Utilization of an Animated Electronic Health Video to Increase Knowledge of Post-and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Among African American Women: Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey

Keosha T Bond
Department of Public Health
New York Medical College
ValhallaNYUnited States

EdD; SRaquel Ramos
Rory Meyers College of Nursing
New York University
40 Sunshine Cottage Road Valhalla10595New YorkNYUnited States, United States

MSNFnp-Bc
Utilization of an Animated Electronic Health Video to Increase Knowledge of Post-and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Among African American Women: Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey
10.2196/formative.9995Original Paper Corresponding Author: Keosha T Bond, MPH, CHES, EdD Department of Public Health New York Medical College
Background: Despite renewed focus on biomedical prevention strategies since the publication of several clinical trials highlighting the efficacy of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), knowledge of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) and PrEP continues to remain scarce among women, especially among African American women who are disproportionally affected by HIV. In an effort to address this barrier and encourage uptake of PEP and PrEP, an electronic health (eHealth) video was created using an entertainment-education format.Objective:The study aimed to explore the feasibility, acceptability, and preference of an avatar-led, eHealth video, PEP and PrEP for Women, to increase awareness and knowledge of PEP and PrEP for HIV in a sample of African American women.Methods:A cross-sectional, Web-based study was conducted with 116 African American women aged 18 to 61 years to measure participants' perceived acceptability of the video on a 5-point scale: poor, fair, good, very good, and excellent. Backward stepwise regression was used to the find the outcome variable of a higher rating of the PEP and PrEP for Women video. Thematic analysis was conducted to explore the reasons for recommending the video to others after watching the eHealth video.Results:Overall, 89% of the participants rated the video as good or higher. A higher rating of the educational video was significantly predicted by: no current use of drugs/alcohol (beta=−.814; P=.004), not having unprotected sex in the last 3 months (beta=−.488; P=.03), higher income (beta=.149; P=.03), lower level of education (beta=−.267; P=.005), and lower exposure to sexual assault since the age of 18 years (beta=−.313; P=.004). After watching the eHealth video, reasons for recommending the video included the video being educational, entertaining, and suitable for women.Conclusions:Utilization of an avatar-led eHealth video fostered education about PEP and PrEP among African American women who have experienced insufficient outreach for biomedical HIV strategies. This approach can be leveraged to increase awareness and usage among African American women.

Introduction

African American women are disproportionately affected by HIV in the United States, with 91% of new infections among this population being attributed to heterosexual transmission [1]. African American women account for 60% of all new HIV diagnoses among women, yet they do not engage in more sexual risk behaviors than their white and Latina counterparts [2]. Increased risk of HIV among African Americans is because of the high HIV prevalence within their sexual network and other structural factors, such as poor access to health care [3].

For sexually active individuals, the use of the male condom has remained the most cost-effective and readily accessible prevention tool since the start of the AIDS epidemic [4]. The use of condoms among African American women is exacerbated by the complex intersection of gender roles and power differentials between women and men, which may limit women's ability or willingness to negotiate male condom use or remain abstinent [5]. The inconsistency of condom use among African American women has been linked to their lack of control over sexual health decisions in relationships [3,6]. An option for addressing HIV risk among African American women is the initiation of biomedical prevention strategies such as postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV [7]. PEP prevents HIV infection in those who have been exposed by an infected partner within a 72-hour time frame [8]. PrEP consists of taking 1 pill daily to prevent HIV infection before any HIV exposure [8]. Despite FDA approval of PEP in 2005 and PrEP in 2012 [9], both biomedical prevention strategies have been scarcely used among African American women [10].

Little is known about the interest of biomedical prevention strategies among African American women [3,11], suggesting a need for innovative strategies to increase the knowledge and access among women in diverse settings [10,12]. The literature on the acceptability of oral antiretroviral medications as an HIV prevention method among HIV negative, ethnoracial minorities and heterosexual female community members in the United States is scarce [3]. The need to disseminate this information and expand awareness of female-controlled strategies for HIV prevention is limited by the shortage of implementation strategies that target the sexual health goals of heterosexual African American women [3,[13][14][15]. An alternative to traditional methods of health education for expanding awareness and potentially impacting the uptake of these 2 HIV prevention options involves the diffusion of electronic health (eHealth) strategies that is tailored for a particular category of consumers [16].

Recent advances in eHealth have enabled the development of innovative HIV prevention strategies that have created a large number of opportunities for connecting to others to improve health and awareness about HIV prevention [17][18][19]. eHealth has strengthened in the field of HIV research as more interventions are adopting these techniques to address the barriers to participation in research that addresses sensitive topics [20][21][22]. Published reports suggested that individuals are more comfortable using computers while addressing sensitive topics such as HIV [23]. Several computer-based interventions have demonstrated efficacy in reducing HIV risk behaviors among African American women [24][25][26]. Lightfoot et al conducted a 3-arm trial (computer intervention, face-to-face group, and control) of a computer-delivered intervention for a diverse population of predominately African American and Latin youth aged 14 to 18 years [24]. At the 3-month follow-up, students who received the computer intervention were significantly less likely to engage in sexual activity compared with those in the small-group condition and had fewer sexual partners than those in the control condition [24].

Grimley and Hook tested a computer-delivered intervention with primarily African American females who were sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic patients [27]. At the 6-month follow-up, the study found more consistent condom use and lower STI incidence, 32% for participants in the computer-delivered intervention versus 23% for the participants in the control arm [27]. A randomized controlled trial of Sisters Accessing HIV/AIDS Resources At-a-click (SAHARA), a 2-hour computer-delivered adaptation of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-Diffusion of Effective Behavioral Intervention (DEBI) evidence-based Sisters Informing Sisters on Topics about AIDS program, found that women in the intervention arm (computer-delivered intervention plus a 20-min small-group discussion) reported a significantly higher percentage of condom-protected sex acts than those in the control arm [26].

Sisters Informing Healing Living and Empowering (SiHLE), a 4-session CDC-DEBI group-level HIV prevention intervention for teenage African American females aged 14 to 18 years, was translated into a 2-hour computer-delivered individual intervention called multimedia SiHLE [25]. The results of this study showed that the average condom-protected sex acts (proportion of vaginal sex acts with condoms in the last 90 days) for sexually active participants receiving multimedia SiHLE increased from 51% at baseline to 71% at 3-month follow-up, yet no statistically significant difference was found in the control group [25]. Nonsexually active intervention group participants reported a significant increase in condom self-efficacy, and there was no statistically significant difference found in the control group [25]. The study provided preliminary support for the efficacy of a computer-delivered adaptation of a proven HIV prevention program for African American teenage women [25]. This is consistent with meta-analyses that have shown that computer-delivered interventions, which can often be disseminated at lower per-capita cost than human-delivered interventions, can influence HIV risk behaviors in a positive fashion [28]. These studies suggested that computer-delivered interventions have the potential to be at least as effective as human-delivered interventions in influencing HIV risk behavior [22,28]. Unfortunately, African Americans and other marginalized racial/ethnic populations have not fully benefited from eHealth interventions [29].

Despite the fact that computer-based interventions have been efficacious among African American women [22], current Web-based HIV prevention research has been with predominantly white participants [30]. It has been suggested that African Americans have not been represented in Web-based interventions because of disparities in internet access owing to lower socioeconomic status [31]; yet, research has shown that there is no distinguishable difference in social media use among ethnicities [32]. This may be due to the limited data on understanding their use of technology and willingness to participate in eHealth/mobile health research [33]. With African Americans' increasing use of the internet through mobile technology and African American women's frequent use of the internet to search for health information, there is an opportunity to engage African American women in research through an eHealth intervention for HIV prevention while minimizing some of the common barriers to community-based and clinical interventions [1,33]. To directly address the quandary of little to no awareness of biomedical prevention strategies for HIV prevention among African American women, our study sought to strengthen knowledge of PEP and PrEP using eHealth technology in an internet-based research study. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and acceptability of the PEP and PrEP for Women video, which was designed to increase the knowledge of PEP and PrEP using entertainment-education format eHealth targeting African American women.

