Background

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) encompass heterogeneous entities with different histomorphology and behavior. T/NK-cell PTLDs (T/NK-PTLDs) are rare, accounting for 2-15% of all PTLD, which are often EBV-negative and associated with a poor prognosis. The pathogenesis of T/NK-PTLDs and the underlying molecular alterations are presently unknown. In order to better understand their pathogenesis, we performed high resolution DNA profiling for copy number alterations and targeted mutational analyses of 18T/NK-PTLDs.

Methods

Cases of T/NK-PTLD were selected from the archives of two institutions. Morphological features were assessed and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to classify lymphomas according to the WHO 2008 criteria. DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Copy number analysis (n=16; Affymetrix Oncoscan FFPE Assay) and targeted next-generation sequencing for 467 cancer-associated genes, after capture of all exons or select whole genes (n=17; Illumina HiSeq 2500), were performed. Variants with allele frequency 1% in 1000 genomes project, read depth <10x, or quality score <10 were excluded and cross referenced with COSMIC, PROVEAN, and SIFT databases. Mismatch repair deficiency was assessed using IHC and PCR analysis for a panel of mononucleotide repeat markers (Promega). Cases exhibiting microsatellite instability (MSI) at ≥2 loci were classified as MSI-high.

Results

The T/NK-PTLDs represented virtually the entire spectrum of currently recognized T- and NK-cell lymphomas. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), NOS were the most frequent (n=6), extranodal location was common (n=14, 78%) and only a minority were EBV+ (n=2, 11%). Copy number alterations were observed in 13 cases (81%; complex =11, simple=2). In contrast to B-cell PTLDs, EBV+ T/NK-PTLDs showed more complex copy number changes than EBV- cases. Somatic mutations were detected in 17/18 cases (94%). Overall, 343 variants were identified: 277 missense (80%), 40 indels (12%) and 14 nonsense (4%). An average of 20.1 variants/case was observed with an average 594.8-fold coverage.

Mutations of epigenetic mediators and chromatin remodeling complex genes, including TET2 (n=5), MLL2 (n=4), MLL3 (n=4), DNMT3a (n=3), ARID1B (n=3) and ARID2 (n=2), were the most frequent alterations, seen in 11/17 (65%) cases.

Disruption of TP53 was identified in 6/18 (33%) cases; biallelic inactivation in 3 cases with co-occurrence of missense (n=2) or nonsense (n=1) mutation and 17p LOH, monoallelic missense mutations in two cases, and loss of 17p encompassing the p53 locus in one case.

Mutually exclusive activating STAT3 and STAT5B mutations were identified in 5/17 (29%) cases. Mutations targeting the STAT3 SH2 domain were seen in one EBV- cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma and two EBV+ PTLDs (PTCL, NOS and extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma (ENKTCL)). Both EBV+ cases also showed LOH of the STAT3 locus on 17q and 6q loss encompassing PTPRK, the phosphorylase responsible for downregulation of STAT3 signaling. A JAK3 variant (S568P) adjacent a known hotspot was also identified in the ENKTCL.

Missense mutations in RHOA and FYN were detected in one angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL). Mutations were also observed in genes not previously implicated in T/NK-cell lymphomas, including potentially damaging missense variants in MED12 (n=3) and TBX3 (n=3), and a novel missense MTOR mutation (W1456L) involving the FAT domain.

Recurrent copy number alterations comprised gains of 7q (n=4, including 2 hepatosplenic T-cell lymphomas [HSTCL]), 8q (n=3; MYC) and 9q (n=2; ABL1, SYK), and losses of 7p (n=4) and 6q (n=3; FOXO3, PRDM1).

Contrary to prior reports, MSI was uncommon in our series despite use of azathioprine therapy (n=9), with only 1 of 3 cases harboring mutations in mismatch repair genes was confirmed to be MSI-H.

Conclusion

Our analysis of a large series of T/NK-PTLDs represents the first survey of genomic and genetic changes in these lymphomas, and adds to the growing list of genes and pathways altered in T/NK-cell neoplasms. Our findings suggest shared genomic and molecular aberrations with T-cell lymphomas occurring in "immunocompetent" individuals. Functional studies are needed to assess if some of the observed genetic alterations could serve as therapeutic targets for these aggressive neoplasms.

![Figure 1.][1]

Figure 1.

Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

 [1]: pending:yes


Erich Wolfgang Korngold (1897–1957) was the last compositional prodigy to emerge from the Austro-German tradition of Mozart and Mendelssohn. He was lauded in his youth by everyone from Mahler to Puccini and his auspicious career in the early 1900s spanned chamber music, opera, and musical theater. Today, he is best known for his Hollywood film scores, composed between 1935 and 1947. From his prewar operas in Vienna to his pathbreaking contributions to American film, this book provides a substantial reassessment of Korngold's life and accomplishments. Korngold struggled to reconcile the musical language of his Viennese upbringing with American popular song and cinema, and was forced to adapt to a new life after wartime emigration to Hollywood. The book examines Korngold's operas and film scores, the critical reception of his music, and his place in the milieus of both the Old and New Worlds. It also features numerous historical documents—many previously unpublished and in first-ever English translations—including essays by the composer as well as memoirs by his wife, Luzi Korngold, and his father, the renowned music critic Julius Korngold.


Practical applications in ocean engineering require the long-term analysis for prediction of extreme waves, that identify design conditions. If extreme individual waves are investigated, we need to combine long-term statistical analysis of ocean waves with short-term statistics. The former considers the distribution of standard deviation of free surface displacement in the considered location in a long-time span, of order of 10 years or more. The latter analyzes the distribution of individual wave heights in a sea state, which is a Gaussian process in time domain. Recent advanced approaches enable the combination of the two analyses. In the paper the analytical solution is obtained for the return period of a sea storm with at least two individual waves higher than a fixed level. This solution is based on the application of the Equivalent Triangular Storm model for the representation of actual storms. One of the corollaries of the solution gives the exact expression for the probability that at least two waves higher than fixed level are produced during the lifetime of a structure. The previous solution of return period and the relative probability of exceedance may be effectively applied for the risk analysis of ocean structures.


MBP kinase detection assay revealed that acidic FGF (aFGF) augmented MBP kinase activity in a dose-dependent manner in astrocytes (AC). The molar potency of this action of aFGF in dibutyryl cyclic AMP (DBcAMP)-treated AC was significantly higher than that in quiescent AC. Consistently, the molar potency of accumulation of p21(ras)-GTP by aFGF was significantly higher in DBcAMP-treated AC than in quiescent AC. However, binding study showed that B(max) and K(D) for [(125)I]aFGF in DBcAMP-treated AC were quite similar to those in quiescent AC. Furthermore, the expression levels of Grb2, SOS, and p21(ras) were not changed by treatment of AC with DBcAMP. These results suggest that cytodifferentiation potentiates the p21(ras)/Erk signaling pathway in AC in response to aFGF without changing the expression levels of signaling molecules mediating from the FGF receptor to p21(ras).


SysML models are widely used for designing and analyzing complex systems. Model-based design methods often require successive modifications of the models, whether for incrementally refining the design (e.g. in agile development methods) or for testing different design options. Such modifications, or mutations, are also used in mutation-based testing approaches. However, the definition of mutation operators can be a complex issue and applying them to models is sometimes performed by hand: this is time consuming and error prone. The paper addresses this issue thanks to the introduction of AMULET, the first mutation language for SysML. AMULET encompasses the modifications targeting SysML block and state-machine diagrams, and is supported by a compiler the paper presents. This compiler is integrated in TTool, an open-source SysML toolkit, enabling the full support of design methods including model design, mutation and verification tasks in a unique toolkit. The paper also introduces two case-studies providing concrete examples of AMULET use for modeling vulnerabilities and cyber attacks, and highlighting the benefits of AMULET for SysML mutations.


Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is a hypothesis of the influence of the relationship between environmental degradation and economic growth (GDP per capita) in the perspective of economic development. The purpose of this research is to prove that there is an economic growth influence on environmental degradation in the U-shaped EKC hypothesis and to determine the influence of primary energy consumption, income inequality, education level and Environmental degradation in the Sustainable development of Indonesia. The study used the Error Correction Model (ECM) Engel and Granger estimation techniques to determine the short-term and long-term impact of the 1994-2018 period in Indonesia. The results showed that the EKC was proven in the short term as well as in the long term. Economic growth variables and primary energy consumption have a positive and significant effect on environmental degradation. Income inequality is negatively influential but not significant in the short or long term, the level of education in the short term is insignificant but positive and significant in the long term. For the export variables in the short term, the effect is positive and significant but not with long term against environmental degradation.


We experimentally demonstrate an all-optical nonlinear activation unit based on the injection-locking effect of distributed feedback laser diodes (DFB-LDs). The nonlinear carrier dynamics in the unit generates a low-threshold nonlinear activation function with optimized operating conditions. The unit can operate at a low threshold of -15.86 dBm and a high speed of 1 GHz, making it competitive among existing optical nonlinear activation approaches. We apply the unit to a neural network task of solving the second-order ordinary differential equation. The fitting error is as low as 0.0034, verifying the feasibility of our optical nonlinear activation approach. Given that the large-scale fan-out of optical neural networks (ONNs) will significantly reduce the optical power in one channel, our low-threshold scheme is suitable for the development of high-throughput ONNs.


: Anti-P1 immunoreagents with incomplete antibodies are intended for detection of antigen of different degree of manifestation in blood traces during expert evaluation of material evidences by the adsorption-elution test. These reagents can be used for detecting weakly manifest P1 antigen in liquid blood in forensic medical studies.


