Introduction: Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has gathered momentum as a treatment option for gastrointestinal (GI) disorders such as Clostridium diffi cile infection (CDI) with further application in infl ammatory bowel disease. Despite FMT's current use, knowledge is lacking regarding the number of viable cells associated with alternate storage formats. Th is study presents data surrounding fresh, frozen at -20°C and -80°C, and reconstituted lyophilized FMT. It has shown remarkable effi cacy in treating relapsing CDI with an overall cure rate of 90% [1]. Considering the wide reaching eff ects of gut microbiota, and the ability of FMT to treat a dysbiotic gut, FMT may have potential to treat nonGI disorders [2]. Little is known regarding optimal storage conditions for FMT. Th is study reports bacterial viability of alternate FMT formats; fresh, frozen at -20°C, frozen at -80°C and reconstituted lyophilized FMT. Methods: Stool from a healthy donor was collected within 1 hour of bowel motion. Homogenization of the stool with sucrose, trehalose, and saline, and the resulting slurry was fi ltered with a 250 micron fi lter bag. Fresh FMT samples were taken at this point for bacterial viability testing. Samples to be frozen were also taken and stored at -20oC and -80oC for 2 days. Remaining FMT liquid was centrifuged then lyophilized before viability testing. Bacterial viability was determined using Live/Dead BacLight staining kit via fl ow cytometry. Results: Fresh FMT had the highest percentage of live cells at 69.5%, followed by lyophilized FMT at 55.1% and frozen FMT stored at -20oC with 40.4%. Frozen FMT stored at -80oC had the lowest percentage of live cells with 36.2%. All live cell counts remained above 109 indicating preparations to be clinically viable. Conclusion: Preliminary data indicates fecal microbiota remains viable regardless of storage conditions and format. Results demonstrate lyophilized FMT as an alternative to conventional FMT. Th is is the fi rst comparison of alternate formats produced from one stool utilizing the same cryoprotectants, thereby reducing a number of confounders. Ref. 1. Youngster I, Sauk J, Pindar C, et al. Fecal Microbiota Transplant for Relapsing Clostridium diffi cile Infection Using a Frozen Inoculum From Unrelated Donors: A Randomized, Open Label, Controlled Pilot Study, May 2014, 1515-22. Ref. 2 Xu M, Cao H, Wang W, et al. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Broadening Its Application Beyond Intestinal Disorders, Jan 2015, 102-11.


Over the last decades, excellent computational chemistry tools have been developed. Integrating them into a single platform with enhanced accessibility could help reaching their full potential by overcoming steep learning curves. Recently, large-language models (LLMs) have shown strong performance in tasks across domains, but struggle with chemistry-related problems. Moreover, these models lack access to external knowledge sources, limiting their usefulness in scientific applications. In this study, we introduce ChemCrow, an LLM chemistry agent designed to accomplish tasks across organic synthesis, drug discovery, and materials design. By integrating 18 expert-designed tools, ChemCrow augments the LLM performance in chemistry, and new capabilities emerge. Our agent autonomously planned and executed the syntheses of an insect repellent, three organocatalysts, and guided the discovery of a novel chromophore. Our evaluation, including both LLM and expert assessments, demonstrates ChemCrow's effectiveness in automating a diverse set of chemical tasks. Surprisingly, we find that GPT-4 as an evaluator cannot distinguish between clearly wrong GPT-4 completions and Chemcrow's performance. Our work not only aids expert chemists and lowers barriers for non-experts, but also fosters scientific advancement by bridging the gap between experimental and computational chemistry.


A technique to solve Euler-Bernoulli equation for microcantilever beams under electrostatic actuation to find its static deflection is presented. Euler-Bernoulli equation contains fourth-order derivative of deflection with respect to position. Owing to the nonlinearities imposed by the electrostatic force, this cannot be solved analytically. The authors double integrate it using Leibniz integration rule to reduce it to a second-order integro-differential equation, which has then been numerically solved to find the deflection of the beam. This reduces the computational complexities of finite-difference analysis. The results have been compared with finite difference analysis and also verified with the experimental results.


In this paper, a scalar peridynamic model is analyzed. The study extends earlier works in the literature on nonlocal diffusion and nonlocal peridynamic models to include a sign changing kernel. We prove the well-posedness of both variational problems with volume constraints and time-dependent equations with or without damping. The analysis is based on some nonlocal Poincaré type inequalities and compactness of the associated nonlocal operators. It also offers careful characterizations of the associated solution spaces such as compact embedding, separability and completeness along with regularity properties of solutions for different types of kernels.


A polymer-electrolyte membrane fuel cell model that incorporates chemical degradation in perlfluorinated sulfonic acid membranes is developed. The model is based on conservation principles and includes a detailed description of the transport phenomena. A degradation sub-model describes the formation of hydrogen peroxide \/\it via\/ distinct mechanisms in the cathode and anode, together with the subsequent formation of radicals \/\it via\/ Fenton reactions involving metal-ion impurities. The radicals participate in the decomposition of reactive end groups to form carboxylic acid, hydrogen fluoride and CO_2. Degradation proceeds through unzipping of the polymer backbone and cleavage of the side chains. Simulations are presented and the numerical code is shown to be extremely time efficient. Known trends with respect to operating conditions are qualitatively captured and the exhibited behaviour is shown to be robust to changes in the rate constants. The feasibility of a chemical degradation mechanism based on peroxide and radical formation is discussed.


Guide to historical periodicals available online. The majority of the publications on this guide are in the public domain and can be accessed freely by anyone.


Type 1 diabetes is a prototypic, organ-specific autoimmune disease. Diverse antigen-specific immunotherapy using insulin or glutamic acid decarboxylase peptides and other immunotherapies, such as antibodies, fusion proteins, cytokines, regulatory T cells, small-molecule inhibitors, nonspecific immune modulators, or dietary modifications, have been attempted in human type 1 diabetes. Some of these immunotherapies delay the onset of diabetes or reduce insulin requirements or blood glucose level in patients with established type 1 diabetes. However, most of these immunotherapies failed to induce complete remission of established type 1 diabetes, which could be due to 1) technical difficulties in the achievement of immune tolerance to diabetic autoantigens or in the inhibition of autoimmune responses to those antigens that can be applied to human patients without significant adverse effects, and 2) markedly reduced β-cell mass at the time of disease onset that should be replenished. This review focuses on the immunological aspects of the disease and its treatment, and data from previous or ongoing human clinical trials using immune-logical measures, and recent results from immunological studies employing animal models are discussed.


Code review is key to ensuring the absence of potential issues in source code. Code reviewers spend a large amount of time to manually check submitted patches based on their knowledge. Since a number of patches sometimes have similar potential issues, code reviewers need to suggest similar source code changes to patch authors. If patch authors notice similar code improvement patterns by themselves before submitting to code review, reviewers' cost would be reduced. In order to detect similar code changes patterns, this study employs a sequential pattern mining to detect source code improvement patterns that frequently appear in code review history. In a case study using a code review dataset of the OpenStack project, we found that the detected patterns by our proposed approach included effective examples to improve patches without reviewers' manual check. We also found that the patterns have been changed in time series; our pattern mining approach timely achieves to track the effective code improvement patterns.


P-type Cu2O/SnO bilayer thin film transistors (TFTs) with tunable performance were fabricated using room temperature sputtered copper and tin oxides. Using Cu2O film as capping layer on top of a SnO film to control its stoichiometry, we have optimized the performance of the resulting bilayer transistor. A transistor with 10 nm/15 nm Cu2O to SnO thickness ratio (25 nm total thickness) showed the best performance using a maximum process temperature of 170 °C. The bilayer transistor exhibited p-type behavior with field-effect mobility, on-to-off current ratio, and threshold voltage of 0.66 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), 1.5×10(2), and -5.2 V, respectively. The advantages of the bilayer structure relative to single layer transistor are discussed.


In this paper, we propose a decomposition based multiobjective evolutionary algorithm that extracts information from an external archive to guide the evolutionary search for continuous optimization problem. The proposed algorithm used a mechanism to identify the promising regions(subproblems) through learning information from the external archive to guide evolutionary search process. In order to demonstrate the performance of the algorithm, we conduct experiments to compare it with other decomposition based approaches. The results validate that our proposed algorithm is very competitive.


Observations of binaries in clusters tend to be of visual binaries with separations of tens to hundreds of au. Such binaries are 'intermediates' and their destruction or survival depends on the exact details of their individual dynamical history. We investigate the stochasticity of the destruction of such binaries and the differences between the initial and processed populations using N-body simulations. We concentrate on Orion nebula cluster-like clusters, where the observed binary separation distribution ranges from 62 to 620 au.

We find that, starting from the same initial binary population in statistically identical clusters, the number of intermediate binaries that are destroyed after 1 Myr can vary by a factor of >2, and that the resulting separation distributions can be statistically completely different in initially substructured clusters. We also find that the mass ratio distributions are altered (destroying more low mass-ratio systems), but not as significantly as the binary fractions or separation distributions. We conclude that finding very different intermediate (visual) binary populations in different clusters does not provide conclusive evidence that the initial populations were different.


