: Background Discussion : With the involvement of different systems, a disease of hypertensive during pregnancy is Preeclampsia. LDH is released in plasma in the above-mentioned disease. The reason of LDH is hypoxia and there is also break down of various cells in different organ systems. Disease will be severe when the amount of the serum of released LDH. This will also be the sign of cellular death. The objective of this examination is to study the relationship of amount of LDH which is gradually increasing and the severity of the disease Preeclampsia. Materials and Techniques : This paper is based on an examination and hypothetical study. At Jannah Hospital, Lahore, the above study is conducted. The number of women that is enlisted in the following study for performing the experiment is 240. The study is conducted from May 2015 to June 2018. The group of total 240 women is further divided into two categories of a group of 120 women. The first category is of normal pregnant women and the second group is of the women that is the patient of Preeclampsia during pregnancy. With the help of biochemical automated analyzer, the amount of released LDH is measured. The second group of 120 women which are patient of Preeclampsia is divided into the further two groups on the basis of the amount of released LDH serum. The following study is included the period until the delivery phase. SPSS is used for the statistical and factual calculations and measurements. Findings : With the comparison of the group of normal patients of 120, the study observed that the amount of LDH serum is significantly high in the group of affected groups of people. And the disease of Preeclampsia will be more severe in that patients. Conclusion : The break down of cells in different organ systems is increased by the increased amount of the released amount of serum of LDH. So, the severity of the disease is also increased.


SUMMARY This study explored parenting experiences of ten mothers residing with their young children in four residential drug treatment facilities in New York City and how these experiences related to the perceived support of the social environment of the facility. Through the lenses of the self-in-relations theory and family-centered service model, the study examined the supportive function of the treatment program including the program structure, the staff, and fellow mothers in affecting the mothers' parenting experience and outcomes. Programmatic, policy, and research implications of the study's findings are discussed.


Magnetic survey is one of a number of methods used in archaeological geophysics for detecting and mapping archaeological artefacts and features. Recent magnetic instruments have become both faster and more sensitive as a result of technological and industrial developments. Hence, magnetic methods are becoming an accepted part of archaeological projects. Mapping the edges of magnetic sources is a problem of fundamental importance in magnetic interpretation. Commonly used edge-detection filters are considerably affected by the presence of noise because this requires the computation of horizontal and vertical derivatives of the magnetic data. Archaeomagnetic data are often dominated by large-amplitude anomalies that mostly originate from the presence of noise and other environmental effects. Prior to application of the edge-detection filters, an upward continuation of the archaeomagnetic anomaly or low-pass filtering may be used to reduce environmental effects. Another useful approach is to apply edge-detection filters to the pseudogravity-transformed data. This paper compares the results of common edge-detection filters applied to the original and pseudogravity-transformed archaeomagnetic data. In the concept of edge detection, the feasibility and capability of the pseudogravity transformation is demonstrated using a real archaeomagnetic dataset from the ancient city of Pisidia Antiocheia in the province of Isparta (central part of Turkey). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


England's "right to roam" continues to be a misnomer which is uneven in scope and inclusivity. While the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 opened access to privately owned mountains, moors, heaths, and downs, the changes were not as bold as they at first seemed and access was still restricted. The 2000 Act was representative of the contemporary atmosphere in which concern for accessibility and inclusivity was strongly qualified, with a focus on non-disabled walkers at the expense of others. Though physical disabilities were now better catered for, much less was said about intellectual disabilities, race, ethnicity, place, income, and transport. Such issues have gathered increased awareness in recent years, but more remains to be done if access to the countryside is to be more equal. This article examines how "right to roam" and access legislation developed, and how engagement with disabled people was limited from the outset.


The side-chain dynamics of methyl groups in two structurally related proteins from the fibronectin type III (fnIII) superfamily, the third fnIII domain from human tenascin (TNfn3) and the tenth fnIII domain from human fibronectin (FNfn10), have been studied by NMR spectroscopy. Side-chain order parameters reveal that the hydrophobic cores of the two proteins have substantially different mobilities. The core of TNfn3 is very dynamic, with exceptionally low order parameters for the most deeply buried residues, while that of FNfn10 is more like those of other proteins which have been studied with this technique, having a relatively rigid core with uniformly distributed dynamics. The unusually dynamic core of TNfn3 appears to be related to its amino acid composition, which makes it more fluid-like. A further explanation for the mobility of the TNfn3 core may be found in the negative correlation between the order parameter and excess packing volume, which shows that the core of TNfn3 is less densely packed and consequently has lower methyl order parameters for its buried residues. Rotameric transitions, presumably facilitated by the lower packing density, appear to make an important contribution to lowering the order parameters, and have been probed by measuring three-bond scalar couplings. Overall, although backbone dynamics is generally similar for proteins with the same topology on a fast time scale (picoseconds to nanoseconds), this study shows that a single fold can accommodate a wide variation in the dynamic properties of its core.


Objective To correlate ultrasound imaging and histology in hepatic steatosis. Material and method Liver biopsy slides of cases in which hepatic steatosis were classified as mild, moderate and severe was evaluated, determining the number of fat cells per microscopic field from the histological sections. The number of fat cells per field was correlated with the degree of hepatic steatosis suggested on ultrasound examination. Results Mean number of fat cells per microscopic field was 50 in mild steatosis, 85 in moderate steatosis, and greater than 150 fat cells in severe steatosis. A significant correlation was observed between echogenicity and the number of fat cells, i.e. the more fat cell the higher the proportion of sound waves incident perpendicularly, being reflected back to the transducer (hyperechogenicity), while in normal liver tissue there is a greater dispersion of the sound wave (hypoechogenicity). Conclusion The main interface of echo reflection in steatotic liver tissue is the boundary between the normal hepatocyte and fatty infiltration.


Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis is a rare disease of unknown cause. We report a case in a young boy who presented with history of failure to thrive and chest X-ray finding suggestive of miliary mottling. Open lung biopsy revealed pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis.


Alex La Guma, the late South African Coloured novelist and short-story writer, died in exile in Cuba in 1985. Until his death, he was clearly the most ambitious novelist in South Africa of the apartheid era. Even while he was in exile, he kept in touch with the momentum of the anti-apartheid struggle, which culminated in the abrogation of apartheid and the attainment of independence with the ascendance of Nelson Mandela as South Africa's first non-white president in 1994. Resistance and liberation are unmistakably the credos enshrined in La Guma's fiction. But these thematic preoccupations did not distract him from his calling as a consummate writer who also needed to pay particular attention to the dictates of the art of fiction in his novels and short stories. Thus, in his fiction we find a true blend or matrix of resistance, liberation, and aesthetics. This essay sets out to unravel the trajectory of La Guma's depiction of this matrix in some of his early novels which, by and large, could be said to have anticipated the revolutionary imperatives of his later fiction.


The analysis of the hyperlink structure of the web has led to significant improvements in web information retrieval. This survey describes two successful link analysis algorithms and the state-of-the art of the field.


Simethicone emulsion is used to regulate foaming in cell culture operations in biopharmaceutical processes. It is also a potential source of endotoxin contamination. The inactivation of endotoxins in dilute simethicone emulsions was assessed as a function of time at different steam temperatures using a Limulus amebocyte lysate kinetic chromogenic technique. Endotoxin inactivation from steam‐heat treatment was fit to a four‐parameter double exponential decay model, which indicated that endotoxin inactivation was biphasic, consisting of fast and slow regimes. In the fast regime, temperature‐related effects were dominant. Transitioning into the slow regime, the observed temperature dependence diminished, and concentration‐related effects became increasingly significant. The change in the Gibbs free energy moving through the transition state indicated that a large energy barrier must be overcome for endotoxin inactivation to occur. The corresponding Arrhenius pre‐exponential factor was >>1012 s−1 suggesting that endotoxins in aqueous solution exist as aggregates. The disorder associated with the endotoxin inactivation reaction pathway was assessed via the change in entropy moving through the transition state. This quantity was positive indicating that endotoxin inactivation may result from hydrolysis of individual endotoxin molecules, which perturbs the conformation of endotoxin aggregates, thereby modulating the biological activity observed. Steam‐heat treatment decreased endotoxin levels by 1–2 logarithm (log) reduction (LRV), which may be practically relevant depending on incoming raw material endotoxin levels. Antifoam efficiency and cell culture performance were negligibly impacted following steam‐heat treatment. The results from this study show that steam‐heat treatment is a viable endotoxin control strategy that can be implemented to support large‐scale biopharmaceutical manufacturing. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 30:1145–1160, 2014


We propose two irreversible aggregation growth models of aggregates of two distinct species (A and B) to study the interactions between virus aggregates and medicine efficacy aggregates in the virus-medicine cooperative evolution system. The A-species aggregates evolve driven by self monomer birth and B-species aggregate-catalyzed monomer death in model I and by self birth, catalyzed death, and self monomer exchange reactions in model II, while the catalyst B-species aggregates are assumed to be injected into the system sustainedly or at a periodic time-dependent rate. The kinetic behaviors of the A-species aggregates are investigated by the rate equation approach based on the mean-field theory with the self birth rate kernel IA(k) = Ik, catalyzed death rate kernel JAB(k) = Jk and self exchange rate kernel KA (k, l) = Kkl. The kinetic behaviors of the A-species aggregates are mainly dominated by the competition between the two effects of the self birth (with the effective rate I) and the catalyzed death (with the effective rate JB0), while the effects of the self exchanges of the A-species aggregates which appear in an effective rate KA0 play important roles in the cases of I > JB0 and I = JB0. The evolution behaviors of the total mass MA1(t) and the total aggregate number MA0 (t) are obtained, and the aggregate size distribution αk (t) of species A is found to approach a generalized scaling form in the case of I ≥ JB0 and a special modified scaling form in the case of I < JB0. The periodical evolution of the B-monomers concentration plays an exponential form of the periodic modulation.


