


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Sleep Disorder Information New Britain CT
New Britain, CT
West Hartford, CT
Ages Seen
Insurance: Most insurances accepted
Hartford, CT
5 and older
Glastonbury, CT
Manchester, CT
Ages Seen
12y.o. – Adult
Insurance: All
Medicare: Yes
Medicaid: Yes
Farmington, CT
Hartford, CT
Greater than or equal to 16
Middletown, CT
Bloomfield, CT
Waterbury, CT
Medicare: No
Medicaid: No
In Search of a Good Night's Sleep
By Leslie Crawford
It should be so easy. You're tired. You close your eyes. You fall asleep. But for the millions of Americans who are sleepless in Seattle, Manhattan, and Shaker Heights, this simplest of human functions is but a dream. If there's any comfort in numbers, the insomniac may find solace in knowing she's hardly alone while she pines in the wee hours for Mr. Sandman.
Up to 40 million Americans suffer from sleep disorders, which tend to worsen with age, yet most sheepishly hide it in the closet. (After all, it's only sleep, not a life-threatening illness. And doesn't everyone seem tired these days?) "Too many people think insomnia is something to be embarrassed about, that it's some sort of weakness," says Tom Roth, director of the Sleep Disorders Research Center at the Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit. And this prevents a majority from seeking the help they need.
Happily, researchers bent on unraveling the mysteries of slumber are making headway on finding out why so many of us have ongoing trouble falling or staying asleep. "We're beginning to understand the pathology far better," says Roth, who cites studies finding that some poor sleepers are simply not wired like normal sleepers. Their hearts beat faster, their temperature runs higher, and their levels of the stress hormone cortisol are elevated. In medical terms, they have a condition known as hyperarousal.
Unfortunately, the best way to target this type of insomnia is still not known. "We have miles to go before we sleep," says Roth. But at least this new understanding may alleviate some of the stigma that often comes with it. Practitioners have long viewed insomnia as a symptom of other causes—anxiety, depression, hormonal changes, and the side effects of various medications are among the leading ones. But according to the new research, for many people it may well be a condition unto itself. And "you have trouble sleeping" is a lot easier to take than "this means you must be depressed."
There's also some good news on the treatment front for people who suffer from any type of insomnia. We're not talking about a cure—sleeplessness recurs periodically in most insomniacs. But experts say that most people can find a way to manage insomnia as long as they're willing to keep on trying, even after the first, fifth, and seventh attempts fail. Often the secret lies in combining approaches. "No matter how severe the insomnia," says Jacob Teitelbaum, director of the Annapolis Research Center for Effective Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Fibromyalgia Therapies, "it's possible for just about everyone to get eight to ten hours of restful sleep."
Practitioners who take a holistic approach to health have lots to offer the sleep-deprived. If anxiety or stress is your problem, they can suggest any number of calming techniques such as yoga, meditation, or aromatherapy. If nutritional deficiencies might be keeping you awake, they can diagnose them and suggest supplements that may help.
No true...
Copyright 1999-2009 Natural Solutions: Vibrant Health, Balanced Living/Alternative Medicine/InnoVisi...

subset: commoncrawl


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Research Community Mourns Death, Celebrates Life of Judah Folkman
One of the most highly praised and respected cancer researchers, Dr. Judah Folkman of Harvard University and Children's Hospital Boston, died last week from a heart attack. He was 74.
In the wake of his unexpected death, leading researchers praised his groundbreaking work on the role of angiogenesis in tumor development, calling him a pioneer who almost single-handedly altered how cancer is viewed and treated.
"Dr. Folkman championed and led the field of angiogenesis," said NCI Director Dr. John E. Niederhuber. "His dedicated leadership has created the ultimate legacy: a legion of students and fellows, many of whom are now important scientists and scientific leaders in their own right." Read more
Two Studies Identify Drivers of Metastases
A study published in the January 10 Nature has pinpointed several microRNAs (miRNAs) - tiny RNA strands that regulate gene expression - that help suppress breast cancer metastases.
Researchers from Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center examined miRNAs in breast cancer cell lines that were highly metastatic to bone and lung compared with control breast cancer cell lines. They chose to focus further studies on the six miRNAs whose expression was most decreased in the metastatic cells. Read more
Research Community Mourns Death, Celebrates Life of Judah Folkman
One of the most highly praised and respected cancer researchers, Dr. Judah Folkman of Harvard University and Children's Hospital Boston, died last week from a heart attack. He was 74.
In the wake of his unexpected death, leading researchers praised his groundbreaking work on the role of angiogenesis in tumor development, calling him a pioneer who almost single-handedly altered how cancer is viewed and treated.
"Dr. Folkman championed and led the field of angiogenesis," said NCI Director Dr. John E. Niederhuber. "His dedicated leadership has created the ultimate legacy: a legion of students and fellows, many of whom are now important scientists and scientific leaders in their own right."
Dr. Folkman first came to national prominence in 1971, when he published a paper in The New England Journal of Medicine in which he proposed that tumors required a dedicated blood supply to form and grow, and that they orchestrated the formation of new blood vessels for this express purpose. Disrupting this process, he suggested, could be an effective cancer treatment.
"As a surgeon, I had seen tumors and handled them, and saw that the blood vessels converging on the tumor by the thousands, and coming from a long distance, appeared to be new," Dr. Folkman recounted in a 2001 interview, discussing the often intense, decades-long skepticism toward his angiogenesis theory.
By the mid-1990s, with a growing cadre of researchers investigating his theory in lab and animal model studies - including seminal work by Dr. Folkman and his laboratory colleagues - it became evident that his 1971 proposal was correct.
In February 2004, bevacizumab (Avastin) became the first specifically designed anti-angiogenesis agent to receive FDA approval, for the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Other agents have followed, including sunitinib (Sutent) and sorafenib (Nexavar), both approved for the treatment of kidney cancer, and at least 50 angiogenesis inhibitors are in clinical trials around the world.
More recently, angiogenesis research has taken many interesting twists, including clinical trials using low-dose, frequent chemotherapy as an anti-angiogenic treatment and using anti-angiogenesis agents to "normalize" the vasculature of brain tumors in order to more effectively deliver chemotherapy.
According to Children's Hospital Boston, in fact, more than 1,000 laboratories worldwide are studying angiogenesis. One of those is headed by Dr. Steve Libutti, head of the Tumor Angiogenesis Section in the Surgery Branch of NCI's Center for Cancer Research (CCR). Much of Dr. Folkman's success, Dr. Libutti says, was driven by his persistence and infectious enthusiasm.
"He was able to take very complicated concepts and explain them in a way that could allow anyone, regardless of their background or specific interest, to understand what he was talking about," he says. "If you went to one of his lectures, you always came out of it motivated to go cure cancer."
Dr. Folkman's work extended well beyond cancer, Dr. Libutti adds, spurring important new insights into and treatments for other conditions and diseases in which the vasculature plays a critical role, including macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and ischemic heart disease.
As much as anything, Dr. Folkman is most warmly remembered as the quintessential mentor. Dr. Kevin Camphausen, a branch chief in the CCR Radiation Oncology Branch who worked in Dr. Folkman's lab from 1999 to 2001, recalls that while the lab had a competitive atmosphere and Dr. Folkman had high expectations, he was generous with his time.
"He was a great mentor, incredibly kind, intelligent, and humble," Dr. Camphausen says. "He always took time to sit with you if you asked. He was willing to help everybody."
In addition to receiving numerous awards and honors, Dr. Folkman was highly supportive of NCI, most recently working closely with the NIH Trans-Institute Angiogenesis Research Program and, just 2 weeks ago, speaking to young investigators at the NCI Intramural Scientific Retreat.
Dr. Folkman is survived by his wife, Paula, and two daughters, Laura and Marjorie.
—Carmen Phillips
Two Studies Identify Drivers of Metastases
A study published in the January 10 Nature has pinpointed several microRNAs (miRNAs) - tiny RNA strands that regulate gene expression - that help suppress breast cancer metastases.
Researchers from Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center examined miRNAs in breast cancer cell lines that were highly metastatic to bone and lung compared with control breast cancer cell lines. They chose to focus further studies on the six miRNAs whose expression was most decreased in the metastatic cells.
