Abstract. In this study, we analyse the contribution of atmospheric rivers (ARs), cyclones, and fronts to the total precipitation in the Arctic. We focus on two distinct periods of different weather conditions from two airborne campaigns: ACLOUD (Arctic Cloud Observations Using airborne measurements during polar day; May/June 2017) and AFLUX (Aircraft campaign Arctic Boundary Layer Fluxes; March/April 2019). Both campaigns covered the northern North Atlantic sector, the area in the Arctic that is affected by the highest precipitation rates. Using ERA5 reanalysis, we identify pronounced regional anomalies with enhanced precipitation rates compared to the climatology during ACLOUD due to these weather systems, whereas during AFLUX enhanced precipitation rates occur over most of the area. We have established a new methodology that allows us to analyse the contribution of ARs, cyclones, and fronts to precipitation rates based on ERA5 reanalysis and different detection algorithms. Here, we distinguish whether these systems occur co-located or separately. The contributions differ between the two periods. During ACLOUD (early summer), the precipitation rates are mainly associated with AR- (40 %) and front-related (55 %) components, especially if they are connected, while cyclone-related components (22 %) play a minor role. However, during AFLUX (early spring) the precipitation is mainly associated with cyclone-related components (62 %). For both campaign periods, snow is the dominant form of precipitation, and the small rain occurrence is almost all associated with ARs. About one-third of the precipitation can not be attributed to one of the weather systems, the so-called residual. While the residual can be found more frequently as convective than as large-scale precipitation, the rare occasion of convective precipitation (roughly 20 %) can not completely explain the residual. The fraction of precipitation classified as residual is reduced significantly when a precipitation threshold is applied that is often used to eliminate "artificial" precipitation. However, a threshold of 0.1 mm h−1 reduces the total accumulated precipitation by a factor of 2 (ACLOUD) and 3 (AFLUX), especially affecting light precipitation over the Arctic Ocean.
We also show the dependence of the results on the choice of the detection algorithm serving as a first estimate of the uncertainty. In the future, we aim to apply the methodology to the full ERA5 record to investigate whether the differences found between the campaign periods are typical for the different seasons in which they were performed and whether any trends in precipitation associated with these weather systems can be identified.


Lymphocyte activation by the mitogenic monoclonal antibody OKT3 is less effective than activation by mitogenic lectins such as phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A). Activation by OKT3 is also very sensitive to inhibition by cyclosporine (CSA), which selectively inhibits Ca2+-activated steps in the activation process. In addition, the magnitude of the OKT3 response can be raised to that seen with mitogenic lectins by coincubation with phorbol esters (which activate protein kinase C). These observations suggest that OKT3 may deliver efficiently the Ca2+ signal involved in the initiation of lymphocyte activation, and that the comparatively weak overall response is due to a failure to generate a second signal, probably the activation of protein kinase C, as efficiently as the mitogenic lectins.


Abstract Although India is considered to be the country with the greatest tuberculosis burden, estimates of the disease's incidence, prevalence and mortality in India rely on sparse data with substantial uncertainty. The relevant available data are less reliable than those from countries that have recently improved systems for case reporting or recently invested in national surveys of tuberculosis prevalence. We explored ways to improve the estimation of the tuberculosis burden in India. We focused on case notification data – among the most reliable data available – and ways to investigate the associated level of underreporting, as well as the need for a national tuberculosis prevalence survey. We discuss several recent developments – i.e. changes in national policies relating to tuberculosis, World Health Organization guidelines for the investigation of the disease, and a rapid diagnostic test – that should improve data collection for the estimation of the tuberculosis burden in India and elsewhere. We recommend the implementation of an inventory study in India to assess the underreporting of tuberculosis cases, as well as a national survey of tuberculosis prevalence. A national assessment of drug resistance in Indian strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis should also be considered. The results of such studies will be vital for the accurate monitoring of tuberculosis control efforts in India and globally.


&NA; The effects of parental history of hypertension and menstrual phase on systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) and heart rate (HR) responses to two frustrating cognitive tasks were examined in 47 normotensive, young adult women. Subjects with and without a parental history of hypertension were scheduled to be tested during either the follicular (days 7–11 of a 28‐day cycle) or luteal (days 17–22) phase of the menstrual cycle. During the laboratory session, HR, SBP, DBP, and self‐report of affective states were measured while subjects performed two cognitive tasks (mental arithmetic and concept formation). Results indicated that the magnitude of SBP responses to the two tasks was significantly greater in subjects tested during the follicular phase than in subjects tested in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. No effect of parental hypertension was observed on cardiovascular response measures, though offspring of hypertensive parents reported experiencing significantly less anger during the tasks than subjects with normotensive parents.


7 Several Southeast Asian countries, namely: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Philippines, and Viet Nam surround the South China Sea (SCS) which is one of the most important fishing areas for these coastal states, and where some of its fishery resources form shared stocks among these bordering countries. SCS encompasses a portion of the Pacific Ocean stretching roughly from Singapore and the Strait of Malacca in the Southwest, to the Strait of Taiwan (between Taiwan and China) in the northeast. The hydrography of SCS consists of continental shelf of 200 meters deep, continental slopes and deep waters down to more than 2,000 meters. In the SCS, small pelagic fisheries dominate by about 20% of the total marine capture fisheries. Living in the surface and mid-water column of ocean or inland ecosystem, pelagic fishes range in size from small coastal foraging fishes, such as herrings and sardines, to large apex predator oceanic fishes, such as the Southern Bluefin tuna and oceanic sharks. These pelagic fishes are usually agile swimmers with streamlined bodies, and capable of sustained cruising on long distance migrations. In many countries surrounding the SCS, purse seine has been commonly used to capture these pelagic fishes. The status of purse seine fisheries in the countries bordering the SCS is summarized in this article based on the information provided by the concerned countries and compiled by the SEAFDEC Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department (SEAFDEC/ MFRDMD) during the Core Experts Meeting for Comparative Study on Purse Seine Fishery in the Southeast Asian Region organized by SEAFDEC/MFRDMD in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on 26-28 August 2014. The same information had also been reflected in a subsequent publication entitled "Current Status of Purse Seine Fisheries in the Southeast Asian Region" (SEAFDEC/MFRDMD, 2015). It should be noted that the term "South China Sea" is used in its geographical sense and does not imply recognition of any territorial claims within the area. A way forward to bring in longterm sustainable purse seine fisheries in Southeast Asia, more particularly in the SCS and Andaman Sea, is also being highlighted. Purse Seine Fisheries in Southeast Asian Countries: A Regional Synthesis


This article briefly reviews and explains China's expanding involvement in UN Peace Keeping Operations, especially after the end of the Cold War. The reader will see the political issues arising from the peacekeeping operations of China, including perceptions, guidelines, principles and main concerns. China's evolving posture and capacity prepares it for future participation in UN peacekeeping operations and highlights China's reaction to the demands of its increased integration into the international community. China's involvement in UN PKO is examined from the perspective of mainstream IR theories. The article concludes by asserting that in the new century China will function as a more open, confident and responsible permanent member of the Security Council through its contributions to UN Peace Keeping Operations.


West Nile virus (WNV) strains circulating during the first five years of WNV transmission in New York were collected, partial nucleotide sequences were determined, and in vitro and in vivo phenotypic analyses of selected strains were undertaken to determine whether observed increases in the intensity of enzootic and epidemic transmission in New York State during 2002 and 2003 were associated with viral genetic changes. Functionally diverse regions of the WNV genome were also compared to determine whether some regions may be more or less variable than others. The complete envelope coding regions of 67 strains and fragments of the nonstructural protein 5 (NS5) and 3' noncoding regions of 39 strains collected during 2002 and 2003 were examined. West Nile virus in New York remains relatively genetically homogeneous. Viral genetic diversity was greater in 2002 and 2003 at both the nucleotide and amino acid levels than in previous years due to the emergence of a new WNV genotype in 2002. This genotype persisted and became dominant in 2003. Envelope and NS5 coding regions were approximately two-fold more likely than the 3' untranslated region to contain nucleotide substitutions, and the envelope region was approximately three-fold more likely to contain amino acid substitutions than the NS5 region. Variation was noted in in vivo mosquito transmission assays, but not in in vitro growth studies. Strains belonging to the epizootiologically dominant clade were transmitted after approximately two fewer days of extrinsic incubation, providing a possible mechanism for the dominance of this clade. The observed increase in the intensity of WNV transmission beginning in 2002 was associated with an increase in viral genetic diversity that was the result of the emergence of an additional phylogenetic clade. This genotype seems to possess an advantage over previously recognized WNV strains in mosquito transmission phenotype.