Abstract. Climate change and human activities have caused a shift in vegetation composition and soil biogeochemical cycles of alpine wetlands on the Tibetan Plateau. The primary goal of this study was to test for associations between community-weighted mean (CWM) traits, functional diversity, and soil properties during wetland drying. We collected soil samples and investigated the aboveground vegetation in swamp, swamp meadow, and typical meadow environments. Four CWM trait values (specific leaf area is SLA, leaf dry matter content is LDMC, leaf area is LA, and mature plant height is MPH) for 42 common species were measured across the three habitats; three components of functional diversity (functional richness, functional evenness, and functional divergence) were also quantified at these sites. Our results showed that the drying of the wetland dramatically altered plant community and soil properties. There was a significant correlation between CWM of traits and soil properties, but not a significant correlation between functional diversity and soil properties. Our results further showed that CWM-LA, CWM-SLA, and CWM-LDMC had positive correlations with soil readily available nutrients (available nitrogen, AN; available phosphorus, AP), but negative correlations with total soil nutrients (soil organic carbon is SOC, total nitrogen is TN, and total phosphorus is TP). Our study demonstrated that simple, quantitative plant functional traits, but not functional diversity, are directly related to soil C and N properties, and they likely play an important role in plant–soil interactions. Our results also suggest that functional identity of species may be more important than functional diversity in influencing ecosystem processes during wetland drying.


The current COVID-19 pandemic has hit the entire world population hard and it is assumed that its consequences on mental health will be as important as its current physical repercussions. However, the evidence on this is not yet well known and it may be too early to assess these consequences. Objective: Identify if mental health has been worst in 2020 than 2018 and 2019. Descriptive study using artificial intelligence and natural language processing savana manager program in a population of 3,000,000 inhabitants. Results: Psychopathological diagnoses and prescription of psychotropic drugs have not changed significantly in the last year.


Objectives To systematically review and synthesise findings from process evaluations of interventions in trials which measured sedentary behaviour as an outcome in adults to explore: (1) how intervention content, implementation, mechanisms of impact and context influence outcomes and (2) how these interventions are experienced from different perspectives (participants, carers, staff). Design Systematic review and narrative synthesis underpinned by the Medical Research Council process evaluation framework. Data sources Databases searches were conducted in March 2019 then updated in May 2020 and October 2021 in: CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, AMED; EMBASE, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Web of Science and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. Eligibility criteria We included: Process evaluations of trials including interventions where sedentary behaviour was measured as an outcome in adults aged 16 or over from clinical or non-clinical populations. We excluded studies if interventions were delivered in educational or workplace settings, or if they were laboratory studies focused on immediate effects of breaking sitting. Data extraction and synthesis Two independent reviewers extracted and coded data into a framework and assessed the quality of studies using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. We synthesised findings using a narrative approach. Results 17 process evaluations were included. Five interventions focused on reducing sedentary behaviour or sitting time, 12 aimed to increase physical activity or promote healthier lifestyles. Process evaluations indicated changes in sedentary behaviour outcomes were shaped by numerous factors including: barriers (eg, staffing difficulties and scheduling problems) and facilitators (eg, allowing for flexibility) to intervention delivery; contextual factors (eg, usual lifestyle and religious events) and individual factors (eg, pain, tiredness, illness, age and individual preferences). Discussion Intervention requires careful consideration of different factors that could influence changes in sedentary behaviour outcomes to ensure that interventions can be tailored to suit different individuals and groups. PROSPERO registration number CRD42018087403.


The paper based on a source analysis of the history of creation, design, and production of LuAZ-967, LuAZ-967M, against the background of the processes of implementing projects of small tactical high mobility wheeled vehicles for the armies of European countries, shows that the developing, testing, and commissioning a front line transporter became a deepening of the process of motorization of the Soviet army. The designs of similar vehicles have been analyzed. An attempt to assess the degree of uniqueness of the front line transporter design and its place in the history of technology, as well as its potential as a reminder of science and technology has been made. The experience of using various civilian and military vehicles in the army required the creation of a special small transporter. In each of the countries, developing their designs, embodying new original or time-tested ideas, ones developed vehicles both for the army and for separate armed forced formations. Features of the automotive industry of the countries were reflected in the design of army vehicles. The works and operation Volkswagen Type 82, Volkswagen Schwimmer Type 166, DKW Munga, Volkswagen Type 181 in the armed forced formations in Germany had a significant impact on the spread of the concept of an army small transporter. In France, production of a licensed sample of Willys and the original Citroën Méhari was launched. The Steyr-Daimler-Puch vehicle (Austria) has become one of the most original, successful developments of a small transporter for difficult operating conditions. The development of a front line transporter in the USSR fully corresponded to the challenges of the time and it was carried out through similar stages. The first transporter projects developed by the Scientific Automotive Institute used heavy motorcycle engines mastered in production. It was the lack of the necessary engine for the vehicle that was the main reason for the long proof of the project. Only after the involvement of the designers of the automobile plant in Zaporizhzhia and the installation of units of the mass-produced ZAZ vehicle in the transporter made it possible to prove the design and to master small-scale production. The use of the most powerful engine of a production vehicle, which would correspond to the concept of a small army vehicle, had enabled to master mass production for the army and the development of vehicles for the civilian market. An analysis of the front line transporter design, its systems, compared with its foreign counterparts, suggests that it is a Soviet refinement of the concept of a small army vehicle, a more specific means directly for the battlefield. At the same time, it was developed taking into account foreign developments and similar designs, imitating individual designs, adapting to the capabilities of the USSR automotive industry.


A survey of 324 men, who voluntarily reported an injury to that part of the head normally covered by a miner's safety helmet, took place at 18 collieries (16,732 men) during the period March 31 to September 30, 1962. The most prevalent site for injury was the top of the head in surface workers, and the forehead in underground workers. Normally surface workers do not wear a helmet. Underground workers expose their forehead when they wear their safety helmets in an upwards-tilted position. One reason for this practice is that the helmet has become too small due to shrinkage of the sweat-dampened leather headband which occurs after the helmet has been left for some time in the hot pit-head bath lockers. A helmet which had a wide, unshrinkable, easily adjustable headband made of smooth material was worn by 31 men who had dermatitis or soreness of that part of the skin normally covered by a safety helmet. After six months 26 of these men had no signs or symptoms, confirming that the main cause of helmet dermatitis is friction. A direct relationship between skin rash and sweating was observed in only four of these men.


A panel discussion was convened on November 10, 2006, to discuss methods of improving blood pressure control rates and future study focus. The expert panel was moderated by George L. Bakris, MD, Director, Hypertension Center, Endocrine Division, the University of Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, and included Matthew R. Weir, MD, Division of Nephrology, the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, and Henry R. Black, MD, Roberts Professor of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.


The talk will begin by providing a short, apparently overlooked, proof of competitive exclusion for a model of n-species competition in the chemostat when maintenance is ignored [3]. Then a simplified model of anaerobic digestion will be considered. Anaerobic digestion is a complex naturally occurring process used for waste and wastewater treatment to produce biogas as a renewable source of energy. The so-called Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1) in [1] includes 32 state variables and is not mathematically tractable. Bornh oft et al. [2] proposed a simplified model that seems to capture most of the qualitative dynamics of the ADM1 model, including the possibility of bi-stability and the bifurcation dynamics when substrate concentration is used as the bifurcation parameter. Our analysis shows that not all of the dynamics possible in ADM1 are captured. Our analysis of this model also required studying a chemostat model without ignoring the maintenance term for a general class of response functions, that includes nonmonotone functions, that had not been analyzed. I will provide a proof in this case for competition between two populations using the Lyapunov function introduced in [4]. The talk will conclude with a consideration of the sensitivity of the predictions of the model to stochastic perturbations,and a discussion of the implications of the model predictions for successful operation of the process of anaerobic digestion.


We report a MEMS-based cantilever-type probe unit, which corresponds to the fine pitch less than 20 mum and to a fritting force more than 3 gf. The proposed micro probe has been designed to have more than 100 mum of overdrive in single-tip loading that is required to achieve uniform and simultaneous electrical contacts to the high-density testing electrodes having possible nonuniform heights. The probe structure is optimized based on the stress distribution measurement for various lengths and thicknesses of the cantilever. Metal lines are formed by sputtering on the front side of substrate and 10 mum-high metal tips at the end edge of the cantilever by electroplating. Because the probe tips are entirely composed of metal, the wearing out of the metal tips is minimized during touching test and it extends the life time of the probe unit. The cantilevers are released by combination of back-side etching using tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) and following front-side etching by deep reactive ion etch (DRIE). In multi loading test, the limit of the overdrive on the elastic region has reached to 185 mum and the maximum load force to 3.5 gf.


Twenty-one blood samples of free-ranging mountain zebras (Equus zebra) from Namibia were tested for equine herpesvirus (EHV-1, -2, -3, -4) specific antibodies by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and neutralization test (NT). Additionally, type-specific nested polymerase chain reactions (nested PCR) were employed for detection of EHV-1, -2 and -4 DNA. Equine herpesvirus-1 antibodies were detected by IFA in all zebras, while only seven serum samples contained EHV-4 IFA antibodies. Sera with high IFA antibodies also were found to neutralize EHV-1 and -4. Furthermore, 20 zebras were EHV-2 seropositive by IFA, and one zebra had EHV-2 neutralizing antibodies. Equine herpesvirus-3 specific antibodies were not detected. We did not amplify EHV-1, -2 or -4 specific DNA sequences in peripheral blood leukocytes of the same zebras using type-specific nested PCR. EHV infections appear to be widespread in free-ranging zebras, as they are in domestic horses.