Restoring the function of three of these miRNAs - called miR-335, miR-206, and miR-126 - by gene therapy significantly reduced the formation of bone metastases in mice implanted with the breast cancer cell lines. Rare cells that did metastasize had decreased expression of the three miRNAs.
To measure the expression of these miRNAs in human tumors, the investigators used archived tissue samples from 11 women with metastatic breast cancer and 9 women whose cancer did not metastasize. They found that patients whose primary tumors had low expression of the three miRNAs "had a shorter median time to metastatic relapse."
In particular, low levels of miR-335 or miR-126 "were associated with very poor overall metastasis-free survival compared to the group whose tumors expressed a high level of these miRNAs." Further studies identified genes regulated by miR-335 that are directly associated with relapse.
A second study published in the January 11 Science identified a specific contribution of cells in the tumor microenvironment involved in the angiogenic switch - the generation of a tumor blood supply - and the associated progression of lung micrometastases to deadly macrometastases.
Researchers from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory found that micrometastases that recruit a type of cell called a bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) to their immature blood vessels undergo development of a blood supply, in both xenograft and spontaneous mouse models of cancer.
The researchers also identified a protein called Id1 that is needed to draw the EPCs to the tumor site. When this protein was suppressed in a mouse model, the number of EPCs in the bloodstream was significantly reduced, and tumor blood vessel growth was suppressed. "These findings …suggest that the efficacy of antiangiogenic inhibitors used in clinical trials…may be a consequence of directly targeting [bone marrow]-derived EPCs, as well as the nascent tumor vasculature," conclude the authors.
Black British Women Younger at Breast Cancer Diagnosis
In the first published study of patterns of breast cancer in British black women, available online January 8 in the British Journal of Cancer, researchers found that black women were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer at a significantly younger median age than white women and had a higher frequency of higher grade tumors, estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, and basal-like (triple negative) tumors, similar to African American women.
The investigators from Cancer Research UK identified 102 black women and 191 white women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer between 1994 and 2005 at a hospital in East London. Black patients were diagnosed at a median age of 46, compared with a median age of 67 for white patients. An analysis of the population structures in the geographical area showed no differences between the black and white populations, "confirming that there is a true increase in the frequency of breast cancer in young black women."
Black patients also had a greater frequency of grade 3 tumors, positive lymph nodes, and ER-negative, progesterone receptor-negative, and basal-like tumors; however, only tumor grade was significantly different in all age groups. None of the results changed when adjusted for socioeconomic status.
No significant difference in overall survival was found between black patients and white patients. However, for women whose tumors were 2 centimeters in size or smaller, black patients had poorer survival. Because records showed that black women received more adjuvant therapy than white women, the authors conclude that "there is no evidence that observed differences are due to…inequalities in the receipt of therapy."
The current government breast cancer screening program in the United Kingdom begins at age 50. The authors suggest that "alterations to the screening services offered to black populations might be considered to better reflect the incidence patterns for this group."
Melanoma Study Finds, Targets Tumor Stem Cells
Researchers several years ago identified a population of cells within melanoma skin cancers that may cause resistance to chemotherapy. The researchers now say that these cells, which express the protein ABCB5, may be uniquely suited to initiate tumors and fuel their growth. Dr. Markus Frank of Harvard Medical School and his colleagues report in the January 17 Nature that antibodies against this protein can help prevent tumors from developing in animal models of the disease.
The study describes a hierarchy of cells within melanoma tumors. The capacity to self-renew and give rise to diverse cell types - the hallmarks of tissue stem cells - are concentrated in the ABCB5-positive cells, the researchers conclude. An analysis of tumors revealed greater expression of ABCB5 in more clinically advanced cases compared to less advanced cases, suggesting a link between these cells and melanoma progression.
The cancer stem cell hypothesis says that some cancers are driven by small populations of self-renewing cells. The cells have been reported in various tumor types, including brain, breast, and pancreatic tumors. Previous reports on melanoma have proposed that the proteins CD133 and CD20 may be markers of tumor stem cells.
Few studies have tested the idea that patients would benefit from the eradication of tumor stem cells. Support now comes from experiments in this study showing that antibodies against ABCB5-positive cells inhibited tumors in mice.
"This study provides validation of the hypothesis that specifically targeting cancer stem cells would inhibit tumor growth," said Dr. Frank, noting that more research is needed before the strategy could be applied to humans. Additional markers to further characterize melanoma stem cells at the clonal level are also needed because not every ABCB5-positive cell is a tumor-initiating cell.
Brain Tumor Stem Cells May Depend on Silenced Gene
Researchers have identified a gene that is improperly silenced during the development of some neural stem-like cells in vitro, a finding which could help explain why similar cells may result in aggressive brain tumors in vivo. Further experiments in a human line derived from cells taken from glioblastoma multiforme patients showed that activating the silenced gene restores its normal developmental stages, suggesting a potential strategy for treating patients.
Tumor stem-like cells, like normal stem cells, can self-renew, but unlike stem cells, they fail to differentiate into normal cell types. Instead, they give rise to dysregulated cells, which may develop into a tumor.
This new research links changes in gene regulation to the survival of stem-like cells in culture and exposes a possible Achilles' heel.
Lead investigator Dr. Howard Fine of NCI's Center for Cancer Research is collaborating with drug developers to identify compounds that could activate the silenced gene in the subset of glioblastoma brain cancers with a similar flaw. The hope is that causing neural stem-like cells to mature could stop them from developing into brain tumors.
As reported in the January Cancer Cell, the silenced gene is the bone-morphogenetic protein receptor 1B (BMPR1B), which is involved in cell differentiation. The silencing occurs through an epigenetic change known as methylation in which the gene is chemically modified.
A surprise was that even though the brain cancer stem-like cells had genetic flaws as well as the epigenetic change, the single step of reactivating the BMPR1B receptor caused the cells to grow and differentiate normally. "We may be able to use a drug to differentiate these tumor stem cells without having to treat all the other genetic abnormalities," noted Dr. Fine. "One could argue that the stem-like cell pathways may trump the classic oncogenic pathways."
The findings also suggest that all cancer stem-like cells do not have the same flaws. Rather, to treat the disease it may be necessary to identify the specific pathways that are disrupted in individual cancer cells. The researchers estimate that the BMPR1B gene is silenced in 15 to 20 percent of glioblastoma cases.
Newly Discovered Virus Linked to Aggressive Skin Cancer
Researchers have identified a previously unknown virus and linked it to Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare but usually rapidly fatal skin cancer. The researchers, led by Drs. Yuan Chang and Patrick Moore of the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, say it is too soon to know whether the virus causes the cancer, but their evidence suggests that it may be a contributing factor.
The virus, which they named Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV), was reported in Science on January 17. It is related to a group of polyomaviruses, which has long been known to cause cancer in animals.
Merkel cell carcinoma has been linked to sun exposure and a weakened immune system, though its causes are not known. Approximately 1,500 cases are diagnosed in the U.S. each year. The incidence has been rising, particularly among individuals whose immune systems are compromised by AIDS or immunosuppressant drugs.
The researchers detected MCV DNA in 8 of 10 Merkel cell tumors they tested. By comparison, it was found in 5 of 59 (8 percent) control tissues from various body sites and 4 of 25 (16 percent) control skin tissues. It is not clear why most - but not all - Merkel cell tumors are infected with the virus.
Experiments indicated that the virus had infected human cells before the cells became malignant. In addition, the viral DNA was integrated in six of the eight tumors. This suggests that the virus plays a role in the tumor, the researchers note on a Web site describing the findings. They used a technique called digital transcriptome subtraction to isolate a viral DNA sequence that was similar to but distinct from all known viruses.
If MCV is shown to play a role in the cancer, investigators will have new leads to explore for understanding and treating the deadly disease. The discovery could have implications for other cancers, noted Dr. Kishor Bhatia of NCI's Center for Cancer Research.
In 1994, Drs. Moore and Chang discovered the virus that causes Kaposi sarcoma, the most common malignancy in AIDS patients and the most common cancer in Africa.