Aphid lethal paralysis virus (ALPV) could be detected by indirect imrnunofluorescent technique in dissected aphids. This technique was found to be more sensitive when compared to DAS-ELISA. The choice of a sensitive, low cost .detection method was of importance to test for low levels of virus in infected aphid body tissues where inapparent infection could cause detection problems. ALPV was visualized in ultrathin sections of diseased aphid body tissues by imrnunocytochemistry utilizing imrnunogold label. ALPV antigen was detected in the ovariole tissue, tracheocytes, symbionts of the mycetocytes, fat body cells, brain tissue, nerve tissue and stomach epithelial tissue. Virions were detected predominantly in the cytoplasm but were also found in the nucleus. ALPV antigen was not detected in muscle fibres or mitochondria. ALPV and Rhopalosiphum padi virus (RhPV) are transmitted transovarially. Different incidences of transmissions of ALPV were obtained for R. padi (2996) and Sitobion avenae (1696) and ALPV infections dramatically reduced the longevity and fecundity of these aphids. Infected apterous R. padi aphids were more fecund than alate ap~ds of the same clone. The percentage of viral infections in different aphid species (R. padi, S. avenae and Diuraphis noxia) was positively associated with temperature; higher temperatures dramatically increased the incidence of ALPV and RhPV and vice versa. The influence of ALPV on a natural R. padi aphid population was found to reduce the population size by 4996. This reduction coincided with a high death factor (70) of aphids per plant. A dramatic decline in R. padi aphid numbers and a high incidence of ALPV present in this aphid population was experienced. Parasitic fungal infections peaked at a later stage than ALPV, and a level of 21 parasitized aphids per plant was reached during this period. This appears to indicate that the presence of ALPV contributes to limit population development in R. padi aphids. Similar results were obtained with S. avenae aphids. Based on this data, ALPV could be considered as a major growth limiting factor in the development of small grain aphid populations in the western Cape. If the presence of the virus is taken into consideration, it could influence pest management strategies directly.


Pharmaceutical innovations are currently guided by a patent system, the patent system protects the innovator of medicines for a period of time. The patent system does not currently stimulate innovation or pricing that provides access to medicine for those who need it the most. It provides for profitable innovation. As of 2014 about $140 Billion is spent on research and development of pharmaceuticals which produces 25-35 new drugs. Technology, which is transforming science, medicine, and research tools has increased the speed at which we can analyze data but we currently still must test the products which is a lengthy process. Differences in the performance of medical care may be due to variation in the introduction and circulation of pharmaceutical innovations.

 In the present book, fifteen typical literatures about Pharmaceutical Innovations published on international authoritative journals were selected to introduce the worldwide newest progress, which contains reviews or original researches on biochemical pharmacology, clinical pharmacology, drug information, medicinal chemistry and pharmacognosy, molecular pharmacology, etc. We hope this book can demonstrate advances in pharmaceutical innovations as well as give references to the researchers, students and other related people.


This study investigated beliefs leading to depressive rumination. Undergraduate students (N=155) completed the Positive Beliefs about Depressive Rumination Questionnaire (PBDRQ), the Positive Beliefs about Rumination Scale (PBRS), and a scale of depressive rumination. The PBRS scores were positively correlated with the scale of depressive rumination, but the "Improvement of Problem Solving Ability" and "Promotion of Emotional Regulation" scores of the PBDRQ were not. The results suggest that the beliefs that rumination facilitates understanding of themselves and situations, as measured on the PBRS, were most related to depressive rumination.


Accurate estimation of the radio frequency maps is key in practical indoor localization, but this requires dense sampling of the electromagnetic field, which is also known as fingerprinting. To decrease the time-consuming fingerprinting process, we both aim to estimate probabilistic radio frequency maps (RM) using artificial neural networks (ANN), and automatically pick the most informative fingerprint positions following an active learning strategy based on uncertainty sampling, aided by Gaussian Processes (GP). Once we have an estimate of the RM of the environment, the problem can be formulated as a tracking problem with a Hidden Markov Model (HMM), and the RM can be used as the observation densities of the HMM. The trajectories of sequential positions are approximated with a sequential Monte Carlo filter. The results indicate that fingerprint measurements can be reduced by 30% in return of 8.1% decrease in the localization performance.


This paper describes the Semipalatinsk historical cohort study and, in particular, examines the association between combined external and internal radiation exposure and esophagus cancer. Esophagus cancer is the most frequent single cancer site in the cause of death follow-up for the Semipalatinsk cohort. Set up in the 1960s, this historical cohort included 10 exposed settlements in the vicinity of the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site in East Kazakhstan as well as 6 comparison settlements in a low exposure area of the same region. The external and internal radiation doses to the population of the settlements under study were mainly due to local fallout from atmospheric nuclear testing (1949-1962). The database includes dosimetry and health information for 19.545 inhabitants of exposed and comparison villages in the Semipalatinsk region, comprising a total of 582.750 person-years of follow-up between 1960 and 1999. Cumulative effective dose estimates in this cohort range from 20 mSv to -4 Sv, with a mean dose of 634 mSv in the exposed group. Relative risks were calculated in terms of rate ratios, using a Poisson regression model for grouped person-time data. Esophagus cancer was found substantially elevated, with a statistically significant increase of the relative risk with dose and an ERR/Sv of 2.37 (1.45; 3.28) for the total cohort. If the data set was restricted to the exposed group only, the ERR/Sv was found considerably lower (0.18 (-0.16; 0.52)), whereas the dose-response remained significant only in women. Overall, our results based on the Semipalatinsk historical cohort indicate an association between fallout exposure and the risk of esophagus cancer that should be further investigated.


BACKGROUND
Overweight/obese patients' large fat mass can mask the loss of skeletal muscle, which is associated with mortality in the oncology setting. We investigated the prevalence of computed tomography (CT)-defined sarcopenia and myosteatosis across different levels of nutrition risk assessed by the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment Short Form (PG-SGA SF). We also evaluated whether the PG-SGA SF, sarcopenia, and myosteatosis were prognostic of overall survival.

METHODS
This was a prospective, observational study. Consecutive patients with body mass index ≥25.0 kg/m2 with newly diagnosed head and neck cancer (any stage) or lung and gastrointestinal tract cancer (locally recurrent or metastatic) were screened at presentation to oncology clinics. Nutrition risk was assigned based on PG-SGA SF triage recommendations. Based on CT, patients were classified with sarcopenia and/or myosteatosis using published cutoffs. Survival analyses were conducted.

RESULTS
Patients (n=1157) were 63.6 ± 11.4 years, 64% male, and 61% had stage IV disease. Sarcopenia and myosteatosis were prevalent across PG-SGA SF nutrition risk categories (scores 0-1 [no risk; 36% sarcopenic; 44% myosteatotic], scores 2-3 [37%; 37%], scores 4-8 [40%; 41%], and scores ≥9 [high risk; 50%; 49%]). In multivariable survival analysis, PG-SGA SF scores ≥9 (hazard ratio [HR] 2.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.66-2.60, P<0.001), sarcopenia (HR 1.25, 95% CI 1.06-1.46, P=0.006), and myosteatosis (HR 1.25, 95% CI 1.07-1.46, P<0.001) independently predicted reduced survival.

CONCLUSION
CT-defined sarcopenia and myosteatosis are prevalent across different levels of nutrition risk in overweight/obese patients with cancer. Assessment of skeletal muscle using CT adds prognostic value to the PG-SGA SF.


Abstract : The Youth Attitude Tracking Study (YATS) is a telephone interview survey which responents are selected by random digit dialing. It is a component of the Joint Market Research Program, contributing to recruiting policy formation and the development of recruiting strategies. Initiated in 1975, it tracks the self-reported attitudes, perceptions, and pre-enlistment behavior of non-military 16 to 21 year olds with respect to future service in the military for both active and reserve duty. Respondents are categorized into two groups: those with a negative propensity to enlist in the active military and those with a positive propensity. Negative propensity individuals stated that they would definitely or probably not enlist or did not indicate. Positive propensity individuals said they would definitely or probably enlist. YATS includes advertising awareness, contact with recruiters, and knowledge of the financial incentives for enlisting. YATS also provides time series data about the propensity of young men and women to enlist in the military. Through the Spring of 1980, males only were tracked on a semi-annual basis. Beginning with the Fall 1980 survey, the sample size was doubled to include females. Subsequent surveys, conducted annually, include cross-sectional samples of both sexes. The survey indicates that each of the four Military Services was perceived differently by the country's youth. Air Force was most frequently cited as the service which offers self-improvement opportunities, a challenging job, a proud career, and higher pay than other Services. The Army is recognized as helping to get a college education and providing better family benefits.


Tau (MAPT) drives neuronal dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies. To dissect the underlying mechanisms, we combined an engineered ascorbic acid peroxidase (APEX) approach with quantitative affinity purification mass spectrometry (AP-MS) followed by proximity ligation assay (PLA) to characterize Tau interactomes modified by neuronal activity and mutations that cause frontotemporal dementia (FTD) in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons. We established activity-dependent interactions of Tau with presynaptic vesicle proteins during Tau secretion and mapped the exact APEX-tau-induced biotinylated tyrosines to the cytosolic domains of the interacting vesicular proteins. We showed that FTD mutations impair bioenergetics and markedly diminished Tau's interaction with mitochondria proteins, which were downregulated in AD brains of multiple cohorts and correlated with disease severity. These multi-modal and dynamic Tau interactomes with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution shed novel insights into Tau's role in neuronal function and disease-related processes with potential therapeutic targets to block Tau-mediated pathogenesis.


