text:
ssc prasar bharati recruitment, ssc prasar bharati recruitment 2014 notification pdf, ssc prasar bharati recruitment 2014 admit card, ssc prasar bharati recruitment 2014 hall ticket, ssc prasar bharati recruitment 2014 exam syllabus, ssc prasar bharati recruitment 2014 sample papers, ssc prasar bharati recruitment 2014 books
ssc prasar bharati recruitment 2014 apply online Advisors / External Coordinator www.ssconline2.gov.in
Recruitment job Vacancy details:
Total No. of Posts:
Name of the Posts: Salary or pay grade of the post:
Eligibility criteria: Age Limit: age relaxation may applicable Educational Qualification: Application Fee: Selection Procedure: based on the performance
How to Apply: Offline mode send application to prasara bharathi need to refer full advertisement below for application form and other details
Online application Link: Full and official advertisement or Notification:
Syllabus: Exam pattern: Model papers: Hall ticket or admit card download: Examination answer key: Exam cutoff marks: Official website:
Important Dates: Online application stat date: Last date for Receipt of Application: Exam date: Hall ticket or admit card download date: Exam results date: Announcement of selection list or interview list: Interview schedule: Call letter download:
ssc prasar bharati recruitment 2014 notification pdf
46. Advertisement for Advisors/ External Coordinators.
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old ssc prasar bharati recruitment
ssc prasar bharati recruitment 2013 for 1238 Transmission, Programme Executive Posts in Prasar Bharati: Staff Selection Commission recruits 1238 Posts of Programme Executive, Transmission Executive and Production Assistant in offices
ssc prasar bharati recruitment 2013 for 1238 Transmission, Programme Executive Posts in Prasar Bharati: Staff Selection Commission recruits 1238 Posts of Programme Executive, Transmission Executive and Production Assistant in offices spread all over the country on behalf of the Prasar Bharati under special dispensation given by the Government. Eligible candidates can apply through online from 23-03-2013 to 17-04-2103 for Part – I Registration & Part -II Registration up to 19-04-2013.
Staff Selection Commission have had Officially disclosed the SSC Recruitment 2013 Notification for the Posts of 1238 Transmission Programme Executive Vacancies which has been made available at its Official website.. The Interested Individuals should apply for the respective posts in the mode prescribed by the Staff Selection Commission Prasar Bharati Recruiting Authority Board and we would provide here the info about the Transmission Programme Executive Pay Scale Salary Age limit Eligibility Criteria Selection process Educational Qualification How to Apply and such related to this Job.. One has to make sure that they fit the eligibility before they start applying for the vacant posts.. Read the entire article before you proceed.. Follow the Links given in here.. VACANCY DETAILS Total Number of Posts : 1238 Name of the Post : Transmission Programme Executive 1. Programme Executive: 360 Posts 2. Transmission Executive (General & Production): 536 Posts 3. Transmission Executive (Family Welfare): 36 Posts 4. Transmission Executive (Farm & Home/Farm Radio Reporter): 98 Posts 5. Transmission Executive (Scripts): 66 Posts 6. Transmission Executive (Educational Broadcast): 22 Posts 7. Transmission Executive (Science Reporting/Field Reporter):16 Posts 8. Transmission Executive (Tribal Dialect/Translation): 32 Posts 9. Transmission Executive (Production Assistant): 72 Posts Eligibility Criteria Age Limit Applicants should be of age 30 years as on 01.01.2013 Age relaxation is allowed as per Govt Norms Educational Qualification ; Candidates should be graduated in Degree/MA/M.Sc in relevant field with Proficiency in the language which should be relevant to the posts applied for Applicants are advised to follow the advertisement Notification to get the detailed above mentioned info for which the link is given below APPLICATION FEE Rs 200 for General OBC Fee exemption is given for SC ST EXSM PWD Women applicants The Application fee should be paid in the form of Net banking or through SBI Challan form in State Bank of India Branches SELECTION PROCESS Written Exam Interview
How to Apply: Candidates have to apply online from 23-03-2013 to 17-04-2103 for Part – I Registration & Part -II Registration up to 19-04-2013. through the website http://ssconline2.gov.in. Fill the application with all mandatory details and submit it on or before stipulated dates. Instructions for online Applications: 1. First Candidates have to scan their Photograph and signature for filling up of Part – II Registration. 2. Log on to the website http://ssconline2.gov.in. 3. Read the instructions carefully before making any entry or selecting options. 4. Candidate should supply all the required details while filling up the online form. 5. The filling of online application contains two parts: Part – I & II. 6. In Part I registration, candidate will have to fill basic information. On submission of details, candidate shall be prompted to check the details and make any correction in the application. 7. Now Press "I agree" button after declaration correction/modification etc. shall not be allowed. 8. Now a page with Registration No. shall be generated. Note down registration number or take the print out of the page. 9. To pay fee in cash, candidate can take printout of Challan generated online after completion of Part I registration. Deposit the requisite fee in any branch of State Bank of India and then continue with the Part II registration. Those who want to pay online through net banking can go directly to part II registration after completion of Part I. 10. Part II registration requires filling of payment details, uploading of photograph and scanned signature. 11. Fill Part – II Registration and enter Transaction ID of the Bank in the relevant space. 12. Candidates who are exempted from payment of fee can skip steps 4 to 7. Important Dates: Starting Date for Online Application (Part I & II ): 23-03-2013 (5.00 PM). Last Date for Online Application (Part I): 17-04-2013 (5.00 PM). Last Date for Online Application (Part II): 19-04-2013 (5.00 PM). Date for Written Examination: 02-06-2013. For more details regarding age, qualifications, selections, pay scale and other information click on th e below given link… Click here for Recruitment Advt https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwPIEyr-3e1CZDl3NjVhelZEaU0/edit
For More Updates about the SSC Prasar Bharati Transmission Programme Executive , Written Exam date Admit card Hall ticket Call letter , Results 203 Interview List call letter, Schedule 2013 , Recruitment Final Result Merit List 2013
ssc prasar bharati recruitment 2013 online application form Apply Online for Engineer and Technician
ssc prasar bharati recruitment 2013 Vacancies: Technician – 340, Engineering Assistant – 1290 Education: Diploma in Engineering Last Date: 20.03.2013 State: India Job Category: Government Jobs in India, SSC Exam 2013, SSC Results
Prasar Bharati SSC Engineer and Technician Recruitment 2013 – Freejobalert, In the latest notification issued by Staff Selection Commission for filling up 1630 Vacancies in India through SSC Exam 2013 in Prasar Bharati. SSC, Government of India, will make recruitment to these posts on behalf of the Prasar Bharati under special dispensation given by the Government. The candidates selected through this recruitment for posts in PB will NOT, however, have the status of Central Government Civilian Employees. Candidates are advised to make sure that they are eligible in all respects before applying for the posts. Due date to fill online application form is 20 March 2013.
- Engineering Assistant : 1290 posts (UR-659, SC-201, ST-135, OBC-295, PWD-37), Pay Scale : Rs. 9300-34800 Grade Pay Rs.4200/-, Age : 30 years as on 01/01/2013
- Technician : 340 posts (UR-181, SC-54, ST-34, OBC-71, PWD-7, Ex.SM-35), Pay Scale : Rs. 5200 – 20200 Grade Pay Rs. 2400/-, Age : 18-25 years as on 01/01/2013
Age Limit: Max 30 years for Engineers, 25 years for Technician. Fee: Rs.200/- (Not Applicable for SC/ST/PH/ Exs & Female) *(Read instructions for application carefully from official SSC advertisement) How to Apply :Candidate should apply Online at http://ssconline2.gov.in on or before 20/03/2013 for Part-I and up to 22/03/2013 for Part-II Registration.
- Interested applicants can Apply ONLINE only through the website of SSC at www.ssconline2.gov.in
- The applicants need to fill the respective filled with accurate and authentic information
- The applicants need to keep copies of online application form, fee payment receipt and supporting documents along with originals for verification of documents by Prasar Bharati/ SSC.
- SSC is undertaking the recruitment on consultancy basis and, therefore, any dispute regarding the recruitment, RTI applications etc. should be addressed to the Prasar Bharati.
Selection Procedure:
- The selection will be dome through a Common Written Test followed by short-listing candidates for interview
- Prasar Bharati/ SSC reserves the right to conduct additional examination/ skill test or call for any additional documentary evidence in support of educational qualifications & experience of the applicant.
Application Fees:
- Candidates should pay the application fee of Rs. 200 (Rupees Two Hundred) only through State Bank of India (SBI) either in the form of Challan or net banking.
- Application fee is not required for SC/ ST /Ex-Servicemen and PH and all women candidates, subject to submission of Caste/ Disability/ Discharge Certificate.
For further details, please view http://ssc.nic.in/notice/examnotice/Combined%20Recruitment%20for%20the%20post%20EA%20and%20Tech%202013.pdf, application form is available at http://ssconline2.gov.in
all recruitment notifications results of prasara bharathi prasarbharati.gov.in
Mission All India Radio (AIR) has been serving to inform, educate and entertain the masses since it's inception, truly living up to its motto – 'Bahujan Hitaya: Bahujan Sukhaya'. ssc prasar bharati recruitment 2014 exam syllabus, ssc prasar bharati recruitment 2014 syllabus, ssc prasar bharati recruitment 2014 syllabus for engineering assistant, ssc prasar bharati recruitment 2014 sample papers, ssc prasar bharati recruitment 2014 books Objectives To provide information, education and entertainment, for promoting the welfare and happiness of the masses (Bahujana Hitaya Bahujana Sukhaya), All India Radio strives to :- a) Uphold the unity of the country and the democratic values enshrined in the constitution. b) Present a fair and balanced flow of information of national, regional, local and international interest, including contrasting views, without advocating any opinion or ideology of its own. c) Promote the interest and concerns of the entire nation, being mindful of the need for harmony and understanding within the country and ensuring that the programmes reflect the varied elements which make the composite culture of India. d) Produce and transmit varied programmes designed to awaken, inform, enlighten, educate, entertain and enrich all sections of the people. e) Produce and transmit programmes relating to developmental activities in all their facets including extension work in agriculture, education, health and family welfare and science & technology. f) Serve the rural, illiterate and under-privileged population, keeping in the mind the special needs and interest of the young, social and cultural minorities, the tribal population and those residing in border regions, backward or remote areas. g) Promote social justice and combat exploitation, inequality and such evils as untouchability and narrow parochial loyalties. h) Serve the rural population, minority communities, women, children, illiterate as well as other weaker and vulnerable sections of the society. i) Promote national integration.
June, 1923 : Broadcast of programmes by the Radio Club of Bombay.
November, 1923 : Calcutta Radio Club put out programmmes.
July 31,1924 : Broadcasting Service initiated by the Madras Presidency Radio Club.
July 23,1927 : Indian Broadcast Company (IBC), Bombay Station inaugurated by Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India.
