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(RNN) - You can't read a game wrap-up about the N.C. State Wolfpack this season without seeing T.J. Warren's name in the first sentence.
Let this be a lesson to little basketball players everywhere: when you become the sixth-best scorer in the country people will talk about you - a lot.
He was named prominently in an ACC Player Power Poll featuring super sophomores and for good reason.
Warren is as good a team spark plug as there is in the country, averaging 23 points and seven rebounds per game for a team so young the trainers place Similac beside the Gatorade cups.
Speaking of youth, freshman point guard Anthony "Cat" Barber is pulling his weight as the team's second-leading scorer. His 1.6 assist-to-turnover ratio is indicative of a ball handler with 10 games of college experience, but it would help if that number rose.
If State (8-2) can shake its modus operandi of serving up inferior performances with superior talent in crucial games, this team can roll into conference play with a full head of steam.
East Carolina (10-2) is not the minor inconvenience it appears to be. The Pirates showed what they were made of in November when they gave Duke all it could handle 24 hours after rallying from a 17-point halftime deficit against Norfolk State.
Then again, their top-20 ranked scoring offense couldn't get them past UNC Wilmington, so there you go.
Tipoff: Noon ET Saturday
Florida State is going to the Orange Bowl!
Before indignant football nuts start logging onto their Gmail accounts, I realize the football team is playing across the country in Pasadena.
However, the basketball team is participating in a four-team doubleheader at the Metro PCS Orange Bowl Classic in Sunrise, FL. And like the football team, the hardwood Seminoles are taking on a powerful foe that has left a path of destruction.
Chaz Williams, who is barely taller than your mother, is steering a UMass team off to a 10-0 start with an offense as dangerous as any in the country. The Minutemen, ranked for the first time in 15 years, also have a large chip on their shoulders after their selection show watch party last year ended without their names called.
The 'Noles need all hands on deck for this one.
Devon Bookert is showing improvement at point guard. It's a good sign that he had a season-high eight assists in a blowout win over Charlotte, a team that beat ranked Michigan and Kansas State.
Ian Miller has been superb from the free throw line so far, and Okaro White has had a hot touch from outside. Those two also need good games to keep this one from getting out of hand.
It's been a mixed bag of nuts against SEC teams this year for the Yellow Jackets (8-3), with a win over Georgia and a loss to Ole Miss.
Georgia Tech can do more than just win two of three games against that conference, all of them away from home. It can get a win to begin a tough stretch that includes its first two conference games and keeps the team away from McCamish Pavilion until almost mid-January.
Robert Carter Jr. and Daniel Miller, please stand up. The duo is first and third, respectively, in the ACC in rebounding to lead a team whose overall margin against opponents in that category is one of the best in the country.
That's going to come in handy against a Vandy (6-3) team whose shooting is, well, not good. The Commodores bust the boards almost as badly, so this could turn into a feast of fast-break scoring opportunities for the Yellow Jackets.
What does a team battling a piecemeal lineup and a team battling horrid inconsistency do for fun the weekend before Christmas? They face off in an intrastate duel to determine who can stink less.
For everything that VCU (9-3) does well defensively, they have done just as poorly on the other end of the floor. The Rams are currently below 40 percent from the field. While not excusable, you can look past it because the number of teams that force more turnovers fit in one hand.
All I can say is, just keep shootin', Jarell Eddie. Just keep shootin'. He's hitting 48 percent on 3-pointers this season and has hit at least six in three games, including a 61-60 overtime win against Miami nearly two weeks ago.
Once again, a basketball matchup that would have been really interesting on the football field, because surely that 2006 Fiesta Bowl deserves an encore before this generation dies out. Just saying.
How is it the Buckeyes are ranked third with an 11-0 record scoring only 76 points per game? Obviously, because their defense is the bomb. Just ask Marquette. You should have been at the funeral for that team's offense when it played Ohio State. Someone's aunt cried until she passed out. And then there was cake afterward.
Last Saturday's win over Indiana came at just the right time for the Irish (8-3). It means they've already beaten a Big Ten team whose only other losses were to ranked opponents.
This is a winnable game for Notre Dame, no question. You have to score to win, and watching the Buckeyes shoot sometimes is like watching wild animals mate on National Geographic - you know it's going to happen, but really?
Notre Dame is not a shabby defensive team at all, and I'd love to see what happens if a shooter as dangerous as Jerian Grant gets transition opportunities.
Also on deck:
Maryland vs. Boston University, 1 p.m.
Wake Forest vs. UNC Greensboro, 2 p.m.
Virginia vs. Northern Iowa, 4 p.m.
Pitt vs. Cal Poly, 4 p.m.
UNC vs. Davidson, 5 p.m.
Olivier Hanlan picked a terrible time to let his shooting hand go cold. Wins over Sacred Heart and Philadelphia have bookended losses to Purdue, Southern Cal and Maryland.
In those five games, Hanlan has hit 25 percent of his 3-pointers, and his overall shooting for the year is down to 34 percent. To his credit, he got to the line 16 times against the Terrapins and only missed once.
This is a good weekend to get things back on track, not just for Hanlan, but for a BC (4-7) team that only has two other players averaging double-digit scoring.
Auburn (5-3) isn't quite at the bottom in terms of defending shooters, but the Tigers can touch barrel wood with their fingers.
Miami vs. La Salle, 7 p.m.
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Detroit's already struggling bus system is taking a big hit. Money that DDOT was counting on will now go to the suburb's SMART bus system."I shudder to think what's going to happen. I really do," said passenger Jackie King. "The bus drivers are going to lose their jobs. We're going to lose our jobs if we don't have another means of transportation."A regional planning agency for metro Detroit, the Southeast Michigan Council of Governments, has spoken, and the outcome of this executive committee was crystal clear. Their decision -- to cut $7 million from DDOT's budget, cash that is used to keep the fleet afloat."The sheer symbolism, the optics in this day and age with respect to Detroit's finances, which are probably the most precarious that they've ever been, the optics of taking money away for whatever reason anybody would try to substantiate I think is reprehensible," said state Senator Burt Johnson.For dozens of years, DDOT has received the biggest piece of the federal funding pie, but now things are about to be sliced up a little differently. The SMART bus system from the suburbs will get just over 51 percent leaving DDOT with a little over 48 percent. One percent will go to the People Mover.This new formula is not based on population or ridership. It's now about immediate needs. The committee claims SMART's needs are greater than those of Detroit.Meanwhile, the people at SMART say things are finally fair. For many years it has been slanted towards the city."I don't think I can argue that, quite honestly, but as we're starting to move in a positive direction, I think the timing of this is horrendous. For so many years we never as a region were able to come together on regional transportation. We have now done that, so let the authority do its job. It shouldn't be voted on, in my opinion, by SEMCOG," said Detroit Mayor Dave Bing.Even though that $7 million is meant to manage and maintain the fleet, passengers truly believe losing that much money is going to mess everything up."We have signed petitions and to no avail. They still did what they wanted to do. At this point, what else could we do? They have really robbed us of just about everything that we really depend on to even make means," King said."I'll have to go back and probably make some adjustments in the budget, which is going to be a negative in the first place because it's not like we've got a revenue stream that allows us to move money around. I'm going to have to take it from somebody, and that's going to be hurtful," Bing said.That $7 million will be going away come July first.