Among the plethora of marine ecosystem challenges of this century, two have received increasing attention in recent years. One of these challenges, the primary subject of this book, is climate change. Another challenge is that of plastic. Marine plastic pollution can be subdivided into three basic categories: (1) macroplastics, including debris such as fishing nets, large pieces of Styrofoam, and parcels that have been lost or discarded from cargo ships; (2) microplastics, which comprise particles under 5 mm in diameter that remain when plastic objects, including plastic nurdles (which are used in various production processes), enter the sea and phytodegrade; and (3) nanoplastics, the end state of microplastic degradation, which are invisible to the naked eye and, because they are so small (1,000 times smaller than an algal cell)), are more likely than microplastics to pass through biological membranes. All of these categories of plastics are regrettable intrusions on natural ecosystems, but the latter are particularly worrisome for those concerned with environmental change. In this chapter, we argue that all types of plastic pollution are also troublesome irritants for those concerned specifically with climate governance. The links between plastic debris, which is reshaping ocean ecology, and the broader threat of climate change are rarely explored. Our analysis suggests that there are several interlinked variables and relevant ethical and policy-related considerations. In particular, the climate change and the microplastics narratives – discovery, scientific advances, technological and policy innovations – need to come together if we are to make solid progress in response to both of these wicked problems. We develop three primary ideas in this chapter. First, there are clear links between the oceans and climate change agenda and the marine debris agenda. Microplastics especially are contributing to the climate change problem and vice versa (Royer et al., 2018). Second, there are intriguing governance parallels between the two problems, such as existential threat responses, shared but differentiated responsibilities, and common heritage issues. The most pronounced intersection is at the level of ecological justice. Third, we argue that climate change governance should take the microplastics plague into account. Similarly, those dealing with plastic debris have no choice but to take climate change into serious consideration. In the remainder of this chapter we discuss why plastic debris should be a topic of grave concern to the climate change mitigation and adaptation community, and we show why it is a vital issue for environmental governance and ecological justice. We explore similarities between these two mega-issues from policy and justice perspectives, looking especially at human impacts and concerns about shared governance. We examine international legal principles that can be applied to both issues, including common heritage, shared but differentiated responsibilities, and the precautionary principle. Finally, we take a pragmatic look at what can be done to integrate these twin issues as part of wider efforts to achieve effective ocean governance amidst climate change.


Objective: The study assessed suicidal ideation and interpersonal variables to explore the extent to which (a) changes in interpersonal factors predicted future suicidal ideation and (b) changes in either predicted nonsuicidal self-injury. Method: In total, 1,044 patients (72.3% Female; mean age = 41.95) at a psychiatric inpatient facility were assessed daily for suicidal thoughts. If patients indicated suicidal thinking (n = 417), their feelings of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness were assessed. Results: There was a reciprocal relationship between suicidal ideation and interpersonal factors, with both predicting each other on the next day. Changes in suicidal ideation, but not interpersonal factors, over two days were a significant predictor of 22.6% of nonsuicidal self-injury cases (n = 67). Conclusions: The findings reinforce the need for more intensive assessment of suicidal ideation (i.e., days, hours) to determine complex relationships with risk factors. This acts to enhance prediction and prevention of suicidal ideation and nonsuicidal self-injury.


In this paper, we construct a continuum model for graphene oxide based upon the Lerf-Klinowski structure to investigate the interaction forces between sheets of graphene oxide. We use the Lennard-Jones potential and Coloumbic potential to determine the total potential energy between sheets of graphene oxide. We analytically calculate the interaction forces within the system using sums of hypergeometic functions. Our model is then modified to investigate different levels of hydration and oxidation within the system. Our investigations are reconstructed using the LAMMPS molecular dynamics simulator and we find that the analytical solution quickly and effectively calculates results that match well against our simulation data and values given from literature.


In data science, it is often required to estimate dependencies between different data sources. These dependencies are typically calculated using Pearson's correlation, distance correlation, and/or mutual information. However, none of these measures satisfy all the Granger's axioms for an "ideal measure". One such ideal measure, proposed by Granger himself, calculates the Bhattacharyya distance between the joint probability density function (pdf) and the product of marginal pdfs. We call this measure the mutual dependence. However, to date this measure has not been directly computable from data. In this paper, we use our recently introduced maximum likelihood non-parametric estimator for band-limited pdfs, to compute the mutual dependence directly from the data. We construct the estimator of mutual dependence and compare its performance to standard measures (Pearson's and distance correlation) for different known pdfs by computing convergence rates, computational complexity, and the ability to capture nonlinear dependencies. Our mutual dependence estimator requires fewer samples to converge to theoretical values, is faster to compute, and captures more complex dependencies than standard measures.


The USDA ARS Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (WGEW) has been the site for numerous interdisciplinary experiments focused on the use of remote sensing for estimating distributed evaporation (E). This report documents a selection of the remote sensing techniques that have been applied at WGEW and reports the resulting accuracies of estimates of E, along with the advantages and disadvantages of each technique. This selected techniques were contrasted with an operational remote sensing approach for monitoring E implemented by the Bureau of Reclamation for the Lower Colorado River Basin.


This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of NK chemical fertilizers in combination with compost on the growth and yield attributes of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). The pot experiment was done in a complete randomized block design possessing eight treatments with four replicates. Fruit weight, pulp weight, seed weight, total soluble solid, leaf area and dry weights of plat parts were taken and fruit yield was calculated. All the collected data were subjected to statistical analysis. The results revealed that there were significant differences in fruit and seed weights, total soluble solid, pulp weight, 100 seed weight, pulp consistency, leaf area and crop residue. In these parameters, higher mean values were recorded in chemical fertilizers (7.5 g N + 6 g K2O + 15 g P2O5 per m2) with compost (2 kg per m2) than those in the chemical fertilizers applied alone (9.0 g N + 8 g K2O + 15 g P2O5 per m2as standard control). Total soluble solid and fruit yield were 5.73 obrix and 3.21 kg/m2 respectively in the chemical fertilizers with compost (7.5 g N + 6 g K2O + 15 g P2O5 +2 kg compost per m2) treated plants and these were statically on par with the standard control which gave 4.36 obrix total soluble solid and 3.05 kg/m2 fruit yield. The result could be concluded that application of chemical fertilizers (7.5 g N + 6 g K2O + 15 g P2O5 per m2) with compost (2 kg per m2) could increase the total soluble solid and fruit yield as well as reduce the usage of chemical fertilizers in tomato cultivation over the standard control in sandy regosol.


Electroencephalographic cortical event-related potentials (ERPs) are affected by information processing strategies and are particularly appropriate for the examination of hypnotic alterations in perception. The effects of positive obstructive and negative obliterating instructions on visual and auditory P300 ERPs were tested. Twenty participants, stringently selected for hypnotizability, were requested to perform identical tasks during waking and alert hypnotic conditions. High hypnotizables showed greater ERP amplitudes while experiencing negative hallucinations and lower ERP amplitudes while experiencing positive obstructive hallucinations, in contrast to low hypnotizables and their own waking imagination-only conditions. The data show that when participants are carefully selected for hypnotizability and responses are time locked to events, rather robust physiological markers of hypnosis emerge. These reflect alterations in consciousness that correspond to participants' subjective experiences of perceptual alteration. Accounting for suggestion type reveals remarkable consistency of findings among dozens of researchers.


Extended soliton solutions of the Einstein field equations obtained within the framework of Sibgatullin's integral method are further analysed. We write the metric defining such solutions in a concise form suitable for concrete applications. The general formulae relating the parameters of the solution to the axis data and corresponding relativistic multipole moments are derived.


The history and classification of the various types of hydrocephalus are outlined and the mechanisms as well as causes of infantile hydorcephalus are discussed. Acoording to aetiology the possible operative treatments are described and special mention is made of ventriculocardiac shunting with its indications, advantages and complications. Finally, the results that may be expected from operative treatment of infantile hydrocephalus are studied and the neuropsychological aspect is emphasized.


Two new cases of 9p- syndrome are presented. Two girls have the monosomy of 9p with several clinical features typical for this chromosomal anomaly. Patients' abnormalities are compared with Kuroki's description of this syndrome.


Background: Undescended testes (UDT) are prone to a lot of complications but early detection and correction give good results. There is paucity of published data on UDT in our setting. This study describes the clinical presentation, management and outcome of this condition at Bugando Medical Centre (BMC) in northwestern Tanzania Methods: This was a retrospective study of patients who were admitted and operated for undescended testis at BMC between July 2006 and June 2014. Results: A total of 84 patients with 102 UDT were studied. Forty-six (54.9%) patients were aged above 5 years. Majority (72.5%) UDT were non-palpable. The right side was involved in 54.8%; left side in 23.8% while 21.4% were bilateral.  Associated inguinal hernia was reported in 48 (77.4%) patients. Ultrasonography was performed in 34 (45.9%) patients with non-palpable testes and was used to locate 12(35.3%) testes.  Laparoscopy was not used in any patient. At surgery, 54 (52.9%) testes were found in the inguinal canal, 28 (27.5%) in the superficial inguinal pouch, 10 (9.8%) in the abdomen and 10 (9.8%) testes were not found. Out of the 92 (90.2%) visible testes, 69 (75.0%) underwent orchidopexy (single stage in 54 (78.3%) testes and multistage in 15 (21.7%) testes) and 23 (25.0%) orchidectomy. Single stage procedures were more likely in patients less than 5 years, with palpable testes and those with testes located at the superficial inguinal pouch (p < 0.001). Postoperative complications were recorded in 8(9.5%) patients. The overall success rate of treatment was 95.7%. In this study, only 12 (14.3%) patients were available for follow up at 12 months after discharge. Conclusion: Patients with UDT presented late in our hospital because diagnosis by birth attendants was rarely made even though the anomaly was obvious at birth. The parents, patients themselves and development of complications drew attention to undescended testis. Health awareness campaign, thorough genital examination after birth and regular screening of toddlers for UDT may result in early presentation


Annotation: The following article analyzes the ideological processes, randomizes the history of ideological thought, their application in the life of society, sustainable development in line with the Strategy of Actions of the new national development of Uzbekistan, which serves to raise the morale of the international community, sustainable development and the conceptual principles of the idea of national ascent, aimed at educating young generation who can make an invaluable contribution to their worthy place in the world, from a socio-philosophical point of view. As a result, these analyzes serve to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of spiritual-enlightenment work and to turn creativity into a nationwide movement, strengthening the sense of involvement in the ongoing reforms in the hearts of young generation, transform a healthy weltanschauung and creativity into a nationwide movement through the widespread promotion of the idea of "From national revival to national progress" which is based on the principles of goodness and humanity.