Approximately 99% of cells in a heat-stressed Escherichia coli culture were injured and were able to grow on trypticase soy agar (TSA) but not on Violet Red Bile Agar (VRBA). Employing a surface-overlay or pour-overlay method, complete recovery of this thermally-stressed population required incubation of the TSA plates at 35 C for 6 h before overlaying with VRBA and incubating at 45 C. While the surface-overlay technique provides a more accurate index of injury than the pour-overlay method, there appears to be little difference in plating procedures with respect to recovery of injured cells. Heat-stressed cells were inactivated by the bile salts mixture in the conventional EC broth and by incubation temperatures of 42-45 C. Most of the heat-stressed cells were able to recover in 3 h at 35-37 C, without any evidence of replication, in EC broth minus the bile salts mixture (EC-B), adjusted to pH 6.1-6.5. Under similar conditions freeze-stressed cells recovered without multiplication within 1 h and the replication of an unstressed population of E. coli was evident in 2 h but not in 1 h of incubation. Both radiometry and impedance show promise as rapid (17-18 h) screening techniques for determining if a cooked food meets the microbial criterion of 0 fecal coliforms/g. A resuscitation period of 3 h was essential for reliable detection of thermally-stressed fecal coliforms by either radiometry or impedance. An impedance based-MPN procedure (18 h or less) compared favorably with a TSA/VRBA pour-overlay method (24 h) and a conventional 3-tube most probable number technique (48-72 h) for enumerating freeze-injured and uninjured fecal coliforms.


Soiling severely hinders the ability of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules to absorb incident solar radiation, causing significant deterioration of module performances. In this study, the thermal profiles and the electrical power outputs of PV modules were evaluated in order to establish the impact of soiling under tropical field conditions. Two case-study PV installations in the University of Nigeria were considered. Assessments of the PV systems, undertaken both when soiled and after they had been cleaned, involved the measurement of electrical power outputs and the acquisition of infrared (IR) thermograms. It was found that soiling had noticeable impacts on both module surface temperature distributions and their power outputs. The IR images, which showed spatial distributions of module surface temperatures, revealed the occurrence of hotspots on the modules when soiled. Furthermore, as a result of soiling, up to four-fold declines in module electrical efficiencies were observed. These declines were more significant in the ground-mounted PV system at the University Staff Primary School compared to the roofmounted system at the University Energy Research Centre. Simple cleaning of the modules led to the disappearance of hotspots and significant improvements in output, showing that it is an effective means of maintaining PV modules performance and recovering the performance potentials lost due to soiling.


This paper studies the chaotic behaviours of the fractional-order unified chaotic system. Based on the approximation method in frequency domain, it proposes an electronic circuit model of tree shape to realize the fractional-order operator. According to the tree shape model, an electronic circuit is designed to realize the 2.7-order unified chaotic system. Numerical simulations and circuit experiments have verified the existence of chaos in the fraction-order unified system.


Matrix factorizations and their extensions to tensor facto rizations and decompositions have become prominent techniques for linear and multilinear blind source separation (BSS), especially multiway Independent Component Analysis (ICA), Nonnegative Matrix and Tensor Factorization (NMF/NTF), Smooth Component Analysis (SmoCA) and Sparse Component Analysis (SCA). Moreover, tensor decompositions have many other potential applications beyond multilinear BSS, especially feature extracti on, classification, dimensionality reduction and multiway clustering. In this paper, we briefly overview new and emerging models and approaches for tensor decompositions in applications to group and linked multiway BSS/ICA, feature extraction, classification and Multiway Parti al Least Squares (MPLS)


Sulka, spoken along Wide Bay in the East New Britain province of Papua New Guinea, is known as an isolate Papuan language. In the area where Austronesian and Papuan languages have been in contact over the last three-and-a-half millennia, this is one of a number of languages that are difficult to classify. The question is often raised whether a language is basically Papuan or Austronesian, with some kind of borrowing from the other linguistic stock. In this paper it is argued that clusters of features can shed light on the genealogical or contact history of a language. On this basis, Sulka can be typified as having ancient Papuan (non-Austronesian) roots, but with a number of morphosyntactic constructions and some vocabulary that are associated with the Oceanic branch of Austronesian, in particular the languages of the St. George linkage. It is hypothesized that some Western Oceanic innovations may actually have originated in Papuan languages such as Sulka.


Linear response and low frequency noise have been investigated in MgO double barrier magnetic tunnel junctions with a superparamagnetic Co50Fe50 free layer. Linear and hysteresis-free switching was observed for the Co50Fe50 thickness t ≤ 1 nm. A tunneling magnetoresistance ratio of up to 108% and large magnetic field sensitivity value of 61%/mT were obtained at room temperature when t = 1.0 nm. The angular dependence of magnetoresistance suggests that weak coupling between superparamagnetic islands in a 1.0 nm free layer permits continuous rotation of magnetization, whereas the islands in a 0.8 nm layer switch rather independently. The frequency dependence of noise power spectrum density and field dependence of Hooge parameter (α) also behave differently for junctions with 0.8 and 1.0 nm free layers. The noise sensitivity of 1.0 nm free layer junctions is independent of bias, and it is estimated to reach 400 pT/Hz0.5 at 500 kHz.


Nipah virus ([NiV] family Paramyxoviridae, genus Henipavirus) infection can cause severe respiratory and neurological disease in humans. The pathophysiology of disease is not fully understood, and it may vary by presentation and clinical course. In this study, we investigate changes in blood chemistry in NiV-infected Syrian hamsters that survived or succumbed to disease. Increased sodium and magnesium and decreased albumin and lactate levels were detected in animals euthanized with severe clinical disease compared with mock-infected controls. When subjects were grouped by clinical syndrome, additional trends were discernable, highlighting changes associated with either respiratory or neurological disease.


The aim of this study was to determine the effect of fertilization with organic fertilizers Fertil Supernova and Ilsamin N90 on the yield and yield components of three spelt varieties. The study was conducted on an anthropogenized eutric cambisol at the experimental site of the Faculty of Agriculture in Zagreb during 2015/16, 2016/17, and 2017/18, respectively. The study included three varieties of spelt, Nirvana, Ostro, and Bc Vigor, as well as a topdressing with organic fertilizers and a control (without topdressing). The first topdressing at the beginning of spring vegetation consisted of the application of organic fertilizer Fertil Supernova in the amount of 300 kg ha-1, while the second topdressing at the end of tillering consisted of a foliar application of Ilsamin N90 in the amount of 3 l ha-1. The spelt yield and its yield components were significantly influenced by weather conditions, primarily by the amount and distribution of precipitation. The studied spelt varieties did not significantly differ in the grain yield. In all three research years, the variety Nirvana has achieved the significantly largest number of ears per m2. Topdressing with organic fertilizers had a positive impact on the yield of the hulled spelt grain only in the dry year of 2016/17. Topdressing with organic fertilizers did not have a significant impact on the yield components.


Fieldbusses have been the backbone of inter-device communication in both industrial and home automation settings for a few decades. The underlying assumption is the availability of reliable and low-latency communication for all busses. This often implies that the busses are confined to a single physical location. With the advent of the 'Internet of Things' (IoT) and succinctly the 'Industrial Internet of Things' (IIoT) and the increased demand for control logic to be pushed into the 'Cloud', that assumption can no longer be upheld. Since no (I)IoT protocol exists to provide remote control, let alone in a secure fashion, while providing low latency at the same time, we are left with the problem of routing fieldbusses from, say, data-centres to shop-floors. This presents a challenge, because those busses have been designed for safety rather than security.In this paper, we elaborate on the viability of routing layer two fieldbus traffic while providing both: low latency to fulfil real-time requirements and security through cryptographic tunnels. We design and implement a network topology where Profinet traffic is routed through a VXLAN over Wireguard overlay to control a SoftPLC instance. We evaluate our implementation in a realistic test-bed and our measurements indicate that bridging Profinet over VXLAN and Wireguard induces a latency low enough for running time-critical applications.


The best bound known on 2-locally distillable entanglement is that of Vedral and Plenio, involving a certain measure of entanglement based on relative entropy. It turns out that a related argument can be used to give an even stronger bound; we give this bound, and examine some of its properties. In particular, and in contrast to the earlier bounds, the new bound is not additive in general. We give an example of a state for which the bound fails to be additive, as well as a number of states for which the bound is additive. One of the central problems in quantum information theory is that of entangle-ment distillation [1], the production of maximally entangled states from partially entangled states. The purpose of the present note is to give a new upper bound on the rate at which entanglement can be distilled. In general, if C is a given class of physical operations, we define C-distillable entanglement as follows: Definition. The C-distillable entanglement of a state ρ on a state space V A ⊗ V B is the maximum number D C (ρ) such that there exists a sequence


An optimised feature map finite-state vector quantisation (referred to as optimised FMFSVQ) is presented for image coding. Based on the block-based gradient descent search algorithm used for motion estimation in video coding, the optimised FMFSVQ system finds a neighbourhood-based optimal codevector for each input vector by extending the associated state codebook stage by stage, thus rendering each state quantiser a variable rate vector quantisation. The optimised FMFSVQ system can be interpreted as a cascade of a finite-state vector quantiser and classified vector quantisers. Furthermore, an adaptive optimised FMFSVQ is obtained. Experiments demonstrate the superior rate-distortion performance of the adaptive optimised FMFSVQ compared with the original adaptive FMFSVQ and the memoryless vector quantisation.


