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Ridge High School, Basking Ridgepresented by MidAtlantic Opera MidAtlantic Opera is proud to present the well-loved opera classic, "Rigoletto" by Giuseppe Verdi...
Haverford music events
Sunday, Oct 26 5:00p
Self Help Festival 2014 with A Day To Remember, Bring Me the Horizon, The Wonder Years and more
Saturday, Oct 4 3:00p
Penn's Landing, Philadelphia
Justin Timberlake
Wednesday, Dec 17 8:00p
Wells Fargo Center, PhiladelphiaThe 20/20 Experience Tour International superstar Justin Timberlake will make it a hat trick when he brings his 20/20 Experience World Tour back to Wells Fargo Center on Wednesday, December 17...
Wired Fest
Thursday, Nov 6 8:00p
Liacouras Center, Philadelphiawith Steve Aoki & Lil Jon
6th Annual Charlie Brown Great Pumpkin Festival
Saturday, Oct 4 10:00a
The Institute Bar, PhiladelphiaJoin us for Brunch! Well it's that time again let the pumpkins fly. We are now the biggest pumpkin beer festival in the world...
Disney On Ice: Frozen
Monday, Dec 29 3:00p
Wells Fargo Center, Philadelphia
Limp Bizkit & Machine Gun Kelly
Tuesday, Oct 7 7:00p
Tower Theatre, Upper Darby
Fri 10/31 Tricks N Treats Costume Friday
Friday, Oct 31 9:00p
Pleasure Garden Club, PhiladelphiaThis is our Friday Night Halloween Party for those who can't make it toHallowKink or for those who have tickets for Hallowkink and would like to join us for the Night Before for a reduced rate! Th...
Dessert & Fashion Charitable Event
Wednesday, Oct 22 5:30p
Pyramid Club, PhiladelphiaDessert & Fashion is a Charitable Runway Men's Fashion Show: Featuring the style of Paul Fredrick men's wear...
The 2014 Fall Ball Masquerade Fundraiser (The Philadelphia Gay Men's Chorus)
Saturday, Oct 25 7:00p
Philadelphia Marriott Downtown, PhiladelphiaPresented by Geno of Geno's Steaks Liberty Ballroom, 1201 Market St, Philadelphia The Philadelphia Gay Men's Chorus is thrilled to announce our third annual black-tie optional fundraiser...
The Kills
Wednesday, Oct 22 7:30p
Trocadero Theatre, PhiladelphiaJamie Hince and his musical partner Alison Mosshart believe that your art is something you live, rather than something you merely do...
New Year's Eve With Philly Bloco
Wednesday, Dec 31 10:30p
World Cafe Live, PhiladelphiaPhilly Bloco's 20 members return with their raucous mash-up of Samba, Funk and Reggae for a very special New Year's Eve dance party at World Caf
Saturday, Nov 1 8:00p
Trocadero Theatre, PhiladelphiaThis show is SOLD OUT, tickets can be found on Stubhub. with James Bay Doors at 7pm It's not often that you stumble across a songwriter whose lyrics both sound and read like poetry...
Suicidegirls: Blackheart Burlesque Tour
Sunday, Nov 9 9:30p
Theatre of Living Arts, Philadelphia
Sat 10/11 80's Dance Party
Saturday, Oct 11 9:00p
Pleasure Garden Club, PhiladelphiaLet's tease up that hair, get your neon out and guys you know you have a pair of parachute pants put away for just this occasion!!! We are turning the Pleasure Garden back to an 80's dance club...
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John Ross Mayer, Attorney
Mr. Mayer is an experienced commercial litigator with extensive knowledge of creditors' rights, secured party transactions, and appellate law. In 2004, Boston Magazine named him as one of Massachusetts' Rising Stars in the field of Litigation.
Experience. Mr. Mayer litigates civil actions in state and federal courts. Focusing on commercial litigation in general, and creditors' rights in particular, Mr. Mayer has extensive hands-on experience in case analysis, investigation, and presentation at trial. In the area of creditors' rights, Mr. Mayer has brought scores of cases, frequently obtaining pre-judgment equitable relief in protection of his clients' rights. Mr. Mayer has brought countless motions for relief from stay, and defended countless adversary proceedings, in the Bankruptcy Court.
Education. Mr. Mayer earned his A.B. from Harvard University in 1989, with honors. He earned both his J.D. (specializing in business law and regulation) and an LL.M. degree in International and Comparative Law from Cornell Law School in 1996. While at Cornell, Mr. Mayer was active with the Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy, and was one of the earliest members of Cornell's world-famous Legal Information Institute. Prior to law school, Mr. Mayer was employed in Washington D.C. on Capitol Hill.
Activities. Mr. Mayer is a member of the Massachusetts Bar Association, the Boston Bar Association, the Middlesex County Bar Association, and the Federal Bar Association. Mr. Mayer is a volunteer arbitrator for the Massachusetts Bar Association's Fee Arbitration Board, and he also serves as special investigative counsel for the Board of Bar Examiners. Mr. Mayer is also a panelist for the Massachusetts Bar Association's continuing legal education program on privilege law.