Background: Environmental health literacy (EHL) is coalescing into a new subdiscipline that combines key principles and procedural elements from the fields of risk communication, health literacy, environmental health sciences (EHS), communications research, and safety culture. These disciplines have contributed unique expertise and perspectives to the development of EHL. Since 1992, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) has contributed to the evolution of EHL and now seeks to stimulate its scientific advancement and rigor. Objectives: The principal objective of this article is to stimulate a conversation on, and advance research in, EHL. Discussion: In this article, we propose a definition of and conceptual framework for EHL, describe EHL in its social and historical context, identify the complementary fields and domains where EHL is being defined and implemented, and outline a research agenda. Extensive reviews of web and literature searches indicate that the concept of EHL is evolving rapidly, as are the definitions of its scope and inquiry. Although several authors have outlined different frameworks, we believe that a more nuanced model based on Bloom's taxonomy is better suited to EHL and to future research in this area. Conclusions: We posit that EHL can potentially benefit the conduct and outcomes of community-engaged and health disparities EHS research and can ensure that the translation of research findings will lead to greater understanding of specific risks, reduction of exposures, and improvement of health outcomes for individuals and communities. We provide four recommendations to advance work in EHL. Citation: Finn S, O'Fallon L. 2017. The emergence of environmental health literacy—from its roots to its future potential. Environ Health Perspect 125:495–501; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409337


Since 1970s, magnetic field effects (MFEs) on photogenerated radical pairs have been the centre of focus in the field of spin chemistry. The MFE attributes to quantum mechanical interconversion between the singlet and triplet radical pair states and subsequent spin-selective recombination reactions. In this New View article, the author picks up two hot topics studied during the last two decades, which are (i) so-called low field effect (LFE) and (ii) 2J-resonance MFE on fixed distance donor–acceptor linked molecules. In both of the topics, quantum mechanical explanations are given referring to recent reports, and some novel calculations have been carried out for bridging theoretical and experimental data for long-lived radical pairs. For the first topic, time domain calculations of coherent state mixing have been carried out for elucidation of hyperfine (HF) structure dependence of the LFE. For the second topic, Monte Carlo simulations of the torsional motion of polyaromatic linker unit have been carried out for the demonstration of fast decoherence in such rigid molecules. From these considerations, future possibilities of MFE studies on photo-functional materials and biomolecules have been indicated. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


A previously proposed model of quarks and gluons, with nonperturbative gluon propagators, is extended to include gluon self-interactions. An approximate expression for the amplitude for colour octet exchange is obtained by summing a dominant subset of diagrams. This amplitude is then used to obtain an integral equation for the pomeron amplitude whose solution gives an isolated pole for its Mellin transform. The position of this pole is qualitatively consistent with the observed pomeron trajectory.


INTRODUCTION
Providing care for penetrating abdominal wounds is a controversial subject. The aim of this project was to describe their epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This retrospective study conducted over 4 years, from January 2006 to January 2010 concerned 70 cases of penetrating abdominal injury in the general surgery department of the Gabriel TOURE teaching hospital. Non-piercing and animal horn related abdominal injuries were not included.

RESULTS
We collated 70 cases of penetrating abdominal wounds; representing 1.2% of hospitalisations during the studied time frame. The patients were 12 to 59 years old with a mean age of 27.7 years and a sex-ratio of 9 to 1 for men. 27 patients (38.36%) came from districts I and II of Bamako. Criminal injuries was the main cause of injury encountered representing 70% cases. 3 of the patients had psychiatric antecedents and 45.7% of patients regularly consumed drugs. The epiploon and small intestine were the main eviscerated organs (51.4% cases). 17/53 patients received non-surgical treatment. The rate of laparotomia was of 30.2% and postoperative morbidity 15.1%.

CONCLUSION
Treating penetrating abdominal injury remains difficult. A good selection of patients allow the service to lower the rate of laparotomia.


OBJECTIVE
To examine the effects of intraarticular induction of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) expression in adult mice.

METHODS
We used somatic mosaic analysis in a novel transgenic mouse with an inducible IL-1beta transcription unit. Transgene activation was induced by Cre recombinase in the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) of adult transgenic mice (conditional knockin model). The effects of intraarticular IL-1beta induction were subsequently evaluated at the cellular, histopathologic, and behavioral levels.

RESULTS
We developed transgenic mice capable of germline transmission of a dormant transcription unit consisting of the mature form of human IL-1beta as well as the reporter gene beta-galactosidase driven by the rat procollagen 1A1 promoter. Transgene activation by a feline immunodeficiency virus Cre vector resulted in histopathologic changes, including articular surface fibrillations, cartilage remodeling, and chondrocyte cloning. We also demonstrated up-regulation of genes implicated in arthritis (cyclooxygenase 2, IL-6, matrix metalloproteinase 9). There was a lack of inflammatory cells in these joints. Behavioral changes, including increased orofacial grooming and decreased resistance to mouth opening, were used as measures of nociception and joint dysfunction, respectively. The significant increase in expression of the pain-related neurotransmitter calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the sensory ganglia as well as the auxiliary protein CGRP receptor component protein of the calcitonin-like receptor in the brainstem further substantiated the induction of pain.

CONCLUSION
Induction of IL-1beta expression in the TMJs of adult mice led to pathologic development, dysfunction, and related pain in the joints. The somatic mosaic model presented herein may prove useful in the preclinical evaluation of existing and new treatments for the management of joint pathologic changes and pain, such as in osteoarthritis.


The possibility of using sea bottom sediments as a substitute for fine sand aggregate was investigated for the fabrication of concrete solids and marine reefs. The proportions of raw materials in the concrete mixture were optimized, and the materials were evaluated with by testing their slump, air content, mass change, total shrinkage and compressive strength. In the short term, i.e. a curing age of 3 to 28 days, the compressive strengths of the concrete materials made with the sediments were better than those of the normal concrete blocks. Furthermore, after 187 days of curing, the compressive strengths were 44, 31 and 12 MPa respectively for the concrete products with a water-cement ratio (w/c) by weight of 0.47, 0.69 and 1.15 using the sediments. When the concrete materials were field-tested in the sea for approximately one year, the blocks were not damaged by the sea environment because the compressive strengths were 48, 33 and 14 MPa with w/c = 0.47, 0.69 and 1.15, respectively. Since the concrete blocks constructed with the optimal mix of raw materials had enough solid strength to be used in the sea, it may be unnecessary to add steel reinforcement to this concrete for the specific purpose of constructing marine reefs.


Kant's aesthetics is rarely discussed in relation to contemporary art. If the art world wants a philosophical framework born of German idealism, it is usually Hegel's dialectic, with predictions of the end of history and the death of art, that is drawn upon. As several authors in this special issue observe, the lack of attention given to Kant by the art world and recent art theory is probably due to his aesthetics being strongly associated with modernist formalism, principally as a result of Clement Greenberg's writing. Furthermore, while Kant's treatment of the sublime might attract interest, the fact that the greater part of the Critique of the Power of Judgment focuses on beauty and judgements of taste can give the impression that his aesthetics has little to offer contemporary art. This special issue of Kantian Review aims to demonstrate the relevance of Kant to contemporary art and aesthetics. All the articles started their lives as papers presented at the 'Kant, Aesthetics and Contemporary Art' conference held online on 22–24 October 2020 and organized jointly by Cardiff University and Cardiff Metropolitan University, Wales, UK. The idea for a Kant and aesthetics conference and special issue came from Kantian Review editor Howard Williams. I added the theme of contemporary art because I think there is a lot in the third Critique that is relevant to it, and I wanted the challenge of addressing the lack of attention given to Kant. The articles developed from the conference and included in this special issue provide a rich display of the different paths Kant's philosophy opens up within the contemporary. It has not been possible to include all the papers from the conference, but it is hoped that some may appear in later editions of the journal. The articles presented here divide into three themes: (1) the role of concepts in aesthetic judgement (Filieri, Vaccarino Bremner); (2) Kant and recent aesthetic theory (Zuckert, Lemos); and (3) Kant and contemporary art (Hughes, Costello, Guyer, Cazeaux). The first two articles focus upon the relation between concepts and aesthetic judgement, and show how the relation can be illustrated using encounters with modern works of art. The first article – 'Concept-less Schemata: The Reciprocity of Imagination and Understanding in Kant's Aesthetics' by Luigi Filieri – draws out the role played by the schematization of the categories within the freedom of the aesthetic imagination. From claims made within the first Critique, the schematization of the categories is ordinarily taken to be transcendental preparation for the employment of a determining, empirical concept. However, as Filieri points out, it is not the


Nesting beach surveys are the most widely implemented monitoring tool in use by the global sea turtle community and are an important component of a comprehensive program to assess and monitor the status of sea turtle populations. These assessments are necessary to evaluate the effects of recovery and conservation activities which are being implemented at all life history stages. Appropriately designed nesting beach surveys, in concert with studies of nesting females (see Alvarado and Murphy, this volume; Balazs, this volume; Owens, this volume) and nest success (see Miller, this volume), can provide information relative to the number of nests deposited annually, the number of nesting females that are reproductively active annually, and annual nest productivity. Nesting beach surveys, as discussed in this chapter, refer to ground and/or aerial surveys conducted to gather information on the number of nesting and non-nesting emergences occurring on a non-arribada beach. Readers contemplating population surveys on mass nesting beaches should consult Valverde and Gates, this volume.