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Cristy Berger taught at Wilkinson Middle School for 18 years and coached athletics. She also grew up in the Madison public school district. The 38-year-old wife and mother of three died Saturday after suffering a massive stroke. Her sudden death has devastated the community. Students asked their superintendent if they could hold a vigil for her. Tuesday night, students, staff and family gathered to remember her. "Ms. Berger was an amazing teacher. She was there for anybody who needed her, and she stayed after school 'til 7, 8 o'clock just to help us with our work," says former student Heaven Huskey. "She put me through middle school and pushed me to do better for myself," says another former student Michelle Magasark. "My mom was an amazing person and to know that she impacted so many people that they all decided to come to this just means so much to me and my family," says daughter Erika Berger. VIDEO: Click on the video player above to hear more from the vigil in a report from Fox 2's Alexis WileyVisitationThursday, January 23, 2014 2 - 8p.m. Edward Swanson and Son Funeral Home 30351 Dequindre Rd. Madison Heights, Michigan 48071 248-588-5120FuneralFriday, January 24, 2014 10:30a.m. Edward Swanson and Son Funeral Home (See info above)
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PE 4720 - Physical Education Student Teaching K-12: Secondary
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The culminating field-based experience for all programs leading to teacher certification. It is a continuous, full-time (5 days per week) experience of 6 credits during which, after a period of structured observations, students gradually assume responsibility for a full range of teaching activities encountered in a school situation, thereby demonstrating the appropriate professional skills and attitudes essential for successful teaching. Student teaching is conducted under the supervisory guidance of a cooperating teacher and members of the University faculty. Required seminars complement the experience. Falls and Springs. Prerequisite(s): minimum grade of C in PE 4000; minimum 2.70 cumulative GPA; permission of the Coordinator of Teacher Certification and Clinical Experiences.
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Shaken Baby Syndrome: A Prevalent Danger
The Stakes
Few parents realize the real danger that excessive shaking can cause to a baby's soft skull, under-developed brain, and weak neck muscles. Consequently, neither are they aware of the existence of Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS)—something all parents and caregivers should know about.
This warning comes from Dr. Susan Palmer, Project Director, Department of Research and Program Services at The Arc, a national organization for people with mental retardation and related development disabilities and their families.
What is Shaken Baby Syndrome?
According to Palmer, SBS is caused by the vigorous shaking of an infant or young child by the arms, legs, chest, or shoulders. Forceful shaking can result in brain damage leading to mental retardation, speech and learning disabilities, paralysis, seizures, hearing loss, and even death. It may cause bleeding around the brain and eyes, resulting in blindness.
"A baby's head and neck are especially vulnerable to injury because the head is so large and the neck muscles still very weak," explains Dr. Palmer. "In addition, the baby's brain and blood vessels are very fragile and easily damaged by whiplash motions, such as shaking, jerking, and jolting."
The statistics paint a grim picture. Every year there are an estimated 50,000 cases of SBS in the United States, and studies have indicated at least 7,500 to 15,000 infants and children die as a result. SBS most often occurs in babies less than six months old, however it can occur up to the age of five. SBS is now the fastest growing occurrence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children under the age of one.
SBS Causes
"What we do know about these injuries is that they are often a result of frustration and anger," says Dr. Emalee Flaherty, Medical Director, Protective Services Team at Children's Memorial Hospital in Chicago. She adds, "Crying is the event that most commonly triggers the abuse."
"The confessions I have reviewed of caretakers who have shaken a child and caused these injuries basically contain the same ingredients. Many have unrealistic expectations for the child. Some have little child care experience. Some caretakers are under stress such as sleep deprivation, depression, or anger with the parent who has left them to care for this child."
Many parents and caretakers feel that shaking a baby is a harmless way to make a baby stop crying. "This could not be further from the truth," says Dr. Flaherty.
Kimberlin West was six weeks old when her father shook her vigorously to stop her insistent crying. Her grandmother, Janet Goree from Florida, remembers the night of May 6, 1993, when a comatose Kimberlin was admitted to the intensive care unit. "She was not expected to live through that night, but she did. She 'lived' for three more years—blind, 67 percent brain damaged, and she had to be fed through a tube surgically inserted into her stomach. She died just a couple of days short of her third birthday—a victim of SBS."
How Common is SBS?
Most people think SBS only happens in isolated cases. Some US studies estimate that 15 percent of children's deaths are due to battering or shaking, and an additional 15 percent are possible cases of shaking.
Towards the end of the 1990s, two high profile court cases focused the world's attention on SBS. In 1997, British au pair, Louise Woodward, was found guilty of culpable homicide after she literally shook an American baby in her care, Matthew Eappen, to death. A second highly-publicized case happened in England in January 1999—an Australian au pair, Louise Sullivan, admitted to shaking a six-month old baby girl so severely that the baby died of serious head injuries.
Why Shaking is So Dangerous
"SBS is usually diagnosed after babies have been shaken by their parents or caregivers to discipline them," says Dr. Palmer. "Even though a parent thinks he's shaking the child only mildly, he doesn't realize what damage he can cause. Shaking a newborn is akin to having the same effect as when a boxer receives a very hard blow to his head—the brain knocks against the back of the skull."
"With shaking, the blood vessels between the brain's surface and the sinuses will tear and cause hemorrhaging of the brain and/or bleeding behind the eyes. Bleeding in the membrane space around the brain, fractures, and bruising also appear in SBS cases. The minds of children who are constantly shaken are fuddled, they get convulsions very easily, and they become irritable and inconsolable."
SBS Treatment
Immediate emergency treatment is necessary with SBS, usually including life-sustaining measures such as stopping internal bleeding and relieving pressure within the skull. Treatment includes medical, behavioral, and educational services. In addition to medical care, the child may need speech and language therapy, vision therapy, physical therapy, occupational therapy, as well as other special education services from feeding experts and behavioral consultants.
The implementation of the Kimberlin West Act of 2002 in California requires SBS education for parents at the time of a baby's birth. The rest of the states have followed California's example and implemented their own SBS prevention programs. Dr. Flaherty points out that some prevention strategies are now focusing on normalizing crying for caretakers by letting them know how much an infant may cry, giving them strategies that may help alleviate the crying, and letting them know that it's OK to put the baby in his crib, close the door and take a breather if all else fails. "Remember that no infant ever died from crying," she says.
What's Safe, What's Not
By no means does this mean parents need to refrain from playing with their baby. "There's no proof that bouncing a baby gently on your knee or other normal play activities would cause any harm," says a spokesperson for the Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene's Office of Injury and Disability Prevention. But he warns: "You can imagine scenarios that might produce the damage without it being deliberately inflicted. It would have to involve vigorous unsupported movement of the head." So this effectively rules out rough play, at least until your baby is crawling. It also means taking care to support a newborn's head if you're walking with them in your arms.
Tossing a baby up into the air—a favorite pastime of proud fathers—should be avoided. "Children should not be tossed up into the air before they have reached the age where they have good head control," says Dr. Flaherty. "At a very young age their neck muscles are still very weak and their brains immature and more susceptible to permanent damage."
The prognosis for recovery from SBS is poor. Most children that experience SBS will suffer considerable disabilities. If the child survives, he or she may require lifelong medical care. Fewer than ten to fifteen percent of children who experience SBS are believed to recover completely.
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Soba to Sukiyaki: A Roundup of Authentic Japanese Dishes
I've talked about Japanese cooking quite often here on The Kitchn. It is one of my favorite cuisines, and although I do enjoy eating out in restaurants now and then, I can't afford to do it every night. I started teaching myself Japanese cooking for several reasons. One, to know how to do it myself and save money on eating out. Two, to help me understand both the cuisine and the culture - I strongly believe one of the best ways to learn about a culture is through its food. Here is a roundup of the Japanese dishes I've posted about here on The Kitchn.
Takoyaki - delicious street food made of a flour batter filled with octopus and seasonings, and fried.
Pork Gyozas - little pot stickers of thin dough sheets filled with yummy pork and garlic, and then fried.
Dashi - the basic soup stock for many Japanese dishes, made from dried kelp and bonito.
Dobin Mushi, a clear soup with mushroom, ginkgo nuts, seafood, and meat, and served in a special teapot. Accompanied with yuzu.
Soba noodles - thin noodles made with buckwheat flour and dipped in soy sauce. Traditionally served on New Year's Day.