In semiarid areas, traditional, intensive tillage has led to the depletion of soil organic matter, which has resulted in reduced soil fertility. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effects of different soil management systems, practised over 12 years, on soil organic carbon (SOC), nitrogen (SN) and biologically active organic matter (particulate organic matter [POM]; potentially mineralisable nitrogen [PMN]; microbial biomass [MB]). A Mediterranean Alfisol, located in central Spain, was managed using combinations of conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT) or no-tillage (NT), plus a cropping background of either continuous wheat (WW) or a fallow/wheat/pea/barley rotation (FW). Soil was sampled at two depths on four occasions during 2006-2007. The results showed the sampling date and the cropping background to significantly affect the SOC (p<0.0057 and p<0.0001 respectively). Tillage practice, however, had no effect on SOC or SN. The C-and N-POM contents were significantly influenced by the date, tillage and rotation. These variables were significantly higher under NT than CT and under WW than FW. The PMN was influenced by date, tillage and rotation, while C-MB was significantly affected by tillage (p< 0.0063), but not by rotation. The NT plots accumulated 66% C-POM, 60% N-POM, 39% PMN and 84% C-MB more than the CT plots. After more than 12 years, the benefits of conservation practices were found in the considered soil properties, mainly under no tillage. In order to obtain a consistent data set to predict soil biological status, it is necessary further study over time.


Classical algorithms of spatial clustering are performed in optimal data space without any obstacle. But many obstacle constrains exist in the real-world, such as rivers, mountains, etc. They may affect results of clustering substantially. In this paper, the knowledge of spatial clustering algorithm with obstacle constrains is illustrated in brief.And then, research history and inheritance relation of the algorithms is given. These algorithms are divided into four categories from seven respects. At last, technical feature of every category and trend of spatial clustering algorithm in the presence of obstacles are analyzed.


The phenomenon that occurs in employees of PT. Taspen Main Branch Office Bandung is decreasing employee performance, so it does not reach its work target. The research aims to identify and analyze, 1). quality of work life 2.) job satisfaction 3) employee performance, 4) the magnitude of the influence of quality of work life and job satisfaction on employee performance either simultaneously or partially. , the population in this study were 49 employees, and the sample was saturated. Data collection techniques used are observation, interviews and questionnaires. The data analysis methods used are validity and reliability tests, multiple linear regression analysis, multiple correlation analysis, and the coefficient of determination. Based on the results of the analysis, simultaneously the effect of quality of work life and job satisfaction on performance is positive and significant. While the results of the partial analysis, the job satisfaction variable has the most dominant influence value compared to the quality of work life variable.


ABSTRACT Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV), a positive-strand RNA virus belonging to the alphavirus-like supergroup, encodes its nonstructural replication proteins as a 206K precursor with domains indicative of methyltransferase (MT), proteinase (PRO), NTPase/helicase (HEL), and polymerase (POL) activities. Subsequent processing of 206K generates a 66K protein encompassing the POL domain and uncharacterized 115K and 85K proteins. Here, we demonstrate that TYMV proteinase mediates an additional cleavage between the PRO and HEL domains of the polyprotein, generating the 115K protein and a 42K protein encompassing the HEL domain that can be detected in plant cells using a specific antiserum. Deletion and substitution mutagenesis experiments and sequence comparisons indicate that the scissile bond is located between residues Ser879 and Gln880. The 85K protein is generated by a host proteinase and is likely to result from nonspecific proteolytic degradation occurring during protein sample extraction or analysis. We also report that TYMV proteinase has the ability to process substrates in trans in vivo. Finally, we examined the processing of the 206K protein containing native, mutated, or shuffled cleavage sites and analyzed the effects of cleavage mutations on viral infectivity and RNA synthesis by performing reverse-genetics experiments. We present evidence that PRO/HEL cleavage is critical for productive virus infection and that the impaired infectivity of PRO/HEL cleavage mutants is due mainly to defective synthesis of positive-strand RNA.


We propose a compression-coding-based surface measurement method that combines single-pixel imaging and heterodyne interference using an optical frequency comb. The real and imaginary parts of the heterodyne interference signals are used to obtain the depth information rapidly. By optimizing the ordering of the Hadamard measurement basis, we reconstruct a three-step sample with heights of approximately 10, 20, and 30 µm without an iterative operation in 6 ms, with a precision of 5 nm. Compared with the uncompressed measurement, the sampling times reduced to 20%, and the measurement time reduced by five times without measurement accuracy loss. The proposed method is effective for rapid measurements, particularly for objects with a simple surface topography.


Some neurons in the entorhinal cortex (EC) fire bursts when the animal occupies locations organized in a hexagonal grid pattern in their spatial environment. Place cells have also been observed, firing bursts only when the animal occupies a particular region of the environment. Both of these types of cells exhibit theta-cycle modulation, firing bursts in the 4–12 Hz range. Grid cells fire bursts of action potentials that precess with respect to the theta cycle, a phenomenon dubbed "theta precession." Various models have been proposed to explain these phenomena, and how they relate to navigation. Among the most promising are the oscillator interference models. The bank-of-oscillators model proposed by Welday et al. (2011) exhibits all these features. However, their simulations are based on theoretical oscillators, and not implemented entirely with spiking neurons. We extend their work in a number of ways. First, we place the oscillators in a frequency domain and reformulate the model in terms of Fourier theory. Second, this perspective suggests a division of labor for implementing spatial maps: position vs. map layout. The animal's position is encoded in the phases of the oscillators, while the spatial map shape is encoded implicitly in the weights of the connections between the oscillators and the read-out nodes. Third, it reveals that the oscillator phases all need to conform to a linear relationship across the frequency domain. Fourth, we implement a partial model of the EC using spiking leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neurons. Fifth, we devise new coupling mechanisms, enlightened by the global phase constraint, and show they are capable of keeping spiking neural oscillators in consistent formation. Our model demonstrates place cells, grid cells, and phase precession. The Fourier model also gives direction for future investigations, such as integrating sensory feedback to combat drift, or explaining why grid cells exist at all.


Summary 1. The magnitude of the benefits derived from organic farming within contrasting managed landscapes remains unclear and, in particular, the potential scale-dependent response of insect parasitoids is relatively unexplored. Identifying the scale at which parasitoids are affected by organic farming will be an important step to enhance their conservation. 2. We sampled tachinid parasitoids at the centre and margin of arable and grassland fields on paired organic and conventional farms located in landscapes with different proportions of organic land. A total of 192 fields were sampled in two biogeographical regions of the UK. 3. We found that the positive effect of organic farming on tachinid parasitoid diversity can be observed at multiple spatial scales. At the local scale, we found higher abundance and species richness of tachinid parasitoids on organic than on conventional farms and on field margins than on field centres. At the landscape scale, the diversity of tachinids was higher in landscapes with higher proportions of organic land. At both scales, the positive effect of organic farming was clear for arable fields, while it was almost neutral for grasslands. 4. Synthesis and applications. Any attempt to enhance parasitoid diversity in agricultural landscapes needs to consider the local management in relation to the habitat type, location within the field and agricultural management in the surrounding landscape. To restore parasitoid diversity, the promotion of organic agriculture should aim to increase both the total extent of organic farming and the connectivity of individual farms. As the benefits of organic farming to biodiversity clearly spread beyond individual farm boundaries, any assessment of organic farming should consider these positive externalities.


Depth discrimination is a key procedure in acoustic detection or target classification for low-frequency underwater sources. Conventional depth-discrimination methods use a vertical line array, which has disadvantage of poor mobility due to the size of the sensor array. In this paper, we propose a depth-discrimination method for low-frequency sources using a horizontal line array (HLA) of acoustic vector sensors based on mode extraction. First, we establish linear equations related to the modal amplitudes based on modal beamforming in the vector mode space. Second, we solve the linear equations by introducing the total least square algorithm and estimate modal amplitudes. Third, we select the power percentage of the low-order modes as the decision metric and construct testing hypotheses based on the modal amplitude estimation. Compared with a scalar sensor, a vector sensor improves the depth discrimination, because the mode weights are more appropriate for doing so. The presented linear equations and the solution algorithm allow the method to maintain good performance even using a relatively short HLA. The constructed testing hypotheses are highly robust against mismatched environments. Note that the method is not appropriate for the winter typical sound speed waveguide, because the characteristics of the modes differ from those in downward-refracting sound speed waveguide. Robustness analysis and simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Coffin-Lowry syndrome (CLS) is characterized by cognitive impairment, characteristic facial and digital findings and skeletal anomalies. The gene implicated in CLS encodes RSK2, a serine/threonine kinase acting in the Ras/MAPK signalling pathway. In humans, RSK2 belongs to a family of four highly homologous proteins (RSK1-RSK4), encoded by distinct genes. RSK2 mutations in CLS patients are extremely heterogeneous. No consistent relationship between specific mutations and the severity of the disease or the expression of uncommon features has been established. Together, the data suggest an influence of environmental and/or other genetic components on the presentation of the disease. Obvious modifying genes include those encoding other RSK family members. In this study we have determined the expression of RSK1, 2 and 3 genes in various human tissues, during mouse embryogenesis and in mouse brain. The three RSK mRNAs were expressed in all human tissues and brain regions tested, supporting functional redundancy. However, tissue specific variations in levels suggest that they may also serve specific roles. The mouse Rsk3 gene was prominently expressed in the developing neural and sensory tissues, whereas Rsk1 gene expression was the strongest in various other tissues with high proliferative activity, suggesting distinct roles during development. In adult mouse brain, the highest levels of Rsk2 expression were observed in regions with high synaptic activity, including the neocortex, the hippocampus and Purkinje cells. These structures are essential components in cognitive function and learning. Based on the expression levels, our results suggest that in these areas, the Rsk1 and Rsk3 genes may not be able to fully compensate for a lack of Rsk2 function.


We present a unique method for solving for the Reynolds stress in turbulent canonical flows, based on the momentum balance for a control volume moving at the local mean velocity. A differential transform converts this momentum balance to a closed form, with the longitudinal component, u'2 and the mean velocity, U as its constituents. Validations with experimental and computational data in simple geometries show quite good results. Using this perspective, determination of the Reynolds stress in terms of computable turbulence parameters is rendered possible.


