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King James Version
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|King James Version
|KJV or AV
|Complete Bible
|Online as
|King James Version at Wikisource
|Textual basis
|NT: Textus Receptus, similar to the Byzantine text-type; some readings derived from the Vulgate. OT: Masoretic Text with Septuagint influence.[citation needed] Apocrypha: Septuagint and Vulgate.
|Reading level
|US and Canada Grade 8–10[1]
|Public domain due to age, publication restrictions in the United Kingdom
(See Copyright status)
In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. And God said, Let there be light: and there was light.
For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.
|The Bible in English
The King James Version (KJV), commonly known as the Authorized Version (AV) or King James Bible (KJB), is an English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England begun in 1604 and completed in 1611.[2] First printed by the King's Printer Robert Barker,[3][4] this was the third translation into English to be approved by the English Church authorities. The first was the Great Bible commissioned in the reign of King Henry VIII (1535), and the second was the Bishops' Bible of 1568.[5] In January 1604, King James VI and I convened the Hampton Court Conference where a new English version was conceived in response to the perceived problems of the earlier translations as detected by the Puritans,[6] a faction within the Church of England.[7]
James gave the translators instructions intended to guarantee that the new version would conform to the ecclesiology and reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and its belief in an ordained clergy.[8] The translation was done by 47 scholars, all of whom were members of the Church of England.[9] In common with most other translations of the period, the New Testament was translated from Greek, the Old Testament was translated from Hebrew and Aramaic text, while the Apocrypha were translated from the Greek and Latin. In the Book of Common Prayer (1662), the text of the Authorized Version replaced the text of the Great Bible – for Epistle and Gospel readings – and as such was authorized by Act of Parliament.[10] By the first half of the 18th century, the Authorized Version had become effectively unchallenged as the English translation used in Anglican and Protestant churches. Over the course of the 18th century, the Authorized Version supplanted the Latin Vulgate as the standard version of scripture for English-speaking scholars. With the development of stereotype printing at the beginning of the 19th century, this version of the Bible became the most widely printed book in history, almost all such printings presenting the standard text of 1769 extensively re-edited by Benjamin Blayney at Oxford; and nearly always omitting the books of the Apocrypha. Today the unqualifed title 'King James Version' commonly identifies this Oxford standard text, especially in the United States.
- 1 Name
- 2 History
- 3 Literary attributes
- 4 Influence
- 5 See also
- 6 Notes
- 7 References
- 8 Further reading
- 9 External links
The title of the first edition of the translation was "THE HOLY BIBLE, Containing the Old Testament, AND THE NEW: Newly Translated out of the Original tongues: & with the former Translations diligently compared and revised, by his Majesties special Commandment". The title–page carries the words 'Appointed to be read in Churches'[11] and F.F. Bruce suggests it was "probably authorized by order in council" but no record of the authorization survives "because the Privy Council registers from 1600 to 1613 were destroyed by fire in January 1618/19".[12]
For many years it was common not to give the translation any specific name. In his Leviathan of 1651, Thomas Hobbes referred to it as the English Translation made in the beginning of the Reign of King James.[13] A 1761 "Brief Account of the various Translations of the Bible into English" refers to the 1611 version merely as a new, compleat, and more accurate Translation, despite referring to the Great Bible by that name, and despite using the name "Rhemish Testament" for the Douay–Rheims Bible version.[14] Similarly, a "History of England", whose fifth edition was published in 1775, writes merely that [a] new translation of the Bible, viz., that now in Use, was begun in 1607, and published in 1611.[15]
King James's Bible is used as the name for the 1611 translation (on a par with the "Genevan Bible" or the "Rhemish Testament") in Charles Butler's Horae Biblicae (first published 1797).[16] Other works from the early 19th century confirm the widespread use of this name on both sides of the Atlantic: it is found both in a "Historical sketch of the English translations of the Bible" published in Massachusetts in 1815,[17] and in an English publication from 1818, which explicitly states that the 1611 version is "generally known by the name of King James's Bible".[18] This name was also found as King James' Bible (without the final "s"): for example in a book review from 1811.[19] The phrase "King James's Bible" is used as far back as 1715, although in this case it is not clear whether this is a name or merely a description.[20]
The use of Authorized Version or Authorised Version, capitalized and used as a name, is found as early as 1814.[21] For some time before this, descriptive phrases such as "our present, and only publicly authorized version" (1783),[22] "our authorised version" (1792),[23] and "the authorized version" (1801, uncapitalized)[24] are found. The Oxford English Dictionary records a usage in 1824.[25] In Britain, the 1611 translation is generally known as the "Authorized Version" today.
As early as 1814, we find King James' version, evidently a descriptive phrase, being used.[26] "The King James Version" is found, unequivocally used as a name, in a letter from 1855.[27] The next year King James Bible, with no possessive, appears as a name in a Scottish source.[28] In the United States, the "1611 translation" (actually editions following the standard text of 1769, see below) is generally known as the King James Version today.
Earlier English translations[edit]
The followers of John Wycliffe undertook the first complete English translations of the Christian scriptures in the 15th century. These translations were banned in 1409 due to their association with the Lollards.[29] The Wycliffe Bible pre-dated the printing press but was circulated very widely in manuscript form, often inscribed with a date earlier than 1409 to avoid the legal ban. As the text translated in the various versions of the Wycliffe Bible was the Latin Vulgate, and as it contained no heterodox readings, there was in practice no way by which the ecclesiastical authorities could distinguish the banned version; consequently many Catholic commentators of the 15th and 16th centuries (such as Thomas More) took these manuscript English Bibles to represent an anonymous earlier orthodox translation.
In 1525, William Tyndale, an English contemporary of Martin Luther, undertook a translation of the New Testament.[30] Tyndale's translation was the first printed Bible in English. Over the next ten years, Tyndale revised his New Testament in the light of rapidly advancing biblical scholarship, and embarked on a translation of the Old Testament.[31] Despite some controversial translation choices, the merits of Tyndale's work and prose style made his translation the ultimate basis for all subsequent renditions into Early Modern English.[32] With these translations lightly edited and adapted by Myles Coverdale, in 1539, Tyndale's New Testament and his incomplete work on the Old Testament became the basis for the Great Bible. This was the first "authorized version" issued by the Church of England during the reign of King Henry VIII.[5] When Mary I succeeded to the throne in 1553, she returned the Church of England to the communion of the Roman Catholic faith and many English religious reformers fled the country,[33] some establishing an English-speaking colony at Geneva. Under the leadership of John Calvin, Geneva became the chief international centre of Reformed Protestantism and Latin biblical scholarship.[34]
These English expatriates undertook a translation that became known as the Geneva Bible.[35] This translation, dated to 1560, was a revision of Tyndale's Bible and the Great Bible on the basis of the original languages.[36] Soon after Elizabeth I took the throne in 1558, the flaws of both the Great Bible and the Geneva Bible (namely, that the Geneva Bible did not "conform to the ecclesiology and reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and its beliefs about an ordained clergy") became painfully apparent.[37] In 1568, the Church of England responded with the Bishops' Bible, a revision of the Great Bible in the light of the Geneva version.[38] While officially approved, this new version failed to displace the Geneva translation as the most popular English Bible of the age – in part because the full Bible was only printed in lectern editions of prodigious size and at a cost of several pounds.[39] Accordingly, Elizabethan lay people overwhelmingly read the Bible in the Geneva Version – small editions were available at a relatively low cost. At the same time, there was a substantial clandestine importation of the rival Douay–Rheims New Testament of 1582, undertaken by exiled Roman Catholics. This translation, though still derived from Tyndale, claimed to represent the text of the Latin Vulgate.[40]
In May 1601, King James VI of Scotland attended the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland at St Columba's Church in Burntisland, Fife, at which proposals were put forward for a new translation of the Bible into English.[41] Two years later, he ascended to the throne of England as King James I of England.[42]
Considerations for a new version[edit]
The newly crowned King James convened the Hampton Court Conference in 1604. That gathering proposed a new English version in response to the perceived problems of earlier translations as detected by the Puritan faction of the Church of England. Three examples of problems the Puritans perceived with the Bishops' and Great Bibles were:
First, Galatians iv. 25 (from the Bishops' Bible). The Greek word susoichei is not well translated as now it is, bordereth neither expressing the force of the word, nor the apostle's sense, nor the situation of the place. Secondly, psalm cv. 28 (from the Great Bible), 'They were not obedient;' the original being, 'They were not disobedient.' Thirdly, psalm cvi. 30 (also from the Great Bible), 'Then stood up Phinees and prayed,' the Hebrew hath, 'executed judgment.'[43]
Instructions were given to the translators that were intended to limit the Puritan influence on this new translation. The Bishop of London added a qualification that the translators would add no marginal notes (which had been an issue in the Geneva Bible).[8] King James cited two passages in the Geneva translation where he found the marginal notes offensive:[44] Exodus 1:19, where the Geneva Bible had commended the example of civil disobedience showed by the Hebrew midwives, and also II Chronicles 15:16, where the Geneva Bible had criticized King Asa for not having executed his idolatrous grandmother, Queen Maachah.[44] Further, the King gave the translators instructions designed to guarantee that the new version would conform to the ecclesiology of the Church of England.[8] Certain Greek and Hebrew words were to be translated in a manner that reflected the traditional usage of the church.[8] For example, old ecclesiastical words such as the word "church" were to be retained and not to be translated as "congregation".[8] The new translation would reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and traditional beliefs about ordained clergy.[8]
James' instructions included several requirements that kept the new translation familiar to its listeners and readers. The text of the Bishops' Bible would serve as the primary guide for the translators, and the familiar proper names of the biblical characters would all be retained. If the Bishops' Bible was deemed problematic in any situation, the translators were permitted to consult other translations from a pre-approved list: the Tyndale Bible, the Coverdale Bible, Matthew's Bible, the Great Bible, and the Geneva Bible. In addition, later scholars have detected an influence on the Authorized Version from the translations of Taverner's Bible and the New Testament of the Douay–Rheims Bible.[45] It is for this reason that the flyleaf of most printings of the Authorized Version observes that the text had been "translated out of the original tongues, and with the former translations diligently compared and revised, by His Majesty's special command."