Nabemono, a heart hotpot filled with meats, seafood, and assorted vegetables
Sukiyaki, a savory hotpot cooked in a shallow iron dish tableside. Meats, vegetables, and noodles are added, and the sauce is thickened to a gravy-like consistency.
Oden, a hearty winter stew with potatoes, fish cakes, and assorted seafood.
Other Dishes:
Buta no Kakuni, a dish of pork belly that is slow-braised in a mixture of soy sauce, fish sauce, sake, and dashi for three hours until it falls apart.
Okonomiyaki - a savory and filling Japanese pancake filled with your choice of meats, seafood, and vegetables. Cooked on a griddle and topped with mayonnaise, fish flakes, seaweed, and okonomi sauce. Try it!
Simmered Kabocha - the Japanese way to cook a winter squash.
Yakikuri gohan - rice and chestnuts cooked together with soy sauce and sake.
Matsutake gohan - rice cooked with matsutake mushrooms and ginkgo nuts.
Japanese pickled cucumber - a very easy to make palate cleanser.
Dango - sweet rice flour balls that are grilled and topped with a sweet sauce.
Umeshu - make your own plum wine. It is super easy.
(Images: Kathryn Hill and Kirk McKoy/LA Times)
6 Comments
If you have a recipe for either Japanese kare or yakisoba, I would love to see it! A friend introduced me to kare pan recently and I really, really want to make it for myself. Yakisoba has been my very favorite food since I was in grade school.
this is a great round up. I'm moving to Tokyo soon so these will help me get in the mood!
the first Japanese thing I learned to cook when my boyfriend came back from 6 months in japan was tonkatsu (crispy pan-fried pork cutlets served with special tonkatsu sauce)! he loves it and we still turn to it fairly regularly for a quick, cheap, and delicious meal.
I was introduced to Japanese curry not too long ago. The most common brand I see here is Vermont Curry, which has honey and apples in it. Very different from a Thai or Indian curry, but apparently it's popular.
I've done Japanese Kare from scratch once. it was a serious pain in the ass and hardly worth the effort. I'm sure when you'll do it often enough you'll be able to make something more delicious than from those instant packages but it'll be al long way ^^
I can't wait till it's kuri-time again. The recipe posted here is just too good to believe.
One shoudn't also be afraif of trying buta no kakuni. By the time it's done the pork belly is almost fat free. All the fat will be swimming on top and there's only buttery delicious meat left!
The Japanese curry brand is S&B.. it's what the Japanese use! Pretty easy to find near the D.C. area, though I'm not sure about anywhere else. A Japanese friend once brought it to me from Japan and laughed when she realized you could get it easily here too.. Tastes just like curry I ate in Tokyo. ;)


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Pranayama Yoga Classes Bennettsville SC
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Breathe to Beat the Blues
By Stephanie Gold
When my father took sick with depression, gravity seemed to claim him, body and soul. Everything sagged. I wish I'd known then about pranayama, yoga's ancient treatment for the blues.
The word pranayama comes from Sanskrit—prana means life force or breath and yama, restraint (although some see the second word as ayama, which means extension). Yogis consider depression a prana disorder; the shallow breath, the slumped shoulders my father evinced so sadly, all demonstrate a paucity of prana. Yogis have long believed that conscious breathing (pranayama) can have a dramatic effect on depression, anxiety, and even insomnia. What these breathing exercises do, explains Sudha Prathikanti, MD, associate clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Francisco, is stimulate the vagus nerve—the command post of the parasympathetic nervous system—allowing blood pressure to normalize, heart rate to slow, muscles to relax, and the digestive system to pick up where it left off.
What the research reveals
Yoga boasts hundreds of pranayamas, but most research has focused on Sudarshan Kriya Yoga, a series of breathing exercises developed in India by Sri Sri Ravi Shankar, founder of the Art of Living Foundation. One study found that severely depressed patients who practiced pranayama three times a week for 30 minutes a day over four weeks recovered as well as patients taking an antidepressant. Mildly depressed patients did well too. In fact, everyone who practiced the minimum three times a week improved dramatically. "There's valid, scientific evidence that this works for depression," says Patricia Gerbarg, MD, assistant professor of clinical psychiatry at New York Medical College.
What makes this therapy so useful, says Prathikanti, is how easy it is to sit still, close your eyes, and breathe—a welcome alternative if you're a newcomer to yoga. "Yoga poses are good, but breathing's the key to working with mood," says Amy Weintraub, founder of LifeForce Yoga Healing Institute in Tucson, Arizona, and author of Yoga for Depression (Broadway Books, 2004). This is excellent news for the elderly—a depression-prone group for whom rigorous exercise, yoga poses, and medical treatments may not be an option. "Most seniors take a lot of medications," says Prathikanti, "so nonpharmacological treatments become very attractive."
How pranayama works
Most people can do yogic breathing. The four exercises featured below focus primarily on the exhale, which produces a calming, balancing effect on the central nervous system.
Alternate nostril breathing (Nadi Shodhana). This simple breathing exercise cleanses the respiratory system while bringing equilibrium to the right and left brain. Throughout the day, the breath will naturally alternate about every two hours, favoring either the right or left nostril. Just close your nostrils one at a time to see which is more open. Nadi Shodhana (pronounced NAH-dee SHOW-duh-na...
Author: Stephanie Gold
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Founded from the roots of the sneaker and skateboarding culture, Rastaclat is spreading positive vibrations in a world with so many negative occurrences and energies. Get noticed in stand-out style, as you express your freedom. Whatever color or style Rastaclat you choose to rock, wear it loud and wear it proud!
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Waianae Coast Comprehensive Health Center
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How Starwood Hawaii received this ranking is a mystery. Ask exempt employees at Starwood Vacation Ownership on Maui how they like working 8am-6pm daily.


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Long Sleeved Pigment Dyed Rugby With Embroidery
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Racing Green reflects the latest in contemporary British style. Great fit, high quality and effortless co-ordination are the qualities that make Racing Green a favourite destination for men who understand the importance of good clothes.
- Model height is 188cm/6'2"
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Debenhams is happy to exchange or refund your purchase within 28 days providing the goods are in a fully resaleable condition (including tags) and not within the exclusion policy*. This policy does not affect your statutory rights. You can return unwanted items either by visiting your local store (the fastest way to get a refund), by arranging a courier collection or returning by post. Exclusions apply to selected products. For instructions on how to return products and information on Debenhams refund policy visit the returns and refunds section of the website.


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- Concept of hashing
- Collision resolution in HashMap
- Use of equals () and hashCode () and there importance in HashMap?
- Benefit of immutable object?
- Race condition on HashMap in Java
- Resizing of Java HashMap
Wednesday, February 2, 2011
How HashMap works in Java
112 comments :
- Anonymous said...
This same question was asked to me during my interview with a Investment bank for Java FIX developer position. I like follow up question though :)
- February 3, 2011 at 4:01 AM
- Javin @ Tibco RV Tutorial said...
Hi Sandeep,
Nice to see you here back. yes this is common core java interview question but when you ask cross question then half of developer fails. in most cases they forgot that hashmap stores both key and value in bucket.I have seen interviews where they think that only value is stored in bucket which leads to confusion when asking about duplicate hashcode.
- February 4, 2011 at 5:21 AM
- Anonymous said...
Hi Dude Can we use hashMap in multithreaded scenario ? is there any issue with that ?
- February 7, 2011 at 3:42 AM
- Gautam said...
Good explanation. Some pictures and flowcharts will be good.
- February 7, 2011 at 9:55 AM
- Foudres said...
Well it is obvious that the only mandatory things to store in a dictionnary/map is the key and the value.
Without any more hypothesis, this will resort to O(n) when retriving from the key.
But O(n) is very very bad.
So you start to think at a way to have better performance. You can think about an index. You use ordered type and construct a tree.
Problem is that not all types can be ordered. The hash allow you to treat any type like an ordered one with the exception of collisions. Thus you have O(log n), but could have O(n) in worst case if all entry have the same hash.