In this work try to use of several angles to extract gasoline from reservoirs and try to find the best angle and porosity to pull the gasoline. Also, design a mathematical model depends on experimental results to compare the several angles to extract benzene from reservoirs and try to find the optimum angle and the best bed for the withdrawal of the gasoline by a large margin. The mathematical model is applied using three angles (10o, 30o,60o) of fracture. We found to the best angle to be 32o. Five beds are used which are composed of sand, sandstone and limestone. They have certain percentages (10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 90%) respectively. We found that the best bed is 10% depends on this mathematical model. Proposed mathematical model gives a high accuracy to the actual results.Test


A Thouless topological pump can be regarded as a dynamical version of the integer quantum Hall effect. In a finite configuration, a topological pump displays edge modes, which emerge dynamically from one bulk-band and dive into the opposite bulk-band, an effect that can be reproduced with both quantum and classical systems. In the classical setup, this phenomenon opens the possibility of controlled edge to edge energy transfer and many re-configurable meta-materials have been proposed for this purpose. However, driving them in real (as opposed to simulated) adiabatic cycles requires synchronized bulk deformations of the meta-material and this proved to be extremely challenging. Here, we report the first un-assisted dynamic energy transfer across a meta-material via pumping of topological edge modes. The system is a topological aperiodic acoustic meta-crystal, with a phason degree of freedom that is experimentally accessible and easily adjustable. As a result, the phason can be fast and periodically driven in adiabatic cycles, without any outside intervention or assistance. Furthermore, when one edge of the meta-crystal is excited in a topological forbidden range of frequencies, a microphone placed at the other edge starts to pick up signal as soon as the dynamic pumping process is set in motion. In contrast, the microphone picks no signal when the forbidden range of frequencies is non-topological.


The widespread relationship between salt excreting structures (e.g., salt glands) and marine life strongly suggests that the ability to regulate salt balance has been crucial during the transition to marine life in tetrapods. Elevated natremia (plasma sodium) recorded in several marine snakes species suggests that the development of a tolerance toward hypernatremia, in addition to salt gland development, has been a critical feature in the evolution of marine snakes. However, data from intermediate stage (species lacking salt glands but occasionally using salty environments) are lacking to draw a comprehensive picture of the evolution of an euryhaline physiology in these organisms. In this study, we assessed natremia of free-ranging Dice snakes (Natrix tessellata, a predominantly fresh water natricine lacking salt glands) from a coastal population in Bulgaria. Our results show that coastal N. tessellata can display hypernatremia (up to 195.5 mmol.l−1) without any apparent effect on several physiological and behavioural traits (e.g., hematocrit, body condition, foraging). More generally, a review of natremia in species situated along a continuum of habitat use between fresh- and seawater shows that snake species display a concomitant tolerance toward hypernatremia, even in species lacking salt glands. Collectively, these data suggest that a physiological tolerance toward hypernatremia has been critical during the evolution of an euryhaline physiology, and may well have preceded the evolution of salt glands.


A typical power system is modeled with actual data using ETAP software with an aim to analyse system power flow. Simulation provides an overview of the system performance and all possibilities of system optimization can be done without actually disturbing the network. Since all the data used for modeling and simulation are from reliable sources, the accuracy of the results is trustworthy. This work will help any student of power flow studies to get an insight into the practical aspects in modeling, simulation, analysis and optimization of an electrical power system


Chlamydophila abortus (C. abortus) is one of the most important infectious agents causing abortion in ruminants. The bacterium is obligately intracellular, cannot grow on agar, but it needs cell culture or embryo - nated eggs for growth. Therefore, culture-independent detection methods such as the polymerase chain reaction are increasingly important and needed. The aim of this study was to develop a polymerase chain reaction assay with an internal control for detection of C. abortus in clinical samples . Using newly-designed two primer sets specific for C. abortus, the polymerase chain reaction assay was first tested with positive and negative control DNA and its sensitivity and specificity were determined. A new polymerase chain reaction protocol was developed by combining the new primer pair sets with bovine (12SM-FW and 12SBT-REV2) and ruminant host-specific primer sets (12S-FW and 12S-REV). In conclusion, the developed polymerase chain reaction assays can potentially be used for direct detection of Chlamydophila abortus in bovine and ruminant samples.


The JET ICRF antennas, equipped with beryllium (Be) Faraday screens (FS), can be operated in such a way that the RF specific effects on the plasma boundary, by the impurity influx originating at the screens, are reduced to a negligible level. In dipole phasing, k|| = 7 m-1, the influx is for all purposes negligible. In monopole phasing (k|| = 0 m-1) the beryllium influx does not exceed BeFS = 1 ? 1019 atoms.MW-1.s-1 and the corresponding delta Zeff/PRF is < 0.005 MW-1. The observed dependences of BeFS (in monopole phasing) on plasma density antenna voltage, antenna phasing, and the angle between FS elements and the magnetic field in the boundary, B(a) = B?(a) + BT(a), confirm that the release mechanism is sputtering by ions accelerated in the RF enhanced Bohm-Debye sheaths forming at the front face of the FS. When the angle between FS and B(a) is 22?, the fraction of the RF power radiated by the antenna, dissipated at the screen, can reach 40%. At high antenna voltage, arcing across the FS can occur. With dipole phasing the heating efficiency is not degraded, even with the large angle, and all the power coupled by the antenna is absorbed at the resonance position near the plasma centre. The open screen design did not introduce any disadvantages. The experience from JET operation at powers of up to 22 MW shows that, if the necessary conditions are met, i.e. if RF rectification is minimized, antennas are phased as dipoles and material with low sputtering coefficients at energies of 0.5-1 keV is used, then the influx from the FS is, for all practical purposes, eliminated


Abstract: Given today's climate of economic uncertainty and fiscal restraint, organizations providing child and youth mental health services are required to do so with limited resources. Within this context, service providers face added pressure to deliver evidence-based programs and demonstrate program effectiveness. The Ontario Centre of Excellence for Child and Youth Mental Health works with organizations to meet these demands by building capacity in program evaluation. While personal instruction and mentoring are important ways of providing support, face-to-face consultations are not always cost-effective. In this article we describe the use of interactive technology and computer-based learning as an alternative and/or complementary (to face-to-face) means of delivering evaluation information and training. We discuss the process of developing these tools and share findings from our preliminary evaluation of their effectiveness in enhancing the evaluation-related supports we offer to providers of child and youth mental health services.


Post–World War Two philosophy in America has been divided into the mainstream of analytic philosophy and a family of nonanalytic schools of thought, for example, continental philosophy and American pragmatism. The current balance of power among these perspectives reflects an event that occurred forty years ago: the "Pluralist Revolt" at the 1979 APA Eastern Division Meetings. What follows is a progress report on the Revolt's hopes. The tale has something to do with the recent history of philosophy, Richard Rorty, truth, and with the New York Christmas of 1979. It also has to do with recent politics. For while, as the Pluralists hoped, nonanalytic philosophy is today more prominent, and mainstream analytic philosophy more pluralist, than in the 1970s, political trends of recent decades have differently affected analytic and nonanalytic philosophers. The result may be a new version of what C. P. Snow called "The Two Cultures."


Due to the continuous development of power electronics following the trends of miniaturisation, increase of reliability, and improvement of efficiency, concrete demands on electronic components are claimed. Since new technologies and materials for semiconductors were successful introduced in the market in the last years, an improvement of passive components is mandatory as well. This paper introduces a new robust capacitor technology overcoming limits in the high temperature range and power density. Unique device features and characteristics will be explained enabling new ideas in power electronic designs. Furthermore, low inductive design solutions are discussed and an outlook for further developments is given.


Abstract. Characterizing vertical distributions of ozone from nadir-viewing satellite measurements is known to be challenging, particularly the ozone information in the troposphere. A novel retrieval algorithm called Full-Physics Inverse Learning Machine (FP-ILM), has been developed at DLR in order to estimate ozone profile shapes based on machine learning techniques. In contrast to traditional inversion methods, the FP-ILM algorithm formulates the profile shape retrieval as a classification problem. Its implementation comprises a training phase to derive an inverse function from synthetic measurements, and an operational phase in which the inverse function is applied to real measurements. This paper extends the ability of the FP-ILM retrieval to derive tropospheric ozone columns from GOME- 2 measurements. Results of total and tropical tropospheric ozone columns are compared with the ones using the official GOME Data Processing (GDP) product and the convective-cloud-differential (CCD) method, respectively. Furthermore, the FP-ILM framework will be used for the near-real-time processing of the new European Sentinel sensors with their unprecedented spectral and spatial resolution and corresponding large increases in the amount of data.