Comorbidities May Limit Benefits of Combination Prostate Therapy
The addition of androgen suppression therapy (AST) to radiation therapy (RT) improved overall survival in men with localized prostate cancer and risk factors for disease recurrence, but the survival benefit may apply only to men who do not have moderate to high levels of other illnesses, researchers report in the January 23 Journal of the American Medical Association.
Previous observational studies and pooled analyses of randomized trials have suggested that AST may be associated with an increased risk of heart attacks and other cardiovascular events in older men.
In the current study, researchers randomly assigned 206 men with localized prostate cancer and a high risk of recurrence to either RT alone or RT plus AST for 6 months. The men, whose average age was 72.5, were classified into subgroups based on the severity of their other illnesses, such as diabetes or a previous heart attack.
After 7.6 years median follow-up, estimated 8-year survival was 74 percent for men randomized to RT plus AST compared with 61 percent for men assigned to RT alone. A total of 74 men had died - 44 of those assigned to RT alone and 30 assigned to RT plus AST.
Among the 157 men with only minor comorbidities, 31 of those treated with RT alone had died, compared with 11 of those in the RT plus AST group. Among the 49 men with moderate to severe comorbidities, however, 19 of those randomized to RT plus AST had died, compared with 13 of those assigned to RT alone.
"Preexisting comorbid illness may increase the negative effects of specific anticancer treatments such as AST," conclude the researchers, who were led by Dr. Anthony V. D'Amico of Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. They recommend that follow-up clinical trials be designed to further assess this interaction and identify which illnesses in particular may shorten life expectancy among men undergoing treatment with AST.
Guest Update by Dr. Sanya Springfield
Addressing Cancer Health Disparities with Science and Hope
Yesterday marked the national observance of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday, and with it an opportunity to reflect on his work to raise awareness of inequality and injustice in our country.
Even now, almost 40 years after his untimely death, the impact of Dr. King's work is still being felt, inspiring research that has given us a better understanding of the disparities that still exist in this country and programs at all levels that can address them. One example is NCI's Center to Reduce Cancer Health Disparities (CRCHD), formed in 2001 with the sole purpose of better understanding and eliminating disparities in cancer through research-based and diversity training programs around the country, and which I have been proud to be part of since 2005.
We are showing tangible signs of progress in cancer disparities research. But as a study that appeared earlier this month in Cancer demonstrated, we are up against significant obstacles. The study found that disparities in cancer treatment did not abate between 1994 and 2002 in the areas of colorectal, prostate, and breast cancers, regardless of socioeconomic status.
The reasons for cancer health disparities can be complex and unique to specific communities. That's why CRCHD is funding a broad range of activities, including the CURE Program, Minority Institution/ Cancer Center Partnership Program, Community Networks Program, and Patient Navigation Research Program. These programs build local partnerships and infrastructure so that the information gathered from these communities is accurate and can better inform the social, behavioral, and educational interventions we are developing and testing to eliminate disparities.
And despite shifts in the national budget, we are developing important new programs, namely the Advanced and Emerging Technologies Initiative, which will dovetail with existing NCI programs to train minority students from high school, college, and postbaccalaureate in fields such as nanotechnology, clinical proteomics, and bioinformatics; and the Geographical Management Program, which will build regional hubs to support cancer health disparities research, training, and infrastructure.
We are also focused on collaboration. Last November, CRCHD co-sponsored a cancer health disparities conference with the American Association for Cancer Research that included presentations on incidence, risk behaviors, and new interventions, as well as the influence of genetics and the environment on disparities.
Studies that are a part of NCI's Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility initiative, in fact, should greatly inform our understanding of the role of genetic variation in cancer disparities. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified specific single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs, that may provide important insights into the more aggressive nature of prostate cancer in African American men. NCI also is working in collaborative studies with other groups to do specific scans in African American populations to identify unique SNPs that may contribute to risk.
In addition, several studies have now suggested that there may be unique genetic factors that influence breast cancer risk in African American women, including a recent study conducted in the United Kingdom that found an increased risk of "triple-negative" breast cancer in African American women.
Along those same lines, relying on data from several large studies, NCI recently published a revised breast cancer risk assessment model that provides better estimates of the number of breast cancers that would develop in African American women 50 to 79 years of age. The model is now available on the NCI Web site for clinicians to use in advising their female African American patients.
So, clearly, our understanding of disparities has vastly improved and we are developing and testing important new interventions. I invite you to visit the CRCHD Web site, where you can read more about recent disparity-related research, get updates on research conferences, and learn how to register for our Cancer Health Disparities Summit 2008.
Our passionate hope is that all people will have access to education in health care and science, access to jobs in our academic research departments, and access to the latest scientific advances used to fight cancer in the communities where they live. We will continue to pursue NCI's mission of sharing progress against cancer equally. Because, as Dr. King once said, "We must accept finite disappointment, but we must never lose infinite hope."
Following are newly released NCI research funding opportunities:
Decision Making in Cancer: Single-Event Decisions
Application Receipt Dates: Non-AIDS Applications (new): Feb. 5, June 5, and Oct. 5, 2008; Feb. 5, June 5, and Oct. 5, 2009; Feb. 5, June 5, and Oct. 5, 2010.
This is a renewal of PA-07-203 and will use the R01 award mechanism. For more information, see http://cri.nci.nih.gov/4abst.cfm?initiativeparfa_id=3830 Inquiries: Dr. Wendy Nelson - email@example.com
Community Participation in Research
Application Receipt Dates: Non-AIDS Applications (new): Feb. 5, June 5, and Oct. 5, 2008; Feb. 5, June 5, and Oct. 5, 2009; Feb. 5, June 5, and Oct. 5, 2010; Feb. 5, 2011.
This is a renewal of PAR-05-026. This funding opportunity will use the R01 award mechanism. For more information, see http://cri.nci.nih.gov/4abst.cfm?initiativeparfa_id=3839. Inquiries: Dr. Sabra Woolley - email@example.com
Research on the Economics of Diet, Activity, and Energy Balance
Application Receipt Dates: PA-08-077: Non-AIDS Applications (new): Feb. 16, June 16, and Oct. 16, 2008; Feb. 16, June 16, and Oct. 16, 2009; Feb. 16, June 16, and Oct. 16, 2010; Feb. 16, June 16, and Oct. 16, 2011.
PA-08-078: Non-AIDS Applications (new): Feb. 5, June 5, and Oct. 5, 2008; Feb. 5, June 5, and Oct. 5, 2009; Feb. 5, June 5, and Oct. 5, 2010.
These are renewals of PA-06-292 and PA-07-205 and will use the R21 (PA-08-077) and R01 (PA-08-078) award mechanisms. For more information, see http://cri.nci.nih.gov/4abst.cfm?initiativeparfa_id=3844. Inquiries: Dr. Nancy Breen - email@example.com
Innovative Technology Solutions to Cancer Sample Preparation
Letter of Intent Receipt Dates: Feb. 11, April 29, and Aug. 24, 2008
These are renewals of RFA-CA-07-043 and RFA-CA-07-044 and will use the R43 and R44 (RFA-CA-08-013) and R41 and R42 (RFA-CA-08-014) award mechanisms. For more information, see http://cri.nci.nih.gov/4abst.cfm?initiativeparfa_id=3838. Inquiries: Dr. Richard Aragon - firstname.lastname@example.com
Innovative Technologies for Molecular Analysis of Cancer
Letter of Intent Receipt Dates: Feb. 11, April 29, and Aug. 24, 2008
This is a renewal of RFA-CA-07-033 and will use the R21 award mechanism. For more information, see http://cri.nci.nih.gov/4abst.cfm?initiativeparfa_id=3834. Inquiries: Dr. Richard Aragon - email@example.com
Application of Emerging Technologies for Cancer Research
Letter of Intent Receipt Dates: Feb. 11, April 29, and Aug. 24, 2008
These are renewals of RFA-CA-07-035 and RFA-CA-07-036 and will use the R21 (RFA-CA-08-007) and R33 (RFA-CA-08-008) award mechanisms. For more information, see http://cri.nci.nih.gov/4abst.cfm?initiativeparfa_id=3835. Inquiries: Dr. Richard Aragon - firstname.lastname@example.com
Innovative Technology Solutions to Cancer Sample Preparation
Letter of Intent Receipt Dates: Feb. 11, April 29, and Aug. 24, 2008
These are renewals of RFA-CA-07-037 and RFA-CA-07-038 and will use the R21 (RFA-CA-08-009) and R33 (RFA-CA-08-010) award mechanisms. For more information, see http://cri.nci.nih.gov/4abst.cfm?initiativeparfa_id=3836. Inquiries: Dr. Richard Aragon - email@example.com
Innovative and Applied Molecular Analysis Technologies for Cancer
Letter of Intent Receipt Dates: Feb. 11, April 29, and Aug. 24, 2008
These are renewals of RFA-CA-07-039, RFA-CA-07-040, RFA-CA-07-041, and RFA-CA-07-042 and will use the R43 and R44 (RFA-CA-08-011) and R41 and R42 (RFA-CA-08-012) award mechanisms. For more information, see http://cri.nci.nih.gov/4abst.cfm?initiativeparfa_id=3837. Inquiries: Dr. Richard Aragon - email@example.com
Decision Making in Cancer: Single-Event Decisions
Application Receipt Dates: Non-AIDS Applications (new): Feb. 16, June 16, and Oct. 16, 2008; Feb. 16, June 16, and Oct. 16, 2009; Feb. 16, June 16, and Oct. 16, 2010.