Cancer of the prostate is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly male population. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge of prostate cancer among men in Benin City, Nigeria. This cross sectional study included 402 men above 40 years. A structured  questionnaire was administered to each respondent to assess knowledge of prostate cancer.The mean age of the respondents was 51±8.2years. Majority (74.6%) of the respondents had tertiary education. Two hundred and eightyeight (71.6%) respondents were aware of prostate cancer. One hundred and twenty men (29.9%) knew that lower urinary tract symptoms are associated with prostate cancer, while 174 (43.3%) men were aware that age is a risk factor in the etiology of the disease. Ninety (22%) respondents were aware of prostate specific antigen (PSA) but only 18 (4.5%) have undergone PSA screening. Level of awareness of prostate cancer and PSA screening was significantly higher in those with tertiary education, (P < 0.0001). The overall mean knowledge of the risk factors, symptoms and treatment of prostate cancer was 3.4±1.2 out of 10.0. An in-depth knowledge regarding the risk factors, symptoms, treatment and screening of the disease is lacking. Further health education is needed.


G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key components of heterotrimeric G protein‐mediated signalling pathways that detect environmental signals and confer rapid cellular responses. To broaden our understanding of signalling mechanisms in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, intensive analyses of the Aspergillus nidulans genome have been carried out and nine genes (gprA∼gprI) that are predicted to encode seven transmembrane spanning GPCRs have been identified. Six of nine putative GPCRs have been disrupted and the gprD gene was found to play a central role in coordinating hyphal growth and sexual development. Deletion of gprD (ΔgprD) causes extremely restricted hyphal growth, delayed conidial germination and uncontrolled activation of sexual development resulting in a small colony covered by sexual fruiting bodies. Genetic studies indicate that GprD may not signal through the FadA (Gα)‐protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. Elimination of sexual development rescues both growth and developmental abnormalities caused by ΔgprD, suggesting that the primary role of GprD is to negatively regulate sexual development. This is supported by the fact that environmental conditions inhibiting sexual development suppress growth defects of the ΔgprD mutant. We propose that the GprD‐mediated signalling cascade negatively regulates sexual development, which is required for proper proliferation of A. nidulans.


The purpose of this study is to make a complex insulation material with carbonized rice hull and glass wool and to verify the environmental control performance. Full-scale experimental mock-ups were constructed, and the control performance in an indoor environment was compared and verified through monitoring experiments. The complex insulation mock-up showed a relatively high temperature during spring, summer and autumn. The difference in the heat storage capacity of the materials was the cause for this difference. Also, the complex insulation material was proven as more effective at maintaining the stability of the indoor environment and temperature during spring, summer and autumn. In addition, the complex insulation was able to control the indoor humidity at a comfortable level during every season. Our results have therefore verified that the carbonized rice hull was effective at controlling the indoor humidity. When compared with the pure carbonized rice hull insulation, the complex insulation wall was relatively thin; therefore, more net indoor area could be achieved by using the complex insulation material. In addition, if self-produced, the complex insulation could be economically more feasible. Therefore, this complex material was synthetically proven to have merits for insulation of lightweight timber houses for thermal comfort of occupants.


The current article describes the biological activity of new biomaterials combining the "green" properties of humic substances (HSs) and silver nanoparticles. The aim is to investigate the antioxidant activity (AOA) of HS matrices (macroligands) and AgNPs stabilized with humic macroligands (HS-AgNPs). The unique chemical feature of HSs makes them very promising ligands (matrices) for AgNP stabilization. HSs have previously been shown to exert many pharmacological effects mediated by their AOA. AgNPs stabilized with HS showed a pronounced ability to bind to reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the test with ABTS. Also, higher AOA was observed for HS-AgNPs as compared to the HS matrices. In vitro cytotoxicity studies have shown that the stabilization of AgNPs with the HS matrices reduces the cytotoxicity of AgNPs. As a result of in vitro experiments with the use of 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA), it was found that all HS materials tested and the HS-AgNPs did not exhibit prooxidant effects. Moreover, more pronounced AOA was shown for HS-AgNP samples as compared to the original HS matrices. Two putative mechanisms of the pronounced AOA of the tested compositions are proposed: firstly, the pronounced ability of HSs to inactivate ROS and, secondly, the large surface area and surface-to-volume ratio of HS-AgNPs, which facilitate electron transfer and mitigate kinetic barriers to the reduction reaction. As a result, the antioxidant properties of the tested HS-AgNPs might be of particular interest for biomedical applications aimed at inhibiting the growth of bacteria and viruses and the healing of purulent wounds.


Social identity exploration is a process whereby individuals actively seek information about their group membership and show efforts to understand its meaning. Developmental theory argues that exploration-based ingroup commitment is the basis for outgroup positivity. We tested this notion in relation to national identity and attitudes towards immigrants. The results of five experimental studies among German adolescents and early adults (N = 1,146; 16–25 years) and one internal meta-analysis suggest that the positive identification–prejudice link is weaker when participants are instructed to explore the meaning of their identity (Study 1). This is not mediated via self-uncertainty (Study 2), but via a reduction in intergroup threat (Study 3) and an increase in deprovincialization (Study 4). In addition, identity exploration enabled strong identifiers to oppose descriptive ingroup norms (Study 5). We conclude that identity exploration can contribute to a further understanding of the identification–prejudice link.


Two models of government policy are presented. In the first the choice of an instrument for conducting monetary policy is analyzed. The ease of observing policy under an exchange-rate regime is shown to confer an advantage on it compared with a regime that targets the money growth rate. In the second a discretionary fiscal regime is compared with one that mandates a simple policy rule restricting capital taxation. The discretionary regime is preferred under a Ramsey government, but the rule confers an advantage if the type of government is uncertain and the probability of a myopic administration is high enough.


Traditional systems of medicine all over the world even traditional medicine and cancer have been using plants and plants products for therapeutic intention. The purpose of these retrospective trials is to assess the clinical efficacy of chemotherapy in conjunction with TCM for a broad variety of cancers. 75 patients with available cancers were concluded in the study during September1993 – May 2018.The sex ratio of male: female was 50:25 respectively. The mean age at onset was 46.9 years(range 10-79 years. All patients were treated with different dosage of various chemotherapy in combination with TCM or traditional medicine alone. The basic chemotherapeutic regimen consisted of vincristine(VCR,1-2mg/ week)、cyclophosphamide(CTX,200-1,000mg/ week)、mitomycin C(MMC,2-4mg/week) and 5-fluorouracil(5-Fu,250-500mg/ day).In addition, according to patient condition, the additional drug doxorubicin(ADM, 20mg/ week)in lymphoma and metastatic breast cancer, demethylcantharidin in liver cancer and cisplatin (DDP) or interleukin-2(PHA)or gefitinib in lung cancer. The detail prescription of TCM varied among a broad variety of carcinomas. The criteria of complete remission(CR)and/or partial remission(PR)is according to the rules where physicians have in common with in clinics. In 75 cases, the CR was obtained in 33(44%) advanced cancers, a short CR in 11(14.7%) cases, PR in 25 (33.3%) cancers, stable disease in 6 cases. In differential types of 20 patients over ten years, lymphoma occupied 8 cases (40%). As to approach to the schedule of drug administration, 16 lymphoma obtained CR via COMA (CTX, VCR, MMC, ADM) regimen and TCM or antibiotics and immunotherapy. Five advanced gastric cancer were successfully treated using MFC and cinobufacini/  cantharidin, and TCM. In follow up, one HCC accompanied with colon polyps obtained CR via hepatectomy and targeting oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib. Among two lung cancer, one female with metastatic lung cancer was given targeting oncogenic receptor EGFR gefitinib therapy after the combination chemotherapy, which was stable disease for 8+months.CR can also achieved in one advanced cholangicarcinoma and one advanced gallbladder cancer through major protocol of TCM and the addition of small dosage of chemotherapy. Thyroid cancer was placed on the primary use of TCM. The crude herbs consisted of sargassum, tangle, Oyster(mussels), Poria cocos, Ophiopogon japonicus, Prunella vulgaris, Taraxacum, Scrophularia ningpoensis, Cremastra appendiculata, Trichosanthes Kirilowii, Sophora subprostrata, Houttuynia cordata, Scutellaria barbata d. don and Oldenlandia diffusa roxb. Among those long-term survivors, 31 carcinomas obtained in disease-free survival over 5years, 20 cancers were survival over 10years, the longest four patients over 25 years. In this study, it was experienced that a CR was a pivotal influencing factor in those longest survival patients, and traditional medicine was also recommended. Down regulating oncogenic receptors may be useful paradigm and perspective in currently the third line setting of clinical target therapy and in rendering our better understanding of cancer biology.
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Session of Friday, April 5 The thirteenth annual meeting of the Cordilleran Section was held in conjunction with the Pacific Association of Scientific Societies at Stanford University, April 5, 1912. The first session was called to order at 10.15 a. m., in room 334, Geology Building, by the chairman of the section, Prof. A. C. Lawson. The minutes of the twelfth annual meeting were read and approved. RESOLUTIONS CONCERNING NOMINATIONS AND TENURE OF OFFICE The Secretary introduced two motions concerning nominations and tenures of office of the section officers, and they were adopted without dissenting vote, as follows: 1. At the time of sending the preliminary notices of the annual meeting, the secretary of the section shall call for nominations for section offices, which members of the section may send in by mail. Prom the nominations so received a ticket shall be made and presented at the annual meeting. 2. . . .


Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC

Introduction: There is limited information about the role of herpesviridae viruses in thyroid cancer.

Materials and Methods: Thyroid tissues from 109 patients with benign (44) and malignant (65) lesions were analyzed for HSV1 and HSV2 DNA. Confirmatory studies included direct sequencing, analysis of viral gene expression and activation of viral-inducible signaling pathways. Expression of viral entry receptor Nectin-1 was examined in human samples and in cancer cell lines. In vitro experiments were performed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying thyroid cancer cell susceptibility to HSV.

Results: HSV was detected in 43/109 (39.4%) of examined samples. HSV positive tumors were characterized by interferon-beta expression, nuclear NFkB expression and Akt activation. Lymphocytes infiltration and oncocytic cellular features were common in HSV positive tumors. HSV1 was detected with same frequency in benign and malignant thyroid tumors. HSV2 was significantly associated with papillary thyroid cancer and presence of lymph nodes metastases. Nectin-1 expression was increased in thyroid tumors compared to normal thyroid tissue and further increased in papillary thyroid cancer. The level of Nectin-1 expression in cancer cell lines correlated with their susceptibility to HSV. Inhibition of PI3K/AKT or MAPK/ERK signaling did not affect the level of Nectin-1 expression but decreased thyroid cancer cell susceptibility to HSV. Thyroid cancer cell with epithelial-like morphology underwent epithelial to mesenchymal transition after chronic exposure to TNF. Induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition was associated with increased thyroid cancer cell susceptibility to HSV.

Conclusion. HSV was detected in human thyroid tumors and HSV2 was associated with metastatic thyroid cancers. In vivo and vitro data showed that during tumor progression thyroid cells acquire increased susceptibility to HSV due to 1) increased expression of viral entry mediator Nectin-1; 2) activation of mitogenic signaling and 3) induction of EMT in metastatic cancers.

Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5348.


The availability of advanced capturing and computation techniques delivered the way to study on trajectory data, which denote the mobility of a variety of moving objects, such as people, vehicles and animals. Trajectory data mining is of the research trend in data mining research to cope with the current demand of trajectory data analysis providing profit rich applications. Data clustering is one of the best techniques to group the community data. In this paper efforts are made to review the trendy research being done in trajectory data mining. The review is three fold, surveying the literature on location and community based trajectory mining, trajectory data bases and trajectory querying. The review explored the trajectory data mining framework. This review can help outline the field of trajectory data mining, providing a quick outlook of this field to the community. Trajectory clustering methods are discussed. The opportunities and applications of cluster based trajectory data mining are presented. The method of similarity based community clustering is adopted to go with the future work. .


Two animations, one focused on the macroscopic phenomena and particulate conception of the three states of matter and the effects of heat on these states, and the other on solution formation and solubility were produced using Adobe Flash MX software. The first was designed for and tested on elementary school (3rd – 5th grade) students. The second was tested on secondary school chemistry students. The materials were prepared according to established multimedia learning design guidelines. A pre- and post-test study was used to compare the learning gains of the students who received the animations with those who received textbook reading time and discussion in class. The pre- and post-test data indicate that while both groups showed learning gains regardless of the provided mode of instruction, those who received the animations obtained higher scores than the control group.


Further phytochemical investigation of Kadsura angustifolia and Kadsura coccinea led to the isolation of six lignans and one flavonoid, including two new lignans named kadangustin L (1) and kadcoccilignan (2). The structures and stereochemistry of 1 and 2 were elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data.


Hybrid memory systems, comprised of emerging non-volatile memory (NVM) and DRAM, have been proposed to address the growing memory demand of applications. Emerging NVM technologies, such as phase-change memories (PCM), memristor, and 3D XPoint, have higher capacity density, minimal static power consumption and lower cost per GB. However, NVM has longer access latency and limited write endurance as opposed to DRAM. The different characteristics of two memory classes point towards the design of hybrid memory systems containing multiple classes of main memory.
In the iterative and incremental development of new architectures, the timeliness of simulation completion is critical to project progression. Hence, a highly efficient simulation method is needed to evaluate the performance of different hybrid memory system designs. Design exploration for hybrid memory systems is challenging, because it requires emulation of the full system stack, including the OS, memory controller, and interconnect. Moreover, benchmark applications for memory performance test typically have much larger working sets, thus taking even longer simulation warm-up period.
In this paper, we propose a FPGA-based hybrid memory system emulation platform. We target at the mobile computing system, which is sensitive to energy consumption and is likely to adopt NVM for its power efficiency. Here, because the focus of our platform is on the design of the hybrid memory system, we leverage the on-board hard IP ARM processors to both improve simulation performance while improving accuracy of the results. Thus, users can implement their data placement/migration policies with the FPGA logic elements and evaluate new designs quickly and effectively. Results show that our emulation platform provides a speedup of 9280x in simulation time compared to the software counterpart Gem5.


The objective of this thesis is to investigate the impact of riverbank vegetation densities, which can vary greatly in natural river systems, on the flow hydrodynamics across the whole channel. A series of flume experiments are conducted with various riverbank vegetation densities and configurations. Flow velocities across the whole channel are recorded by either acoustic Doppler velocimetry (ADV) or acoustic Doppler velocimetry profiler (ADVP). Firstly, the performances of ADV and ADVP are assessed, before the impact of probe configurations on experimental results is evaluated for ADVP. The accuracy of the probe is discussed, and the best probe configurations for the given flow are suggested. The flow velocity progressively reduces at the vegetated riverbank and slightly increases at the main channel with increasing riverbank vegetation density. Turbulence intensity at the middle of the main channel and the riverbank toe increases with increasing vegetation density. However, at the riverbank region, turbulence intensity decreases due to the dramatic reduction of flow velocity. Geomorphic process feedback is given in the form of a case study, and practical recommendations for river restoration are provided. Bulk velocity, which is relevant to flow conveyance, is evaluated at each portion (main channel and riverbank) of the channel. In general, bulk velocity slightly increases at the main channel but dramatically decreases at the riverbank with increasing vegetation densities. The result of Nikuradse's equivalent roughness also shows an increasing trend with increasing vegetation density. Bed shear stress is estimated using several methods, including the log Law of the Wall, turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds stresses. The results obtained using all three methods show that bed shear stress considerably increases at the main channel and sharply decreases at the riverbank region for the shear stress with dense riverbank vegetation compared to the no vegetation case. Impulse is introduced as a new criterion to assess sediment transport both at the free stream portion and at the vegetated region in turbulent flow. With a range of reasonably assumed critical velocities and critical impulses, the frequency of impulse closely follows the same trend observed for shear stresses across the channel width.


This article explores the application of carbon nanotubes in biomedical sciences. In order to explore the nanotubes properties for the biomedical sciences field, single-wall and multi-wall carbon nanotubes were functionalized with an amino group. The functionalization makes possible the study of the tubes' interaction with the myoglobin protein in aqueous solution. Obtained UV/Vis measurements suggest protein-nanotubes interactions. These results suggest a possible site of adsorption, deposition on a surface, on the nanotubes walls.


Viruses have served as excellent model systems in which to study biological self–organization. Purified virion structural constituents have been shown to self–assemble into particles that can initiate a productive infection in the host cell resulting in the release of progeny virions. Accumulating information on virus structures and assembly principles has revealed unexpected similarities between viruses that infect hosts as diverse as bacteria and humans, suggesting that these viruses had an early common ancestor. I will describe, in more detail, the assembly pathway of a complex double–stranded RNA bacterial virus. In this system, infectious viral particles are produced starting from purified protein and nucleic acid constituents through an elaborate self–assembly, RNA–packaging and synthesis pathway.


In Mexico, the small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) are key for the software development industry. For them, having highly qualified personal for the development of high quality software products is a fundamental piece to guarantee their permanency in the market. Therefore, matching the software industry requirements with the academy training represents a significant problem that must be addressed for both sectors benefit. This paper presents an analysis of the coverage between the Moprosoft norm, standard developed to be used for software industry to ensure quality in Software Engineering practices, and ten academic curricular programs of higher education related to Computer Science and Informatics; to get an overview of the knowledge and skills that Computer Science students acquire at universities, regarding knowledge required in organizations that work under process models. In addition, a survey to 32 SMEs was conducted to contrast the coverage results with their hired, recently graduated, personal.


Vascular changes play an important role in the pathogenesis of claw horn disruption lesions in cattle. The aim of the study was to measure arterial blood flow in the hind limbs of German Holstein cows with claw horn disruption lesions. A 10-MHz linear transducer was used to assess blood flow in the interdigital artery in the dorsal pastern region in the hind limbs of 11 non-lame and 33 lame German Holstein cows in which lameness was scored clinically. Qualitative and quantitative blood flow parameters were compared in affected limbs and unaffected contralateral hind limbs in lame cows and in the hind limbs of lame cows and non-lame cows. A pulsed-wave Doppler signal suitable for analysis was obtained in 78 of 88 limbs (33 affected and contralateral limbs, 22 limbs of control cows). Blood flow curve types 1 and 2 were predominant in the hind limbs of lame cows. Vessel diameter, end-diastolic velocity, and blood flow rate were significantly greater in lame cows than in non-lame cows and were numerically greater in moderately lame cows than in mildly lame cows. The differences in the qualitative and quantitative parameters between lame and non-lame cows were most likely caused by inflammation of the pododerm. The role of weight distribution between the paired hind limbs and the existence of claw horn disruption appeared to have an effect on the differences in local circulation in the affected and unaffected contralateral hind limbs in lame cows.