1 ABSTRACT Human-wildlife conflict is an issue of pressing conservation concern, particularly when it involves threatened species, and accurately identifying the causes of such conflict is fundamental to developing effective resolution strategies. This study investigated attitudes of Maasai and Barabaig pastoralists towards wildlife in central Tanzania, with particular emphasis on five focal carnivore species. Pastoralists reported significant problems with wild animals, particularly carnivores, and results suggested that low levels of retaliatory killing were predominantly due to circumstantial constraints rather than innate tolerance. Number of stock owned and proportion of losses attributed to predators were the most important determinants of conflict examined, with some inter-tribal variation in tolerance. Successful conflict mitigation will depend upon reducing depredation through improved husbandry and improving the cost-benefit ratio of wildlife presence, thereby increasing pastoralist wealth and providing direct, relevant benefits from conservation. Implementing effective conflict resolution schemes should have significant benefits for both human and wildlife populations. Chapter One Introduction 2


Variants of the Bomirski family of hamster melanomas whose proliferative rates differ inversely with the genetically determined degree of melanogenesis were probed for two proteins critical in melanogenesis: tyrosinase and catalase-B (gp 75). The parental black tumor Ma contained both proteins in abundance. The amelanotic variant Ab, inducible in culture with L-tyrosine or L-dopa to form melanosomes and to melanize, had minimal tyrosinase, despite high levels of (tyr)mRNA, and no gp 75. Variant MI, hypomelanotic despite abundant tyrosinase, and synthesizing predominantingly pheo-(red) melanin, expressed barely detectable gp 75. These findings suggest a regulatory control of melanogenesis distal to (tyr)mRNA and strengthen the hypothesis that in vivo tyrosinase without catalase-B favors pheo- over eumelanogenesis.


As well as being fully up-to-date, this book provides wider subject coverage than many other radar books. The inclusion of a chapter on Skywave Radar, and full consideration of HF / OTH issues makes this book especially relevant for communications engineers and the defence sector.Key Features

 Explains key theory and mathematics from square one, using case studies where relevant
 Designed so that mathematical sections can be skipped with no loss of continuity by those needing only a qualitative understanding
 Theoretical content, presented alongside applications, and working examples, make the book suitable to students or others new to the subject as well as a professional reference


Patients with a current diagnosis of breast cancer are enjoying dramatic cure rates and survivorship secondary to an increase in awareness, earlier detection, and more effective therapies. Although strategies such as Breast Cancer Awareness Month in October focus on early detection, lifestyle changes are seldom discussed other than dietary concerns and physical activity. Lifestyle modifications centered on diet and exercise have been demonstrated to affect overall disease-free survival in breast cancer. Since the early 2000s, the role of the human gut microbiota and its relation to breast cancer has become a major area of interest in the scientific and medical community. We live and survive owing to the symbiotic relationship with the microorganisms within us: the human microbiota. Scientific advances have identified a subset of the gut microbiota: the estrobolome, those bacteria that have the genetic capability to metabolize estrogen, which plays a key role in most breast cancers. Recent research provides evidence that the gut microbiome plays a substantial role in estrogen regulation. Gut microbiota diversity appears to be an essential component of overall health, including breast health. Future research attention should include a more extensive focus on the role of the human gut microbiota in breast cancer.


Background/aim: this editorial is aimed at providing a reference for the medical nutritional therapy (MNT) in patients with type 2 diabetes, as recommended by the new Italian guidelines for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and its 2023-Update. Methods and results: the present paper re¬vised the recently published Italian guidelines for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (outpatients) and its update, either in primary care or specialist referral. The guideline has been developed following the methods described in the Manual of the National Guideline System (http://www.snlg-iss.it) by a panel nominated by the Società Italiana di Diabetologia (SID) and Associazione Medici Diabetologi (AMD). Available literature on nutritional therapy showed a greater efficacy of: 1) MNT vs. unstructured nutritional advices, 2) Mediterranean diet vs. other dietary approaches, and the use of low- vs. high-glycemic index nutrients in reducing HbA1c and body weight.
Conclusions: the present paper illustrates the recommendations of the Italian guidelines (and its 2023-update) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes on medical nutritional therapy. In synthesis, the panel suggests a structured medical therapy, balanced diet (Mediterranean), and the use of low-, rather than high-glycemic index nutrients due to the improvement of glycemic control and body weight.


A practical guided wave SHM system will be interrogated frequently and this will generate a large volume of data that must be processed. This paper discusses the use of sequential analysis to assess whether a change has occurred and whether it is of a form consistent with damage growth, rather than environmental changes. A methodology based on the generalised likelihood ratio (GLR) algorithm is introduced and applied to the guided wave monitoring of an 8 inch diameter pipe loop which is subjected to temperature cycling and the introduction of damage at different locations along the pipe. It is shown that the GLR algorithm can be used to process the signals automatically and to identify damage at specified probability of detection (POD) and probability of false alarm (PFA) rates. It is possible to detect damage corresponding to 0.25% cross section area loss in regions remote from features and to 0.5-0.75% loss at other locations. The methodology promises to be an important tool in the practical implementation of guided wave SHM.


gastric neoplasms are immediately referred to hospital by the general practitioner,6 yet Edwards7 and many others have pointed out that occult blood is usually present in gastric neoplasm. Meulengracht and Jensen,8 using the Gregersen slide test, found occult blood to be present in 89% of a series of 105 cases of alimentary neoplasm. Except in some obvious cases of cancer of the oesophagus and rectum, the diagnosis in all these cases was confirmed by operation or post-mortem examination. Hurst9 and other workers have shown that in simple peptic ulcer also occult blood is present in a high proportion of active cases. By the more general use of the tests for occult blood, earlier detection of gastro-intestinal ulceration becomes possible and in many instances the prognosis in alimentary neoplasm greatly improved. We should be grateful to Dr. Hughes for once more bringing these tests to our notice. A heavy responsibility lies on the shoulders of those of our teachers who fail sufficiently to emphasize their importance. -I am, etc.,


The purpose of this research is to study and compare the rate of mental health between freshmen and senior students of psychology students in education faculty and Eshraq Higher Education Institution. It is a quantitative research in which statistical population is from freshmen and seniors in psychology department of education faculty and Eshraq higher education institution. The sample size is 158 students from both institutions selected proper randomly. Research device for data collection is GHQ_28 questionnaire prepared by Goldberg. Data is analyzed by Excel and SPSS software. Analyzed data show that there is not meaningful relation between mental health and psychology field of study. Also data show that there is not any meaningful relation between mental health of freshmen and seniors.


Background: COVID-19 is a multi-systemic disease that is highly contagious and pathogenic. The long-term consequences of it are not yet clear, as is whether society and life can return to a healthy state. Long-term assessment of their health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is essential. This study aimed to investigate HRQoL and its risk factors in COVID-19 survivors at a follow-up of 6-month.

Methods: A multicenter cross-sectional survey was conducted among 192 COVID-19 patients with confirmed age ≥ 18 years who were discharged from various hospitals in Wuhan from January to April 2020. The demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, and laboratory results of the study subjects were obtained from the hospital's medical records. Survivors' HRQoL was assessed using the Short Form 36 (SF-36), cognition was assessed using the ascertain dementia eight-item informant questionnaire (AD8), and survivors' pulmonary function were examined. All participants in this study completed the survey and testing at Hubei Provincial Hospital of Chinese and Western Medicine. SF-36 scores were compared with the Chinese norm, and logistic regression and multivariate analysis were used to investigate the factors affecting HRQoL in COVID-19 survivors.

Results: SF-36 showed significant differences in HRQoL between COVID-19 survivors and the general Chinese population ( P< 0.05).Multiple linear regression demonstrated that age was negatively correlated with physical functioning (PF), role-physical limitation (RP) and social functioning (SF) ( P <0.05). Bodily pain (BP), vitality (VT), SF and role-emotional limitation (RE) were negatively correlated with females ( P <0.05). Length from discharge to follow‐up was positively correlated with PF and RP ( P <0.05). Abnormal cognitive function was negatively correlated with PF, RP, general health (GH), VT, SF, RE and mental health (MH) ( P <0.05). Abnormal Carbon Monoxide Diffusing Capacity (DLCO%<80%) was significantly negatively correlated with PF and SF ( P <0.05).In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between Coronary heart disease and RP, GH, VT and RE ( P <0.05).Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that age(OR 1.032) and AD8 scores (OR 1.203)were risk factors associated with a low physical component summary (PCS) score. Length from discharge to follow‐up (OR 0.971) was the protective factor for PCS score. Abnormal cognitive function (OR 1.543) was a significant determinant associated with a mental component summary (MCS)<50 in COVID-19 patients.

Conclusions: The HRQoL of COVID-19 survivors remains to be improved at six-month follow-up. Future studies should track HRQoL in older adults, women, patients with abnormal DLCO, and abnormal cognitive function for a long time and provide them with rehabilitation advice and guidance.


Ultrastructural alterations in the nuclear architecture were found in skeletal muscle and skin cultured cells from a patient affected by X‐linked Emery‐Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EMD) carrying a null mutation. The molecular defect of X‐linked EMD is the absence of emerin, a nuclear envelope‐associated protein which is considered a component of the nuclear lamina. The nuclear changes were present in skeletal muscle and skin cultured cells with a frequency of about 10% and 18%, respectively. The main structures of the nuclear periphery were involved: lamina and nuclear envelope‐associated heterochromatin were affected, whereas the cisterna and the pore complexes appeared preserved, and the cytoplasm of the same cells appeared normal. Analogous localized defects were detectable by immunolabeling with antilamin A/C and B2 antibodies, as well as by selective propidium iodide chromatin staining. The lesions we describe could be the result of anomalous nuclear lamina organization in the absence of emerin. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 22: 864–869, 1999


A new application of symbolic substitution is presented for string matching with the goal of data compression. A temporal sequence of input symbols is mapped onto a two-dimensional array that contains a tree structure, which in turn is mapped into another array for string generation. A symbolic substitution system and the necessary rules are developed to implement the mapping of the input mapping and the generation of an output sequence. A nonadaptive scheme of compression and decompression is described first, followed by an adaptive scheme with additional rules for the dynamic adaptation process.