Before founding his own firm, Mr. Mayer was associated with Perkins Smith & Cohen LLP, where he practiced in the firm's Trial Department for six years. Prior to that, Mr. Mayer was associated with the New York firm Brown, Pinnisi & Michaels LLP. Mr. Mayer has also served as a law clerk for The Hon. Timothy Hillman, United States Magistrate Judge.
|Harvard College
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M&I Heat Transfer Products Ltd. v. Willke 2001
Martin v. Brooks 2000
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Civil Unions to be Recognized in Illinois
January 31st, Illinois Governor Pat Quinn signed into a law a bill recognizing civil unions. The new law which takes effect on June 1, 2011 grants partners in civil unions the same benefits and responsibilities that married spouses have under Illinois law.
by Van Schwab
Child Support Isn't Just for Kids Anymore
Divorce agreements between separating spouses are generally final once entered by a judge. However, some areas of divorce agreements, such as child support, can be modified over time as circumstances and needs change
by Van Schwab
529 and 401k plans real savings or an illusion of security
529 and 401(k) Plans: Real Savings or an Illusion of Security?
by Van Schwab

subset: commoncrawl


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Need for a new video card in my desktop
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The SSPC Annual Business Meeting and Awards Luncheon at SSPC 2012 in Tampa highlighted outstanding work on various structures as well as notable achievements from some of the industry's top coating professionals.
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Qualifying for in-state tuition outside your home state is tough, but it can be done in certain situations.
Robin's Chicks blogger shares her top favorite humorous blogs
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Nothing can keep kids 100 percent safe, but these five tips can help
This year, use creative ways to tidy up the house, from websites to mixing your own cleaning supplies
Pete Wilgoren at Dadmissions is making it his mission to let his daughter know she's beautiful, inside and out, and that she's not the only one dealing with insecurities. He started... more
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Cook smarter, not longer to incorporate healthy choices throughout the week
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» News
Thailand red-yellow political talks backed
Publication Date : 09-02-2013
The Independent National Rule of Law Commission has voiced support for a dialogue between the red and yellow shirts, leading to amnesty in connection with the political mayhem.
"I agree that the parties concerned should consult one another as a way to lessen the political conflict," commission chairman Ukrit Mongkolnavin said yesterday. He said should both sides find common ground on the amnesty issue, it would help speed up the legislative process to rescue those found to have violated the emergency law.
Senator Kamnoon Sidhisamarn said he understood the parties concerned had agreed to the enactment of two amnesty legislations. He said one legislation would apply to offenders of the emergency law while the other would be for offenders of the Internal Security Act.
The remaining contentious issue was whether to grant amnesty to criminal offenders such as rally organisers and fugitive former PM Thaksin Shinawatra, he said.
He also said the draft provisions should be clearly written on what an amnesty would entail in order to avoid confusion in enforcing the legal absolution.
» Other News
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● BANGKOK: Thai resort island'sealed off' after 2 tourists brutally killed
● PETALING JAYA: Malayan tiger now numbering as few as 250
● KOTA KINABALU: Orangutan under threat in Sabah
● HANOI: Vietnam reviews ban on locals in casinos
● JAKARTA: Jakarta nabs 4 foreigners with 'ISIS connection'
● SINGAPORE: S'porean's surgeon 'map' increases the efficiency and safety of operation
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text:
Ralf Conrad
University of the Republic, Uruguay, Montevideo, Departamento de Montevideo, Uruguay
Are you Ralf Conrad?
Claim your profile
Total impact
Available from: Frédéric Guérin
Stable carbon isotope biogeochemistry of propionate and acetate in methanogenic soils and lake sediments
Ralf Conrad,
Peter Claus
Amnat Chidthaisong
Yahai Lu
Ana Fernandez Scavino
Roey Angel
Pierre E Galand
Peter Casper
Frédéric Guérin
Alex Enrich-Prast
[Show abstract]
[Hide abstract]
In anoxic environments, degradation of organic matter (OM) results in strong fractionation of carbon isotopes, with formation of 13C-depleted CH4. Propionate and acetate are important products of OM fermentation. Propionate is further fermented to acetate. Acetate is a direct precursor of CH4, the remainder usually being produced from H2-mediated CO2 reduction. There is a paucity of data for the turnover of acetate and, even more so, propionate. We therefore analyzed the δ13C values of organic carbon, propionate, acetate and the methyl (Me) group of acetate (acetate-Me) during the production of CH4 in anoxic incubations of various flooded and non-flooded soils and various lake sediments. Incubation in the presence of methylfluoride (CH3F), which inhibits CH4 production from acetate, allowed exclusion of isotope effects during aceticlastic methanogenesis. Despite the variation inherent in the wide diversity of sample type and origin, the data collectively showed that the δ13C value of acetate was only marginally different (-2 ± 5‰) from that of OM, while propionate was depleted in 13C relative to total acetate (-6 ± 5‰). Acetate-Me was generally depleted in 13C relative to total acetate (-8 ± 5‰). Thus, isotopic enrichment factors during the degradation of OM to total propionate and acetate were much smaller than those during hydrogenotrophic and aceticlastic methanogenesis or the intramolecular difference in δ13C between the carboxyl (CO2H) and Me of acetate, so that the δ13C value of OM may be used as a proxy when data for acetate are not available.
Organic Geochemistry 08/2014; 73:1-7.