Over a century ago, The French surgeon René Le Fort described the anatomical basis for fractures of the mid‐face. His nomenclature is still used today using the eponym "Le Fort fractures." Although Le Fort's name is well known in association with the fractures that he described, little is known of his life. Therefore, the present article will discuss the background of this important individual in craniofacial trauma. Clin. Anat. 24:278–281, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


The European Union (EU) has become increasingly visible and contested over the past decades. Several studies have shown that domestic pressure has made the EU's 'electorally connected' institutions more responsive. Yet, we still know little about how politicisation has affected the Union's non-majoritarian institutions. We address this question by focusing on agenda-setting, and ask whether and how domestic politics influences the prioritisation of legislative proposals by the European Commission. We argue that the Commission, as both a policy-seeker and a survival-driven bureaucracy, will respond to domestic issue salience and Euroscepticism, at party, mass and electoral level, through targeted performance and through aggregate restraint. Building on new data on the prioritisation of legislative proposals under the ordinary legislative procedure (1999-2019), our analysis shows that the Commission's choice to prioritise is responsive to the salience of policy issues for Europe's citizens. By contrast, our evidence suggests that governing parties' issue salience does not drive, and Euroscepticism does not constrain, the Commission's priority-setting. Our findings contribute to the literature on multi-level politics, shedding new light on the strategic responses of non-majoritarian institutions to the domestic politicisation of 'Europe'.


The effect of duration of cultivation of lymphocytes of human UV-irradiated peripheral blood on the chromosomal aberration rate was studied. Under prolonged cultivation the more irradiated blood samples revealed higher level of chromosomal aberrations. The existence of UV-induced delayed chromosomal instability is supposed that may be found under prolonged cultivation. The mechanisms of this phenomenon are discussed.


Online evaluation is one of the most common approaches to measure the effectiveness of an information retrieval system. It involves fielding the information retrieval system to real users, and observing these users' interactions in-situ while they engage with the system. This allows actual users with real world information needs to play an important part in assessing retrieval quality. As such, online evaluation complements the common alternative offline evaluation approaches which may provide more easily interpretable outcomes, yet are often less realistic when measuring of quality and actual user experience.In this survey, we provide an overview of online evaluation techniques for information retrieval. We show how online evaluation is used for controlled experiments, segmenting them into experiment designs that allow absolute or relative quality assessments. Our presentation of different metrics further partitions online evaluation based on different sized experimental units commonly of interest: documents, lists and sessions. Additionally, we include an extensive discussion of recent work on data re-use, and experiment estimation based on historical data.A substantial part of this work focuses on practical issues: How to run evaluations in practice, how to select experimental parameters, how to take into account ethical considerations inherent in online evaluations, and limitations that experimenters should be aware of. While most published work on online experimentation today is at large scale in systems with millions of users, we also emphasize that the same techniques can be applied at small scale. To this end, we emphasize recent work that makes it easier to use at smaller scales and encourage studying real-world information seeking in a wide range of scenarios. Finally, we present a summary of the most recent work in the area, and describe open problems, as well as postulating future directions.


The perturbation to Lie symmetry and adiabatic invariants are studied. Based on the concept of higher-order adiabatic invariants of mechanical systems with action of a small perturbation, the perturbation to Lie symmetry is studied, and Hojman adiabatic invariants of Hamilton system are obtained. An example is given to illustrate the application of the results.


Abstract If off-diagonal elements of the nuclear quadrupole coupling tensor are determined from the rotational spectrum of only one isotopomer, the magnitude of the off-diagonal elements and the sign of the product χabχbcχac can be obtained but not the individual signs of the off-diagonal elements. In this article we give two proofs for this fact. A determination of the individual signs of the off-diagonal elements is only possible by analysing the spectra of more isotopomers.


A significant number of transactions takes place daily between related parties. Both the Income Tax Act and the Value-Added Tax Act contain specific anti-avoidance provisions that seek to prevent related parties from deriving any perceived tax benefit from this relationship. Unfortunately, many of these provisions are also a trap for the unwary in that they may apply regardless of whether the affected transaction was entered into with a tax avoidance purpose. This article seeks to highlight the most widely applicable related-party provisions so as to help taxpayers avoid any unintended tax outcome.


This paper is an overview of the most significant and impactful interpretation approaches of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models, their development, and application. The evolution of the interpretation paradigm from "model → descriptors → (structure)" to "model → structure" is indicated. The latter makes all models interpretable regardless of machine learning methods or descriptors used for modeling. This opens wide prospects for application of corresponding interpretation approaches to retrieve structure-property relationships captured by any models. Issues of separate approaches are discussed as well as general issues and prospects of QSAR model interpretation.


Cuprous oxide (Cu 2 O) particles coated with polyacrylamide having diameters in the range from 4.8 to 8.6 nm were prepared by a chemical method. The optical absorption of these particles was found to be characterized by excitons with corresponding energies varying from 2.6 to 2.25 eV in the particle size range mentioned above. A second optical-absorption maximum signifying surface states within the band gap is exhibited by the specimens with relevant energies varying from 2.6 to 1.77 eV in this particle size range.


This study of code-mixing focuses on the influence of Spanish in Na´huatl discourse as it is revealed in performance in narratives produced by adults and children. Language samples analysed were non-conversational, produced in response to structured Na´huatl language story-telling tasks presented to participants. Narrators were bilingual speakers of the two languages from an indigenous community in Central Mexico. Results indicate differences in the frequency of content word embedded language (Spanish), lexical items across grade level (for children), grade level attained (for adults), and correlations (for children) between the frequency of these Spanish embedded items and a measure of metalinguistic awareness. The discussion of findings is placed in the context of a language contact situation characterised by the rapid shift toward Spanish monolingualism in the broader surrounding region (Tlaxcalan Highlands) despite high levels of Na´huatl language proficiency in the locality in which the study was carried out.


The concept of a hybrid readout of a time projection chamber is presented. It combines a GEM-based amplification and a pad-based anode plane with a pixel chip as readout electronics. This way, a high granularity enabling to identify electron clusters from the primary ionisation is achieved as well as flexibility and large anode coverage. The benefits of this high granularity, in particular for dE/dx measurements, are outlined and results of a simulationbased performance study are given. The structure of the first prototype board is discussed, including adaptions based on a very preliminary first measurement for a second production towards a proof-of-principle.


There are different types of cropping patterns in the different parts of the world. However, for economic reasons, crops are cultivated at places where they can give maximum returns. The objective is to determined suitable cropping practices to realize full potential of the region. The book "Cropping Pattern & Crop Diversification" provides a systematic knowledge cropping pattern & crop diversification for the post graduate students along with scholars & concerned teachers as well as for those who have not studied the subject. It gives an understanding and the preparation which may help them to proceed further to acquire up to date knowledge of basic concepts of cropping pattern & crop diversification. It has been tried to cover the subject in a way to provide students/scholars with a clear concept of the principles and practices. It is hoped the book will fill a gap in the great number books and serve as a tool in developing knowledge and creativity to its readers. The intention has been to give in precise and simple language which will help students/scholars in better understanding.


The first section of this paper contains a comparison of Sir C. V. Raman's explanation of the diffuse scattering with the so-called 'thermal' theory. It is shown that Raman's demand of a theory based on quantum principles is satisfied by the modern forms of the thermal theory. The second part of the paper deals with the relation of the dynamical matrix (describing the mechanical properties of the lattice) and the scattering matrix (describing the scattering power). In the last section the influence of the ordinary Raman effect (mutual deformation of atoms) on the scattering is derived.


Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) elicits robust neuroinflammation that eventually exacerbates the initial damage to the spinal cord. L-arginine is critical for the responsiveness of T cells, which are important contributors to neuroinflammation after SCI. Furthermore, L-arginine is the substrate for nitric oxide (NO) production, which is a known inducer of secondary damage. Methods: To accomplish systemic L-arginine depletion, repetitive injections of recombinant arginase-1 (rArg-I) were performed. Functional recovery and histopathological parameters were analyzed. Splenic immune responses were evaluated by flow cytometry. Pro-inflammatory gene expression and nitrite concentrations were measured. Results: We show for the first time that systemic L-arginine depletion improves locomotor recovery. Flow cytometry and immunohistological analysis showed that intraspinal T-cell infiltration was reduced by 65%, and peripheral numbers of Th1 and Th17 cells were suppressed. Moreover, rArg-I treatment reduced the intraspinal NO production by 40%. Histopathological analyses revealed a 37% and 36% decrease in the number of apoptotic neurons and neuron-macrophage/microglia contacts in the spinal cord, respectively. Conclusions: Targeting detrimental T-cell responses and NO-production via rArg-I led to a reduced neuronal cell death and an improved functional recovery. These findings indicate that L-arginine depletion holds promise as a therapeutic strategy after SCI.


Air temperature is correlated with precipitation oxygen isotope (δ18Oprcp) variability for much of the eastern and central United States, but the nature of this δ18Oprcp‐temperature relationship is largely based on data coarsely aggregated at a monthly resolution. We constructed a database of 6177 weeks of isotope and precipitation‐day air temperature data from 25 sites to determine how more precise data change our understanding of this classic relationship. Because the δ18Oprcp‐temperature relationship is not perfectly linear, trends in the regression residuals suggest the influence of additional environmental factors such as moisture recycling and extratropical cyclone interactions. Additionally, the temporal relationships between δ18Oprcp and temperature observed in the weekly data at individual sites can explain broader spatial patterns observed across the study region. For 20 of 25 sites, the δ18Oprcp‐temperature relationship slope is higher for colder precipitation than for warmer precipitation. Accordingly, northern and western sites with relatively more cold precipitation events have steeper overall relationships with higher slope values than southeastern sites that have more warm precipitation events. Although the magnitude of δ18Oprcp variability increases to the north and west, the fraction of δ18Oprcp variability explained by temperature increases due to wider annual temperature ranges, producing stronger relationships in these regions. When our δ18Oprcp‐temperature data are grouped by month, we observe significant variations in the relationship from month to month. This argues against a principal causative role for temperature and suggests the existence of an alternative environmental control on δ18Oprcp values that simply covaries seasonally with temperature.


