Abstract. In recent years, the generative process of building information modeling (BIM) digital models oriented to the digitisation of heritage buildings has been supported by the development of new modeling tools, able to integrate the point cloud data produced by laser scanning and digital photogrammetry in major modeling software applications such as Autodesk Revit and Graphisoft Archicad. Architectural and structural elements of churches, castles, and historical monuments such as complex vaults, arches, decorations and ornaments, irregular walls with a variable section and wall stratigraphy require higher levels of detail (LOD) and information (LOI) than new buildings. Consequently, the structure of a BIM model oriented to represent heritage buildings (HBIM) required the definition of a new digital process capable of converting the traditional techniques to the generation of 'unique' digital models able to connect different type of information. Consequently, the generation of 'new' 3D objects able to follow the constructive logic of the detected artefact has required the establishment of new grades of generation (GOG) and accuracy (GOA) to reduce the time and cost of the scan-to-BIM process. The main challenge of this research was the integration of these new modeling requirements in BIM software through the development of an add-in for one of the most used BIM software (Autodesk Revit). Through the generation of the complex vaulted system of the Basilica of Collemaggio (L'Aquila, Italy) and one of the most famous monuments of northern Italy (Arch of Peace in Milan, Italy), the following research shows how it was possible to support users in the HBIM generation, reducing the modeling impact of complex shapes from point cloud data and increasing information sharing for different BIM-based analysis, disciplines and users.


We study the problem of supporting queries on a string $S$ of length $n$ within a space bounded by the size $\gamma$ of a string attractor for $S$. Recent works showed that random access on $S$ can be supported in optimal $O(\log(n/\gamma)/\log\log n)$ time within $O\left (\gamma\ \rm{polylog}\ n \right)$ space. In this paper, we extend this result to \emph{rank} and \emph{select} queries and provide lower bounds matching our upper bounds on alphabets of polylogarithmic size. Our solutions are given in the form of a space-time trade-off that is more general than the one previously known for grammars and that improves existing bounds on LZ77-compressed text by a $\log\log n$ time-factor in \emph{select} queries. We also provide matching lower and upper bounds for \emph{partial sum} and \emph{predecessor} queries within attractor-bounded space, and extend our lower bounds to encompass navigation of dictionary-compressed tree representations.


High-fidelity unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) CFD simulation is employed to investigate the variations in the power performance of two tandem in-line floating offshore horizontal axis wind turbines for the scenario in which the upstream rotor is oscillating in surge motion and the downstream rotor is positioned in a distance of 3D (D: turbine diameter) and is stationary. The rotors are the NREL-5MW reference turbine. The platform surge period and wave amplitude are 9 s and 1.02 m, respectively. The results are presented for 100 full surge periods. It is found that the surge motion of the upstream rotor results in: (i) sinusoidal fluctuations in the power and thrust coefficients (CP and C T) of the upstream rotor with a standard deviation (std) of 9.7% and 5.5%, respectively; (ii) such fluctuations in CP and CT are less regular with a std of 4.2% and 2.8% for the downstream rotor, respectively. A low-frequency oscillating mode with a period nearly 10 times the surge period is also observed for the downstream rotor. The mean Cp and Ct of the downstream rotor are 28.9% and 38.5% of the upstream one.


Dyke Davidoff Masson syndrome (DDMS) is a rare disease with characteristic radiological features, seizures, mental retardation, facial asymmetry, and psychiatric manifestations. Here, we report a case of a 50-year-old female who had a refractory seizure disorder and schizoaffective disorder. Radiological investigation revealed the features of DDMS.
Keywords: Dyke Davidoff Masson Syndrome, Cerebral hemiatrophy, Schizoaffective disorder


In the last decade there has been increased interest in the study of molecular motors. Motor proteins in particular have gained a large following due to their high efficiency of force generation and the ability to incorporate the motors into linear device designs. Much of the recent research centres on using these protein systems to transport cargo around the surface of a device.
The studies carried out in this thesis aim to investigate the use of molecular motors in lab-on-a-chip devices. Two distinct motor protein systems are used to show the viability of utilising these nanoscale machines as a highly specific and controllable method of transporting molecules around the surface of a lab-on-a-chip device. Improved reaction kinetics and increased detection sensitivity are just two advantages that could be achieved if a motor protein system could be incorporated and appropriately controlled within a device such as an immunoassay or microarray technologies.
The first study focuses on the motor protein system Kinesin. This highly processive motor is able to propel microtubules across a surface and has shown promise as an in vitro nanoscale transport system. A novel device design is presented where the motility of microtubules is controlled using the combination of a structured surface and a thermoresponsive polymer. Both topographic confinement of the motility and the creation of localised 'gates' are used to show a method for the control and guidance of microtubules.
Two further studies use the actin myosin motor protein system. Both concentrate on the manipulation of actin filaments, gliding on immobilised myosin, by DC electrical fields. Motor protein is adsorbed onto several surface chemistries with varying protein adsorption properties. A range of electrical fields are applied to the motility assay and the performance is analysed in terms of the directionality and any changes in the average velocity of filaments on each surface. This enables us to attribute surface properties to particular motility characteristics and hypothesise as to the nature of protein adsorption. The same electrical motility device is used with an alternative method to allow a more detailed study of the effect of surface chemistry on the motility function and the response of the motility after exposure to an electrical field. The movement of actin filaments on myosin motors is accelerated by a DC electrical field. Upon termination of the field the motility is allowed to return to pre-field function and this section of the procedure is analysed together with the data from the previous study to draw conclusions on the protein adsorption properties of each surface. Both chapters are used to draw conclusions on the response of the motor protein system when it is adsorbed on different surface chemistries.
The investigations carried out in this thesis are used to show both novel ways of controlling motor protein motility and also to highlight aspects of design that need to be taken into consideration when incorporating motor proteins into lab-on-a-chip devices. The electrical motility device in particular has proved to be a dynamic and inexpensive tool in investigating motor protein motility.


Objectives : Yiyuan(醫原) written by Shi Shoutang(石壽棠) is well known for its focusing on the concept of dryness and dampness in medical theory. This study was done to analyze the formation process of main academic thought in Yiyuan , which included tracing its original sources that had made it possible to construct the main idea in this book. Methods : Firstly, Yiyuan was analyzed in comparison with Yili(醫理) by Yu Guopei(余國佩), which is regarded as the main origin of Yiyuan. And secondly, many diverse medical theories before Yu Guopei and Shi Shoutang was scrutinized to understand the process of the construction of dryness/dampness-centered medical theory. Results & Conclusions : Shi Shoutang took over the main idea of Yu Guopei and expanded it both in theoretical and clinical aspects. Especially, the most remarkable contribution by Shi Shoutang can be said that he used the astronomical theory which had the concept of multi-layered heaven and intensified the theoretical basis of medical theory emphasizing the significance of dryness and dampness. Besides, Shi Shoutang's medical theory was a thing which was also based on many cumulative assertions about dryness and dampness before him. Yu Jiayan's assertion on dryness and dampness could be acknowledged as the most influential one, and it also could be said that the arguments surrounding the property of dryness had formed the main question in the development of medical theory centered on dryness and dampness.


Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) is an important target of drugs fighting HIV infection. The introduction of potent antiretroviral therapies based on the use of RT inhibitors and/or protease inhibitors has been an important achievement towards the control of AIDS. However, the development of drug resistance constitutes a major hurdle towards long-term efficacy of those therapies. With the increasing complexity of the antiretroviral regimens, novel mutational patterns conferring high-level resistance to nucleoside and nonnucleoside RT inhibitors have been identified in viral isolates. Among them, insertions and deletions in the beta3-beta4 hairpin-loop-coding region of HIV-1 RT have been identified in heavily-treated patients. Insertions of one, two or several residues appear to have a significant impact on nucleoside analogue resistance. The frequently found combination of a dipeptide insertion and thymidine analogue resistance mutations (i.e. T215Y) in the viral RT confers an ATP-dependent phosphorolytic activity that facilitates the removal of the inhibitor from primers terminated with zidovudine or stavudine. Furthermore, this mechanism appears to be relevant for resistance mediated by one amino acid-deletions appearing in combination with thymidine analogue resistance mutations. However, in other sequence contexts (i.e. in the presence of Q151M), the effects of the deletion are not fully understood. Drugs targeting the excision repair mechanism could be an important aid in the fight against multinucleoside-resistant HIV isolates bearing complex mutational patterns in their RT-coding region.


BACKGROUND/AIMS
We tested the hypothesis that chronic hepatic virus infection could reduce the occurrence of colorectal cancer liver metastases (CLM) and investigated CLM patients' survival prolonged in positive viral infection.

METHODOLOGY
2868 colorectal cancer patients were divided into positive-infection and non-infection groups. Clinical variables, incidence of liver metastases and survival between the groups were respectively analyzed.

RESULTS
The incidence of liver metastases in the positive group was much lower than in the control group, but other type distant metastasis was similar in the two groups. Infected group 5-year overall survival (OS) was better than the negative group. Meanwhile, CLM patients in the former group showed longer survival time than the control group (26 months vs. 20 months, p<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
Chronic hepatic viral infection could reduce the occurrence of CLM and improves the survival time of colorectal cancer. It could be a protective factor for CLM patients.


The nutritional requirements of pikeperch larvae have been sparsely examined. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may affect growth and physiological stress response in marine fish larvae, but these mechanisms have not received as much attention in freshwater fish. Pikeperch larvae were reared on Artemia from day 3 until 21 days posthatch. Artemia were enriched with six formulated emulsions, with inclusion of either fish oil, pure olive oil (POO) or olive oil supplemented with various combinations of ARA, EPA and DHA. Larval tissue FA was significantly related to the content in the diets, but larval growth was similar for all treatments. When exposed to stress by confinement in small tanks with culture tank water or saline water (15 g L−1.), mortality in larvae treated with POO was significantly higher than in the remaining treatments while tissue cortisol contents in these fish seemed lower. The findings of a lower stress response in larvae fed POO may be related to the lower tissue content in these larvae of essential fatty acids especially DHA but also EPA and ARA.


BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS
The recognized pathway for colorectal malignancies is the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. It is estimated that up to two-thirds of colorectal carcinomas arise from adenomatous polyps. In recent years, Japanese workers have suggested that early colorectal malignancies may arise as "flat" or "depressed" rather than as polypoid lesions. Such flat or depressed adenomas and adenocarcinomas have not been widely recognized in the West. A prospective study was carried out to search for flat and depressed adenomas in a British population, using Japanese colonoscopic techniques.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
In this prospective study at a British centre, 210 consecutive patients attending for routine colonoscopy were examined for flat or depressed lesions. The examinations were carried out using Japanese techniques by an experienced Japanese endoscopist (T.F.).

RESULTS
Overall, 68 adenomas were found, of which 40 (59%) were polypoid, 26 (38%) were flat, and two (3%) appeared depressed. The majority of the adenomas contained areas of mild or moderate dysplasia, but four were severely dysplastic. Two of these were large polypoid tubulovillous adenomas, the third was a 7-mm protruding polyp, and the fourth was a depressed adenoma 6 mm in diameter. Three Dukes' stage A adenocarcinomas were also found. Of these, one was a 20-mm polyp, one a 15-mm flat elevation of the mucosa with a central depression, and the third a 6-mm depression of the mucosa. Finally, four Dukes' B or more advanced adenocarcinomas were found.

CONCLUSIONS
The polyp-carcinoma hypothesis prompts colonoscopists to search only for polypoid lesions when screening for malignancy. A significant proportion of early colorectal neoplasms may therefore be missed. European colonoscopists require training in the recognition of flat elevated and depressed lesions in order to detect colorectal malignancies in their early stages.


We present here a numerical study of a lattice model of a chiral liquid. The low symmetry of the favoured local structure depresses the freezing point to reveal an exotic liquid-liquid transition characterised by the appearance of an extended chirality,prior to freezing. What mechanisms impede crystallisation in liquids with low molecular symmetry ? The ordered liquid can be readily supercooled to zero temperature, as the combination of critical slowing down and competing crystal polymorphs results in a dramatically slow crystallisation process.


AIM
The chronic pelvic pain (CPP) linked to endometriosis, relatively frequent condition in women of reproductive age, often represents the main complaint for which the patient seeks medical advice. The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate if and to which extent systematic ablation of endometriotic lesions causes an improvement and/or disappearance of pain in patients with ascertained endometriosis and in whom the main preoperative symptom is chronic pelvic pain.

METHODS
This study examined 109 patients, affected by chronic pelvic pain secondary to endometriosis, underwent laparoscopic treatment. All patients in the preoperative phase and only the 92 coming back for follow up, were asked both to fill out an anonymous questionnaire about their quality of life and to indicate on a numeric visual analogue scale (VAS) the intensity of the perceived pain.

RESULTS
Overall the median of the VAS score for pain decreased from 7.5 before surgery to 2.5 at one-year postoperative-follow up, which was consistent (Wilcoxon test) with a statistically significant regression (P<0.0001) of the intensity of perceived pain (disappearance or marked reduction) in the operated patients, independently from the stage of the disease and the type of pain; also data on quality of life during work and social activity indicated a relevant improvement respectively in 82% and in 83% of patients following the laparoscopic procedure.

CONCLUSION
For this reason and as suggested by the present international guidelines, when the medical therapy against pain fails and/or in the presence of an adnexal mass (chocolate cyst) or deep endometriotic lesion, it is generally correct to rely on surgical ablation of the lesions preferably by laparoscopy.


New closed-form expressions to calculate frequency-dependent distributed inductance and the associated distributed series resistance of a single interconnect on a lossy silicon substrate (CMOS technology) are presented. The proposed analytical model for series impedance is based on a self-consistent field method and the vector magnetic potential equation. It is shown that the calculated frequency-dependent distributed inductance and the associated resistances are in good agreement with the results obtained from rigorous full-wave solutions and CAD-oriented equivalent-circuit modelling approach.


Highly pathogenic influenza viruses can elicit a severe cytokine storm, leading to acute lung injury (ALI), or in its more severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by NADPH Oxidase (Nox) enzymes of both the lung infiltrating cells and the lung epithelial tissue can contribute to lung injury directly or via inflammatory signaling pathways. Here, we present evidence that Nox1 expression is enhanced in vitro (A549 lung epithelial cells, 33-fold; THP-1 monocytic cells, 633-fold; HULEC lung endothelial cells, 27-fold) and in vivo (mouse lung tissue, 17-fold) in response to infection with influenza A virus. Notably, in A549 cells, Nox1 expression levels were enhanced by laboratory strains A/X31 (H3N2) and A/WSN/33 (H1N1), as well as A(H1N1)pdm09 clinical isolates (A/California/08/2009, A/Mexico/4108/2009, and A/Texas/15/2009) of influenza A virus. Nox1 induction was virus dose- and replication-dependent. However, Nox1-deficient mice had a higher survival rate (p=0.008) compared to wild-type controls in response to a lethal dose of A/PR8/1934 influenza. Improved survival of Nox1-deficient mice corresponded with increased (p=0.0006) flu-specific neutralizing antibody responses. These results suggest that therapeutic blockade of Nox1 deserves further attention as a possible adjunct therapy for influenza A-associated ALI/ARDS.


Unmanned aerial systems (UASs) have recently been proven to be valuable remote sensing tools for detecting marine macro litter (MML), with the potential of supporting pollution monitoring programs on coasts. Very low altitude images, acquired with a low-cost RGB camera onboard a UAS on a sandy beach, were used to characterize the abundance of stranded macro litter. We developed an object-oriented classification strategy for automatically identifying the marine macro litter items on a UAS-based orthomosaic. A comparison is presented among three automated object-oriented machine learning (OOML) techniques, namely random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and k-nearest neighbor (KNN). Overall, the detection was satisfactory for the three techniques, with mean F-scores of 65% for KNN, 68% for SVM, and 72% for RF. A comparison with manual detection showed that the RF technique was the most accurate OOML macro litter detector, as it returned the best overall detection quality (F-score) with the lowest number of false positives. Because the number of tuning parameters varied among the three automated machine learning techniques and considering that the three generated abundance maps correlated similarly with the abundance map produced manually, the simplest KNN classifier was preferred to the more complex RF. This work contributes to advances in remote sensing marine litter surveys on coasts, optimizing the automated detection on UAS-derived orthomosaics. MML abundance maps, produced by UAS surveys, assist coastal managers and authorities through environmental pollution monitoring programs. In addition, they contribute to search and evaluation of the mitigation measures and improve clean-up operations on coastal environments.


To the Editor: We welcome the opportunity to respond to the comments of Dr Price regarding our study. We are delighted to have comments from a pioneer in the technique of suprascapular and axillary nerve blocks. We agree that the short-axis transverse approach to the axillary nerve would indeed provide better vision and more stability for the performer. However, we found it difficult tomaintain the needle-probe alignment in the same plane while performing the axillary nerve block, especially in patients with higher body mass index. In response to the second point, our understanding is that the best visibility of the quadrangular space is on the lateral aspect of the humerus rather than the deeper part of the posterior deltoid because of the circumflex humeral artery, and we deposited the drug there. The 3 parts of the deltoid muscle are inserted on the lateral aspect of the humerus on 3 discrete areas of the deltoid tubercle. However, the different components of the deltoidmuscle are difficult to visualize with the type of ultrasound machines we have. It is well known that the main innervation of the shoulder joint is by suprascapular, axillary, and subscapular nerves, whereas the acromion has an additional innervation from the lateral pectoral nerve. While the suprascapular nerve can be blocked anywhere along the length of the omohyoidmuscle or at the suprascapular notch, blocking the subscapular and axillary nerves may be challenging because of their deeper anatomical location. The axillary nerve is the last branch of the posterior cord, which travels on the ventral surface of the subscapularis muscle along with the upper and lower subscapular nerves before entering the quadrangular space. It is interesting to know that Dr Price noted differences in block extent with such subtle landmark changes. The medial spread of the drug observed by Dr Price would have covered not only the radial nerve but also the upper and lower subscapular nerves, thereby improving the analgesic potential of the axillary nerve block performed in the posterior deltoid area. We have been performing posterior cord with suprascapular nerve block in patients at risk of respiratory dysfunction from phrenic nerve blockade. The analgesic efficacy is better than isolated axillary nerve and suprascapular nerve block and comparable to interscalene block


This is an exploratory investigation on the self-sensing capabilities of nano-enriched glass/fibre laminates for damage detection purposes through changes in the dynamic responses, which are estimated by measuring the changes in voltage due to a dynamic strain. The deformation of the nano-enriched structure introduces changes in the resistance/voltage of the nanocomposites. The measured voltage signals contain information of the vibratory response of the laminated beam. This research uses a vibration-based data driven methodology for damage detection applied for the estimated vibratory signals using the conductivity properties of the embedded nano-particles. The structure considered in this study is a glass/fibre laminated beam enriched with carbon black nanoparticles (CB). The structure is subjected to a direct electric current and the voltage signal is measured. The vibration based monitoring method used is generally based on singular spectrum analysis applied on the estimated vibratory response. The voltage response signal is divided into a certain number of principal components which contain the oscillatory components distributed by their content of variance in the voltage signal. The components with more variance are used to define a reference state based on the status of the healthy structure. Consequently, the estimated vibratory signals from beams with a simulated damage are compared to the healthy state which eventually results in the damage detection procedure. The damage was simulated firstly by adding an additional mass on the beam tip and secondly by drilling a hole on the beam tip. The results demonstrate the potential for using the voltage estimated vibratory signals for self-sensing damage detection purposes in carbon nano-enriched glass/fibre structures.