This study was guided by the social cognitive theory through the use of the entertainment-education communication strategy [34][35][36]. The social cognitive theory posits that individuals learn through the observation of others' attitudes, behaviors, and the outcomes of those behaviors [34]. In other words, behaviors are learned either by modeling the behavior of others or by direct experience [34]. Entertainment-education is a theory-based communication strategy that embeds educational and social narrative messages into a popular entertainment format such as media to achieve desired individual, community, institutional, and societal changes among the intended media user populations [36]. Previous research has shown that observing others enact a health behavior via entertainment-education narratives can significantly increase the viewer's health knowledge, attitudes, intentions, and behavior [37].

Entertainment-education narratives exert influence by reducing the audience's resistance to health messages [36]. The central constructs of the social cognitive theory are self-efficacy, the belief in the ability to implement the necessary behavior, and outcome expectancies [34]. It has been found that a strong sense of personal efficacy is related to better health, higher achievement, and more social integration [38]. The learning process is facilitated through combining storytelling and reflection [39]. This represents an active, purposive, contemplative, and deliberative approach where meaning is generated by the learning experience [39]. Entertainment-education through digital storytelling engages learners; organizes information; facilitates remembering; enhances discussion, problem posing, and problem solving; and aids understanding of the content [36,40].

In our application of the social cognitive theory framework and entertainment-education narratives, the PEP and PrEP for Women eHealth video study is intended to engage learners through digital storytelling and critical thinking on issues about (1) HIV risk, (2) sexual violence, (3) relationship dynamics, (4) patient-provider communications, (5) initiation of PEP and PrEP, and (6) female-controlled HIV prevention methods. A collaborative process among the research team members resulted in an initial 9-min and 3-second script that was based on a review of the HIV risk literature on African American women and their male sexual partners [5,15,41].

Methods

Recruitment

This study utilized data collected over a 6-week period (February and March 2015) for a cross-sectional health survey conducted on the Web. Participants were recruited through a social marketing campaign, which included Web recruitment via social media, flyers posted in community settings, and snowball sampling. Web-based venues used in Web recruitment included Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and Craigslist. Flyers were posted in community venues that African American women frequent (eg, churches, hair salon, health centers, and colleges in the New York metropolitan area). As this is a historically difficult-to-reach population, snowball sampling was used to recruit African American women [42]. Study eligibility was as follows: (1) reported female identity, (2) self-identifying as black or African American, (3) aged 18 years or older, (4) ability to read English, and (5) willingness to participate. Those who clicked on the recruitment banner were routed to a screening survey on a secure study website. A total of 384 individuals consented to participate in the study. Of those, 34.3% (132/384) individuals were ineligible after not meeting the inclusion criteria. An additional 10.9% (42/384) of the surveys had missing data and, therefore, were also ineligible to be included in the sample. Furthermore, 7 eligible surveys were identified as duplicate responses based on identical IP addresses and were excluded from the sample (n=116). Moreover, per our original inclusion criteria, participants who did not watch the entire video were excluded from the regression model to ensure that the participants in the analysis received the same exposure during the study. As such, the final sample size was N=91.

Those who were deemed ineligible were thanked for their time and exited the site. Eligible participants were directed to the Web-based consent form, which outlined the study's purpose, risks, and benefits followed by a prevideo survey, a 9-min eHealth video (PEP and PrEP for Women), and a brief postvideo survey. Those who completed the study were entered into a random drawing to receive an Amazon gift card (US $100, US $200, or US $300) and asked to forward the link to potential eligible participants in their network. The institutional review board at Teachers College Columbia University reviewed and approved all study procedures.

Prevideo Survey Assessment

We assessed a comprehensive range of sociodemographic variables, including age, employment status (unemployed vs employed), annual income level (from "no income" to "more than $50,000" in increments of $20,000), education level (high school/GED or less vs some college vs college or more), current student (yes/no), relationship status (single vs partnered), and gender of current sexual partners (male, female, or both). We also assessed previous knowledge of both PEP and PrEP. Additional information related to sexual risk behaviors including drug/alcohol use, drug/alcohol use during sex, HIV testing history, relationship dynamics [43], condom use, self-efficacy for condom use [44], history of adult and child sexual abuse, and sexual assault within their social network was collected in the prevideo survey and entered into the regression model but not reported in this paper. After the completion of the prevideo survey, participants were then directed to the 9-min PEP and PrEP for Women eHealth video.

Electronic Health Video

The 2-part PEP and PrEP for Women eHealth video was created using Goanimate Technology [45]. Goanimate is a software program used to create professional, animated, avatar-led videos with an entertainment-education style [45]. Research supports the premise of technology-based approaches [45] to facilitate learning and decision making.

Part 1 of the video addresses a storyline that warrants the initiation and use of PEP. In scene 1, the main character, Tania, informs her friend, Michelle, that she has been sexually assaulted (Multimedia Appendix 1). In scene 2, Tania is in the emergency room speaking with her physician after being examined. The physician explains how PEP could be used by women who may have been exposed to HIV. Tania decides to begin PEP treatment to prevent HIV from her possible exposure. In scene 3, Tania returns for a follow-up visit 28 days after she started her PEP regimen at the hospital clinic. This concluded part 1 of the eHealth video.

Part 2 addressed a storyline that warrants the use of PrEP to prevent HIV transmission. In scene 4, we introduce 2 new characters for this narrative, Kia and Jackie. The main character Kia has a discussion with her friend, Jackie, about her boyfriend Mike (Multimedia Appendix 2). Mike has not been monogamous in his relationship with Kia, and she is concerned. Jackie informs Kia about PrEP and suggests that she talks to a health care provider about initiating PrEP to protect her from possibly getting HIV. In scene 5, Kia's physician explains the history of PrEP and how PrEP can be used by women who are in a relationship with an HIV-positive partner or a nonmonogamous partner who may be at high risk of obtaining and transmitting HIV, such as in Kia's current situation. In addition, Kia's physician discusses some common concerns about using PrEP, such as cost, side effects, and the routine laboratory tests that are required as a part of treatment. Finally, Kia's physician empowers her with this information and lets her decide what is best for her-either starting prophylactic treatment now or considering its future use. This concluded part 2 of the eHealth video.

Postvideo Survey

After the participants watched the video, we conducted a brief survey to measure the participant's perceived acceptability of the video on a 5-point scale. First, we accessed their dose of exposure to the video to identify if the participants watch all, most, some, or none of the video. Second, we asked participants to rate the video with the following response anchors: poor, fair, good, very good, or excellent. Next, participants were asked if they would recommend the video to other women. A dialogue box was provided to ascertain why or why not they would share this video and information with other women. Finally, they were asked about their intentions to use PrEP and PEP in the future, if needed, and if they would recommend PrEP and PEP to other women.

Quantitative Data Analysis

Quantitative data were downloaded from SurveyMonkey, transferred to SPSS, and analyzed using SPSS 21 [46]. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and proportions, were computed for all sociodemographic variables. Tabulations were performed for all responses. Bivariate correlations were calculated among the study variables using the Pearson coefficient of correlation (Pearson r). The outcome variable of interest was the participant's ratings of the PEP and PrEP for Women eHealth video. To refine our model to exclude insignificant or highly correlated variables, backward stepwise regression was used. The rationale for using this approach was based on the work by Mantel who explained that backward selection serves to reduce the degrees of freedom, has joint predictor capability, and removes noise caused by including unrelated variables or variables that may be highly correlated with each other [47]. This was conducted by including the full group of 22 predictor variables that were all entered into the equation regardless of their worth for the creation of the regression model. The backward stepwise regression analyses included 22 independent variables as potential predictors: (1) age, (2) level of education, (3) annual household income, (4) has a current partner, (5) is a student, (6) employed, (7) relationship status, (8) lifetime HIV testing, (9) tested positive for an STI, (10) current drug use, (11) have other sex partners, (12) had any unprotected sex with main/steady and any other partner(s) in the past 3 months, (13) heard of PEP before watching the video, (14) heard of PrEP before watching the video or not, (15) higher percentage of time had sex while using alcohol/drugs, (16) prevalence of exposure to sexual assault/rape before 18 years old, (17) prevalence of exposure to sexual assault/rape since 18 years old, (18) prevalence of sexual assault experiences, (19) prevalence of sexual assault in their social network, (20) self-efficacy for condom use [44], (21) better partner characteristics [43], and (22) more self-control in a relationship [43]. Next, the backward stepwise method involved the least significant variable (one with the largest P value) being removed when the model was refitted. Then, a new model is built in the absence of that 1 independent variable and the evaluation process is repeated again, removing the least significant variable. This removal process and the equation-reconstruction process were continued until only significant independent variables (P<.05) remained-as the final model reported for the backward stepwise regression.