The task of translation was undertaken by 47 scholars, although 54 were originally approved.[9] All were members of the Church of England and all except Sir Henry Savile were clergy.[46] The scholars worked in six committees, two based in each of the University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge, and Westminster. The committees included scholars with Puritan sympathies, as well as High Churchmen. Forty unbound copies of the 1602 edition of the Bishops' Bible were specially printed so that the agreed changes of each committee could be recorded in the margins.[47] The committees worked on certain parts separately and the drafts produced by each committee were then compared and revised for harmony with each other.[48] The scholars were not paid directly for their translation work, instead a circular letter was sent to bishops encouraging them to consider the translators for appointment to well paid livings as these fell vacant.[46] Several were supported by the various colleges at Oxford and Cambridge, while others were promoted to bishoprics, deaneries and prebends through royal patronage.
The committees started work towards the end of 1604. King James I of England, on 22 July 1604, sent a letter to Archbishop Bancroft asking him to contact all English churchmen requesting that they make donations to his project.
Right trusty and well beloved, we greet you well. Whereas we have appointed certain learned men, to the number of 4 and 50, for the translating of the Bible, and in this number, divers of them have either no ecclesiastical preferment at all, or else so very small, as the same is far unmeet for men of their deserts and yet we in ourself in any convenient time cannot well remedy it, therefor we do hereby require you, that presently you write in our name as well to the Archbishop of York, as to the rest of the bishops of the province of Cant.[erbury] signifying unto them, that we do well and straitly charge everyone of them ... that (all excuses set apart) when a prebend or parsonage ... shall next upon any occasion happen to be void ... we may commend for the same some such of the learned men, as we shall think fit to be preferred unto it ... Given unto our signet at our palace of West.[minister] on 2 and 20 July , in the 2nd year of our reign of England, France, and of Ireland, and of Scotland xxxvii."[49]
They had all completed their sections by 1608, the Apocrypha committee finishing first.[50] From January 1609, a General Committee of Review met at Stationers' Hall, London to review the completed marked texts from each of the six committees. The General Committee included John Bois, Andrew Downes and John Harmar, and others known only by their initials, including "AL" (who may be Arthur Lake), and were paid for their attendance by the Stationers' Company. John Bois prepared a note of their deliberations (in Latin) – which has partly survived in two later transcripts.[51] Also surviving is a bound-together set of marked-up corrections to one of the forty Bishops' Bibles – covering the Old Testament and Gospels,[52] and also a manuscript translation of the text of the Epistles, excepting those verses where no change was being recommended to the readings in the Bishops' Bible.[53] Archbishop Bancroft insisted on having a final say, making fourteen changes, of which one was the term "bishopricke" at Acts 1:20.[54]
- First Cambridge Company, translated from 1 Chronicles to the Song of Solomon:
- John Harding, John Rainolds (or Reynolds), Thomas Holland, Richard Kilby, Miles Smith, Richard Brett, Daniel Fairclough, William Thorne;[55]
- Second Oxford Company, translated the Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, and the Book of Revelation:
- Second Westminster Company, translated the Epistles:
- William Barlow, John Spenser, Roger Fenton, Ralph Hutchinson, William Dakins, Michael Rabbet, Thomas Sanderson (who probably had already become Archdeacon of Rochester);
- Second Cambridge Company, translated the Apocrypha:
The original printing of the Authorized Version was published by Robert Barker, the King's Printer, in 1611 as a complete folio Bible.[57] It was sold looseleaf for ten shillings, or bound for twelve.[58] Robert Barker's father, Christopher, had, in 1589, been granted by Elizabeth I the title of royal Printer,[59] with the perpetual Royal Privilege to print Bibles in England.[60] Robert Barker invested very large sums in printing the new edition, and consequently ran into serious debt,[61] such that he was compelled to sub-lease the privilege to two rival London printers, Bonham Norton and John Bill.[62] It appears that it was initially intended that each printer would print a portion of the text, share printed sheets with the others, and split the proceeds. Bitter financial disputes broke out, as Barker accused Norton and Bill of concealing their profits, while Norton and Bill accused Barker of selling sheets properly due to them as partial Bibles for ready money.[63] There followed decades of continual litigation, and consequent imprisonment for debt for members of the Barker and Norton printing dynasties,[63] while each issued rival editions of the whole Bible. In 1629 the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge successfully managed to assert separate and prior royal licences for Bible printing, for their own university presses – and Cambridge University took the opportunity to print revised editions of the Authorized Version in 1629,[64] and 1638.[65] The editors of these editions included John Bois and John Ward from the original translators. This did not, however, impede the commercial rivalries of the London printers, especially as the Barker family refused to allow any other printers access to the authoritative manuscript of the Authorized Version.[66]
Two editions of the whole Bible are recognized as having been produced in 1611, which may be distinguished by their rendering of Ruth 3:15; the first edition reading "he went into the city", where the second reads "she went into the city.";[67] these are known colloquially as the "He" and "She" Bibles.[68] However, Bibles in all the early editions were made up using sheets originating from several printers, and consequently there is very considerable variation[dubious ] within any one edition. It is only in 1613 that an edition is found,[69] all of whose surviving representatives have substantially the same text.[70]
The original printing was made before English spelling was standardized, and when printers, as a matter of course, expanded and contracted the spelling of the same words in different places, so as to achieve an even column of text.[71] They set v for initial u and v, and u for u and v everywhere else. They used long ſ for non-final s.[72] The glyph j occurs only after i, as in the final letter in a Roman numeral. Punctuation was relatively heavy, and differed from current practice. When space needed to be saved, the printers sometimes used ye for the, (replacing the Middle English thorn with the continental y), set ã for an or am (in the style of scribe's shorthand), and set & for and. On the contrary, on a few occasions, they appear to have inserted these words when they thought a line needed to be padded. Later printings regularized these spellings; the punctuation has also been standardized, but still varies from current usage norms.
The first printing used a black letter typeface instead of a roman typeface, which itself made a political and a religious statement. Like the Great Bible and the Bishops' Bible, the Authorized Version was "appointed to be read in churches". It was a large folio volume meant for public use, not private devotion; the weight of the type mirrored the weight of establishment authority behind it.[citation needed] However, smaller editions and roman-type editions followed rapidly, e.g. quarto roman-type editions of the Bible in 1612 (Herbert #313/314). This contrasted with the Geneva Bible, which was the first English Bible printed in a roman typeface (although black-letter editions, particularly in folio format, were issued later).
In contrast to the Geneva Bible and the Bishops' Bible, which had both been extensively illustrated, there were no illustrations at all in the 1611 edition of the Authorized Version, the main form of decoration being the historiated initial letters provided for books and chapters – together with the decorative title pages to the Bible itself, and to the New Testament.
The original printing of the Authorized Version used roman type to distinguish text supplied by translators, or thought needful for English grammar but not present in the Greek or Hebrew. In the first printing, the device of having different type faces to show supplied words was used sparsely and inconsistently. This is perhaps the most significant difference between the original text and the current text. When, from the later 17th century onwards, the Authorized Version began to be printed in roman type, the typeface for supplied words was changed to italics.
The original printing contained two prefatory texts; the first was a formal Epistle Dedicatory to "the most high and mighty Prince" King James. Many British printings reproduce this, while most non-British printings fail to include it.
The second preface was called The Translators to the Reader, a long and learned essay that defends the undertaking of the new version. It observes the translators' stated goal, that they, "never thought from the beginning that [they] should need to make a new translation, nor yet to make of a bad one a good one, ... but to make a good one better, or out of many good ones, one principal good one, not justly to be excepted against; that hath been [their] endeavour, that [their] mark." They also give their opinion of previous English Bible translations, stating, "We do not deny, nay, we affirm and avow, that the very meanest translation of the Bible in English, set forth by men of our profession, (for we have seen none of theirs [Roman Catholics] of the whole Bible as yet) containeth the word of God, nay, is the word of God."[73] As with the first preface, some British printings reproduce this, while most non-British printings fail to include it. Almost every printing that includes the second preface also includes the first.