Leg ulceration can be defined as any chronic ulcer of the lower leg excluding those on the forefoot or toes (Lees & Lambert, 1992). Venous or stasis ulcers account for 80%–85% of all leg ulcers with an overall prevalence of approximately 1% in the United States (Collins & Seraj, 2010; O'Meara, Al-Kurdi, & Ovington, 2008). Venous ulcers are more common in women and the older population (Abbade & Lastoria, 2005; Bergqvist, Lindholm, & Nelzen, 1999). Venous ulcers are often recurrent and chronic and can persist from weeks to even years. Severe complications include cellulitis, osteomyelitis, and malignant changes (Collins & Seraj, 2010). This column discusses the pathophysiology of venous insufficiency and ulcerations, presentation, diagnosis, and current treatment.


Soil phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the main factors that diminish the yield of crops on the Loess Plateau. Fagopyrum tataricum is a dominant cereal plant on the Loess Plateau, whose responses to low-P stress are significantly different and dependent on its genotypes. Therefore, screening genotypes with efficient P utilization is an important approach to increase the yield of F. tataricum and promote the sustainable development of local agriculture. With fourteen F. tataricum genotypes, the agronomic traits, physiology and biochemical characters of F. tataricum at seedling stage under normal (2 mmol·L-1) and low-P treatment (0.2 mmol·L-1) were studied by using sand culture. By examining the characters of selected F. tataricum at seedling stage, the varieties of F. tataricum with low-P tolerance were screened out and their evaluation indices were assessed to provide theoretical basis for the breeding of F. tataricum with high P-efficiency and the infertile soil cultivation on the Loess Plateau. The results showed that under low-P stress, the shoots of all genotypes were more affected than roots, with the decline of shoot aboveground index, average root diameter, root surface area and root volume, whereas the length of main root was elongated. Root activity and soluble protein content were decreased. In contrast, other physiological and biochemical indicators were increased. Moreover, plant total phosphorus content and plant phosphorus accumulation reduced, but phosphorus use efficiency increased. The principal component analysis divided the 22 individual indicators into four mutually independent comprehensive indicators (cumulative contribution rate of 90.1%). Cluster analysis divided 14 kinds of F. tataricum into three categories: Low phosphorus tolerant, intermediate and phosphorus sensitive. In order to investigate the index of low-P tolerance of F. tataricum at seedling stage, the optimal regression equation was established with the comprehensive evaluation value of low-P tolerance (D value) as the dependent variable and the low-P tolerance index of each indicator as the independent variables. Seven indicators of root surface area, root length, plant height, aboveground dry mass, acid phosphatase, phosphorus accumulation and POD activity were examined, which could be used for the rapid identification of low-P tolerance of F. tataricum at seedling stage.


We mapped the minimum magnitude of complete reporting, M c , for Alaska, the western United States, and for the JUNEC earthquake catalog of Japan. Mc was estimated based on its departure from the linear frequency-magnitude relation of the 250 closest earthquakes to grid nodes, spaced 10 km apart. In all catalogs studied, Mc was strongly heterogeneous. In offshore areas the Mc was typically one unit of magnitude higher than onshore. On land also, Mc can vary by one order of magnitude over distance less than 50 km. We recommend that seismicity studies that depend on complete sets of small earthquakes should be limited to areas with similar Mc, or the minimum magnitude for the analysis has to be raised to the highest com- mon value of Mc. We believe that the data quality, as reflected by the Mc level, should be used to define the spatial extent of seismicity studies where Mc plays a role. The method we use calculates the goodness of fit between a power law fit to the data and the observed frequency-magnitude distribution as a function of a lower cutoff of the magnitude data. Mc is defined as the magnitude at which 90% of the data can be modeled by a power law fit. Mc in the 1990s is approximately 1.2 0.4 in most parts of California, 1.8 0.4 in most of Alaska (Aleutians and Panhandle excluded), and at a higher level in the JUNEC catalog for Japan. Various sources, such as ex- plosions and earthquake families beneath volcanoes, can lead to distributions that cannot be fit well by power laws. For the Hokkaido region we demonstrate how neglecting the spatial variability of M c can lead to erroneous assumptions about deviations from self-similarity of earthquake scaling.


We explore LiNiO2-based cathode materials with two-element substitutions by an ab initio simulation-based materials informatics (AIMI) approach. According to our previous study, a higher cycle performance strongly correlates with less structural change during the charge–discharge cycles; the latter can be used for evaluating the former. However, if we target the full substitution space, full simulations are infeasible even for all binary combinations. To circumvent such an exhaustive search, we rely on Bayesian optimization. Actually, by searching only 4% of all of the combinations, our AIMI approach discovered two promising combinations, Cr–Mg and Cr–Re, whereas each atom itself never improved the performance. We conclude that the synergy never emerges from a common strategy restricted to combinations of "good" elements that individually improve the performance. In addition, we propose a guideline for the binary substitutions by elucidating the mechanism of the crystal structure change.


After identifying a captive herd of white-tailed deer (WTD) in central Texas with >94% seroprevalence with SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in September 2021, we worked retrospectively through archived serum samples of 21 deer and detected seroconversion of all animals between December 2020 and January 2021. We then collected prospective samples to conclude that the duration of persistence of neutralizing antibodies is at least 13 months for 19 (90.5%) of the animals, with two animals converting to seronegative after six and eight months. Antibody titers generally waned over this time frame, but three deer had a temporary 4 to 8-fold increases in PRNT titers over a month after seroconversion; anamnestic response cannot be ruled out.


speech analyzing in special periods of time has been presented in this paper. One of the most important periods in signal processing is near to Zero. By this paper, we analyze noise speech signals when these signals are near to Zero. Our strategy is defining some subfunctions and compress histograms when a noise speech signal is in a special period. It can be so useful for wavelet signal processing and spoken systems analyzing.


This book presents the most recent advances on the mechanics of soft and composite shells and their nonlinear vibrations and stability, including advanced problems of modeling human vessels (aorta) with fluid-structure interaction. It guides the reader into nonlinear modelling of shell structures in applications where advanced composite and complex biological materials must be described with great accuracy. To achieve this goal, the book presents nonlinear shell theories, nonlinear vibrations, buckling, composite and functionally graded materials, hyperelasticity, viscoelasticity, nonlinear damping, rubber and soft biological materials. Advanced nonlinear shell theories, not available in any other book, are fully derived in a simple notation and are ready to be implemented in numerical codes. The work features a blend of the most advanced theory and experimental results, and is a valuable resource for researchers, professionals and graduate students, especially those interested in mechanics, aeronautics, civil structures, materials, bioengineering and solid matter at different scales.


Abstract : Greywater reuse is an innovative approach towards environmental sustainability in urban areas. Several system-design approaches have been developed to treat greywater in specific conditions. However, the physical, chemical, and biological characteristic of greywater varies with the source and the location. The uncertainty in the water quality poses challenges for the selection of the appropriate system. This research focuses on the development of a decision-support tool for design and selection of a portable greywater treatment system using synthetic-greywater. The laboratory-simulated greywater in the experiment represents the overall characteristics greywater from very high strength to low strength in terms of water quality parameters. The prioritized parameters of interest in the experiment includes; BOD, N-NO3, P-PO4, Turbidity, TDS (Total Dissolved Solids), DO (Dissolved Oxygen), and TC (Total Coliform). A decentralized water treatment system has been developed which includes four serial filtrations from 50 to 1 micron followed by hollow-fiber membrane (0.02 micron), GAC (Granular Activated Carbon), UV radiation and eventually RO (Reverse Osmosis) system. Water quality parameters were evaluated at each treatment stage by using multiple run of varying strength synthetic-greywater through treatment system. The empirical results were used as training-dataset for creating ANN (Artificial Neural Network) based prediction models. Design and preliminary results will be presented in this paper.


RNA polymerase II may become arrested during transcript elongation, in which case the ternary complex remains intact but further RNA synthesis is blocked. To relieve arrest, the nascent transcript must be cleaved from the 3' end. RNAs of 7-17 nt are liberated and transcription continues from the newly exposed 3' end. Factor SII increases elongation efficiency by strongly stimulating the transcript cleavage reaction. We show here that arrest relief can also occur by the addition of pyrophosphate. This generates the same set of cleavage products as factor SII, but the fragments produced with pyrophosphate have 5'-triphosphate termini. Thus, the active site of RNA polymerase II, in the presence of pyrophosphate, appears to be capable of cleaving phosphodiester linkages as far as 17 nt upstream of the original site of polymerization, leaving the ternary complex intact and transcriptionally active.


This paper deals partly with the influence of the gas pressure on the effects of surface conditioning in compressed N/sub 2/ gas, 10%SF/sub 6/+90%N/sub 2/ mixture and pure SF/sub 6/ gas up to 730 kPa. This influence is investigated using a cylindrical spacer model with an adhering particle on the surface under homogenous field conditions. The influence of the particle position on the spacer surface and voltage polarity was investigated for lightning impulse voltages stress. The particle initiated flashover field strength relative to clean spacer was even discussed for investigated gases and three particle positions. The results of the investigations show that for an increase in steps of lightning impulse voltages, the spacer surface with a conducting particle can present higher flashover voltage. This behaviour can only be found out when the flashover does not occur at the first impulse but at other following impulses. Furthermore, as expected, the number of applied impulses each voltage step has certainly no significant influence on the flashover voltage. According to the voltage polarities and particle position, the observed flashover voltage and field strength in N/sub 2/ gas show no similar behaviour as in 10%SF/sub 6/90%N/sub 2/ mixture and in pure SFs gas for a gas pressure range of 100 to 730 kPa. However, particles sitting on a spacer surface can be detected with high probability by LI testing for all investigated gases.