The protection of Internally Displaced Persons - popularly called IDPs - has come to dominate the contemporary debate in International Law, International Refugee Law (IRL), International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and International Human Rights Law (IHRL). But these fields of law have offered disappointing levels of protection. There are no protection provisions in IRL, IHRL and IHL dealing with IDPs and protection is limited to only those persons who cross international borders. But there is another legal framework called the UNHCR Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, 1998 which were prepared for the UN Commission on Human Rights that provides protection and assistance to the IDPs. Internal displacement rose to prominence as an issue through the late 1980s and became an important priority in global affairs during the 1990s. Today, human displacement trends in homeland boundaries have acquired global concerns and ramifications and need aid and assistance at par refugees. IDPs have also been living in refugee-like situations that make them eligible for international protection in their country of residence. Thus, it is evident from the IDPs definition discussed hereunder that it does imply to have an idea of international protection for them but it also endures insufficiencies. However, IDPs is an international problem now and creates with international obligations. Additionally, the IDPs framework is not a legally enforceable mechanism and its operation and implementation exclusively depends upon national governments. The IDPs definition is extremely restricted and lacks international application and flagrantly deprives them of international protection. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this paper to analyse the existing IDP laws, to identify the IDPs protection gaps, challenges and their implementation in practice worldwide including India.


Many clustering routing protocols had been proposed which had rarely considered the network security issues so far. Most of the layer clustering key management methods does not consider the problem of key updating and cluster head being captured. Considering the probability of node being captured, particle swarm optimization algorithm was used to optimize the clustering of sensor networks. A dynamic key management method was proposed to achieve key updating regularly and provide a security strategy for sensor networks to solve the problem of cluster head being captured. The simulation illustrates that the proposed key management method can achieve better security performance.


Managed retreat has become a recommended adaptation strategy for hazard-prone coastal cities. The study aimed to improve considerations for the contextual factors that influence the success of managed retreat and resettlement projects in Metro Manila. Data were collected through a mixed-method approach consisting of a screening of relevant literature, a qualitative case analysis of resettlement projects, and a workshop series with Philippine stakeholders. It turned out that the resettlement of informal settlers is a central element of urban development. Though in-city resettlement is preferred, the majority of existing and planned projects are developed in off-city locations. The findings present a nuanced view of different retreat approaches. Not all in-city resettlements are successful, and the unpopular off-city projects have a potentially important role for urban and regional development. A strategic planning thread to develop concepts for qualitative off-city settlements that counteract uncontrolled urban sprawl with monofunctional residential areas for urban poor people was deduced. The other thread asks for pathways for inner-city development with innovative, vertical, in-city projects. A final observation was that climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic are worsening the situation in informal settlements, thus strengthening the argument for the planned decentralization of Metro Manila's congested urban areas.


Abstract Thermally induced dehydroxylation and oxidative dehydrogenation drive the thermal decomposition of all Fe2+-containing phyllosilicates. Whereas the former produces H2O gas, the latter results in H2 evolution. Six chlorites representing the Mg-Fe2+ series from clinochlore to chamosite and biotite (as an analog of the 2:1 layer in chlorite) were investigated using thermogravimetry coupled to quadrupole mass spectrometry (TG-MS). A fast-ramp heating protocol was applied to identify if and how hydrogen gas was released from the crystal structure and whether it was quantitatively related to structural Fe2+ content. Dehydroxylation and oxidative dehydrogenation were tested under inert and oxidizing conditions. H2 liberation confirmed the H2 gas production by oxidative dehydrogenation, as shown by an evolution of the m/z = 2 signal for chamosites, Fe-rich clinochlores, and biotite heated under nitrogen gas atmosphere. Along with H2 evolution, H2O (m/z = 18) was released, suggesting that dehydroxylation is a trigger for dehydrogenation. The higher the Fe2+ content in the studied chlorites, the more intense the H2 evolution, thus the higher the H2/H2O ratios. The products of ramp-heating to 1000 °C resulted in varying amounts of newly formed Fe3+ (from 7 to 22%), however, biotite that converted into oxybiotite underwent almost complete oxidation, indicating a stronger tendency of 2:1 layer to dehydrogenation. The observed concurrent, but independent mechanisms of H2 and H2O evolution produced a feasible model of the thermal decomposition of chlorites. Despite O2 availability under oxidizing condition, the Fe2+ oxidation was not driven by attaching oxygen anions to the phyllosilicate structure, but also by dehydrogenation. Hydrogen was not detected using MS for any tested sample heated in synthetic air because any H2 if released was instantaneously combined with external O2, which resulted in an excess H2O MS signal not matched by mass loss on the TG profiles of chamosite and biotite. Without coupling of the evolved gas analysis with TG, the excess H2O produced by dehydrogenation in the O2-bearing carrier gas would result in misleading interpretations of dehydroxylation. Methodological and geological implications of the TG-MS experiments are discussed. The oxidation of Fe2+ in all Fe2+-containing phyllosilicates proceeds with simultaneous H2 gas release that is not dependent on oxygen fugacity nor temperature during the mineral formation. Therefore, the correlation between Fe3+/Fe2+ and remaining hydrogen in the structure must be considered during modeling the conditions that involve chlorite as geothermobarometer. H2 release during heating is proposed as an indicator of oxidative dehydrogenation of Fe2+-bearing minerals on Mars.


An investigation was carried out to examine why a glucose oxidase-peroxidase-orthodianisidine method for plasma glucose, without protein precipitation, gave low results for neonatal blood. The magnitude of the difference between the results with and without protein precipitation was examined in a clinical neonatal series, and in sera to which bilirubin, hemolysate, pure hemoglobin, and uric acid had been added. Systematic linear inhibition was demonstrated with bilirubin, and the results suggested that high concentrations of hemolysate and uric acid could also interfere. Use of alkaline protein precipitants eliminated the inhibition. Dextrostix test results for neonatal blood are compared with results of conventional glucose analyses and possible sources of discrepancy examined.


This article presents a decision support methodology to assess potential locations for the new Hospital of Sintra (FHS), jointly with Hospital of Fernando da Fonseca (HFF), using Geographical System Information methodology and locationallocation models. The FHS will be a HFF complementary unit, sharing the same catchment area, i.e.,Sintra and Amadora Municipalities. The recent 203/2008 decree establishes the need of Sintras' new hospital, defines HFF as a public hospital and creates Amadora-Sintra local health unit.


The problem of divine knowledge with a subset of related issues, is one of the most difficult philosophical problems that sheikh al-Rais has been addressing and solving in its numerous works. The view of Avicenna, especially regarding the problem of divine knowledge, has been criticized and abused by many, and even charged with exaggeration by thinkers such as Ghazali. This paper seeks to refine the view of Avicenna in a reflection on the basis of the philosophical foundations of Avicenna. The most important basis for Avicenna is the metaphysical distinction between existence and quiddity. In this article, firstly, the design of the Sheikh's base and its difference with the Mu'tazilite view are discussed. Then, by examining his view of divine knowledge in the three stages of the knowledge of essence, the knowledge of other things and the knowledge of the details, the ultimate theory of the Sheikh with respect to his later works The most important of these is "Al-TALIQT". According to the final view, since God is the source, it is pure action and all things, its knowledge of itself and other things, as well as the details is the presential knowledge.


Abstract:Jackie Sibblies Drury's Fairview attempts to implicate white audience members in spectating Black life in order to make room for audiences of color to imagine a story built outside narratives of overcoming. Yet Fairview expects and operates under the assumption that there is a white audience to respond to the work, and leaves audience members of color exposed once more to the white gaze.


Methods for positionally selective remote C-H functionalizations are in high demand. Herein, we disclose the first heterogeneous ruthenium catalyst for meta-selective C-H functionalizations, which enabled remote halogenations with excellent site selectivity and ample scope. The versatile heterogeneous Ru@SiO2 catalyst was broadly applicable and could be easily recovered and reused, which set the stage for the direct fluorescent labeling of purines. In contrast to palladium, rhodium, iridium, or cobalt complexes, solely the ruthenium catalysis manifold provided access to meta-halogenated purine derivatives, illustrating the unique power of ruthenium C-H activation catalysis.


Time-resolved infrared (IR) radiometry was used to measure surface temperatures during pulsed Er:YSGG
(l=2.79 mm) and Er:YAG (l=2.94 mm) laser irradiation of dental enamel. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
was used to determine the melting and vaporization thresholds and to characterize other changes in the
surface morphology. The magnitude and temporal evolution of the surface temperature during multiplepulse irradiation of the tissue was dependent on the wavelength, fluence, and pre-exposure to laser pulses. Radiometry and SEM micrographs indicate that ablation is initiated at temperatures well below the melting and vaporization temperatures of the carbonated hydroxyapatite mineral component (1200 °C). Ablation occurred at lower surface temperatures and at lower fluences for Er:YAG than for Er:YSGG laser irradiation: 400 °C vs. 800 °C and above 7 J/cm2 vs. 18 J/cm2, respectively. However, the measured surface temperatures were higher at l=2.79 mm than at l=2.94 mm during low fluence irradiation (<7 J/cm2). Spatially dependent absorption in the enamel matrix is proposed to explain this apparent contradiction.