· 2.52 Impact Factor
Ammonia oxidation dependent growth of group I.1b thaumarchaeota in acidic red soil microcosms
Yucheng Wu
, Ralf Conrad
[Show abstract]
[Hide abstract]
Accumulating evidence suggests that thaumarchaeota may control nitrification in acidic soils. However, the composition of the thaumarchaeotal communities and their functioning is not well known. Therefore, we studied nitrification activity in relation to abundance and composition of thaumarchaeota in an acidic red soil from China, using microcosms incubated with and without cellulose amendment. Cellulose was selected to simulate the input of crop residues used to increase soil fertility by local farming. Accumulation of NO3--N was correlated with the growth of thaumarchaeota as determined by qPCR of 16S rRNA and ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) genes. Both nitrification activity and thaumarchaeotal growth were inhibited by acetylene. They were also inhibited by cellulose amendment, possibly due to the depletion of ammonium by enhanced heterotrophic assimilation. These results indicated that growth of thaumarchaeota was dependent on ammonia oxidation. The thaumarchaeotal 16S rRNA gene sequences in the red soil were dominated by a clade related to soil fosmid clone 29i4 within the group I.1b, which is widely distributed but so far uncultured. The archaeal amoA sequences were mainly related to the Nitrososphaera sister cluster. These observations suggest that fosmid clone 29i4 and Nitrososphaera sister cluster represent the same group of thaumarchaeota, and dominate ammonia oxidation in acidic red soil.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
FEMS Microbiology Ecology 04/2014;
· 3.56 Impact Factor
Ammonia oxidizers are pioneer microorganisms in the colonization of new acidic volcanic soils from South of Chile.
Marcela Hernández
Marc G Dumont
Marcela Calabi
Daniel Basualto
, Ralf Conrad
[Show abstract]
[Hide abstract]
Ammonia oxidation, performed by specialized microorganisms belonging to the Bacteria and Archaea, is the first and most limiting step of soil nitrification. Nitrification has not yet been examined in young volcanic soils. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the abundance and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) in acidic volcanic soils (andisols) of different defined ages to determine their relative contribution to nitrification and soil colonization. Soil was collected from three vegetated sites on Llaima Volcano (Chile) recolonized after lava eruptions in 1640, 1751 and 1957. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and clone sequence analyses of the amoA gene were performed for the AOA and AOB communities. All soils showed high nitrification potentials, but they were highest in the younger soils. Archaeal amoA genes outnumbered bacterial amoA genes at all sites, and AOA abundances were found to be proportional to the nitrification potentials. Sequencing indicated the presence of AOA related to Nitrososphaera and Nitrosotalea, and AOB related primarily to Nitrosospira and sporadically to Nitrosomonas. The study showed that both AOA and AOB are early colonizers of andisols, but that AOA outnumber AOB and play an important role in nitrification.
Environmental Microbiology Reports 02/2014; 6(1):70-9.
· 3.26 Impact Factor
Stable carbon isotope fractionation of six strongly fractionating microorganisms is not affected by growth temperature under laboratory conditions
Jörn Penger
, Ralf Conrad,
Martin Blaser
[Show abstract]
[Hide abstract]
Temperature is the major driving force for many biological as well as chemical reactions and may impact the fractionation of stable carbon isotopes. Thus, a good correlation between temperature and fractionation is observed in many chemical systems that are controlled by an equilibrium isotope effect. In contrast, biological systems that are usually controlled by a kinetic isotope effect are less well studied with respect to temperature effects and have shown contrasting results. We studied three different biological pathways (methylotrophic methanogenesis, hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis, acetogenesis by the acetyl-CoA pathway) which are characterized by very strong carbon isotope enrichment factors (−50‰ to −83‰). The microorganisms (Methanosarcina barkeri, Methanosarcina acetivorans, Methanolobus zinderi, Methanothermobacter marburgensis, Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicus, Thermoanaerobacter kivui) exhibiting these pathways were grown at different temperatures ranging between 25 and 68 °C, and the fractionation factors were determined from 13C/12C isotope discrimination during substrate depletion and product formation. Our experiments showed that the fractionation factors were different for the different metabolic pathways but were not much affected by the different growth temperatures. Slight variations were well within the standard errors of replication and regression analysis. Our results showed that temperature had no significant effect on the fractionation of stable carbon isotopes during anaerobic microbial metabolism with relatively strong isotope fractionation.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 01/2014; 140:95–105.
· 3.88 Impact Factor
Diversity and seasonal dynamics of airborne Archaea
J Fröhlich-Nowoisky
C Ruzene Nespoli
D A Pickersgill
P E Galand
I Müller-Germann
T Nunes
J Gomes Cardoso
S Marta Almeida
C Pio
M O Andreae
, R Conrad,
U Pöschl
V R Després
Biogeosciences Discussions 01/2014; 11(5):6945-6983.
Available from: Florian A. Werner
MartinsonEtAl 2010 Supplementary info
Guntars O. Martinson
Florian A. Werner
Christoph Scherber
, Ralf Conrad,
Marife D. Corre
Heiner Flessa
Katrin Wolf
Melanie Klose
S. Robbert Gradstein
Edzo Veldkamp
Response of the methanogenic microbial communities in Amazonian oxbow lake sediments to desiccation stress.
Ralf Conrad,
Yang Ji
Matthias Noll
Melanie Klose
Peter Claus
Alex Enrich-Prast
[Show abstract]
[Hide abstract]
Methanogenic microbial communities in soil and sediment function only when the environment is inundated and anoxic. In contrast to submerged soils, desiccation of lake sediments happens only rarely. However, some predictions suggest that extreme events of drying will become more common in the Amazon region, and this will promote an increase in sediments drying and exposure. We asked whether and how such methanogenic communities can withstand desiccation stress. Therefore, we determined the rates and pathways of CH4 production (analysis of CH4 and δ(13) C of CH4 , CO2 and acetate), the copy numbers of bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA genes and mcrA genes (quantitative PCR), and the community composition of Archaea and Bacteria (T-RFLP and pyrosequencing) in oxbow lake sediments of rivers in the Brazilian Amazon region. The rivers were of white water, black water and clear water type. The measurements were done with sediment in fresh state and after drying and rewetting. After desiccation and rewetting the composition of both, the archaeal and bacterial community changed. Since lake sediments from white water rivers exhibited only negligible methanogenic activity, probably because of relatively high iron and low organic matter content, they were not further analysed. The other sediments produced CH4 , with hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis usually accounting for > 50% of total activity. After desiccation and rewetting, archaeal and bacterial gene copy numbers decreased. The bacterial community showed a remarkable increase of Clostridiales from about 10% to > 30% of all Bacteria, partially caused by proliferation of specific taxa as the numbers of OTU shared with fresh sediment decreased from about 9% to 3%. Among the Archaea, desiccation specifically enhanced the relative abundance of either Methanocellales (black water) and/or Methanosarcinaceae (clear water). Despite the changes in gene copy numbers and composition of the microbial community, rates of CH4 production even increased after desiccation-rewetting, demonstrating that the function of the methanogenic microbial community had not been impaired. This result indicates that the increase in extreme events of drying may increase methane production in flooded sediments.