The first printing contained a number of other apparatus, including a table for the reading of the Psalms at matins and evensong, and a calendar, an almanac, and a table of holy days and observances. Much of this material became obsolete with the adoption of the Gregorian Calendar by Britain and its colonies in 1752, and thus modern editions invariably omit it.
So as to make it easier to locate a particular passage, each chapter was headed by a brief precis of its contents with verse numbers. Later editors freely substituted their own chapter summaries, or omit such material entirely. Pilcrow marks are used to indicate the beginnings of paragraphs except after the book of Acts.
Authorized Version[edit]
The Authorized Version was meant to replace the Bishops' Bible as the official version for readings in the Church of England. No record of its authorization exists; it was probably effected by an order of the Privy Council but the records for the years 1600 to 1613 were destroyed by fire in January 1618/19[12] and it is commonly known as the Authorized Version in the United Kingdom. The King's Printer issued no further editions of the Bishops' Bible,[citation needed] so necessarily the Authorized Version replaced it as the standard lectern Bible in parish church use in England.
In the 1662 Book Of Common Prayer, the text of the Authorized Version finally supplanted that of the Great Bible in the Epistle and Gospel readings[74] – though the Prayer Book Psalter nevertheless continues in the Great Bible version.[75]
The case was different in Scotland, where the Geneva Bible had long been the standard church bible. It was not until 1633 that a Scottish edition of the Authorized Version was printed – in conjunction with the Scots coronation in that year of Charles I.[76] The inclusion of illustrations in the edition raised accusations of Popery from opponents of the religious policies of Charles and William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury. However, official policy favoured the Authorized Version, and this favour returned during the Commonwealth – as London printers succeeded in re-asserting their monopoly of Bible printing with support from Oliver Cromwell – and the "New Translation" was the only edition on the market.[77] F.F. Bruce reports that the last recorded instance of a Scots parish continuing to use the "Old Translation" (i.e. Geneva) as being in 1674.[78]
The Authorized Version's acceptance by the general public took longer. The Geneva Bible continued to be popular, and large numbers were imported from Amsterdam, where printing continued up to 1644 in editions carrying a false London imprint.[79] However, few if any genuine Geneva editions appear to have been printed in London after 1616, and in 1637 Archbishop Laud prohibited their printing or importation. In the period of the English Civil War, soldiers of the New Model Army were issued a book of Geneva selections called "The Soldiers' Bible" (1643, Herbert #577). In the first half of the 17th century the Authorized Version is most commonly referred to as "The Bible without notes", thereby distinguishing it from the Geneva "Bible with notes". There were several printings of the Authorized Version in Amsterdam – one as late as 1715 (Herbert #936) – which combined the Authorized Version translation text with the Geneva marginal notes;[66] one such edition was printed in London in 1649. During the Commonwealth a commission was established by Parliament to recommend a revision of the Authorized Version with acceptably Protestant explanatory notes,[79] but the project was abandoned when it became clear that these would be nearly double the bulk of the Bible text. After the English Restoration, the Geneva Bible was held to be politically suspect and a reminder of the repudiated Puritan era. Furthermore, disputes over the lucrative rights to print the Authorized Version dragged on through the 17th century, so none of the printers involved saw any commercial advantage in marketing a rival translation. The Authorized Version became the only current version circulating among English speaking people.
A small minority of critical scholars were slow to accept the latest translation. Hugh Broughton, the most highly regarded English Hebraist of his time (but who had been excluded from the panel of translators because of his utterly uncongenial temperament), issued in 1611 a total condemnation of the new version,[80] criticizing especially the translators' rejection of word-for-word equivalence and stated that "he would rather be torn in pieces by wild horses than that this abominable translation (KJV) should ever be foisted upon the English people".[81] Walton's London Polyglot of 1657 disregards the Authorized Version (and indeed the English Language) entirely.[82] Walton's reference text throughout is the Vulgate. The Vulgate Latin is also found as the standard text of scripture in Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan of 1651,[83] indeed Hobbes gives Vulgate chapter and verse numbers (e.g., Job 41:24, not Job 41:33) for his head text. In Chapter 35: 'The Signification in Scripture of Kingdom of God' , Hobbes discusses Exodus 19:5, first in his own translation of the 'Vulgar Latin' , and then subsequently as found in the versions he terms "...the English translation made in the beginning of the reign of King James", and "The Geneva French" (i.e. Olivétan). Hobbes advances detailed critical arguments why the Vulgate rendering is to be preferred. For most of the 17th century the assumption remained that, while it had been of vital importance to provide the scriptures in the vernacular for ordinary people, nevertheless for those with sufficient education to do so, Biblical study was best undertaken within the international common medium of Latin. It was only in 1700 that modern bilingual Bibles appeared in which the Authorized Version was compared with counterpart Dutch and French Protestant vernacular Bibles.[84]
In consequence of the continual disputes over printing privileges, successive printings of the Authorized Version were notably less careful than the 1611 edition had been – compositors freely varying spelling, capitalization and punctuation[85] – and also, over the years, introducing about 1,500 misprints (some of which, like the omission of "not" from the commandment "Thou shalt not commit adultery" in the "Wicked Bible" (1631, Herbert #444), became notorious). The two Cambridge editions of 1629 and 1638 attempted to restore the proper text – while introducing over 200 revisions of the original translators' work, chiefly by incorporating into the main text a more literal reading originally presented as a marginal note.[86] A more thoroughly corrected edition was proposed following the Restoration, in conjunction with the revised 1662 Book of Common Prayer, but Parliament then decided against it.
By the first half of the 18th century, the Authorized Version was effectively unchallenged as the sole English translation in current use in Protestant churches,[10] and was so dominant that the Roman Catholic Church in England issued in 1750 a revision of the 1610 Douay–Rheims Bible by Richard Challoner that was very much closer to the Authorized Version than to the original.[87] However, general standards of spelling, punctuation, typesetting, capitalization and grammar had changed radically in the 100 years since the first edition of the Authorized Version, and all printers in the market were introducing continual piecemeal changes to their Bible texts to bring them into line with current practice – and with public expectations of standardized spelling and grammatical construction.[88]
Over the course of the 18th century, the Authorized Version supplanted the Hebrew, Greek and the Latin Vulgate as the standard version of scripture for English speaking scholars and divines, and indeed came to be regarded by some as an inspired text in itself – so much so that any challenge to its readings or textual base came to be regarded by many as an assault on Holy Scripture.[89] This has been contemptuously labelled "AVolatry", a play on the name "Authorized Version" (AV) and idolatry.[90]
Standard text of 1769[edit]
By the mid-18th century the wide variation in the various modernized printed texts of the Authorized Version, combined with the notorious accumulation of misprints, had reached the proportion of a scandal, and the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge both sought to produce an updated standard text. First of the two was the Cambridge edition of 1760, the culmination of twenty-years work by Francis Sawyer Parris,[91] who died in May of that year. This 1760 edition was reprinted without change in 1762 (Herbert #1142) and in John Baskerville's fine folio edition of 1763.[92] This was effectively superseded by the 1769 Oxford edition, edited by Benjamin Blayney (Herbert #1196), though with comparatively few changes from the 1760 edition, which became the Oxford standard text, and is reproduced almost unchanged in most current printings.[93] Parris and Blayney sought consistently to remove those elements of the 1611 and subsequent editions that they believed were due to the vagaries of printers, while incorporating most of the revised readings of the Cambridge editions of 1629 and 1638, and each also introducing a few improved readings of their own. They undertook the mammoth task of standardizing the wide variation in punctuation and spelling of the original, making many thousands of minor changes to the text; although some of these updates appear to alter the ostensible sense – as when the original text of Genesis 2:21 "in stead" ("in that place") was standardized to read "instead" ("as an alternative"). In addition, Blayney and Parris thoroughly revised and greatly extended the italicization of "supplied" words not found in the original languages by cross-checking against the presumed source texts. Blayney seems to have worked from the 1550 Stephanus edition of the Textus Receptus, rather than the later editions of Beza that the translators of the 1611 New Testament had favoured; accordingly the current Oxford standard text alters around a dozen italicizations where Beza and Stephanus differ.[94] Like the 1611 edition, the 1769 Oxford edition included the Apocrypha, although Blayney tended to remove cross-references to the Books of the Apocrypha from the margins of their Old and New Testaments wherever these had been provided by the original translators. Altogether, Blayney's 1769 text differed from the 1611 text in around 24,000 places.[95] Since that date, a few further changes have been introduced to the Oxford standard text. The Oxford University Press paperback edition of the "Authorized King James Version" provides Oxford's standard text, and also includes the prefatory section "The Translators to the Reader".[96]
The 1611 and 1769 texts of the first three verses from I Corinthians 13 are given below, respectively.