But really I found your interview question to be confusing. I can describe what is a dictionnary, what strategy is basically used for it, but I can't say how JAVA implement it. This is a complex question that need basically that you have read the source code and that would depend of the JVM implementation you use.
And if you are really interrested for this matter you now that depending of the exact algorythm you use you have very different performance depending of your exact needs :
map with lot of entry
map with few entries.
how to optimise the partitioning what ever the hash you are given...
For hash and map keys : of course you should use only immuable key. A dictionnary/map is a nonscence if your key is mutable as it is likely that the hash change too. This is bad pratice.
- February 7, 2011 at 10:16 AM
- Rod said...
I think I'm going to steal this as an interview question. Thank you for the idea :)
I took it upon myself to provide source for how to build your own (for educational purposes only) @ http://www.dzone.com/links/write_your_own_java_hashmap.html. I would expect a candidate to be able to pseudo-code something similar in an interview - or to admit they have no idea how it all actually works.
- February 7, 2011 at 4:11 PM
- Javin @ Tibco RV Tutorial said...
Hi Anonymous, Since HashMap is not synchronized there are issue while using it on multithreaded scenario e..g some times get() method of hashMap goes into infinite loop if rehashing and insertion occur in same time. there are other alternative available for multithreaded scenario e.g. ConcurrentHashMAp or Hashtable you can also see my article What is the difference between Synchronized Collection classes and Concurrent Collection Classes ? When to use what ?
- February 8, 2011 at 4:33 AM
- Pallavi said...
This is really helpful.
I want to know how hashset is implemented in java. Do we need to override equals method in addition to hashcode?
- February 13, 2011 at 8:56 AM
- 0x1e said...
Hi Pallavi,
Internally HashSet is backed by HashMap. And generally yes, in case you have custom hashCode, you may want to override equals so they are consistent with one another.
- March 8, 2011 at 5:43 AM
- Anonymous said...
This is unrealistic, why did you focus on collisions? Java handles that problem as you pointed out, but quite frankly if you're worried about collisions maybe you should be more worried about your perception of hashing. If collisions would be the problem, then you're doing it wrong, you should not use an hashmap in the first place.
I'm sorry but discussing this sounds a bit stupid to me. If you would ask when an hashmap should be used and why, you'll be selecting better candidates.
- April 30, 2011 at 4:13 AM
- Javin @ FIX Protocol Tutorials said...
Hi Anonymous, I appreciate your thoughts but purpose here is to check whether interviewee is familiar with some common programming concepts or not. would you like to hire a guy who is familiar with how hashmap internally works or the one who just simply used hashmap for years but never bothered to think aabout it ? on a separate note yes your question "when an hashmap should be used and why" is also a starter on this topic.
Thanks for your comment.
- May 3, 2011 at 6:02 AM
- Ramakrishna said...
Put code snippets and add few points why you have used HashMap over other data structure.
Also mention some of the improvements that can be made to your HashMap code snippets. Improvement w.r.t. performance,accuracy of retrieval.
it would be nice to mention overriding equals() method?
- May 5, 2011 at 9:04 AM
- Javin @ FIX Protocol and Electroinc Trading said...
@Ramakrishna , those are actually discussed but yes as a part of actual interview , It does make sense to ask interviewee to write equals() and hashcode() implementation for any class along with those followup.
- May 14, 2011 at 8:23 PM
- Tanito said...
Nice article.
- June 30, 2011 at 9:56 AM
- Anonymous said...
Can you explain bit more about put() operation in hashmap and get() operation in hashmap. Also what happens if one thread is iterating over hashmap and other thread is put element into hashmap ? or one thread iterates over hashmap and other thread get() elements from hashmap , any code example will be good. anyway nice java hashmap interview question.
- July 7, 2011 at 6:33 PM
- Anonymous said...
I was looking for some information on how hashmap works internally and found your site, you covered almost everything related to what is hashmap in Java, How HashMap works internally in java and more importantly how get method of hashmap works in java. kudos to you buddy. thanks a lot
- July 9, 2011 at 2:46 AM
- Javin said...
Hi Anonymous 1 , put operation in hashmap is used to insert object into hashmap, put method of hashmap takes two argument one is key object and other is value object. always make sure your key object in hashmap is immutable. how get method of hashmap works is clearly explain in the article itself.
- July 9, 2011 at 8:48 PM
- SHASHIDHAR Y said...
Nice article. This was the exact sequence I was asked in an interview and I totally messed it up due to lack of knowledge about equals and hashcode methods. Hope, After reading this, I will never ever repeat the same mistake.
- July 13, 2011 at 11:53 PM
- Roger said...
Hi Javin, I am working on electronic trading system which we are going to design for foreign exchange and currency trading. I have some question related to FIX Protocol and how we can use FIX Protocol for currency trading. Can you please help me. since I don't have any prior experience on writing any electronic trading system, any suggestion will be appreciated
- July 17, 2011 at 1:56 AM
- Anonymous said...
Nice Article. I understood how the insertion & retrieval work in HashMap. However, I have a very fundamental question:
As per java,
If two objects are equal by equals() method then their hashcode must be same.
Now, what is the rule is not followed.
Lets say we have 2 objects, obj1 & obj2. Lets assume equals method returns two on these 2 objects however the hashCode returns 2 different numbers.
If we try to add these 2 objects (as key) into a hashmap, we will end up having these 2 objects(& associated values) stored in 2 different buckets. (Had the hash code returned the same numbers, the second put() method would just have updated value of the first entry). So no issue with put() method.
Now when you try to retrieve values from hashmap using those two objects, you will successfully get 2 distinct entries created above. So, what's that I am missing?
- July 24, 2011 at 12:32 AM
- Anonymous said...
Hi, Is it possible to replace HashMap in Java with ConcurrentHashMap ? we have a project where hashmap has used a lot and now we want to replace that with ConcurrentHashMap.
- July 27, 2011 at 6:07 PM
- NaiveGeek said...
Hi ,
Thanks for presenting this article very clearly. I have been working for more than 5 yrs in java until now but never got the proper reason behind how hashmap works.
thanks for such a information
- July 31, 2011 at 8:48 PM
- Anonymous said...
@Anonymous you can't just replace HashMap with ConcurrentHashMap because one is not synchronized at all while other provides synchronization. you probably wanted to ask replacing Hashtable with ConcurrentHashMap but even on that case you need to make sure you are not entering into race condition by using putIfAbsent() method instead of put.
- August 4, 2011 at 6:51 PM
- Anonymous said...
I think your May 3 comment reveals that your approach is unreasonable. You say, "...I appreciate your thoughts but purpose here is to check whether interviewee is familiar with some common programming concepts or not. would you like to hire a guy who is familiar with how hashmap internally works or the one who just simply used hashmap for years but never bothered to think aabout it ?..."
Do you understand everything you've used for years? How does an internal combustion engine work? How about your microwave? How are your clothes made? You've used your body for years, so you should understand anatomy and physiology? Getting closer to programming, how is a keystroke sent to your text editor? What happens if you hit two keys simultaneously? How is the file system implemented? How does the compiler transform Java code to byte code? In Java, do you understand type erasure, generics, wildcards? By your logic, you should since you use it all the time.
Would you agree that we could find an everyday topic that you're not an expert at? If so, I think your interview should be more reasonable. Joel Spolsky is known for hiring some of the industry's truly best people; you can see how he does it here: http://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/fog0000000073.html
- August 29, 2011 at 7:34 PM
- Javin @ enum in java said...
@Anonymous,Thanks for your comment. I see you have a valid point but don't you agree that familiarity with common programming techniques and concept is essential especially if you are a professional programmer, A doctor definitely knows about anatomy of body , a mechanic definitely knows how internal combustion engine work. Also I have not said that don't hire a person because it just doesn't understand how hashmap works in java or what is difference between hashtable and hashmap, this question is more to see his appetite and attitude about its works and technology. Thanks for the link I been following Joel and benefited from his blog.