We assess proposals for entangling two distant atoms by measurement of emitted photons, analyzing how their performance depends on the photon detection efficiency. We consider schemes based on measurement of one or two photons and compare them in terms of the probability to obtain the detection event and of the conditional fidelity with which the desired entangled state is created. Based on an unraveling of the master equation, we quantify the parameter regimes in which one or the other scheme is more efficient, including the possible combination of the one-photon scheme with state purification. In general, protocols based on one-photon detection are more efficient in setups characterized by low photon detection efficiency, while at larger values two-photon protocols are preferable. We give numerical examples based on current experiments.


At present 4 of 10 dedicated rainfall observing satellite systems have exceeded their design life, some by more than a decade. Here, we show operational implications for flood management of a 'collapse' of space-based rainfall observing infrastructure as well as the high-value opportunities for a globally coordinated portfolio of satellite missions and data services. Results show that the current portfolio of rainfall missions fails to meet operational data needs for flood management, even when assuming a perfectly coordinated data product from all current rainfall-focused missions (i.e., the full portfolio). In the full portfolio, satellite-based rainfall data deficits vary across the globe and may preclude climate adaptation in locations vulnerable to increasing flood risks. Moreover, removing satellites that are currently beyond their design life (i.e., the reduced portfolio) dramatically increases data deficits globally and could cause entire high intensity flood events to be unobserved. Recovery from the reduced portfolio is possible with internationally coordinated replenishment of as few as 2 of the 4 satellite systems beyond their design life, yielding rainfall data coverages that outperform the current full portfolio (i.e., an optimized portfolio of eight satellites can outperform ten satellites). This work demonstrates the potential for internationally coordinated satellite replenishment and data services to substantially enhance the cost-effectiveness, sustainability and operational value of space-based rainfall observations in managing evolving flood risks.


OBJECTIVE
Obtaining a perfect integration of a prosthetic rehabilitation on natural teeth and implantys in the esthetic zone requires a deep knowledge of the biological processes and a clear understanding of the characteristics of the restorative materials. Once the soft tissue profile has been created with the placement of a temporary prosthesis, the ability to accurately transfer information about the tissue profile and the contour of the restoration for the fabrication of the definitive crowns can be challenging.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
This paper illustrate the copy paste full digital workflow, a simple protocol that allows to create definitive restorations by making an exact copy of the temporary prosthesis that has been placed in function in the patient's mouth.


Primary reading epilepsy was diagnosed by special electroencephalo- graphic (EEG) studies in an adolescent youth after his first grand mal seizure. Similar studies of members in three generations of his family showed primary reading epilepsy in his first cousin and in two of his siblings. The disorder in the siblings had not been noticed by parents or teachers and probably would have remained undetected without the use of special techniques. This pedigree buttresses other reported evidence for autosomal dominant transmission of reading epilepsy. The centrencephalic EEG trait also is present in some members of this family. The possible implications of this association are discussed.


PurposeThere are various methods to assess the failure of a road construction project that does not meet quality and performance standards. This study aims to evaluate the factors affecting the quality management of road construction projects in Indonesia by identifying the critical challenges in implementing quality management processes and examining the countermeasures to address these problems.Design/methodology/approachIn this research, the quality management processes in Indonesian road construction projects are evaluated using a mixed quantitative and qualitative approach. Quantitative data obtained from two rounds of Delphi questionnaire surveys as the primary data source, and focus group interviews as the qualitative data are used to achieve the aims of this study.FindingsIt is found that from as early as in the preconstruction stage of a project, the availability of quality standards and documentation is problematic when implementing quality management processes. The critical factor of the quality control activities of a project and the quality management roles and responsibilities of the stakeholders during road construction is the project team. This constraint deals with the interaction of the competency, commitment, and mutual cooperation among the main stakeholders to ensure that quality management processes are implemented. This implementation is a part of controlling the road pavement materials, supervising the project activities according to a specified standard, and reporting the project performance. The findings of this study add parameters relating to quality management and quality processes in a road construction project area.Originality/valueThis study is the first to evaluate the quality management processes in the construction of Indonesian road projects. The investigation identifies and evaluates the causes of the persistence of poor road quality. All revealed constraints are substantial factors that hinder the implementation of quality management processes when delivering quality road products. This study addresses the key influencing factors and scenarios related to quality management during road construction projects in Indonesia and other developing countries as practical examples and provides case-based insights for construction practitioners and civil engineering academics in developed countries.


Pericardial involvement in Adamantiadis-Behçet's disease (ABD) is uncommon. A 14-year-old boy presented with fever of unknown origin, as the initial and only manifestation of his disease. Other features were leukopenia, abdominal lymphadenopathy and asymptomatic pericarditis, which is a very rare finding of the disease. A review of pericarditis is presented.


To describe the damped resonant sloshing in a circular base container, the nonlinear modal equations by Faltinsen et al (2016 J. Fluid Mech. 804 608–45) are equipped with linear damping terms associated with the logarithmic decrements of the natural sloshing modes. The damping coefficients express a cumulative effect of diverse dissipative phenomena. The surface tension is neglected, the container performs a prescribed periodic sway/surge/pitch/roll motion, the forcing frequency is close to the lowest natural sloshing frequency, and the mean liquid depth—to the tank radius ratio h ≳ 1.2. An asymptotic steady-state solution of the modal equations is derived; its stability is analysed by the linear Lyapunov method. The dominant amplitudes and the phase-lags of the two primary excited natural sloshing modes are governed by four (secular) nonlinear algebraic equations whose structure is the same as if the container were to perform an elliptic orbital horizontal translatory motion. The steady-state response curves are studied versus the semi-axes ratio of the horizontal elliptic orbit; a line segment (horizontal longitudinal) and a circle (rotary forcing) are two limiting cases. For the longitudinal forcing, planar (standing) and swirling steady-state waves are possible, otherwise, only swirling occurs. A focus is on the phase-lags, which are piecewise functions along the continuous amplitude response curves in the undamped case, but they become of the non-constant character when the damping matters. A comparison is done with measurements of the phase-lag by Royon-Lebeaud et al (2007 J. Fluid Mech. 577 467–94) (longitudinal forcing) to show that, if the damping rates are associated with the boundary layer at the wetted tank surface and the bulk viscosity, a satisfactory agreement is established with lower wave amplitudes but the cumulative damping effect must be larger to fit the experiments with increasing amplitudes. For elliptic forcing, stable swirling can be co- or counter-directed with the forcing direction. However, damping makes the counter-directed swirling impossible as the elliptic forcing orbit tends to a circle.


Plasma CEA titer was measured in 200 polyvinyl chloride workers. A positive test was obtained in 48.3% of this high risk population as compared to 9.2% for a normal healthy population.


Coffee being one of the emerging crops with high potential to export to earn foreign currency, has been given due importance by the Government of Nepal. Among different agricultural goods produced in and exported from Nepal, the competitiveness of coffee has quickly increased in recent years, thus contributing to the improvement of rural livelihoods. This study was based on review of literature and analysis of secondary data/information. Statistical tools such as correlation analysis was also used to analyze data. According to the official records coffee production area has expanded from around 135.7 ha in fiscal year 1994/95 to 3052 ha in 2020/21 and the production has increased from 12.95 Mt. of dry cherry to 315 Mt. of green beans during the same period. Nepal's coffee subsector is characterized by low productivity, low production and poor quality. Inter alia, it was mainly due to incidence of insect pests, production done by smallholder farmers in a widely scattered area creating problems in quality control and collection leading to higher cost. The good price, high demand and overwhelmingly organic system of production are the encouraging factors but the formidable challenge remains on fighting with white stem borer and providing incentives for small holder farmers throughout the relatively long gestation period of coffee crop. Apart from low production level, organic certification and quarantine requirements pose serious challenges to export. Coffee produced in Nepal is Organic & Fair-trade and is readily accepted as a Specialty Coffee in specific international markets.


125I-insulin binding to circulating monocytes has been studied in 4 normal volunteers in the basal state as well as at 2 and 5 hours after ingestion of 100 g of glucose. In each study five hours after glucose ingestion, the competition-inhibition curve was shifted to the left and was steeper than that in the basal study; the amount of insulin that caused a 50% decrease in specific binding of 125I-insulin in the basal study was 3-11 fold higher than at 5 hours after glucose. These changes in binding after glucose ingestion were largely due to major alterations of receptor affinity. We conclude that acute changes in receptor affinity occur normally as part of the physiologic regulation of target cell sensitivity to hormonal stimulation.


This is a list of corrigenda to the English translation of Martin Heidegger's Being and Time (German original: Sein und Zeit, 1927, 8th edition 1957) by John Macquarrie and Edward Robinson (1962). The list includes 186 entries: most are corrections of outright mistakes in expressing the sense of Heidegger's text, and twenty-two entries are marked as representing Heidegger's own revisions to the work as found in the latest German edition (2006). Explanatory comments accompany many of the entries. The corrigenda are offered as a service to scholars of Heidegger's magnum opus who work within the discipline of philosophy and also to humanistic psychologists who follow the tradition of continental philosophy in their work as practioners and researchers.