1. Though I speake with the tongues of men & of Angels, and haue not charity, I am become as sounding brasse or a tinkling cymbal. 2 And though I haue the gift of prophesie, and vnderstand all mysteries and all knowledge: and though I haue all faith, so that I could remooue mountaines, and haue no charitie, I am nothing. 3 And though I bestowe all my goods to feede the poore, and though I giue my body to bee burned, and haue not charitie, it profiteth me nothing.
1. Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, and have not charity, I am become as sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal. 2 And though I have the gift of prophecy, and understand all mysteries, and all knowledge; and though I have all faith, so that I could remove mountains, and have not charity, I am nothing. 3 And though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor, and though I give my body to be burned, and have not charity, it profiteth me nothing.
In these three verses, there are eleven changes of spelling, sixteen changes of typesetting (including the changed conventions for the use of u and v), three changes of punctuation, and one variant text – where "not charity" is substituted for "no charity" in verse two, in the erroneous belief that the original reading was a misprint.
A particular verse for which Blayney's 1769 text differs from Parris's 1760 version is Matthew 5: 13, where Parris (1760) has
Ye are the salt of the earth: but if the salt have lost his savour, wherewith shall it be salted? it is thenceforth good for nothing but to be cast out, and to be troden under foot of men.
Blayney (1769) changes 'lost his savour' to 'lost its savour', and troden to trodden.
For a period, Cambridge continued to issue Bibles using the Parris text, but the market demand for absolute standardization was now such that they eventually adapted Blayney's work, but omitted some of the idiosyncratic Oxford spellings. By the mid-19th century, almost all printings of the Authorized Version were derived from the 1769 Oxford text – increasingly without Blayney's variant notes and cross references, and commonly excluding the Apocrypha.[97] One exception to this was a scrupulous original-spelling, page-for-page, and line-for-line reprint of the 1611 edition (including all chapter headings, marginalia, and original italicization, but with Roman type substituted for the black letter of the original), published by Oxford in 1833.[98] Another important exception was the 1873 Cambridge Paragraph Bible, thoroughly revised, modernized and re-edited by F. H. A. Scrivener, who for the first time consistently identified the source texts underlying the 1611 translation and its marginal notes.[99] Scrivener, unlike Blayney, opted to revise the translation where he considered the judgement of the 1611 translators had been faulty.[100] In 2005, Cambridge University Press released its New Cambridge Paragraph Bible with Apocrypha, edited by David Norton, which followed in the spirit of Scrivener's work, attempting to bring spelling to present-day standards. Norton also innovated with the introduction of quotation marks, while returning to a hypothetical 1611 text, so far as possible, to the wording used by its translators, especially in the light of the re-emphasis on some of their draft documents.[101] This text has been issued in paperback by Penguin books.[102]
From the early nineteenth century the Authorized Version has remained almost completely unchanged – and since, due to advances in printing technology, it could now be produced in very large editions for mass sale, it established complete dominance in public and ecclesiastical use in the English-speaking Protestant world. Academic debate through that century, however, increasingly reflected concerns about the Authorized Version shared by some scholars: (a) that subsequent study in oriental languages suggested a need to revise the translation of the Hebrew Bible – both in terms of specific vocabulary, and also in distinguishing descriptive terms from proper names; (b) that the Authorized Version was unsatisfactory in translating the same Greek words and phrases into different English, especially where parallel passages are found in the synoptic gospels; and (c) in the light of subsequent ancient manuscript discoveries, the New Testament translation base of the Greek Textus Receptus could no longer be considered to be the best representation of the original text.[103]
Responding to these concerns, the Convocation of Canterbury resolved in 1870 to undertake a revision of the text of the Authorized Version, intending to retain the original text "except where in the judgement of competent scholars such a change is necessary". The resulting revision was issued as the Revised Version in 1881 (New Testament), 1885 (Old Testament) and 1894 (Apocrypha); but, although it sold widely, the revision did not find popular favour, and it was only reluctantly in 1899 that Convocation approved it for reading in churches.[104]
By the early twentieth century, editing had been completed in Cambridge's text, with at least 6 new changes since 1769, and the reversing of at least 30 of the standard Oxford readings. The distinct Cambridge text was printed in the millions, and after the Second World War "the unchanging steadiness of the KJB was a huge asset."[105] The Cambridge edition is preferred by scholars.[106]
The Authorized Version maintained its effective dominance throughout the first half of the 20th century. New translations in the second half of the 20th century displaced its 250 years of dominance (roughly 1700 to 1950),[107] but groups do exist – sometimes termed the King James Only movement – that distrust anything not in agreement with ("that changes") the Authorized Version.[108]
Editorial criticism[edit]
F. H. A. Scrivener and D. Norton have both written in detail on editorial variations which have occurred through the history of the publishing of the Authorized Version from 1611 to 1769. In the 19th century, there were effectively three main guardians of the text. Norton identified five variations among the Oxford, Cambridge and London (Eyre and Spottiswoode) texts of 1857, such as the spelling of "farther" or "further" at Matthew 26:29.[109]
In the 20th century, variations between the editions was reduced to comparing the Cambridge to the Oxford. Distinctly identified Cambridge readings included "or Sheba" (Josh. 19:2), "sin" (2 Chr. 33:19), "clifts" (Job 30:6), "vapour" (Psalm 148:8), "flieth" (Nah. 3:16), "further" (Matt. 26:39) and a number of other references. In effect the Cambridge was considered the current text in comparison to the Oxford.[90]
Cambridge University Press introduced a change at 1 John 5:8 in 1985 reverting its longstanding tradition of having the word "spirit" in lower case to have a capital letter "S".[110] It has also done the same in some of its publications in Acts 11:12 and 11:28. These are instances where both Oxford and Cambridge have now altered away from Blayney's 1769 Edition. The distinctions between the Oxford and Cambridge editions has been a major point in the Bible version debate.[106] Differences among Cambridge editions, in the 21st century, has become a potential theological issue,[111] particularly in regard to the identification of the Pure Cambridge Edition.[112]
Literary attributes[edit]
Like Tyndale's translation and the Geneva Bible, the Authorized Version was translated primarily from Greek, Hebrew and Aramaic texts, although with secondary reference both to the Latin Vulgate, and to more recent scholarly Latin versions; two books of the Apocrypha were translated from a Latin source. Following the example of the Geneva Bible, words implied but not actually in the original source were distinguished by being printed in distinct type (albeit inconsistently), but otherwise the translators explicitly rejected word-for-word equivalence.[113] F.F Bruce gives an example from Romans Chapter 5:[114]
2 By whom also wee have accesse by faith, into this grace wherein wee stand, and rejoyce in hope of the glory of God. 3 And not onely so, but we glory in tribulations also, knowing that tribulation worketh patience:
The English terms "rejoice" and "glory" stand for the same word in the Greek original. In Tyndale, Geneva and the Bishops' Bibles, both instances are translated "rejoice". In the Douay–Rheims New Testament, both are translated "glory". Only in the Authorized Version does the translation vary between the two verses.
In obedience to their instructions, the translators provided no marginal interpretation of the text, but in some 8,500 places a marginal note offers an alternative English wording.[115] The majority of these notes offer a more literal rendering of the original (introduced as "Heb", "Chal", "Gr" or "Lat"), but others indicate a variant reading of the source text (introduced by "or"). Some of the annotated variants derive from alternative editions in the original languages, or from variant forms quoted in the fathers. More commonly, though, they indicate a difference between the original language reading and that in the translators' preferred recent Latin versions: Tremellius for the Old Testament, Junius for the Apocrypha, and Beza for the New Testament.[116] A few more extensive notes clarify Biblical names, units of measurement or currency, and in a very few places (e.g. Luke 17:36) record that a verse is absent from most Greek manuscripts. Modern reprintings rarely reproduce these annotated variants – although they are to be found in the New Cambridge Paragraph Bible. In addition, there were originally some 9,000 scriptural cross-references, in which one text was related to another. Such cross-references had long been common in Latin Bibles, and most of those in the Authorized Version were copied unaltered from this Latin tradition. Consequently the early editions of the KJV retain many Vulgate verse references – e.g. in the numbering of the Psalms.[117] At the head of each chapter, the translators provided a short précis of its contents, with verse numbers; these are rarely included in complete form in modern editions.
In the Old Testament the translators render the Tetragrammaton YHWH by "the LORD" (in later editions in small capitals as LORD),[118] or "the LORD God" (for YHWH Elohim, יהוה אלהים),[119] except in four places by "IEHOVAH" (Exod. 6:3, Psalm 83:18, Isaiah 12:2 and 26:4) and three times in a combination form. (Gen.22:14, Exod.17:15, Judges 6:24) However, if the Tetragrammaton occurs with the Hebrew word adonai (Lord) then it is render not as the "Lord LORD" but as the "Lord God". (Psalm 73:28,etc.) In later editions as "Lord GOD" with "GOD" in small capitals indicating to the reader that God's name appears in the original Hebrew.