- August 29, 2011 at 8:29 PM
- Anonymous said...
Awesome post. You've demonstrated your knowledge and desire to learn--you're one of the good guys, no doubt.
"... this question is more to see his appetite and attitude about its works and technology." Awesome! I agree is a fantastic thing to test an interviewee on, but I wonder if one could ask it more directly? Perhaps something like, "Can you tell me about the last time you really dug deep to understand a programming concept?" Maybe more abstractly as in "What are you passionate about?" or "What do you read?"
- September 6, 2011 at 11:08 AM
- Javin @ String and Stringbuffer in java said...
Thanks Anonymous for your kind comment. Yes those direct questions can be another good alternative.looking forward to see you again.
- September 7, 2011 at 7:03 AM
- Anonymous said...
Amazing article. I wish i could have found this blog before my interview, where i was asked the very questions that you have answered. I was asked to write a HashMap implementation of my own and after reading this article it looks like i could have given a decent try.
- September 29, 2011 at 1:23 AM
- Gokul said...
Nice article Javin! Would be nice if you can talk more about how this discussion leads onto ConcurrentHashMap...
- October 9, 2011 at 2:04 PM
- Javin @ OutOfMemoryError in Java said...
You have a point Gokul , ConcurrentHashMap is very popular data-structure for high frequency trading platform and it has lots of details which can be tested like Can we replace hashtable with ConcurrentHashMap, may be I will write on that sometime. Thanks for your comments.
- October 10, 2011 at 5:27 AM
- Javin @ Generics in Java said...
Thanks for your comment Swapna, Sample priciple applies on hashtable as well. you may also like my article How substring method works in Java
- October 14, 2011 at 6:14 PM
- Javin @ Date To String in Java said...
@Viraj, @ Anonymous and @Bhaskara , Thanks for your comments guys and good to know that you like my hashmap interview experience. you may also like How Substring works in Java
- October 29, 2011 at 7:13 AM
- Anonymous said...
This tutorial is simple and clear, very good.
May I ask a question that is about equal and hashcode?
I can't understand why the following code yield "False" ?
if( new Boolean("True") == new Boolean("True"))
I conduct 2 tests and still don't understand why the above is "False".
Boolean b1 = new Boolean("True");
Boolean b2 = new Boolean("True");
b1 and b2 is the same by the equal method
Hash code are the same
- November 15, 2011 at 8:30 AM
- Rosario said...
because the operator "==" is used to verify the matching of objects reference, not the value. In other word you have created two distinct object using "new Boolean);" so you have different reference for two object allocated in different area of memory. I f you want compare object of same class and you want know if they have same hashcode you should use the method Equals(, it works well in this case in other case for you need to use the method compareTo() and compare().
- November 20, 2011 at 8:31 AM
- Surya said...
Hi ,
Anonymous brought up a valid point. Both equals() and hashCode() on an object should confirm the object equality. "If two objects are equal according to the equals(Object) method, then calling the hashCode method on each of the two objects must produce the same integer result." .
- November 20, 2011 at 5:46 PM
- Anonymous said...
Sorry but I think that asking these kind of questions in a job interview proves nothing. Today you can find anything you need on the web so there's no point in memorizing implementations of HashMap, HashTable etc.
I believe that your questions could be good if you would ask about hashing in general (two objects has the same hashcode etc).
The most important thing for a developer, TMHO, is that she could THINK, not memorize...
Kind regards
- November 27, 2011 at 8:08 PM
- Anonymous said...
Isn't other collection classes which is based on hashing e.g. HashSet or LinkedHashMap also works in Same principle ? Does HashSet also use equals and hashcode to insert and retrieve objects ?
- December 19, 2011 at 7:42 PM
- Anonymous said...
does it stores key and value object in different node in the linked list or in same node?
- January 1, 2012 at 10:54 PM
- Javin @ jsp interview questions answers said...
Hi Anonymous, keys and values of One Entry in HashMap is stored at one node and that's how after finding bucket location it finds correct object in hashmap.
- January 2, 2012 at 12:03 AM
- shivu said...
Good article, but created some confusion in my mind...
If the computed hashcode is same for two objects, hashMap will override the existing value for that key.
My question is what is the scenario the value would be overriden and added to same bucket in the HashMap.
The piece of code placed here for overriding
String s1 = new String("abc");
String s2 = new String("abc");
System.out.println("s1 hashcode: "+s1.hashCode());
System.out.println("s2 hashcode: "+s2.hashCode());
Map map = new HashMap();
map.put(s1, s1);
map.put(s2, new String("cdf"));
- January 4, 2012 at 3:08 AM
- Javin @ spring interview questions answers said...
Hi Shivu, if key is same i.e. equals by equals method in Java than hashcode would be same and value will be replaced but if key is not same i.e. not equal but hashcode is same (Which is possible in java) than bucked location would be same and collision would happen and second object will be stored on second node of linked list structure on Map.
- January 4, 2012 at 4:59 AM
- Gaurav said...
isn't it all other hashing related data-structure like Hashtable, HashSet, LinkedHashMap is implemented in this way ? At least implementation of put() and get() should be same with some addition specific details related to individual collection.
- January 5, 2012 at 4:59 PM
- Mandakini Mishra said...
You are just awesome.Have no words to praise you.You have explained in such difficult thing in such a simple way.Fantastic, Great work.
- January 17, 2012 at 2:49 AM
- Anonymous said...
still i have little confusion over this
can you specify an example how can two different objects has same hash code(say for two custom objects)
- January 28, 2012 at 7:32 PM
- MJB said...
In fact Hashset in java is simply a delegated hashmap: here's a snippet of the source to prove the point
private transient HashMap map;
// Dummy value to associate with an Object in the backing Map
private static final Object PRESENT = new Object();
public boolean add(E e) {
return map.put(e, PRESENT)==null;
// similar methods that delegate follow
- February 1, 2012 at 7:53 PM
- Joe said...
Thanks for such nice article. Will be expecting such articles in future also.
- February 1, 2012 at 9:45 PM
- Javin @ HashMap vs HashSet said...
@MJB, Indeed HashSet uses HashMap for hashing support and thank for putting the code snippet it makes the point much clearer.
- February 3, 2012 at 10:32 PM
- Javin @ hashtable example java said...
@Mandakini Mishra , Thanks for your kind words, glad to hear you like this Java hashmap question answer article.
- February 3, 2012 at 10:33 PM
- Anonymous said...
This is a great article, but if i have one complaint, it seems to be written poorly in terms of english (almost as thought a translator was used). i am finding it hard to understand some of the answers because of this.
- February 12, 2012 at 4:24 PM
- Anonymous said...
I have one comment regarding your explanation: key.equals() is used also when you use put() method, because if hashcode() of an existing key is the same with the one which you want to insert, yes, the new key will be the next one in the bucket, ONLY IF THE KEY IS UNIQUE. So in order to do that, it is used also method key.equals(), to prevent duplicates. (You said that we are talking about equal() method only when we are retriving data from HashMap)
- February 19, 2012 at 9:58 AM
- Javin @ collection interview question said...
@Anonymous, your observation is correct key.equals() is used on both put() and get() method call if object already exits in bucked location on hashmap and that's why tuples contains both key and value in each node. thanks for pointing it and making it more clear.
- February 20, 2012 at 5:35 AM
- Anonymous said...
Overriding equals and hashcode we can make the object as key in hashmap.While putting the the reference to the object as Key in hashmap or creating the object and setting it in put method , what difference does it make in retreiving the object?
- February 21, 2012 at 11:02 AM
- Javin @ producer consumer problem java said...
@Tofeeq thanks for your comment. Glad to hear that you like interview question on java hashmap.
- February 24, 2012 at 7:23 AM
- P-H said...
Thanks Javin, great post again.