Environmental Microbiology 09/2013;
· 6.24 Impact Factor
Available from: onlinelibrary.wiley.com
Different behavior of methanogenic archaea and Thaumarchaeota in rice field microcosms.
Xiubin Ke
Yahai Lu
, Ralf Conrad
[Show abstract]
[Hide abstract]
Archaea in rice fields play an important role in carbon and nitrogen cycling. They comprise methane-producing Euryarchaeota as well as ammonia-oxidizing Thaumarchaeota, but their community structures and population dynamics have not yet been studied in the same system. Different soil compartments (surface, bulk, rhizospheric soil) and ages of roots (young and old roots) at two N fertilization levels and at three time points (the panicle initiation, heading and maturity periods) of the season were assayed by determining the abundance (using qPCR) and composition (using T-RFLP and cloning/sequencing) of archaeal genes (mcrA, amoA, 16S rRNA). The community of total Archaea in soil and root samples mainly consisted of the methanogens and the Thaumarchaeota and their abundance increased over the season. Methanogens proliferated everywhere, but Thaumarchaeota only on the roots and in response to nitrogen fertilization. The community structures of Archaea, methanogens and Thaumarchaeota, were different in soil and root samples indicating niche differentiation. While Methanobacteriales were generally present, Methanosarcinaceae and Methanocellales were the dominant methanogens in soil and root samples, respectively. The results emphasize the specific colonization of roots by two ecophysiologically different groups of archaea which may belong to the core root biome. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
FEMS Microbiology Ecology 08/2013;
· 3.56 Impact Factor
Straw application in paddy soil enhances methane production also from other carbon sources
Q. Yuan
J. Pump
, R. Conrad
[Show abstract]
[Hide abstract]
Flooded rice fields are an important source of the greenhouse gas methane. Methane is produced from rice straw (RS), soil organic matter (SOM), and rice root organic carbon (ROC). Addition of RS is widely used for ameliorating soil fertility. However, this practice provides additional substrate for CH4 production and results in increased CH4 emission. Here, we found that decomposing RS is not only a substrate of CH4 production, but in addition stimulates CH4 production from SOM and ROC. Apart from accelerating the creation of reduced conditions in the soil environment, RS decomposition exerted a positive priming effect on SOM-derived CH4 production. In particular, hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis from SOM-derived CO2 was stimulated, presumably by H2 released from RS decomposition. On the other hand, the positive priming effect of RS on ROC-derived CH4 production was probably caused by the significant increase of the abundance of methanogenic archaea in the RS treatment compared with the untreated control. Our results show that traditional management of rice residues exerts a positive feedback on CH4 production from rice fields, thus exacerbating its effect on the global CH4 budget.
Biogeosciences Discussions 08/2013; 10(8):14169-14193.
Available from: Ke Ma
Dry/wet cycles change the activity and population dynamics of methanotrophs in rice field soil.
Ke Ma
, Ralf Conrad,
Yahai Lu
[Show abstract]
[Hide abstract]
The methanotrophs in rice field soil are crucial in regulating the emission of methane. Drainage substantially reduces methane emission from rice fields. However, it is poorly understood how drainage affects microbial methane oxidation. Therefore, we analyzed the dynamics of methane oxidation rates, composition (T-RFLP) and abundance (qPCR) of methanotroph pmoA genes (encoding a subunit of particulate methane monooxygenase) and their transcripts over the season and in response to alternate dry/wet cycles in planted paddy field microcosms. In situ methane oxidation accounted for less than 15% of total methane production but was enhanced by intermittent drainage. The dry/wet alternations resulted in distinct effects on the methanotrophic communities in different soil compartments (bulk soil, rhizosphere soil, surface soil). The methanotrophic communities of the different soil compartments also showed distinct seasonal dynamics. In bulk soil, potential methanotrophic activity and transcription of pmoA was relatively low, but was significantly stimulated by drainage. However, in the rhizosphere and surface soils it was the opposite, as potential methanotrophic activity and pmoA transcription were relatively high but decreased after drainage events and resumed after reflooding. While type II methanotrophs dominated the communities in the bulk soil and rhizosphere soil compartments (to less extent also in the surface soil), it was the pmoA of type I methanotrophs that was mainly transcribed under flooded condition. Drainage affected the composition of methanotrophic community only little, but strongly affected metabolically active methanotrophs. Our study revealed dramatic dynamics in abundance, composition, and activity of the various type I and type II methanotrophs both on a seasonal and spatial scale and showed strong effects of dry/wet alternation cycles, which enhanced the attenuation of methane flux into the atmosphere.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology 06/2013;
· 3.95 Impact Factor
Active and total prokaryotic communities in dryland soils.