Studies concerning the constructive aspects of noise and fluctuations in different non-linear systems have shown that the addition of external noise to systems with an intrinsic noise may result in a less noisy response. Recently, the possibility of reducing the diffusion noise in semiconductor bulk materials by adding a random fluctuating contribution to the driving static electric field has been tested. The present work extends the previous theories by considering the noise-induced effects on the electron transport dynamics in low-doped n-type GaAs samples driven by a high-frequency periodic electric field (cyclostationary conditions). By means of Monte Carlo simulations, we calculate the changes in the spectral density of the electron velocity fluctuations caused by the addition of an external correlated noise source. The results reported in this paper confirm that, under specific conditions, the presence of a fluctuating component added to an oscillating electric field can reduce the total noise power. Furthermore, we find a non-linear behaviour of the spectral density with the noise intensity. Our study reveals that, critically depending on the external noise correlation time, the dynamical response of electrons driven by a periodic electric field benefits from the constructive interplay between the fluctuating field and the intrinsic noise of the system.


Abstract : Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) requires the ability to accurately identify, track, and understand the rationale of the behavior of vessels given the surrounding contextual environment. Reasoning about such behaviors can ultimately lead to a better understanding of whether the behaviors are normal or anomalous. In order to adequately improve the quality and overall confidence of the output of the reasoning process that leads to the conclusions regarding the nature of vessel behaviors, a system must be provided with sufficient, high quality, track data from which such conclusions could be made. The nature of maritime data, particularly in specific environments, and the fact that Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) assets in future network-centric systems are likely to be heavily requested due to the complexity and number of non-traditional missions, necessitates that these resources be effectively utilized across the mission space in order to maximize overall collection and hence derive good quality tracks for actionable tasking of limited resources. This paper will describe the development of ISR allocation optimization algorithms for the maritime domain, leveraging modeling and simulation capabilities from the Interactive Scenario Builder (ISB) decision support tool. The ISB is a 3D tactical decision aid and mission planning system that provides insight into, and visualization of, the RF environment. The ISB is used in the Joint Information Operations Command and in Navy IO Centers (Hawaii, Georgia, Norfolk, San Diego, and Whidbey Island). The optimization algorithms being developed within the ISB take into consideration areas of interest such as high interest vessel movements, shipping lanes, fishing areas, military exercises, ports of particular interest, area of high piracy, cargo, or past shipping incidents.


Abstract Purpose: Due to geographical disparities, many people with profound or severe disabilities experience considerable delays in rehabilitation treatment, resulting in threats to quality of life. This pilot study aims to identify areas in Greater Brisbane, Australia, with a higher concentration of people with profound or severe disabilities and to evaluate access to rehabilitation services in these areas. Methods: Data came from the 2016 Australian Census of Population and Housing and the National Health Services Directory. Four frequently used rehabilitation services by individuals with profound or severe disabilities (i.e., occupational therapy, physiotherapy, speech pathology and psychology) were the focus of the analysis. The data were analyzed using geospatial analysis methods (e.g., spatial scan statistic and network analysis). Results: A higher concentration of rehabilitation services was found in the regions with lower disability prevalence and lower potential demand for rehabilitation services. In contrast, the regions with higher disability prevalence and higher potential demand for rehabilitation services experienced poorer access to rehabilitation services. Conclusion: The findings are expected to inform policy decisions about the prioritization of rehabilitation resources and derive evidence for planning more responsive service delivery. Implications for rehabilitation The current study has demonstrated the utilization of geographic information system methods to facilitate rehabilitation service planning. Identification of disability concentration may inform locally responsive rehabilitation service delivery. Spatial assessment of mismatch between supply and potential demand may assist policy makers and service providers in the prioritization of rehabilitation resources. The current study contributes to the World Health Organization's call for action to ensure adequate access to rehabilitation services by people with profound or severe disabilities.


Participation in planning has been an important topic of debate for more than 30 years. Dramatic changes in the demography of North America and the failure of existing forms of participation have highlighted the need to find new ways of working with increasingly diverse and often marginalized communities. This article describes a participatory planning project in which a diversity of participants—including aboriginal women, immigrant and racial minority women, women with disabilities, and rural women—became organized, trained, and empowered to collectively challenge social services to become more accountable and responsive to their needs.


Background and Aims: Pheochromocytomas (PCCs) and Paragangliomas (PGL) are rare catecholamine producing tumors that may present in sporadic or familial settings. Despite vast strides in understanding of PCC/PGL genetics in the last two decades, there is a dearth of information from India. The aim here is to study the prevalence of genetic mutations in Indian PCC/PGL patients. Settings and Design: Tertiary care academic hospital; prospective study. Methods: 50 histopathologically diagnosed PCC/PGL patients formed the study group. Clinical, biochemical, pathological attributes and outcomes were documented and the phenotype was compared to the genotype. Succinyl dehydrogenase (SDH), Re-Arranged during Transfection (RET), Von-Hippel-Lindau (VHL) and NeuroFibromatosis-1 (NF1) mutations were studied. Additionally, immunohistochemisty for SDHB was also done, and the results compared to mutational analysis of SDH by MLPA (Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Activation). Statistical Analysis: Independent samples t-test and Fisher's exact test were used as appropriate. P values ≤0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age was 34.3 years. Of the 50 patients, 27 were males and 23 females. 10 patients (20%) in all were detected to have a genetic mutation. 6 patients possessed a RET mutation, while two had VHL mutations. No patient presented with a NF1 mutation. 2 patients had a SDH mutation, and Immunohistochemistry for SDHB correlated with mutational analysis for these patients. Conclusions: The proportion of patients with a familial variant of PCC/PGL is more than what the historic "Rule of Ten" suggests. Our study found that one in five patients have a genetic mutation. PCC/PGL patients with genetic mutations not only require more stringent follow-up, but also screening of family members.


Ancient carbonaceous material possibly delivered during meteorite bombardment has been found in lunar rock. We report on the detection of discrete grains of crystalline graphite and graphite whiskers (GWs) in an Apollo 17 impact melt breccia. Multiple instances of graphite and GWs within a discrete area of the sample imply that these grains are not terrestrial contamination. Both graphite and GWs are indicative of high-temperature conditions and are probably the result of the impact processes responsible for breccia formation. This suggests that impact processes may be an additional formation mechanism for GWs in the solar system and indicates that the Moon contains a record of ancient carbonaceous material delivered at the time of the Late Heavy Bombardment.


Fluorescent polarization immunoassay (FPIA) is a single-step immunoassay method that is applicable to point-of-care testing; however, its applicability to large biomolecules has been restricted because ordinary FPIA is a competitive assay. Here, we report a noncompetitive FPIA using the variable domain from the heavy chain of a camelid antibody (VHH antibody). FPIA with VHH was successfully used to quantitate rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) and demonstrated a wider response range than that observed with antibody-binding (Fab) fragment. Then, using a portable FPIA instrument, a VHH-based immunoassay of human IgG in a human serum certified reference material was demonstrated.


Every laboratory needs to establish its own community-based reference intervals for the achievement of the optimal and true diagnosis in the clinical practice. However, such vital experimentations are not been conducted sufficiently in Halabja city and Kurdistan region of Iraq as a whole. This study is an attempt to introduce for the first time a set of reference intervals of lipid profile variables that are based on the healthy and asymptomatic adult population of Halabja using international standards. The methodology recruited for this purpose is based on the IFCC, CLSI, and WHO's standards, in which the study population was subjected to strict exclusion criteria for the sake of higher accuracy in the results.  The reference intervals are computed as the 95th percentile of the lipid profile variable values. The results are broken down based on the gender and age groups. All of the estimated intervals fall perfectly in the internationally known reference intervals. Even so, the outcome values are similar and sometimes higher than the currently used intervals by the laboratories and physicians for the diagnosis purposes. The out-turns from the study encourage us to demand the healthcare providers to reconsider the currently approved reference intervals for the lipid profile test (TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, and VLDL-C) in the clinical practice and consider the results of this study for further diagnostic purposes.


The paper presents a comparison between intra-ramet, intra-clonal and inter-clonal variations in girth at breast height (gbh), fiber length, fiber diameter, wall thickness, vessel element length, vessel element diameter and specific gravity in the ramets of L34, G3 and S7C15 clones of Populus deltoides at the age of 6 years old produced from planting material grown by macro- and micro-propagation techniques. Variance ratio (F) test indicated that intra-ramet variations were non-significant for all the characters except specific gravity for height in L34 for macro and specific gravity and vessel element diameter for radial locations for micro, and fiber length for G3 (micro) for height, and specific gravity for radial location and fiber length for height for S7C15 clone for both the techniques. The clone L34 showed the significantly higher girth followed by G3 and S7C15. The variations were significant for girth, vessel element length and specific gravity between the wood produced from planting stocks grown by two techniques. Intra-clonal variations were significant for fiber length, fiber diameter and vessel element length. In general wood element's dimensions and specific gravity increased from bottom to top and pith to periphery radial locations. G3 clone was different from the L34 and S7C15 clone for the wood traits. The three different clones of Populus deltoides showed variability in wood anatomical properties and specific gravity in the woods grown from macro- and micro-propagated planting stock. So, the plantation raised by two techniques could not produce similar type of wood even from the same clone. G3 clone was the exception as it did not show variation in wood traits for two techniques. Intra-clonal variations in all the three clones of P. deltoides indicated that wood traits were not stable within the population of same clone grown by either method.