This is a renewal of PA-06-305 and will use the R21 award mechanism. For more information, see http://cri.nci.nih.gov/4abst.cfm?initiativeparfa_id=3830. Inquiries: Dr. Wendy Nelson - firstname.lastname@example.com
Comprehensive Minority Institution/Cancer Center Partnership
Letter of Intent Receipt Date: Feb. 20, 2008
This is a renewal of RFA-CA-07-045 and will use the U54 award mechanism. For more information, see http://cri.nci.nih.gov/4abst.cfm?initiativeparfa_id=3832. Inquiries: Dr. H. Nelson Aguila - firstname.lastname@example.com; Dr. Peter Ogunbiyi - email@example.com; Belinda Locke - firstname.lastname@example.com
NIH Revision Awards for Studying Interactions Among Social, Behavioral, and Genetic Factors in Health
Letter of Intent Receipt Date: April 13, 2008
These funding opportunities will use the R01 (PAR-08-065) and R21 (PAR-08-066) award mechanisms. For more information, see http://cri.nci.nih.gov/4abst.cfm?initiativeparfa_id=3831. Inquiries: Dr. Tanya Agurs-Collins - firstname.lastname@example.com
Community Participation Research Targeting the Medically Underserved
Letter of Intent Receipt Dates: April 16, 2008; April 15, 2009; and April 14, 2010.
These are a renewal of PAR-05-026 and will use the R01 (PA-08-075) and R21 (PA-08-076) award mechanisms. For more information, see http://cri.nci.nih.gov/4abst.cfm?initiativeparfa_id=3840. Inquiries: Dr. Sabra Woolley - email@example.com
FDA Issues Pain Warning for Bisphosphonates
On January 7, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an alert to health care providers and patients regarding bisphosphonate drugs, which prevent and treat bone-density problems in patients who have cancer-related hypercalcemia, Paget disease, multiple myeloma, or bone metastases from solid tumors, as well as osteoporosis.
The agency warns that this class of drugs - which includes Fosamax, Didronel, Boniva, Aredia, Actonel, Skelid, Reclast, and Zometa - can cause severe musculoskeletal pain beginning days, months, or years after starting use. Patients have characterized the pain as extreme and disabling, to the point that they could no longer continue normal activities, such as walking.
When patients first begin using bisphosphonates, particularly if the drugs are given intravenously, they may develop fever, chills, or bone, muscle, and joint pain, but these symptoms tend to resolve within a few days. In some cases, however, the pain is severe and does not resolve unless the drug is stopped.
Though the risk factors for severe musculoskeletal pain associated with bisphosphonate use are still unknown, FDA has issued this warning so that health care providers are aware of the relationship and can address patients' needs more quickly. "Prescribers should consider discontinuing the bisphosphonate if severe pain symptoms occur," the statement says. "Alternative causes of the musculoskeletal pain should be considered if symptoms do not lessen or resolve following withdrawal of the bisphosphonate."
The agency will continue to evaluate reports of the trend in the coming year and post updates on its Web site as they become available.
NCI and ASCO Develop Disaster Wallet Card for Gulf Coast Cancer Patients
NCI and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) have developed a wallet card that is being piloted with oncologists in the Gulf Coast states. The wallet card guides displaced cancer patients to ASCO's patient information Web site and NCI's Cancer Information Service (CIS) national toll-free number (1-800-4-CANCER), LiveHelp instant messaging service, and e-mail service available at www.cancer.gov/help.
Using this nationwide electronic and telecommunication infrastructure, patients and physicians can access and share information in the event of a disaster. The card also provides space to write the patient's name, diagnosis, and treatment to communicate vital information to health care providers.
"Connecting patients from all over the country to cancer information and clinical trials is what NCI's CIS does every day," said Madeline La Porta, former deputy director of CIS and current associate director of the Office of Dissemination, Initiatives, and Partnerships in NCI's Office of Communications and Education. "Our collaboration with ASCO will help reconnect displaced patients and doctors after a natural disaster so they can get the information they need."
This collaboration builds upon a successful partnership in 2005 in response to the devastation caused by hurricanes Katrina and Rita. NCI and ASCO worked closely to provide the toll-free CIS phone number and Web-based resources to help displaced doctors and their cancer patients contact each other to ensure continued care.
"Continuity of care is crucial to the health and well-being of people with cancer," said ASCO President Dr. Nancy E. Davidson. "ASCO is pleased to partner with NCI to ensure that people with cancer across the United States can access the high-quality care that they need, no matter what the circumstance."
Before developing the card, ASCO conducted a formative evaluation of the concept and prototype of the wallet card among oncologists and oncology nurses who attended the Oncology Nursing Society Annual Congress, the ASCO Annual Meeting, and an ASCO Committee Meeting. ASCO staff reported that all of the attendees surveyed at their annual meeting agreed that such a resource would be valuable for their patients.
The card will be piloted over the next year to include the 2008 hurricane season with oncologists in the Gulf Coast states. An evaluation of the pilot will help determine whether the program is expanded to cover other geographic areas or other potential disasters.
"When I received the e-mail about this program, I was very excited," says Coleen Booker, a registered nurse and coordinator for the GI Oncology Center at the University of Florida Shands Cancer Center in Gainesville. She recalls how after Hurricane Katrina, cancer patients from New Orleans came to Florida. Their medical records had been destroyed, and sometimes the patients didn't know how to spell their doctor's name, making it difficult to determine their true diagnosis, medical history, and best course of treatment. "But it's not just about catastrophes," she says. "With this program, if people come to Florida on vacation or as snowbirds to live for half of the year, these cards will make it much easier for us to help them."
Oncology practices in the Gulf States can order copies of the card by calling CIS at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237). Quantities may be limited.
—Brittany Moya del Pino
Countering Tobacco Use Among Young Adults: New Approaches Needed
For the tobacco industry, a 22-year-old who isn't a smoker represents a challenge but also an opportunity.
The reason: While most - but by no means all - smokers start as teenagers, only about one-third are fully addicted smokers by age 18. Young adulthood, typically defined as ages 18 to 25, is when many transition from light smokers to heavy smokers - or quit. If smoking hasn't taken root by age 25, studies show, chances are good it's not going to.
This young adult period, tobacco control researchers point out, is one of transitions in roles, responsibilities, and behaviors. Many of the barriers to smoking are gone: High school is done, many people leave home for college or go to work and, for the first time, have an income and are able to purchase tobacco products legally.
These facts haven't escaped the tobacco industry, which in 2005 spent more than $13 billion to market tobacco products. Their efforts have not been in vain: At slightly below 25 percent, 18- to 25-year-olds have the highest smoking rate of any adult age group.