Ornamental pears are extensively planted within the urban forest. In many climate zones, they become heavily infected with the bacterial disease, fireblight (Erwinia amylovora), which causes severe branch dieback and can kill young trees. This disease is also very serious in nursery stock, and trees are no longer grown in some areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of a temperature treatment threshold used in commercial pear production and to compare copper, streptomycin and aluminum tris for use in the prevention of fireblight on 5 gallon nursery stock of Pyrus kawakami. The temperature treatmect threshold is based on daily mean temperatures. In this study, it was found that the best preventative material was copper, followed by aluminum tris. All three compounds provided high degree of control. The daily mean temperature treatment threshold for commercial pear production appears to be later than would be appropriate for nursery production.


V. Kostakov's article "Employment: Scarcity or Surplus?" (Kommunist, 1987, no. 2)† drew the attention of readers and evoked numerous responses, which prompted us to return to this topic. We have asked the author to examine the letters received and to address their most characteristic features.


This is a case report on a 1-day-old male neonate admitted due to a weak cry for 1 day and recurrent circumoral cyanosis for 2 hours. He had unusual facial features at birth, with a single transverse palmar crease on both hands, flat feet, weak cry, feeding difficulties, congenital heart disease, and abnormality on cerebral MRI. Whole exome sequencing showed a de novo mutation, c.778_781delAAAG(p.Lys260ValfsTer2), in exon 3 of the CTCF gene, which was considered a pathogenic mutation by protein function prediction and might damage the function of CTCF protein. He was diagnosed with autosomal dominant intellectual disability type 21 based on the clinical manifestations and genetic analysis results. This case suggests that genetic analysis should be performed as early as possible for neonates with feeding difficulties which cannot be explained by infection or hypoxia, so as to help with early diagnosis and genetic counselling.


The pollen tube is fundamental for the reproduction of seed plants. Characteristically, it grows relatively quickly and uni-directionally ("polarized growth") to extend the male gametophyte to reach the female gametophyte. The pollen tube forms a channel through which the sperm cells move so that they can reach their targets in the ovule. To grow quickly and directionally, the pollen tube requires an intense movement of organelles and vesicles that allows the cell's contents to be distributed to sustain the growth rate. While the various organelles distribute more or less uniformly within the pollen tube, Golgi-released secretory vesicles accumulate massively at the pollen tube apex, that is, the growing region. This intense movement of organelles and vesicles is dependent on the dynamics of the cytoskeleton, which reorganizes differentially in response to external signals and coordinates membrane trafficking with the growth rate of pollen tubes.


Medin amyloid is found in the medial layer of the aorta in almost 100% of the Caucasian population over 50 years of age. The medin fragment is 5.5 kDa and derives from the C2-like domain of the precursor protein lactadherin. We have previously reported immunohistochemical findings showing that medin amyloid co-localizes with elastic fibers of arteries and herein we show that lactadherin also is associated with elastic structures of human aortic material. In addition, results from in vitro binding assays demonstrate that both medin and lactadherin bind to tropoelastin in a concentration-dependent fashion, suggesting that the lactadherin-tropoelastin interaction is mediated via the medin domain. It is possible that lactadherin, which is a cell adhesion protein, in this way connects smooth muscle cells to the elastic fibers of arteries. Given that both medin and lactadherin interact with elastic fibers, elastin is probably an important component in the formation of medin amyloid.


Background and aims: The food-borne pathogens appear to be a reemerging and endless problem in the human community all over the world. Hence, all the outbreaks should be constantly monitored for pandemic strains and new mutant genotypes. The main purpose behind the molecular typing methods is the comparison of bacterial isolates to obtain genomic relatedness regarding epidemiological aspects. One of these methods that have been recently reported in several Iranian studies is pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The aim of this study was to review and discuss the current situation and difficulties, and also the necessity of planning for tracking new and re-emerging food-borne pathogens investigating PFGE future status in Iran as a molecular epidemiology tool. Results: According to the results, it was found that this technique requires high investments in both fields of required equipment and software some of which are now available in many research centers. In addition, investigations on various medical search engines revealed that hundreds of studies have been published after 2010 in Iran. These reports indicated that most of these studies were not able to provide an efficient epidemiological analysis of the outbreaks and prevention of future events, except for a few exceptions. Conclusion: A review of the capabilities available in the country in this respect led the researchers to infer that it may be the best time to make a plan on the existence of a general network of collecting and analyzing the results, as well as integrating them into the international databases. It is expected that these responsible institutions to make the required design in this field.


This study examines how negotiation of meaning contributes to second language interaction. The discussion in this study is based on Michael H. Long's 1996 Interaction Hypothesis suggesting that environment contributes to the development of second language acquisition. Long proposes that environmental contributions to acquisition are mediated by selective attention and the learner's processing capacity during negotiation for meaning. To support this belief, recent empirical studies are also presented in this article. Three negotiation for meaning strategies are discussed in this study to mirror and provide evidence for Long's proposal, including several excerpts from conversations collected from daily natural conversations and other recorded sources. The strategies include (1) clarification requests, (2) confirmation checks, and (3) comprehension checks. The study has been able to prove that learner's L2 acquisition takes advantage of environmental contributions mediated by selective attention and the learner's developing L2 processing capacity brought together during negotiation of meaning.


Objective: The incidence of endometrial hyperplasia & carcinoma is increasing in developing nations. Newer techniques are being tried to recognise endometrial hyperplasia. One of these is tumor suppressor gene phosphatase & tensin homologue (PTEN). It is frequently inactivated i.e turned off in endometrial hyperplasia lesions. This is an early event in endometrial tumorigenesis that may occur in response to known endocrine risk factors & offers an informative immunohistochemical marker for premalignant disease. The present study was planned to study PTEN immunohistochemical expression in endometrial hyperplasia. Methods: Women of >40 years of age presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding in the OPD of OBGYN Department of KG Medical University underwent endometrial biopsy. The histopathology of the biopsy tissue was done in department of Pathology of KG Medical University. The cases of endometrial hyperplasia were studied for PTEN immunohistochemical expression. Results: 168 women of >40 years of age with abnormal uterine bleeding underwent endometrial biopsy. 50 women were diagnosed as endometrial hyperplasia. Of these, PTEN evaluation was done in 27 cases. Loss of PTEN expression was found in 11 cases (40.74%) of endometrial hyperplasia. Loss of PTEN expression was more in complex hyperplasia with atypia (66.66%) as compared to simple hyperplasia without atypia (29.4%). Conclusion: There is positive correlation between loss of PTEN expression and grade of morphological differentiation of hyperplasia.


ISOLATION AND EVOLUTION OF A NOVEL NON-SACCHAROMYCES XYLOSE-FERMENTING STRAIN FOR LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION Antonio D. Moreno1, Cecilia Geijer1, Elia Tomas-Pejo1,2, Lisbeth Olsson1. 1Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Industrial Biotechnology Group, Goteborg, Sweden. 2Unit of Biotechnological Processes for Energy Production, IMDEA Energy, Mostoles (Madrid), Spain. Contact e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com The economical success of lignocellulosic bioethanol requires the fermentation of all available sugars obtained during the process. Being the major pentose sugar in lignocellulose, the fermentation of xylose is, therefore, considered essential. The fermentative yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most promising candidate for lignocellulosic bioethanol production due to its excellent glucose fermentation capability, high ethanol tolerance and resistance to inhibitors presented in lignocellulosic streams. Nevertheless, the wild type S. cerevisae is not able to ferment xylose and all of the purpose-engineered Saccharomyces strains (genetically modified microorganisms (GMO)) are still far away from an economically viable lignocellulosic ethanol production. By chance, we have discovered a non-Saccharomyces xylose-fermenting yeast (here called C5-yeast), which shows a great potential to be used for bioethanol production from lignocellulosic streams. Unlike xylose-fermenting Saccharomyces strains, the C5-yeast is not genetically modified and its use by industries can aid in finding less legislative problems when reaching the market. In the present work, the C5-yeast was isolated from a xylose-fermenting population and evolutionary engineered to enhance its fermentation abilities and robustness. During the isolation process, three different morphologies (smooth, flat and wrinkled) of the C5-yeast were found when growing the xylose-fermenting population in plates with minimal media and xylose as a sole carbon source. Among all morphologies, flat-C5-yeast showed the highest xylose consumption rates (>90% after 72 h) and the highest ethanol conversion yields (≈50% of the theoretical considering glucose and xylose) during the fermentation of wheat straw hydrolysates. The isolated flat-C5-yeast was selected for evolutionary engineering in order to enhance its sugar conversion yields and the tolerance towards the inhibitory compounds that are present in the hydrolysate. Although further characterization is needed, an evolved C5-yeast could be considered as a suitable fermentative strain for lignocellulosic bioethanol production.


To evaluate the relationship between total organic carbon (TOC) and Rock-Eval S2 (petroleum potential) of petroleum source rocks, atotal of 180 outcrop samples from the black organic matter–rich facies of Mesozoic strata from a locality of southwest of Iran wereinvestigated using Rock-Eval VI pyrolysis and Leco Carbon Analyzer. The linear regression is applied to determine the correlationbetween Leco TOC and Rock-Eval S1 and S2. The accuracy of the proposed model by this method has approximately 95% conformityaccording to the Rock-Eval S2 and Leco TOC data (TOC = 0.492 + 0.174 S2). Then, by using the P value method, it was determinedthat TOC is a function of S2 and S1 only causes the fluctuations. By means of sensitivity analysis of TOC with respect to S1 and S2, itwas shown that TOC has a linear relationship with S2 and does not have any noticeable correspondence to S1. The result of this studycan be used to evaluate petroleum potential (S2) of organic matter–rich facies by using TOC obtained by Leco Carbon Analyzer. Forthe studied samples from the organic matter-rich facies, organic carbon richness is a quality and quantity index of petroleum potential.