August 26,1927 : Calcutta Station of IBC inaugurated.
March 1, 1930 : IBC went into liquidation.
April 1,1930 : Indian State Broadcasting Service under Department of Industries and Labour commenced
on experimental basis.
March,1935 : Post of "Controller of Broadcast" innstituted.
August 30,1935 : Lionel Fielden appointed the first controller of Broadcasting in India.
September 10,1935 : Akashvani Mysore, a private radio station, set up.
January 19,1936 : First news bulletin broadcast from AIR.
June 8, 1936 : Indian State Broadcasting Service became All
India Radio.
August 1,1937 : Central News Organisation came into existence.
November,1937 : AIR came under Department of Communication.
October 1,1939 : External Service started with Pushtu broadcast.
October 24,1941 : AIR came under the Department of I&B.
January 1,1942 : Akashvani Mysore was taken over by Maharaja of Mysore.
February 23,1946 : AIR came under the Department of Information & Arts.
September 10,1946 : Department of Information and Arts changed to Department of Information and Broadcasting.
1947 (at the time of partition): Six Radio Stations in India (Delhi,Bombay,Calcutta,Madras, Tiruchirapalli
and Lucknow) and three Radio Stations in Pakistan (Peshawar, Lahore and Dacca)
September, 1948 : Central News Organisation (CNO) was split up into two Divisions, News Service Division and External Service Division (ESD).
July 20,1952 : First National Programme of Music broadcast from AIR.
July 29,1953 : National Programme of Talks (English) commenced from AIR.
1954 : First Radio Sangeet Sammelan held.
August 15,1956 : National Programme of Play commenced.
October 3,1957 : Vividh Bharati Services started.
November 1, 1959 : First TV Station in Delhi started as part of AIR.
November 1,1967 : Commercials on Vividh Bharati introduced
July 21, 1969 : Yuv-Vani service started from Delhi.
August 15, 1969 : 1000 KW Superpower Medium Wave Transmitter commissioned at Calcutta (Mogra).
January 8,1971 : 1000 KW Superpower Medium Wave Transmitter commissioned at Rajkot.
1974 : Akashvani Annual Awards instituted.
April 1, 1976 : Doordarshan separated from AIR.
1977 : Introduction of political party broadcasts.
July 23, 1977 : First ever FM Service was inaugurated from Madras
May,1983 : AIR Baroda became a CBS station.
September 14,1984 : Two High Power 250 KW shortwave transmitters inaugurated at Aligarh.
October 30,1984 : First Local Station at Nagarcoil started.
January 26,1985 : Commercials on Primary Channel introduced.
August 15,1985 : Introduction of hourly news bulletins.
1985 : All AIR Stations were provided with 5 channel satellite receiver terminals.
May 18,1988 : Introduction of National Channel.
April 8,1989 : Commissioning of Integrated North East Service.
March 2, 1990 : The 100th Station of AIR commissioned at Warangal (A.P.).
March 10,1990 : Two 500 KW Superpower short wave transmitters Inaugurated at Bangalore.
1990 : AIR introduced Lassa Kaul Award for the best production on the theme of National Integration.
1990 : AIR introduced Award for the best News Correspondent of the year.
October 2,1991 : Vividh Bharti Panaji became a CBS Channel.
October 2, 1992 : Commissioning of FM Channel at Jalandhar.
January 10,1993 : Introduction of Phone-in-programme at AIR Delhi.
January 28,1993 : Commissioning of VB Channel at Varanasi.
April 1, 1993 : The150th Station of AIR inaugurated at Berhampur (Orissa)
August 15,1993 : Introduction of selling of Time Slots on FM Channel to private parties at Delhi – Mumbai.
September 1,1993 : Time Slots on FM Channel to private parties at Chennai.
April 1, 1994 : Sky Radio became operational.
July 25,1994 : Time Slots on FM Channel to private parties at Kolkata.
September 10,1994 : Multi Track Recording Studio commissioned at Mumbai.
September 28,1994 : Four 500 KW Superpower shortwave transmitters at Bangalore,inaugurated making Bangalore one of the biggest transmitting centres in the world.
November 13,1994 : Time Slot s on FM Channel to private parties at Panaji.
January 15,1995 : Radio paging service inaugurated.
August 5,1995 : Multi-track recording studios inaugurated at Chennai.
1995 : AIR introduced Akashvani Awards for best Audience Research Survey Report.
February 1,1996 : Foundation stone laid for new Broadcasting House in Delhi.
May 2,1996 : Launching of AIR on-line Information Service on Internet.
January 13,1997 : Audio in real time on Internet Service started.
November 23,1997 : Prasar Bharati Corporation came into existence.
January 26,1998 : Radio on Demand' Service on 2nd FM Channel.
February 25,1998 : AIR news on telephone, live on internet.
April,1998 : Sale of Time Slots on FM stopped.
August 29,1998 : Prasar Bharati Bill was passed by Lok Sabha on 31.7.1998 made operational through an ordinance.
June,1999 : Shri R.R.Shah, IAS, named officiating Member Executive. Private FM Channels announced by GOI.
August 15,1999 : Radio Station commissioned at Kokrajhar in Bodo Land Autonomous Council Areas
August 15,1999 : Second FM Channels commissioned at Delhi and Calcutta.
November, 1999 : AIR launched a daily Malayalam Service for the Gulf Region. It consists of a 10 mts. News Bulletins at 2315 hrs. followed by a 5 mts. Commentary on a topical issue.
February 11, 2000 : Introduction of VB Channel at AIR Jabalpur.
March 13, 2000 : Radio Station commissioned at Dhubri in Bodo Land Autonomous Council Area.
March 24, 2000 : Introduction of VB Channel at AIR, Jammu.
June, 2000 : Community Radio Stations commissioned at Nongstoin & William Nagar in (Meghalaya), Saiha (Mizoram), Tuensang and Mon in Nagaland.
July 17,2000 : Regional Staff Training Institute (Tech.) started functioning at Bhubaneshwar (Orissa)
August 15,2000 : Introduction of VB Channel at AIR, Coimbatore.
September 3, 2000 : Introduction of VB Channel at AIR,Jamshedpur.
February 7,2001 : Radio Station commissioned at Gopeshwar (Chamoli) in the newly created State of Uttaranchal.
September 1, 2001 : AIR launched Infotainment channels, FM-II, at the four metro's.,Chennai,Delhi.,Kolkata Mumbai
November 12, 2001 : This day declared as The Public Service Broadcasting day to commemorate Gandhji's visit to AIR. Museum of Radio and Doordarshan inaugurated.
February 27, 2002 : AIR launched its first ever digital satellite home service to cater to the Indian sub-continent and South East Asia.
July 2002 : 75 years of Broadcasting celebrated
April 2003 : Marketing Division of Prasar Bharati inaugurated.
January 26th, 2004 : Bhasha Bharati channel of AIR launched at Delhi.
January 26th, 2004 : Classical Music channel launched at Bangalore.
February 19, 2004 : Shri Brijeshwar Singh, IAS took over as DG:AIR.
March 29th, 2004 : National Artists Awards ceremony held at Hyderabad.
April 1st, 2004 : Launch of Kisan Vani Programme from 12 stations.
May 25, 2004 : 20KW MW transmission at Kupwara Commissioned to strengthen Radio coverage in the border area of J&K.
September 6, 2004 : Min. of Information & Broadcasting laid foundation stone for 10 KW FM transmitter at Vijayawada.
December 16,2004 : Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh inaugurated DTH Service of AIR & Doordarshan.
: 12 AIR channels in different regional languages from various state capitals made available countrywide through the KU Band on DTH platform of Prasar Bharati.
15th June,2005 : FM transmitter commionsioned at Port Blair, Himmatnager, Saraipalli, Mandla, Rajgarh, Agartala and Imphal.
9th July,2005 : 1 kW FM transmitter commissioned at Shimla.
15th Aug, 2005 : FM transmitter commisioned at Udaipur, Rohtak, Gulbarga, Aurangabad and Madurai.
23rd Aug, 2005 : New Broadcasting House equipped with digital studio setup for News Service Division, External Service and Home Service inaugurated by Hon'ble Minister of I&B and Culture.
2nd Sept, 2005 : 1 kW FM transmitter commissioned at Gorakhpur.
23rd Decmeber,2005 : 1 kW FM transmitter commissioned at Deogarh in Orissa.
25th December,2005 : 5 kW FM transmitter commissioned at both Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh and Kurseong in West Bengal.
27th December,2005 : 10 kW FM transmitter commissioned at Shillong in Meghalaya and 1kW transmitter commissioned at Darjeeling in West Bengal.
15th & 16th Feb-06 : Commonwealth Broadcasting Association conference held at Delhi.
17th June, 2006 : 1 KW FM transmitter commissioned at Vijayawada (AP).
30th June, 2006 : Uplinking of DTH channel increased from 12 to 20.
11th July, 2006 : 1KW FM transmitter commissioned at Kanpur (UP).
1st Sept, 2006 : 200 KW MW transmitter commissioned at Kargil (J&K).1KW MW transmitters commissioned at Drass & Tiesuru (J&K).
2nd October, 2006 : 20 KW MW transmitter commissioned at Kota (Raj.) Jan-2007 to Dec-2007
- New Stations with FM Transmitters commisioned at Tamilnadu),Dharampur(Macherla(AndhraPradesh) and Aurangabad (Bihar).
- FM Transmitters commissioned at existing stations at Itanagar (ArunachalPradesh),
- Aizawl (Mizoram), Kohima (Nagaland), Baripada (Orissa), Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh) and Puducherry.
- Existing FM Transmitters at Chennai i.e. 5 KW FM Tr. of FM Gold and 10 KW FM Tr. of FM Rainbow replaced by 20 KW FM Transmitters.
- Existing 5 KW FM Tr. of FM Gold service at Kolkata replaced by 20 KW FM Transmitter.
- New station with 1 KW MW Transmitter commissioned at Soro (Orissa).
- Existing 100 KW MW Transmitters at Delhi & Raipur (Chhatisgarh) replaced with new state-of-the art technology transmitters.
- As part of J&K special package for boosting border coverage, new Stations with 1 KW MW Transmitters at Nyoma & Diskit in Leh region commissioned.
Jan-2008 to Dec-2008 1. FM Transmitter at Leh (J&K) commissioned. 2. A 200 KW MW Transmitter commissioned replacing 100 KW MW Transmitter.at Najibabad 3. As part of J&K speacial package for boosting border coverage, a new station with 1KW MW Transmitter commissioned. at Padum in Kargil. With this all the 12 projects included in J&K special package Phase-1 commissioned. 4. Digital Captive Earth Stations at Leh, Varanasi, Rohtak and Aurangabad commissioned. New uplink stations at Dehradun and Silchar under implementation. 5. A new DTH Channel, Radio Kashmir, Srinagar added in the Direct to Home Service of AIR. There are now 21 radio channel available countrywide through the KU Band DTH Platform of Prasar Bharati (DD +), benefitting the listeners all over India. Jan-2009 to Dec-2009
- New station with 5 KW FM Transmitter commissioned at Oras (Sindhudurganagry) in Maharashtra.