This is true that Hashmap are common questions someone can get in interview from a Java & Java EE perspective. I interview new members myself at my current company (CGI Inc.) and the typical questions that I ask, in a Java EE context are:
- What are best & known risks when using Hashmap data structure?
- What JDK Map data structure is more suitable to handle concurrent read & write operations in a Java EE environment?
The answer for the first one is all about adding proper synchronization when Hashmap is used in a concurrent Thread access scenario e.g. same Hashmap instance shared across multiple Threads.
Primary known risks are Hashmap internal index corruption and infinite looping, which can bring your JVM to its knees.
The answer about the second one is to use the ConcurrentHashMap, introduced in JDK 1.5, which provides Thread safe operations but no blocking get() operation; which is key for proper performance. This is the typical data structure used these days in modern Java EE container implementations.
If your readers are interested, I have a case study of a recent Hashmap infinite looping problem, actual Weblogic 11g defect (non Thread safe Hashmap)!
Thanks again for all that good work.
- February 26, 2012 at 6:29 AM
- ADNAN ALI said...
I am new to Java World! So I have this problem stated as under.....
I have sortedHashMap and hashMap2
Now i have to get hashMap3 based on sortedHashMap sorted order.
Secondly; I have also to limit hashMap3 as of first sorted 100 values.....rest map I dont need.
Please suggest me coding example or junk of code.
- February 28, 2012 at 1:44 AM
- Neeru said...
I was always curious on How HashMap stores object in Java or How HashMap is implemented in Java. I know about bucket and collision but What I missed was Map.Entry which is used to store both key and value object. HashMap stores Entry object which contains both key and value which then used in case of collision when more than one object is stored inside bucket to find out correct mapping. Correct me if this is not how hashmap stores objects in Java.
- February 29, 2012 at 8:20 PM
- Ski said...
Isn't it Hashtable also works in similar way. Please let us know How Hashtable works in Java. I know about HashMap but now I am keen to know How Hashtable works internally.
- February 29, 2012 at 8:24 PM
- Anonymous said...
Hi Javin,
Nice artcile..nicely explained..it wud have been great it u cud explain the rehashing of Hashmap and the concurrent thread access in Hashmap.
- March 4, 2012 at 5:02 PM
- Anonymous said...
Excellent article....
But I would correct on one point.
>What will happen if two different HashMap key objects have same hashcode?
>They will be stored in same bucket but no next node of linked list. And keys equals () method will be used to identify correct key value pair in HashMap.
The next node of the linked list will point to the next object in the same bucket.
- March 6, 2012 at 2:08 AM
- Anonymous said...
I liked a post a lot .
I am undertaking interviews and i know that these questions are really difficult to ans , inspite of working on hash map , we generally forget these details .
- April 3, 2012 at 2:38 AM
- Ratnakar Reddy Katipally said...
Thanks a lot. Pretty clear :) :)
- April 9, 2012 at 5:42 AM
- Sriram said...
Thanks for the post.Its really useful.
1)Can you be more clear on using the final immutable objects as keys?
2) what are the advantages of having final immutable objects as keys?
3)Does they have any performance impact while getting the hashcode or while performing the equals method?
I feel Collision should actually happen to improve the performance.Only then there will be a performance gain while searching for an object.If 1000 objects have 1000 different hashcodes, we will end up with 1000 hash buckets and each containing only one element.In that case, there wont be any use of hashmap and it's same as Arraylist.
4)So, How do we make sure that multiple objects have the same hash code?
5) Hash map should have unique keys right.So if we try to insert an object with the key that was already present in the HashMap, why does it not throw any exception.Instead it will replace that value object in the HashMap.Is there any reason for this?
6) Why did they implement this key value pair? I mean Why cant it be just the value object thereby making the HashMap calculating the hascode of value and use the same while retrieving?If we dont want a key value pair and just want to improve search performance, then is it not this key value pair adding overhead to performance? If I want the same fucntionality as hashmap but dont need the key value pair, which collection do you suggest?
Sorry for more questions on this.. I just thought to be very much clear on this HashMap concept.
Please let me know if am not clear.
- May 9, 2012 at 10:33 PM
- Yadu said...
Nice explanation of internal logic of HashMap. But I think this focuses on pre Java 5.
It uses HashMap.Entry for storing key-value not linked list. Very nice and clever use of Entry object.
for (Entry e = table[i]; e != null; e = e.next) {
Object k;
if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k))) {
V oldValue = e.value;
e.value = value;
return oldValue;
- May 24, 2012 at 9:45 AM
- Anonymous said...
Excellent article and explanation. Got all the questions cleared. Thanks
- May 29, 2012 at 11:25 PM
- Anonymous said...
Can you please explain "if race condition happens then you will end up with an infinite loop" bit more.
Thank you for nice article
- May 31, 2012 at 2:42 AM
- Bhakti said...
while calling get()method
1) hashCode of key object is used to find bucket location in HashMap.
2) if in bucked location only one object is there than its value object. else if bucket location contains LinkedList than traverse through each node and compare key object stored as tuple along-with value object to key object passed to get() method by using equals() method. if matches than return the value object. point to note was that instead of just storing value object, LinkedList node on HashMap also stores Key object.
- June 1, 2012 at 2:08 AM
- Bhakti said...
HashMap key object must be immutable in order to be used as key because hashCode of key is used to find the bucket location inside HashMap and retrieve object. if Key object is mutable than any one can change its value after putting object in HashMap and than calling hashCode() on modified key object would have produce different hashcode and consequently different bucket location and you will never be able to retrieve object from HashMap. hope this would be clear
- June 1, 2012 at 2:13 AM
- Anonymous said...
good writeup,, useful
- July 29, 2012 at 9:03 AM
- Priyanka said...
Awesome work, u have covered almost everything in hashmaps -one of the most difficult part in collection to understand. Keep up the good work!! I wish if you could include some examples in coding, that would make an interviewee like me more confident to express it in front of interviewer.
- July 30, 2012 at 9:08 AM
- Prithvi said...
is there any change in HashMap in Java 5 and Java 6, which affects internal working of HashMap in Java or HashMap in Java 5 is exactly same in HashMap in Java 6 or JDK 4 ?
- July 30, 2012 at 8:45 PM
- Anonymous said...
please explain "if race condition happens then you will end up with an infinite loop" bit more.
it is better if you provide simple example!:)
- August 1, 2012 at 7:38 AM
- Prateek said...
One more question on Java HashMap:
Question: why hashmap keys needs to be immutable ?
Answer : HashMap keys needs to be immutable so that no one can modify key once created leaving its hashCode unchanged which is used to put and get object from HashMap. If HashMap key is not immutable than key can return hashCode 100 while putting object and after some modification hashCode changes to 102, means you can not get object back from HashMap.That's why hashmap keys needs to be immutable in Java
- August 10, 2012 at 7:19 AM
- Anonymous said...
Diff between HashMap & Hashtable interms of algo for the key index will be
Index = hashcode & (bucketsize) // bitwise
Index = (hashcode & 0x7FFFFFFF) % bucketsize // MOD op e.g 100(hashcode) % 10 (bucket size) = 0
Index = 0
- August 21, 2012 at 8:03 AM
- P-H said...
Hi Javin,
Your readers may be interested in a recent post on HashMap vs. ConcurrentHashMap from my Blog.
Article was created following a recent production problem from one of my client Java EE environment. It compliments well your great post.
A sample Java program is also provided on how to replicate this infinite loop condition for get() and put() operations.
- August 29, 2012 at 4:07 PM
- ketaki_w said...
Good one. But I have a question. How does an entry with null key is handled in Hashmap? I mean, one can't calculate hashcode on null so how could an entry with null key get a bucket?
Suppose it is placed at 0 th bucket, but then if 0 th bucket has multiple entries in the linked list (the entries whose keys got hashcode 0 when calculated.) Then how is it resolved, as we can't even call equals method on null!