We examine an important combinatorial challenge in clearing clutter using a mobile robot equipped with a manipulator, seeking to compute an optimal object removal sequence for minimizing the task completion time, assuming that each object is grasped once and then subsequently removed. On the structural side, we establish that such an optimal sequence can be NP-hard to compute, even when no two objects to be removed have any overlap. Then, we construct asymptotically optimal and heuristic algorithms for clutter removal. Employing dynamic programming, our optimal algorithm scales to 40 objects. On the other hand, for random clutter, fast greedy algorithms tend to produce solutions comparable to these generated by the optimal algorithm.


Mobile devices have become the primary mode of Internet access. Yet, differences in mobile hardware resources, such as device memory, coupled with the rising complexity of Web pages can lead to widely different quality of experience for users. In this work, we analyze how device memory usage affects Web browsing performance. We quantify the memory footprint of popular Web pages over different mobile devices, mobile browsers, and Android versions, analyze the induced memory distribution across different browser components (e.g., JavaScript engine and compositor), investigate how performance gets impacted under memory pressure and propose optimizations to reduce the memory footprint of Web browsing. We show that these optimizations can improve performance and reduce chances of browser crashes in low memory scenarios.


Background : Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major public health challenge globally due to its high morbidity and mortality. The condition is often asymptomatic and under diagnosed due to lack of awareness on VTE risk factors and thromboprophylaxis. Aim : To determine the level of awareness of VTE risk factors and thromboprophylaxis practices, barriers to thromboprophylaxis and strategies for improving thromboprophylaxis among physicians in University of Uyo Teaching Hospital (UUTH). Methods : A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted. Convenient sampling method was used to select participants for the study. There were 85 physicians, 52 from medicine and 33 from surgery department. Data was collected with self administered structured questionnaire and analyzed with SPSS version 11.5. Result : The level of awareness of VTE risk factors and thromboprophylaxis practices among physicians was good (95.3% and 83.5% respectively). However, majority (71.8%) did not carry out VTE risk assessment of patients and only a few (18.8%) follow guidelines on VTE prophylaxis. Additional cost, fear of bleeding and lack of knowledge on thromboprophylaxis use (50%, 38.5% and 30.8% respectively) were the major barriers to thromboprophylaxis practice while regular seminars and educational programmes and adoption of locally designed guidelines were the major strategies that could improve thromboprophylaxis practices. Conclusion : Awareness of VTE risk factors among physicians in UUTH is good. However, the high level of thromboprophylaxis practice appears doubtful because only a few of these physicians carry out VTE risk assessment for their patients as well as follow clinical guidelines on VTE thromboprophylaxis. Key words : Venous thromboembolism, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, risk factor, risk assessment, thromboprophylaxis


Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has numerous merits such as high sensitivity and specificity for the detection applications on pharmacy, food safety, immunoassay, disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring, nucleic acid assay, and clinical treatment. However, the insufficiency of ECL luminescent reagents is restricting their adoption on complex systems or multi-analyte detections. In this work, to improve the selectivity and discrimination of ECL detection with one or less luminescent reagent, we employed multi-stopband photonic crystals (PCs) to enhance assigned ECL. The discrimination of ECL was well investigated to establish the quantitative description with PC stopbands. The multi-stopband PC electrode can facilely achieve 10 antibiotics qualitative and quantitative analysis with 100% accuracy and 0.44 μM LOD in PBS buffer and human serum. The selectivity of ECL detection for multi-analytes can be improved via designed PC luminescence amplifications. The exploration on PC selectivity for ECL enhancement will promote the realistic application of the ECL technique and contribute to the facile and efficient optical platform for clinical or health monitoring.


The precursor bis-(morpholinodithioato-s,s')-Cd-Hg was prepared and the thin films of mercury cadmium sulphide were deposited on sodalime glass substrate by Metallorganic Chemical Vapour Deposition (MOCVD) technique. The surface morphology was obtained using Stereoscan 430i LEICA Scanning Electron Microscope. The elemental analysis was carried out using Energy Disperse X-ray (EDX). The ratio of the elements in the prepared films obtained from the EDX was found to be Hg:Cd:S = 17.55:38.12:44.32, giving a stoichiometry of HgxCd(1-x)S(1-δ), δ = 0.20. . A direct band gap of 2.36 eV was obtained from the analysis of the absorption spectrum. Electrical characterization was carried out both in the dark and normal room illumination. The dark and room illumination conductivities were found to be of the same order (10 -6 Ω -1 cm -1 ) and the activation energy for both conditions are 0.12 eV and 0.19 eV respectively. The conductivity type was found to be p-type using the hot probe method.


Recently I have started to read my own commentaries to the volume of metropolitans' epistles from the early fourteenth century to the beginning of the sixteenth century. And I found it almost ready for publication. The two texts of commentaries to charters of Metropolitan Iona will present the quality and character of these commentaries.


In order to reduce corrosion rate of steel pipe piles of special LNG unloading terminal in Fujian in marine environment conditions and prolongservice life,analyzed are corrosion reasons and features ofsteel pipes in combination with the corrosion mechanism in marine environment conditions. The analysis results show that investment of sacrificial anode protection method is lower than that of impressed current protection method,the stability of the former is better than the latter. So the sacrificial anode protection method is more suitable to cathodic protection of the steel pipe piles. Corrosion coating is not suitable to corrosion control of the steel pipe piles due to complex construction and high investment and polyethylene tape is better than corrosion coating. Therefore,sacrificial anode protection method combined with polyethylene tape is applied in corrosion control of the steel pipe piles of special LNG unloading terminal in Fujian.


Aster yellows (AY), a disease caused by phytoplasmas, is a limiting factor to carrot production in Manitoba, Canada. The pathogen is transmitted by insect vectors, Macrosteles fascifrons (leafhoppers), and causes serious losses in many other crops. Traditional methods for estimating AY incidence in carrots and the proportion of AY-vector insects are based on visual symptoms and on bioassays of leafhopper populations. In the present study, techniques based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were adapted for the examination of insect and carrot tissues. A more accurate determination of infected plants and of virulent leafhoppers was achieved over two growing seasons. Surveys were carried out in five carrot fields in southern Manitoba throughout the 2001 and 2002 growing seasons. Large numbers of leafhoppers were captured weekly, and both direct and nested PCR were performed on individual samples in a population of more than 1000 insects and on 250 carrot samples as well as on several potential hosts around the carrot fields. According to PCR testing, visual assessments appear to overestimate the true incidence of AY in carrots. The percentage of leafhoppers carrying phytoplasma differed between the two years (18% and 31% in 2001 and 2002, respectively). However, higher proportions of leafhoppers carrying phytoplasmas were found early in the growing season in both study years. Therefore, implementation of management decisions would be more valuable early in the season, when the presence of the first leafhoppers is confirmed.


Aedes pertinax, a little-studied tropical mosquito that has found its way into the USA, has recently been discovered to have existed in the Florida Keys for almost 25 years. A 2021 collection of Ae. pertinax adult females in Key Largo, FL, sparked a retrospective search for stored specimens collected in 1998 on Big Pine Key, FL. Positive identification of the specimens from the 1998 collection confirmed the specimens to be Ae. pertinax, predating the first reported specimen in the USA by 13 years.


Author Affiliations: School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis (Odden); Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle (Koh, Arnold); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle (Psaty); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle (Psaty); Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington (Psaty); Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Newman).


Abstract The intermetallic phase [LixBa8−x][LiySi46−y] is the first example of a clathrate-I silicide containing lithium with the peculiarity that the Li atoms occupy both cage and framework positions. The phase was obtained by ambient-pressure solid-state reactions at 400°C between Ba4Li2Si6 and the binary clathrate phase Ba8−xSi46 applying different experimental approaches. In this reaction, Li atoms substitute Si atoms of the framework at site 6c (space group Pm3̅n) and fill up the Ba-deficient dodecahedral Si20 cages at site 2a. The presence of Li atoms in the clathrate phase was proven by combined X-ray powder diffraction, 7Li and 29Si solid-state NMR analyses. Incorporation of lithium markedly increased the lattice parameter of the clathrate phase, e.g. from a=10.3200(2) Å for Ba7.48(2)Si46 to a=10.3715(3) Å for [Li0.59(2)Ba7.41(2)][Li2.3(1)Si43.7(1)]. The critical temperature Tc for the transition to the superconducting state decreased from 7.7 K to 3.2 K upon Li incorporation.


ABSTRACT The Indian Ocean covers 20% of the Earth and is ranked as the third largest water body in the world. It has various matters related to maritime affairs which have to be resolved and policies that need to be implemented to ensure maritime safety and security of the littoral countries. In this context, the formulation of a common maritime policy will be beneficial in safeguarding not only the states but also the natural resources in the region. This paper demonstrates that the use of public diplomacy is a beneficial tool in formulating a common maritime policy. It also argues that this tool is useful in influencing public and governments in cooperating towards formulating and implementing policies and strategies that are important for maritime safety and security in the Indian Ocean Region.


The early detection of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) by citrus growers facilitates early intervention and prevents the spread of disease. A simple method for rapid and portable Huanglongbing (HLB) diagnosis is presented here that combines recombinase polymerase amplification and a fluorescent reporter utilizing the nuclease activity of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated 12a (CRISPR-Cas12a) system. The sensitivity of this technique is much higher than PCR. Furthermore, this method showed similar results to qPCR when leaf samples were used. Compared with conventional CLas detection methods, the detection method presented here can be completed in 90 min and works in an isothermal condition that does not require the use of PCR machines. In addition, the results can be visualized through a handheld fluorescent detection device in the field.


Abstract Previous research has examined neural responses to threatening facial expressions such as those displaying anger, fear, and disgust. Here, we examined neural responses to a different type of threatening facial expression that primarily signifies a threat to social connection, namely a "disapproving" facial expression. We hypothesized that neural responses to disapproving facial expressions would be moderated by individual differences in rejection sensitivity. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we scanned participants while they viewed brief video clips of facial expressions depicting disapproval, anger, and disgust. As expected, all three expressions yielded bilateral amygdala activation relative to a resting baseline. Additionally, individuals who scored higher on a measure of rejection sensitivity exhibited greater dorsal anterior cingulate cortex activity in response to disapproving facial expressions, but not in response to anger or disgust facial expressions. Results suggest that, at the neural level, individuals high in rejection sensitivity may be more sensitive to facial expressions signaling potential rejection, but not to threatening facial expressions in general. Results also suggest that disapproving facial expressions convey a distinct type of threat and should be considered in future studies of socially threatening facial expressions.