- Computerization of AIR stations and offices in progress to facilitate online exchange of information and improvement of efficiency.
- Permanent studio facilities equipped with Digital equipment and computerized Hard Disc Work Stations for recording, dubbing, editing & playback provided at Jaipur (Raj) & Tawang (Arunachal Pradesh).
Jan-2010 to Dec-2010
- An exclusive dedicated FM channel "AIR FM DILLI" with one KW transmitter installed at AIR Broadcasting House Delhi. This channel was available on 100.1 MHZ in National Capital Region.
- The following new transmitters were installed:
- Churachandpur (Manipur)-6 KW FM Tr., Studio & S/Qrs.
- Bharmour (Himachal Pradesh)- 100 W FM Tr.,
- Keylong (Himachal Pradesh)- 100 W FM Tr.,
- Ooty (Tamilnadu)- 100 W FM Tr.,
- Thanjavur (Tamilnadu)- 100 W FM Tr.
- AIR 'News on Phone' Service made available at 14 places i.e. Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Patna, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Jaipur, Bangalore, Thiuvananthapuram, Imphal, Lucknow , Raipur, Guwahati, and Shimla.
Jan-2011 to Dec-2011
- Coverage of World Cup Cricket
FM Gold started 24 Hours Service from 2nd October, 2011
- Bangladesh recognizes Akashvani for its contribution in Bangladesh Liberation War on 27th March, 2012 at Dhaka. Sh. L. D. Mandloi, DG, AIR received the award at a special ceremony in Dhaka.


text:
Escape to beauty and serenity. Enjoy Sparkling Wine, locally made Schocolates and a delicious dinner prepared by Mountain Springs Chef delivered to your suite
Relax and be pampered...then enjoy a delicious dinner prepared by Mountain Springs Chef and delivered to your deluxe suite.
Available in May depending on conditions
Available beginning in April
Huge midweek savings on large lodges this May!
April weekend savings on the Ponderosa, Pines & Trailhead Lodges!
Trailhead Lodge is our newest and most beautifully crafted log lodge. Featureing a floor to ceiling river rock fireplace, spacious great room, Douglas Fir floors, expansive view and craftsmanship quality, Trailhead Lodge is truly a masterpiece. This lodge will accomodate up to 18 guests with five bedrooms, an open loft, 3.5 bathrooms, a fully equipped kitchen and deck with hot tub, and an HD big screen TV/DVD/VCR in the great room.
Trailhead Lodge Floorplan
For more information regarding retreats, contact group coordinator, Lyn Kay, at firstname.lastname@example.com call 1.800.858.2276//509.763.2713.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- Departments
- Membership
- Parkipedia
- Essential Guides
- Essential Guide To Paddling The Parks
- Essential Park Guide, Winter 2013-14
- 2013 Essential Fall Guide
- Essential Friends + Gateways Magazine
- Friends Groups And Gateway Communities Support Parks
- Friends of Acadia
- Trust For the National Mall
- Gateways To Retirement
- Blue Ridge Parkway Foundation
- Boone's High Country
- Glacier National Park Conservancy
- Best Kept Secrets
- Grand Canyon Association
- Natchez Trace Compact
- High Tech Tools For Parks
- Pigeon Forge, Gateway to Smokies
- West Yellowstone, Gateway to Geysers
- Secret Sleeps
- Yellowstone Park Foundation
- 2012 Essential Friends
- Ensuring Excellence in the National Parks
- Essential Friends: The Flip Book
- Friends of Acadia
- Friends of Big Bend
- Blue Ridge Parkway Foundation
- Friends of Great Smoky Mountains National Park
- Glacier National Park Fund
- Grand Teton National Park Foundation
- Shenandoah National Park Trust
- Yellowstone Park Foundation
- Partner With Traveler
Rider and Snowmobiler Go Different Ways in Denali
It's true. Timing is everything.
Officials at Denali National Park and Preserve recently issued their backcountry management plan. And in response, the Denali Citizens Council expressed its concerns over the plan's handling of snowmobiles. Among other things, the council is worried "about the long-term implications of allowing dispersed use of snowmachines in Denali's backcountry."
Now comes word that an out-of-control snowmobiler became separated from his rented machine after catching air off a ridgetop, and park rangers are trying to figure out how to recover the machine.
The accident occurred at a place called Takosha Bench, which is not far from Ruth Glacier. Denali spokeswoman Kris Fister tells me that park officials didn't learn about the accident "until a day or so later when a helicopter
company called us in order to get a Special Use Permit to remove it."
"Upon contacting the person involved, he first said that the machine was "stuck," she adds. "When a couple of the rangers flew to the site to look at the situation, they discovered it to be about 500 feet below a 1,500 foot 40-50 degree slope. The snowmachine had apparently been driven off a steep corniced ridge, and was upside down after tumbling an estimated 20 times."
As for the rider, he jumped off near the top of the ridge and managed to walk away to tell his story.
"We're still working with the person involved, the rental company, etc. to determine how to remove it," said Fister.
I hope the rider signed up for insurance coverage. The snowmobile, a Yamaha, retails for about $7,000 and had only about 500 miles on it.
Whether he will be cited is another matter. According to a story in the Anchorage Daily News, it's not illegal to ride a snowmobile at Takosha Bench. But there are restrictions against bothering wildlife, excessive noise and speed. Rangers say the area where the accident occurred is prime grizzly denning habitat.


text:
Test::BDD::Cucumber::StepFile - Functions for creating and loading Step Definitions
version 0.15
Provides the Given/When/Then functions, and a method for loading Step Definition files and returning the steps.
Defining steps:
#!perl use strict; use warnings; use Test::More; use Test::BDD::Cucumber::StepFile; use Method::Signatures; # Allows short-hand func method Given 'something', func ($c) { print "YEAH!" } When qr/smooooth (\d+)/, func ($c) { print "YEEEHAH $1" } Then qr/something (else)/, func ($c) { print "Meh $1" } Step qr/die now/, func ($c) { die "now" }
Loading steps, in a different file:
use Test::BDD::Cucumber::StepFile; my @steps = Test::BDD::Cucumber::StepFile->load('filename_steps.pl');
Accept a regular expression or string, and a coderef. Some cute tricks ensure that when you call the
load() method on a file with these statements in, these are returned to it...
Loads a file containing step definitions, and returns a list of the steps defined in it, of the form:
( [ 'Given', qr/abc/, sub { etc } ], [ 'Step', 'asdf', sub { etc } ] )
Peter Sergeant
Copyright 2011, Peter Sergeant; Licensed under the same terms as Perl


text:
Click here to subscribe to Beyond Blue.
- Follow Therese on these partner sites:
- Psych Central
- The Huffington Post
- Intent
- ShareWIK
- PBS/This Emotional Life
- Today's Mama
George Burns once said: "Happiness is having a large, loving, caring, close-knit family in another city." So that would explain why the holidays are so stressful. Those dear relatives who live in San Francisco suddenly are lingering in front of your refrigerator in Cincinnati, Ohio and you have to figure out a socially acceptable way of setting the table together, resisting the urge to re-expose the childhood wounds that you've learned to protect.
Here are a few tips I use in interacting with those family members who tend to wake my grumpy inner child, triggering an ugly tantrum right about the time Santa shows up with his loot.
1. Repeat: It's Not About Me
You think it's about you when your brother calls you a "selfish, lazy, son of a something," but actually it's not. He may point his finger at you and say, "You. I'm talking about you." But he's really not. He is seeing something that has nothing to do with who you are.
Don Miguel Ruiz says this in his classic book, "The Four Agreements": "What they say, what they do, and the opinions they give are according to the agreements they have in their own minds…. Taking things personally makes you easy prey for these predators, the black magicians…. But if you do not take it personally, you are immune in the middle of hell."
That's good news for all of us who make a habit of taking everything personally. It frees us to be ourselves, even when charged with a character flaw backed by supposed evidence.
2. Befriend Yourself
Much of the dysfunctional dynamics tolerated during the holidays are rooted in the painful memories of the past. So I go back to the place in history where I first acquired my scars. I return to the original story—for example, as a fourth grader depressed and anxious who has just learned her dad left home—and comfort that scared child as my adult self. I might say to her, "It's not about you. His leaving has nothing to do with who you are. You are loved. You are enough."
When I feel the similar pangs of abandonment or rejection coming on over the holidays, I address the kid as would a loving adult. Once you get good at this, you can be a friend to yourself, which comes in handy if you have no direct support in your immediate family. Talk to the pissed off third grader who was just picked last at gym, and tell him that the bullies making fun of him now will all grow up to be losers with disgusting beer guts.
3. Make a plan
You would be wise to start strategizing before the doorbell rings about where you are going to sit, what conversations you will have, how you will respond to sensitive issues, and boring questions you can ask to fill the uncomfortable voids. You might invent five or so canned retorts to be used when unjustly interrogated, or compile a list of necessary exit plans should you reach the about-to-lose-it-in-a-big-way point. Visualizations can also help. For example, picture yourself inside a bubble, with an invisible layer protecting you from the toxic stuff on the outside.
4. Carry a blankie
You don't have to give up your blankie when you're two. Just your pacifier. To give me an extra shot of strength to make it through certain family functions, I carry a token in my pocket: a necklace a friend made for me that says, "Seeking Wisdom," a key chain with the Serenity prayer engraved on it, my St. Therese medal that I squeezed during the two years of my deep depression, my sobriety chip to remind myself of the years I've managed without booze, a favorite prayer, or a photo of my Aunt Gigi or another mental health heroes. I will use everything and anything that reminds me that I am okay the way I am, and to trust the process, even though it feels mighty uncomfortable at the present hour.
5. Wait before speaking
If everyone waited two seconds before emitting toxic emotions into the environment, we might have world peace. We'd definitely have fewer automobile accidents, and then maybe all of us could afford automobile insurance! In the pregnant pause between thinking and speaking, your neurons make the essential leap from the amygdala, or fear center of the brain, which processes stimuli like a hormonal teenager, to the more evolved and sophisticated part of the brain.
Before the pause: "I've always guessed that you were an idiot, and you've just confirmed that."
After the pause: "I'm sorry … I have to run to the restroom … but hold that thought … or, actually, don't."