The objective of the study was determination of the effect of various forms of physical activity, BMI, and time devoted to computer games on the level of Health-Related Physical Fitness (H-RF) in 6-7-year-old children from Polish rural areas. The study covered 25,816 children aged 6-7: 12,693 girls and 13,123 boys. The evaluations included body height and weight, and 4 H-RF fitness components (trunk strength, explosive leg power, arm strength and flexibility). The BMI was calculated for each child. The Questionnaire directed to parents was designed to collect information concerning the time devoted by children to computer games, spontaneous and additional physical activity. The strength of the relationships between dependent and independent variables was determined using the Spearman's rank correlation (RSp), and the relationship by using the regression analysis. The BMI negatively affected the level of all the H-RF components analysed (p=0.000). The negative effect of computer games revealed itself only with respect to flexibility (p=0.000), explosive leg power (p=0.000) and trunk muscle strength (p=0.000). A positive effect of spontaneous activity was observed for flexibility (p=0.047), explosive leg power (p=0.000), and arm strength (p=0.000). Additional activity showed a positive relationship with trunk muscles strength (p=0.000), and explosive leg power (p=0.000). The results of studies suggest that it is necessary to pay attention to the prevention of diseases related with the risk of obesity and overweight among Polish rural children as early as at pre-school age. There is also a need during education for shaping in these children the awareness of concern about own body, and the need for active participation in various forms of physical activity.


We report on an infant presenting with acute cardiogenic shock. She was eventually diagnosed with pseudohypoparathyroidism, which is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by severe hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and increased parathyroid hormone. The patient responded dramatically to calcium and vitamin D supplementation; left ventricular systolic function was normalized within days of treatment. Although the diagnosis of pseudohypoparathyroidism is rare, this case is a reminder of the importance of obtaining calcium levels in patients presenting in acute cardiogenic shock.


Background: Influenza vaccination is essential for population health. However, despite its strong recommendation, studies indicated a low rate of vaccine uptake. This study aimed to explore knowledge and attitudes towards influenza vaccinations among the general population attending primary health care centers in Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 381 participants from four health care centers in Al-Madinah city. A validated self-administered questionnaire was used. It includes questions on sociodemographic variables, knowledge, attitude, and vaccine uptake. Chi square test and simple logistic regression test were used to assess association between vaccination status and study variables. Results: Mean (SD) age of participant was 37 (12.5) and age ranged from 18 to 65 years. The majority were male (64.6%). Three out of seven items were answered correctly by most of the participants. The majority were classified as not knowledgeable (53.5%). More than half have been vaccinated with influenza vaccine (58.3%). Factors associated with vaccination uptake were Age group (P < 0.05), Marital status (P < 0.05), education level (P < 0.05) and Knowledge (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The study showed poor knowledge and attitude toward influenza vaccination among general population but a relatively accepted rate of vaccine uptake. Vaccination uptake was associated with knowledge, marital status, education, and age. This study recommends implementation of educational programs to increase the awareness among the general population.


Abstract
Microirrigation has the potential to minimize water droplet evaporation and wind drift losses associated with sprinkler irrigation, improving the irrigation control by frequent applications, providing the needed nutrients for crops through the system, minimizing deep percolation and improving crop yield. This study was conducted to evaluate sugar beet yield under conventional and alternate tape and furrow irrigation. The sugar beet pp22 was cultivated with 0.3 m row spacing. There were four treatments of tape irrigation (tapes from Iranian and foreign manufacturers) and two treatments of furrow irrigation. In each treatment four rows of sugar beet were grown. Alternate and every row irrigation was applied for both tape and furrow irrigation treatments. The amount of water used, irrigation application efficiency (Ea), water use efficiency (WUE), coefficient of uniformity (CU) of applied water and fertilizer in tape irrigation, white sugar percentage, gross sugar percentage, root yield, white sugar yield, gross sugar yield, the WUE of root yield, and the WUE of white sugar and gross sugar were assessed in a field experiment near the College of Agriculture of Shiraz University. The results showed that the amount of water used in tape irrigation treatments was 50 percent less than furrow irrigation treatments. The average Ea of tape and furrow irrigation was 90.7% and 52%, respectively. The CU of Iranian and foreign tape was 97% and 98%, while the CU of applied fertilizer was 97.5% and 94.5%, respectively. The highest white sugar percentage was found in alternate tape irrigation; however, the highest gross sugar percentage belonged to alternate furrow irrigation treatment. The highest root yield was obtained from Iranian tape irrigation treatment of all rows. The highest gross sugar yield was found in furrow irrigation; however, there was no significant difference among all treatments for white sugar yield. The amount of water used in tape irrigation was 58% of furrow irrigation, while the highest WUE of root yield, white sugar yield and gross sugar yield was found in the alternate tape irrigation. These values were the least for conventional furrow irrigation.

Key words: Tape irrigation, yield, furrow irrigation, sugar beet,Uniformity coefficient


Surveys courses in counselling and reveals that the routes practitioners have taken towards British Association for Counselling (BAC) accreditation or British Psychological Society (BPS) chartered status often show a wide diversity. Suggests that eventually BPS and BAC accreditation will produce a convergence of training goals as individual courses seek accreditation. Considers whether standardization will suit everyone and indicates that is is up to professional bodies to encourage variety; therefore a fitting programme would be a course with a standard core, but with sufficient freedom for individual flair. Questions the current Master′s level counselling courses in the UK and assesses various aspects of 15 post‐graduate counselling courses. Results reveal some convergence; concludes that there is a consensus on syllabus and teaching methods. However, the range of skills taught is limited.


♦ Background: Incremental peritoneal dialysis (PD), the gradual introduction of dialysate exchanges at less than full-dose therapy, has been infrequently described in clinical reports. One concern with less than full-dose dialysis is whether urea clearance targets are achievable with an incremental regimen. In this report, we used a large database of PD patients, across all membrane transport types, and performed urea kinetic modeling determinations of possible incremental regimens for an individual membrane type. ♦ Methods: Using a modified 3-pore model of peritoneal transport, various incremental manual continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD) exchanges employing glucose and/or icodextrin were evaluated. Peritoneal urea clearances from those simulations were added to residual kidney urea clearance for patients with various glomerular filtration rates (GFRs), and the total weekly urea clearance was then compared to the total weekly urea Kt/V target of 1.7. All 4 peritoneal membrane types were modeled. For each simulated prescription, net ultrafiltration and carbohydrate absorption were also calculated. ♦ Results: Incremental CAPD regimens of 2 exchanges a day met adequacy targets if the GFR was 6 mL/min/1.73 m2 in all membrane types. For regimens employing 3 exchanges a day, Kt/V targets were achieved at GFR levels of 4 to 5 mL/min/1.73 m2 in high transporters to low transporters but higher tonicity 2.5% glucose solutions or icodextrin were required in some regimens. ♦ Conclusions: This work demonstrates that with incremental CAPD regimens, urea kinetic targets are achievable in most new starts to PD with residual kidney function. Incremental PD may be a less intrusive, better accepted initial treatment regime and a cost-effective way to initiate chronic dialysis in the incident patient. The key role of intrinsic kidney function in incremental regimens is highlighted in this analysis and would warrant conscientious monitoring.


Remote investigations of ancient matter in the solar system have traditionally been carried out through observations of long-period (LP) comets, which are less affected by solar irradiation than their short-period counterparts orbiting much closer to the Sun. Here we summarize the results of our decade-long survey of the distant activity of LP comets. We found that the most important separation in the data set is based on the dynamical nature of the objects. Dynamically new comets are characterized by a higher level of activity on average: the most active new comets in our sample can be characterized by Afρ values >3–4, higher than those for our most active returning comets. New comets develop more symmetric comae, suggesting a generally isotropic outflow. In contrast to this, the comae of recurrent comets can be less symmetrical, ocassionally exhibiting negative slope parameters, which suggest sudden variations in matter production. The morphological appearance of the observed comets is rather diverse. A surprisingly large fraction of the comets have long, tenuous tails, but the presence of impressive tails does not show a clear correlation with the brightness of the comets.


When a catastrophic natural disaster strikes, an organized and effective rescue operation is essential to rescue those victims trapped under collapsed buildings or landslides as well as to relief massive survivals who lose their life support. However, communication systems were usually paralyzed by many causes. The loss of communication systems made rescue and relief operations extremely difficult costing many lives unnecessarily. We had proposed a MANET based emergency communication and information system, P2Pnet, which can support a large number of voluntary workers under catastrophic natural disasters. This paper demonstrates the design of a subsystem of P2Pnet, a Walkie-Talkie-like communication system, which can be used in the early hours or days after a natural disaster strikes. We wish to stimulate the research on the emergency communication systems that is inexpensive and easy to deploy for future catastrophic natural disasters.


The problems of an Ising model in a magnetic field and a lattice gas are proved mathematically equivalent. From this equivalence an example of a two-dimensional lattice gas is given for which the phase transition regions in the p−v diagram is exactly calculated.
A theorem is proved which states that under a class of general conditions the roots of the grand partition function always lie on a circle. Consequences of this theorem and its relation with practical approximation methods are discussed. All the known exact results about the two-dimensional square Ising lattice are summarized, and some new results are quoted.