R Angel
Z Pasternak
M I M Soares
, R Conrad,
O Gillor
[Show abstract]
[Hide abstract]
The relationship between total and metabolically active soil microbial communities can change drastically with environment. In drylands, water availability is a key factor limiting cells' activity. We surveyed the diversity of total and active archaea and bacteria in soils ranging from arid desert to Mediterranean forests. Thirty composited soil samples were retrieved from five sites along a precipitation gradient, collected from patches located between and under the dominant perennial plant at each site. Molecular fingerprinting was used to site-sort the communities according of their 16S rRNA genes (total community) and their rRNA (active community) amplified by PCR or RT-PCR from directly extracted soil nucleic acids. The differences between soil samples were much higher in total rather than active microbial communities: differences in DNA fingerprints between sites were 1.2 and 2.5 times higher than RNA differences (for archaea and bacteria, respectively). Patch-type discrepancies between DNA fingerprints were on average 2.7 to 19.7 times greater than RNA differences. Moreover, RNA-based community patterns were highly correlated with soil moisture but did not necessarily follow spatial distribution pattern. Our results suggest that in water-limited environments, the spatial patterns obtained by analysis of active communities are not as robust as those drawn from total communities. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
FEMS Microbiology Ecology 06/2013;
· 3.56 Impact Factor
Methanogenic pathways, 13C isotope fractionation, and archaeal community composition in lake sediments and wetland soils on the Tibetan Plateau
Yongqin Liu
Tandong Yao
Gerd Gleixner
Peter Claus
, Ralf Conrad
[Show abstract]
[Hide abstract]
[1] Lakes are a significant source of atmospheric CH4 and play an important role in the global carbon cycle. Little information on methane production in high-altitude lakes is available. We determined the methanogenic archaeal community composition, the methanogenic pathways, and carbon isotope fractionation in lake sediments and wetland soils on the Tibetan Plateau at about 4000 m above sea level (asl). We measured CH4 production rates and the δ13C of CO2, CH4, and acetate in the presence and absence of methyl fluoride, an inhibitor of acetotrophic methanogenesis, in sediments of five lakes (Awong Co, Bangong Co, Gongzhu Co, Daze Co, and Ranwu) and wetland soils adjacent to Bangong Co and Ranwu. Methane in Bangong Co sediment and in the wetland soil near Ranwu was mainly produced by acetotrophic methanogenesis, whereas methane in the sediments of the two saline lakes Awong Co and Gongzhu Co was mainly generated by hydrogenotrophic methanogensis; chemolithotrophic acetogenesis and methanol-dependent methanogenesis may also have played a role. The stable carbon isotope fractionation during CH4 production from CO2 was relatively large (average ε = −78‰). The methanogenic communities were similar to those found in lowland lake sediments, but those of saline and nonsaline Tibetan lakes differed. Hydrogenotrophic methanogens were dominant in lake sediments, while acetotrophic methanogens were dominant in wetland soils. Our results revealed diversity in the methanogenic communities and their methanogenic pathways and indicated that they are affected by sediment characteristics, such as salinity. However, the CH4 production rates ranging from 6 to 122 nmol day−1 g dry weight−1 showed no relationship to environmental characteristics and were not limited by microbial abundance.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 06/2013; 118(2).
· 3.02 Impact Factor
Structure and function of the methanogenic microbial communities in Uruguayan soils shifted between pasture and irrigated rice fields.
Ana Fernandez Scavino
Yang Ji
Judith Pump
Melanie Klose
Peter Claus
, Ralf Conrad
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[Hide abstract]
Irrigated rice fields in Uruguay are temporarily established on soils used as cattle pastures. Typically, 4 years of cattle pasture are alternated with 2 years of irrigated rice cultivation. Thus, oxic upland conditions are rotated with seasonally anoxic wetland conditions. Only the latter conditions are suitable for the production of CH4 from anaerobic degradation of organic matter. We studied soil from a permanent pasture as well as soils from different years of the pasture-rice rotation hypothesizing that activity and structure of the bacterial and archaeal communities involved in production of CH4 change systematically with the duration of either oxic or anoxic conditions. Soil samples were taken from drained fields, air-dried and used for the experiments. Indeed, methanogenic archaeal gene copy numbers (16S rRNA, mcrA) were lower in soil from the permanent pasture than from the pasture-rice alternation fields, but within the latter, there was no significant difference. Methane production started to accumulate after 16 days and 7 days of anoxic incubation in soil from the permanent pasture and the pasture-rice alternation fields respectively. Then, CH4 production rates were slightly higher in the soils used for pasture than for rice production. Analysis of δ(13) C in CH4 , CO2 and acetate in the presence and absence of methyl fluoride, an inhibitor of aceticlastic methanogenesis, indicated that CH4 was mainly (58-75%) produced from acetate, except in the permanent pasture soil (42%). Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of archaeal 16S rRNA genes showed no difference among the soils from the pasture-rice alternation fields with Methanocellaceae and Methanosarcinaceae as the main groups of methanogens, but in the permanent pasture soil, Methanocellaceae were relatively less abundant. T-RFLP analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA genes allowed the distinction of permanent pasture and fields from the pasture-rice rotation, but nevertheless with a high similarity. Pyrosequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes generally revealed Firmicutes as the dominant bacterial phylum, followed by Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria. We conclude that a stable methanogenic microbial community established once pastures have been turned into management by pasture-rice alternation despite the fact that 2 years of wetland conditions were followed by 4 years of upland conditions that were not suitable for CH4 production.