6. Allow time to recover
Even if you've practiced your visualizations, arranged a safe seating chart, devised seven respectable responses to expected questions, and filled your pockets with blankies, you may come away from an evening with difficult family members feeling shattered, bruised, and deflated. That's normal! As my therapist recently said to me, "Just because you anticipate and prepare for the blows doesn't mean the blows won't hurt." Therefore, allow some needed recovery time after the dinner or weekend or, if you're really unlucky, week of family feud.
|Comments read comments(6)
posted December 1, 2011 at 3:18 am
With all that lovely stuff said,,,like the flick with Vince Vaughn and Kirsten Dunst–if you can, Tahiti is nice this time of year…good luck…peace…
|report abuse
posted December 1, 2011 at 3:42 am
Brilliant article Therese! Some very handy tips to surviving the stupid season. I'm lucky that I'm able to remove myself from the 'family's' Christmas day lunch. Haven't been there in 3 years and I'm all the better for it!
|report abuse
posted December 1, 2011 at 7:42 am
Good advise!!!
I have a toxic brother-in-law, so this year we have decided to go away for christmas. I feel relieve already!!!
|report abuse
posted December 1, 2011 at 12:02 pm
I get really sad around the holidays because I live out west and everyone in my family lives back East. I am not working nor have I for 10 years so I am at the mercy of my Dad when he feels like buying me a plane ticket. I go home usually every June around my b-day. When I watch shows on TV like the Waltons or pretty much any show it is always centered around family. I have said to my dad on many occasions that it would be nice for all of us to spend Christmas together because he is 82 and we may not have many left. He says he doesn't want me traveling and getting stuck in an airport somewhere. I know my family loves me but just one year I would like to be with them.
|report abuse
posted December 4, 2011 at 3:11 pm
wow, I like what you wrote, you see, my husband has been diagnose with Bi-polar and my golly when he is in that Nobody is better than him and attack you personally, it hurts, but with a lot of prayers,I can make it thru, When he rants, he shouts and call me names, things that happened before, that I can not remember, I just go in my mind and pretened that he was not talking to me and I get thru it, I still cook and be nice to him, as him nothing happened. Been married for 48 years and run away for 14 months, but with his shortcomming and pleading I came back, but it the same old ——–. With the grace of God I am okay, my self esteem is high that he can not touch what is inside of me. Thanks for your blog, it has help me a lot.
|report abuse
posted January 16, 2013 at 8:33 pm
ray ban sunglasses sale This company is consistently about the direct the way in ray ban uk sale high end fashion tendencies, and have tested ourselves many times while in the http://www.cheapray-bans.co.uk fashion business.
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Previous Posts
Seven Ways to Get Over an Infatuation
posted 12:46:43pm Feb. 19, 2014 | read full post »
When Faith Turns Neurotic
posted 10:37:13am Jan. 14, 2014 | read full post »
How to Handle Negative People
posted 10:32:10am Jan. 14, 2014 | read full post »
8 Coping Strategies for the Holidays
posted 9:30:12am Nov. 21, 2013 | read full post »
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posted 10:56:04am Oct. 29, 2013 | read full post »


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Publisher: General Books LLCBinding: PaperbackPages: 22Size: 6.00" wide x 9.00" long x 0.05" tall Weight: 0.110Language: English
This is an OCR edition without illustrations or index. It may have numerous typos or missing text. However, purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original rare book from the publisher's website (GeneralBooksClub.com). You can also preview excerpts of the book there. Purchasers are also entitled to a free trial membership in the General Books Club where they can select from more than a million books without charge. Original Published by: Princeton, The University library in 1906 in 66 pages; Description: Published in place of the original thesis (Ph. D.)--Princeton university, 1906 - and later expanded into The poems of Cynewulf, translated into English prose ... London, Routledge, 1910.; Subjects: Literary Criticism / Medieval;
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The Oxnard Chamber of Commerce selected St. John's Regional Medical Center and The Sisters of Mercy as the recipient of the prestigious Oxnard Trophy Award. The Trophy Award is presented to a person, business or organization that has brought recognition to Oxnard and contributed to the betterment of the community. St. John's Regional Medical Center and the Sisters of Mercy are being honored during this centennial year for being a mission-driven healthcare leader and innovator in the Region, and for promoting health and wellness within the communities it serves.
Any institution that endures 100 years has to face many challenges along the way. To survive, it has to constantly adapt to a changing world and the complex healthcare industry. Over the past 100 years St. John's has been a trailblazer among hospitals in Ventura County, often being the first to perform pioneering medical procedures and introducing new medical technology. The Hospital and the Sisters of Mercy were honored by the Oxnard Chamber on June 22. The perpetual trophy will be on display at St. John's until May, 2013.
"St. John's Community Boards, employees, physicians, volunteers and community leaders are the fabric of our Hospitals," said Laurie Eberst, president and CEO for St. John's Hospitals in Oxnard and Camarillo. "Their contributions over the decades have played a significant role in establishing St. John's rich and enduring legacy."
Today, St. John's Hospitals continue to offer comprehensive programs and services, including 24-hour emergency medical services, orthopedic services, cancer care, a nationally recognized cardiovascular program, diagnostic imaging and women's services, surgical weight loss, wound care and hyperbaric medicine, palliative care and spiritual care services.
In FY 2010, St. John's Hospitals provided more than $58 million in unsponsored care and programs benefitting underserved populations in our community. Through our community outreach programs and partnerships with local organizations, St. John's offers health screenings, health education and promotion and disease prevention programs.
Through the Dignity Health Community Grants Program St. John's dedicates substantial resources to strengthening and enriching the community, ensuring that essential health and social services are accessible to all members of the community. In Fiscal Year 2010, St. John's conferred grants to ten local non-profit organizations, resulting in $154,636 in community benefit.
About St. John's Hospitals
St. John's Regional Medical Center and St. John's Pleasant Valley Hospital, members of Dignity Health, comprise the largest acute healthcare organization in Ventura County. These faith-based not-for-profit hospitals are dedicated to providing quality services that enhance wellness and healing, improving health in mind/body/spirit, and advocating for the underserved and disadvantaged. www.stjohnshealth.org


text:
Much discussed feature arrives amid ongoing battle with Facebook-owned Instagram.
Instagram is designed for sharing photos and Twitter is primarily tailored for word-based posts, so you'd think there wouldn't be any animosity between the two platforms.
You may even think that finding Instagram images in Twitter timelines would complement both platforms, but seemingly the firms disagree, which has prompted the mini-blog to partner with photo-editing SDK Aviary to introduce a photo filter feature to Android and iPhone apps.
The new update will allow users to crop, adjust, and add one of eight filters to images before tweeting them, a move directly aimed at rendering Instagram to the scrap heap.
Twitter's first Instagram-based snub came back in July when the firm announced that it was restricting APIs, while Instagram has since blocked users from posting to its newfound rival.
Instagram now has more than 100m users, but it will be interesting to see if growth starts to slow now that Twitter has decided to go head-to-head.
Check out Twitter's new photo filters feature in the video below.
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Coastal Research and Education Society of Long Island, Inc.
150 Idle Hour Blvd., Oakdale NY 11769-1999, Attn: Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, Dowling College
Help CRESLI today, become a member
CRESLI's photo-identification catalog of harbor seals at Cupsogue Beach
Dr. A. Kopelman has been compiling a catalog of harbor seals that utilize the haul out site at Cupsogue beach (near Moriches Inlet). As of February 2014, the catalog contains 70 seals that are identifiable based upon pelage marking patterns. Several of these seals have returned every year, since 2006, other have returned less frequently but stll return to use that site. The catalog is part of an on-going long term study of site fidelity and population dynamics. Samples photos from 60 identified and named seals cab be seen at http://drartiek-cresli.smugmug.com/Pinnipeds/Cupsogue-Identified-harbor
2013-2014 CRESLI Seal Sightings
Cupsogue Beach
is over - the seals have effectively left
Click on the sightings links for photographs
Get on our electronic mailing list or become a member for regular updates.
CRESLI Great South Channel trips
2014 Great South Channel trip: August 10-12, 2014
Our 2013 trip was outstanding! 97 humpbacks and more
We have now encountered 778 humpbacks in our 13 offshore trips to the Great South Channel and Stellwagen, and locally. With the of the members of the Gulf of Maine Humpback group, the Center for Coastal Studies, Allied Whale, Boston Harbor Cruises, and the FlukeMatcher groups on Flickr and Facebook, we have photo-identified 319 different whales during these trips.
Photos of Identified humpbacks from CRESLI trips (2002-13)
Sighting summaries and photos for each offshore trip
CRESLI Library program for children ages six through nine.
Photos of Identified humpbacks from CRESLI trips (2002-13)
Sighting summaries and photos for each offshore trip
CRESLI Library program for children ages six through nine.
EDUCATORS: For information about CRESLI cruises, walks, lectures, other programs, and availability of in-service credit
Photos (by others) of Long Island's Coastal Biota and Ecosystems
Long Island Horseshoe Crab Network


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The Work Place
Since 1990 The Workplace Occupational Health Clinic has provided care for non-emergent on the job injuries. When an injury occurs, companies seek the medical care and advice of highly trained occupational medicine physicians. The Workplace team is dedicated to providing you with the level of service you expect for your injured employee.
Our goal is to facilitate your employees return to work as quickly as possible, while avoiding complications. For injuries that require work restrictions, our philosophy is to return the patient to work in a capacity appropriate to the injury. If restricted duty is necessary, this is clearly communicated to the employer in writing. Patients who need specialty care for an injury may receive one or more services at our location. Having these services at one location reduces time away from work, provides more efficient care, and reduces stress for both the employee and employer.
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text:
Parents ask West board to rethink split neighborhoods
By Matt Brennan For The Beacon-News November 20, 2012 11:58AM
Making students feel welcome
AURORA — Washington Middle School Principal Gail Wronski and Freeman Elementary Principal Mike Smith are already making plans, should the West Aurora School District shift students around to even-off the student populations in the middle schools.
Wronski said she asked some of her current students, who suggested allowing the new students to follow a Washington Middle School schedule for a day, inviting them to an ice cream social event, and allowing them to sit with Washington students during a lunch period.
Smith said he wants to underscore the similarities between Freeman and Hall with parents: "There are so many things that are similar between both buildings." he said.
Updated: December 24, 2012 6:44AM
AURORA — Jennifer Wenckus, a mother of two, would like her children to finish school at the same place they started.
Wenckus lives in the Blackberry Trails subdivision, a neighborhood on the far West Side of Aurora where about 30 students would shift schools in an effort to level out the population of the four West Aurora School District middle schools.
Wenckus and two other parents from the small neighborhood addressed the School Board about the switch this week.
"I feel like the students in our area are affected because it looks good on a map," she said.
A large geographic area where students attend Washington Middle School surrounds the Blackberry Trails neighborhood. The parents asked for the opportunity to grandfather the switch in, and to allow their children to finish out their time at a middle school they have already acclimated themselves with.
"Our kids have an existing group of friends that have allowed them to excel," parent Amy Grewer said.
West Aurora officials are looking at the impact that allowing some students to stay at their current schools would have on the transportation system. The Blackberry Trails subdivision is south of Galena Boulevard along Hankes Road. There are 17 middle school students there, who the district wants to shift from Herget to Washington middle school. There are also about 12 students the district wants to shift from Hall to Freeman elementary school.