The derived (origin) of words is more productive in the system of word-formation. It is the same in languages and in this case and studies between Albanian and English language. With the word or the derived (origin) understand the formation of the new words or the words that exits in the language. The derived (origin) of the word can make by prefix , suffix , prefix-suffix and with out infixes. The origin of the word and compound are another way that can crated the new words. This type of word-formation is possible to be the same in both of languages. In English language e.g. "... new nouns can be formed by derivation and compounding. Derived nouns are formed torhugh the addition of derivation affixes (prefixes and suffixes), as in disbleief (dis + belief)..."  In both of languages we have three models of word-formations e.g.  Simple words and derived; Compound; By changing the function or the meaning (conversion). Keywords:  word-formation, affixes (prefixes and suffixes), Simple words and derived, By changing the function or the meaning (conversion), contrast, Albanian and English language.


TOA(time-of-anival) and TDOA(time-difference-of-anival) positioning techniques are commonly used in many radio-navigation systems. From the literature, it is known that the position estimate and error covariance matrix of TDOA obtained by GN(Gauss-Newton) method is exactly the same as that of TOA when the error source of the range measurement is only an lID white Gaussian noise. In case of goo-location and indoor positioning, however, multi-path or NLOS(non-line-of-sight) error is frequently appeared in range measurements. Though its occurrence is random, the multipath acts like a bias for a stationary user if it occurs. This paper presents the comparisons of error characteristics between TOA and TDOA positioning in presence of multi-path or NLOS error. It is analytically shown that the position estimate of TDOA is exactly the same as that of TOA even when bias errors are included in range measurements with different magnitudes. By computer simulation, position estimation error and error distribution are analyzed in presence of range bias errors.


In order to determine the contribution of suppressive factors secreted from macrophages to the age-associated decline in T-cell mediated mitogenic responses, experiments were conducted to characterize eicosanoid and H2O2 production, total cellular fatty acid, and vitamin E composition of splenocytes isolated from young (4 mo) and old (24 mo) C57BL/6NIA mice. An age-related increase was observed in Ca++ ionophore A23187-stimulated ex-vivo production of prostaglandin (PG) E2, leukotriene (LT) B4, and LTC4 (p < .01), and in concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulated PGE2 production (p < .01). No age-related difference was observed in ex-vivo production of 12- and 15-hydroxyeicosatetranoic acid (HETE). The age-related increase in PGE2 production was also observed in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated peritoneal macrophages of C57BL/6NIA mice and ConA and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated splenocytes isolated from DBA mice. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase with indomethacin resulted in increased ConA-stimulated proliferation of splenocytes from old mice (p < .01), while 5-lipoxygenase inhibition did not have an effect on mitogen induced proliferation. Furthermore, PGE2 addition to purified splenic T-cells decreased their proliferation. No age-related differences were observed in total cellular fatty acid composition, vitamin E level, or ex-vivo production of H2O2 from splenocytes stimulated with 10 or 100 ng phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). These data indicate that aging is associated with increased production of PG and LT from activated splenocytes. Inhibition of PGE2 but not LT production enhances mitogenic responses of old mice, suggesting a contributory role for PGE2 in the age-associated decline of T-cell responsiveness to polyclonal mitogens.


Approximately 20% of batterer program participants repeatedly reassault their partners despite intervention. Previous typology and personality research suggests that these men tend to be antisocial and psychopathic. Using recommended criteria for the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, Version III (MCMI-III), the personality profiles of 580 men who did not reassault their partners, reassaulted once, and repeatedly reassaulted during a 15-month follow-up were grouped. The majority (60%) of the "repeat reassaulters" show no serious personality dysfunction or psychopathology. Only 11% have profiles suggesting conventional or primary psychopathic disorder. The broadest conception of psychopathy, including secondary psychopathy and both psychopathic disorder and style, applies to 54% of the repeaters. There is no significant difference among the reassault types for personality dysfunction, psychopathic disorder, or personality type, but a significantly greater portion of repeaters shows some psychopathic tendency. The findings contradict overgeneralizations about high risk batterers and imply that batterer counseling may be appropriate for many of them.


This study features the self-described title "Sky Woman's Great Granddaughters: A Narrative Inquiry into Kanienkehaka women's Identity." Examined are liberal, socialist, and feminist world views that address the external authentication of Kanienkehaka identity and its impact on the lives of eight women from the Mohawk community of Kahnawake, Quebec, Canada. The Canadian liberal nation-state's philosophical tradition of individual liberty contrasts from what we observe in the lives of these eight women. Canada extends the right to its citizens to be self-authenticating and to pursue one's projects. Deliberative individuals enter into a dialogue with like-minded individuals to achieve consensus about a conception of the good life. This philosophy is the basis for Canada's criteria to authenticate who is fit to be a citizen of this country. However, authenticated Indians were accorded 'special status', translated using liberal philosophical criteria into legislation like the Indian Act. This Act governs every aspect of modern Indian life. This study focuses in particular on Kanienkehaka women who are victims of a process of authentication through intellectual colonization by feminism which poses as an authority to authenticate what is truly feminine. These eight women, through critical reflection, become self-authenticating as they describe the impact of these philosophical traditions on their lives and what they did to overcome the disorienting effects of the liberal and feminist traditions. This study finds that Indian Act Mohawk identity is a rigid construct, in contrast to the understanding of identity communicated by these women. When expressing one's Kanienkehaka identity, primacy lies in the interdependencies found in a unity of self, family, and of community


In recent years, migration has become a significant challenge in Western countries. Migrant populations, coming from hyper-endemic areas, may present parasitic infections that remain latent and asymptomatic even for years, eventually leading to severe complications. Italian guidelines have been established to perform screening guided by the presence of symptoms and/or hypereosinophilia. Parasitological screening was conducted in a migrant population to carry out preventative measures. All migrants were asked to report any symptoms suggesting parasitic infections and list any previous treatment received. Travel data were recorded. Parasitological examination of stools and urine were conducted in all patients regardless of symptoms. In all, 208 consecutive patients were enrolled in our outpatient clinic from November 2016 to August 2017. Thirty-four patients were excluded due to the previous assumption of albendazole or because they did not exhibit suitable samples. Prevalence of parasitic infections was 33/174 (18.9%). A statistically significant difference for the prevalence of parasitic infections was not found between patients who were asymptomatic and without hypereosinophilia compared to those who presented symptoms and/or hypereosinophilia (27/151 [17.9%] vs. 6/23 [26.0%]; p=0.39). By contrast, a statistically significant difference was found for the length of time between arrival in Italy and parasitological examinations (4/51 [7.8%] migrants who arrived in Italy more than six months prior to screening vs. 29/123 [23.6%] migrants who arrived within six months; p= 0.016). Our results did not demonstrate any significant differences in prevalence of parasitic infections between symptomatic or hypereosinophilic and asymptomatic migrants. Thus we feel it inappropriate to support recent guidelines recommending parasitological examinations only in migrants with symptoms and/or hypereosinophilia. By contrast, it would appear important to perform parasitological screening in migrants as soon as possible after their arrival. Since such infestations, if untreated, could result in chronic diseases and complications, and could be transmitted in the host countries, our results have potential implications for public health.


Formal controls are an essential part of organizational design, and are theorized to positively influence organizational performance. Mello and Hunt ([2009] Transportation Journal, 48:20–39) were the first to suggest using formal controls to influence truck drivers' behavior. Extending the salesperson control literature, they documented an underresearched method of formal control that we term technology control, whereby firms use on-board and communications technology to influence drivers. We build on their work by investigating the contingent effects of formal controls that influence the behavior of truck drivers and thereby influence the operational performance of firms in the U.S. motor carrier industry. Our work integrates the monitoring aspect of agency theory with the theory of operant conditioning and the theory of psychological reactance to develop a rationale for hypothesized contingent effects of formal controls on motor carriers' operational performance. We collected primary data pertaining to the controls used to influence truck drivers' behavior from a large sample of U.S. motor carrier firms. The results of our analyses using nonlinear structural equation modeling suggest a complex set of relationships between formal controls and operational performance. Our results shed light on scenarios where using technology to monitor driver behavior can result in positive and/or negative organizational outcomes.


We have applied spectrum splitting, which is the most reliable way for highly efficient solar energy utilization, to particulate photocatalytic reactors. We have elucidated that the spectrum splitting is feasible using plural cells/compartments, in which photocatalyst particles of different bandgaps are suspended respectively, arranged optically in series. When the particles are sufficiently small (≤20 nm in diameter), high-energy photons are absorbed in the wide-gap cell/compartment on the solar illumination side while low-energy photons reach the backside narrow-gap cell/compartment with being scarcely diffuse-reflected. We have proposed two concrete configurations of the reactors: wide-gap cell/narrow-gap Z-scheme cell (WG/Z), and wide-gap cell/two-compartment cell of middle-gap and narrow-gap (WG/MG-NG), based on the previous configuration of a two-compartment cell of wide-gap and narrow-gap (WG-NG). We have constructed a new model of the carrier supply process from the semiconductor photocatalysts to the active sites, and calculated the practical upper limits of the carrier supply rates and solar-to-chemical conversion efficiencies. The spectrum-splitting reactors can yield higher efficiencies of artificial photosynthetic H2 and CO production by up to 1.5-1.6 times than the conventional Z-scheme reactors. The newly proposed WG/Z reactor widens the room of the material developments and improves the robustness against solar spectrum variation, and hence would be a promising practical solution, although the efficiency is slightly lower than that for the ideal WG-NG reactor. The WG/MG-NG reactor yields the highest efficiency among the three configurations, with high spectral robustness.