This paper examines the impact of British Colonial rule on intergroup relations between Benin and Esan communities. British contact with most Nigerian states, kingdoms and empires in the twentieth century had far reaching effect on inter-group relations. However, the extent to which colonial rule impacted on inter-group relations amongst the peoples of Nigeria has not been given its proper place in the existing literature. With the use of primary and secondary sources, the paper discusses the conquest and imposition of colonial rule on Benin and Esan and how these impacted on the social, political and economic relations among the people. Benin and Esan had hitherto enjoyed varied degrees of relations - from cordial to hostile – especially in the pre-colonial period. However, the emergence of colonial rule and the socio-political and economic policies initiated by the colonial authorities further added new dimensions to the relationship between Benin and Esan as both gravitated from independent to dependent status.


This paper analyses the impact of the researcher's linguistic fluency or competence (or lack thereof) on the data collection process during fieldwork and subsequent analysis. We focus on researcher interaction with the field in a largely monolingual setting in Japan, and the multilingual setting of an international school in Indonesia. Researcher positionality during fieldwork shifts with their (perceived) linguistic fluency, which in turn affects the data. Despite the emphasis on reflexive ethnography, anthropological research rarely interrogates the impact of the researcher's linguistic fluency on the field. We attribute this silence to the perception that highlighting researcher language ability may compromise their ethnographic authority. In this paper we use self-reflexivity to make visible the ethnographic impact that the researcher's language ability has on fieldwork processes. We argue that being self-reflexive about our linguistic fluency, or lack thereof, does not necessarily compromise our analysis.


Secretion of proteins by the endometrium of pigs during pregnancy is reported to be influenced by progesterone and estrogen. The effect of estrone treatment from d 30 to 45 of pregnancy on endometrial protein secretion and uterine capacity was tested in unilaterally hysterectomized-ovariectomized (UHO) gilts. Ten intact and 16 UHO crossbred gilts were mated and assigned to the following treatments: 1) intact controls, n = 10; 2) UHO, n = 8; and 3) UHO + estrone (E; two 150-mg implants, 60-d release, implanted on d 30 of gestation), n = 8. Gilts were killed on d 45 of pregnancy. A sample of allantoic fluid was collected from each conceptus. Blood and endometrial tissue samples were collected to evaluate estrone concentrations, and placental and endometrial tissues were incubated to evaluate protein secretion. Estrone treatment increased (P < .01) plasma and endometrial tissue estrone concentrations. Unilateral hysterectomy-ovariectomy decreased (P < .01) fetal survival. No effect of estrone was detected on the number of live fetuses, protein secretion by endometrial tissue in culture, or allantoic fluid protein, acid phosphatase, retinol binding protein, or retinol. Estrone treatment decreased uterine weight (P = .05) and allantoic fluid fructose concentrations (P < .05). After correction for allantoic fluid volume, allantoic fluid protein, retinol, and acid phosphatase activity were decreased (P < .05) in UHO-treated pigs. The UHO treatment did not affect allantoic fluid fructose concentrations. These results indicate that 1) estrone treatment from d 30 to 45 of pregnancy and at the dosage used did not alter endometrial protein secretion or fetal survival, and 2) UHO decreased the amount of endometrial proteins available to conceptuses.


Abstract. Climate change is one of the major challenges of our society thus educational resources on climate risk and adaptation are needed. In this case study, we present a short-duration training for tertiary students and practitioners about the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)'s climate risk framework. The training uses Problem-Based Learning (PBL) pedagogy, and its suitability and benefits are evaluated with observational qualitative analysis and self-assessment of knowledge of the participants of 5 independent groups in Brazil. We find that the application of a mapping exercise using the IPCC's climate risk framework supports learning about climate risk, as well as data interpretation, creativity, teamwork, communication, and critical thinking by the participants. This work merges the IPCC's climate risk framework and PBL for climate risk training. The proposed training enables the teaching of climate risk in stand-alone courses and professional development training in areas which climate is an embedded component.


The photoelectron spectra and the relative partial photoionisation cross sections of atomic Sr have been determined in the photon-energy range of the 4p to nl, in l excitations. Below the 4p54d(3P)5s ionisation limit the Sr 4p65s2 to 4p6nl in l' partial cross sections are approximately equal to the Sr+ ion yield obtained by Nagata et al. Above the 4p ionisation threshold the 4p cross section closely resembles the Sr2+ ion yield and the two-step autoionisation Auger processes comprise more than 70% of all decay channels of the 4p5nln'l' resonances.


Rationale: The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical and imaging features of a pediatric patient with mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA (MPS IIIA) and a novel mutation of the N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase (SGSH) in 1 pedigree. Patient concerns: An 8-year-old female patient presented with developmental regression, seizures, cerebral atrophy, thickened calvarial diploe, apathy, esotropia, slender build, thick hair, prominent eyebrows, hepatomegaly, ankle clonus, muscle and joint contractures, and funnel chest. Diagnoses: The patient was diagnosed as autosomal recessive (AR) MPS IIIA with a novel mutation in the SGSH gene. Interventions: Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood and next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology was used to detect pathogenic genes, and the Sanger method was applied to perform pedigree verification for the detected suspicious pathogenic mutations. Outcomes: The NGS done for the girl and her family showed 2 variations that were both missense mutations in SGSH. The c.1298G > A (p.Arg433Gln) was a known mutation, and the c.630 G > T (p.Trp210Cys) was a novel variation. Lessons: The common clinical manifestations of MPS IIIA were rapid developmental regression, seizures, cerebral atrophy, and thickened calvarial diploe. The results showed that the c.630 G > T was likely pathogenic according to bioinformatics analysis, which probably was a novel mutation. This study reports 1 case of MPS IIIA with some clinical features as determined via clinical and genetic analysis, and found a new mutation in the SGSH gene.


"Terms of Engagement: Avers, feldman-kiss, Stimson presents work by three Canadian artists who were deployed to conflict zones between 2009 and 2011 as participants in the Canadian Forces Artists Program (CFAP). Exemplifying CFAP's arms-length relationship to artists, their diverse responses explore narratives of genocide, the traumatic legacy of colonialism and the War on Terror. With the works in the show encompassing a varied array of media including photography, video, painting, drawing and installation, Terms of Engagement offers a multifaceted and critical engagement with Canada's international role as a nation of warriors and peacekeepers. " -- publisher's website


The motion of an electrically conducting fluid film squeezed between two parallel disks with heat transfer in the presence of a magnetic field applied perpendicular to the disks is studied. Attention is given to the case where a similarity solution can be obtained. Approximate analytic solutions are given and a numerical solution to the resulting nonlinear ordinary differential equations for a wide range of values of the three independent parameters which influence the motion is presented. Special attention is given to the effects of squeezing and magnetic forces on heat transfer. The results establish that while squeezing has considerable effects on heat transfer, the effects of magnetic forces are negligible.


Competition between companies differentiates a lot now a days compared to many years before. They compete in "nicety" that are so small but so important. Companies are trying to achieve competitive advantage in order to help them obtain a better and a stable position in the marketplace. The best way for companies to achieve a competitive advantage is through innovation. This paper addresses the meaning of innovation what does innovation present, types of innovation specifically discussing the right way of usage. In order for companies to get as many innovations as possible it is necessary for them to be familiar with the process of innovation and its principles which innovation was found on. There are several types of innovation or ways in which companies can achieve innovation in a level of whole organization. This paper discusses the ways how that can be achieved, starting from their products and services, ways of selling, supply etc.


Background: Sleep disorders are common in medical out-patients. They are seldom addressed despite being known to worsen overall health of patients. Detailed evaluation to differentiate these into primary sleep disorders, psychiatric and medical co-morbidity or both can be done by a liaison Psychiatrist. Managing these is necessary for providing good quality recovery for the patient. Method: Cross-sectional survey of 148 randomly selected medical out-patients in a tertiary care hospital was carried out to assess various sleep disorders. Pittsburgh sleep quality index was used for assessment. They were assessed by qualified psychiatrist to establish Psychiatric diagnosis by clinical interview as per ICD-10 classification. Co-occurrence of these with chronic medical problems as diagnosed by clinician was documented. Results: Sleep disorders were common in medical out-patients (48.64%). Commonest among them was difficulty initiating sleep and reduced duration. A significant number screened to have sleep disorders, also had psychiatric co-morbidities (63.8%), Depressive disorders being the commonest (52.1%). Chronic medical illnesses were present in 50 (33.8%) of the all patients assessed for having sleep disorders. Co-occurrence of medical and psychiatric co-morbidities was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Considering high prevalence, patients should be routinely assessed for various sleep problems by Physician and referred to Psychiatrist for management as many of them also have psychiatric co-morbidities. Physician and Psychiatrist liaison is important in managing complex medical and psychiatric co-morbidities associated with sleep disorders.


This paper presents a preliminary modeling method, Habitat Multivariate Design Model (HMVDM), to estimate the volume, size, shape, and configuration required for the design of a space habitat. The specific habitat used for this analysis is the "Habot" mobile lunar base concept. The HMVDM methodology begins with values for mass and volume from quantitative summation tools such as the NASA Office of Biological and Physical Research (OBPR) Crew Accommodations Guide. From these tools, it derives a more detailed analysis of mass and particularly of volume. The estimated volume is input into the model, written as a spreadsheet-based analytical modeling tool. In this pilot study, the diameter of a cylindrical module serves as the single independent variable. The dependent variables include: the number of pressure ports, the floor area, the height of the end dome, the height of the cylindrical portion of the module, the number of floor decks, the floor to floor height, and the volume of vertical circulation. The model affords an array of adjustable evaluation criteria and set point limits to assess the results in the dependent variables. This evaluation provides the ability to analyze the independent variable for which values meet the "requirements" of the mission and habitat design.