Qualitative Data Analysis

Analyses of the open-ended questions were thematic, focusing on dominant themes that emerged and were organized by the question asked; attention was paid to the level of endorsement of a theme across the sample. For the qualitative analysis, a grounded theoretical approach was used, permitting the use of categorizing strategies to code and analyze the data [48,49]. First, the transcripts were summarized in a digest that identified the major themes of the responses. Using QSR International's NVivo 9 qualitative software, the coding of the data was conducted in 3 steps. First, based on the transcripts of the responses, a list of analytic areas represented in the data was composed and given a code (ie, a closed code) derived from relevant literature pertaining to entertainment-education narratives [36]. Second, the primary analyst (principal investigator) reread the transcripts and identified blocks of text to be given a descriptive label (ie, either a label from the closed code list or an original one, termed an opencode). Next, the open-coded data were organized under and integrated into the closed code list. Third, the data under each thematic code (eg, empowering, educational / informative, usability, suitability, and entertainment) were reread, and, if needed, recoded into subcategories to refine the analytic categories used. As the themes of the responses emerged, special attention was paid to data that did not confirm emerging themes, noting these for exploration in future research. In addition to using these methods of analysis, we also ensured analytic rigor by engaging several peer reviews of early analytic claims [50]. For this analysis, we will focus on the questions related to recommendations for use of the video.

Results

Characteristics of Overall Sample

In our sample (N=116), the mean age was 34 years. Most women were born in the United States (109/116, 94%), identified as black or African American (115, 99%), were in a relationship (71, 61%), and were intimate with male partners only (110, 95%). Approximately one-third (30, 27%) of them had a high school education, and a similar proportion (38, 33%) of them were current students. The majority (83, 72%) of them reported either current full-time or part-time employment. Almost half (52, 47%) of them reported a household income of US $50,000 or more. Before watching the video, only 18% (21) of the participants reported that they heard of PrEP and 22% (26) reported that they heard of PEP (Table 1).

Dose of Exposure to Electronic Health Video

Overall, 78% (91/116) of the eligible participants watched all of the video (Table 2). In addition, 11% (13) of them watched most of the video and 3% (3) watched some of the video.

Furthermore, 8% (9) of the eligible participants did not watch any of the video ( Table 2). Analyses of the postvideo survey and regression model only included those who reported watching the entire eHealth video.

Rating and Recommendation of Electronic Health Video

Overall, 89% (81/91) of the participants rated the video as good or higher; 29% (26) of them rated the video as excellent, 32% (29) rated the video as very good, and 29% (26) rated the video as good. Only 10% (9) of participants rated the video as fair and 1% (1) rated the video as poor. The mean rating for the video was very good (mean 4.77, SD 1.01). Among the sample, 91% (83) of participants reported that they would recommend the video to others, whereas 9% (8) of them reported that they would not recommend the video.

After watching the video, 97% (88/91) of participants reported that they would seek out PEP if they felt that they might have been exposed to HIV, including taking the recommended oral medication for 28 days. In addition, 93% (85) of them reported that they would recommend to another woman to seek out PEP if they knew the woman might have been exposed to HIV. Regarding the use of PrEP, after watching the video, 76% (69) of them reported that they would seek out PrEP. In addition, 91% (83) of participants reported that they would recommend to another woman to seek out PrEP (Table 3).

Backward Stepwise Regression

Regression analysis identified the best predictors for giving the PEP and PrEP video a higher rating (ie, good, very good, and excellent). The backward stepwise regression analysis showed that the 5 variables that best predicted a high rating of the video were not engaging in any current drug use  (Table 4).

Qualitative Analysis of Video Recommendations

Thematic analysis was used to analyze the open-ended questions to identify reasons for recommending the video to other women. Overall, 91% (83/91) of the participants expressed that they would recommend the video to other women. Our analysis yielded 3 themes about the eHealth video, which were (1) educational, (2) entertaining, and (3) empowering (Table 5).

Under the first theme, educational, subthemes covered how the video provided awareness or knowledge of PEP and PrEP and how it was adaptable. The participants reported that they were not aware of PEP and PrEP before watching the video and that the video was informative and easy to follow. For the second theme, entertaining, subthemes covered how the video had characters that were relatable, and the information was provided via a video with a storyline and characters. The participants reported that they would recommend the video because the at-risk scenarios were relatable to women's current relationship situations, and it may encourage them to change their behaviors. Other participants commented that the video was nice to watch and entertaining. For the third theme, empowering, subthemes covered 3 areas: (a) female-controlled HIV prevention methods, (b) culturally relevant, and (c) heightened perception of risk. The participants reported that they would recommend the video because it provided information on an HIV prevention method that was female controlled. In addition, the video was considered to be culturally relevant based on the scenarios depicted in the video, and it was not judgmental. Finally, the participants reported that the video provides scenarios that would heighten women's awareness of their own risk because of their partner's behavior in sexual relationships.

In addition, 8 participants reported that they would not recommend the video to other women (information was excluded from the table). There were 3 emergent themes, including subthemes. First, participants expressed criticism of the script-with the subtheme of their identification with all of the characters. One participant wrote regarding the characters in part 2:

I would prefer more back and forth between women who are considering it, not a doctor promoting it.

Participants stated that they would have preferred for the health information to not be delivered by the doctor character in the video. Second, participants reported problems maintaining attention because of the length of the video:

Although this video is very informative, it is too long. I doubt people will watch the whole thing.

Third, participants expressed a preference for other modes of communication-with subthemes of age appropriateness and video format. The participants reported that the animated format was too cartoonish and would be more appropriate for younger women. As expressed by 1 of the participants:

While it was educational, I feel the avatar format is better suited for middle-older adolescent/college age women. The video was done very well though. Table 5. Reasons for recommending the PEP (postexposure prophylaxis) and PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) for Women eHealth video.

Sample quotes Category, theme, subtheme Education: informative/accessible "As an 18-year-old still in high school and still currently learning about sexual education; I think it's important for the girls around me and myself to learn about these new drugs (at least new to me) so we can stay informed when engaging in sexual activities." Awareness of PEP and PrEP "Good conversation starter. I thought the video was extremely informative. It was easy to follow and can help any woman who may have questions regarding PEP/PrEP." Adaptable Entertainment: entertaining/engaging "They were cute and personable." Relatable characters "Easy to understand and associate with the avatars." Format: use of avatars Suitability: helpful/empowering "It is important for all women because no man is going to be 100% honest with you if they are sleeping with other individuals." Female-controlled prevention method "It is important that women are aware of the existence of preventive care for two distinctly different sexual situations…. I like the fact that this is culturally relevant and reflects a nonjudgmental approach.

Culturally relevant "Good information about PrEP and PEP. Also may inspire women to leave unhealthy relationships after seeing how the PrEP candidate sounded in her justification of staying in her unhealthy relationship."

Heightened perception of risk

Discussion

Principal Findings

This intervention aimed to increase the knowledge and initiation of PEP and PrEP among African American women by modeling situations and discussions that would be relevant to the target population. The goal was to also make the video entertaining (ie, edutainment) and engaging, while having diverse characters suited for connecting to African American women [51]. More specifically, the intervention included personal narratives that were culturally tailored to the experience of HIV epidemic among African American women and provide information on PEP and PrEP [52]. For example, in PEP and PrEP for Women, the viewer learns through a conversation between 2 friends (Kia and Jackie) that the main character, Kia, does not have to rely on her male partner to use condoms to prevent HIV. In this scene, Kia learns about PrEP from her friend, and she is referred to a clinic that provides PrEP. The video does not attempt to answer the question of personal responsibility or criticize complex relationship dynamics that influence HIV risk, but rather it increased the viewer's knowledge and awareness of an alternative HIV prevention option via involvement with the story characters [39]. Furthermore, the viewers may identify with the protagonists of the stories and thus might be better able to relate the scenario to their own lives while lessening the resistance to the health messages [40].