Environmental Microbiology 05/2013;
· 6.24 Impact Factor
Available from: Roey Angel
Elucidating the microbial resuscitation cascade in biological soil crusts following a simulated rain event.
Roey Angel
, Ralf Conrad
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Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) are photosynthetic mats formed through an association of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms with soil particles. Biocrusts are found in virtually any terrestrial ecosystem where vascular plant coverage is abiotically limited, with drylands comprising the primary habitat for them. We studied the dynamics of the active bacterial community in two biocrusts from an arid and a hyperarid region in the Negev Desert, Israel, under light-oxic and dark-anoxic incubation conditions after simulated rainfall. We used H2 (18) O for hydrating the crusts and analysed the bacterial community in the upper and lower parts of the biocrust using an RNA-stable isotope probing approach coupled with 454-pyrosequencing. In both biocrusts, two distinct bacterial communities developed under each incubation condition. The active anaerobic communities were initially dominated by members of the order Bacillales which were later replaced by Clostridiales. The aerobic communities on the other hand were dominated by Sphingobacteriales and several Alphaproteobacteria (Rhizobiales, Rhodobacterales, Rhodospirillales and Rubrobacteriales). Actinomycetales were the dominant bacterial order in the dry crusts but quickly collapsed and accounted for < 1% of the community by the end of the incubation. Our study shows that biocrusts host a diverse community whose members display complex interactions as they resuscitate from dormancy.
Environmental Microbiology 04/2013;
· 6.24 Impact Factor
Available from: Zhongjun Jia
Autotrophic growth of bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizers in freshwater sediment microcosms incubated at different temperatures.
Yucheng Wu
Xiubin Ke
Marcela Hernández
Baozhan Wang
Marc G Dumont
Zhongjun Jia
, Ralf Conrad
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[Hide abstract]
Both bacteria and archaea potentially contribute to ammonia oxidation, but their roles in freshwater sediment are still poorly understood. Seasonal differences in the relative activity of these groups might exist since cultivated archaeal ammonia oxidizers have higher temperature optima than their bacterial counterparts. In this study, sediment collected from the eutrophic freshwater Lake Taihu (China) was incubated at different temperatures (4°C, 15°C, 25°C and 37°C) for up to 8 weeks. We examined the active bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizers in these sediment microcosms by combined stable isotope probing (SIP) and molecular community analysis. The results showed that accumulation of nitrate in microcosms correlated negatively with temperature although ammonium depletion was the same, which might be related to an enhanced activity of other nitrogen transformation processes. Incubation at different temperatures significantly changed the microbial community composition as revealed by 454 pyrosequencing targeting bacterial 16S rRNA genes. After 8-weeks incubation, 13C-bicarbonate labeling of bacterial amoA genes, which encode the ammonia monooxygenase subunit A, and an observed increase in copy numbers indicated the activity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in all microcosms. Nitrosomonas sp. Is79A3 and Nitrosomonas communis lineages dominated the heavy fraction of CsCl gradients at low and high temperatures, respectively, indicating a niche differentiation of active bacterial ammonia oxidizers along the temperature gradient. The 13C-labelling of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in microcosms incubated at 4-25°C was minor. In contrast, significant 13C-labelling of Nitrososphaera-like archaea and changes in the abundance and composition of archaeal amoA genes were observed at 37°C, implicating autotrophic growth of ammonia oxidizing archaea in warmer conditions.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology 03/2013;
· 3.95 Impact Factor
Niche differentiation of ammonia oxidizers and nitrite oxidizers in rice paddy soil.
Xiubin Ke
Roey Angel
Yahai Lu
, Ralf Conrad
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[Hide abstract]
The dynamics of populations and activities of ammonia-oxidizing and nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms were investigated in rice microcosms treated with two levels of nitrogen. Different soil compartments (surface, bulk, rhizospheric soil) and roots (young and old roots) were collected at three time points (the panicle initiation, heading and maturity periods) of the season. The population dynamics of bacterial (AOB) and archaeal (AOA) ammonia oxidizers was assayed by determining the abundance (using qPCR) and composition (using T-RFLP and cloning/sequencing) of their amoA genes (coding for a subunit of ammonia monooxygenase), that of nitrite oxidizers (NOB) by quantifying the nxrA gene (coding for a subunit of nitrite oxidase of Nitrobacter spp.) and the 16S rRNA gene of Nitrospira spp. The activity of the nitrifiers was determined by measuring the rates of potential ammonia oxidation and nitrite oxidation and by quantifying the copy numbers of amoA and nxrA transcripts. Potential nitrite oxidation activity was much higher than potential ammonia oxidation activity and was not directly affected by nitrogen amendment demonstrating the importance of ammonia oxidizers as pace makers for nitrite oxidizer populations. Marked differences in the distribution of bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizers, and of Nitrobacter-like and Nitrospira-like nitrite oxidizers were found in the different compartments of planted paddy soil indicating niche differentiation. In bulk soil, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrosospira and Nitrosomonas) were at low abundance and displayed no activity, but in surface soil their activity and abundance was high. Nitrite oxidation in surface soil was dominated by Nitrospira spp. By contrast, ammonia-oxidizing Thaumarchaeota and Nitrobacter spp. seemed to dominate nitrification in rhizospheric soil and on rice roots. In contrast to soil compartment, the level of N fertilization and the time point of sampling had only little effect on the abundance, composition and activity of the nitrifying communities. The results of our study show that in rice fields population dynamics and activity of nitrifiers is mainly differentiated by the soil compartments rather than by nitrogen amendment or season.