: Under study was the dynamics of changes of the activity of components of the kinin system and proteolytic activity of blood in 32 patients with acute cholecystitis. The results have shown that cholecystic patients and patients with the diseases of biliary ducts, especially in the exacerbation stage, have pronounced shifts in the kinin system components and in the proteolytic activity of blood as a whole. In clinical conditions the proteolytic activity data can be used for determining the severity and development of acute cholecystitis. The use of protease inhibitors in the inflammation of the gallbladder and biliary ducts results in a decreased blood proteolytic activity and thereby contributes to more rapid recovery of patients with such disorders.


Many studies have investigated preservice teachers' motivations to teach. However, few studies have (a) used robust measurement methodologies to test the psychometric properties of instruments measuring motivations to teach, (b) attempted to measure changes over time in preservice teachers' motivations to teach, or (c) attempted to assess the effects that relevant variables such as age or gender may have on temporal changes in motivations to teach. This study sought to address these perceived deficits in the literature. Results indicate that the instrument developed in this study was reliable and valid across two waves of data collection, that preservice teachers' motivations to teach changed across the course of their first semester of teacher education, and that, in some cases, these changes were related to the age of preservice teachers.


A macroscopic constitutive model is proposed in this research to reproduce the uniaxial transition ratcheting behaviors of the superelastic shape memory alloy (SMA) undergoing cyclic loading, based on the cosine-type phase transition equation with the initial martensite evolution coefficient that provides the predictive residual martensite accumulation evolution and the nonlinear feature of hysteresis loop. The calculated results are compared with the experimental results to show the validity of the present computational procedure in transition ratcheting. Finite element implementation for the self-loosening behavior of the superelastic SMA bolt is then carried out based on the proposed constitutive model to analyze the curves of stress-strain responses on the bolt bar, clamping force reduction law, dissipation energy change law of the bolted joint for different external loading cases, and preload force of the bolt.


Serious games based on video mazes can be easily and effectively applied for learning purposes with the goal of facilitating technology-enhanced education. In order to practice game-based learning for various curriculums, educators need software platforms for automatized construction and flexible customization of such games. This article presents an open software platform named Maze Builder built on Unity 3D, which is especially designed for automatic generation and easy modification of maze video games. We discuss the maze game design process, the platform architecture and its data model, the results obtained from the performance tests, and a practical experiment conducted with teachers using the platform for generating maze games with educational tasks embedded into maze rooms. The initial results acquired from these experiments are very positive and encouraging with regard of the usability of the Maze Builder platform by domain specialists who are not IT professionals.ACM Computing Classification System (1998): D.2.6, D.2.10, K.8.0.


The issue of taxation of advocacy is undergoing a new stage of discussion and debate. Today, the taxation of a lawyer's income depends on whether the lawyer works individually, as a self-employed person, or as an employee under an employment contract in a law office or association.Working independently, a lawyer pays tax and other mandatory payments in the total amount of about 42% (personal income tax 18%, military levy 1.5%, single social contribution 22%), while persons who are on the simplified system taxation, pay a single tax (for example 5%) and a social contribution.Laws (bill) No. 2200, No. 2200-1, which provide for the right of lawyers, as self-employed persons, to be on the simplified taxation system for the main type of their activity (activity in the field of law) introduce novelty in this matter.The issue of the lawyer's right to choose the taxation system, in particular, the simplified taxation system, which is applied to individual entrepreneurs, remains debatable in the context of guarantees of the stability and independence of the lawyer's activity, provided for by the interests of the state and the lawyer. The importance of transparency of tax relations and the validity of simplifying state control over tax assessment and payment are discussed.At the theoretical level, the effectiveness and efficiency of tax payment and the increase of budget revenues from advocacy activities in the case of the legislative granting of the right to a simplified taxation system to an attorney are ascertained. It is indicated that such an approach corresponds to the principle of fairness and impartiality to the lawyer's activity in terms of its taxation.The article reveals the problem of discrimination of self-employed persons and entrepreneurs in the field of taxation. The material presents an analysis of draft laws and their rationale. Tendencies to changes in the legal regulation of tax relations of self-employed persons are outlined. A comparison of the features of advocacy and entrepreneurial activity was carried out. Attention is focused on the issue of taxation of the lawyer's income. The regulatory and legal regulation of tax collection from advocacy activities is characterized. The judicial practice and legal positions of the Supreme Court have been elaborated and their influence on the formation of the object of taxation from advocacy activities has been outlined. Arguments were searched for the need to legislate for the lawyer the right to choose between the general and simplified taxation systems. The conclusion is made about the need to regulate the lawyer's right to choose the taxation system, which is a constituent element of guaranteeing the lawyer's independence.


Exercise in a natural environment, termed green exercise, has repeatedly been shown through empirical research to be beneficial for psychological health. However, very little is known about the underlying cognitive mechanisms responsible for these benefits. Literature suggests that it may be an innate human connectedness to nature, and that natural environments do not require directed attention and therefore promote restoration. As the senses are used to interact with nature, this thesis set out to explore the relative contribution of sight, sound and smell to the green exercise effect. Chapter 2 found that, when presented with a choice of nature and urban images simultaneously, that participants preferred to view nature, particularly as exercise intensity increased. However, the images were not completely immersive for the participant. Therefore, a green lab was developed, described in Chapter 3, to enable the exploration of the senses of sight, sound and smell in relation to green exercise and psychological recovery. Results in Chapter 4 showed occlusion of sound had the largest detrimental effect on total mood disturbance, with smell and sight having little effect. Chapter 5 repeated Chapter 4 but addressed limitations with a modified protocol with sound removed (rather than occluded) and still reduced mood significantly. In Chapter 6, psychological stress was used to disturb mood prior to exposure to different sensory aspects of green exercise and the recovery after the stressor was explored. Results indicated that exercise with nature sounds, nature visual or exercise with both nature sounds and visual are better for recovery from an acute stressor than rest or exercise alone. Evidence provided in this thesis, highlights the contribution of the senses of sight and sound to green exercise psychological effects and the benefits of green exercise in recovery from acute psychological stress.


Economies are buffeted by natural shocks, wars, policy changes, and other unanticipated events. Observed data can be subject to substantial revisions. Consequently, a "correct" theory can manifest serious mis-specification if just fitted to data ignoring its time-series characteristics. Modelling U.S. expenditure on food, the simplest theory implementation fails to describe the evidence. Embedding that theory in a general framework with dynamics, outliers and structural breaks and using impulse-indicator saturation, the selected model performs well, despite commencing with more variables than observations (see Doornik, 2009b), producing useful robust forecasts. Although this illustration involves a simple theory, the implications are generic and apply to sophisticated theories.


This paper aims to identify whether there are statistically significant differences in the level of perceived achievement of complex thinking competence in a population of Latin American students from different disciplines. The intention is to corroborate or question the academic literature that categorizes certain types of thinking (systemic, scientific, and critical) as characteristic elements of some disciplines. Methodologically, the validated eComplexity instrument was applied to a sample of 370 undergraduate students from a Mexican university. The results showed that the highest means for systems thinking can be found in the disciplines of Engineering, Business, and Humanities, while the highest means for critical thinking can be found among architecture students. However, statistically, the results showed no significant differences upon an overall comparison of all disciplines. In conclusion, the findings of this study prove to be valuable for educational institutions seeking to develop complex thinking in their students, demonstrating that the disciplinary area is not a limiting factor in developing a perception of achievement in a particular competence and its sub-competences.


The main aim of this paper was to explore the potential of SAR data, in combination with optical remote sensing data, in identifying inland fresh water wetland from crop, especially rice paddy. The test area is a part of Hongze Lake, the fourth biggest fresh water lake in China. It is one of important wetlands for migratory birds in China. Due to unreasonable exploitation of wetland resources, the lake is facing a great loss of wetland. In Hongze lake watershed, Jiangsu Provincial Sihong Hongze Lake wetland ecological reserve was established for the preserve of wetland ecosystem and rare species in the watershed. In the processing of the dataset, clustering algorithm ISODATA was employed firstly to generate initial classification results for sample selection. Then, 1500 samples were taken in total by using stratified random sampling. These samples were superimposed on the screen on top of rectified aerial images. The land cover class at each point was determined based on field investigation and visual interpretation. 900 samples of them were for training and the other for the assessment of classification accuracy. Attributes of samples such as the digital number values of six bands of ETM+( TM1-5, 7), texture, DEM and 4 components of principal components analysis of six bands of ETM + data, were fed into the CART (Classification and Regression Tree) algorithm for the generation of knowledge rules. Because the training observations were evenly distributed among classes, the class assignment at each terminal node was determined by the majority of per-class observations at that node. Then, decision tree classifier was applied to the imagery of ETM+ for the classification of landuse/cover in the whole study area. RADARSAT SAR C-band was classified into four classes: lowest backscatter, low backscatter, medium and high backscatter. The results from two data sources were combined by using rules. The results showed that the combination of the SAR data and the optical remotely sensed data have achieved the highest classification accuracy (92.3% of total classification accuracy). The results also confirmed the value of classification tree in the identification of fresh water wetland. It was illustrated that radar data was a good complementary data source for the identification of wetland.