We report a very simple ion source based on a glow discharge, where the cathode fall is used to accelerate ions; the applied voltage has therefore the purpose of both plasma generation and ion extraction, which makes construction and operation very simple. Discharge and ion beam characteristics of the spherical configuration ion source are studied at different experimental conditions. The ion beam current and gas flow pass through an orifice of small diameter which causes a mechanical confinement to focus the ion beam on the Faraday cup downstream of a distance of 3 cm. Experiments have been done with nitrogen as discharge gas. A disk of Bakelite insulator with different diameters (5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 38 mm) has been put between the anode and the cathode. This disk covered the cathode area and reduced the discharge area on the cathode surface for discharge confinement; therefore, a higher output ion beam current could be obtained. The best working conditions were found to be at discharge pressure in the range of 10−4 mbar, gap distance between the cathode and the anode equal to 3 mm (insulator thickness) and orifice of the insulator diameter (Bakelite insulator) equal to 5 mm. Ion beam current of 230 μA was obtained at the optimum insulator orifice diameter of the Bakelite material (5 mm) for a nitrogen gas pressure of 5 ×10−4 mbar and a discharge current of 1 mA.


This paper presents a novel differential 0.13mum CMOS active inductor circuit, which is employed in the design of an integrated negative refractive index metamaterial phase shifter. The active inductor circuit employs a digital/analog tunable feedback resistance to allow controlling both the inductance and the quality factor. The inductance is tunable from 2.5nH to 13.6nH at 5GHz while having a fixed peak quality factor of 100. This results in a phase shift of 36.7deg/stage, at 5GHz, with less than 0.67dB insertion loss


BACKGROUND
An example of plant-derived compounds that may be of great importance in oncological therapy is emodin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the range of changes in the lysosomal compartment of HeLa cervical cancer cells treated with emodin.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Changes in the lysosomal compartment were evaluated using microscopic techniques. In order to evaluate the activity of lysosomal enzymes and the permeability of the lysosomal membrane, a spectrophotometric technique was employed.

RESULTS
Emodin induced significant changes in the lysosomal compartment, manifesting as an increase in the number of lysosomes, autophagic vacuoles and the activity of lysosomal hydrolases. Emodin exhibited cytotoxic activity against lysosomes through lysosomal membrane damage with possible leaks of lysosomal hydrolases into the cytoplasm.

CONCLUSION
Emodin induces degradation processes and promotes the death of tumor cells through a mechanism that occurs with clear involvement of the lysosomal compartment.


In our current political moment, discrimination against minority racial and religious groups routinely makes headlines. Though some press coverage of these occurrences acknowledges parallels and links between racial and religious prejudices, these intersections remain undertheorized in legal and historical scholarship. Because scholars typically study race and religion separately, they have overlooked the legal significance of how race and religion coexist in both discriminators and victims of prejudice. By contrast, this Article demonstrates that the intersection of racial and religious identities has meaningfully influenced legal and political efforts to achieve equality.

Drawing from extensive archival research, this Article unearths forgotten yet formative connections between racial and religious antidiscrimination efforts, at the local through federal levels, from the 1930s through 1950s. To examine these links, this account centers on the New York City family court, an unusually influential and high-profile trial court. In the 1930s, the NYC family court welcomed the most diverse bench ever assembled in the United States to that date (including women and men, blacks and whites, and Protestants, Catholics, and Jews), a development celebrated as bolstering American democracy and countering Nazi bigotry abroad. Several judges held leadership positions in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the American Jewish Congress, path-breaking civil rights organizations with legal arms headquartered in NYC. The family court served as a testing ground for identity-related legal arguments that later rose to the national level because of its judges' views and the fact that it merged two antidiscrimination focal points: public institutions' treatment of children and application of fair employment practices. Longstanding policies required the court to match probation officers to juvenile delinquents by race and religion. By the 1940s, a coalition of black and Jewish judges regarded both types of identity-matching as unlawful discrimination. These judges successfully fought against their white Christian colleagues to end racial-matching, but their challenge to religious-matching proved more politically and legally difficult. What some perceived as religion-based discrimination and a violation of the separation of church and state others understood as legitimate protections for religious identity.

Foreshadowing, connecting, and continuing through canonical Supreme Court Establishment Clause and civil rights cases—such as McCollum v. Board, 333 U.S. 202 (1948) and Brown v. Board, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)—the family court judges and their allies both anticipated and influenced doctrine and norms that remain with us today. This history complicates and raises important questions about ongoing issues ranging from the significance of judges' racial and religious backgrounds to the scope of religious groups' involvement in child welfare services and penal contexts. The Article also calls for additional studies that free racial civil rights and First Amendment religion scholarship from their current silos in order to better understand the concurrent development of these crucial and contested areas of law.


When cells are exposed to toxicants, changes in gene expression ensue. To date, there is little information on gene expression changes induced by metals in mammalian cells. The basic methods for identifying altered gene expression of both a temporary and a permanent nature are outlined, with examples drawn mostly from what is known about metal-induced changes in gene expression. The application of this information in the development of new biomarkers of exposure and effect, in identifying individuals with altered susceptibility to metal compounds, and in the choice of genes for microarrays is discussed.


The residential construction sector in the UK plays an important role in society?s wellbeing as it provides shelter, employment and promotes economic growth. However, the sector has been identified as a large contributor to climate change, resource depletion and is associated with different socio-economic issues such as fuel poverty and house affordability. The residential construction sector is growing quickly due to a high housing demand, as will the associated impacts unless significant changes are made. Several studies have assessed the environmental impacts of the residential construction sector, while the social and economic aspects of sustainability are often ignored but are equally important for sustainable development. This thesis presents a sustainability assessment framework capable of addressing the environmental, economic and social issues of the residential construction sector supply chain, using a life cycle approach in order to contribute toward an improved understanding of the current and future trends in the sector.The methodology developed has been applied to the residential construction sector in the UK and demonstrated through three case studies of conventional, passive and zero-carbon houses as well as a sustainability assessment at the sectoral level. The main stakeholders identified here are construction companies and workforce, home owners and occupiers, suppliers, local authorities and the government. The main sustainability issues are resource depletion, waste generation, environmental impacts such as global warming (GWP), ozone depletion, house price and affordability, contribution to GDP, provision of employment, health and safety, impact on local communities and business ethics. The assessment tools used to assess the environmental and economic sustainability are Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Costing (LCC), respectively. Social sustainability has been assessed using different social sustainability indicators applicable to the residential construction sector. LCA results indicate that zero-carbon houses have the lowest GWP of the three house types considered, being 71% lower than for the conventional house, compared to a 59% reduction for passive houses. However, passive houses have a better overall environmental performance as they have the lowest impacts for most environmental impact categories. LCC results, on the other hand, indicate that the total life cycle costs for zero-carbon houses are 21% higher than for conventional houses because of the additional cost of renewable technologies, while for passive houses costs are comparable to conventional houses. At a sectoral level, zero-carbon houses can achieve reductions of 13% of the sector?s annual GWP compared to conventional houses, however this will cost the residential construction sector an additional �3 billion per year. The construction of passive houses will cost an additional �1 billion per year compared to conventional houses but can help by reducing the sector?s annual GWP by 10%.This study shows that the current state of the housing sector is environmentally unsustainable and urgent changes must be made in the way houses are constructed and managed. However, the residential construction sector must overcome many socio-economic barriers before introducing low-carbon houses on a large scale.


Background: Differences in receptor status between primary and metastatic breast cancer are well recognized. We have previous demonstrated substantial receptor discordance rates resulting in a change in management in 14% of patients. However, while retrospective studies suggest that discordance can be associated with a worse patient prognosis, there are currently no prospective data assessing the impact of such discordance on survival outcomes. Methods: A single-center prospective biopsy study was performed. Patients with either recurrent or progressive disease underwent biopsy of their metastases. Subsequent treatment choices were modified according to the results and patients were followed up for progression or death. To account for the differing times at which patients entered the study, progression-free survival (PFS) was calculated as the duration between biopsy and either progression or death. Overall survival (OS) was defined as the duration from diagnosis of metastatic disease to death. A Cox propotional hazards model accounting for duration of metastatic disease and visceral versus non-visceral metastatic disease was utilized. Results: 121 biopsies were completed and 38% of cases showed discordance between the primary and the recurrence. Survival data were available from 96 patients. After a median follow-up of 11 months, 76 patients (79%) had progressed and 38 (40%) had died. There was no difference in median PFS between concordant and discordance cases (5.9 vs. 6.5 months, HR 0.89, p=0.61). There was a non-significant trend towards worse OS in discordant cases (50.6 vs. 57.8 months, HR 0.77, p=0.47). When compared with the primary tumour a gain of HER2 was associated with a poor survival, while loss of HER2 was associated with improved outcome. Metastatic biopsies showed a trend towards better prediction of response to endocrine therapy with tumors losing progesterone receptor expression between primary and metastatic disease having worse DFS on endocrine therapy. Conclusion: We have previously shown that performing metastatic biopsies is associated with a substantial rate of receptor discordance between primary and metastatic disease. The current analysis demonstrates that this discordance is associated with a trend towards worse OS, but not PFS. Knowledge of the receptor status of metastatic disease allows better prognostication between HER2-postive and HER2-negative disease and also allows for improved prediction of response to endocrine therapy. Metastatic biopsies should therefore be considered in patients with recurrent breast cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr PD10-05.