Splitting those students from the same neighborhood into two different schools could have implications on student busing. It could also have implications in other neighborhoods impacted by the boundary changes.
"That sounds like a real mess to me," School Board member Mark Bradford said.
The shift is part of a larger effort to even the population at the district's four middle schools. With the shift, each school would have about 700 students. Without the shift, Washington Middle School would have about 520 students next year, while Jefferson and Herget middle schools would have populations topping 800.
The majority of the approximately 200 students involved in the move live along Galena Boulevard on the near West Side.


text:
Actors, writers react to Ephron's death on Twitter
By The Associated Press, Associated Press
Actors and writers react to the death of writer-director Nora Ephron on Tuesday at age 71:
— "So sad to hear that the brilliant Nora Ephron passed away. Her films already are legendary and her talent will be missed. RIP" — Actress Marlee Matlin
— "Heartbroken about Nora Ephron. CRAZY SALAD one of first books I read as young woman that made me think I could be a writer, too." — Best-selling author Jennifer Weiner, whose books include "Good in Bed" and "In Her Shoes."
— "Nora Ephron always loved a good New York story, and she could tell them like no one else. NYC will miss her very much" — New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg.
— "R.I.P Nora Ephron. A witty, charming, lovely person." — Actor, writer, director Albert Brooks.
— "I am so sad about Nora Ephron's passing!!! oh what this wonderful woman contributed with her body of work..." — Actress Tracee Ellis Ross.
— "My thoughts and prayers go out to the family of Nora Ephron at the news of her passing. Especially to her husband and my friend Nick." — Actor Joe Mantegna.
— "The world has lost a great great woman-- Nora Ephron died tonight and to say she will be missed is putting it mildly." — TV personality-author Suze Orman.
— "When Harry Met Sally is one of my go-to rainy day movies. Thanks to Nora Ephron for making so many people happy. She will be missed." — Actress Mary Elizabeth Winstead.
— "My heart aches. Nora Ephron. What a tremendous loss. RIP." — Actress Kerry Washington.
— "RIP Nora Ephron brilliant gracious and FUNNY" — Filmmaker Ron Howard.
— "You can settle for reality, or you can go off, like a fool, and dream another dream." â€. Nora Ephron Oh Jeez... you will be missed..RIP XO" — Actress Kirstie Alley.
— "I just heard about Nora Ephron. I'm so sad. A great & prolific writer, a warm & kind soul. Gone just like that." — Comedian-actress Sarah Siverman.
— "RIP Nora Ephron. You will be missed." TV host Kelly Ripa.
— "Auditioned for Nora Ephron 20 yrs ago. Didn't get the part but she sent me a thank you note. I'll always remember that and you, Nora." Actor-comedian Kevin Nealon.
— "'I try to write parts for women that are as complicated and interesting as women actually are.' --Nora Ephron" — writer, director, "Grey's Anatomy" creator Shonda Rhimes.
— "RIP Nora Ephron. Insightful, humorous and human writer/director who always knew who she was and expected the same of others." — Actor Lou Diamond Phillips.
— "Very sad about Nora Ephron passing away. She wrote some of my very favorite films and was a huge inspiration. (hash)RIPNORA" Actress Felicia Day.
— "Rest in peace, Nora Ephron--and thank you for creating the girl-culture club so many of us wanted to join." — Glamour magazine editor Cindi Leive.
— "So sad to hear bout Nora Ephron. We did a movie called 'Mixed Nuts' when I was 20. She was funny intelligent and loving. One of a kind." — Actress-musician Juliette Lewis.
— "Nora Ephron was devastatingly funny, extremely witty, and was ALWAYS one of the kindest people I have ever met." — Actor Colin Hanks, son of Tom Hanks.
Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Both the Xbox 360 and PS3 allow gamers to feed their need for other entertainment. Now it looks as though Nintendo will soon follow suit, adding video to its offering.
While you were opening presents yesterday, Nintendo was announcing that the Wii will soon have video features. Apparently, some will be original programming, which will be available through the web. Gizmodo has a very scary image to match the good news, saying that some of it will be free and some will not.
The service is a joint effort with advertising firm Dentsu. "Nintendo and Dentsu shall use the environment surrounding the Wii so that living rooms with Wii-ready TVs would become more of a fun area for communication among families and friends," the firms said in a statement.
We're not entirely sure what that means, but the service is scheduled to launch in Japan next year. Expect it to spread to other markets at some point.Follow Electronic House on Facebook and Twitter.
Sony is serious about high-resolution audio, but not necessarily at high prices.
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One of these outdoor subwoofers help put the boom into your backyard music.


text: Specifically designed with families in mind, this guest room features one room with two queen-size beds, and a second room separated by French doors, opening into a sitting area with a pullout sofa and television. This spacious suite offers two TVs, three telephones, and comfortably sleeps up to six people. Enjoy a stunning view of the Canadian and American Falls!


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Ryukyuan languages
|Ryukyuan people
|Ryukyu Islands (Okinawa Prefecture, Amami Islands of Kagoshima Prefecture)
|Linguistic classification:
Location of Ryukyu Islands
The Ryukyuan languages (琉球語派 Ryūkyū-goha?, also 琉球諸語 Ryūkyū-shogo or しまくとぅば Shima kutuba "Island Languages") are the indigenous languages of the Ryukyu Islands, the southernmost part of the Japanese archipelago. Along with the Japanese language, they make up the Japonic language family. Although the Ryukyuan languages have sometimes been considered to be dialects of Japanese, they are not mutually intelligible with Japanese or even with each other. It is not known how many speakers of these languages remain, but language shift towards the use of Standard Japanese and dialects like Okinawan Japanese has resulted in these languages becoming endangered; UNESCO labels four of the languages "definitely endangered",2345 and two others "critically endangered".67
It is generally accepted that the Ryukyu Islands were populated from Mainland Japan in the first millennium CE, and since then relative isolation from the mainland allowed the Ryukyuan languages to diverge significantly from Japanese. However, the discoveries of the Pinza-Abu Cave Man, the Minatogawa Man, and the Yamashita Cave Man8 as well as the Shiraho Saonetabaru Cave Ruins9 suggest an earlier arrival to the island by modern humans. Some researchers suggest that the Ryukyuan languages are most likely to have evolved from a "pre-Proto-Japonic language" from the Korean peninsula.10
Japanese hegemony began to increase in the 17th century, and in 1879 the Ryukyu Kingdom was annexed by Japan. The Japanese government imposed a policy of forced assimilation, which continued through the post-World War II occupation of the Ryukyu Islands by the United States. This hastened the abandonment of the Ryukyuan languages by the younger generations, particularly with the urging of the post-war government,11 although recently there have been calls for language preservation by the Okinawa Prefectural Government as well as by Kagoshima Prefecture's Ōshima District.
Phonologically, the Ryukyuan languages have some cross-linguistically unusual features. Southern Ryukyuan languages have a number of syllabic consonants, including unvoiced syllabic fricatives (e.g. Ōgami Miyako /kss/ [ksː] 'breast'). Glottalized consonants are common (e.g. Yuwan Amami /ʔma/ [ˀma] 'horse'). Some Ryukyuan languages have phonemic central vowels, e.g. Yuwan Amami /kɨɨ/ 'tree'. Ikema Miyako has a voiceless nasal phoneme /n̥/. Many Ryukyuan languages, like Standard Japanese and most Japanese dialects, have contrastive pitch accent.
Ryukyuan languages are generally SOV, dependent-marking, modifier-head, nominative-accusative languages, like the Japanese language. Adjectives are generally bound morphemes, occurring either with noun compounding or using verbalization. Many Ryukyuan languages mark both nominatives and genitives with the same marker. This marker has the unusual feature of changing form depending on an animacy hierarchy. The Ryukyuan languages have topic and focus markers, which may take different forms depending on the sentential context. Ryukyuan also preserves a special verbal inflection for clauses with focus markers—this unusual feature was also found in Old Japanese, but lost in Modern Japanese.
Classification and varieties
The Ryukyuan languages belong to the Japonic language family, related to the Japanese language.12 The Ryukyuan languages are not mutually intelligible with Japanese—in fact, they are not even mutually intelligible with each other—and thus may be considered separate languages.12 However, for socio-political and ideological reasons, they have sometimes been classified as dialects of Japanese.12
The Okinawan language is only 71% lexically similar to Tokyo Japanese. Even the southernmost Japanese dialect (Kagoshima dialect) is only 72% lexically similar to the northernmost Ryukyuan language (Amami). The Kagoshima dialect of Japanese, however, is 80% lexically similar to Standard Japanese.13
Starting in the 1890's, the Japanese government began to oppress the Ryukyuan languages as part of their policy of forced assimilation in the islands. Since the beginning of World War II, most mainland Japanese have regarded the Ryukyuan languages as a dialect or group of dialects of Japanese. During World War II, in an effort to build consciousness in people as subjects of the Japanese Empire, not only Ryukyuan, but also Korean, Palauan, and various other languages were referred to as "dialects" of Japanese (日本語の方言).11
There is general agreement among experts in the field that Ryukyuan varieties can be divided into 6 languages, conservatively.14
|Local name
|Geographic distribution
|Standard dialect
|Shimayumuta (島口/シマユムタ)
|Amami Islands (except Yoron and Okinoerabu)
|Yanbaru Kutuuba (山原言葉/やんばるくてぅーば)15
|Northern Okinawa Island (Yanbaru), Yoronjima, Okinoerabujima, and surrounding minor islands
|Largest community is Nago
|Uchinaaguchi (沖縄口/うちなーぐち)
|Central and southern Okinawa Island and surrounding minor islands
|Traditionally Shuri, modern Naha
|Myaakufutsu (宮古口/ミャークフツ)16
Sumafutsu (島口/スマフツ)
|Miyako Islands
|Yaimamuni (八重山物言/ヤイマムニ)
|Yaeyama Islands
|Dunan Munui (与那国物言/ドゥナンムヌイ)
|Yonaguni Island in the Yaeyama district
Each Ryukyuan language is generally unintelligible to others in the same family. There is a wide diversity between them. For example, Yonaguni has only three vowels, whereas varieties of Amami may have up to 7, excluding long vowels. The table below illustrates the different phrases used in each language for "thank you" and "welcome", with standard Japanese provided for comparison.
|Thank you
|Standard Japanese
|Arigatesama ryoota
Arigassama ryoota
|Kunigami (Okinoerabu)
Many speakers of the Amami, Miyako, Yaeyama and Yonaguni languages may also be familiar with Okinawan since the language counts the most speakers and once acted as the regional standard. Speakers of Yonaguni are also likely to know the Yaeyama language due to its proximity. Since Amami, Miyako, Yaeyama, and Yonaguni are less urbanised than the Okinawan mainland, their languages are not declining as quickly as that of Okinawa proper, and some children continue to be brought up in these languages.