We study the pressure and temperature dependence of the hydrodynamic slip length for the laminar flow of water near the crystalline surfaces of gold, copper, and nickel by the methods of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. This study is further development of our previous work on formulation of the molecular theory of hydrodynamic (slip) boundary conditions in nanofluidics. Phenomenological picture relates slip length to viscosity of the liquid, and establishes the direct proportionality among them. Any difference between this phenomenological approach and measurements could not be explained, unless one uses the molecular theory of liquids and an appropriate atomistic model for surface corrugation. To vindicate the anomaly, we refer to the notion of formation and rupture of the hydrogen bond network in water. To verify this hypothesis, we apply the theory and perform calculations in the entire range of temperatures for the stable liquid phase and for pressures up to 100 MPa. The variation found in the slip length is of two orders of magnitude, which is much more than the variation in the viscosity alone. We validate our concept by referring to observable changes in the liquid microscopic structure and relating them with the theory. The information obtained is relevant for rational design of new MEMS/NEMS devices. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009


The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for optimizing a process for producing a dough product control and process monitoring. Object of the present invention is to improve the drying control and reduce the defect rate. To achieve this object, there is provided a dryer using a line sensor (9) and intelligent software technologies humidity regulator.


Using the Succession Rule of Laplace (1795) and related reasoning, this paper shows how to give unbiased counselling to patients when predictions are to be based on small samples. The recombination fraction can be regarded as a probability parameter, θ, which itself has a probability distribution between the limits of 0 and 1/2. The probability of a recombinant, P(Rec), is not numerically equal to the maximum likelihood estimate of θ, nor is it numerically equal to the maximum posterior probability estimate in Bayesian inference. Rather it is equal to the infinite sum of all possible θ values, each weighted according to its probability density p(θ) which denotes the relative probability that that θ value is the true one.


Treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) with lamivudine is effective in suppressing virus replication and results in reduced inflammatory activity. However, the emergence of lamivudine‐resistant mutant virus, with amino acid substitution in the YMDD motif of DNA polymerase, has been reported. We report the emergence and takeover of YMDD mutant and re‐takeover by wild type during and after long‐term lamivudine therapy. YMDD mutants were detected in five patients who showed DNA breakthrough (HBV DNA becoming detectable after a period of DNA negativity), which occurred after 9 to 14 months of lamivudine therapy. Four of five mutants had amino acid sequence YIDD, and the remaining mutant had YVDD. Patients with high HBV‐DNA titer and/or hepatitis B e antigen tended to develop breakthrough (P = .038). Using a sensitive and specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based method developed in this study, the emergence of YMDD mutants was detected 1 to 4 months before DNA breakthrough, but not detected in any of the pretreatment sera. The mutants were predominant at breakthrough, but were replaced by wild‐type virus 3 to 4 months after cessation of therapy in the two patients who discontinued therapy. One of these patients had a relapse of hepatitis. Mutant continued to replicate in the remaining three patients who continued to receive treatment, and relapse occurred in only one of these patients. Our results suggest that the replication of YMDD mutant viruses is less than wild type and is re‐overtaken by wild type after cessation of therapy. Re‐administration of lamivudine, possibly combined with other antiviral therapy, might be useful in some patients experiencing hepatitis with lamivudine‐resistant variants.


Background Charcoal production is a significant economic activity in Ghana. However, there is scarcity of data on the risk of acquiring Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among charcoal producers in Ghana, even though persistent smoke exposure is a known predisposition factor. Methods This cross-sectional study recruited 40 charcoal producers: 6 males and 34 females. Two sets of early morning sputum samples were collected from each participant and examined for the presence of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) using fluorescent microscopy. Structured questionnaires were used to retrieve demographic data from each participant. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 and presented as frequencies and proportions. Categorical variables were compared using Chi-square test. Significant difference was identified as p < 0.05 at 95% confidence interval. Results Overall, 2/40 (5%) of the participants demonstrated AFB in their sputum. All participants with AFB positive sputum were females and had 6–10 years of experience in charcoal production. Whereas coughing was the most self-reported symptom by the charcoal producers, none complained of blood in sputum. Also, only 9/40 (22.5%) had knowledge about the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infection risk associated with charcoal production. Moreover, 62.5% (25/40) of participants had no formal education. Conclusion Education on personal protection equipment must be a public health priority in these charcoal producers in Ghana as sawdust and smoke exposure may predispose charcoal producers to acquisition of tuberculosis.


Time-of-flight (ToF) cameras calculate depth maps by reconstructing phase shifts of amplitude-modulated signals. For broad illumination of transparent objects, reflections from multiple scene points can illuminate a given pixel, giving rise to an erroneous depth map. We report here a sparsity-regularized solution that separates K interfering components using multiple modulation frequency measurements. The method maps ToF imaging to the general framework of spectral estimation theory and has applications in improving depth profiles and exploiting multiple scattering.


Present knowledge on the biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens by rhizosphere inhabiting bacteria, especially fluorescent Pseudomonas spp., is discussed. Attention is paid to the use of molecular biological techniques to analyse the mechanism(s) of antagonism (competition for iron, antibiosis) and the population dynamics of the antagonist(s). Special attention is given to the biological control of a new class of pathogen that does not obviously damage the host, except by stunting its growth and yield. The need for more information on mechanisms of root colonization and survival of antagonists to improve their use as biocontrol agents is emphasized.


Over the past fifteen years, diversity management in corporate America has emerged as a new human resources paradigm, touted by large companies as the answer to the issue of persistent discrimination in the workplace. Given that women and ethnic minorities now make up two-thirds of all new entrants in the job market, corporations are trying to find new ways to capitalize on this diversity. Yet, while this new integration paradigm based on an economic rationale makes sense, closer inspection reveals that few companies are in fact prepared to take the necessary steps that would lead to a genuine overhaul of their corporate culture and improve race and gender relations at work, mostly because their real motivations are to be found elsewhere. And when business slackens, cost-conscious managers tend to either narrow or postpone these diversity programs which remain ill-defined and whose real impact on the bottom line is difficult to measure.


As Jordan confronts the realities of the changing global marketplace, the importance of quality to its competitiveness, productivity, and standard of living has become a clear reality. Stemming from this perspective, a Jordanian national quality award named King Abdullah II Award for Excellence was introduced. The award criteria establish guidelines that can be used by business organizations in evaluating their own quality improvement efforts. It also provides guidance to Jordanian companies by disseminating information which details the best-in-class organizations, in order to change their cultures and achieve eminence. This paper proposes a model that uses the criteria of the award as the basis for creating a self-assessment tool to measure quality performance in organizations. Accordingly, the award criteria was translated into a multi-item questionnaire and used to assess quality performance in various functions of an organization. Companies can analyze their assessment outcome through the results, and can use these results as the basis for future self-assessments and to set their action plans in order to maintain the continuous improvement process. The self-assessment model was validated by applying it on a recent winner of the award. High accuracy and validity were obtained from the analysis. Results showed significant correlation between the assessment score and the actual one that the award's winner received in the 2003-2004 cycle of the award.


In this paper, a noise enhanced binary hypothesis-testing problem was studied for a variable detector under certain constraints in which the detection probability can be increased and the false-alarm probability can be decreased simultaneously. According to the constraints, three alternative cases are proposed, the first two cases concerned minimization of the false-alarm probability and maximization of the detection probability without deterioration of one by the other, respectively, and the third case was achieved by a randomization of two optimal noise enhanced solutions obtained in the first two limit cases. Furthermore, the noise enhanced solutions that satisfy the three cases were determined whether randomization between different detectors was allowed or not. In addition, the practicality of the third case was proven from the perspective of Bayes risk. Finally, numerous examples and conclusions are presented.


This is a useful booklet giving in a precise yet interesting manner the background and some of the implications for primary schools of the change to SI units. I have no doubt that , as the authors suggest, the children will adapt more readily than their teachers, and it is recommended that from now on the use of Imperial units should be "confined to those practical situations in which children find them still in common use"; all computation should be in metric units. I t is in the names of some of the units and the recognized abbreviations for their symbols, for example km s _ 1 for kilometres per second, tha t some teachers will find new material and one wonders whether the familiar plea for an understanding of the difference between weight and mass (our groceries should be labelled 'net mass') will fall on fertile ground. Much of the material will soon find its way into wall charts, work books and classroom materials. In the meantime the Royal Society has sponsored a valuable contribution for all those concerned with number work for the young.


DURING recent years, an increased incidence of group B streptococcal infection has been reported in newborn infants. Two distinct types have been described. 1,2 The early-onset disease occurs within 24 hours after birth, is characterized by respiratory distress and septicemia, and is often fatal. The late-onset disease usually occurs between 1 and 12 weeks of age, presents as meningitis, and has a better prognosis. Asymptomatic bacteremia, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, cellulitis, ethmoiditis, conjunctivitis, and pneumonia with empyema have also been reported. 3 Urine cultures have occasionally been reported as positive as an associated finding. 4 We report a case of lateonset urinary tract infection due to group B streptococcus, unassociated with septicemia or meningitis, and with unusually severe metabolic disorders and urinary tract structural anomalies. Report of a Case A 6-week-old boy was admitted to Ste-Justine Hospital because of anorexia and vomiting of two days' duration. His birth weight was 3,465


To study the above-threshold operation of DFB lasers, we have developed a multisection model which we present in detail. We have assessed the sensitivity to hole burning of various strongly coupled DFB lasers and explained their behavior both qualitatively and quantitatively, Good agreement is found with experimental results. It turns out that DFB lasers with a narrow stripe region are more stable than /spl lambda//4-shifted DFB lasers. >