Swimming and scuba diving can induce pulmonary oedema in people with apparently normal hearts.1–,3 Affected individuals are predisposed to developing hypertension1 and one patient, described in our original report, later had high altitude pulmonary oedema (unpublished observation). Subsequently, nine more patients (four with hypertension) have suffered pulmonary oedema induced by scuba diving and swimming. Three of these individuals also had episodes of pulmonary oedema induced by other triggers (emotional stress, sexual intercourse, and exertion in extremely cold conditions). In addition, three non-divers have had pulmonary oedema precipitated by triggers such as emotional stress (two patients) or sexual intercourse. In all six individuals there was no identified cardiac abnormality; two patients were known to have pre-existing hypertension, two were discovered to have hypertension at presentation, and two were normotensive.

One of the patients, a man aged 61 years, had his first episode of pulmonary oedema, with dyspnoea and haemoptysis, precipitated by an argument. He had bilateral pulmonary crepitations and his blood pressure was 170/100 mm Hg. He recovered after receiving an intravenous diuretic. During the next four years he had three more episodes of pulmonary oedema confirmed on chest x rays, which were induced by swimming on one occasion and by arguments on two further occasions. On the fourth occasion the pulmonary oedema was so severe that he required mechanical ventilation. Cardiac enzymes and ECGs were normal on each occasion. An echocardiogram, left heart …


This paper is focused on modeling and control of quadrotor; first modeling of moments and torque, second is of rotor, the result is the complete dinamincs of UAV. mathematical model is presented for a general study with disturbance and we take account all parameters of control. the PID controller is presented without disturbance in dynamics equation for a linear model, where we can used in the control of a group of quadrotors for obstacle avoidance, and a group of quadrotors with a rigid and flexible links for transporting payloads in the free environment. finaly our results is simulated in the simulink and the virtual reality environment.


Background: The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the oral health of diabetic patients through the application of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP), since periodontitis considered to be one of the complications of diabetes.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at THQ hospital, Kahuta district Rawalpindi, where 104 diabetic patients were selected as study participants. Data was collected by using a structured questionnaire and further analysis was done by using SPSS 21.
Results: The study showed that only 38.5% of the participants had adequate knowledge regarding oral manifestations of diabetes. The oral health attitudes and compliance of suggested oral cleanliness practices were also poor. The study results showed that 55% of the diabetic patients brushed their teeth once a day. While only 16.3% brushed twice a day. 39.4% of the participants did not visit the dental clinic within the last 1 year.
Conclusion: The study concluded that knowledge about the oral complications was deficient in the diabetic patients. There is need to improve the oral health knowledge of the diabetic patients along with emphasis on adaptation of oral hygiene practices, regular dental visits and strict glycemic control.


With the development of intelligent technology, more and more self-driving, cooperating cars appear on the road, which will impact on traffic flow greatly. In this paper, we used the cellular automata algorithm to simulate the impact of the proportion of the number of self-driving cars to non-self-driving cars on traffic flow in the case of different lanes, confluence and divergence, traffic peak and dedicated lanes for self-driving car. And we got the conclusion by analyzing the simulation results: On the whole, Traffic flow increased with the increase of the proportion of the self-driving cars to non-self-driving cars. And in different cases, the proportion was different when the traffic flow reached the maximum, that is, the best proportion was different in different cases.


We propose a passband-flattened frequency-tunable optical multiwavelength filter with a composite combination of waveplates, which is realized by harnessing a polarization-diversified loop structure. The proposed filter comprises a polarization beam splitter (PBS), two polarization-maintaining fiber (PMF) segments of equal length, an ordered waveplate combination (OWC) of a half-wave plate (HWP) and a quarter-wave plate (QWP) before the first PMF segment, and an OWC of a QWP and an HWP before the second PMF segment. The second PMF segment is butt-coupled to one port of the PBS so that its slow axis is oriented at 22.5° for the horizontal axis of the PBS. Based on the filter transmittance derived through the Jones calculus, we found the orientation angle (OA) sets of the four waveplates, which could induce an extra phase shift Φ from 0° to 360° in the passband-flattened transmittance function. From the transmission spectra calculated at the eight selected OA sets, which caused Φ to increase from 0° to 315° by steps of 45°, it was confirmed that the passband-flattened multiwavelength spectrum can be continuously tuned by properly controlling the OAs. This indicates continuous wavelength tunability based on composite OWCs. Then, this theoretical prediction was verified by experimental demonstration.


Epidemiological survey of schoolchildren born and permanently living in Baku (fluorine concentration in drinking water 0.3-0.5 mg/liter) and in the Azizbekov region at a distance of 30-40 km from Baku (fluorine concentration at least 1.5 mg/liter) was carried out. The incidence of dental diseases was estimated with consideration for environmental factors. High concentration of fluorine in drinking water in the Azizbekov region notably decreases the incidence of dental caries in the studied cohort of children. These data will"help improve organization and planning of dental service, specifically the treatment and prophylaxis measures for children.


Organization: NSEL (National Spot Exchange Limited) is the domestic level, institutionalised, electronic, apparent spot trading platform for commodities. It is an organized market place, set-up to make over the commodity market by way of minimising the cost of inter-mediation and thereby optimizing marketing efficiency. It is first of its kind of institutes and right from the beginning it was acclaimed to be a tool to revolutionize the commodity market. But it did not lost long as just after five years from its evolution with the NSEL appearing as an institutionalized but opaque and secretive den of speculation and possibly fraud turned all acclamation to be a myth.Problem or Issue Addressed: The problem which will addressed in this case study is about the fraud which erupted due to the regulatory negligence of government, auditor's inability and lack of corporate governance. The NSEL failed to pay to its investors who have invested in commodity pair contracts. And it was subsequently found that most of the of underlying commodities never existed and buying and selling of commodities like Steel, Paddy, Sugar, Ferrochrome etc. was being conducted only on paper. Later on it was found that some of the warehouses mentioned on NSEL website did not exist and even the SGF (Settlement Guarantee Fund) which was supposed to be about Rs 839 crores (about $ 140 Million) as on 29 July 2013 vanished into thin air. Goals: The basic focus of the case to help understand the eruption and causes of a regulatory fraud. In this case study we are trying to evaluate eruption, causes, mechanism and consequences of 5600 crore rupees commodity market fraud. Further regulatory changes needed to be taken to avoid such kind of frauds in future are also debated upon.Results: The basic cause for the eruption of such kind of frauds is lack of regulation in these types of commodity markets. The lack of regulation on behalf of our auditors who come out clean handedly from all such type of frauds are main causes for such type of frauds. Further, it is quite evident that there are only four persons in the board and two of whom belong to FTIL, so it was pretty obvious that most of the decisions will be taken in the interest of FTIL who is the promoter company and there is very mere chances that any of the directors are going to talk about the interest of the investors. This happened because of very weak corporate governance mechanism in place to keep in check the promoters of the exchange.Lessons Learned: The case strengthens the need of vigilant regulatory systems in both private and public institutes. Further there is an urgent need to improve corporate governance in these institutions so that decisions will not be taken in the favor of majority of shareholders. Also the case highlights that there is a strong need to redefine the role of auditors to avoid such kind of frauds in future.


Seven years of subpar growth in the slowest U.S. economic recovery since the Great Depression raises the question of a new paradigm that limits future expansion. The problem derives from prolonged tepid global demand largely born of retrenchment in China. But it is also rooted in adverse fiscal, monetary and regulatory policies in the major economies, linked by a common political bent in the West that weighs on the private economy. U.S. measures taken in the aftermath of the financial crisis have created possible secular changes in the capital markets and the economy that could permanently hamper general prosperity, despite current record high stock prices and low reported unemployment. Obstacles include the Dodd-Frank Act, rock-bottom interest rates, the demise of private-label securitization, and the possible reinstatement of the Glass-Steagall Act. Regulatory capital restrictions on financial institutions based on an exaggerated perception of risk unnecessarily limit bank profitability, credit availability and market liquidity, disrupting their traditional intermediation role between lenders, investors and borrowers. Financial and non-financial regulation has suppressed business investment essential for economic growth. Chronic historically low short-term and long-term interest rates imposed by the Fed have misdirected massive capital into stocks and bonds at the expense of goods and services. In the process, savers and investors dependent on interest income suffer while borrowers pile on debt, including the government. The current $4.2 trillion balance sheet the Fed has amassed as a result, as well as expanded powers assigned by Congress, unduly empower that institution. The demise of mortgage securitization by private banks has curtailed lending and exacerbates the predominance of nationalized Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in the housing market. This further puts the taxpayer at risk of defaults from economic downturns and the government's social justice agenda imposed on their underwriting standards. In addition, the misguided call for the return of the Glass-Steagall separation of commercial and investment banking, particularly in respect of certain proprietary trading, would deny banks capital-bolstering revenue diversification, as well as limit liquidity in the securities markets raising the cost of capital as a result. In addition to regulation, growing government intrusion through spending and taxation sustain the malaise. Sadly, this intervention garners growing popular support from those disaffected by stagnant growth who call for ever more wealth redistribution from the haves to the have nots. Accordingly, the national debt, which has nearly doubled since the Great Recession, continues to grow unabated, further choking off the ability of the private economy to prosper. Indeed, the political class, and too many Americans, increasingly eschew the traditional meritocratic model of past success in favor of the egalitarian state. All told, post-crisis changes augur continued sclerosis at the cost of millions of jobs. As such, current restraints could contribute to structural unemployment marked by greater income inequality, a wider skills gap, and a lower standard of living, notwithstanding certain misleading nominal measures to the contrary.Without question, normalized interest rates and sufficiently less government spending, taxation and regulation can get America, and the world, growing again. Over time, secular change is inevitable and often beneficial. But the continuation of unduly suppressed free markets will assure a new normal in the future where the weak 2% annual growth of the last seven years might seem quixotic.