A widely accepted hypothesis among linguists categorizes the Ryukyuan languages into two groups, Northern Ryukyuan (Amami–Okinawa) and Southern Ryukyuan (Miyako–Yaeyama).17
In Okinawa, a dialect of standard Japanese known as Okinawan Japanese (ウチナーヤマトゥグチ Uchinaa Yamatuguchi?) has developed.18
There is no census data for the Ryukyuan languages, and the number of speakers is unknown.17 As of 2005, the total population of the Ryukyu region was 1,452,288, but fluent speakers are restricted to the older generation, generally in their 50's or older, and thus the true number of Ryukyuan speakers should be much lower.17
Today, the number of children still being brought up with the Ryukyuan languages is becoming increasingly rare throughout the islands, and usually only occurs when the children are living with their grandparents. The Ryukyuan languages are still used in traditional cultural activities, such as folk music, folk dance, poem and folk plays. There is also a radio news program in the Naha dialect since 1960.19
In Okinawa, people under the age of 40 have little proficiency in the native Okinawan language.20 A new mixed language, based on Japanese and Okinawan, has developed, known as ウチナーヤマトゥグチ (Uchinaa Yamatuguchi "Okinawan Japanese").18 Although it has been largely ignored by linguists and language activists, this is the language of choice among the younger generation.18
Similarly, the common language now used in everyday conversations in the Amami Ōshima is not the traditional Amami language, but rather a regional variation of Amami-accented Japanese, locally nicknamed トン普通語 (Ton Futsūgo, literally meaning "potato [i.e. rustic] common language") by older speakers.21
To try to preserve the language, the Okinawan Prefectural government proclaimed on March 31, 2006, that September 18 would be commemorated as Shima Kutuba no Hi (しまくとぅばの日?, "Island Languages Day"),22 as the day's numerals in goroawase spell out ku (9), tu (10), ba (8); "kutuba" is one of the few words common throughout the Ryukyuan languages meaning "word" or "language" (a cognate of the Japanese word kotoba (言葉?, "word")). A similar commemoration is held in the Amami region on February 18 beginning in 2007, proclaimed as Hōgen no Hi (方言の日?, "Dialect Day") by the Kagoshima Prefectural government. Each island has its own name for the event. On Amami Ōshima it is Shimayumuta no Hi (シマユムタの日?) or Shimakutuba no Hi (シマクトゥバの日?) (also written 島口の日), on Kikaijima it is Shimayumita no Hi (シマユミタの日?), on Tokunoshima it is Shimaguchi no Hi (シマグチ(島口)の日?) or Shimayumiita no Hi (シマユミィタの日?), on Okinoerabujima it is Shimamuni no Hi (島ムニの日?), and on Yoronjima it is Yunnufutuba no Hi (ユンヌフトゥバの日?). Yoronjima's fu (2) tu (10) ba (8) is the goroawase source of the February 18 date, much like with Okinawa Prefecture's use of kutuba.23
Japonic speakers are believed to have migrated to the Ryukyu Islands at some point between the 2nd and 9th centuries CE.17 However, Ryukyuan may have already begun to diverge from early Japanese before this migration, while its speakers still dwelt in the main islands of Japan.17 After this initial settlement, there was little contact between the main islands and the Ryukyu Islands for centuries, allowing Ryukyuan to diverge as a separate linguistic entity.24 This situation lasted until the Kyushu-based Satsuma Domain conquered the Ryukyu Islands in the 17th century.24
The Ryukyu Kingdom retained autonomy until 1879, when it was invaded and annexed by Japan.25 The Japanese government adopted a policy of forcible assimilation, appointing mainland Japanese to political posts and suppressing native culture and language.25 Students caught speaking Ryukyuan were made to wear a dialect card (方言札 hougen fuda), a method of public humiliation.26nb 1 Students who regularly wore the card would receive corporal punishment.26 In the World War II era, speaking Ryukyuan was officially illegal, although in practice the older generation was still monolingual.26 This policy of linguicide lasted into the post-war US administration of the Ryukyu Islands.26
Nowadays, in favor of multiculturalism, preserving Ryukyuan languages has become the policy of Okinawa Prefectural government. However, the situation is not very optimistic, since the vast majority of Okinawan children are now monolingual in Japanese.
Geographic distribution
The Ryukyuan languages are spoken on the Ryukyu Islands, which comprise the southernmost part of the Japanese archipelago12 There are four major island groups which make up the Ryukyu Islands: the Amami Islands, the Okinawa Islands, the Miyako Islands, and the Yaeyama Islands.12 The former is in the Kagoshima Prefecture, while the latter three are in the Okinawa Prefecture.12
Older Ryukyuan texts are often found on stone inscriptions. Tamaudun-no-Hinomon (玉陵の碑文 "Inscription of Tamaudun tomb") (1501), for example. Within the Ryukyuan Kingdom, official texts were written in kanji and hiragana, derived from Japan. However, this was a sharp contrast from Japan at the time, where classical Chinese writing was mostly used for official texts, only using hiragana for informal ones. Classical Chinese writing was sometimes used in Ryukyu as well, read in kundoku (Ryukyuan) or in Chinese. In Ryukyu, katakana was hardly used.
Historically, official documents in Ryukyuan were primarily written in a form of classical Chinese writing known as Kanbun, while poetry and songs were often written in the Shuri dialect of Okinawan.
Commoners did not learn kanji. Omorosōshi (1531–1623), a noted Ryukyuan song collection, was mainly written in hiragana. Other than hiragana, they also used Suzhou numerals (suuchuuma すうちゅうま in Okinawan), derived from China. In Yonaguni island in particular, there was a different writing system called Kaidā logogram (カイダー字 or カイダーディー).2728 Under Japanese influence, all of those numerals became obsolete.
Nowadays, perceived as "dialects", Ryukyuan languages are not often written. When they are, Japanese characters are used in an ad hoc manner. There are no standard orthographies for the modern languages. Sounds not distinguished in the Japanese writing system, such as glottal stops, are not properly written.
Sometimes local kun'yomi are given to kanji, such as agari (あがり "east") for 東, iri (いり "west") for 西, thus 西表 is Iriomote.
Ryukyuan languages often share many phonological features with Japanese, including a voicing opposition for obstruents, CV(C) syllable structure, moraic rhythm, and pitch accent.24 However, many individual Ryukyuan languages diverge significantly from this pan-Japonic base.24 For instance, Ōgami does not have phonemic voicing in obstruents, allows CCVC syllables, and has unusual syllabic consonants such as /kff/ [kf̩ː] 'make'.24
The Northern Ryukyuan (Amami-Okinawa) languages are notable for having glottalized consonants.29 Phonemically these are analyzed of consisting of a cluster /ʔ/ + C, where the consonant /ʔ/ consists of its own mora.29 For instance, in the Amami dialect Yuwan the word /ʔma/ [ˀma] 'horse' is bimoraic.29 Tsuken (Central Okinawan) restricts glottalization to glides and the vowels /a i/.29 Southern Ryukyuan mostly has little to no glottalization, with some exceptions (e.g. Yonaguni).29 For instance, the Irabu dialect of the Miyako language only allows glottalization with /t/ and /c/: /ttjaa/ [ˀtʲaː] 'then', /ccir/ [ˀtɕiɭ] 'pipe'.29
Southern Ryukyuan stands out in having a number of syllabic consonants.29 These consonants are contextually neucleic, becoming syllabic when not adjacent to a vowel.29 Examples:
Irabu Miyako:
- /nam/ [nam] 'wave'
- /mna/ [mna] 'shell'
- /mm/ [mː] 'potato'
- /pžtu/ [ps̩tu] 'man'
- /prrma/ [pɭːma] 'daytime'
Ōgami Miyako
- /us/ [us] 'cow'
- /ss/ [sː] 'dust'
- /kss/ [ksː] 'breast'
Ōgami even shows a three-way length distinction in fricatives, though across a syllable boundary:30
- /fɑɑ/ [fɑː] 'child'
- /f.fɑ/ [fːɑ] 'grass'
- /ff.fɑ/ [fːːɑ] 'comb=top'
Ikema (a Miyako dialect) has a voiceless moraic nasal phoneme /n̥/, which always precedes another nasal onset and assimilates its place of articulation to the following nasal.31
Amami has high and mid central vowels.29 Yonaguni only has three contrasting vowels, /i/, /u/ and /a/.
The Ryukyuan languages operate based on the mora.32 Most Ryukyuan languages require words to be at least bimoraic, thus for example in Hateruma the underlying noun root /si/ 'hand' becomes /siː/ when it is an independent noun, though it remains as /si/ when attached to a clitic, e.g. /si=nu/.32nb 2 However, the syllable may still sometimes be relevant—for instance, the Ōgami topic marker takes a different form after open syllables with short vowels:33
- 'staff' /pɑu + =ɑ/ → /pɑu=iɑ/
- 'vegetable' /suu + =ɑ/ → /suu=iɑ/
- 'person' /pstu + =ɑ/ → /pstɑ=ɑ/
Ryukyuan languages typically have a pitch accent system where some mora in a word bears the pitch accent.34 They commonly either have two or three distinctive types of pitch accent which may be applied.34 The category of foot also has relevance to the accentual systems of some Ryukyuan languages, and some Miyako varieties have a cross-linguistically rare system of tonal foot.34 However, Irabu Miyakoan does not have lexical accent.34
The Ryukyuan languages consistently distinguish between the word classes of nouns and verbs, distinguished by the fact that verbs take inflectional morphology.35 Property-concept (adjectival) words are generally bound morphemes.36 One strategy they use is compounding with a free-standing noun:36
- imi- 'small' + ffa 'child' → imi-ffa 'small child'
- kjura- 'beautiful' + ʔkin 'kimono' → kjura-gin 'beautiful kimono'
Compounding is found in both Northern and Southern Ryukyuan, but is mostly absent from Hateruma (Yaeyama).36
Another way property stems are used is by verbalization:36
Yuwan Amami:37
an kɨɨ=ja taa-sar-oo that tree=top tall-VLZ-SUPP 'That tree is supposed to be tall.'