Old Testament[edit]
For their Old Testament, the translators used a text originating in the editions of the Hebrew Rabbinic Bible by Daniel Bomberg (1524/5),[120] but adjusted this to conform to the Greek LXX or Latin Vulgate in passages to which Christian tradition had attached a Christological interpretation.[121] For example, the Septuagint reading "They pierced my hands and my feet" was used in Psalm 22:16 (vs. the Masoretes' reading of the Hebrew "like lions my hands and feet"[122]). Otherwise, however, the Authorized Version is closer to the Hebrew tradition than any previous English translation – especially in making use of the rabbinic commentaries, such as Kimhi, in elucidating obscure passages in the Masoretic Text;[123] earlier versions had been more likely to adopt LXX or Vulgate readings in such places.
New Testament[edit]
For their New Testament, the translators chiefly used the 1598 and 1588/89 Greek editions of Theodore Beza,[124] which also present Beza's Latin version of the Greek and Stephanus's edition of the Latin Vulgate. Both of these versions were extensively referred to, as the translators conducted all discussions amongst themselves in Latin. F.H.A. Scrivener identifies 190 readings where the Authorized Version translators depart from Beza's Greek text, generally in maintaining the wording of the Bishop's Bible and other earlier English translations.[125] In about half of these instances, the Authorized Version translators appear to follow the earlier 1550 Greek Textus Receptus of Stephanus. For the other half, Scrivener was usually able to find corresponding Greek readings in the editions of Erasmus, or in the Complutensian Polyglot. However, in several dozen readings he notes that no printed Greek text corresponds to the English of the Authorized Version, which in these places derives directly from the Vulgate.[126] For example, at John 10:16, the Authorized Version reads "one fold" (as did the Bishops' Bible, and the 16th century vernacular versions produced in Geneva), following the Latin Vulgate "unum ovile", whereas Tyndale had agreed more closely with the Greek, "one flocke" (μία ποίμνη). The Authorized Version New Testament owes much more to the Vulgate than does the Old Testament; still, at least 80% of the text is unaltered from Tyndale's translation.[127]
Unlike the rest of the Bible, the translators of the Apocrypha identified their source texts in their marginal notes.[128] From these it can be determined that the books of the Apocrypha were translated from the Septuagint – primarily, from the Greek Old Testament column in the Antwerp Polyglot – but with extensive reference to the counterpart Latin Vulgate text, and to Junius's Latin translation. The translators record references to the Sixtine Septuagint of 1587, which is substantially a printing of the Old Testament text from the Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209, and also to the 1518 Greek Septuagint edition of Aldus Manutius. They had, however, no Greek texts for 2 Esdras, or for the Prayer of Manasses, and Scrivener found that they here used an unidentified Latin manuscript.
The translators appear to have otherwise made no first-hand study of ancient manuscript sources, even those that – like the Codex Bezae – would have been readily available to them.[129] In addition to all previous English versions (including, and contrary to their instructions,[130] the Rheimish New Testament[131] which in their preface they criticized); they made wide and eclectic use of all printed editions in the original languages then available, including the ancient Syriac New Testament printed with an interlinear Latin gloss in the Antwerp Polyglot of 1573.[132] In the preface the translators acknowledge consulting translations and commentaries in Chaldee, Hebrew, Syrian, Greek, Latin, Spanish, French, Italian, and German.[133]
The translators took the Bishop's Bible as their source text, and where they departed from that in favour of another translation, this was most commonly the Geneva Bible. However, the degree to which readings from the Bishop's Bible survived into final text of the King James Bible varies greatly from company to company, as did the propensity of the King James translators to coin phrases of their own. John Bois's notes of the General Committee of Review show that they discussed readings derived from a wide variety of sources and versions, including explicitly both Henry Savile's 1610 edition of the works of John Chrysostom, and also the Rheims New Testament,[134] which was the primary source for many of the literal alternative readings provided for the marginal notes.
Variations from recent translations[edit]
A number of Bible verses in the King James Version of the New Testament are not found in recent Bible translations based on modern critical texts. In the early seventeenth century printed Greek texts of the New Testament depended on manuscripts of the late Byzantine text-type and with minor variations contained what is known as the Textus Receptus.[135] With the discovery of many early manuscripts, most modern textual scholars value the evidence of manuscripts belonging to the Alexandrian family as better witnesses to the original text of the biblical authors,[136] without giving it, or any family, automatic preference.[137]
Style and criticism[edit]
A primary concern of the translators was to produce a Bible that would be appropriate, dignified and resonant in public reading. Although the Authorized Version's written style is an important part of its influence on English, research has found only one verse – Hebrews 13:8 – for which translators debated the wording's literary merits. While they stated in the preface that they used stylistic variation, finding multiple English words or verbal forms in places where the original language employed repetition, in practice they also did the opposite; for example, 14 different Hebrew words were translated into the single English word "prince".[138]
In a period of rapid linguistic change the translators avoided contemporary idioms, tending instead towards forms that were already slightly archaic, like verily and it came to pass.[139] The pronouns thou/thee and you are consistently used as singular and plural respectively, even though by this time you was often found as the singular in general English usage, especially when addressing a social superior (as is evidenced, for example, in Shakespeare).[140] For the possessive of the third person pronoun, the word its, first recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1598, is avoided.[141] The older his is usually employed, as for example at Matthew 5:13: "if the salt have lost his savour, wherewith shall it be salted?";[141] in other places of it, thereof or bare it are found.[142] Another sign of linguistic conservativism is the invariable use of -eth for the third person singular present form of the verb, as at Matthew 2:13: "the Angel of the Lord appeareth to Joseph in a dreame". The rival ending -(e)s, as found in present-day English, was already widely used by this time (for example, it predominates over -eth in the plays of Shakespeare and Marlowe).[143] Furthermore, the translators preferred which to who or whom as the relative pronoun for persons, as in Genesis 13:5: "And Lot also which went with Abram, had flocks and heards, & tents"[144] although who(m) is also found.[145]
The Authorized Version is notably more Latinate than previous English versions,[130] especially the Geneva Bible. This results in part from the academic stylistic preferences of a number of the translators – several of whom admitted to being more comfortable writing in Latin than in English – but was also, in part, a consequence of the royal proscription against explanatory notes.[146] Hence, where the Geneva Bible might use a common English word – and gloss its particular application in a marginal note – the Authorized Version tends rather to prefer a technical term, frequently in Anglicized Latin. Consequently, although the King had instructed the translators to use the Bishops' Bible as a base text, the New Testament in particular owes much stylistically to the Catholic Rheims New Testament, whose translators had also been concerned to find English equivalents for Latin terminology.[147] In addition, the translators of the New Testament books habitually quote Old Testament names in the renderings familiar from the Vulgate Latin, rather than in their Hebrew forms (e.g. "Elias", "Jeremias" for "Elijah", "Jeremiah").
While the Authorized Version remains among the most widely sold, modern critical New Testament translations differ substantially from it in a number of passages, primarily because they rely on source manuscripts not then accessible to (or not then highly regarded by) early 17th-century Biblical scholarship.[148] In the Old Testament, there are also many differences from modern translations that are based not on manuscript differences, but on a different understanding of Ancient Hebrew vocabulary or grammar by the translators. For example, in modern translations it is clear that Job 28: 1–11 is referring throughout to mining operations, which is not at all apparent from the text of the Authorized Version.[149]
Despite royal patronage and encouragement, there was never any overt mandate to use the new translation. It was not until 1661 that the Authorized Version replaced the Bishops Bible in the Epistle and Gospel lessons of the Book of Common Prayer, and it never did replace the older translation in the Psalter. In 1763 The Critical Review complained that "many false interpretations, ambiguous phrases, obsolete words and indelicate expressions...excite the derision of the scorner". Blayney's 1769 version, with its revised spelling and punctuation, helped to change the public perception of the Authorized Version to a masterpiece of the English language.[138] By the 19th century, F. W. Faber could say of the translation, "It lives on the ear, like music that can never be forgotten, like the sound of church bells, which the convert hardly knows how he can forego."[150]
The Authorized Version has been called "the most influential version of the most influential book in the world, in what is now its most influential language", "the most important book in English religion and culture", and "the most celebrated book in the English-speaking world". It has contributed 257 idioms to English, more than any other single source, including Shakespeare; examples include feet of clay and reap the whirlwind. Although the Authorized Version's former monopoly in the English-speaking world has diminished – for example, the Church of England recommends six other versions in addition to it – it is still the most popular translation in the United States, especially among Evangelicals.[138] In addition, in the Orthodox Church in America, the King James Version is used liturgically, and was made "the 'official' translation for a whole generation of American Orthodox".[151] The later Service Book of the Antiochian Archdiocese, in vogue today, also uses the King James Version.[151]
Copyright status[edit]
The Authorized Version is in the public domain in most of the world. However, in the United Kingdom, the right to print, publish and distribute it is a Royal prerogative and the Crown licenses publishers to reproduce it under letters patent. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland the letters patent are held by the Queen's Printer, and in Scotland by the Scottish Bible Board. The office of Queen's Printer has been associated with the right to reproduce the Bible for centuries, the earliest known reference coming in 1577. In the 18th century all surviving interests in the monopoly were bought out by John Baskett. The Baskett rights descended through a number of printers and, in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the Queen's Printer is now Cambridge University Press, who inherited the right when they took over the firm of Eyre & Spottiswoode in 1990.[152]
Other royal charters of similar antiquity grant Cambridge University Press and Oxford University Press the right to produce the Authorized Version independently of the Queen's Printer. In Scotland the Authorized Version is published by Collins under licence from the Scottish Bible Board. The terms of the letters patent prohibit any other than the holders, or those authorized by the holders, from printing, publishing or importing the Authorized Version into the United Kingdom. The protection that the Authorized Version, and also the Book of Common Prayer, enjoy is the last remnant of the time when the Crown held a monopoly over all printing and publishing in the United Kingdom.[152] All provisions granting copyright in perpetuity were abolished by the Copyright, Designs and patents Act 1988, but under transitional arrangements (Schedule I, section 13(1)) these printing rights do not fully expire until 2039.