Environmental Microbiology 01/2013;
· 6.24 Impact Factor
Available from: Roey Angel
Methanogens at the top of the world: occurrence and potential activity of methanogens in newly deglaciated soils in high-altitude cold deserts in the Western Himalayas.
Katrin Aschenbach
, Ralf Conrad,
Klára Reháková
Jiří Doležal
Kateřina Janatková
Roey Angel
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[Hide abstract]
Methanogens typically occur in reduced anoxic environments. However, in recent studies it has been shown that many aerated upland soils, including desert soils also host active methanogens. Here we show that soil samples from high-altitude cold deserts in the western Himalayas (Ladakh, India) produce CH4 after incubation as slurry under anoxic conditions at rates comparable to those of hot desert soils. Samples of matured soil from three different vegetation belts (arid, steppe, and subnival) were compared with younger soils originating from frontal and lateral moraines of receding glaciers. While methanogenic rates were higher in the samples from matured soils, CH4 was also produced in the samples from the recently deglaciated moraines. In both young and matured soils, those covered by a biological soil crust (biocrust) were more active than their bare counterparts. Isotopic analysis showed that in both cases CH4 was initially produced from H2/CO2 but later mostly from acetate. Analysis of the archaeal community in the in situ soil samples revealed a clear dominance of sequences related to Thaumarchaeota, while the methanogenic community comprised only a minor fraction of the archaeal community. Similar to other aerated soils, the methanogenic community was comprised almost solely of the genera Methanosarcina and Methanocella, and possibly also Methanobacterium in some cases. Nevertheless, ~10(3) gdw(-1) soil methanogens were already present in the young moraine soil together with cyanobacteria. Our results demonstrate that Methanosarcina and Methanocella not only tolerate atmospheric oxygen but are also able to survive in these harsh cold environments. Their occurrence in newly deglaciated soils shows that they are early colonizers of desert soils, similar to cyanobacteria, and may play a role in the development of desert biocrusts.
Frontiers in Microbiology 01/2013; 4:359.
· 3.90 Impact Factor
Available from: aem.asm.org
Carbon Isotope Fractionation of eleven Acetogens on H2/CO2.
Martin B Blaser
Lisa K Dreisbach
, Ralf Conrad
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Acetogenic bacteria are able to grow autotrophically on hydrogen and carbon dioxide by using the acetyl-CoA pathway. Acetate is the end product of this reaction. In contrast to the fermentative route of acetate production, which shows almost no fractionation of carbon isotopes, the acetyl-CoA pathway has been reported to exhibit a preference for the light carbon. In Acetobacterium woodii the isotope fractionation factor (ε) for (13)C/(12)C has previously been reported to be ε = -58.6‰. To investigate whether such a strong fractionation is a general feature of acetogenic bacteria, we measured the stable carbon isotope fractionation factor of ten acetogenic strains grown on H(2)/CO(2). The average fractionation factor was ε(TIC)= -57.2‰ for utilization of total inorganic carbon (TIC) and ε(acetate)= -54.6‰ for production of acetate. The strongest fractionation was found for Sporomusa sphaeroides (ε(TIC)= -68.3‰), the lowest fractionation for Morella thermoacetica (ε(TIC)= -38.2‰). To investigate the reproducibility of our measurements, we determined the fractionation factor of 21 biological replicates of Thermoanaerobacter kivui. In general, our study confirmed the strong fractionation of stable carbon during chemolithotrophic acetate formation in acetogenic bacteria. However, specificities of the bacterial strain as well as cultural conditions may have a moderate influence on the overall fractionation.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology 12/2012;
· 3.95 Impact Factor
Available from: Oleg V Menyailo
Effect of nitrogen on methane oxidation in the soil under different tree species
Menyailo O.V
Stepanov A.L
, Makarov M.I, Conrad R
Doklady Biological Sciences 12/2012; 418(1):101-103.
Available from: Oleg V Menyailo
Effect of nitrogen on methane oxidation in the soils under different tree species.
O V Menyailo
A L Stepanov
M I Makarov
, R Conrad
Doklady Biological Sciences 11/2012; 447(1):335-7.
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Melanie Klose
Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology
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Kuk-Jeong (Kuki) Chin
Georgia State University
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Amnat Chidthaisong
King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi
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Tillmann Lueders
Helmholtz Zentrum München
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Roey Angel
University of Vienna
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Top Journals
FEMS Microbiology Ecology
FEMS Microbiology Letters
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
Biology and Fertility of Soils
Environmental Microbiology
University of the Republic, Uruguay
Departamento de Biociencias
Montevideo, Departamento de Montevideo, Uruguay
China Agricultural University
College of Resources and Environmental Sciences
Beijing, Beijing Shi, China
Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology
Department of Biogeochemistry
Marburg, Hesse, Germany
Russian Academy of Sciences
Institute of Microbiology
Moskva, Moscow, Russia
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Peping, Beijing, China
Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology
Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology
Institute of Soil Science
Beijing, Beijing Shi, China
Hainan University
Haikou, Yunnan, China
Siberian Federal University
Красноярск, Krasnoyarskiy, Russia
Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung
Berlín, Berlin, Germany
The University of Tokyo
Department of Biotechnology
Edo, Tōkyō, Japan
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research
Brunswyck, Lower Saxony, Germany
Philipps University of Marburg
Marburg, Hesse, Germany
Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries
Berlín, Berlin, Germany
Freie Universität Berlin
Berlín, Berlin, Germany
Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW)
Wageningen, Gelderland, Netherlands
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry
Mayence, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
Institut für Angewandte Mikrobiologie
Gießen, Hesse, Germany
Universität Konstanz
Constance, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
University of Wisconsin, Madison
Department of Bacteriology
Madison, MS, United States
Agricultural Science
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text:
Mosaic Expands Home Solar Energy Loan Program for Homeowners and Installers
It wasn't long ago that Mosaic, the first company to crowdsource investments to finance solar projects, announced their new home solar loan. Mosaic is now expanding its loan program, and providing tools for installers as well as homeowners.[read more]
With Dark Clouds on the Horizon, Can Financial Innovation Keep Distributed Solar Shining?