Miyako is unique in having stand-alone adjectives.36 These may be formed by reduplication of the root, e.g. Irabu Miyako imi- 'small' → imii-imi 'small (adj.)'.38 They may also be compounded with a grammaticalized noun munu 'thing', e.g. Irabu imi-munu 'small (thing)'.36
Ryukyuan languages are generally SOV, dependent-marking, modifier-head, nominative-accusative languages.39 They are also pro-drop languages.39 All of these features are shared with the Japanese language.39
In many Ryukyuan languages, the nominative and genitive are marked identically, a system also found, for example, in Austronesian languages.39 However, Ryukyuan has the unusual feature that these markers vary based on an animacy hierarchy.35 Typically there are two markers of the form =ga and =nu, which are distinguished based on animacy and definiteness.35 In Yuwan Amami, for instance, the nominative is marked with =ga/=nu and the genitive by =ga/=nu/=Ø based on the following hierarchy:35
|human pronouns
|elder kinship terms
|other nouns
|human pronouns, adnominal
|human names
|elder kinship terms
|other nouns
In the Miyako varieties, the object in a dependent clause of clause-chaining constructions has a special marker, homophonous to a topic marker.35 This might even be interpreted as another function of the topic marker.35
Hateruma Yaeyama stands out in that it is a zero-marking language, where word order rather than case marking is important:39
pïtu=Ø budur-ja-ta-n person=core dance-prf-past-rls 'People danced.'
aboa=Ø ija=Ø mir-i bir-ja-ta-n mother=ore father=core look=med prog-prf-past-rls '(My) mother was looking at (my) father.'
The Ryukyuan languages mark both topic and focus grammatically.38 The typical form of the topic marker is =(j)a, or in Southern Ryukyuan =ba; the typical focus marker is =du.38 In some Ryukyuan languages there are many focus markers with different functions; for instance, Irabu has =du in declarative clauses, =ru in yes-no interrogative clauses, and =ga in wh-interrogative clauses.38 The focus markers trigger a special verbal inflection—this typologically unusual focus construction, known as kakari-musubi, was also found in Old Japanese, but has been lost in Modern Japanese.38
Examples from Yuwan Amami:40
kurɨ=ba=du jum-ju-i this=acc-foc read=ipfv-npst '(I) read this.'
uroo kun hon=ba=du jum-jur-ui? 2sg.nhon this book=acc-foc read=ipfv-foc.ynq 'Will you read this book?' (yes-no question)
uroo nuu=ba=ga jum-jur-u? 2sg.nhon.top what=acc-foc read=ipfv-foc.whq 'What will you read?' (wh-question)
While in many Japonic languages this special inflection is often identical to the verbal inflection in relative clauses, in Yuwan Amami is different (the relative inflection is -n/-tan).40 There is some variation among the Ryukyuan languages as to the form of kakari-musubi—for example, in Irabu Miyako a focus marker blocks a specific verb form, rather than triggering a special inflection.41
- ^ This punishment was taken from the 19th French language policy of Vergonha, especially by Jules Ferry, where the regional languages such as Occitan (Provençal), Catalan, or Breton were suppressed in favor of French; see also Welsh Not, for a similar system in Britain. The same system was also used in other parts of Japan, such as the Tōhoku region.citation needed
- ^ In fact, in Irabu Miyako lengthening occurs even before a clitic, thus underlying /ti/ 'hand' becomes /tiː/ independently and /tiː=nu/ with attached clitic. Shimoji & Pellard (2010:6)
Related Articles
- ^ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Ryukyuan". Glottolog 2.2. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger". Unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-03-16.
- ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger". Unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-03-16.
- ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger". Unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-03-16.
- ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger". Unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-03-16.
- ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger". Unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-03-16.
- ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger". Unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-03-16.
- ^ "Early modern human remains from eastern Asia: the Yamashita-cho 1 immature postcrania". Sciencedirect.com. 1996-04-30. Retrieved 2014-03-16.
- ^ "Pleistocene human remains from Shiraho-Saonetabaru Cave on Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, Japan, and their radiocarbon dating". Jstage.jst.go.jp. doi:10.1537/ase.091214. Retrieved 2014-03-16.
- ^ "Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages". Degruyter.com. Retrieved 2014-03-16.
- ^ a b "JPRI Occasional Paper No. 8". Jpri.org. 1972-05-15. Retrieved 2014-03-16.
- ^ a b c d e f Shimoji & Pellard (2010:1)
- ^ 沖縄語辞典 (Okinawan dictionary). "前書き" (Preface). 国立国語研究所 1998
- ^ 言語学大辞典セレクション:日本列島の言語 (Selection from the Encyclopædia of Linguistics: The Languages of the Japanese Archipelago). "琉球列島の言語" (The Languages of the Ryukyu Islands). 三省堂 1997
- ^ 沖縄言語研究センター. "今帰仁方言音声データベース ヤンバルクトゥーバ". Retrieved 2014-02-16.
- ^ 沖縄言語研究センター. "宮古方言音声データベース ミャークフツ". Retrieved 2014-02-16.
- ^ a b c d e Shimoji & Pellard (2010:2)
- ^ a b c Sugita (2007:245)
- ^ 沖縄映像センター. "おきなわBBtv★沖縄の方言ニュース★沖縄の「今」を沖縄の「言葉」で!ラジオ沖縄で好評放送中の「方言ニュース」をブロードバンドでお届けします。". Okinawabbtv.com. Retrieved 2014-01-01.
- ^ Sugita (2007:244)
- ^ "島口(奄美の方言)入門その1-あなたもシマンチュに". Synapse.ne.jp. Retrieved 2014-01-01.
- ^ "○しまくとぅばの日に関する条例" (in (Japanese)). Pref.okinawa.jp. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
- ^ "鹿児島県/大島地区「方言の日」". Pref.kagoshima.jp. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
- ^ a b c d e Shimoji & Pellard (2010:4)
- ^ a b Takara (2007:14)
- ^ a b c d Takara (2007:15)
- ^ "カイダー字: 与那国島にある象形文字。 (KaidaJi - MemoWiki)". Nilab.info. Retrieved 2014-01-01.
- ^ http://ecco.m78.com/download/
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Shimoji & Pellard (2010:5)
- ^ Shimoji & Pellard (2010:118)
- ^ Shimoji & Pellard (2010:170)
- ^ a b Shimoji & Pellard (2010:6)
- ^ Shimoji & Pellard (2010:119)
- ^ a b c d Shimoji & Pellard (2010:7)
- ^ a b c d e f Shimoji & Pellard (2010:9)
- ^ a b c d e f g h Shimoji & Pellard (2010:10)
- ^ Shimoji & Pellard (2010:52)
- ^ a b c d e Shimoji & Pellard (2010:11)
- ^ a b c d e Shimoji & Pellard (2010:8)
- ^ a b Shimoji & Pellard (2010:75)
- ^ Shimoji & Pellard (2010:12)
- Shimoji, Michinori; Pellard, Thomas, eds. (2010). An Introduction to Ryukyuan languages. Tokyo: ILCAA. ISBN 9784863370722. Retrieved August 21, 2012.
- Sugita, Yuko (2007). "Language revitalization or language fossilization? Some suggestions for language documentation from the viewpoint of interactional linguistics". Proceedings of Conference on Language Documentation and Linguistic Theory. London: SOAS. ISBN 978-0-7286-0382-0. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
- Takara, Ben (February 2007). "On Reclaiming a Ryukyuan Culture". Connect (Irifune: IMADR) 10 (4). Retrieved August 21, 2012.
Further reading
- Sanseido (1997). 言語学大辞典セレクション:日本列島の言語 (Selection from the Encyclopædia of Linguistics: The Languages of the Japanese Archipelago). "琉球列島の言語" (The Languages of the Ryukyu Islands).
- Ashworth, D. E. (1975). A generative study of the inflectional morphophonemics of the Shuri dialect of Ryukyuan. Thesis (Ph. D.)—Cornell University, 1973.
- Heinrich, Patrick (2004): Language Planning and Language Ideology in the Ryūkyū Islands, in: Language Policy 3.2, (2004): 153-179.
- Heinrich, Patrick, Shinsho Miyara, Michinori Shimoji, eds. 2014. Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages. Berlin: de Gruyter.
- Serafim, L. A. (1985). Shodon: the prehistory of a Northern Ryukyuan dialect of Japanese. [S.l: s.n.
- Shimabukuro, Moriyo. 2007. The accentual history of the Japanese and Ryukyuan languages: a reconstruction. Languages of Asia series, v. 2. Folkestone, Kent: Global Oriental. ISBN 978-1-901903-63-8
- Uemura, Yukio, and Wayne P. Lawrence. 2003. The Ryukyuan language. Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim (Series), A4-018. Osaka, Japan: ELPR.
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ryukyuan languages.
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text:
Ken Tiltges placed 16th in 100 breast, his best time of the year.
Dec. 6, 2013
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Knoxville, Tenn. - Three school records highlighted the second day for Utah swimming at the USA Short Course Nationals.
In the 100 breast, Nicole Ligeza touched in seventh with a time of 1:00.64, besting her school record time, while Stina Colleou touched in 11th with her best time of the year (1:01.31).
In the 800 free relay, Nick Soedel, Jonas Holmstrom, Bence Kiraly and Kristian Kron teamed up to take fourth in a school-record time (6:25.08).
Fernandes finished 11th in the 100 fly (third in the consolation final) in 47.08, his best time of the year, an NCAA B standard as well as a school record.
The 200 medley relay team of Alex Fernandes, Ken Tiltges, Kron and Soedel finished ninth overall, winning the consolation final in 1:27.91.
Bence Kiraly took seventh in the men's 200 free consolation final finishing 15th overall. He swam his best time of the year in the prelims (1:36.36). Jonas Holmstrom took 23rd in the event, also swimming his best time of the year in the prelims (1:37.56). Both times were NCAA B standards.
Traycie Swartz took eighth in the 100 back in the consolation final (53.70), for 16th overall.
Tiltges placed 16th in the 100 breast in 54.46, his best time of the year and an NCAA B standard.
Finishing out the second day, the men are tied for 19th with the women still in eleventh.
In preliminary sessions, Kron took fifth in the men's 400 IM with a time of 3:48.30, his best time of the year.
Competition will continue tomorrow with preliminary sessions beginning at 9 a.m. ET and final sessions will start at 6 p.m. ET. Final day of competition is Saturday.
Live stats will be available at http://www.swmeets.com/Realtime/Winter%20Nats/2013/.


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text:
The fate of Ellisville's embattled mayor won't be known until next week. The City Council was supposed to vote on Mayor Adam Paul's impeachment Wednesday, but postponed deliberations until Monday.
Paul and his attorney Chet Pleban spoke with KTRS's McGraw Millhaven Thursday morning about the proceedings.
Some of the charges against Mayor Paul were dropped last night - due to a lack of evidence. Those include allegations Paul leaked confidential information. Paul says those charges should never have been brought against him.
"Releasing confidential information is pretty, pretty significant, and they're pretty serious allegations," Paul told McGraw. "And if you're going to put allegations like that out there, you better have some evidence."
Paul's attorney Chet Pleban told KTRS's McGraw Millhaven this morning that the charges against his client keep shifting. Pleban says although some charges against his client have been dropped, another charge - that Paul improperly questioned a city official - took center stage at last night's council meeting.
Pleban says the charge stems from an inquiry the mayor made on behalf of a constituent. Pleban told McGraw that the resident wanted to know how he would be compensated for being displaced from low-income housing by the new Walmart development.