- August 30, 2012 at 12:15 AM
- Sanjeev said...
I case of hashCode collision, equals method is applied in same bucket with existing elements, if equals method return true, new value is applied on the old key value combination, if equals return false new entry is made with new key value in same bucket.
- October 12, 2012 at 12:07 PM
- Anonymous said...
do you see any problem with resizing of HashMap in Java
I do not understand how the race condition will occur can you elaborate?
- December 5, 2012 at 12:22 AM
- Anonymous said...
I really like all your posts, very informative!
I did not understand how race condition will cause infinite loop in hashmap resizing...could you please explain?
- January 11, 2013 at 10:23 PM
- Anonymous said...
We create two diff hashmap.
while inseting records is there any chances of having same hashcode.
- February 13, 2013 at 3:45 AM
- Anonymous said...
Hi I am being a big fan of you now. Just a little bit of problem.
If storing hashmap in java can be explained in more detail. if some diagrams can be included.
- February 13, 2013 at 9:07 PM
- Javin @ ClassLoader in Java said...
@Anonymous, Thanks. I would definitely try to include a diagram to explain internal working of HashMap in more details.
- February 14, 2013 at 4:35 AM
- Anonymous said...
You say that put() method does not use equals() method on key objects, is that right?
See below example:
HashMap hm = new HashMap();
hm.put("a", "A");
hm.put("a", "NOT A");
In this example how does HashMap only returns "Not A" value.
- March 8, 2013 at 11:45 PM
- Pattision said...
@Anonymous, This is how I see,
1) When you first put "a" as key and "A" as value, HashMap calls "a".hashCode(), which returns a bucket location inside HashMap. if there is no object there than Java will store an entry object which contains both key and value there. If there is collision than, a linked list will be created and an entry corresponding to "a" and "A" will be stored there.
2. Now when you again insert same key, same bucket location will be found, and Java will search for an entry, whose value matches with "A". If found then it would be replaced.
But, YES, Java HashMap uses equals method of key to find correct entry.
Here is the code from java.util.HashMap which clarifies the doubt
int hash = hash(key.hashCode());
int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
for (Entry e = table[i]; e != null; e = e.next) {
Object k;
if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k))) {
V oldValue = e.value;
e.value = value;
return oldValue;
- March 28, 2013 at 2:56 AM
- Anonymous said...
I am currently in an entry-level Java class and we were asked to implement a Map interface using an ArrayList of LinkedLists without any prior experience with this topic. This article has been beyond helpful. Thank you, thank you, thank you!
- April 25, 2013 at 7:00 PM
- Anonymous said...
Just to add here are few more interview question asked on java
How does load factor and. Initial capacity affect performance of hashmap
Why hashmap always use capacity as power of two?
- April 26, 2013 at 10:07 PM
- Anonymous said...
Hashmap allows only one entry with null key. It maintains a separate bucket for null key. When we try to insert any data, put method checks if the key is null. If the key is null, it will insert the entry into the separate bucket maintained for null key. Else, continues with normal logic. Below is the code snippet from the Hashmap source code.
public V put(K key, V value) {
if (key == null) {
return putForNullKey(value);
... //Non-null key data insertion logic here.
* Offloaded version of put for null keys
private V putForNullKey(V value) {
for (Entry e = table[0]; e != null; e = e.next) {
if (e.key == null) {
V oldValue = e.value;
e.value = value;
return oldValue;
addEntry(0, null, value, 0);
return null;
- May 17, 2013 at 11:57 PM
- Prateek said...
as per ur explanation of load factor , loadfactor is sumthing by which the collection is scaled up.
- June 12, 2013 at 11:22 PM
- Ken said...
HashMap always uses a power of two for its length to be able to calculate the index really fast (much faster than mod operation), doing a bitwise AND operation between the hashcode and length-1, which just returns the lesser bits. But for this, length has to be a power of 2.
- June 19, 2013 at 8:06 AM
- Anonymous said...
Regarding this statement:
important point to mention is that HashMap in Java stores both key and value object as Map.Entry in bucket which is essential to understand the retrieving logic
Actually, each Map.Entry contains 4 items:
- key
- value
- hashcode
- next pointer to next Map.Entry in bucket list
As the linked list of Map.Entry items in the "bucket slot" is traversed, the hashcode must match and either the address of the key or its hashcode must match:
// e is the pointer to a Map.Entry
if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k)))
// found it
return e.value
So if two different keys happen to have the same hashcode, then the 2nd test (for key being at same (==) memory location or being equals()) will correctly find the correct key in the linked list.
Finally, since the equals() test might take some finite computational time, the code in get() method is optimized to avoid calling equals() unless absolutely necessary. If the e.hash is wrong, there is no need to test for equality. But if the e.hash is correct, and if the address of the search object is the same as the address of the stored object in the Map.Entry, then the call to equals() also is avoided.
The only time the equals() method would be called is if your key inserted with put() is different memory address from the key being looked up:
// HashMap
Key key = new Integer(1);
map.put (key, "one");
String value = get (new Integer(1) ); // differet address
- June 28, 2013 at 3:43 PM
- Anonymous said...
Maybe another good interview question MIGHT BE as follows:
What problems could arise with HashMap if the key were mutable?
Answer: If the key is immutable, then no problems will arise (since the hashcode cannot change). However, if the key is mutable, and is able to change the key in such a manner as to change the hashcode, then you might insert the key, but be unable to retrieve it later.
The reason this can happen is that since the hashcode changed, the index into the bucket array used for the insertion (put(K,V)) might be different than the index for the lookup (get(K)). Since different linked lists are used, and the lookup will search the wrong linked list, and so will return null to mean not found (or null if null value is permitted).
- June 28, 2013 at 3:55 PM
- Anonymous said...
Anonomous asked:
> Hi Dude Can we use hashMap in multithreaded scenario ? is there any issue with that ?
Yes, big problems. For thread-safety, its best to use ConcurrentHashMap, introduced in JDK 1.5.
- June 28, 2013 at 4:00 PM
- Volodymyr Levytskyi said...
String is not considered good key for HashMap. Because of weak hash-code calculation of String !!!
If you want to know more about internal HashMap read my tutorial Internal life of HashMap in java
- July 25, 2013 at 4:02 AM
- Javin @ get method of HashMap working said...
Hi Volodymyr, You have raised a good point, HashMap implementation has some issue with String keys, because of it's hashCode implementation. Since HashMap uses linked list in case of collision, this can result in performance of O(n) instead of O(1). A Crafted set of String keys can be used in Denial of Service (DOS) attack, where an application server like Tomcat or JBOSS build Hashtable or HashMap with untrusted input retrieved from HTTP request parameter. Thankfully, Java 8 is fixing this HashMap bug, by replacing linked list with balanced tree, once number of element in linked list crossed a threshold. This fix can improve performance from O(n) to O(logN) in case of such collisions. This can also reduce such denial of service attack, which can hamper your server badly.
- July 27, 2013 at 2:35 AM
- Volodymyr Levytskyi said...
I also wanted to point out of Integer as a key.Integer's hashCode is value you provide instantiating Integer. Therefore If you try to put two mappings with keys as Integers and those Integers hold the same value the second mapping will replace the first one because keys will be considered equal with identical hashCode
- July 27, 2013 at 5:36 AM
- Basavaraj Balte said...
This is Wonderful blog...,i am addicted to it.
- August 13, 2013 at 12:22 AM
- Rama Raju Vatsavai said...
Hey Javin,
After reading this article for several times, I have a question. In case of conflicts i.e when two hashcodes are equal, key's equal method is used in the bucket to identify the exact key/value pair. However, doesn't key.equal again use the hashcode() method to compare, which would result in same hashcode() again?
- August 22, 2013 at 3:04 PM
- Tao Chen said...
I am confused by this paragraph
"What will happen if two different HashMap key objects have same hashcode?
They will be stored in same bucket but no next node of linked list. And keys equals () method will be used to identify correct key value pair in HashMap ."