The authors have studied on the laser surface modification of cast iron aimed at refining the wear resistance. It was already reported that cooling rate in solidification is varied by laser condition and that a fine martensite-ledeburite microstructure with hardness of about Hv 1000 was obtained by a pulsed laser. In this report, wear characteristics such as wear resistance and scuffing resistance were investigated by performing pin-on-plate sliding tests that demonstrate the friction between a piston ring and a cylinder bore. Surface-modified cast iron samples, especially irradiated by a pulsed laser properly, showed good wear resistance even under severe sliding conditions. The scuffing resistance depended on the countermaterial; CrN coated pins showed the higher scuffing resistance than hard Cr plated pins and nitrided pins.


Leishmaniosis is an insect-borne disease whose clinical manifestations range from skin ulcer to visceral disease. Antimony compounds are currently known to be the main treatment for leishmaniosis, but there are limitations to their use. This study was performed to determine the in vitro and in vivo efficiency of honey on a standard strain of Leishmania major parasite in comparison with glucantime and amphotericin as the first line treatment. Leishmania major was exposed to different concentrations of honey extract at 400, 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 μg/ml. The effectiveness of honey concentrations was determined by counting the parasite by Neubauer's chamber. Then, using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) colorimetric method, for promastigotes and macrophages then IC50 was calculated. A flow cytometry test was performed and necrosis and apoptosis diagrams were drawn. Next, the effect of the honey on the amastigotes inside macrophage cells was investigated. Finally, for the in vivo experimentation, the parasite was injected in the base of BALB/c mice tails and the resulting wounds were treated with honey. The results of all tests showed that the honey extract at 400 μg/ml concentration had the best effects on all stages. The honey has lethal effects on Leishmania parasite in vitro as well as therapeutic effects on wounds caused by the parasite. Further experiments are recommended to evaluate the performance of the extract on the parasite in volunteer human models.


In the theoretical literature on contract delegation, it is assumed that the contractor has all the bargaining power when contracts are proposed to the subcontractee. In this case, the principal prefers centralized to decentralized contracting structures. This paper analyzes the consequences of relaxing this assumption. It is shown that when contracts are determined by bargaining, the principal might prefer decentralization to centralization. Furthermore, it is shown that this can happen even when subcontractees have very little bargaining power. The results explain, for example, the coexistence of centralized and decentralized contracting in public procurement.


Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) with atomic scale resolution has been applied to study surface defects in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) which have been produced by impact of 150 eV singly and multiply charged Ar ions (charge state up to 9+). The most prominent surface defects are protrusions. Their area density is in good agreement with the applied ion dose, implying that about every single ion impact causes one protrusion. A (√3 × √3) R 30° surface reconstruction, as characteristic for interstitial defects in HOPG, is observed in the vicinity of most defects. As the most remarkable result we find that the measured size of the hillocks (mean diameter and height) increases with projectile charge state.


This paper contrasts UK and US governance of M&A break fees to see what the contrast can teach us about trade-offs between litigation and regulation as modes of governance, including how laws change under each regime over time. Data on 1,136 bids in 1989-2008 and 61 fee disputes show: (1) the UK caps fees at a low level with a simple ex ante rule based not on regulatory expertise but on an arbitrarily chosen percentage of bid value, which nonetheless has the virtues of clarity and lower litigation costs, and enhances competition conditional on an initial bid, and (2) US courts evaluate fees ex post with a complex and vague standard, allowing for greater variation and higher average fees, reducing bid competition and increasing bid completion rates, and possibly increasing M&A overall, at the cost of legal uncertainty and litigation (although less than might be expected), in part because courts resist articulating clear rules. Laws in each nation exhibit inertia; are protected by entrenched interest groups (institutional investors in the UK, lawyers in the US); and co-exist with the opposite approach (litigation in the UK, regulation in the US), even within the domain of M&A law. Subject to strong limits on external validity, the case study suggests that interest groups may be the most important factors shaping the initial choice between regulation and litigation, even for otherwise similar nations in a similar context, and that a combination of interest groups formed in response to a given choice, as well as lawmaker incentives, may preserve those choices even after the conditions giving rise to the initial choice have passed away.


Tailoring of porous materials involves not only chemical synthetic techniques for tailoring microscopic properties such as pore size, pore shape, pore connectivity, and pore surface reactivity, but also materials processing techniques for tailoring the meso- and the macroscopic properties of bulk materials in the form of fibers, thin films, and monoliths. These issues are addressed in the context of five specific classes of porous materials:  oxide molecular sieves, porous coordination solids, porous carbons, sol−gel-derived oxides, and porous heteropolyanion salts. Reviews of these specific areas are preceded by a presentation of background material and review of current theoretical approaches to adsorption phenomena. A concluding section outlines current research needs and opportunities.


The different converters are developer in recent years for efficient operation of PV based various controllers for ac load application. The Z source inverter is used as both buck and boost operation. But the proposed paper Z source inverter produce more output voltage than input voltage.  In proposed converter produce high power without using the transformer. The space vector modulation is used as to control the speed of an induction motor. The IFOC based SVM produce the pulse and given to the three phase inverter. In induction motor has high power application so the proposed Z source produces high output. The dc link voltage regulation using the filter. The proposed Z source based PV is implemented using MATLAB/ SIMULINK environment.


Activin/Nodal signaling via SMAD2/3 maintains human embryonic stem cell (hESC) pluripotency by direct transcriptional regulation of NANOG or, alternatively, induces mesoderm and definitive endoderm (DE) formation. In search of an explanation for these contrasting effects, we focused on SNON (SKIL), a potent SMAD2/3 corepressor that is expressed in hESCs but rapidly down-regulated upon differentiation. We show that SNON predominantly associates with SMAD2 at the promoters of primitive streak (PS) and early DE marker genes. Knockdown of SNON results in premature activation of PS and DE genes and loss of hESC morphology. In contrast, enforced SNON expression inhibits DE formation and diverts hESCs toward an extraembryonic fate. Thus, our findings provide novel mechanistic insight into how a single signaling pathway both regulates pluripotency and directs lineage commitment.


Various studies have been conducted to realize realistic direct interaction in the virtual environment. In this study, we focus on a situation wherein two users using the same physical space explore the same virtual environment using redirected walking (RDW) technology. For two users to meet each other in a virtual environment to realize realistic direct interaction, they must simultaneously meet each other in physical space. However, if the RDW algorithm is applied to each user independently, the relative positions and orientations of the two users can be significantly different in the virtual and physical spaces. We present a recovery algorithm that adjusts the relative position and orientation such that they become the same in the two spaces. Our recovery algorithm uses either modified subtle RDW techniques or overt recovery techniques in three cases depending on the relative position and orientation of the two users. Once the recovered state is reached, the two users can go forward to meet each other and directly interact in the virtual and physical spaces simultaneously. Based on the experiment results, we can confirm that the application of our recovery technology to the system increases the user's satisfaction in usability and the presence of coexistence in the virtual environment with other users.


In optical communication, ideal amplification of the received signal leads to a limiting signaling rate of 1 nat per photon. This is much inferior to the optimum limit of kT joules/nat, which we can theoretically approach by counting photons. Practically, the rates we can attain by photon counting will be limited by how elaborate codes we can instrument rather than by thermal photons.


Accumulating evidence has indicated that microRNAs play a critical role in the pathogenesis of human cancers. microRNA-34a (miR-34a) has been shown to be a key regulator of tumor suppression by targeting several cancer-related signals, including the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R)/Signal Transducers and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway. Previously, we determined that miR-34a expression was frequently reduced in high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC), the major subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Considering that the IL-6R/STAT3 signaling pathway is upregulated and believed to be a potential therapeutic target in EOC, we investigated the biological significance of reduced miR-34a expression in HGSC with regard to IL-6R signaling. Additionally, we evaluated the viability of miR-34a as a therapeutic application for HGSC both in vitro and in vivo. Accordingly, we found that the ectopic expression of miR-34a significantly reduced tumor proliferation and invasion through downregulation of IL-6R expression, suggesting that reduced miR-34a expression might play an important role in the malignant potential of HGSC through upregulation of the IL-6R/STAT3 signaling pathway. Moreover, we demonstrated that replacement of miR-34a reduced tumorigenicity of HGSC in vivo. Therefore, this study may provide the rationale for miR-34a replacement as a promising therapeutic strategy for HGSC.


2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a widespread environmental contaminant which causes severe toxic effects. Despite there is some suggestion concerning with TCDD induced cardiotoxicity such as formation of free radicals, the main mechanism has not been entirely explained. Beta-glucan is known as strong antioxidant matter and can scavenge free radicals. Therefore this study aimed to investigate the protective effects of beta-glucan against TCDD induced cardiotoxicity in rats. In this study, 2-3 months of age and 190-250 g in weight 32 rats were randomly divided into four equal groups (n=8 for each group). Group 1 was control; Group 2 was TCDD group (2 μg/kg/week); group 3 was the beta-glucan group(50 mg/kg/day), and group 4 was TCDD and beta-glucan treatment group. The heart samples were taken from rats after 21 days treatment. The results were shown that Despite TCDD exposure visibly caused to increase (p ≤ 0.001) in TBARS levels, It caused a visible decline in the levels of GSH, CAT, GSH-Px, and SOD. However Beta glucan significantly increased GSH, CAT, GSH-Px, SOD levels and decreased generation of TBARS. Additionally, our histopathological observations were in agreement with the biochemical results. In conclusion, Beta-glucan treatment exhibited protective activity on TCDD induced cardiotoxicity.