"He went to the person who was the relocation expert and asked that question of what does this person get," Pleban said. "He got the answer to that question. He was satisfied with the answer, took it back to his constituent. And now they want to impeach him for asking the relocation person that particular question."
Paul says that when the council finally votes on it, he expects to be ousted, and if that happens, he says he will sue.
Pleban says the city council is already hiring legal representation in anticipation of that lawsuit.


text: iStockphoto [ What States Swear The Most? By Wes Spicher May 16, 2013 Do states in the south curse the most? Read More Category: Lifestyles, Lists Tags: bad language, swearing Send to a friend! Print this page Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


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Marty Becker, DVM, and Janice Willard, DVM
House soiling is the most commonly reported behavioral reason for owners to have their cats euthanized or relinquish them to shelters. Other owners turn cats out of their homes to become outdoor-only cats, exposing them to a greater risk of illness, injury or even death. Worse yet, disgruntled owners think that cats eliminate on their possessions because they are spiteful or angry, leading to mistrust and resentment.
On the other side of the coin is a cat that is following its natural inclinations in an unnatural environment and doesn't understand why the usually loving human who shares its space is sometimes so angry. How distressing it must be for them to be punished for not following rules they cannot understand, never knowing when their natural behavior will evoke loving cuddles or cold withdrawal. Is Something Wrong with Your Cat?From the human perspective, feline elimination problems are simply cats doing their business where they shouldn't. But for the cat there can be a myriad of different problems, and in order to solve house-soiling difficulties, you need to approach them from the cat's perspective.
Determining the type of elimination problem can be the confusing part. Does the cat have a health condition, a problem with its litterbox, is it spraying to leave a signal or is it responding to anxiety?
For all animals, urine and feces are the natural end products of digestion and metabolism. But for cats, urine is also an olfactory signaling devise, a communication method.
"To tell if the cat is spraying, the single, easiest factor to look at is if there is any urine being deposited on vertical surfaces," said Laurie Bergman, VMD, coordinator of the Behavior Service of the UC Veterinary Medical Center in San Diego. "With marking, small amounts are being deposited. The frequency may be several times a day."
Location is important in distinguishing between marking and toileting. Marking is done near windows, doors, and areas where encounters with other cats occur," Bergman said. "By contrast, with toileting issues, the deposits are usually in a more hidden location, such as behind the sofa or at the end of a dark, quiet hallway. Also, look for inciting factors. For example, marking may occur right after encounters with other indoor cats, after seeing cats outside, or may be more common at certain times of day, such as dawn and dusk.
Many medical conditions can first show up as a change in elimination patterns. Therefore, if a cat is not using its litterbox, particularly if this is a change from previously good habits, have its health checked by a veterinarian. For example, an older cat may have difficulty getting to the litterbox because of painful osteoarthritis. In fact, a change in litterbox habits may be the first sign of this painful condition seen by the owner.
Diabetes and other metabolic conditions also need to be considered. Very high on this list is bladder disease, known as Feline Urinary Syndrome (FUS) or Feline Interstitial Cystitis (FIC). Cats with FIC, which accounts for approximately 1.5 percent of cats seen by veterinarians, have frequent urination, pain and blood in the urine, and they urinate in places other than the litterbox. Stress seems to trigger FIC episodes, and cats with FIC seem to be more susceptible to stressful circumstances.
The LitterboxOther reasons a cat may fail to use its litterbox have to do with the litterbox itself. The litterbox might be too small, not stocked with a litter your cat likes, or not clean enough. It might also be in a bad location, such as a busy hallway, hidden behind a rumbling clothes drier, next to the cat's food (who wants to urinate next to their food?), too far away, in a difficult place to reach, or past a scary dog.
"And let's not forget about the dark," said Sharon Crowell-Davis, DVM, director of the Animal Behavior Service of the University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine Behavior Service in Athens, Ga. "I have seen cats who used their litterbox in the day, but eliminated in other places at night. With one of these cats, it turned out the litterbox was in a closet in the basement and the cat had to negotiate stairs and make it clear through the basement in pitch dark to get to the litterbox. Yes, cats can see well in dim light, but they can't see in total darkness. Adding a night-light solved that problem."
Inter-cat issues are often a root cause of many litterbox problems. Some bully cats will limit a more timid cat's access to the litterbox. The harassment can make a profound difference on a cat's behavior and its willingness to get to the litterbox.
Recent evidence has shown that cats are not only social but that some of them suffer from separation anxiety in the absence of their attachment figure. Interestingly, one common finding in cats with separation anxiety is the tendency, even when the owner is present, to urinate on the owner's bed or other belongings. While the exact reasons for this are unknown, it may be that the anxious cat is evacuating its bladder where it feels secure.
Pee-MailAlthough we don't know exactly what a cat is trying to communicate when it is spraying, we do know situations that stimulate the behavior. Some cats are very sensitive to social stress, so cats that are fighting or breeding outside the house can disturb them. Also, stressors such as remodeling, a visit from a repairman, divorce, holidays, guests coming to stay, adding a new dog or cat to the household or a new baby can stimulate cats to spray.
"Urine marking for communication is a behavior that is potentially in all cats' repertoires," Bergman said. "It seems that some cats, when presented with the right set of circumstances, 'discover' the behavior."
If triggers are eliminated from the cat's environment, the spraying will diminish or cease entirely. "We know that feline urinary spraying is an anxiety condition, because the only class of drugs that successfully treats it are the drugs that reduce anxiety," said Pat Pryor, DVM, assistant professor at Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine in Pullman, Wash. "This is not to say that cats have to have drugs to correct this condition. There are cats we have sent home with a behavioral prescription and the problem was solved by simple management like getting the outdoor cats away from the house."
Drugs may be part of some veterinary treatment plans but they're typically not the ultimate cure. "The behavior may stop while the cat is on drugs, but unless the triggers are identified and eliminated, the behavior will come back when the drugs are stopped," Bergman said. Bergman recommends medication with behavioral modification and environmental enrichment to get the annoying habit of spraying to stop.
Anxiety and PunishmentCats that soil in the house are frequently living with a great deal of stress and anxiety. Cats have a natural "fight or flight" response to stressful events. This survival mechanism goes awry when cats in human environments can't avoid constant stressors. Exposure to this unremitting anxiety alters the cat's physiology and makes it more susceptible to diseases, such as FIC.
"We may not realize how sensitive a cat is to something as simple as moving furniture around the house or having company over for dinner," said Tony Buffington DVM, a veterinarian and specialist in feline urinary disorders at the Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine in Columbus, Ohio. "Cats are creatures of habit and they depend on us to keep their surroundings stable and safe."
Another category of house-soiling is directly related to anxiety. This is seen when large changes come into a cat's life, something is causing significant distress, or the cat is suffering from separation anxiety syndrome. Experts once believed that cats were solitary and didn't have a need for social bonding, but this view of cats is incorrect.
Whatever the reason for eliminating outside the litterbox, one approach that does not help is punishment. Punishment increases the cat's anxiety and makes it feel all the more insecure. Punishment also makes the owner feel terrible and harms the trust implicit in the human-animal bond.
"Punishment never gets you anywhere," Pryor said. "It doesn't make the problem better and, in some situations, can make it worse. This is a tough concept to get across because we want to do something it's human nature. But I tell people, even if the cat is spraying right in front of them, or peeing on their briefcase, anything that adds anxiety or emotionality to the situation can make it worse."
The Sweet Smell of Success Buddy was a 13-year-old neutered Birman. "For 12 years, he was a wonderfully behaved animal," said his owner Carol Darr, of Santa Fe, N.M. But then two important changes came in Darr's life. She adopted, Zelda, a boisterous and outgoing alley cat. Then Darr started spending 12 to 14 hours a day away from home, caring for her ill mother. Buddy started defecating and urinating on the wool runner by the front door. This went on for months. "I tried disciplining him to no avail," Darr said. "I'd get so upset, I'd scream at him, and then I hated myself for doing it. I asked friends and my veterinarian for advice ... and went on the Internet looking for solutions. I had gotten to the point where I considered getting rid of him. Yet I kept stalling."
Instead, Darr created a private refuge for Buddy, a quiet and safe place to eat, drink and sleep. "When my mother died, I couldn't cope with the thought of people coming to my house and walking into a pile of cat poop, so I put Buddy in the basement with a litterbox, food, etc. He had a box to sleep in and a towel on a cabinet he seemed to like to lay on.
"When life settled down a bit (about a week), I let him out. I haven't had a problem since. One day I forgot to shut the basement door and when I couldn't find him, I checked downstairs. There he was, happily sleeping in his box. He lives down there now, in his own space. He comes up and roams the house, but goes back down there to sleep. He's been religious about the litterbox and he's even more affectionate. He would never get up on my bed, but does so now and cuddles up to me, which is a first.
"What he was trying to tell me, I still don't know. Maybe it was just, 'I need my own space.' But whatever it was, the problem seems to be solved. My only concession has been to remember to leave the basement door ajar. And that certainly doesn't raise my blood pressure. The frustration seems to be behind me and we're all happy again."
Cats can be mysterious, but with knowledge and understanding, not incomprehensible. If we work to see their world from their perspective and consider their needs, we may solve the problems they are having outside the litterbox.
Hannah Hillsboro, IL
Yeah my cat bubbles has been going to the bathroom outside the litter box. If anyone has any suggestions please let me know.
janet bethlehem, PA
good article, thanks
Mona Ronkonkoma, NY
I have a 10 year old cat that started not using the litterbox quite some time ago. He is mostly peeing and shitting on my husband's belongings and we are at our wits end trying to get him to use the litterbox. While your article was helpful with information on why he may be doing this, I would like some specific techniques on how to get him to use the litterbox once again. He was going outside, but with the winter months he has stopped wanting to go outside. Any HELP would be appreciated!!!
Janine Port Charlotte, FL
I have a kitty who I just had to move into a new home. She is beginning to not use her litter box regularly. Sometimes she does, sometimes she doesn't. We have put her box outside on the patio (on the second floor) which is all screened in, very private and secluded from noise (there is no traffic which would scare her). She is a real "scardy cat" normally and pretty high strung to begin with. We are going outside with her, at times she will then use the litter box, other times. not. We don't know what to do from here. We live in a small apartment, and I know that moving is not something cats like, but it couldn't be avoided. She has moved a lot, for a cat, but has been OK each time. I am going to take her to the vet to rule out any medical issues. Her box is on the patio but surrounded by a wall on 2 sides and a chair on the 3rd side, so there is just an opening in the front. She can get around the box to cover up her "duty", so I can't imagine why she is all of a sudden not using the box (oh, she uses it sometimes, other times, not and we can't figure out what is upsetting her so. We have also cleaned out the litter box in case it smelled of bleach from cleaning it the last time. We have tried everything we know. She is peeing on carpets but usually does her duty outside. Please help. Any suggestions would be appreciated.
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