Tobacco control researchers have concluded that new approaches are urgently needed to reach young adults with smoking prevention and cessation messages and interventions. The importance of this task is magnified because, as numerous studies show, the best way for a smoker to avoid the enormous health risks of smoking, including cancer, is to quit at a young age.
Fortunately, results from a number of recent studies have provided a more complete dossier of young adult smokers, with new data that suggest some potentially promising avenues for influencing young adults' tobacco use behavior.
A Clearer Picture
Several studies also have reported that less educated young adults try to quit as frequently as their more highly educated counterparts. However, physicians are less likely to advise young adult smokers to quit, compared with older smokers.
Several things are abundantly clear, says Dr. C. Tracy Orleans, a Distinguished Fellow at the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. First, programs aimed at young adults with lower levels of education and income have to become a high priority.
"That represents one of the most important challenges for tobacco control," Dr. Orleans says, particularly because socioeconomic disparities have expanded over the past several decades.
And second, to better reach young adults - and all smokers, in truth - the packaging and delivery of antismoking messages and cessation interventions has to improve.
To do so, explains Dr. Orleans, a member of the public-private Youth Tobacco Cessation Collaborative, tobacco control and public health officials might want to take cues from an unlikely source, the tobacco companies.
"We have to use the same viral marketing strategies [as the tobacco industry], get online, develop connected communities, use the same approaches tailored to psychographics," she says.
Psychographics, explains Dr. Stanton Glantz, director of the Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education at the University of California, San Francisco, underlie much of tobacco industry marketing.
"They do these extensive surveys that ask many different questions," says Dr. Glantz, who, along with his colleague Dr. Pamela Ling, has studied thousands of pages of tobacco industry documents made available to the public as a result of litigation against the tobacco industry. "They would be viewed as unscientific questions: What kind of music do you like? What's your favorite movie? Do you fix your own car?"
Using statistical techniques, Dr. Glantz continues, the tobacco companies sift through the data "looking for clouds of people, who they are and what their smoking behavior is, and their marketing and messages are built around that."
And just as the tobacco industry uses psychographics to deliver its messages directly to targeted populations - via magazines, sporting events, the Internet, and bars and clubs - the tobacco control community needs to do the same, says Dr. Orleans.
New Approaches
On the other end of the spectrum, in Las Vegas, a program sponsored by the Clark County Health Department called Urban Fuel sponsors regular "Smokefree and Sexy" events at some of the most popular clubs on the Vegas strip. And, says Malcolm Ahlo, Urban Fuel's 26-year-old program director, its largest event, called "Nasty Habits," has become so popular that tickets have to be purchased well in advance through a major ticketing firm.
Surveys at Urban Fuel's smaller, weekly events show that most attendees prefer the smoke-free environments. "Even the smokers," says Mr. Ahlo.
And the companies that manufacture smoking cessation medications also are catching on. GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), for example, now sponsors NASCAR events and has counseling booths at races where it also promotes its products. GSK also recently introduced Cinnamon Surge, a new flavor of its Nicorette nicotine gum. Cinnamon Surge has bright red, flashy packaging, a catchy tag line ("Fight Fire with Fire"), and a Web site with pictures of young adults that, when clicked on, lead to tips for how to best use the product and quit smoking.
—Carmen Phillips
Inhibiting Tumor Angiogenesis in Children
Name of the Trial
Principal Investigator
Why This Trial Is Important
One approach that has shown effectiveness in the treatment of some adult cancers is inhibiting the growth of new blood vessels to tumors (i.e., blocking tumor angiogenesis). Without angiogenesis, solid tumors are unable to grow beyond a few millimeters in size. Because drugs that inhibit angiogenesis may cause different side effects in children than they do in adults, it is important to carefully test their use in pediatric cancer patients.
In this trial, researchers are testing an angiogenesis inhibitor called cediranib in pediatric patients who have solid tumors (except brain tumors) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a type of blood cancer. Although solid tumors are not formed in AML, there is evidence that a protein known to be important in tumor angiogenesis (i.e., vascular endothelial growth factor, or VEGF) may also be important for the growth of AML cells. Cediranib blocks all three known receptor proteins for VEGF.
"Solid tumors in children tend to be highly vascular, and adult AML patients with elevated levels of VEGF typically don't survive as long as those with lower levels," said Dr. Fox. "So, there's a strong rationale for using VEGF inhibitors for these cancers. However, it is vitally important to assess the toxicities and establish the appropriate dosage of cediranib for pediatric patients.
"Furthermore, we plan to study how cediranib affects a number of markers related to cancer progression and, at least preliminarily, determine tumor responses to cediranib in these patients," she added.
For More Information
An archive of "Featured Clinical Trial" columns is available at http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/ft-all-featured-trials.
Bennett Named CCR Deputy Director
Dr. Bennett trained at the McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research where she focused on the genetic susceptibility of inbred strains of mice to liver cancer. She completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in Research Triangle Park, NC, where - among other achievements - she contributed to the identification and characterization of the human BRCA1 gene. While at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, she focused on the mechanisms associated with the etiology of breast cancer in rodents. Dr. Bennett joined CCR in 2002 and has been involved in a broad range of projects and activities, including the development and implementation of CCR's strategic plan, the introduction of new Centers of Excellence as hubs for collaboration, and the restructuring of CCR's communications activities.
Stinchcomb Named Branch Chief
UICC to Mark World Cancer Day with Smoke-Free Childhood Campaign
About 700 million children - almost half of the world's children - breathe air polluted by tobacco smoke, particularly at home. The message to parents is: "Second-hand smoke is a health hazard for you and your family. There is no safe level of exposure to second-hand smoke. Give your child a smoke-free childhood."
The goal of the campaign is to raise public awareness through a global media campaign; engage member organizations and partners to promote changes in smoking behavior in the environment of children within their communities; and mobilize citizens, schools, communities, and coalitions of voluntary associations around local initiatives to create smoke-free environments for children.
More information is available at http://www.worldcancercampaign.org/.
Duke Forging Research Ties in China
For nearly a decade, the Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center has been exploring the world's most populous country, talking to Chinese leaders and researchers, "looking for ways to collaborate on our common goal - eradicating cancer," said Dr. H. Kim Lyerly, center director. In 2007, Duke entered into a formal partnership with the Peking University Health Science Center, which includes a hospital focused exclusively on cancer larger than most general hospitals in America, with 800 beds and treating more than 150,000 patients a year.
Yet how many of these Chinese receive the chemotherapy and biological agents that have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration? "In a timely manner? Not very many," said Dr. Wei Chen, a cancer researcher on the faculty at Duke who was born in China.
China has its own regulatory body, the State Food and Drug Administration. For various reasons, neither country has accepted the results of most research done by its counterpart. Dr. Chen hopes that the Duke/Peking University partnership will begin a process that might eventually break down that wall.
The partners think they can provide the government agencies in both countries with a groundbreaking example of collaborative research that will meet the standards and expectations of each. "We plan to identify some pressing and pertinent problems," said Dr. Chen, "and attack them synergistically, taking advantage of the strengths and assets of each institution's medical system."
One of the first initiatives will probably be a breast cancer treatment trial, sponsored by Duke, with Peking University Health Science Center serving as a remote site. Drs. Lyerly and Chen visited Beijing last September, along with Dr. Ken Buetow, director of the NCI Center for Bioinformatics, to begin preparations for caBIG.
NCI's Cancer Biomedical Informatics Grid (caBIG) provides the electronic environment and platforms to connect cancer researchers so they can communicate data and work seamlessly. This project will be caBIG's first overseas application.
Merging electrons is one thing, but "it's far more challenging to bring the medical cultures and practices of two major medical systems into synch," said Dr. Chen. This month, six clinical researchers from the Peking Cancer Hospital are at the Duke Medical Center, getting formal training in the procedures and protocols expected by the FDA for the conduct of clinical trials.
The Chinese clinicians will return to China with the know-how to run the trial, but "modifying the culture of current Chinese medicine that is practiced at even advanced medical centers will require a lot of persuasion and dialogue," noted Dr. Chen. As the trial nears, researchers from Duke will travel to China to provide advice and convey the rationale at the crux of the partnership.