The Mannich-type reaction for 1 -methoxycarbonyl- or 1 -benzyloxy-carbonyl-2-methoxylpyrrolidine with carbon nucleophiles such as acetylacetone, methyl acetoacetate, dimethyl malonates, benzoylacetone, dibenzoylmethane, or cyclohexane-1, 3-dione proceeded by acid catalysis under solvent-free conditions with more efficiency than that in dichloromethane.


Background Health literacy (HL) influences a patient's comprehension and judgment of health-related information. A rigorous assessment tool is needed to screen for low HL in order to improve it. Objective The aim of this study was to develop and validate the Cancer Health Literacy Scale (C-HLS). Methods The framework of the C-HLS is based on the Levels of Prevention model. The scale items were developed according to Nutbeam's 3 constructs of HL. We employed several procedures to develop the C-HLS, including focus group interviews, item generation, the expert Delphi process, and face validity. Various types of analysis, including reliability and split-half reliability testing, confirmatory factor analysis, and criterion-related validity testing, were performed; receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was also performed to confirm sensitivity and specificity. Results There were 33 items included in the C-HLS for validation; 360 newly diagnosed cancer patients completed the survey. The administration time is only 10 to 15 minutes. Results showed that C-HLS had good reliability, split-half reliability, and validity. All confirmatory factor analysis model fit indices reached acceptable thresholds. The receiver operating characteristic curve analyses suggested that the C-HLS had an adequate combination of sensitivity and specificity to distinguish between high and low HL. Conclusions The C-HLS is a reliable, valid tool capable of discriminating levels of HL in the assessment of cancer patients and does not have an excessive administration time. Implications for Practice This scale can aid our understanding of HL in newly diagnosed cancer patients and can serve as a basis for providing individual care interventions.


rs. Jerry Dolovich (Can Med Assoc J 1992; 146: 1528) and Allan Knight (Can Med Assoc J 1993; 148: 375) claim that chronic urticaria is not an allergic condition and therefore that allergy testing in such cases is useless. However, my experience has been to the contrary: most patients with chronic urticaria do benefit from allergy investigations. In a recent study presented at the VlIIth International Food Allergy Symposium, Nsouli, Nsouli and Bellanti' examined the prevalence of food allergy in patients with chronic urticaria. They observed that food allergy alone was the cause of chronic urticaria in 34% of their patients and concluded that in all patients with chronic urticaria a food allergen should be carefully sought. One possible explanation for the lack of a diagnosis of food allergy in such cases in the past is that most of the allergists did not use a wide variety of food allergens in their investigations. Another independent study,2 in which foods as well as other factors such as drugs and environmental allergens were examined, determined a cause for chronic urticaria in 71% of cases. In light of this newly emerging information from different medical centres on the association of allergy and chronic urticarial2 and on the basis of my own experience over the last 10 years I urge physicians to consider foods, drugs and environmental allergens when investigating cases of chronic urticaria and angioedema. There is also evidence that such an approach is rewarding in cases of atopic eczema3 and migraine.4'5 By exploring the possibility of allergy in such cases and by recommending simple avoidence of the offending allergen(s) we may spare many of our patients long-term medication.


Training of highly qualified personnel is the most transversal axis among those identified in the document "Mobilizing Axes in Chemistry", published by SBQ, in 2002, which demands to deep the discussions, initiated in the symposium "The Chemist's Education", whose main objective was to discuss the repercussions of that training in the teaching and in the industrial section. After the publication of an initial paper, a couple of meetings and workshops held in Rio de Janeiro, in December 2003, involving the national chemist community, discussed the "The role of the graduate degrees in the Chemist's Education" and "The Chemist's Education", and confirmed the need to invest in the formation of qualified human resources in profusion and in all levels. Actions to be taken were delineated. Presently, the graduate programs in Chemistry are showing expressive results. However, although these professionals are mostly absorbed by the academy (the absorption of the industry is less significant), only a few programs give special attention to the didactical and pedagogical training. The regional decentralization is actually a tendency in most programs, but the interaction academy-economic activities is still a challenge. It is necessary to establish with the industrial section, the highly qualified professional's profile in Chemistry that the industry can absorb. The undergraduation is growing in number and quality, however still excessively concentrated in the Southeast area. The national "Curricula Guidelines" for Chemistry Courses, through its flexible approach, propitiate the integral, interdisciplinary (non compartmentalized) and critical-reflexive training of the professionals as citizens and as entrepreneurs. However, deficiencies are still recognized. The evaluation system of undergraduate courses has been able to identify the most fragile modalities of courses and other indicators. It was also verified that Brazilian chemistry industry absorbs minimally the highly qualified professionals, which is attributed to the fact that the Federal Council of Chemistry is vertically organized and does not recognize the graduate degrees as professional qualification. In the conclusion, it stands out, among other aspects, the importance of the effective implantation of the national curricula guidelines, bringing out courses whose didactical and pedagogical projects may offer a solid formation in Chemistry, but comprehensive and general enough to enable the Chemistry professionals to develop varied skills.


As a result of deep hard X-ray observations by Chandra and XMM-Newton, a significant fraction of the CXRB has been resolved into individual sources. These objects are almost all AGNs, and optical follow-up observations find that they are mostly obscured type 2 AGNs, have Seyfert-like X-ray luminosities, and peak in redshift at z ~ 0.7. Since this redshift is similar to the peak in the cosmic star formation rate, this paper proposes that the obscuring material required for AGN unification is regulated by star formation within the host galaxy. We test this idea by computing CXRB synthesis models with a ratio of type 2 to type 1 AGNs that is a function of both z and 2-10 keV X-ray luminosity, LX. The evolutionary models are constrained by parameterizing the observed type 1 AGN fractions from the recent work by Barger et al. The parameterization that simultaneously best accounts for Barger's data, the CXRB spectrum, and the X-ray number counts has a local, low-LX type 2/type 1 ratio of 4 and predicts a type 2 AGN fraction that evolves as (1 + z)0.3. This particular evolution predicts a type 2/type 1 ratio of 1-2 for log LX > 44, and thus the deep X-ray surveys are missing about half the obscured AGNs with these luminosities. These objects are likely to be Compton thick. Overall, these calculations show that the current data strongly support a change to the AGN unification scenario in which the obscuration is connected with star formation in the host galaxy rather than a molecular torus alone. The evolution of the obscuration implies a close relationship between star formation and AGN fueling.


The burden of inherited diseases in terms of congenital defects and cancer predisposition in addition to a multitude of neurological, cardiovascular and other organ diseases arising sporadically during life is enormous on the individual, immediate family and society globally. I approach this major burden to human society by invoking the powerful technology behind read-through, whereby disease-causing substitution nonsense mutations, oftentimes at the root of human diseases, are rescued. Further, the importance of nonsense mutations in the realm of developmental factors linked to cancer stem cell maintenance is presented. The methodology behind the technique is given and proof of concept behind its use ex vivo and in clinical trials. The discovery of a novel read-through drug, Amlexanox, which has been in use for over twenty years in dentistry for oral ulcerations, represents a next generation read-through agent. This agent has been demonstrated in cell lines to correct functional loss in cystic fibrosis CFTR, dystrophin and the tumour suppressor, p53. Its novel ability to inhibit nonsense mediated decay is discussed. Amlexanox is therefore presently ready for testing in a wide variety of in vivo models of human diseases and also in clinical trials. Given the safety profile of Amlexanox and ex vivo efficacy in studies thus far it is envisaged that this accepted medication shall successfully debut as an all-purpose agent for the prevention and management of human diseases.


This tutorial outlines the theory of nonlinear spectroscopy with quantum light, and in particular with entangled photons. To this end, we briefly review molecular quantum electrodynamics, and discuss the approximations involved. Then we outline the perturbation theory underlying nonlinear spectroscopy. In contrast to the conventional semiclassical theory, our derivation starts from Glauber's photon counting formalism, and naturally includes the semiclassical theory as a special case. Finally, we review previous work, which we sort into work depending on the unusual features of quantum noise, and work relying upon quantum correlations in entangled photons. This work naturally draws from both quantum optics and chemical physics. Even though it is impossible to provide a comprehensive overview of both fields in one tutorial, this text aims to be self-contained. We refer to specialised reviews, where we cannot provide details. We do not attempt to provide an exhaustive review of all the literature, but rather focus on specific examples intended to elucidate the underlying physics, and merely cite the remaining publications.


Purpose: We describe radiation doses imparted to paediatric patients during Computerised (CT) scan examinations by estimation Weighted CT dose index (CTDIw) and Dose Length Product (DLP) and compare these doses with the International dose reference values. Methods: Demographic data and acquisition parameters of 257paediatric CT scans done using Multi-Slice CT (MSCT) and Dual Slice CT (DSCT) were collected from request forms and CT scan consoles. The values of CTDIw, CTDIvol and DLP were calculated using ImPACT (Imaging Performance and Assessment of Computed Tomography) dosimetry software for Philips MX-1800 scanner and GE Hispeed Dual scanner. Data was analysed using mean, range, 3 rd quartile, as well as chi square. Results: The commonest indication was head injury with the majority patient aged 0-4 years and 10-14 years for MSCT and DSCT, respectively. There were significantly higher doses imparted by MSCT compared to DSCT on both the head CTDIw (mGy) (40 vs 22, p = 0.000), CTDIvol (mGy) (60 vs 7, p = 0.000), DLPmGy.cm (1022 vs 114, p = 0.000) and body CTDIw (mGy) (41 vs 18, p =0.000), CTDIvol (mGy) (27 vs 6 p-value=0.000) and DLP (782 vs 73 p-value=0.001) respectively. Paediatric 3rd quartile values for CTDIvol (mGy) (57.7 vs 31) 0-1 year, (74.5 vs 47) 4-7 years and DLP mGy.cm (1068 vs 333) 0-1 year and (1168 vs 374) 4-6 years respectively for MSCT were higher than the recommended international values. The calculated CTDIvol for the head were significantly higher than the values displayed on the console (p-value=0.000, 95%CI) for MSCT. Conclusion: The radiation dose values for CTDIw, CTDIvol and DLP for MSCT were significantly higher than those for DSCT and other countries which raise a radiation safety concern. Studies to establish the factors responsible for these high doses are recommended.


Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), commonly known as whitefly or sweet potato whitefly, causes feeding-related injuries to plants, and transmits more than 200 different plant viruses, including Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV). Control of B. tabaci is therefore one of the key measures in the comprehensive prevention and control of ToCV outbreak in tomato fields. Many insects rely on the hydrolysis of trehalose, carried out by the enzyme trehalase, to power their flight and other life-sustaining activities. B. tabaci encodes just one trehalase, making it an attractive target. In this study, the mechanism underlying the involvement of trehalase in the transmission of ToCV by B. tabaci was investigated. Also, the effect of the trehalase inhibitor, validamycin, on ToCV transmission was assessed. Our results showed that trehalase activity was upregulated in B. tabaci fed on ToCV-infected tomato plants. Treating B. tabaci with validamycin decreased the trehalase activity, and significantly reduced its transmission of ToCV. Validamycin treatment also inhibited the flying and feeding ability of B. tabaci. These results indicate that proper function of trehalase is required by whitefly to transmit ToCV with high efficiency. They also provide an important theoretical basis for targeting whitefly trehalase as a means to control ToCV transmission.


With the increased functionality offered by in-vehicle systems, multimodal input is emerging as an effective means of interaction to minimize driver distraction. This article describes the current state of this technology for automotive applications, various ways to combine modalities, and outlooks toward the future.


OBJECTIVE
To assess changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter (PD) induced by daily application of an unfixed combination of latanoprost and pilocarpine in normal dogs.

ANIMALS STUDIED
Fifteen mixed breed clinically normal dogs of both sexes.

PROCEDURES
Three groups of five dogs each were administered in the right eye, one drop of 0.005% latanoprost (group L), 2% pilocarpine (group P), and 0.005% latanoprost with 2% pilocarpine (group LP), respectively. The left eyes received placebo. Drugs were administered once a day at 8 a.m. over a period of 5 days. IOP and PD measurements were conducted daily at 8 a.m., 10 a.m., 12 noon, 2 p.m., and 4 p.m. from 1 day preceding treatment to 7 days following treatment, and the presence of blepharospasm and/or conjunctival hyperemia was noted.

RESULTS
Compared to baseline values, mean diurnal IOPs significantly decreased during the treatment period, by 4.4 (24.4%), 5.8 (31.4%), and 6.1 mmHg (35%) in the L, P, and LP groups, respectively. Compared to placebo-treated eyes, reductions of 2.1(14.1%), 3.2 (20.1%), and 4.1 mmHg (26.6%) were observed for the L, P, and LP groups, respectively. Although mean IOPs in the LP group decreased slightly more than the other two groups, these differences were not statistically significant. Miosis and conjunctival hyperemia were observed in the treated eyes of all three groups of animals during the treatment period.

CONCLUSIONS
Although both 0.005% latanoprost and 2% pilocarpine individually produced significant decrease in IOP, the topical administration of a combination of latanoprost (0.005%) and pilocarpine (2%) was not associated with a statistically significant synergistic reduction in IOP in dogs; and miosis was the most frequent side effect observed during treatment.


We analyze the wind generated by the great 20 yr-long super-Eddington outburst of η Carinae. We show that by using the classical stellar atmosphere and wind theory, it is impossible to construct a consistent wind model in which a sufficiently small amount of mass, like the one observed, is shed. One expects the super-Eddington luminosity to drive a thick wind with a mass-loss rate substantially higher than the observed one. The easiest way to resolve the inconsistency is if we alleviate the implicit notion that atmospheres are homogeneous. An inhomogeneous, or "porous," atmosphere allows more radiation to escape while exerting a smaller average force. Consequently, such an atmosphere yields a considerably lower mass-loss rate for the same total luminosity. Moreover, all the applications of the Eddington luminosity as a strict luminosity limit should be revised or at least reanalyzed carefully.


Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents approximately 80% of all types of lung cancer. Here, we report the chemotherapeutic effect of honokiol, a phytochemical from Magnolia grandiflora, on NSCLC cells and the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects using in vitro and in vivo models. Treatment of NSCLC cells (A549, H1299, H460 and H226) with honokiol (20, 40 and 60 µM) inhibited histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, reduced the levels of class I HDAC proteins and enhanced histone acetyltransferase activity in a dose-dependent manner. These effects of honokiol were associated with a significant reduction in the viability of NSCLC cells. Concomitant treatment of cells with a proteasome inhibitor, MG132, prevented honokiol-induced degradation of class I HDACs, suggesting that honokiol reduced the levels of HDACs in NSCLC cells through proteasomal degradation. Valproic acid, an inhibitor of HDACs, exhibited a similar pattern of reduced viability and induction of death of NSCLC cells. Treatment of A549 and H1299 cells with honokiol resulted in an increase in G1 phase arrest, and a decrease in the levels of cyclin D1, D2 and cyclin dependent kinases. Further, administration of honokiol by oral gavage significantly inhibited the growth of subcutaneous A549 and H1299 tumor xenografts in athymic nude mice, which was associated with the induction of apoptotic cell death and marked inhibition of class I HDACs proteins and HDAC activity in the tumor xenograft tissues. Together, our study provides new insights into the role of class I HDACs in the chemotherapeutic effects of honokiol on lung cancer cells.


We conducted a longitudinal exploration of the relationship between anger rumination and interpersonal openness, which is an indigenous interpersonal trait in the Chinese cultural context. Participants were 942 undergraduate university students who completed a survey at 2 time points
 spaced 6 months apart. Structural equation modeling results showed that interpersonal openness at Time 1 negatively predicted anger rumination at Time 2. In addition, the results of hierarchical linear regression analysis showed that after controlling for the Big Five personality traits at
 Time 1, interpersonal openness at Time 1 negatively predicted anger rumination at Time 2. These results provide new evidence to suggest that interpersonal openness may be an interpersonal trait that is related to anger rumination. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.


We propose a simple and complete method to determine the needed rights for roles in a system. We make use of the concept of use cases, commonly used to determine requirements in object-oriented system development. We extend use cases with rights specifications and we determine all of a role's rights from the collection of all use cases for the system. This method is in strict accordance with the least privilege principle.


Objectives There is still room for improvement in the methods used to achieve complete polyp resection. The aim of this study was to develop a cold snare polypectomy technique that will reliably result in resections containing the muscularis mucosae and the lateral polyp margins. Materials and methods Nonpedunculated polyps ≤10 mm were resected using a dedicated cold snare with the goal of creating a mucosal defect approximately 1 cm in dia. The completeness of resection of the lateral and vertical polyp margins was examined histologically. Results The cases of 201 patients (mean age 67 ± 13 years; 115 men) with 500 eligible polyps were enrolled. The mean polyp size was 6.1 ± 1.8 mm (range 1–10 mm). The mean mucosal defect size immediately after resection was 7.7 ± 2.5 mm (range 3–15 mm). Overall, the complete resection rate in which the lateral and vertical margins were free from the neoplasia tissue was 92% (417/454, 95% CI, 89–94); in the remaining 8% of cases, the vertical margins showed complete resection but the lateral margins could not be evaluated due to the fragmentation of resected polyps. A mucosal defect ≥7 mm predicted complete resection of the mucosal layer containing the muscularis mucosae. Conclusion Complete mucosal layer resection of nonpedunculated colorectal polyps ≤10 mm was reliably achieved using a cold snare technique that produced a mucosal defect ≥7 mm in dia.


The aim of our investigation was to compare the ultrastructure of lipid droplets, and the effect of cooling on intracellular lipid vesicles of bovine and porcine GV oocytes. The lipid droplets in bovine GV oocytes have a homogeneous structure. The utilization of lipids takes place directly from these vesicles without formation of interim lipid compounds. In contrast, there are two kinds of lipid droplets in porcine GV oocytes: 'dark', homogeneous vesicles next to 'grey' vesicles with electron‐lucent streaks. Vesicles of each specific group are connected to each other. After a 12‐h culture, the formation of the cisternal smooth endoplasmic reticulum layer was always associated with 'grey' lipid vesicles. This is evidence that during oogenesis lipolysis takes place only in 'grey' vesicles. It is supposed that cytoplasmic lipolysis has two stages: 'dark' vesicles change into a 'grey' form followed by a utilization of these 'grey' lipids. Furthermore, both types of lipid droplets in porcine oocytes changed morphologically during cooling: they changed into a spherical form with lucent streaks. Lipid droplets in bovine GV oocytes revealed no visible morphological changes after cooling.


OBJECTIVE
Women experiencing homelessness (WEH) report exceedingly high rates of trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance use disorder (SUD). Mindfulness-based interventions including Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (MBSR) may help lower traumatic stress-related symptoms and reduce SUD, but have been underexplored in community-based settings serving WEH with symptoms of PTSD and SUD.

METHOD
We used a mixed-method, community-engaged approach that implemented a Community Advisory Board and the ADAPT-ITT (assessment, decision, adaptation, production, topical experts, integration, training, testing) framework, including intervention demonstrations, to adapt and refine MBSR for WEH experiencing symptoms of PTSD/SUD. Trauma-exposed WEH (N = 28) living at a drug treatment site provided perspectives and feedback on an MBSR demonstration via quantitative questionnaires and four focus groups.