The participants reported a positive perception of the video, with 89% of those who watched all of the video reporting a video rating of good or higher. In addition to rating the video, 91% of them reported that they would recommend the video to other women. Moreover, 4 salient factors facilitated the recommendation of the video by participants. The high acceptability of the video could be attributed to its focus on providing educational messages in an entertainment content to raise awareness and increase knowledge of 2 novel HIV prevention strategies, PEP and PrEP. First, the information provided on PEP and PrEP increased their knowledge of novel prevention strategies [53]. Second, the format of the video was inclusive of phenotypically relatable characters [54]. Third, the animations and subject matter were entertaining using visual storytelling and the information was valuable [55]. Finally, the subject matter was culturally relevant [52] and focused on a topic about female-controlled HIV prevention methods [15].

Results from regression analysis showed that the major predictors of giving the video a high rating included not having unprotected sex in the past 3 months, lower education, higher income, less sexual abuse as an adult, and no current use of drugs. This could be interpreted that women who would be not considered at high risk for HIV or potential candidates with PEP or PrEP were more receptive to the video. Previous research has shown that people who are already receptive to or substantially aware of the issues were more inclined to adhere to the health message and evaluate it favorably [56].

It is important to acknowledge that African American women are disproportionately affected by HIV not only because of behavior but also because of vulnerabilities created by unequal cultural, social, and economic status [57]. Our sample represents an atypical Web-based sample of African American women with high socioeconomic status, including high levels of education, employment, and income [58]. The higher socioeconomic status is perhaps reflective of attributes of those who have access to computers and the internet or the impact of the snowball data collection method, resulting in a network of women with high incomes participating in the study. However, the high socioeconomic status of the sample may have important implications that are reflected in the body of data obtained. Very few studies have focused on HIV/AIDS risk among African American women with higher socioeconomic statuses and the challenges that they may face in their environment that are similar to women of color with lower socioeconomic statuses [59,60].

The content addressed in the video, information on HIV prevention methods that were female controlled, was provided as one of the reasons that the participants would be willing to recommend the video to other women. Among the sample, there was low awareness of both PEP and PrEP before participating in the study. This mode of eHealth videos that incorporate entertainment-education dramas can persuade individuals because they depict characters who changed their behavior by initiating PEP and PrEP to improve their lives [61]. Drama incorporates a component of emotional response to the informational content, and the combination of emotion and information works together to promote individual intentions to engage in prevention activities [61,62]. The participants reported that the characters were relatable and they had personal knowledge of similar situations experienced by the characters in the PEP and PrEP for Women video. After viewing the video, 88% and 69% of the participants reported that they would seek out PEP and PrEP, respectively, for themselves. This is reflective of the impact of entertainment-education used as a tool to change health behavior [63,64]. Bandura recommended that characteristics of the models should be similar to the viewers to increase the impact of educational modeling [64]. Perhaps the most important lesson is that although a Web-based intervention relies on audiovisual content, it is also important to tailor the intervention to the target population.

A generally positive response to eHealth as an innovation for disseminating HIV prevention was found in this study, but 22% of the participants reported that they did not watch all of the video. There are several possible reasons for why the individuals did not completely watch the eHealth video. Participants who were not able to watch the entire video expressed that they experienced technical problems with the video, which included not being able to watch the video on specific handheld devices. This issue could frustrate participants and cause them to skip over watching the video to complete the survey. An additional reason for not completing the video could be participant's fatigue because of the length of the video. In this study, some of the anticipated issues related to fatigue were addressed by creating 1 long video instead of 2 different videos for PEP and PrEP, but the length of the video was cited as a reason to not recommend the video. Participants reported that the video was informative, but the length of the video may make it difficult for viewers to maintain their attention. Other reasons cited for not recommending the video included the educator/health care provide character and the use of animation. Participants felt that the PEP and PrEP educator character should have been a peer and not a health care provider. Previous research reported that groups that have traditionally lacked power, such as African American women, may be more sensitive to an interventionist's physical characteristics [65]. Despite the fact that the doctor in the PEP and PrEP for Women video is an African American woman, the participants felt disengaged from the character. This may be reflective of the lack of cultural competence among medical providers, institutional racism, and personally mediated racism and sexism that have negatively affected the sexual and reproductive health of African American women [57]. Participants also stated that the animated format was not appropriate for all age groups. They reported that it was more suitable for teenagers or younger adults.

Although some consumers may criticize the limitations of the technology (eg, age appropriateness), the vast majority found the avatar video product to be informative, accessible, and engaging. Those individuals who have a positive response to the avatar video were willing to adopt the innovation and engage in the diffusion of it within their social networks, which includes disseminating on social media networking sites. Studies have shown that HIV prevention programs grounded in the diffusion of innovation theory can be useful for increasing HIV/AIDS risk reduction knowledge among early adopters and diffusing information throughout social networks; therefore, preventing HIV among vulnerable populations [66]. This study specifically demonstrated how programs may need to strive to incorporate social media technologies to disseminate information. In addition, prevention programs should also take relationship status into consideration during planning and implementation of effective programs to reduce women's HIV/AIDS risk.

Finally, this study offers recommendations and suggestions for Web-based research as well as Web-based recruitment using modern-day social networking. Although the sample may not be representative of all African American women in the United States with respect to socioeconomic status, this strategy allowed for rapid recruitment of the sample population with minimum resources, such as staff and funding. Furthermore, this strategy potentially provides opportunities not only for recruitment purposes but for eHealth intervention purposes. Researchers and practitioners should consider the benefits of not only Web-based survey research but also of Web-based health education, health promotion, and disease prevention to reach more diverse samples of subpopulations affected by the HIV epidemic. eHealth intervention has proven to be extremely useful in educating African American women on a number of topics related to HIV/AIDS or STI prevention. Web-based health education can be beneficial for African American women if they use the internet to access and share information with their peers. In addition, as previous research studies have shown, using eHealth interventions may help reach a subgroup of African American women who are not usually addressed in the literature pertaining to HIV risk and prevention [67].

Study Limitations

This study had some limitations. First, this was a small, cross-sectional, Web-based sample of African American women, thus making it difficult to reach generalizations from this data source. Second, internet access familiarity with Web-based technology may have influenced the decision to participate in the study. Women who use a different type of electronic device (eg, cell phones and tablets) to access the internet may be able to navigate websites easily and may encounter challenges with technical issues. Third, the video and script were not previously tested with different groups of African American women. Having focus groups or concept-mapping sessions before the launch of the study would have enhanced the script of the video for tailoring of the message. Future research should involve conducting focus groups with different age groups, socioeconomic statuses with regard to the scripting, video display, and avatar characters to reach a broader audience of African American women. Fourth, given that this is a feasibility and acceptability study, it is not possible to make any conclusion regarding the efficacy of the video. In addition, participants' responses to PEP and PrEP adoption intentions were based on a hypothetical situation rather than their actual experience. Increasing knowledge does not necessarily correlate with motivating behavioral changes. Finally, the results could have been influenced by social desirability bias [68]. To minimize bias, participants were able to anonymously take the survey on their 1 device. Despite these limitations, the results of this study have important implications for interventions targeting HIV risk behavior among African American women. In addition, it also has important implications for utilizing technology to disseminate HIV prevention information to this population [69].

Conclusions

This study has demonstrated that the PEP and PrEP for Women video using eHealth and entertainment-education health message narratives for a targeted, culturally centered, HIV/AIDS preventative education intervention for African American women can be readily adopted and diffused as an innovation, while still using low-cost technology in the public domain. Findings from this eHealth video study demonstrated that (1) a culturally tailored eHealth video could be used to increase awareness of HIV prevention methods and (2) it is feasible to recruit and engage African American women into an eHealth intervention that is delivered via the internet and social media. The PEP and PrEP for Women video was viewed as culturally centered Web-based content by the participants and capitalized on the widespread use of the internet to reach a population that is not only underserved in eHealth interventions but also in traditional HIV research targeting African American women, therefore, adding to the limited body of research on computer-mediated HIV interventions targeting African American women [1,67]. The eHealth video is an acceptable mode of education to address HIV prevention methods. It follows the CDC's recommendation to create health messages that are relevant, useful, and interesting to encourage the audience to interact and be engaged [52].