The Cu association with Ordovician volcanics of Newfoundland has long been known. Production has been disappointing, and exploration has failed to respond in a large way to the probing that has been carried on. That there are underlying reasons for lack of success is apparent to anyone familiar with the host rocks in the field. The rock-types commonly regarded as favorable are described. The observation that Cu mineralization is virtually confined to the fragmental flow-tops is related to the ratio of flow-top thickness to the total thickness of an individual flow, termed the skin ratio. The formation of pyrite and chalcopyrite is thought to have been more emphatically one of sulfurization, unaccompanied by any large-scale introduction of metal.


We study, by flash kinetic spectrophotometry on the microsecond time scale, the effects of ionic strength and viscosity on the kinetics of oxidative quenching of the triplet state of zinc cytochrome c (3Zncyt) by the wild-type form and the following nine mutants of cupriplastocyanin: Leu12Glu, Leu12Asn, Phe35Tyr, Gln88Glu, Tyr83Phe, Tyr83His, Asp42Asn, Glu43Asn, and the double mutant Glu59Lys/Glu60Gln. The unimolecular rate constants for the quenching reactions within the persistent diprotein complex, which predominates at low ionic strengths, and within the transient diprotein complex, which is involved at higher ionic strengths, are equal irrespective of the mutation. Evidently, the two complexes are the same. In both reactions, the rate-limiting step is rearrangement of the diprotein complex from a configuration optimal for docking to the one optimal for the subsequent electron-transfer step, which is fast. We investigate the effects of plastocyanin mutations on this rearrangement, which gates the overall electron-transfer reaction. Conversion of the carboxylate anions into amide groups in the lower acidic cluster (residues 42 and 43), replacement of Tyr83 with other aromatic residues, and mutations in the hydrophobic patch in plastocyanin do not significantly affect the rearrangement. Conversion of a pair of carboxylate anions into a cationic and a neutral residue in the upper acidic cluster (residues 59 and 60) impedes the rearrangement. Creation of an anion at position 88, between the upper acidic cluster and the hydrophobic patch, facilitates the rearrangement. The rate constant for the rearrangement smoothly decreases as the solution viscosity increases, irrespective of the mutation. Fittings of this dependence to the modified Kramers's equation and to an empirical equation show that zinc cytochrome c follows the same trajectory on the surfaces of all the plastocyanin mutants but that the obstacles along the way vary as mutations alter the electrostatic potential. Mutations that affect protein association (i.e., change the binding constant) do not necessarily affect the reaction between the associated proteins (i.e., the rate constant) and vice versa. All of the kinetic and thermodynamic effects and noneffects of mutations consistently indicate that in the protein rearrangement the basic patch of zinc cytochrome c moves from a position between the two acidic clusters to a position at or near the upper acidic cluster.


Objectives: To examine the effects of early pregnancy loss on emotions such as depression, grief, or a sense of hopelessness, while investigating different types of diagnoses, hospital stays, and treatments. Methods: A prospective cohort epidemiological study was carried out in Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey, between January and September 2019. The study included women diagnosed with early pregnancy loss classified into 3 groups: missed abortus, anembryonic pregnancy, and spontaneous abortion. The patients were screened via the Spielberger state-anxiety inventory (STAI-1) before initiating treatment. The Edinburgh postpartum depression scale (EPDS) and Perinatal Grief Scale (PGS) were also carried out in the first week of their hospital discharge. Results: The study was carried out with a total of 116 patients. The median gestational week of the patients was calculated at 9, their median hospital stay was 2 days, and their median dose of misoprostol was 800 mcg. The STAI-1 revealed that median values computed for women in all groups indicated moderate anxiety. The EDPS also demonstrated depression-positive median values for women in all 3 groups (EPDS>13). However, no statistically significant difference was noted in comparisons of the 3 groups apropos STAI-1, EPDS, and PGS. Conclusion: Moderate anxiety, depressed mood, and perinatal grief were found in women diagnosed with early pregnancy loss, regardless of the type of abortion.


The purpose of this article is to establish the relationship that exists between leadership styles and the training competencies of administrators at the level of higher education institutions in the department of Boyaca; for this purpose, recognition of contributions is made from the administrative theories, then the topic of transformational leadership is deepened in order to intertwine its developments with specific competences for business administration. The type of research is documentary with a qualitative approach. After the analysis of the results, it can be concluded that the elements that the transformational leadership contributes to strengthen the competences of the administrators have to do with: charisma, integration and diversity.


During transcription, the nascent RNA can invade the DNA template, forming extended RNA-DNA duplexes (R-loops). Here we employ ChIP-seq in strains expressing or lacking RNase H to map targets of RNase H activity throughout the budding yeast genome. In wild-type strains, R-loops were readily detected over the 35S rDNA region, transcribed by Pol I, and over the 5S rDNA, transcribed by Pol III. In strains lacking RNase H activity, R-loops were elevated over other Pol III genes, notably tRNAs, SCR1 and U6 snRNA, and were also associated with the cDNAs of endogenous TY1 retrotransposons, which showed increased rates of mobility to the 5′-flanking regions of tRNA genes. Unexpectedly, R-loops were also associated with mitochondrial genes in the absence of RNase H1, but not of RNase H2. Finally, R-loops were detected on actively transcribed protein-coding genes in the wild-type, particularly over the second exon of spliced ribosomal protein genes.


The purpose of this study is to explore the levels of cognitive, affective and behavioral readiness of 169 teachers in three pilot schools and to determine if there were differences in teacher readiness levels in terms of cognitive, affective and behavioral aspects of the implementation of the Inclusive Education Program ( Holistic Models) based on teaching experience. The design used is quantitative by using cross-sectional survey method. The Analysis Data used are statistical inference analysis which is one way ANOVA and descriptive analysis is used as mean and standard deviation. The findings show that teachers' cognitive and behavioral readiness to implement inclusive education programs (Holistic Model) is high. However, the affective willingness of teachers to implement inclusive education programs (Holistic Models) is at a moderate level. As such, teachers, administrators and the Ministry of Education Malaysia must jointly look for initiatives on the needs of teachers in the realization of an inclusive education program (Holistic Model) and assist in the successful transformation of education as targeted by the MOE.


During disasters, it is critical to deliver emergency information to appropriate first responders. Name-based information delivery provides efficient, timely dissemination of relevant content to first responder teams assigned to different incident response roles. People increasingly depend on social media for communicating vital information, using free-form text. Thus, a method that delivers these social media posts to the right first responders can significantly improve outcomes. In this paper, we propose FLARE, a framework using 'Social Media Engines' (SMEs) to map social media posts (SMPs), such as tweets, to the right names. SMEs perform natural language processing-based classification and exploit several machine learning capabilities, in an online real-time manner. To reduce the manual labeling effort required for learning during the disaster, we leverage active learning, complemented by dispatchers with specific domain-knowledge performing limited labeling. We also leverage federated learning across various public-safety departments with specialized knowledge to handle notifications related to their roles in a cooperative manner. We implement three different classifiers: for incident relevance, organization, and fine-grained role prediction. Each class is associated with a specific subset of the namespace graph. The novelty of our system is the integration of the namespace with federated active learning and inference procedures to identify and deliver vital SMPs to the right first responders in a distributed multi-organization environment, in real-time. Our experiments using real-world data, including tweets generated by citizens during the wildfires in California in 2018, show our approach outperforming both a simple keyword-based classification and several existing NLP-based classification techniques.


Data are presented which show that the functional phospholipid/sphingomyelin (FPL/S) ratio is a sensitive and specific prenatal indicator of fetal respiratory status. Phospholipids included in the ratio are acetone precipitable lecithin(L), phosphatidylglycerol(PG), phosphatidylethanolamine(PE), and sphingomyelin(S). These lipids have been shown to contribute to either the lowering of surface tension or to changes in microviscosity. Both of these properties contribute independently to the physiologic effectiveness of fetal lung surfactant. Although other phospholipid profiles have been described in the literature, the FPL/S ratio accounts for the major phospholipids which contribute to lung surfactant function with the added advantage of presenting the data in the form of a single easy to interpret number. Clinical correlates are also presented for the L/S ratio, fluorescence polarization assay (using 1,6-diphenyl-3,5-hexatriene), and absorbance at 650 nanometers.