RESULTS
Quantitative measures indicated high perceived acceptability and feasibility: Nearly all WEH reported MBSR activities (including yoga, meditation, body scans, class discussion, and home practice) would be at least "somewhat helpful"; between 71.43% to 89.29% reported each activity would be "a great deal helpful." Most reported the focus group sessions were useful for providing feedback relevant for improving program design and administration. Qualitative findings revealed four themes aligning with quantitative findings that provided useful suggestions to guide MBSR implementation with trauma-exposed WEH: (a) perception of feasibility and effectiveness of MBSR, (b) strategies for successful recruitment, (c) strategies for successful retention, and (d) characteristics of the MBSR trainer.

CONCLUSIONS
Focus group recommendations could bolster intervention compliance, engagement, and completion for MBSR and community-based programs for WEH more generally. Results provide suggestions for implementing a trauma-sensitive approach when administering MBSR to trauma-exposed WEH. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).


Abstract Does the local organisational presence of anti-immigrant parties affect their chances for electoral success? In order to answer this question, the article explores the potential of a supply-oriented explanation to anti-immigrant party success by examining the electoral advancements the Sweden Democrats (SD) made in the 2006 and 2010 elections. Our results indicate that traditional demand-side explanations to anti-immigrant party success can be successfully complemented by an 'internal supply-side argument' to make the electoral fates of these parties more intelligible. Whether the SD had a local organisational presence had a substantial effect on its results in the national election and on the probability of gaining representation in local councils. Thus, the party's fate in the national as well as local elections was largely determined by whether or not it had a local organisational presence in Swedish municipalities.


Past studies have shown that linear correlation measure may result in misleading interpretations and implications of dependency when financial variables are involved. The copula approach can be adopted as an alternative for measuring dependence as it provides the solution to fat tail problems in multivariate cases which arises from the probability of large or extreme co-movements. Due to limited studies on copulas using Islamic financial data, this study set outs to obtain a clear picture on the dependence between Islamic and conventional stock markets in Malaysia. Firstly, we model the dependence between Islamic and conventional returns data using the copula-ARMA-GARCH models with normal and non-normal error distributions, and secondly, we evaluate the portfolios of Islamic and conventional indices using recent risk measures. This paper shows that, by using the copula approach for measuring the dependency between two financial variables while maintaining their true nature as described by the ARMA-GARCH models, meaningful interpretation can be made about the association of the financial variables which reflects the real association between markets. Furthermore, this study proposes a set of procedures on how portfolio risks can be estimated using VaR based on the ARMA(p,q)-GARCH(1,1)-t-copula models including backtesting via simulation.


The new era of technology is a rollback in which massive information comes from interconnected devices. These types of things that have Internet connectivity are called the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT and its applications have enabled novel service provisioning, whereas at the same time it has raised complex challenges of managing such network. Resource limitation such as computational power and energy limitation defines the characteristics of IoT that require a novel design of management framework. Designing a management framework that meets the IoT requirements is a daunting task. Recently, Software-Defined Networking (SDN) paradigm has eased the management of traditional Internet by provisioning centralized view of the network. This makes SDN a potential candidate for managing IoT. However, traditional design of the SDN paradigm needs to be redefined to adapt it for the IoT. Hence, in this paper, we have discussed trends and research of management architecture for IoT based on Software-Defined Networking principles. In addition, we discuss non-SDN-based approaches. In this paper, we compare all of the efforts in the last five years in addressing issues of IoT management that involves security service provisioning, fault tolerance, energy management, and load balancing. We also discuss future research directions that evolved from our detailed survey and taxonomy of the Software-Defined IoT (SDIoT) management frameworks.


The recent observational data supports the deviation from Tri-bimaximal (TBM) mixing. Different theories suggest the interdependency among the observational parameters involving the mixing angles. On phenomenological ground, we try to construct the PMNS matrix, UPMNS with certain analytic structure satisfying spontaneously the unitary condition, in terms of a single observational parameter sinθ13 We hypothesise the three neutrino masses, mi as functions of sinθ13 and then construct the neutrino mass matrix Mv with certain exact and expandable form. We assume the convergence of the model to TBM mixing when θ13 is taken 0. The mass matrix so far obtained can be employed for various applications including the estimation of matter-antimatter asymmetry of the universe.


Within the framework of an investigation into otorhinolaryngoiatric bacterial infections in Italy conducted in 1159 patients (607 with otitis media, 354 with pharyngo-tonsillitis and 198 with sinusitis), 124 ceftazidime-treated subjects (92 with otitis media, 22 with pharyngo-tonsillitis and 10 with sinusitis) were observed. The authors report the examination of a number of microbial isolates obtained in the various forms of otorhinolaryngoiatric bacterial infection. Gram-negative organisms were found as causative agents in such diseases, particularly in otitis media. Bacterial resistance to ceftazidime was assessed in all 1159 cases and proved relatively infrequent (3.6%) and markedly less than the detected resistance to other antibiotics (10.7% resistance to cefotaxime, 35% resistance to ampicillin, 43% resistance to penicillin). Ceftazidime, used mainly in otitis media, showed very substantial clinical efficacy with positive results in as many as 97% of cases treated, which is particularly significant, if one considers that roughly 64% of the infections were caused by "difficult" gram-negative bacteria (49% by Pseudomonas).


Human antithrombin (AT) has two isoforms of which the predominant α-form is glycosylated on all four possible glycosylation sites and the lower abundant β-isoform lacks the oligosaccharide on Asn135. The main oligosaccharide structure of human AT consists of biantennary complex-type oligosaccharides lacking a core fucose. Generally, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells produce recombinant human AT (rhAT) with core-fucosylated oligosaccharides. However, rhAT lacking core-fucose oligosaccharides can be produced by POTELLIGENT® technology, which uses FUT8 knockout CHO cells in production. The rhAT has more variable glycan structures, such as tetra-antennary complex type, highmannose type, and mannose 6-phosphate species as minor components compared to plasma-derived human AT (phAT). In addition, the site-specific glycan profile was different between two ATs. We evaluated the effect of these properties on efficacy and safety based on a comparison of rhAT made by that technology with phAT in terms of their respective oligosaccharide structures, site-specific oligosaccharide profiles, and the ratio of α- and β-forms. Although some structural differences were found between the rhAT and phAT, we concluded that these differences have no significant effect on the efficacy and safety of rhAT.


Larvae of Grapholita molesta Busck and Grapholita dimorpha Komai, which are major moth pests that affect apples in Korea, are very difficult to identify because of their morphological similarities. In this study, we investigated how to distinguish the larvae of these two species by using specific morphological features. Between 2013 and 2014, a total of 84 specimens were collected from apples suspected of infestation in Gunwi-gun and Cheongsong-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea, and they were observed using a stereo microscope, optical microscope, and scanning electron microscope. We found that the number of anal pro- leg crochets of the two species was different. PCR-RFLP results for the two species showed that G. molesta and G. dimorpha have 18-28 and 12-17 anal proleg crochets, respectively. Our findings suggest that the number of anal proleg crochets could be an excellent morphological character that could be used to identify the larvae of the two species without the need for any further experiments.


Southern pine beetles (SPB), and associated bark beetles, have long been recognized as major pests of southern forests. Tactics used for controlling infestations in conventional forest settings have not proven effective at achieving area-wide control, nor are they suitable for the control of infestations in high-value stands such as homesites or wildlife habitat areas. Limited options exist for protecting high-risk uninfested pines of urban forests and often pose undesirable risks. One of the most promising areas in bark beetle research currently being experimentally tested on a largescale is the use of deterrent behavioral chemicals (semiochemicals), produced by the insects or their host trees, as biopesticides to disrupt or inhibit infestations. In addition to traditional suppression tactics instituted in an unprecedented SPB outbreak in Gainesville, Florida, a semiochemical, 4- allylanisole (4-AA), was successfully tested as a protectant of pines in residential areas. 4-AA is a host-produced compound with repellent properties to many species of conifer-feeding bark beetles. The "freak" SPB outbreak in this urban environment and successful actions taken to mitigate damage are discussed.


Natural language negation has been the object of numerous studies, but still no satisfactory description has yet been given. Current theories tend to be based on the negation in predicate logic, which they extend or extrapolate to increase the coverage. However, they incur a number of empirical inadequacies, and for some uses of negation, such as in yes/no-questions, it is difficult to envisage how a truth functional description could be modified to accommodate them. This thesis claims that the failure of previous theories stem from their reliance on the common assumption that sentences refer to facts, which is linked to a view of human communication as being a matter of transferring knowledge in the form of propositions from one person to another. As a result of assuming that uttering a sentence is equivalent to making a reference to a fact, it has been thought that uttering a sentence with a negation amounts to a claim that the information of the corresponding affirmative sentence is wrong. Negation has been viewed as applying to information which is conveyed by sentence. An alternative to the hypothesis that sentences are used to refer to facts is to assume that they are used to make small changes in someone's representation of the world—not in terms of adding and deleting propositions, but in terms of slight reorganisation of entities and concepts, and the links between them. If sentence meaning is thought of as instructions for how information about the world should be organised, it is possible to give a simple, unified characterisation of negation as being about a representation of information, not part of it. It is shown that this approach has great advantages in terms of descriptive adequacy and explanatory potential. For instance, it is possible to explain certain features of the use and interpretation of multiple negations and scalar expressions. The description proposed in this thesis also lends itself to an account of why speakers would want to use sentences with negation, a question that it is difficult to answer against the background of the traditional approach.


This literature review focuses on the concept of resilience seen through an analytical lens as presenting substantial possibilities and an enormous potential mechanism for children experiencing at-risk situations. In many different contexts around the world children face every day different life circumstances and difficulties. Many of these children will experience the "resilience" phenomenon or in other terms they will develop positive adaptation despite all the difficulties and adversities that they encounter. As we are more and more confronted with significant social challenges in many fields and areas of life, also in part posed by the 21st century, the use of the expanding and flourishing knowledge on the concept of resilience could be crucial in advancing and promoting possibilities and well-being for different individuals who are identified as being in a state of risk.