Given the disproportionate impact of the HIV epidemic on African American women, the lack of awareness of both PEP and PrEP [3], and poor participation rates of minority populations in prevention interventions [33], it is essential to develop strategies to reach underserved groups and reduce some of the challenges associated with face-to-face preventive interventions. eHealth technologies have the potential to reduce the gap between what is known about PEP and PrEP and its utilization among high-risk populations by increasing individuals' sexual health knowledge. Future research is warranted on improving the tailoring and design of the eHealth video by including African American women and other underrepresented groups, such as transgender individuals, to participate in the design of an updated PEP and PrEP for HIV video. This can be explored through formative qualitative research to first assess the cultural and structural factors that may influence uptake of both PEP and PrEP.

n value is different because of missing data. b PEP: postexposure prophylaxis. c PrEP: pre-exposure prophylaxis.

Table 3 .
3Rating of the video and acceptability (do not total 100 due to rounding errors. c PEP: postexposure prophylaxis. d PrEP: pre-exposure prophylaxis.

(beta=−.814; P=.004), using condoms all the time in the past 3 months (beta=−.488; P=.03), a higher household income (beta=−.149; P=.03), lower education level (beta=−.267; P=.005), and less experience of sexual abuse as an adult (beta=−.313; P=.004). For this model, the adjusted R square was .224 (F=6.067; P<.001; df=5), meaning that 22.4% of the variance was explained by this regression model

Table 1 .
1Demographic characteristics of a Web-based sample of African American women.P value

Table 2 .
2Dose of exposure to the video (N=116).n (%)

Table 4 .
4Backward stepwise regression predicting a higher rating of the PEP (postexposure prophylaxis) and PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) for Women eHealth video.P value
t test
Standard of error
Beta
Variable

.004
−2.939
0.277
−.814
Drug use

.03
−2.277
0.214
−.488
No condom use

.03
2.267
0.066
−.149
Income

.005
−2.887
0.092
−.267
Education

.004
−3.005
0.104
−.313
Sexual abuse

JMIR Form Res 2019 | vol. 3 | iss. 2 | e9995 | p. 3 http://formative.jmir.org/2019/2/e9995/ (page number not for citation purposes)
JMIR Form Res 2019 | vol. 3 | iss. 2 | e9995 | p. 4 http://formative.jmir.org/2019/2/e9995/ (page number not for citation purposes)
JMIR Form Res 2019 | vol. 3 | iss. 2 | e9995 | p. 5 http://formative.jmir.org/2019/2/e9995/ (page number not for citation purposes)
JMIR Form Res 2019 | vol. 3 | iss. 2 | e9995 | p. 6 http://formative.jmir.org/2019/2/e9995/ (page number not for citation purposes)
JMIR Form Res 2019 | vol. 3 | iss. 2 | e9995 | p. 7 http://formative.jmir.org/2019/2/e9995/ (page number not for citation purposes)
JMIR Form Res 2019 | vol. 3 | iss. 2 | e9995 | p. 8 http://formative.jmir.org/2019/2/e9995/ (page number not for citation purposes)
JMIR Form Res 2019 | vol. 3 | iss. 2 | e9995 | p. 9 http://formative.jmir.org/2019/2/e9995/ (page number not for citation purposes)
JMIR Form Res 2019 | vol. 3 | iss. 2 | e9995 | p. 10 http://formative.jmir.org/2019/2/e9995/ (page number not for citation purposes)
JMIR Form Res 2019 | vol. 3 | iss. 2 | e9995 | p. 11 http://formative.jmir.org/2019/2/e9995/ (page number not for citation purposes)
JMIR Form Res 2019 | vol. 3 | iss. 2 | e9995 | p. 12 http://formative.jmir.org/2019/2/e9995/ (page number not for citation purposes)
JMIR Form Res 2019 | vol. 3 | iss. 2 | e9995 | p. 13 http://formative.jmir.org/2019/2/e9995/ (page number not for citation purposes)
JMIR Form Res 2019 | vol. 3 | iss. 2 | e9995 | p. 14 http://formative.jmir.org/2019/2/e9995/ (page number not for citation purposes)
AcknowledgmentsThis research was conducted as part of the first author's (KTB) doctoral dissertation in the Health Education Program, Teachers College Columbia University. KTB was supported as a predoctoral and postdoctoral fellow in the Behavioral Sciences Training in Drug Abuse Research program sponsored by National Development and Research Institutes, Inc and New York University Rory Meyers College of Nursing, with funding from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (T32 DA007233). KTB and SRR are supported by the National Institute Of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R25MH087217. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views, opinions, and conclusions of the National Institutes of Health, National Development and Research Institutes Inc, and New York University.Conflicts of InterestNone declared.Multimedia Appendix 1Screenshot of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for Women eHealth Video Part 1-Post-exposure prophylaxis: Physician talking to Tania about the PEP treatment.  This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Formative Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://formative.jmir.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.
The inclusion of African-American study participants in web-based research studies: viewpoint. B Watson, D H Robinson, L Harker, K R Arriola, 10.2196/jmir.5486Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 186168Diagnoses of HIV Infection in the United States and Dependent Areas. accessed 2019-05-16. WebCite Cache ID 78P9yzMYzWatson B, Robinson DH, Harker L, Arriola KR. The inclusion of African-American study participants in web-based research studies: viewpoint. J Med Internet Res 2016 Dec 22;18(6):e168 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.5486] [Medline: 27334683] 2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2016. Diagnoses of HIV Infection in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2015 URL:https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/library/reports/surveillance/cdc-hiv-surveillance-report-[accessed 2019-05-16] [WebCite Cache ID 78P9yzMYz]

Perspectives on HIV prevention among urban black women: a potential role for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. C A Flash, V E Stone, J A Mitty, M J Mimiaga, K T Hall, D Krakower, 10.1089/apc.2014.0003AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2812FREE Full text. Medline: 25295393Flash CA, Stone VE, Mitty JA, Mimiaga MJ, Hall KT, Krakower D, et al. Perspectives on HIV prevention among urban black women: a potential role for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2014 Dec;28(12):635-642 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1089/apc.2014.0003] [Medline: 25295393]

Divison of HIV/AIDS Prevention Strategic Plan. Centers for Disease Control and Preventionaccessed 2019-05-16. WebCite Cache ID 78PAQ8h4kCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. Divison of HIV/AIDS Prevention Strategic Plan URL:https://www. cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/dhap/cdc-hiv-dhap-external-strategic-plan.pdf [accessed 2019-05-16] [WebCite Cache ID 78PAQ8h4k]

HIV risk behaviors among African American women with at-risk male partners. K C Paxton, J K Williams, S Bolden, Y Guzman, N T Harawa, 10.4172/2155-6113.1000221J AIDS Clin Res. 47221FREE Full text. Medline: 24455447Paxton KC, Williams JK, Bolden S, Guzman Y, Harawa NT. HIV risk behaviors among African American women with at-risk male partners. J AIDS Clin Res 2013 Jul 25;4(7):221 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.4172/2155-6113.1000221] [Medline: 24455447]

The efficacy of behavioral interventions in reducing HIV risk behaviors and incident sexually transmitted diseases in heterosexual African Americans. L Darbes, N Crepaz, C Lyles, G Kennedy, G Rutherford, 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282ff624eAIDS. 2210FREE Full text. Medline: 18525264Darbes L, Crepaz N, Lyles C, Kennedy G, Rutherford G. The efficacy of behavioral interventions in reducing HIV risk behaviors and incident sexually transmitted diseases in heterosexual African Americans. AIDS 2008 Jun 19;22(10):1177-1194 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282ff624e] [Medline: 18525264]

Translation of biomedical prevention strategies for HIV: prospects and pitfalls. S H Vermund, J A Tique, H M Cassell, M E Pask, P J Ciampa, C M Audet, 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31829202a2J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 631Suppl. FREE Full text. Medline: 23673881Vermund SH, Tique JA, Cassell HM, Pask ME, Ciampa PJ, Audet CM. Translation of biomedical prevention strategies for HIV: prospects and pitfalls. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013 Jun 01;63(Suppl 1):S12-S25 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31829202a2] [Medline: 23673881]