The objective of this study was to assess knowledge and awareness level of HIV/AIDS among university students at an Adventist institution in Arusha, Tanzania. This was undertaken on the ground that knowing about HIV/AIDS is one of the main ways by which the formidable disease can be controlled. The sample comprised 97 male and female participants who were administered an HIV/AIDS questionnaire consisting of15 questions/statements. The data analysis comprised frequency, percentage, chi-square and level of probability. Respondents' performance was comparable to what other researchers have reported both in Tanzania and other parts of the world. The scoring fell into three categories of frequency and percentage, namely low, average and high. These were as follows: frequency 30.6; 30.6 per cent were low. For the average, the frequency was 62.8; 64.8 per cent. For those who scored high, the frequency was 82.8; 85.3 per cent. It was concluded that the HIV/AIDS knowledge students commanded was not sufficient to lead to reduction in HIV/AIDS transmission. Thus calling for more public HIV/AIDS education in institutions of higher learning in Tanzania. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n27p816


In the area of public safety and crime prevention, some research based on deep learning has achieved success in the detection of prohibited items for x-ray security inspection. However, the number of parameters and computational consumption of most object detection methods based on deep learning are huge, which makes the hardware requirements of these methods extremely high and limits their applications. In this paper, a lightweight prohibited item detection method based on YOLOV4 is proposed for x-ray security inspection. First, the MobilenetV3 is used to replace the backbone network of YOLOV4, and the depthwise separable convolution is used to optimize the neck and head of YOLOV4 to reduce the number of parameters and computational consumption. Second, an adaptive spatial-and-channel attention block is designed to optimize the neck of YOLOV4 in order to improve the feature extraction capability of our method and maintain the detection accuracy. Third, the focal loss is utilized to avoid the class imbalance problem during the training process. Finally, the method is evaluated on our real x-ray pseudocolor image dataset with YOLOV4 and YOLOV4-tiny. For the overall performance, the mean average precision of our method is 4.98% higher than YOLOV4-tiny and 0.07% lower than YOLOV4. The number of parameters and computational consumption of our method are slightly higher than YOLOV4-tiny and much lower than YOLOV4.


A parasitological survey was carried out in an organic dairy donkey farm. Individual fecal, skin and fur samples were collected from 29 donkeys (14 jennies, 2 jacks, 9 fillies and 4 foals) and examined for the search of ecto- and endoparasites. Blood samples were also collected from jennies and fillies and examined for the presence of IgG antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. All donkeys were found infected by intestinal strongyles (100%), with a fecal egg count ranging from 50 to 2400 eggs per gram of feces. Moreover, the following endoparasite species were also identified: Oxyuris equi 37.9%, Parascaris equorum 31%, Dicrocoelium dendriticum 14.3%, Fasciola hepatica 14.3%, Anoplocefalidae cestodes (Anoplocephala perfoliata, Anoplocephala magna and Anoplocephaloides mamillana) 10.3%, and Strongyloides westeri 6.8%. A single jenny (4.3%) was found positive to T. gondii at serological analysis. The louse species Haematopinus asini was detected in 27.6% animals. Multiple parasite infections were found in the 76% of examined donkeys. This is the first parasitological investigation in an organic dairy donkey farm worldwide. Results showed that pathogenic helminths and H. asini are prevalent in the examined donkeys, suggesting the need for effective parasite control measures.


This paper discusses the procedures used in teaching and learning Malay-Arabic translation courses for students of Bachelor of Arabic Studies with Education.This procedure is designed to facilitate the problem of students in structuring Arabic sentences based on the correct method of translation. Referring to the natural translation theory by Nida and Taber that prioritizes message delivery despite changes to the original text. This method was introduced as an alternative to students to construct Arabic sentences when translating according to the procedure that has been designed systematically for teaching and learning (T&L). This procedure is divided into five steps. The first step is understanding the text through intensive reading. Next, in the second step is finding the meaning of difficult phrases by using dictionary and discussion. The third step, which  is the main basis of the procedure is breaking the paragraphs of text into short sentences based on verb phrases. The fourth step is categorizing each sentence into the Arabic syntax structure for verb phrases. The fifth step is compiling and building a draft sentence which is translated directly through the translation text based on the steps above. The outcome of using this procedure increases the quality of Malay-Arabic translation and making it more understandable as students apply the structure of a correct Arabic sentence. This procedure will be used as an alternative for students in practising scientific translation in accordance with translation procedures.


We describe the use of inorganic (metal) colloidal particles as a label for immunoassays. Dose-response curves for human placental lactogen (HPL) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) were obtained with sandwich immunoassays, using conjugates consisting of antibody-coated colloidal gold or silver particles. Several techniques were used to measure the amount of bound conjugate, viz. colorimetry and carbon rod atomic absorption spectrophotometry (CRAAS). At higher antigen concentrations the results of the assay could be read by the naked eye. Using gold particles as label and CRAAS as detection method, we found a detection limit for a sandwich HPL sol particle immunoassay (SPIA) of 1,4 pmol/l, which was equal to that of an optimalized competitive radioimmunoassay. When using a colorimeter the detection limit for HPL of this SPIA was 5,4 pmol/l, which was superior to that of a corresponding sandwich enzyme-immunoassay (EIA). HPL and HCG were also simultaneously determined, using microtitration plates, coated with a mixture of anti-HPL and anti-HCG, and a mixture of silver particle anti-HPL conjugate and gold particle anti-HCG conjugate. CRAAS was used to measure the bound amount of silver and gold conjugate. This simultaneous assay requires more work in order to obtain better sensitivities.


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While Gaussian processes (GPs) are the method of choice for regression tasks, they also come with practical difficulties, as inference cost scales cubic in time and quadratic in memory. In this paper, we introduce a natural and expressive way to tackle these problems, by incorporating GPs in sum-product networks (SPNs), a recently proposed tractable probabilistic model allowing exact and efficient inference. In particular, by using GPs as leaves of an SPN we obtain a novel flexible prior over functions, which implicitly represents an exponentially large mixture of local GPs. Exact and efficient posterior inference in this model can be done in a natural interplay of the inference mechanisms in GPs and SPNs. Thereby, each GP is -- similarly as in a mixture of experts approach -- responsible only for a subset of data points, which effectively reduces inference cost in a divide and conquer fashion. We show that integrating GPs into the SPN framework leads to a promising probabilistic regression model which is: (1) computational and memory efficient, (2) allows efficient and exact posterior inference, (3) is flexible enough to mix different kernel functions, and (4) naturally accounts for non-stationarities in time series. In a variate of experiments, we show that the SPN-GP model can learn input dependent parameters and hyper-parameters and is on par with or outperforms the traditional GPs as well as state of the art approximations on real-world data.


Hate speech is becoming a very imperative problem in social as well political context in the present era. It ultimately reflects an intolerance to difference (on the basis of ethnicity, caste and creed, religious views, race, political views, etc.). As a matter of fact, a data generator (user), who uses hate speech wants to emphasize their viewpoints and identity among others and a consequence of such activities somehow leads to hate deeds and conduct. Social media platforms with their wide approach have now become very powerful and influential to affect the psychology of people. The Internet, especially social media, acts as a "turbo accelerator" of hate speech in any context. It is a communication channel that plays a significant role both in opposing hate speech and amplifying it at the same time as well.According to standards for the Facebook community, "Hate Speech" is classified as the text or speech that hurts emotions and attacks someone on the basis of their ethnicity, caste, nation of origin, religion, disability or some type of disease. Twitter, also provides a policy which applies to promoted tweets and prohibits the promotion of sensitive content. This work proposes the mining of web content for available political speeches and then classifying them as hate speech or benign speech. This paper also presents background on hate speech and its detection approaches.


Several studies regarding academic self-efficacy are developed in which a valid and reliable measurement is needed. One of the well-known instruments used to measure college students' academic self-efficacy is The Academic Self-Efficacy Scale (TASES). It was designed by Sagone and Caroli (2014), comprising four dimensions, i.e., self-engagement, self-oriented decision-making, others-oriented problem-solving, and interpersonal climate. This instrument contained 30 items at first, but two items were removed after testing the factor analysis, and 28 items remained. This study examined the validity of the adaptation of TASES into the Indonesian version. This scale was adapted into the Indonesian version using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), involving 166 Indonesian college students studying at universities in Indonesia and abroad. The CFA results showed that the items which were distributed in 4 dimensions in this scale are found to fit except three items of interpersonal climate dimension. Therefore those three items have been eliminated. In addition, the coefficient of Cronbach's Alpha of TASES Indonesian version is highly reliable. Ultimately, the TASES Indonesian version consisting of 25-item within four dimensions has shown to be a reliable and valid measurement for academic self-efficacy in the Indonesian context.


Near‐bottom magnetic data contain information on paleomagnetic field fluctuations during chron C5 as observed in both the North and South Pacific. The North Pacific data include 12 survey lines collected with a spatial separation of up to 120 km, and the South Pacific data consist of a single long line collected on the west flank of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) at 19°S. The North Pacific magnetic profiles reveal a pattern of linear, short‐wavelength (2 to 5 km) anomalies (tiny wiggles) that are highly correlated over the shortest (3.8 km) to longest (120 km) separations in the survey. Magnetic inversions incorporating basement topography show that these anomalies are not caused by the small topographic relief. The character of the near‐bottom magnetic profile from anomaly 5 on the west flank of the EPR, formed at a spreading rate more than twice that of the North Pacific, displays a remarkable similarity to the individual and stacked lines from the North Pacific survey area. Over distances corresponding to 1 m.y., 19 lows in the magnetic anomaly profile can be correlated between the North and South Pacific lines. Modeling the lows as due to short polarity events suggests that they may be caused by rapid swings of the magnetic field between normal and reversed polarities with little or no time in the reversed state. Owing to the implausibly high number of reversals required to account for these anomalies and the lack of any time in the reversed state, we conclude that the near‐bottom signal is primarily a record of paleointensity fluctuations during chron C5. Spectral analysis of the North Pacific near bottom lines shows that the signal is equivalent to a paleointensity curve with a temporal resolution of 40 to 60 kyr, while measurements of the smallest separations of correctable dips in the field suggest a temporal resolution of 36 kyr.


The paper considers the low refrigeration capacity ammonia refrigerating machine. New technical solutions are proposed to decrease ammonia capacity, to scale-up the operating safety and to provide self-acting unsupervised automatic mode. The method of constructing a mathematical model and analysis of the refrigeration machine operation is described.