The Army Research Lab has recently developed an ultra-wideband (UWB) synthetic aperture radar (SAR). The radar has been employed to support proof-of-concept demonstration for several concealed target detection programs. The radar transmits and receives short impulses to achieve a wide-bandwidth from 300 MHz to 3000 MHz. Since the radar directly digitizes the wide-bandwidth receive signals, the challenges is to how to employ relatively slow and inexpensive analog-to-digital (A/D) converters to sample the signals with a rate that is greater than the minimum Nyquist rate. ARL has developed a sampling technique that allows us to employ inexpensive A/D converters (ADC) to digitize the widebandwidth signals. However, this technique still has a major drawback due to the longer time required to complete a data acquisition cycle. This in turn translates to lower average power and lower effective pulse repetition frequency (PRF). Compressed Sensing (CS) theory offers a new approach in data acquisition. From the CS framework, we can reconstruct certain signals or images from much fewer samples than the traditional sampling methods, provided that the signals are sparse in certain domains. However, while the CS framework offers the data compression feature, it still does not address the above mentioned drawback, that is the data acquisition must be operated in equivalent time since many global measurements (obtained from global random projections) are required as depicted by the sensing matrix Φ in the CS framework. In this paper, we propose a new technique that allows the sub-Nyquist sampling and the reconstruction of the wide-bandwidth data. In this technique, each wide-bandwidth radar data record is modeled as a superposition of many backscatter signals from reflective point targets. The technique is based on direct sparse recovery using a special dictionary containing many time-delayed versions of the transmitted probing signal. We demonstrate via simulated as well as collected data that our design offers real-time (with single observation as oppose to equivalent-time with many observations) data acquisition of the wide-bandwidth radar signals using the sub-Nyquist sampling rate.


Abstract Datong Basin is a platform uplift formed in the Cenozoic era and has a significant coal-bearing geological unit in China. Tashan Mine is located in the middle-eastern part of the Datong Basin, the coal resources of the Taiyuan Formation are abundant, and the research value is enormous. Of the coal resources, coal seams 3–5 and 8 are the main. The lack of research in sequence stratigraphy, coal-forming environment, coal-accumulating model limits the layout efficiency of working face and the exploration and development efficiency of coal measures associated resources. This study used sedimentary and sequence stratigraphy and calculated and measured field drilling data to investigate the sequence stratigraphic characteristics, paleogeographic pattern, and coal accumulation model of the Taiyuan Formation. The sequence boundary and system tract boundary were identified, and the Taiyuan Formation was divided into four third-order sequences. The paleogeographic pattern was reconstructed with the third-order sequence as a unit by applying the single-factor analysis and multifactor comprehensive mapping. Additionally, the distribution characteristics of the main coal seams were clarified, and the corresponding coal accumulation model was reconstructed. The results exhibit that the sedimentary facies transformed from carbonate platform–tidal flat–lagoon–shallow water delta facies to shallow water delta facies from SQ1 to SQ2, coal seam 8 formed in interdistributary bay microfacies and peat swamp microfacies in SQ1. Transgression further expanded in SQ3, and the sedimentary facies were still dominated by the shallow water delta facies. Coal seams 3–5 are formed in distributary channel microfacies, which consist of interdistributary bay microfacies and peat swamp microfacies. The paleogeographic pattern was still dominated by shallow water delta in SQ4, in which interdistributary depressions and peat swamp microfacies widely developed. The thickness of coal seams 3–5 is in the range of 2.40–25.90 m, in which the northwestern study area is characterized by moderate water depth and sufficient fine sediment, and the widely developed distributary bay and peat swamp deposited a thick coal seam. The thickness of coal seam 8 is in the range of 0.5–10.5 m, and the thickness is stable (mostly thicker than 6 m) controlled by the widely developed lagoon, mud flat, and peat swamp microfacies and reduction water environment.


OBJECTIVES
It has long been assumed that some rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains are susceptible to, and thus treatable with, rifabutin. However, clinical breakpoints for susceptibility testing of rifabutin as well as the evidence for a clinical effect of rifabutin in rifampicin-resistant strains remains poorly defined. The objective of this study was to re-evaluate the breakpoint for rifabutin in relation to its MIC wild-type distribution and the presence of mutations in rpoB.

METHODS
The MIC in 7H10 Middlebrook medium was determined for clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis (n = 95), where a majority were multidrug resistant. Additionally, all strains were screened for rpoB mutations by sequencing and the GenoType MTBDRplus assay.

RESULTS
Rifampicin resistance was confirmed by genotypical and/or phenotypical tests in 73 isolates (76.8%). Nineteen isolates, defined as rifampicin resistant and rifabutin susceptible according to the present breakpoint, exhibited significantly higher MICs of rifabutin (0.064-0.5 mg/L) than rifabutin-susceptible isolates without any detectable mutations in rpoB (P < 0.001). These 19 isolates were clearly resistant to rifampicin (MIC 2-256 mg/L) and all but one had mutations in rpoB, with 9 (47.4%) specifically in Asp516Val.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results indicate that rifampicin-resistant but rifabutin-susceptible isolates according to the present breakpoints harbour rpoB mutations and have a rifabutin MIC significantly higher than strains without any detectable mutations in rpoB. So far there are no clinical, pharmacological or microbiological data to confirm that such isolates can be treated with rifabutin and we suggest a revision of the current breakpoints.


The main aim of this paper is to examine the impact of organizational culture on the employees' commitment towards organizational goal. Further, it focuses on three levels of organizational culture (i) surface level, (ii) espoused values and (iii) assumptions values, and their relationship with commitment of employees' whether it is form of emotional attachment of employees or obligations for employees. Detailed literature review shows that organizational culture enhances the commitment of employees towards organizational goal. Organizational culture is compulsory part of the organization on which organization's success or failure depends. Those organizations, which succeed in implementing the culture efficiently in the organization, lead the marker or gained high profitability. The organizational culture increases the employee's commitment through installing different level (surface level, espoused values, basic assumptions and values) of culture in the organization.


The use of indoor tanning beds for cosmetic purposes has been very popular among the Caucasian population in the US. It is estimated that almost one in three Caucasian women aged 16 to 25 years use indoor tanning devices each year. Indoor tanning beds produce concentrated UV-A and UV-B rays and can be more harmful than the natural rays of the sun. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified UV-emitting tanning devices as group 1 carcinogens in 2009. UV exposure from sunlight and indoor tanning bed has been linked to the risk of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. Although the incidence rate of melanoma is higher among men than women, melanoma is more common among women among those aged 50 years or younger, which can be, at least partially, attributed to the use of indoor tanning beds. Recently, it has been reported that volunteers subjected to UV light and treated with sulforaphane showed a decrease in the development of skin erythema. Sulforaphane is a natural compound that is present abundantly in broccoli and broccoli sprouts. Commercially available sulforaphane supplements have been demonstrated to be safe and lack of toxicity. Data indicates that sulforaphane has anti-cancerous activity via a reduction of glutathione levels, which is regulated by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2). The knowledge gained so far may present a unique opportunity for chemoprevention trials examining the efficacy of sulforaphane in melanoma prevention. Well-planned and well-characterized trials examining molecular pathways could also further our understanding of the carcinogenic mechanisms for melanoma.


The successful and sustainable growth of SMEs depends on their ability of strengthen their competitiveness in quality and cost and service more than anything else as a fundamental of operation. Among these key competitive factors of SMEs, quality is the most critical factor in manufacturing business fields. There are many different ways to improve the quality performance but it needs proper management decision to choose the best way what can maximize outputs with minimum inputs. And it needs effective measurement methods and some indicators to analysis the quality performance properly. The quality cost is one of the simplest key indicators to measure the quality performance and the effectiveness of quality related management decisions. In this study, through survey on local SMEs, we found that their average annual quality cost ratio versus turnover - total amount of annual quality cost divided by annual turnover - is around 3.69% excluded some SME's performances what have different quality control measures with others. And we found some results what corresponded with the early studies on the correlations between those categorized quality costs factors and some discrepancies between some of the literature model and the early case study results as follows. There were negative correlations between the Prevention costs and the External failure costs, and the Appraisal costs and the External failure costs, and there was positive correlation between the Appraisal costs and Internal failure costs same as early studies. But, we couldn't found any strong negative correlations between the Cost of control - Prevention costs & Appraisal costs - and the Cost of Failure of control - Internal & External failure costs -.


The development of information and communication technology (ICT) in the 21st century makes it easier for students to be more active in the learning process. Physics learning materials are needed to support the problem-based learning process in high school. This study aims to produce e-learning models for problem-based learning on Heat and Thermodynamics topics. The result shows media can be used in learning in high school class XI. We uses the research and development method, with the Dick and Carey model. The study was conducted in a digital media laboratory, Physics Education Department of Universitas Negeri Jakarta from January to June 2018. E-Learning models have been produced for problem-based learning in the topic of Heat and Thermodynamics. This WordPress-based E-Learning model can display physics material enriched with images, graphics, animations, simulations, and videos. Students are facilitated to understand the concepts learned. The e-learning model is equipped with assessment tools that can be used online. Students are facilitated to learn independently without limited space and time. The E-learning model developed was also equipped with discussion groups in the form of chats for all registered users. The media validation obtained the results of system evaluation, content, and e-learning infrastructure with 78.9 points average. The material validation gives an 81.55 rating. Concerning media and material, e-learning media is declared feasible as a medium for self-learning. The e-learning model for problem-based learning is feasible to use to train the ability to critical thinking, creative thinking, collaborative, and communicate for students in high school.