The purpose of this study was to implement and evaluate the health education program for elementary school children. The program consisted of nutritional education and physical exercise. The subjects composed of 89 school children, first through sixth grade (n = 100), who had completed ten weeks of health education program from April through July 2010. Pre-post intervention design was used to evaluate the program effectiveness. After completing health education program, the number of overweight subjects decreased (boys 13 to 11 and girls 11 to 9) and the number of obese subjects decreased from 5 to 4 for boys and 4 to 2 for girls The number of sit-ups significantly increased in both 1-2 grade girls and 3-4 grade girls. Backward trunk extension of 1-2 grade girls also significantly increased (p < 0.05). The level of serum total cholesterol decreased from 171.8 mg/dL to 153.5 mg/dL (p < 0.001). Hypercholesterolemia (above 239 mg/dL), hyperLDLcholesterolemia (above 175 mg/dL) and low level hemoglobin subjects changed to normal levels. Total score of nutrition knowledge increased from 5.9 to 6.1 (p < 0.05), percentage of perception answers increased significantly in 5 out of 10 items and percentage of correct answers increased significantly in 6 out of 10 items (p < 0.05). Three food habits improved, including, "having breakfast", "having diverse foods" and "having vegetables per meal" (p < 0.05). Two self-efficacy items improved significantly, including, "having meals slowly", "having exercise instead of watching TV or computer" (p < 0.05). These results suggest that health education program for elementary school children including nutritional education and physical exercise may be effective to improve their anthropometric characteristics, physical fitness, hyperlipidemia, nutrition knowledge, food habits and self-efficacy. (Korean J Community Nutr 16(1) : 1~13, 2011)


ABSTRACT Racial disproportionality in special education is an ongoing injustice in schools in the United States. In this article, we investigate the key relationships among education policy, context, and racial disproportionality in special education. We examine this nexus by analyzing one U.S. school district's response to federal citations for disproportionality in both the over-identification of students of color in special education and over-representation of students of color with disabilities being disciplined. Our findings demonstrate the important role of historical legacies of inequality and the limitations of technical approaches to equity oriented education policies. We end by offering a critical disability education policy approach that accounts for complex sociocultural contexts, attending to disability and its intersections, in an effort to move toward more just and equitable education policies.


The Dark Triad (Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism) is associated with online disinhibition and antisocial online behaviors. However, the mediating role between online disinhibition and online trolling has never previously been investigated. We examined direct and indirect associations between online disinhibition and online trolling via the Dark Triad among 1,303 participants. The results showed that online disinhibition is positively correlated with online trolling, and their link is partly mediated by Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Furthermore, men exhibited higher levels of Dark Triad traits and were more likely to engage in online trolling than women. Moderated mediation analyses indicated that gender moderated the relationship between psychopathy and online trolling. The study provided a promising perspective for the intervention of online trolling, namely netizens should be taught to reduce impulsivity and improve empathy and self-control, especially for men.


TCRalphabeta CTL clones recognizing mouse thymus leukemia (TL) Ags were established and categorized into two groups: those killing any TL+ target cells (type I) and those killing only TL+ Con A blasts (type II). Cold target inhibition assays showed that the antigenic determinant(s) recognized by type II clones are expressed not only on TL+ Con A blasts but also on other TL+ target cells. The relation of the target specificity to the killing machinery and the accessory molecules involved in cytotoxicity were therefore analyzed using four representative clones selected from each type. Of the target cells tested, Fas was only expressed on Con A blasts, indicating that Fas ligand (FasL)-dependent cytotoxicity is limited to such cells. All four type II and one of four type I clones expressed FasL on the surface, while both types contained perforin in the cytoplasm. Blocking studies using neutralizing anti-FasL mAbs and concanamycin A (CMA), a selective inhibitor of the perforin pathway, suggested that type I clones kill target cells by way of perforin, while type II clones kill TL+ Con A blasts through FasL together with perforin. For their cytotoxicity, type I CTLs require a signal through CD8, while type II require LFA-1/ICAM-1 interactions. Type II clones also need a co-stimulatory signal through an unknown molecule for perforin-dependent cytotoxicity. These results taken together suggest that the difference in the target specificity of anti-TL CTL clones is due to variation in the killing machineries and the dependence on accessory molecules.


Background Since 2008 HIV-to-HIV deceased donor kidney transplants (DDKT) have been offered in South Africa. They have proven to be a successful treatment option for patients living with both HIV and ESRD. Methods Using systems thinking approach and a socio-ecological model framework we identified barriers for patients with (WH) and without HIV (WOH) throughout the state sector DDKT pathway in order to increase the full potential of HIV-to-HIV transplantation in South Africa. Results Barriers identified in the DDKT pathway are limiting patients WH and WOH from achieving transplantation. Common barriers identified that affect both patients WH and WHO include: limited access to dialysis and low donation consent rates. In order to target these barriers, a socio-ecological model framework was constructed to identify key stakeholders at various levels (individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, public policy) that can impact the current system. Conclusions Multilevel and systemic interventions will be necessary to realize the full potential of a HIV-to-HIV deceased donor kidney transplant program in South Africa. Figure. No caption available. Figure. No caption available.


In some instances, the overlap in morphologic features and antigen expression between nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) and classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) can cause confusion in the diagnosis. In these cases, the transcription factors (TFs) B-cell specific activator protein (BSAP)/Pax-5, octamer binding protein-2 (Oct-2), B-lymphocyte-specific co-activator BOB.1/OBF.1, Bcl-6 protein and multiple myeloma-1/interferon regulatory factor-4 (MUM1/IRF-4) may aid in clarifying the diagnosis. Twenty-two cases of NLPHL were studied for the immunohistochemical expression of Pax-5, Oct-2, BOB.1, Bcl-6 protein and MUM1/IRF-4. Our results sustain the usefulness of the selected set of TFs to diagnose and distinguish NLPHL from cHL since Pax-5, Oct-2, BOB.1 and Bcl-6 are consistently expressed by lymphocyte predominant (LP) cells and reported by others to be often unexpressed in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells. By contrast, MUM1/IRF-4 protein scored negative in the majority of LP cells, but is reported to be expressed in almost all cases of cHL. Thus, although the expression of transcription factors is very heterogeneous, their simultaneous implementation for positive and differential diagnosis may be useful.


This qualitative study aimed to determine if communication between the home and school environment impacts on the academic development of a child with autism. Data was collected through the use of semi-structured interviews. The experiences and perceptions of four parents of children with autism who attend secondary school provided a rich dataset. A deductive approach to data analysis identified four themes, each with two subthemes: (1) Parent Objective; (2) School Objective; (3) Additional Challenges; and (4) Experiences. The first three themes supported current literature but additional findings indicate that existing laws and policies are not being implemented. There was no literature on the fourth theme of Experiences and this may be of particular interest for future research. This study found that communication is essential for the child with autism to progress at school, however parents focus more on the progression of social skills rather than progression of academics.


The effect of specific inhibitors of translation in chloroplasts (chloramphenicol) and in cytoplasm (cycloheximide) on the formation of pigment-protein-lipid complexes of photosynthetic membranes, on the chlorophyll state in chloroplasts and isolated membrane complexes had been studied. It is proved that the inhibition of translation blocks chlorophyll incorporation only into the complexes of reaction centres of photosystems without any change of the light-harvesting complex. The action of inhibitors leads to the disappearance of long-wave native forms of pigment in the complexes of reaction centres, which are characteristic for them. But the action of inhibitors does not effect the formation of non-specific short-wave forms which are present in all types of membrane complexes. Chloramphenicol proved to be more active in such processes than cycloheximide. On the basis of the data on localization of biosynthesis of polypeptide components of plastid membranes we suppose that during biogenesis of the photosynthetic apparatus the conditions for self-assembly of non-specific native forms of chlorophyll in light-harvesting complexes are made as the result of polymerazation of the main membrane polypeptides which are synthesized in the cytoplasms. Minor polypeptides of plastid (photosystems 1 and 2) and cytoplasmic (photosystem 1) orgin are necessary for self-assembly of the dense units of pigment in reaction centre complexes.


Hate speech is a severe issue that affects many online platforms. So far, several studies have been performed to develop robust hate speech detection systems. Large language models like ChatGPT have recently shown a great promise in performing several tasks, including hate speech detection. However, it is crucial to comprehend the limitations of these models to build robust hate speech detection systems. To bridge this gap, our study aims to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the ChatGPT model in detecting hate speech at a granular level across 11 languages. Our evaluation employs a series of functionality tests that reveals various intricate failures of the model which the aggregate metrics like macro F1 or accuracy are not able to unfold. In addition, we investigate the influence of complex emotions, such as the use of emojis in hate speech, on the performance of the ChatGPT model. Our analysis highlights the shortcomings of the generative models in detecting certain types of hate speech and highlighting the need for further research and improvements in the workings of these models.


The discovery of the CRISPR-Cas9-based gene editing method has opened un-precedented new potential for biological and medical engineering, sparking a growing public debate on both the potential and dangers of CRISPR applications. Given the speed of technology development, and the almost instantaneous global spread of news, its important to follow evolving debates without much delay and in sufficient detail, as certain events may have a major long-term impact on public opinion and later influence policy decisions. Social media networks such as Twitter have shown to be major drivers of news dissemination and public discourse. They provide a vast amount of semi-structured data in almost real-time and give direct access to the content of the conversations. Such data can now be mined and analyzed quickly because of recent developments in machine learning and natural language processing. Here, we used BERT, an attention-based transformer model, in combination with statistical methods to analyse the entirety of all tweets ever published on CRISPR since the publication of the first gene editing application in 2013. We show that the mean sentiment of tweets was initially very positive, but began to decrease over time, and that this decline was driven by rare peaks of strong negative sentiments. Due to the high temporal resolution of the data, we were able to associate these peaks with specific events, and to observe how trending topics changed over time. Overall, this type of analysis can provide valuable and complementary insights into ongoing public debates, extending the traditional empirical bioethics toolset.