An enormous evidence-based literature has accumulated in the West, explained Dr. Chen, "but as scientists we really can't say whether these data apply to the Chinese," given differences of race, environment, and different therapies. Tissue banking, pharmacogenomics, and clinical trials like this one will begin to establish the foundation for truly consensual data that the partners hope can bring regulators and governments in both countries together.
Even though breast cancer incidence is lower in Asia than in the West, with a population of 1.3 billion, China has more patients than the U.S. or any other country. Among people over the age of 65, "cancer is their number one killer," explained Dr. Lyerly, and "with 110 million people older than 65, [that is] twice the number here. Breast cancer is a huge problem," and is growing as much as 3 percent each year.
"The opportunities are tremendous from this large pool of patients," said Dr. Lyerly. "As we increasingly consider providing and testing treatments for certain types of cancer based on a specific marker or genetic fingerprint, we will need to be able to rapidly access large populations of cancer patients with those characteristics." So the benefits clearly run in both directions. "It's a win-win," he explained, "and serves to illustrate the opportunities for the sorts of collaborations we think will be crucial to address the looming issues of global health care in the 21st century."
—Addison Greenwood


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Engineering Technology
The Division of Engineering Technology offers training for the careers of the future. More than ever workers are retiring in fields requiring technical know-how. In addition, as distribution centers, automotive manufacturers and chemical processors move into the area, the demand for highly skilled workers continues to increase.
Engineering Programs
The combination of 2+2 programs and the newly created Tennessee Transfer Path (TTP) makes it possible for students to complete their first two years at Chattanooga State, then transfer to a four-year institution knowing course credits will be accepted.
ET News
AGC Student Chapter Plans CDC Outdoor Garden Classroom
Wednesday, September 24, 2014 - 4:39pm
OCTAE Acting Assistant Secretary Visits
Wednesday, September 10, 2014 - 4:08pm
Chattanooga State Awarded NSF Grant
Thursday, August 21, 2014 - 10:21am
Chemical Engineering Technology Program ABET Accredited
Thursday, August 21, 2014 - 8:55am
Thursday, July 24, 2014 - 4:24pm


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Nous ne livrons malheureusement pas dans ce pays.
Since click pedals were invented several different systems have been able to establish themselves. Due to these different standards when you purchase new cycling shoes there are normally no cleats supplied. These are supplied when you buy a new pair of pedals. The cleat forms a link between the shoe and the pedal. On the majority of pedals it is also possible to adjust the release tension.
The thread insert is part of the shoe itself. Grease the thread before fitting the cleats and tighten the cleat bolts after the first ride. Please observe the torque recommended by the shoe manufacturer when tightening.
The cleat is the link between the shoe and the pedal. Depending on the pedal system you have you must either twist your foot outwards or to the rear to "get out of the pedals".
Ensure that all screws and bolts are tightened to the correct torque. The correct torque is indicated on the component itself, in the bike manual provided with your new bike, or here in the Technical Support Center.


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Osteria alla Staffa
With fish fresh from the Rialto every morning and a preference for organic veg and cheese, Alberto's takes on Venetian classics have flavourful foundations.
With fish fresh from the Rialto every morning and a preference for organic veg and cheese, Alberto's takes on Venetian classics have flavourful foundations.
Far from clubby pubs lining Venice's alleyways, A Beccafico basks in the sunshine of Campo Santo Stefano and open Venetian admiration. Instead of cold seafood on toast, Chef Adeli serves Sicily-size bowls of mussels under a bubbling, flaky crust. He defies Venice's cardinal rule never to mix lagoon seafood with cheese, serving squid-ink pasta with lemon zest and ricotta.
Caterina and Giovanna's old bakery has been transformed into a warm, modern space with nary a garish Murano trinket in sight.
Nestled amid gardens overflowing with red radicchio, astringent fennel, handsome pumpkins and dark-green courgettes is the rust-red agriturismo of Renza and Salvatore.
Father-son maestri Francesco and Matteo invent Venice's best cicheti daily with Rialto Market finds. Behind marble counters, Francesco wraps poached Bassano white asparagus with seasoned pancetta, while Matteo creates otrega (butterfish) crudo with mint–olive oil marinade and Hawaiian red-clay salt.
Outlandish organic artisanal gelato: enjoy a Slow Food scoop of house-roasted local pistachio, or two of the tangy Sicilian lemon with vaguely minty Sant'Erasmo carciofi . Even vegans are spoiled for choice of flavours, including watermelon and rose. Kids who choose strawberry granita (shaved ice) can top the confection with a leaf plucked from the basil plant on the counter.
Hidden in the once-shady lanes behind Ponte delle Tette, this culinary indulgence is a trick to find. The sign proudly announcing 'no tourist menu' signals a welcome change: say goodbye to soggy lasagne and hello to silky, lagoon-fresh crudi , asparagus and granseola (lagoon crab) salad, cloudlike gnocchi, and San Pietro (whitefish) atop grilled radicchio trevisano .
If finding this obscure corner of Cannaregio seems like an adventure, wait until dinner arrives: pistachio-encrusted lamb chops, succulent house-made prawn ravioli and lightly fried moeche (soft-shell crab) gobbled whole. Tin lamps and recycled paper placemats on communal tables keep the focus on local food and local company – all memorable. Book ahead.
Beware of declarations of love at one of Venice's most romantic restaurants: are you sure that's not Pugliese chef Luigi's velvety pasta and soup talking? A creamy fava-bean mash with biting chicory and fresh tomatoes coats the tongue in a naughty way, and the mixed grill for two with langoustine, sole and fresh sardines is quite a catch.
Michelin stars don't mean much in Venice. In fact, the last French critic Venetians took seriously was Napoleon himself, and he had an army backing him up. Still, locals who would not normally patronise a hotel restaurant concede that Met chef Corrado Fasolato certainly earns his starry reputation.
From an open kitchen the size of a closet comes a parade of tasty small plates: a dollop of savoury Tuscan bread pudding, Venetian crudi composed into a glistening mosaic, a silky pistachio flan. Mains are comparatively anticlimactic and pricey, but antipasti like the lobster-nectarine salad and inventive primi such as gnocchi stuffed with wild herbs make an inspired meal.
A classic that has long maintained quality, the Fiaschetteria Toscana has sought-after super-Tuscan options on the menu of 600 wines, but it's Venetian where it counts: the wild-caught lagoon seafood menu, especially the crudi , seafood risottos and frittura della Serenissima (a haul of lightly fried seafood).


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Helpful Links
Contact Us
Modern & Classical Languages
Hoyt Hall 219
Dept. 3603
1000 E. University Ave
Laramie, WY 82071
Phone: 307-766-4177
Fax: 307-766-2727
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Hoyt Hall 219
Dept. 3603
1000 E. University Ave
Laramie, WY 82071
Phone: 307-766-4177
Fax: 307-766-2727
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Modern & Classical Languages
A Vital Link to Your Future
Our Department unites some of the best teachers in the world.
What makes us so good?
- Target language teaching. You can't learn a second language if the instructor teaches in English. That is why our classes stress immersion techniques. You'll be speaking the target language during the first class! Imagine what you will learn after just one semester!
- Variety. Students can learn a second language and start a third and even a fourth before graduating. Check out our programs in Spanish, French, German, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Latin, and more!
- Flexibility. Study abroad, when it makes sense for you. You may study abroad with a group or, if you want the ultimate academic challenge, study individually in another country. Students may spend their third or fourth year abroad. No senior year restriction! As long as the foreign coursework relates to literature, language, or culture, the credits will likely transfer to our language programs. Coursework taken in other areas may transfer to the corresponding discipline at UW.
- Low student-teacher ratio. We offer the intimacy of the world's most exclusive classrooms, for a fraction of the tuition cost. Our courses are small and typically range from 5 to 25 students. Outside class, faculty members take time to develop individual relationships with students. We care about you. Office hours, conversation tables, trips, emails, and even chats while walking from one building to another are routine elements of our personal attention to each learner.
- Expert faculty. Our faculty is richly experienced and highly skilled. On campus, the Department ranks in the top percentiles for total number of teaching awards and for outstanding teaching evaluations. We offer some of the most intellectually challenging courses at UW, and our evaluation statistics prove it.