We consider the problem of reconstructing superimposed temperature and wind flow fields from acoustic measurements. A new technique based solely on acoustic waves propagation is presented. In contrast to the usual straight ray assumption, a bent ray model is considered in order to achieve higher accuracy. Under this assumption, we propose an iterative reconstruction algorithm that allows to entirely recover the considered fields. It alternates between estimating the fields of interest and the corresponding acoustic ray trajectories. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness and fast convergence of our scheme


The main field of electron-beam radiation processing applications is the modification of polymeric material. Polymer development includes new pathways to produce natural polymers with better mechanical and barrier properties and thermal stability. The aim of this paper was to investigate the behavior of a gelatin/acrylamide polymer treated by electron-beam radiation. Gelatin is a heterogeneous mixture of water-soluble proteins of high average molecular mass derived by hydrolytic action from animal collagen, a fibrous insoluble protein, which is widely found in nature as the major constituent of skin, bones and connective tissue. Hydrolyzed collagen is composed of a unique sequence of amino acids, characterized particularly by the high content of glycine, proline and hydroxyproline. Among biomaterials, gelatin is an interesting material because is a partially crystalline polymer and has a relatively low melting point. Samples of gelatin together with glycerin as plasticizer and acrylamide as copolymer were irradiated with doses of 10 kGy and 40 kGy, using an electron beam accelerator, dose rate 22.41kGy/s, at room temperature in presence of air. After irradiation, some preliminary analyses were done like viscometry, texture analyses and colorimetry. The results of the diverse tests showed changes that can be ascribed to radiation-induced crosslinking. The electron-beam processed acrylamide-gelatin polymer using glycerin as plasticizer must be first extensively characterized before to be used for general applications.


This technical report describes the submissions from the SAL/CP JKU team for Task 1 Subtask C (classification on data that includes classes not encountered in the training data) of the DCASE-2019 challenge. Our method uses a ResNet variant specifically adapted to be used along with spectrograms in the context of Acoustic Scene Classification (ASC). The reject option is based on the logit values of the same networks. We do not use any of the provided external data sets, and perform data augmentation only with the mixup technique [1]. The result of our experiments is a system that achieves classification accuracies of up to around 60% on the public Kaggle-Leaderboard. This is an improvement of around 14 percentage points compared to the official DCASE 2019 baseline.


Operating and test data concerning the maximum safe loading of impregnated-paper-insulated lead-covered cable are presented. The results of the study may be summarized as follows: 1. The occasional operation of cable at higher temperatures than are permitted by present temperature rules effects considerable economy. 2. During emergencies, temperatures of 5 to 35 degrees centigrade (depending on kind of cable) above those permitted by the rules are safe for the insulation. 3. For extra-high-voltage solid-type cable, void formation in insulation and expansion of lead sheaths may limit allowable temperatures and temperature ranges. 4. Cracking of lead sheaths due to reciprocating cable movement into manholes may limit the temperature range for usual daily loading. Limitation is more severe for longer conduit lengths up to 500 feet, but changes little with increase from 500-to 1,000-foot lengths. 5. Cracking of sheaths in manholes due to cable movement may be reduced by improving manhole conditions. 6. For many cables a balanced design requires a lead-alloy sheath that gives increased resistance to effects of cable movement and of internal pressures. 7. Continuous field temperature surveys are essential to efficient use of large conduit and cable systems. 8. Only a small fraction of the cable ever operates at the higher temperatures. 9. Data on center empty-duct temperatures and on average heat losses over 24-hour periods give satisfactory results in heat calculations. 10. Other practices which increase load ratings are the use of different ratings for various periods of the year, the replacement of poor soil in special cases, and the use of extra-large conductors in warmer conduits.


PURPOSE
The aim of this long-term retrospective study was twofold: (1) to evaluate the survival and success rates of stepped screw titanium implants with a sandblasted and acid-etched surface, and (2) to assess the influence of hypothetical predictors of implant failure on the survival rate.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
From 75 possible candidates, 67 patients contributing 346 Frialit-2 (DPS Frialit-2 implant system, Friatech) implants placed between 1997 and 2005 were retrospectively evaluated. The inclusion criteria consisted of implants placed in either native or augmented bone, rehabilitated with an implant-supported prosthesis, and radiographically documented at the time of prosthetic loading (T0). At the follow-up recall performed between January and October 2018 (T1), clinical and radiologic examinations were conducted to evaluate the survival and success rates. The influence of specific variables on the survival rate was subsequently investigated, including gender and smoking habits, location and size of the implants, and bone augmentation procedures. Cox regression and shared frailty models were used, with the patient representing the statistical unit.

RESULTS
A survival rate of 91.62% over a median observation time of 189 months with a range of 11 to 20 years was observed. A total of 14 out of 29 implants failed before delivery of the provisional prosthesis. Overall, the median marginal bone loss was 1.25 mm, with an annual increase of 0.12 mm. Different from the other variables, the results of the multivariate model indicated that smoking was strongly correlated with implant failure (P = .002).

CONCLUSION
Considering the limitations of this study, stepped screw titanium implants with a sandblasted and acid-etched surface provided a good survival rate. Smoking might be considered a relevant risk factor for implant failure.


We discuss the detection process for a selection of power efficient formats. The receiver subsystems of dynamic equalization, phase estimation, and data detection are described with emphasis on the case with differential encoding.


DOI:  10.17014/ijog.v8i3.163 Merapi is an active strato volcano located in Central Java. This volcano is regarded as the most active and most dangerous volcano in Indonesia. Since the twentieth century, the activities have comprised mainly the effusive growth of viscous lava domes and lava tongues, with occasional gravitational collapses of parts of over-steepened domes producing pyroclastic flows, commonly defined as "Merapi-Type". Since October 2010, however, explosive eruptions of a relatively large size have occurred to VEI 4, and some associated pyroclastic flows were larger and had farther reach than any produced on July 2006. These events may also be regarded as another type of eruptions for Merapi. On October26th, 2010 such event happened, even though it was not caused by pyroclastic flows of the dome collapses, about thirty people were killed including Mbah Marijan, known as the Merapi volcano's spiritual gatekeeper, who was found dead at his home approximately 4 km from the crater. The Yogyakarta Palace subsequently confirmed his death. This time the disaster was caused by a sudden directed blast that took place at 17:02 pm throughout Cangkringan, Kinahrejo Village, at the south flank of Merapi Volcano. The victims were the local people who did not predict the blast threatened their areas, because they believed that the pyroclastic flows from the dome collapses as long as they knew, did not threaten their areas, and pyroclastic flows would flow down following the Boyong River as the closest valley to their village. The blast swept an area about 8 km2, reaching about 5 km in distance, deposited thin ash, and toppled all trees to the south around the Kinahrejo and Pakem areas. The blast that reached Kinahrejo Village seemed to have moderate temperatures, because all trees facing the crater were not burnt. However, the victims were affected by dehydration and blanketed by fine ash.


The identification of jets originating from heavy-flavour quarks (b, c) is central to the LHC physics program. High-performance flavour tagging is necessary both in precise Standard Model measurements and in searches for new physics. To achieve this, distinct characteristics of heavyflavour decays are exploited, such as the presence of secondary vertices and displaced particles. This requires an accurate picture of the charged particle activity within jets, which is obtained performing efficient and precise track reconstruction in theATLAS InnerDetector. After providing details on the role of track reconstruction in b-tagging, we present the latest heavy-flavour jet tagging algorithms developed by the ATLAS collaboration. In addition we report, for both track reconstruction and flavour tagging tasks, recent performance results as expected in simulation and as measured in collision data.


Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a widely available large-volume source of lignocellulosic material containing a waste paper/cardboard mixture which can be converted into fermentable sugars via cellulolytic enzyme hydrolysis in a waste-based biorefinery. The composition and amenability to enzymatic hydrolysis of MSW pulps from different sources was found to depend both on the origin of the MSW, and on the conditions used in wet thermal pre-treatment (autoclaving plus washing and extraction). Glucan conversions for UK pulp were lower than for US pulp. UK newspaper was selected as a representative constituent of MSW pulp to allow assessment of the factors limiting hydrolysis and the effectiveness of pre-treatment options. Newspaper contains a relatively high proportion (~17-25%TS) of acid insoluble material (AIM), consisting of true-lignin and pseudo-lignin, and this component appeared to contribute to the poor conversion. True-lignin is believed to affect hydrolysis by reducing the access of cellulase to cellulose and inhibiting the enzymes. Addition of acid insoluble additives adversely affected hydrolysis, indicating that pseudo-lignin could be composed of additives used in the paper recycling industry, such as wet strength resins. A strong correlation between pseudo-lignin and water retention value supported this hypothesis. Among the pre-treatments tested (which included alkali and autoclaving), soaking in dilute phosphoric or sulphuric acid was the most effective at removing AIM and improving hydrolysis while also increasing the overall profitability of the sugar production process. Addition of surfactant (Tween, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)) to both untreated newspaper and acid soaked newspaper greatly enhanced the glucan conversions leading to approximately 18 % extra sugar compared to without surfactant. Modelling tools were developed to allow identification of the optimum conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis of acid soaked newspaper: these were found to be 14 % TS, 2 % enzyme dosage on a TS basis and 96h reaction time. Alkaline pre-treatment of PHS after first hydrolysis was attempted, but was found to lead to significant material loss and low conversion, possibly due to weakened fibres. Addition of 1 % PEG in the reaction mix greatly improved the glucan conversion. The best compromise for conditions in the second hydrolysis was 10 %TS and 2 % enzyme, with duration having little effect. If the aim is to maximise profitability rather than the quantity of sugars produced, a 1-step enzymatic hydrolysis for 96h at 14 %TS and 2 % enzymes on TS should be chosen. If, however, the target is to obtain the maximum amount of sugars while minimising operational costs, a 2-step enzymatic hydrolysis of 48h each is preferred. The potential for continuously re-using process waters after treatment in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was assessed, and the effect of this on enzymatic hydrolysis. After 16.5 recycling cycles glucan conversion decreased significantly, and UASB degranulation was observed. Methane yield and chemical oxygen demand removal were also negatively affected. Data obtained from these experiments were fitted into a water-pinch model for minimisation of the fresh water requirements of a sugar platform biorefinery based on MSW pulp.