Cambridge University Press permits the reproduction of at most 500 verses for "liturgical and non-commercial educational use" if their prescribed acknowledgement is included, the quoted verses do not exceed 25% of the publication quoting them and do not include a complete Bible book.[153] For use beyond this, the Press is willing to consider permission requested on a case-by-case basis[154] and in 2011 a spokesman said the Press generally does not charge a fee but tries to ensure that a reputable source text is used.[155][156]
English-language Protestant Bibles in the 16th century included the books of the Apocrypha – generally in a separate section between the Old and New Testaments to indicate they were not part of the Old Testament text – and there is evidence that these were widely read as popular literature, especially in Puritan circles.[157][158] However, starting in 1630, volumes of the Geneva Bible were occasionally bound with the pages of the Apocrypha section excluded. In 1644 the Long Parliament forbade the reading of the Apocrypha in Church and in 1666 the first editions of the King James Bible without the Apocrypha were bound.[159]
The standardization of the text of the Authorized Version after 1769 together with the technological development of stereotype printing made it possible to produce Bibles in large-print runs at very low unit prices. For commercial and charitable publishers, editions of the Authorized Version without the Apocrypha reduced the cost, while having increased market appeal to non-Anglican Protestant readers.[160]
With the rise of the Bible societies, most editions have omitted the whole section of Apocryphal books.[161] The British and Foreign Bible Society withdrew subsidies for bible printing and dissemination in 1826, under the following resolution:[162]
"That the funds of the Society be applied to the printing and circulation of the Canonical Books of Scripture, to the exclusion of those Books and parts of Books usually termed Apocryphal;"
The American Bible Society adopted a similar policy. Both societies eventually reversed these policies in light of 20th century ecumenical efforts on translations, the ABS doing so in 1964 and the BFBS in 1966.[163]
See also[edit]
- Derivatives of the King James Version
- Bible errata
- King James Only movement
- List of books of the Authorized King James Version
- Dynamic and formal equivalence
- ^ Cloud 2006
- ^ fascimile Dedicatorie: "And now at last, ...it being brought unto such a conclusion, as that we have great hope that the Church of England (sic) shall reape good fruit thereby..."
- ^ fascimile Frontis
- ^ fascimile
- ^ a b Daniell 2003, p. 204
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 435
- ^ Hill 1997, pp. 4–5
- ^ a b c d e f Daniell 2003, p. 439
- ^ a b Daniell 2003, p. 436
- ^ a b Daniell 2003, p. 488
- ^ ODCC 1974, Authorized Version of the Bible
- ^ a b NIDCC 1974, Bible (English Versions)
- ^ Leviathan, chap. xxxv
- ^ "A Brief Account of the various Translations of the Bible into English", in Pearse, Salem (1761). The Second Part of the Celestial Diary. London: Robert Brown. p. 79. Available in "Collection of English Almanacs for the years 1702–1835", New York Public Library.
- ^ Kimber, Isaac (1775). The history of England, from the earliest accounts, to the accession of his present Majesty King George III (fifth ed.). London: J. Buckland. p. 279. OCLC 14263883.
- ^ Butler, Charles (1807). Horae Biblicae: volume 1 (fourth ed.). London: J. White. p. 219. OCLC 64048851.
- ^ Holmes, A. (1815). "An Historical sketch of the English translations of the Bible". The Christian Disciple, vol. iii. Boston, MA: Cummings & Hilliard. p. 277.
- ^ Horne, Thomas Hartwell (1818). An introduction to the critical study and knowledge of the holy Scriptures, Volume 2. London: T. Cadell and A Davies. p. 14.
- ^ The Monthly Anthology, and Boston Review. Boston, MA: T. B. Wait. 1811. p. 110.
- ^ Hacket, John (1715). Bishop Hacket's memoirs of the life of Archbishop Williams. London: Sam. Briscoe. p. 205. OCLC 8965030.
- ^ Society, Church Missionary (1814). Missionary register, vol. ii. London: Ellerton and Henderson. p. 356.
- ^ Anon. (1783). A Call to the Jews, by A Friend to the Jews. London: J. Johnson. p. 27. OCLC 23646397.
- ^ Newcome, William (1792). An Historical View of the English Biblical Translations. Dublin: John Exshaw. p. 113. OCLC 488182103.
- ^ The Anti-Jacobin Review and Magazine. London: J. Whittle. 1801. p. 145.
- ^ Smith, William (1814). The reasonableness of setting forth the most worthy praise of Almighty God: according to the usage of the primitive church. New York: T. and J. Swords. p. 209. OCLC 3512140.
- ^ Chapman, James L. (1856). Americanism versus Romanism: or the cis-Atlantic battle between Sam and the pope. Nashville, TN: the author. p. 270. OCLC 1848388.
- ^ The Original Secession Magazine, vol. ii. Edinburgh: Moodie and Lothian. 1856. pp. 530–531.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 75
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 143
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 152
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 156
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 277
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 291
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 292
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 304
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 339
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 344
- ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 186
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 364
- ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 221
- ^ Valpy, Michael (5 February 2011). "How the mighty has fallen: The King James Bible turns 400". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 433
- ^ a b Daniell 2003, p. 434
- ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 328
- ^ a b Bobrick 2001, p. 223
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 442
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 444
- ^ Walleshinsky 1975, p. 235
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 11
- ^ Allen 1969
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 20
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 16
- ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 257
- ^ Matthew DeCoursey, "William Thorne," British Rhetoricians and Logicians, 1500–1660, Second Series, DLB 281, Detroit: Gale, 2003, pp. 326–333 at 331–332
- ^ Bobrick 2001, pp. 223–244
- ^ Herbert, p. 309
- ^ Herbert, p. 310
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 453
- ^ The Royal Privilege was a virtual monopoly.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 451
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 454
- ^ a b Daniell 2003, p. 455
- ^ Herbert, p. 424
- ^ Herbert, p. 520
- ^ a b Daniell 2003, p. 457
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 62
- ^ The Elizabeth Perkins Prothro Bible Collection. Perkins Theological Seminary, Southern Methodist University. ISBN 0-941881-19-9.
- ^ Herbert, p. 322
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 76
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 46
- ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 261
- ^ "The Translators to the Reader". tbsbibles.org. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
- ^ NHBCP 1902, p. 187
- ^ Hague 1948, p. 353
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 458
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 459
- ^ Bruce 2002, p. 92
- ^ a b Hill 1993, p. 65
- ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 266
- ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 265
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 510
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 478
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 489
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 94
- ^ Scrivener 1884, pp. 147–194
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 515
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 99
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 619
- ^ a b Norton 2005, p. 114
- ^ David Norton; A Textual History of the King James Bible; Cambridge, University Press, 2005.
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 106
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 113
- ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 242
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 120
- ^ Prickett & Carroll 2008
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 125
- ^ The Holy Bible, an Exact Reprint Page for Page of the Authorized Version Published in the Year MDCXI. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1833 (reprints, ISBN 0-8407-0041-5, 1565631625). According to J.R. Dore, Old Bibles: An Account of the Early Versions of the English Bible (2nd edition, Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1888), p. 363, the edition "so far as it goes, represents the edition of 1611 so completely that it may be consulted with as much confidence as an original. The spelling, punctuation, italics, capitals, and distribution into lines and pages are all followed with the most scrupulous care. It is, however, printed in Roman instead of black letter type."