- Best students. If you want to sit in a classroom of tomorrow's leaders, take our upper-level courses. Students who attain this advanced proficiency compete successfully with the best minds in the world. Our graduates include Fulbright recipients and the top 1% of scorers on standardized placement tests for graduate school.
21st-century skills require at least two languages. The Department of Modern and Classical Languages will help you study your second language, or third or fourth.
Don't delay. Get started now and enjoy the benefits of being bilingual.
World Languages Day
Come join in on the fun at World Language Day: March 7, 2015!
M.A. in Spanish
The M.A. in Spanish offers generous teaching assistantships (includes tuition and fees, plus a stipend of $11,349 per academic year). Tuition waivers and other scholarships are available on a competitive basis. Graduate Teaching Assistants teach 3 courses per academic year (2 courses one semester, and 1 course the other semester). The program prepares students for success in the professional world and/or a Ph.D. program.


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Detroit could soon have an emergency financial manager. Despite protests and a planned appeal by city council, the governor said he will act fast to take over the city's finances. Meantime, a lawsuit has been filed against the governor.
Protesters vowing to keep up their fight against an emergency financial manager gathered outside the Detroit Athletic Club where Governor Rick Snyder spoke about immigration during a U of D Mercy law symposium.
"I want him to hear that we need democracy in Detroit," said protester Mary Jo Vortkamp. "An emergency manager is not democracy."
"We voted emergency management down in November," said protester D. Alexander Bullock. "During the lame duck period they resurrected emergency management. So the people are obviously being ignored."
Inside, the governor told reporters he will move quickly to put an emergency financial manager in place.
"We need to turn around Detroit and get it on a positive path to success," the governor said.
The Detroit City Council has until 5:00 p.m. Monday to file an appeal. A hearing is set for Tuesday. Detroit Mayor Dave Bing has said he will not challenge the governor's decision.
However, the protesters that were outside the DAC are asking for federal intervention. Their leaders have met with the U.S. attorney in Detroit, and they're calling on the U.S. attorney general to get involved.
"Emergency management is not good for Michigan. It's anti-democratic. We believe it's unconstitutional," Bullock said.
Meantime, union activist Robert Davis told us by phone he is filing a lawsuit in Ingham County Circuit Court saying the governor doesn't have the authority to interview candidates or make recommendations for an emergency financial manager.
"You have specifically interviewed EFM candidates?" a reporter asked Snyder at the DAC.
"I've talked to people that could be good candidates for that position, and I don't view that as inappropriate," he answered. "[There are] 20 years of legal history on this particular act, and I think it's something that's going to hold up and do well."
The governor refused to reveal how many candidates were considered or who is on his list. We could know by the end of next week.
State Treasurer Andy Dillon's office also confirmed he met with business leaders in Detroit on Friday to get them on board with an emergency financial manager.
We've also learned as a result of the lawsuit that was filed, an Ingham County judge has now signed an order requiring the governor to appear in court on Thursday morning.
Aggressive wasps have forced an entire neighborhood in Detroit to come to a standstill.
KTTV FOX 111999 S. Bundy Dr.Los Angeles CA 90025Main: (310) 584-2000News Tips? (310) 584-2025


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Making the Most of Your Appointment
Many people are more satisfied with their health care if they share the responsibility with their doctors. Your doctor is an expert on medical care, but you are the expert on yourself. Often there is more than one option for diagnosing or treating a condition. By being a partner with your doctor, you can help choose the option that best fits your values, beliefs, and lifestyle. You also will feel more confident about carrying out the chosen treatment.
Here are some tips for being a good partner with your doctor:
What is the reason for your appointment?
During your appointment, you will need to answer some important questions so that you and your doctor can plan your care together. Completing the appropriate forms before the appointment helps you provide correct and complete information, take an active role in your health care decisions, and make the most of your limited appointment time.
Choose the form that best describes your reason for seeing the doctor.
Do you take medicines?
If you take prescription or over-the-counter medicines, including herbal remedies or vitamins, bring all your medicines with you to any appointment with a doctor. If you cannot bring the medicines, bring a list of the medicines that you take(What is a PDF document?).
Before your appointment, write down your daily medicine schedule in a form that has spaces for hourly entries(What is a PDF document?). Your doctor can help you understand how much of each medicine to take and when to take each one.
What other forms might be helpful?
If you and your doctor are going to discuss a new medicine, medical test, surgery, or special treatment, choose a form from the following list. Then fill in your information, and take the form with you to your visit. Completing the form will help you understand the importance of the treatment your doctor is advising for your health condition. If you do not have the form at the time of your visit, complete the form at home after the visit.
Also, bring a copy of your health plan's list of covered prescription drugs. This list is also known as a formulary.
What do you need to do after the appointment?
Update the medical records that you keep at home. For more information, see the topic Home Medical Records.
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Thursday, 31 Jan 2013 04:21 PM
By Todd Beamon
© 2014 Newsmax. All rights reserved.
Friday, 19 Sep 2014 16:08 PM
Secretary of State John Kerry said on Friday that Iran had a role to play in a global coalition to tackle Islamic State . . .
Friday, 19 Sep 2014 15:31 PM
Commissioner Roger Goodell says that "over the past several weeks, we have seen all too much of the NFL doing wrong; tha . . .
Friday, 19 Sep 2014 15:23 PM
The Senate has unanimously approved a bill providing up to $10 million for information leading to the arrest or convicti . . .
Oh, I hope Silver is wrong. I really do. We can't stand another season of a...
So will Obama be known in history as the man responsible for World War 3?
The only way to end this is to kill every last one of these Muslims. They will...
Poor old Democrats; shaking in their boots over the midterm elections. Just...
Mr. Romney, don't subject yourself again to the idiocy of the people in this...
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Edible apps: Edible Marin & Wine Country's app launches into the Newsstand, two years in the making: Back in 2...
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Today's NewsYesterday's News
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Detroit Police say 29-year-old Latoiya Mitchell is responsible for shooting a barrage of bullets into a crowd of people leaving the Detroit Princess Sunday night."She's the individual that I've identified. She's the individual that fired into a crowd of more than likely over a thousand people striking six individuals. She's a danger to society. She's a danger to the people involved in the case, and they deserve justice. She's the one I want in custody now," said Sergant Nathan Duda from Detroit Police.Police say it all started on the boat's late night cruise, a family reunion turned into a family feud when 31-year-old Michael Thomas got into an argument with a cousin and hit her in the face with a glass. The fight between relatives errupted. The Detroit Princess was forced to dock and kick the entire family off.That's when police say Thomas told his wife, Mitchell, to grab her registered revolver from the car. He called the shots and she fired, hitting six people. Another woman fired back from the crowd and hit Thomas, the seventh victim. He took a bullet to the spine.Mitchell loaded her husband into their SUV. Shocking images show her and another woman dumping him at Detroit Receiving Hospital before she abandoned her vehicle.Mitchell has been on the lam ever since.Mitchell is doing whatever she can to evade police. We're told she hasn't even visited her children or her husband, who is critically injured in the hospital. She hasn't even been back to her last known address in Saint Clair Shores. Police believe she's hiding out with family members and they are working to track her down."The actions speak for themselves. Firing into a crowd of so many people is irresonspible, and the damage it could've caused and lives it could've taken, it's unacceptable," Duda said.Mitchell has hired attorney Bryon Pitts. He told us he is trying to make arrangements to turn her in. In the meantime, if you know her whereabouts, you're asked to call Detroit Police at (313) 596-1142.
25 FOX DriveDedham, MA 02026
Phone (781) 467-2525


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Option A - 30" x 30" (shown above)
Quick Points Ruler, Scallop Ruler model S1for scallop border
Table Topper A - 30" x 30"
Cream Background:
With a ruler and pencil, draw a diagonal line on the wrong side of each 1 1/2" square.
Note: you can use ric-rac or some other trim if you choose.
Blanket stitch or zig zag around the stem.
Sew the center seam. Press. Your first shamrock is done. Give yourself a pat on the back. Now repeat these steps until you have four shamrock blocks.