School exclusion reduction in Scotland—and especially in the city of Glasgow—has received substantial media and policy attention in recent years. In London in particular, multiple governmental agencies have explicitly expressed a desire to replicate the exclusion reduction which recently occurred in Glasgow, often citing the connection between school exclusion and violence as a key motivating factor. In this paper, after presenting the statistical trends in school exclusions in Scotland, England, Glasgow and London, we mobilise original interview data to (1) explain how school exclusion reduction occurred so rapidly in Glasgow between 2007 and 2019, and (2) explore whether a similar reduction in exclusions could occur in contemporary London. We apply a theoretical framework to these issues which derives from Peters' work on policy coordination, allowing us to compare the conditions in Glasgow and London for well‐coordinated pan‐city exclusion reduction. Building on previous research which has contrasted national school exclusion policies in Scotland and England, we conclude that policy conditions surrounding school exclusion in the two cities differ substantially. There are substantial barriers to significant exclusion reduction in London, relating to both city‐ and national‐level factors. There barriers include competition between different agencies working in relevant policy spaces; the fragmentation of the city's education system; the need for better incentivisation of inclusion by Ofsted and the Department for Education; and particular challenges to reframing the issue of school exclusion in London.


The banking industry is immensely important to the socio-economic development of emerging economies by facilitating the exchange of money between depositors and borrowers. The banking industry in Ghana is facing corporate governance challenges, which has led to non-performance and subsequent withdrawal of operating licenses. The withdrawal of the licenses by the Bank of Ghana has impact on customer loyalty and satisfaction, which has not been significantly investigated in a post crisis banking sector of Ghana. This has resulted in many companies undertaking numerous product design and innovation to satisfy customers. This study therefore is aimed at investigating the relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in the post crisis banking sector of Ghana. The study adopts the positivist traditional stance with a quantitative approach. Participants were drawn from among the customers of universal banks in Ghana. The purposive sampling technique was used to administer 250 questionnaires to customers of universal banks in Ghana in which 170 usable questionnaires were retrieved for analysis with a response rate of 68 per cent. The investigation revealed that customer satisfaction variables have significantly influenced the loyalty of customers of banks involved in this study. The results indicated that tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy, and dimensions of service quality have positive influence on customer satisfaction.The investigation largely focused on quantitative analysis of results, hence; a further study adopting the qualitative approach would contribute to the body of knowledge on customer loyalty and satisfaction in the banking sector. This study provides a strong evidence for banks that have been negatively impacted by the banking crisis in Ghana and want to recover from the associated impacts on their customers to enhance their customer satisfaction by improving the tangibility and reliability of services to clients. It is recommended that Banks in Ghana focus on achieving high customer satisfaction by focusing on high quality services delivery based on the service quality dimensions.


Subjects searched for a target among distractors which were arranged randomly or such that each distractor provided information about the relative position of a target. Trials were presented either in a blocked design (so that the subjects knew a priori the contextual information in the display) or in a mixed design. When the distractors provided information about target position, there were (i) shorter manual RTs, (ii) fewer fixations made in search of the target, (iii) longer mean fixation durations, (iv) shorter initial fixation durations, (v) shorter mean gaze shifts, (vi) a smaller area of fixation dispersion, and (vii) a greater percentage of optimally directed saccades. Except for gaze shifts, the results were uninfluenced by whether or not there was a blocked or a mixed presentation. The results of the study suggest that despite noise in the search mechanism, fixation durations were adjusted to process directly the currently fixated element(s).


The authors examine the behavior of a source subject to flow control by a credit manager. The source receives packets for transmission into a high speed network according to a renewal process. The credit manager regulates the flow of data into the network by the following method. First, credit is generated at a fixed rate and is allowed to accumulate, subject to an upper bound. Second, a packet is allowed to start transmission only if the accumulated credit is at least and as large as the service time of the packet. Otherwise, the packet waits until the required amount of credit has been accumulated. Third, the credit bank is depleted at the onset of service by an amount which equals the service time. The main purpose of the credit manager is to smooth out the burstiness of the input process, thereby making it easier for the network to handle large amounts of data without undue delays, congestion, or buffer overflows. Despite the difficulty of this problem, the distributions of queue length and sojourn time are found by assuming a special structure for the service time distribution and the credit bank. Numerical examples show that the algorithms can be used to solve practical problems.<<ETX>>


As indicated by the title the volume is not intended as a general textbook on the subject, and is prepared with "special reference to the Tropics," particularly India. The influence of conditions in that section of the World is noted throughout the text, but the absence of all but casual reference to amoebic dysentery, dengue and typhus fever, in the chapter on preventible diseases, is not understood.
The sequence of chapters is the usual one adopted in similar texts, and each subject is treated in a thorough and practical manner. The presentation is clear, very readable and rendered more interesting by the absence of technical terms, not well understood by the average reader interested in Public Health. The chapters on food and diet cover 100 pages, and are quite up to date. Emphasis is placed on the necessity of regulating food requirements, by considering the various factors of age, sex, height, weight, build, occupation, etc.


Aims To identify the number and type of prescribing errors and dose omissions before and after implementation of electronic prescribing on Carevue (Phillips, UK), an ICU clinical information system, installed in our paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in February 2009. Methods Prospective audit of prescribing errors and missed doses for 96-h periods in three epochs—before implementation of Carevue (Epoch 1), one week after implementation of Carevue (Epoch 2) and 6 months after implementation of Carevue (Epoch 3). Prescribing errors were further classified as incomplete prescription, insufficient information, illegible prescription, prescribing error and other. The χ2 was used to compare proportions. Results Electronic prescribing on Carevue was associated with a significantly lower incidence of missed doses, likely due to electronic worklists and alerts for nursing staff. There was also a tendency towards a lower incidence of prescribing error, likely due to predefined standard orders for drugs and infusions commonly used on the PICU (figure 1). Incomplete prescription, insufficient information and illegible prescriptions as causes of prescribing error were not seen following implementation of Carevue. Conclusions A clinical information system can significantly reduce the incidence of drug errors in PICU. Abstract G80 Table 1 Epoch 1 Epoch 2 Epoch 3 Prescribing errors (n/number of prescriptions) 14/159 (8.8%) 17/208 (8.1%), ns 12/257 (4.6%), ns Missed dose (n/total doses given) 43/528 (8.1%) 23/216 (10.6%), ns 4/278 (1.4%), p<0.05


Annotating semantic data with metadata is becoming more and more important to provide information about the statements being asserted. While initial solutions proposed a data model to represent a specific dimension of meta-information (such as time or provenance), the need for a general annotation framework which allows representing different context dimensions is needed. In this paper, we extend the 4dFluents ontology by Welty and Fikes---on associating temporal validity to statements---to any dimension of context, and discuss possible issues that multidimensional context representations have to face and how we address them.


The purpose of the article: to process diagnostic methods for the level of communicative and organizational abilities of future teachers. Methodical tools for the study of communicative competence of students, are directed at determining the power structures that ensure the success of professional activities of future professionals and the possibility of practical implementation of the acquired knowledge and personal qualities. The article substantiates the methodological tools of research of communicative competence of students, which is aimed at determining the properties that ensure the success of professional activities of future professionals and the possibility of practical implementation of the acquired knowledge and personal qualities. It is emphasized that communicative competence is a demonstrated area of successful communicative activity based on acquired values and strategies of language communication, supported by language skills and abilities, and communicative competence is defined in modern science as an integrative personal resource that ensures successful communication. It is determined that to identify the manifestation of the level of communicativeness of teachers it is necessary to diagnose communicative and organizational abilities, the ability to communicative self-control and the diagnosis of empathic abilities. The results of diagnosing communication and organizational skills are presented. It is emphasized that the lowest level of formation of future primary school teachers is found in such quality as empathic abilities. It is proposed to introduce specialized courses aimed at developing professionally significant communicative and organizational skills of future teachers on the basis of communicative practices, project activities, development of reflexive abilities, development of self-education skills, etc. as areas of solving problems of improving communicative competence. It is concluded that diagnostics is primarily a process of analysis, which allows to identify a system of rules, guided by which people organize their interaction, to understand which rules promote and which hinder the successful implementation of communicative interaction. Diagnosis of the level of formation of communicative qualities of future professionals is an integral part of the system of monitoring the quality of education in higher education institutions.


sence of HIF signaling in vivo, we measured IEC levels of LC3 and p62 protein in HIF-1b mice. Consistent with a role for HIF, the ratio of LC3-I to LC3-II and total levels of p62 were increased in vil-Creþ/HIF-1bfl/fl mice relative to vil-Cre/ HIF-1b controls. CONCLUSION(S): Modulation of HIF-mediated autophagy by inflammatory hypoxia and/or bacterial pathogens themselves defines a conserved innate response for host protection, and may represent a novel target for development of therapeutic strategies to modify epithelial autophagic targeting of bacteria.