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 691
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 122
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 131
- ^ Norton 2006
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 685
- ^ Chadwick 1970, pp. 40–56
- ^ Norton 2005, pp. 115, 126
- ^ a b White, James (1995), King James Only Controversy, Bethany House, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 764
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 765
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 126
- ^ "CUP letter". ourkjv.com. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
- ^ "Settings of the King James Bible". ourkjv.com. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
- ^ tbsbibles.org (2013). "Editorial Report" (PDF). Quarterly Record (Trinitarian Bible Society) 603 (2nd Quarter): 10–20.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 792
- ^ Bruce 2002, p. 105
- ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 56
- ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 43
- ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 118
- ^ e.g. Gen. 4:1
- ^ e.g. Gen. 2:4 "אלה תולדות השמים והארץ בהבראם ביום עשות יהוה אלהים ארץ ושמים"
- ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 42
- ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 271
- ^ The Jewish Publication Society Tanakh, copyright 1985
- ^ Daiches 1968, pp. 208
- ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 60
- ^ Scrivener 1884, pp. 243–263
- ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 262
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 448
- ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 47
- ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 59
- ^ a b Daniell 2003, p. 440
- ^ Allen 1969, p. xxv
- ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 246
- ^ "The Translators to the Reader (4th to last paragraph)". tbsbibles.org. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
- ^ Allen 1969, p. 118
- ^ Metzger 1964, pp. 103–6
- ^ Metzger 1964, pp. 216
- ^ Metzger 1964, pp. 218
- ^ a b c "400 years of the King James Bible". The Times Literary Supplement. 9 February 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 264
- ^ Barber 1997, pp. 153–154
- ^ a b Barber 1997, p. 150
- ^ e.g. Matt 7:27: "great was the fall of it.", Matt 2:16: "in Bethlehem, and in all the coasts thereof", Lev. 25:5: "That which groweth of it owne accord of thy harvest". (Lev 25:5 is changed to its in many modern printings). Barber 1997, pp. 150–151
- ^ Barber 1997, pp. 166–167
- ^ Barber 1997, p. 212
- ^ e.g. at Gen. 3:12: "The woman whom thou gavest to be with mee"
- ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 229
- ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 252
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 5
- ^ Bruce 2002, p. 145
- ^ "Isaac H. Hall, ed., History of the King James Version". Bible-researcher.com. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
- ^ a b "Biblical Studies". Department of Christian Education - Orthodox Church in America. 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014. "That which is most used liturgically is the King James Version. It has a long and honorable tradition in our Church in America. Professor Orloff used it for his translations at the end of the last century, and Isabel Hapgood's Service Book of 1906 and 1922 made it the "official" translation for a whole generation of American Orthodox. Unfortunately, both Orloff and Hapgood used a different version for the Psalms (that of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer), thereby giving us two translations in the same services. This was rectified in 1949 by the Service Book of the Antiochian Archdiocese, which replaced the Prayer Book psalms with those from the King James Version and made some other corrections. This beautiful translation, reproducing the stately prose of 1611, was the work of Fathers Upson and Nicholas. It is still in widespread use to this day, and has familiarized thousands of believers with the KJV."
- ^ a b Metzger & Coogan 1993, p. 618
- ^ "Bibles - Cambridge University Press". Retrieved 11 December 2012.
- ^ Permissions Department, Cambridge University Press, The Edinburgh Building, Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK http://www.cambridge.org/rights/corporate/permission.htm
- ^ "Shakespeare's Globe takes issue with the Queen over Bible royalties - The Daily Telegraph". Retrieved 11 December 2012.
- ^ "The Queen's Printer's Patent - Cambridge University Press". Retrieved 11 December 2012. "We grant permission to use the text, and license printing or the importation for sale within the UK, as long as we are assured of acceptable quality and accuracy."
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 187
- ^ Hill 1993, p. 338
- ^ "Sir Frederic G. Kenyon, Dictionary of the Bible edited by James Hastings, and published by Charles Scribner's Sons of New York in 1909". Bible-researcher.com. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 600
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 622
- ^ Canton, W (1904). A History of the British and Foreign Bible Society. p. 341. ISBN 0-8370-1189-2.
- ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2005-01-01). Encyclopedia of Protestantism (Apocrypha ed.). New York: Facts on File. p. 38. ISBN 9780816069835. Retrieved 2013-05-09.
- fascimile. The Holy Bible King James Version: 1611 Edition. Hendrickson Publishers. ISBN 1-56563-160-9.
- Allen, Ward (1969). Translating for King James; being a true copy of the only notes made by a translator of King James's Bible, the Authorized Version, as the Final Committee of Review revised the translation of Romans through Revelation at Stationers' Hall in London in 1610–1611. Taken by John Bois ... these notes were for three centuries lost, and only now are come to light, through a copy made by the hand of William Fulman. Here translated and edited by Ward Allen. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press. ISBN 0-8265-1136-8.
- Barber, Charles Laurence (1997). Early modern English (second ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-0835-4.
- Bobrick, Benson (2001). Wide as the waters: the story of the English Bible and the revolution it inspired. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-84747-7.
- Bruce, Frederick Fyvie (2002). History of the Bible in English. Cambridge: Lutterworth Press. ISBN 0-7188-9032-9.
- Chadwick, Owen (1970). The Victorian Church Part II. Edinburgh: A&C Black. ISBN 0-334-02410-2.
- Cloud, David (2006). Isn't the King James Bible too Antiquated and Difficult to Understand?. Way of Life Literature. Retrieved 1 August 2009.
- Daiches, David (1968). The King James Version of the English Bible: An Account of the Development and Sources of the English Bible of 1611 With Special Reference to the Hebrew Tradition. Hamden, Conn: Archon Books. ISBN 0-208-00493-9.
- Daniell, David (2003). The Bible in English: its history and influence. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09930-4.
- Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). Misquoting Jesus: the story behind who changed the Bible and why. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0-06-073817-0.
- Hague, Dyson (1948). Through the Prayer Book. Church Book Room Press.
- Halliman, C. P. (2010). The Authorised Version: a Wonderful and Unfinished History. London: Trinitarian Bible Society, 2010. N.B.: Published to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the initial publication, in 1611, of the Authorized ("King James") Version of the Bible. ISBN 978-1-86228-049-6
- Hill, Christopher (1993). The English Bible and the seventeenth-century revolution. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-9078-3.
- Hill, Christopher (1997). Society and Puritanism in pre-revolutionary England. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-17432-2.
- Keay, Julia (2005). Alexander the Corrector: the tormented genius who unwrote the Bible. London: Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-00-713196-8.
- Merriam-Webster (2008). Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
- Metzger, Bruce M. (1964). The Text of the New Testament. Clarendon.
- Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D., eds. (1993). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504645-5.
- NHBCP:Procter, Francis; Frere, Walter Howard (1902). A New History of the Book of Common Prayer. MacMillan & C°.
- NIDCC (1974). Douglasa, J.D, ed. New International Dictionary of the Christian Church. Zondervan.
- Norton, David (2005). A Textual History of the King James Bible. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77100-5.
- Norton, David, ed. (2006). The Bible (Penguin Classics). Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-144151-8.
- ODCC (1974). Cross, F.L.; Livingstone, E.A., eds. Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press.
- OED (1989). Oxford English Dictionary (2 ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Prickett, Stephen; Carroll, Robert P., eds. (2008). The Bible: Authorized King James Version (Oxford World's Classics). Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0-19-953594-9.
- Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose (1884). The Authorized Edition of the English Bible, 1611, its subsequent reprints and modern representatives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Story, G.M. (1967). Lancelot Andrewes Sermons. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Walleshinsky, David (1975). The People's Almanac. Doubleday & Company Inc.
Further reading[edit]
Chronological order of publication (newest first)
- Burke, David G., John F. Kutsko, and Philip H. Towner, eds. The King James Version at 400: Assessing Its Genius as Bible Translation and Its Literary Influence (Society of Biblical Literature; 2013) 553 pages; scholars examine such topics as the KJV and 17th-century religious lyric, the KJV and the language of liturgy, and the KJV in Christian Orthodox perspective.
- McGrath, Alister E. (2002). In the beginning: the story of the King James Bible and how it changed a nation, a language and a culture. New York: Anchor Books, a Division of Random House, Inc. ISBN 0-385-72216-8.
- Nicolson, Adam (2003). Power and Glory: Jacobean England and the Making of the King James Bible. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-710893-1. In US: (2003). God's secretaries: the making of the King James Bible. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-018516-3. Paperback: (2011). When God Spoke English: The Making of the King James Bible. London: HarperPress. ISBN 978-0-00-743100-7.
- The Diary Of Samuel Ward: A Translator Of The 1611 King James Bible, edited by John Wilson Cowart and M.M. Knappen, contains surviving pages of Samuel Ward's diary from 11 May 1595 to 1 July 1632.
- Ward, Thomas (1903). Errata of the Protestant Bible [i.e. mostly of the Authorized "King James" Version]; or, The Truth of the English Translations Examined, in a Treatise Showing Some of the Errors That Are to Be Found in the English Translations of the Sacred Scriptures, Used by Protestants.... A new ed., carefully rev. and corr., in which are add[itions].... New York: P. J. Kennedy and Sons. N.B.: A polemical Roman Catholic work, first published in the late 17th century.
External links[edit]
|Wikisource has original text related to this article:
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to King James Bible.