From above, I conclude if two keys have same hashcode, they would be put in same bucket and chained in a linked list. And even two different keys have different hashcode, they still might be put in same bucket and chained in a linked list.
Is there something wrong in my understanding?
- October 3, 2013 at 11:36 AM
- Nitin Jain said...
HI http://java67.blogspot.sg/2013/06/how-get-method-of-hashmap-or-hashtable-works-internally.html,
I am adding some few question on Hashmap asked by interviewer. Please post these ans in your blog it will be helpful to others.
1. Can hashMap store 2 Diff value with same key?
2. Hashcode and Equals method overriding is compulsory for HasMap and why?
3. What is importance for overriding hascode and equals method, Key or value or both and how?
- January 15, 2014 at 4:53 AM
- Ankit Tyagi said...
Hi All,
I have one small doubt, In case of collision while storing data in to the memory. Is one bucket location contains multiply Entry Object for same bucket location. I am really not able to visualize this.
- January 24, 2014 at 12:44 AM
- Deeps said...
This is good blog and helped to revisit my concepts
- February 21, 2014 at 6:10 AM
- Anonymous said...
This is really good. I am preparing for an investment bank. Hope they ask me and I ll burst it out! :D
- April 17, 2014 at 7:10 AM
- Ganesh Rashinker said...
On February 7, 2011 at 3:42 AM , Anonymous asked
Can we use hashMap in multithreaded scenario ? is there any issue with that ?
I have explained the same using a practical example on my blog.
Please check this blog for a demo of what I have mentioned above. Please correct me if my understanding is wrong somewhere.
- April 23, 2014 at 7:58 PM
- Anonymous said...
from this articale i understood that hashmap allow null value,so when i store a value which has null as
key then how hashing will takes place and what hashcode generated for null values.
2.can any one please explain in which case that hashing of two key generate the same hashcode?
3.does it appropriate hashmapobj.get(null) when i store a value that associate null as key?
- May 31, 2014 at 10:47 PM
- Dheeraj Sinha said...
As per the article "HashMap doesn't append the new element at tail instead it append new element at head to avoid tail traversing" . But anyway it get traversed to check same key , so what do you mean by tail traversing here?
- June 24, 2014 at 3:54 AM
- Ramesh Kumar said...
How can you create own hash map with out using java api
- June 30, 2014 at 6:11 AM
- Anonymous said...
Does hashmap always uses LinkedList for storing??
Why to use HashMap?
- July 15, 2014 at 1:22 PM
- Anonymous said...
HashMap in java 1.7 does not handle Collisions. It u try to add a duplicate key, it will get replaced by the new key. Can somebody confirm ?
- July 22, 2014 at 12:19 AM
- Ajay Mehra said...
Thanks for explaining in simple language..
My question is regarding size of HashMap.
1.When will rehashing be done?.
suppose 16 is the initial size and i have added 12 ie. 16*0.75 element into hashmap. is it irrespective of element being added to same or different bucket?
2. cane we set default size? if yes than how?.
- August 5, 2014 at 7:55 PM
- Alen Jain said...
While rehashing, if two thread at the same time found that now HashMap needs resizing and they both try to resizing. on the process of resizing of HashMap, the element in bucket which is stored in linked list get reversed in order during there migration to new bucket because HashMap doesn't append the new element at tail instead it append new element at head to avoid tail traversing. If race condition happens then you will end up with an infinite loop.
Please explain above paragraph. I failed to understand below points -
1. Why list is getting reversed while rehashing. I mean what advantage we got ?
2. Why elements are getting added at front end of list ? Why not tail end ?
- August 17, 2014 at 10:41 PM
- Anonymous said...
do you know whether HashMap is safe from DOS attack or not? What happen if hash function return same value for multiple keys? If yes, how do you fix that, how do you make sure that it doesn't perform on O(n) level?
- August 26, 2014 at 3:01 AM
- Anonymous said...
Thanks man... This is one of the best blog i have ever read for java. It help me a lot
- September 7, 2014 at 5:42 PM
- THE CENTAUR said...
Just to add my 2 cents,
HashMap now(i.e. JDK-8) uses balanced tree during collision. http://openjdk.java.net/jeps/180
- September 28, 2014 at 8:56 AM


text:
Jessianne's Q & A
Who's your favorite sports team, and why?
My favorite sports team is the Giants even though EVERYONE seems to hate them! Haha but ever since I was little running around in a diaper and a Giants t-shirt it's always been my favorite.
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I jumped off a bridge into shallow water and bruised my hip badly, but other than that I've jumped the fence at a couple of Honda car shows in my day!
It's 4AM after a crazy night out – what are we eating?
McDoubles with Mac sauce!
What's the strangest thing in your fridge right now?
Deer meat which I swear is not mine! Gross!
What's the naughtiest thing you've ever done in public?
I don't do naughty things in public, but I have taken a handful of sugar in the raw from Starbucks on occasion! Haha!
What do you feel sexiest wearing?
I feel sexy in jeans or shorts and a t-shirt! And definitely the most comfortable!
Tell us a joke.
I seriously suck at jokes, but I got the best comebacks and the most sarcastic remarks!


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Rhinestone Sequin Chiffon Dress Style 9INT1061 50 50
The Style is Just What I Was Looking For My dress arrived today and i was so excited I tried it on right away. It is just as it's shown in the picture. I was a little concerned seeing as there was no photo of the back. The top of the back of the dress comes up as high as the bra line. I was worried it was cut low in the back. It isn't. I'm a plus size, so I was also worried it wouldn't be figure flattering, but it truly is. The top of the dress is enormous from the bust upwards. I'm a 42 C in a bra and it floats on me. I'm going to have to have it taken in, but that's expected with every wedding dress. It's a perfect size everywhere else. In case anyone is wondering, I ordered it in a size 24. My only disappointment is the beading. It's very poorly done. The beads are drooping and falling off. Very loose and moveable. If I didn't love the rest so much I'd return it. I'm still considering it. I'm going to take it my tailor and see if she can fix it. I hope this helps someone. Good luck and congratulations on all your upcoming weddings! May 27, 2014
PERFECT I wanted a simple dress that didn't break my bank. This was marriage three for us both. Found this dress and fell in love. Read all the reviews good and bad and decided I wanted it. Dress came in early, I was prepared to have the top altered. My local alterations lady did a good job. The straps needed to be shortened and the sides needed to come in, thank goodness they sent extra beading. Everyone loved it. March 5, 2014
Disappointed I was so excited to get this dress in the mail. It came 3 days early which was great, but that was where the greatness ended. While it's very pretty online, the quality of this dress is very poor. It's very cheap feeling, and runs WAY large through the bust. I ordered it online as it's not available in the store. I hope I have better luck in the store next week October 24, 2013
Wonderful! Biggest issue with me finding a dress is that I'm pregnant and I only had a short amount of time to find one before my wedding. I went to the nearest DB outlet to see around what size I would be in. When I finally ordered online, I ordered on a Sunday and I got the dress on Friday less than a week later. The dress fit perfectly!!! I didn't need to have any alterations done at all. It was perfect for my wedding day. June 27, 2013
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*Color & Style representation may vary by monitor. Not responsible for typographical or pictorial errors. Product availability varies by store and online. Some in-store purchases require special order and markdown styles cannot be special ordered. Contact your local store for details.


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The European Bioscience Centre was opened in Dunboyne, Co. Meath, Ireland in 1999. The facility is home to our European Headquarters and supports 42 countries and 26 different languages. The Bioscience Centre offers a unique advantage as it houses all support functions for the European market.
The research facility in Dunboyne has a strong emphasis on fundamental research encompassing biotechnology, microbiology and chemistry-based disciplines. Our core strength, yeast technology, is researched here, where Alltech scientists look at using yeast cell wall components to bind mycotoxins and bacteria that damage the gut.