PrEP 101 Consumer Info Sheet URL. accessed 2019-05-16. WebCite Cache ID 78PAqmRBJCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. 2016. PrEP 101 Consumer Info Sheet URL:https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/ library/factsheets/prep101-consumer-[accessed 2019-05-16] [WebCite Cache ID 78PAqmRBJ]

Interim guidance for clinicians considering the use of preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in heterosexually active adults. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 61FREE Full text. Medline: 22874836Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Interim guidance for clinicians considering the use of preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in heterosexually active adults. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012 Aug 10;61(31):586-589 [FREE Full text] [Medline: 22874836]

Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention in women: current perspectives. C Flash, S Dale, D Krakower, 10.2147/IJWH.S113675Int J Womens Health. 9FREE Full text. Medline: 28615975Flash C, Dale S, Krakower D. Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention in women: current perspectives. Int J Womens Health 2017;9:391-401 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S113675] [Medline: 28615975]

Perceived advantages and disadvantages of using Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) among sexually active black women: an exploratory study. K T Bond, A J Gunn, 10.1353/bsr.2016.0019J Black Sex Relatsh. 31FREE Full text. Medline: 28725660Bond KT, Gunn AJ. Perceived advantages and disadvantages of using Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) among sexually active black women: an exploratory study. J Black Sex Relatsh 2016;3(1):1-24 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1353/bsr.2016.0019] [Medline: 28725660]

Global diffusion of eHealth: making universal health coverage achieveable. 2019-05-16WebCite Cache ID 78PBHW7bxWHO. World Health Organization. 2016. Global diffusion of eHealth: making universal health coverage achieveable URL:https://www.who.int/goe/publications/global_diffusion/en/ [accessed 2019-05-16] [WebCite Cache ID 78PBHW7bx]

Integrating preexposure prophylaxis for human immunodeficiency virus prevention into women's health care in the United States. D Seidman, S Weber, 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001455Obstet Gynecol. 1281Medline: 27275793Seidman D, Weber S. Integrating preexposure prophylaxis for human immunodeficiency virus prevention into women's health care in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 2016 Dec;128(1):37-43. [doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001455] [Medline: 27275793]

Acceptability of PrEP for HIV prevention among women at high risk for HIV. G Guest, D Shattuck, L Johnson, B Akumatey, E E Clarke, P Chen, 10.1089/jwh.2009.1576J Womens Health (Larchmt). 194Medline: 20210540Guest G, Shattuck D, Johnson L, Akumatey B, Clarke EE, Chen P, et al. Acceptability of PrEP for HIV prevention among women at high risk for HIV. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2010 Apr;19(4):791-798. [doi: 10.1089/jwh.2009.1576] [Medline: 20210540]

Multilevel social influences on female condom use and adoption among women in the urban United States. M R Weeks, H Hilario, J Li, E Coman, M Abbott, L Sylla, 10.1089/apc.2009.0312AIDS Patient Care STDS. 245FREE Full text. Medline: 20438372Weeks MR, Hilario H, Li J, Coman E, Abbott M, Sylla L, et al. Multilevel social influences on female condom use and adoption among women in the urban United States. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2010 May;24(5):297-309 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1089/apc.2009.0312] [Medline: 20438372]

Designing the e-health message. J P Rodrigues, Telemedicine And E-health Services, Policies And Applications: Advancements And Developments. Misra R, Wallace BCHershey, PAIgi GlobalRodrigues JP. Designing the e-health message. In: Misra R, Wallace BC, editors. Telemedicine And E-health Services, Policies And Applications: Advancements And Developments. Hershey, PA: Igi Global; 2012.

Let's Talk About Sex": pilot study of an interactive CD-ROM to prevent HIV/STIS in female adolescents. K Ito, S Kalyanaraman, C Ford, J Brown, W Miller, 10.1521/aeap.2008.20.1.78AIDS Educ Prev. 201Medline: 18312069Ito K, Kalyanaraman S, Ford C, Brown J, Miller W. "Let's Talk About Sex": pilot study of an interactive CD-ROM to prevent HIV/STIS in female adolescents. AIDS Educ Prev 2008 Feb;20(1):78-89. [doi: 10.1521/aeap.2008.20.1.78] [Medline: 18312069]

Behavioral interventions to reduce HIV-related sexual risk behavior: review and synthesis of meta-analytic evidence. S M Noar, 10.1007/s10461-007-9313-9AIDS Behav. 123Medline: 17896176Noar SM. Behavioral interventions to reduce HIV-related sexual risk behavior: review and synthesis of meta-analytic evidence. AIDS Behav 2008 May;12(3):335-353. [doi: 10.1007/s10461-007-9313-9] [Medline: 17896176]

Innovation in sexually transmitted disease and HIV prevention: internet and mobile phone delivery vehicles for global diffusion. D Swendeman, M J Rotheram-Borus, 10.1097/YCO.0b013e328336656aCurr Opin Psychiatry. 232FREE Full text. Medline: 20087189Swendeman D, Rotheram-Borus MJ. Innovation in sexually transmitted disease and HIV prevention: internet and mobile phone delivery vehicles for global diffusion. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2010 Mar;23(2):139-144 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1097/YCO.0b013e328336656a] [Medline: 20087189]

Content analysis and user characteristics of a smartphone-based online support group for people living with HIV. T E Flickinger, C Debolt, E Wispelwey, C Laurence, E Plews-Ogan, A Waldman, 10.1089/tmj.2015.0160Telemed J E Health. 229Medline: 27002956Flickinger TE, DeBolt C, Wispelwey E, Laurence C, Plews-Ogan E, Waldman A, et al. Content analysis and user characteristics of a smartphone-based online support group for people living with HIV. Telemed J E Health 2016 Dec;22(9):746-754. [doi: 10.1089/tmj.2015.0160] [Medline: 27002956]

The promise of patient-centered text messages for encouraging HIV testing in an underserved population. M Arya, A Huang, D Kumar, V Hemmige, J R Street, T Giordano, 10.1016/j.jana.2017.07.002J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 291FREE Full text. Medline: 28739385Arya M, Huang A, Kumar D, Hemmige V, Street JR, Giordano T. The promise of patient-centered text messages for encouraging HIV testing in an underserved population. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2018;29(1):101-106 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1016/j.jana.2017.07.002] [Medline: 28739385]

Efficacy of computer technology-based HIV prevention interventions: a meta-analysis. S M Noar, H G Black, L B Pierce, 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32831c5500AIDS. 231Medline: 19050392Noar SM, Black HG, Pierce LB. Efficacy of computer technology-based HIV prevention interventions: a meta-analysis. AIDS 2009 Jan 02;23(1):107-115. [doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32831c5500] [Medline: 19050392]

Evaluation of a brief computer-mediated intervention to reduce HIV risk among early adolescent females. Di Noia, J Schinke, S Pena, J Schwinn, T , 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2003.09.006J Adolesc Health. 351FREE Full text. Medline: 15193576Di Noia J, Schinke S, Pena J, Schwinn T. Evaluation of a brief computer-mediated intervention to reduce HIV risk among early adolescent females. J Adolesc Health 2004 Jul;35(1):62-64 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2003.09.006] [Medline: 15193576]

Computerized HIV preventive intervention for adolescents: indications of efficacy. M Lightfoot, W S Comulada, G Stover, 10.2105/AJPH.2005.072652Am J Public Health. 976Medline: 16670219Lightfoot M, Comulada WS, Stover G. Computerized HIV preventive intervention for adolescents: indications of efficacy. Am J Public Health 2007 Jun;97(6):1027-1030. [doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.072652] [Medline: 16670219]

Translating an effective group-based HIV prevention program to a program delivered primarily by a computer: methods and outcomes. J J Card, T Kuhn, J Solomon, T A Benner, G M Wingood, R J Diclemente, 10.1521/aeap.2011.23.2.159AIDS Educ Prev. 232Medline: 21517664Card JJ, Kuhn T, Solomon J, Benner TA, Wingood GM, DiClemente RJ. Translating an effective group-based HIV prevention program to a program delivered primarily by a computer: methods and outcomes. AIDS Educ Prev 2011 Apr;23(2):159-174. [doi: 10.1521/aeap.2011.23.2.159] [Medline: 21517664]