- "King James Version (text of original 1611 Bible)". kingjamesbibleonline.org. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2011. Online searchable database of the original 1611 text, including the Apocrypha and introductory text. It also contains the 1769 standard edition.
- "Online gallery: Sacred texts: King James Bible". British Library. Archived from the original on 23 August 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2007. On-line image of a page (beginning of St John's gospel) with a written description by the British Library.
- "The Holy Bible, conteyning the Old Testament, and the New. Imprinted at London: By Robert Barker ..., 1611". Schoenberg Center for Electronic Text & Imaging, University of Pennsylvania Library. Archived from the original on 11 September 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2007.. On-line facsimile (page images) of the 1611 printing of the King James Bible, "He" Bible variant.
- "King James Version (facsimile of alternative 1611 edition, "She" Bible)". Retrieved 31 August 2011. On-line facsimile (page images) of the 1611 printing of the King James Bible.
- "The King James Dictionary". Christianity.com. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 25 October 2007. Online Dictionary of Words from the King James Bible
- Downloadable King James Audio Bible
- Library of Congress essay on the talking bible.
- The King James Bible Translators Preface 1611
- Books by or about KJV translators
- The King James Bible online Full text of the King James Version Bible online


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Man charged with possession of marijuana
Quinton Thomas Taylor, 22, of Allison Street, was charged with possession with intent to distribute marijuana and possession of drug paraphernalia. He was placed in the Aiken County detention center, where he remained on Friday afternoon. Taylor was pulled over while driving his moped on Richland Avenue on Thursday because the moped didn't have a tag on it, according to a report. As Taylor stepped off the moped and removed his wallet to get his ID card, the officer noticed a "gold foil package" protruding from Taylor's left jacket pocket.
The gold foil was a wrapper that commonly contains cigar rolling papers or complete cigars commonly used to roll "blunts," according to the report.
When the officer asked Taylor if he had any marijuana on him, Taylor responded, "Yes, but it's more than you think," according to the report.
Taylor had a large bag containing many smaller bags in his pocket, with each bag containing a leafy, green substance Taylor said was marijuana, according to the report. Taylor told the officer he sells marijuana "as a means to pay his bills," the report stated.
Taylor also had several peso bills in his pocket, according to the report. He told the officer that the "Mexicans" pay him in pesos for marijuana that he sells them.Teddy Kulmala covers the crime beat for the Aiken Standard. He is a graduate of Clemson University and hails from Williston.

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A new UA website will help bring awareness to energy consumption in the dorms.
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From uanews
The very areas critical for the success of graduate students – the professors, scientists, and government and policy experts of the future – are being expanded at the University of Arizona.
The true scent of autumn's arrival in greater Phoenix is near.
Challenged by Dean Burgess at the University of Arizona College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Dean Joan Shaver and Assistant Professor Jane Carrington, c...
Viruses can spread from a single doorknob to 40 to 60 percent of surfaces and people in a building in just a few hours, according to a new study.
From uanews
Unexpected job loss is one of the most stressful life events a person can experience, and it affects much more than one's pocketbook. It might also lead to weight gain, research suggests.
From uanews
Solving global challenges in food security, emerging diseases and biodiversity loss requires evolutionary thinking, argues a new study published online in Science Express that was co-authored by Bruce Tabashnik of the University of Arizona College of Agriculture and Life Sciences.
Using tracer viruses, researchers found that contamination of just a single doorknob results in the wide spread of viruses throughout buildings.
In 2010, Congress designated October as National Farm to School Month celebrate those who practice growing their own food and honor the farmers who provide food, fiber, and fuel to the rest of us. The Farm to School Programs play a crucial role not only in helping children understand where their food comes from, but also as a means to improve child nutrition. Implementing this program is a great opportunity for us to educate children on where their food comes from while also helping to stimulate local economies.
The Independant A virus can spread around a whole building within two hours of coming into contact with just one surface, a new study has found. A team at the University of Arizona, Tucson found t...
Officials advised that within hours, viruses found on door handles and other surfaces can spread to more than 50% of people in the workplace.
A single doorknob can contaminate up to 60 percent of people in a building in 4 hours | Washington (DC) Post
Office break rooms, not bathrooms, were the the first to be contaminated, according to the study.
A new veterinary college is on the horizon, set to emerge next fall at the University of Arizona (UA) in Tucson, 100 miles north of the Mexican border.
A single doorknob can contaminate up to 60 percent of people in a building in 4 hours | Vox Verax (Blog)
Viruses can spread from a single doorknob to 40 to 60 percent of surfaces and people in a building in just a few hours, according to a new study.
From tucson
Events designed to help you be more aware of whats around you.
Buzz, buzz, buzzzzzz. Most people run at the slightest detection of a buzzing bug, but people will be flocking to them this Sunday at the Student Union Memorial Center Grand Ballroom to attend the fourth annual Arizona Insect Festival.
The new program is scheduled to begin fall 2015.
From kplr11
What we know -- and psychiatrists have diagnosed for decades -- as schizophrenia may really be eight separate diseases, research published in The American Journal of Psychiatry suggests. Scientists...
Go to the produce section in any Whole Foods, AJ's, or Sprouts in the Tucson area, and at least 237 of the 453 fruits and vegetables found there were brought to you by a now-imperiled fleet of flying pollinators. While scientists and farmers in Baja Arizona were among the first in the country to sound the alarm about pollinator declines, they are also leading the way in on-farm pollinator recovery that may ultimately ensure our own food security.
The UA should expect to see the first incoming class of veterinary medicine students on campus this upcoming fall.
From www
Forty to 60 percent of sampled surfaces in an office were covered with a harmless virus in a matter of four hours, with the coffee break room the first to become contaminated.
Viruses can spread from a single doorknob to 40 to 60 percent of surfaces and people in a building in just a few hours, according to a new study.
Viruses can spread from a single doorknob to 40 percent to 60 percent of surfaces and people in a building in just a few hours, new research shows.
Infectious Disease | Noroviruses capable of quickly contaminating facilities can be slowed effectively through the use of wipes containing quaternary ammonium compounds, according to data presented at ICAAC 2014.
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The common cold can spread through an office like wildfire. First one employee comes in with the sniffles and soon dozens are out sick. The culprits are often viruses that are spread from one hand to the next via frequently touched objects, such as light switches and coffeepots.
Using tracer viruses, researchers found that contamination of just a single doorknob or table top results in the spread of viruses throughout office buildings, hotels, and health care facilities. Within 2 to 4 hours, the virus could be detected on 40 to 60% of workers and visitors in the facilities and commonly touched objects, according to research presented at the 54th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC), an infectious disease meeting of the American Society for Microbiology.
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All 35 educators in the Atlanta school cheating scandal have pleaded not guilty in the case. Prosecutors were dealt a blow on Friday in their efforts to keep not only the accused, but also their attorneys quiet as this case plays out.
Former Atlanta Public Schools Superintendent Beverly Hall had a pleasant look on her face as she was dropped off for court. The retired educator found herself in a courtroom, rather than a classroom. She rose and pleaded not guilty to charges that she ran a racketeering criminal enterprise, focused on test cheating.
"It is a nightmare for each and every one of them. None of these professionals could ever imagine that they would be indicted and possibly facing prison time," said Hall's attorney, J. Tom Morgan.
Judge Jerry Baxter held the hearing in a larger courtroom to fit prosecutors, all 35 defendants and their attorneys in one place. Everyone pleaded not guilty to the cheating charges. Baxter gave prosecutors a blow when he refused to silence defense attorneys in the case, saying those accused should have a presumption of innocence.
"These folks have pretty much been vilified and you have tried, in the court of the public opinion, and your office seemed to be leading the charge," said Baxter to prosecutors.
Prosecutors denied that, but Baxter said he listed to the press conference.
"It's unfair where the prosecution has every opportunity to make public statements for well over a year and then the defendants are indicted, charged, and the condition of their bond would say we're not allowed to say anything. The judge realized that there's a presumption of innocence in this country," said Morgan.
The judge joked at the end they would have to find a Kroger in order to try the case since there are so many defendants, and the courtroom is small in size.
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Ashley Brooke Curtis and Joshua Mark Powell are proud to announce their engagement and upcoming marriage.
Ashley, of Arcadia, is the daughter of Greg and Deanna Curtis. She is the granddaughter of the late Joe and Pat Mills of Minden, as well as the late John Lee and Carmon Curtis of Arcadia. Ashley is a 2008 graduate of Mount Olive Christian School and in May 2013 she graduated from LSUS with a Bachelor's degree in accounting. She is currently employed at Gibsland Bank and Trust in Sibley.


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When: Friday, May 3, 2013 at 1:00 PM
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Premenstrual Syndrome
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is the troubling physical and emotional symptoms that occur between ovulation and the menstrual period that interfere with relationships or responsibilities. Common physical symptoms of PMS are water retention, breast tenderness, and weight gain, while common emotional and behavioral symptoms include depression, irritability, and mood swings.
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