Sew the 2 1/2" x 8 1/2" strips to the shamrock blocks as shown. Press your seams to one side.
Sew the 2 1/2" x 18 1/2" center strip to the shamrock block sections as shown.
Press your seams to one side.
Layout your border strips. Side border strips are 2 1/2" x 18 1/2"
Top and bottom border strips are 2 1/2" x 22 1/2"
Sew on side border strips first. Press seams to one side.
Sew on top and bottom borders. Press seams to one side. Now for the borders.
if you don't want the scallop, skip down to the next section, Pieced Outer Border
Cut three 4 1/2" x 42" strip from the green solid border fabric. Take one strip and cut it in half, so you have two 4 1/2" x 21" strips. Sew one of those strips to one end of the 4 1/2" x 42" strips.
Do this to both strips.
Now you have two 4 1/2" x 63" strips.
With right sides together lay your Quick Points Scallop Ruler S1 on top and trace around the scallops with a pen. Moving the ruler down until you have traced the scallops the length of your fabric. Marking in all the small circles for the center lines and sewing lines.
Sew in place. Be sure not to catch the scallops on the end in your seams.
Your scallop edge is done. Yeah! Moving on.
Pieced outer border
Trim seam to 1/4"
Take 3 shamrock leaves and one 4 1/2" cream background square and lay them out as shown.
Sew together as shown.
30" x 30" and 12" x 36" Luck of the Irish Table Toppers.
Ribbon Candy Quilt Company


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with Laura Nash
Learn to sew vintage-style garments and make a day dress complete with 1950's-era details. Vintage sewing expert Laura Nash guides you through pattern preparation and personalized bust and length alterations. Laura will be there every step of the way as you construct your timeless bodice with a lining, gathered sleeves and a contrasting trim. Then, sew your flared skirt with patch pockets, and gather it into your bodice before adding a waist stay and lapped zipper. Hand-finish your skirt in retro fashion by easing in the wide circle skirt hem in one simple step. As a bonus, you'll learn to create a custom petticoat that gives your skirt perfect vintage flair.
Meet Laura and start to think about fabric choices for your Tia dress.
Learn how to prepare your pattern by choosing a size, adjusting the bust and adjusting the length to tailor your dress perfectly.
Get started on your vintage dress with cutting, pinning and marking your fabric. Then work on checking the bodice fit.
Start to pre-assemble your dress and begin to sew your bodice. Sew the patch pocket and the yoke, along with the bodice trim.
Finish your bodice and start sewing your skirt! Sew the side seams, secure the waist and create a waist stay to ensure long lasting comfort.
Install your zipper and learn vintage techniques to create a comfortable closure. Learn how to baste, add stabilizer and topstitch your zipper.
Work on your sleeves and hem using a variety of techniques, including attaching hem tape and the modified blanket stitch.
Create a fabulous petticoat for your dress without using any pattern at all! Learn about adding multiple ruffles and how to construct a petticoat that will add a little flair to your dress.
"I really enjoyed watching this instructor taking the time to explain what she is doing and why. It is one thing just to read instructions but being able to do the steps along with the instructor really gives clarity to some of the trickier steps. I also like the fact that you do all the prep work at the very beginning which helps putting the dress together faster. Highly recommend this class and this instructor,"
- Cindi Klemm
The Tia Dress Pattern by Sew Chic. more info
The Tia Dress Pattern by Sew Chic
This dress has it all: fitted, full, fun and flirty! The close fitting and fully lined bodice has princess seams over the bust, zipper side closure, separate midriff and shoulder and gathered cap sleeve. The flared skirt, gathered at the waist, provides a beautiful feminine silhouette. The contrast trim on bodice, hem, and patch pockets are taken from purchased bias binding, and can really play up the colors in your fashion fabric.
Price: $0.00 (included with purchase), Retail:
|32in (81cm)
|33in (84cm)
|34in (86cm)
|35in (89cm)
|36 1/2in (93cm)
|25in (64cm)
|26in (66cm)
|27in (69cm)
|28in (71cm)
|29 1/2in (75cm)
|35n (89cm)
|36in (91cm)
|37in (94cm)
|38in (97cm)
|39 1/2in (100cm)
|38in (97cm)
|40in (102cm)
|42in (107cm)
|45in (114cm)
|31in (79cm)
|33in (84cm)
|35in (89cm)
|38in (97cm)
|41n (104cm)
|43in (109cm)
|45in (114cm)
|48in (122cm)


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You will see a watermark in the bottom right corner of all our images, however, that will not appear on your product when you order it.
The Vault's retro and vintage pin collection ranges from round, metal, campaign-style mementos of specific concerts, events and political statements to square tokens of promotional album imagery. Many bear the likeness of a performer, album cover or the salient graphic from a poster that advertised an event. Vintage pins from as early as 1966 tout the coolest shows and hottest rockers, while our retro designs bring the greatest icons of image and sound to the lapel and knapsack.


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Legal aid key in strengthening rule of law in the Sahel region
Recently, officials from countries in the Sahel region - Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Niger and Senegal - as well as from Algeria and Morocco, met at Bamako, Mali, on 2-4 September 2014 to agree on the steps needed to improve the access to legal aid in their criminal justice systems. The workshop was implemented as part of UNODC's Sahel Programme, developed in response to a surge in organized crime in the region, and now active all over the Sahel in the areas of terrorism prevention, criminal justice, border management and arms trafficking. Read More
Liberia commits for the West Africa Coast Initiative (WACI)
The government of Liberia made official its commitment for the implementation of the West Africa Coast initiative (WACI) as Minister of Justice, Dr. Christiana TAH signed an agreement with the United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime (UNODC) on the establishment of a Liberian Transnational Crime Unit (TCU) which will bring together up to 60 Liberian law enforcement and security experts from the Liberian National Police (LNP), the National Security Agency (NSA), Customs, Immigration (BIN), and all other Liberian law enforcement agencies into one highly specialized unit which will be structured, equipped and trained to be able to give a robust response to the severe threats posed by international organized crime and drug trafficking cartels to Liberia. Read more
UNODC establishes airport south-south intelligence to fight drug trafficking between West Africa and Latin America
UNODC regional in Dakar joined hands with the World Customs Organization (WCO) and Interpol as a project to improve communication between police and airports in seven West African countries and Brazil to crack down on drug trafficking has been launched in Dakar (Senegal) the western most point of the African continent. Read more
UNODC reinforce capacity for actors of traditional justice
UNODC program office in Nouakchott contributes to access to justice by building the capacities of Mouslihs (traditional mediators in remote area of Mauritania in the western part of the Sahel, where the formal justice system is totally absent. Read more
Police officers in Guinea Bissau now have access to the country's first Computer Based Training (CBT) Centre.
Police officers in Guinea Bissau now have access to the country's first Computer Based Training (CBT) Centre, consisting of 10 networked computers. CBT is a powerful tool to train a large amount of officers in basic law enforcement techniques. The system comprises standardised training courses adapted to local realities and context, offering the chance to learn through an interactive, problem-solving approach. CBT provides for individual training that allows users to learn at their own pace, while ensuring the highest possible training standard. CBT modules have been developed by global experts in the different areas of law enforcement. The CBT centres are fully administered by local authorities and therefore sustainable investments. Read more
West Africa commits for implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption and validates a regional action plans a regional
Senegal and neighbours aknowledge that corruption poses a major threat to economic growth, effective governance and national industrial and social development. West Africa as a whole is particularly affected in this regard. In order to consolidate a joint response to corruption in the region. UNODC advocating for less corruption in the sub-region joined representatives from the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the African Union, government officials, ambassadors, United Nations officials and civil society members to discuss the development of a regional workplan that will help West African anti-corruption agencies to become more effective and to discuss the adoption and implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption. Read more
Press Releases
- 9/10/14 - The United Nations Office at Vienna (UNOV) and the City of Vienna celebrate 35 Years of 'UNO City'
- 9/9/14 - To stop impunity on high seas, drug traffickers must be prosecuted, says UNODC Chief
- 9/3/14 - Statement of the UNODC Executive Director, Yury Fedotov, after meeting with the Tunisian Minister of Interior