While solar is growing fast in America, there are dark clouds on the horizon for the distributed or rooftop PV industry, according to Dan Reicher, an energy finance and policy expert and professor at Stanford Law School and executive director of the Steyer-Taylor Center for Energy Policy and Finance.[read more]
|More coming soon...
"This brings about the topic of having a proper building waste removal especially those businesses that make use of a large quantity of computers and their peripherals. The electronic components inside if not disposed off properly could lead to hazardous risks to the environment and the people living near the vicinity. The same process should be applied to nuclear waste which poses even deadly ..."
"I was at both NYC Iraq war protests.They did nothing to stop the war, which went on happily in spite of it.I recall the "Live Earth" concerts of 2007 to stop climate change, which featured Rock 'n Rollers wearing "No Nukes" tee shirts, prancing around on the stage with amplifiers and sound systems that consumed the power, say, equal to the average continuous power demand of 1,000 Cambodians.My ..."
"in the southeastern part of the country [Austria], new energy generation won't be needed for another 10 years, even in a worst-case scenario. And there's enough power to ensure energy reliability.I'm thrilled that Austria has managed to abolish night and winter, at least in one part of the ..."
"I don't think the question of where "the rest of the carbon goes" is settled or well understood.Part of the answer is easy. There are short term and long term balances between CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere and in the oceans. The short term balance is between the atmosphere and the layer of ..."
Should Electricity Distribution Utilities Build, Own, and Operate Microgrids For Their Customers? (11)
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Gary Hunt Gary is an Executive-in-Residence at Deloitte Investments with extensive experience in the energy & utility industries. More »
Jesse Jenkins is a graduate student and researcher at MIT with expertise in energy technology, policy, and innovation. More »
Kelly Klima is a Research Scientist at the Department of Engineering and Public Policy of Carnegie Mellon University. More »
Jim Pierobon helps trade associations/NGOs, government agencies and companies communicate about cleaner energy solutions. More »
Geoffrey Styles is Managing Director of GSW Strategy Group, LLC and an award-winning blogger. More »
The Energy Collective
- Rod Adams
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- a b
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- Simon Donner
- Big Gav
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- Kirsty Gogan
- James Greenberger
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- Christine Hertzog
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text:
It was just over a year ago I photographed one of the longest, most fun and most giggle inducing weddings. Kayla & Johnny were a joy to work with, but really what I remember most was how wonderful both their families were. Both families were warm, kind and utterly hilarious. So when sweet Sarah contacted me and said she was marrying one of the Dessert boys I was overjoyed! Sarah is also sweet, kind and darn funny her self. I got to know her, and her parents when we first met and got instantly excited about their 2015 wedding.
Recently I met Sarah & Layton at one of my favorite local spots to do some engagement photos. We laughed, we talked weddings and beaches and travel. I had so much fun getting to know them, and talking about all of their plans from wedding colors to Law and Medical School. These two are such great people, and were so fun to capture. I know I always say it, but I am really, really looking forward to their big day.
Sarah & Layton thanks again for coming up to meet me on such a beautiful night. I loved getting to know you two better. I hope you enjoyed the sneak peek. I will have the whole set done very soon! For now shall we roll out a blog challenge?! If you can get 30 people to comment on this post I will throw in an 11×14 wall print on the house. So leave some love folks!
xo em


text:
Marauders Era Alternate Universe RPG, Enter a Universe you have not yet explored. Attend Hogwarts or our very own Unique school, WolfClaw Academy of Magic, Join as an Original Character or Canon Character. Attend Classes, get a job and start working
harry, potter, ties, that, bind, hermione, granger, weasley, death, eaters, dark, lord, mark, evil, good, order, phoenix, #role, playing, game
The ultimate place to chat about role playing games.
free, forum, lounge, place, chat, world, ultimate, #role, playing, game!, game, games
A Harry Potter RPG, set in 2027. Harry Potter is dead. So is Lord Voldemort. Fate now lies in your hands.
play, post, #role, game, hogwarts, wizarding, world, post-potter, roleplay, role-play, harry, potter, death, eaters, ministry, magic, alternative, universe
An RPG site that is based off of Rick Riordan's Percy Jackson series! Come join Camp Half-Blood and RP, chat, and meet new campers! Have fun and watch out for monsters!
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Superior Role Play Forum
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Role Playing Game based on the Hunger Games Trilogy
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Free forum : A role-play site for fans of homestuck. Canons and ocs welcome.
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A Premier Bleach Role-Play
Free forum : here we talk about games and anime, come and enjoy
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A fun place to rp
Free forum : The place where your imagination comes to life without fail!
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Bleach: Era X, An online Bleach RP. Set 100 years after the events of the actual series. Though we prefer original characters we still allow the use of canon.
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This is a new Role Playing Site that will hit the top of the scales for fun and adventures the Site will focus on the Fairy Tail World this will be a non canon site
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Free forum : A Sailor Moon Role Play, the ride will be full of Chaos, as we take you to the Moon and back.
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