Preliminary efficacy of a computer-based HIV intervention for African-American women. G Wingood, J Card, Er D Solomon, J Braxton, N Lang, D , 10.1080/08870446.2011.531576Psychol Health. 262Medline: 21318931Wingood G, Card J, Er D, Solomon J, Braxton N, Lang D, et al. Preliminary efficacy of a computer-based HIV intervention for African-American women. Psychol Health 2011 Feb;26(2):223-234. [doi: 10.1080/08870446.2011.531576] [Medline: 21318931]

A 15-minute interactive, computerized condom use intervention with biological endpoints. D M Grimley, E W Hook, 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31818eea81Sex Transm Dis. 362Medline: 19125141Grimley DM, Hook EW. A 15-minute interactive, computerized condom use intervention with biological endpoints. Sex Transm Dis 2009 Feb;36(2):73-78. [doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31818eea81] [Medline: 19125141]

Can computer-mediated interventions change theoretical mediators of safer sex? A meta-analysis. S Noar, L Pierce, H Black, 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2010.01376.xHum Commun Res. 363Noar S, Pierce L, Black H. Can computer-mediated interventions change theoretical mediators of safer sex? A meta-analysis. Hum Commun Res 2010;36(3):261-297. [doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2010.01376.x]

A historical overview of health disparities and the potential of eHealth solutions. M Gibbons, 10.2196/jmir.7.5.e50J Med Internet Res. 7550FREE Full text. Medline: 16403714Gibbons M. A historical overview of health disparities and the potential of eHealth solutions. J Med Internet Res 2005 Oct 04;7(5):e50 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.7.5.e50] [Medline: 16403714]

Harnessing Online Peer Education (HOPE): integrating C-POL and social media to train peer leaders in HIV prevention. D Jaganath, H K Gill, A C Cohen, S D Young, 10.1080/09540121.2011.630355AIDS Care. 245FREE Full text. Medline: 22149081Jaganath D, Gill HK, Cohen AC, Young SD. Harnessing Online Peer Education (HOPE): integrating C-POL and social media to train peer leaders in HIV prevention. AIDS Care 2012 May;24(5):593-600 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1080/09540121.2011.630355] [Medline: 22149081]

Health disparities, communication inequalities, and eHealth. K Viswanath, M W Kreuter, 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.02.012American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 325Viswanath K, Kreuter MW. Health disparities, communication inequalities, and eHealth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2007 May;32(5):S131-S133. [doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.02.012]

Social media use in the United States: implications for health communication. W S Chou, Y M Hunt, E B Beckjord, R P Moser, B W Hesse, 10.2196/jmir.1249J Med Internet Res. 11448FREE Full text. Medline: 19945947Chou WS, Hunt YM, Beckjord EB, Moser RP, Hesse BW. Social media use in the United States: implications for health communication. J Med Internet Res 2009 Nov;11(4):e48 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1249] [Medline: 19945947]

Willingness of African American women to participate in e-Health/m-Health research. D C James, C Harville, N Whitehead, M Stellefson, S Dodani, C Sears, 10.1089/tmj.2015.0071Telemed J E Health. 223Medline: 26313323James DC, Harville C, Whitehead N, Stellefson M, Dodani S, Sears C. Willingness of African American women to participate in e-Health/m-Health research. Telemed J E Health 2016 Mar;22(3):191-197. [doi: 10.1089/tmj.2015.0071] [Medline: 26313323]

A Social Learning Theory. A Bandura, Prentice-HallEnglewood, NJBandura A. A Social Learning Theory. Englewood, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1977.

A Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. A Bandura, Prentice-HallEnglewood, NJBandura A. A Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1986:A.

Entertainment-education: A communication strategy for social change. R Singhal, E M Rogers, Mahwah, NJLawerence Erlbaum; 1999:ASinghal R, Rogers EM. Entertainment-education: A communication strategy for social change. Mahwah, NJ: Lawerence Erlbaum; 1999:A.

Impact of narratives on persuasion in health communication: a meta-analysis. F Shen, V C Sheer, R Li, 10.1080/00913367.2015.1018467J Advert. 442Shen F, Sheer VC, Li R. Impact of narratives on persuasion in health communication: a meta-analysis. J Advert 2015 May 05;44(2):105-113. [doi: 10.1080/00913367.2015.1018467]

Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control. A Bandura, New York: WH FreemanBandura A. Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: WH Freeman; 1997.

Digital storytelling: a powerful technology tool for the 21st century classroom. Theory Into Practice. B R Robin, 10.1080/0040584080215391647Robin BR. Digital storytelling: a powerful technology tool for the 21st century classroom. Theory Into Practice 2008 Jul 11;47(3):220-228. [doi: 10.1080/00405840802153916]

Association for Psychological Science. M C Green, Storytelling in Teaching. accessed 2019-05-16. WebCite Cache ID 78PlwfG9zGreen MC. Association for Psychological Science. Storytelling in Teaching URL:https://www.psychologicalscience.org/ observer/storytelling-in-teaching [accessed 2019-05-16] [WebCite Cache ID 78PlwfG9z]

Addressing the unique needs of African American women in HIV prevention. N El-Bassel, N A Caldeira, L M Ruglass, L Gilbert, 10.2105/AJPH.2008.140541Am J Public Health. 996El-Bassel N, Caldeira NA, Ruglass LM, Gilbert L. Addressing the unique needs of African American women in HIV prevention. Am J Public Health 2009 Jun;99(6):996-1001. [doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.140541]

Recruitment of hard-to-reach population subgroups via adaptations of the snowball sampling strategy. G R Sadler, H Lee, R S Lim, J Fullerton, 10.1111/j.1442-2018.2010.00541.xNurs Health Sci. 123FREE Full text. Medline: 20727089Sadler GR, Lee H, Lim RS, Fullerton J. Recruitment of hard-to-reach population subgroups via adaptations of the snowball sampling strategy. Nurs Health Sci 2010 Sep 01;12(3):369-374 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1111/j.1442-2018.2010.00541.x] [Medline: 20727089]

Measuring Sexual Relationship Power in HIV/STD Research. J Pulerwitz, S L Gortmaker, W Dejong, 10.1023/A:1007051506972Sex Roles. 427-8Pulerwitz J, Gortmaker SL, DeJong W. Measuring Sexual Relationship Power in HIV/STD Research. Sex Roles 2000 Apr 01;42(7-8):637-660. [doi: 10.1023/A:1007051506972]

Development and validation of a condom self-efficacy scale for college students. L J Brafford, K H Beck, 10.1080/07448481.1991.9936238J Am Coll Health. 395Medline: 1783705Brafford LJ, Beck KH. Development and validation of a condom self-efficacy scale for college students. J Am Coll Health 1991 Mar;39(5):219-225. [doi: 10.1080/07448481.1991.9936238] [Medline: 1783705]

M Stratton, M Julien, B Schaffer, Goanimate, 10.1177/1052562914524693IBM Corporation; 2012. SPSS statics version. 38accessed 2019-05-16. WebCite Cache ID 78Pmr9cgNStratton M, Julien M, Schaffer B. GoAnimate. J Manag Educ 2014 Mar 10;38(2):282-289. [doi: 10.1177/1052562914524693] 46. IBM.: IBM Corporation; 2012. SPSS statics version 21 URL:https://www.ibm.com/products/spss-statistics [accessed 2019-05-16] [WebCite Cache ID 78Pmr9cgN]

Why stepdown procedures in variable selection. N Mantel, Technometrics. 123Mantel N. Why stepdown procedures in variable selection. Technometrics 1970;12(3):621-625.

Qualitative evaluation and research methods. M Patton, London: Sage2nd editionPatton M. Qualitative evaluation and research methods. 2nd edition. London: Sage; 1990.

Grounded Theory in Practice. A J Strauss, Thousand Oaks, CA: SageStrauss AJ. Grounded Theory in Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1997.

Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis (introducing Qualitative Methods Series). K Charmaz, Sage Publications LtdThousand Oaks, CACharmaz K. Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis (introducing Qualitative Methods Series). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Ltd; 2019.

Results of enhanced learning with the edutainment format. T Pasawano, 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.563Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 176FREE Full textPasawano T. Results of enhanced learning with the edutainment format. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 2015 Feb;176:946-951 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.563]

A spiritually-based text messaging program to increase cervical cancer awareness among African American women: design and development of the CervixCheck pilot study. D Le, L Aldoory, M A Garza, C S Fryer, R Sawyer, C L Holt, 10.2196/formative.8112JMIR Form Res. 215FREE Full text. Medline: 30684433Le D, Aldoory L, Garza MA, Fryer CS, Sawyer R, Holt CL. A spiritually-based text messaging program to increase cervical cancer awareness among African American women: design and development of the CervixCheck pilot study. JMIR Form Res 2018 Mar 29;2(1):e5 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/formative.8112] [Medline: 30684433]

CDC's Guide to Writing for. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. accessed 2019-05-16. WebCite Cache ID 78PnV5dSiCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta, GA; 2012. CDC's Guide to Writing for Social Media URL:https:/ /www.cdc.gov/socialmedia/tools/guidelines/guideforwriting.html [accessed 2019-05-16] [WebCite Cache ID 78PnV5dSi]

The use of avatar counseling for HIV/AIDS health education: the examination of self-identity in avatar preferences. S Canidate, M Hart, 10.2196/jmir.6740J Med Internet Res. 1912365FREE Full text. Medline: 29196281Canidate S, Hart M. The use of avatar counseling for HIV/AIDS health education: the examination of self-identity in avatar preferences. J Med Internet Res 2017 Dec 01;19(12):e365 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.6740] [Medline: 29196281]

Digital health interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes: qualitative study of patient perspectives on diabetes self-management education and support. K Pal, C Dack, J Ross, S Michie, C May, F Stevenson, 10.2196/jmir.8439J Med Internet Res. 20240FREE Full text. Medline: 29463488Pal K, Dack C, Ross J, Michie S, May C, Stevenson F, et al. Digital health interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes: qualitative study of patient perspectives on diabetes self-management education and support. J Med Internet Res 2018 Dec 29;20(2):e40 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.8439] [Medline: 29463488]

Engaging Black communities to address HIV. S Baidoobonso, W Husbands, C George, T Mbulaheni, A Afzal, 10.1177/2158244016663799SAGE Open. 63215824401666379Baidoobonso S, Husbands W, George C, Mbulaheni T, Afzal A. Engaging Black communities to address HIV. SAGE Open 2016 Aug 10;6(3):215824401666379. [doi: 10.1177/2158244016663799]

The impact of racism on the sexual and reproductive health of African American women. C Prather, T Fuller, K Marshall, W Jeffries, 10.1089/jwh.2015.5637J Womens Health (Larchmt). 257FREE Full text. Medline: 27227533Prather C, Fuller T, Marshall K, Jeffries W. The impact of racism on the sexual and reproductive health of African American women. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2016 Dec;25(7):664-671 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1089/jwh.2015.5637] [Medline: 27227533]

Social health inequalities and eHealth: a literature review with qualitative synthesis of theoretical and empirical studies. K Latulippe, C Hamel, D Giroux, 10.2196/jmir.6731J Med Internet Res. 194136FREE Full text. Medline: 28450271Latulippe K, Hamel C, Giroux D. Social health inequalities and eHealth: a literature review with qualitative synthesis of theoretical and empirical studies. J Med Internet Res 2017 Apr 27;19(4):e136 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.6731] [Medline: 28450271]

Educated and at-risk: how the shortage of available partners influences HIV risk for college-educated African-American women. V Newsome, C Airhihenbuwa, S Snipes, 10.1016/j.jnma.2017.06.004J Natl Med Assoc. 1103Medline: 29778123Newsome V, Airhihenbuwa C, Snipes S. Educated and at-risk: how the shortage of available partners influences HIV risk for college-educated African-American women. J Natl Med Assoc 2018 Jun;110(3):219-230. [doi: 10.1016/j.jnma.2017.06.004] [Medline: 29778123]

Communication between middle SES black women and healthcare providers about HIV testing. N A Fray, K L Caldwell, 10.1016/j.jnma.2016.11.005J Natl Med Assoc. 1092FREE Full text. Medline: 28599753Fray NA, Caldwell KL. Communication between middle SES black women and healthcare providers about HIV testing. J Natl Med Assoc 2017;109(2):115-125 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1016/j.jnma.2016.11.005] [Medline: 28599753]

Drama-based education to motivate participation in substance abuse prevention. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. A B Stephens-Hernandez, J N Livingston, K Dacons-Brock, H L Craft, A Cameron, S O Franklin, 10.1186/1747-597X-2-11211FREE Full text. Medline: 17411423Stephens-Hernandez AB, Livingston JN, Dacons-Brock K, Craft HL, Cameron A, Franklin SO, et al. Drama-based education to motivate participation in substance abuse prevention. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2007 Apr 05;2:11 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1186/1747-597X-2-11] [Medline: 17411423]

Drama for Social Justicembodying IdentityEmotion in ELT. R Werner, MA TESOL Collection. 719Werner R. Drama for Social Justicembodying IdentityEmotion in ELT. MA TESOL Collection 2017;719:2017 https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1724&context=ipp_collection.

Using findings in multimedia learning to inform technology-based behavioral health interventions. I D Aronson, L A Marsch, M C Acosta, 10.1007/s13142-012-0137-4Transl Behav Med. 33FREE Full text. Medline: 24073174Aronson ID, Marsch LA, Acosta MC. Using findings in multimedia learning to inform technology-based behavioral health interventions. Transl Behav Med 2013 Sep;3(3):234-243 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1007/s13142-012-0137-4] [Medline: 24073174]

A social cognitive theory and exercise of control over HIV infection. A Bandura, Preventing AIDS AIDS Prevention and Mental Health. Boston, MASpringerBandura A. A social cognitive theory and exercise of control over HIV infection. In: Preventing AIDS AIDS Prevention and Mental Health. Boston, MA: Springer; 1994.

Conceptualizing the influence of social agents of behavior change: a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of HIV-prevention interventionists for different groups. M R Durantini, D Albarracín, A L Mitchell, A N Earl, J C Gillette, 10.1037/0033-2909.132.2.212Psychological Bulletin. 1322Durantini MR, Albarracín D, Mitchell AL, Earl AN, Gillette JC. Conceptualizing the influence of social agents of behavior change: a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of HIV-prevention interventionists for different groups. Psychological Bulletin 2006;132(2):212-248. [doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.132.2.212]

Diffusion of innovations and HIV/AIDS. J Bertrand, 10.1080/10810730490271575J Health Commun. 91Suppl. Medline: 14960407Bertrand J. Diffusion of innovations and HIV/AIDS. J Health Commun 2004;9(Suppl 1):113-121. [doi: 10.1080/10810730490271575] [Medline: 14960407]

Novel interventions for HIV self-management in African American women: a systematic review of mHealth interventions. K A Tufts, K F Johnson, J G Shepherd, J Y Lee, M S Bait Ajzoon, L B Mahan, 10.1016/j.jana.2014.08.002J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 262Medline: 25283352Tufts KA, Johnson KF, Shepherd JG, Lee JY, Bait Ajzoon MS, Mahan LB, et al. Novel interventions for HIV self-management in African American women: a systematic review of mHealth interventions. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2015;26(2):139-150. [doi: 10.1016/j.jana.2014.08.002] [Medline: 25283352]

Wiley International Encyclopedia Of Marketing, 6 Volume Set. J Sheth, Wiley-blackwellHoboken, NJSheth J. Wiley International Encyclopedia Of Marketing, 6 Volume Set. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-blackwell; 2019.

Online HIV prevention information. Cobb Payton, F Kvasny, L Kiwanuka-Tondo, J , 10.1108/IntR-09-2013-0193Intern Res. 244Cobb Payton F, Kvasny L, Kiwanuka-Tondo J. Online HIV prevention information. Intern Res 2014 Jul 29;24(4):520-542. [doi: 10.1108/IntR-09-2013-0193]