Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one of the most common autoimmune diseases in children. Previous studies have suggested that endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) might be engaged in the regulating of the biological processes in T1D and folic acid (FA) might be engaged in regulating EPC function. The present study has identified 716 downregulated genes and 617 upregulated genes in T1D EPC cases after treated with FA. Bioinformatics analysis has shown that these DEGs were engaged in regulating metabolic processes, cell proliferation-related processes, bone marrow development, cell adhesion, platelet degranulation, and cellular response to growth factor stimulus. Furthermore, we have conducted and identified hub PPI networks. Importantly, we have identified 6 upregulated genes (POLR2A, BDNF, CDC27, LTN1, RAB1A, and CUL2) and 8 downregulated genes (SHC1, GRIN2B, TTN, GNAL, GNB2, PTK2, TF, and TLR9) as key regulators involved in the effect of FA on endothelial progenitor cell transcriptome of patients with T1D. We think that this study could provide novel information to understand the roles of FA in regulating EPCs of T1D patients.


Plastid gene expression (PGE) is one of the signals that regulate the expression of photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes (PhANGs) via GENOMES UNCOUPLED1 (GUN1)-dependent retrograde signaling. We recently isolated Arabidopsis sugar-inducible cotyledon yellow-192 (sicy-192), a gain-of-function mutant of plastidic invertase, and showed that following the treatment of this mutant with sucrose, the expression of PhANGs as well as PGE decreased, suggesting that the sicy-192 mutation activates a PGE-evoked and GUN1-mediated retrograde pathway. To clarify the relationship between the sicy-192 mutation, PGE, and GUN1-mediated pathway, plastid and nuclear gene expression in a double mutant of sicy-192 and gun1-101, a null mutant of GUN1 was studied. Plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP)-dependent PGE was markedly suppressed in the sicy-192 mutant by the sucrose treatment, but the suppression as well as cotyledon yellow phenotype was not mitigated by GUN1 disruption. Microarray analysis revealed that the altered expression of nuclear genes such as PhANG in the sucrose-treated sicy-192 mutant was largely dependent on GUN1. The present findings demonstrated that the sicy-192 mutation alters nuclear gene expression with sucrose treatment via GUN1, which is possibly followed by inhibiting PEP-dependent PGE, providing a new insight into the role of plastid sugar metabolism in nuclear gene expression.


The paper examines religious consciousness in the modernist novels of Joseph Conrad's 1902 Heart of Darkness and James Joyce's 1916 A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man with the objective of illustrating that though these writers apparently rejected the Catholic faith, they were still spiritually conscious and were thus able to detect and question religious values that were repressive. This consciousness is enriched by autobiographical elements prompted by the nihilism of the early twentieth century. Although Heart of Darkness is a colonial novel and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man traces the development of a potential artist, both converge on the critique of religious hypocrisy and injustice. Using the concepts of psychobiography, the conscious and unconscious of the Psychoanalytic theory as well as the concept of nihilism of the Modernist theory, the paper demonstrates that both Conrad and Joyce effectively make a critique of religion by the inclusion of various aspects of their real life experiences in their novels. They do this not to reject religion per se but for its reformation. In other words, the religious views of the protagonists in both works reflect those of their authors.  Both authors portray not what is dominantly fictional but what they were a part of.  This paper's significance is its projection of the notion that it is the exploration of religious consciousness from an autobiographical perspective that gives the British modernist novel its strength and major difference. Conrad and Joyce demonstrate that without sincerity, justice, restraint, controlled freedom and mutual respect, the individual and society degenerate. Literature serves as a fabric of culture with the writer as the voice of conscience.


We report 16S rRNA amplicon sequence data from feces of 109 wild deer in Japan. The dominant bacterial taxa in fecal microbiota of wild deer hunted between village and mountainous areas and those living on Miyajima Island and in Nara Park were similar but differed in abundance. ABSTRACT We report 16S rRNA amplicon sequence data from feces of 109 wild deer in Japan. The dominant bacterial taxa in fecal microbiota of wild deer hunted between village and mountainous areas and those living on Miyajima Island and in Nara Park were similar but differed in abundance.


ABSTRACT Metagovernance refers to a theory of how governments steer decentralised networks by indirectly shaping the rules and norms of those networks. This article develops metagovernance conceptually and empirically by looking at the use of 'hands-off' metagovernance tools in the case of English devolution, which encompass the 'designing' and 'framing' of local governance networks in the process of their reconfiguration. These concepts provide insights into how a Conservative-led Coalition Government subtly centralised power in the process of devolution to city-regions. Our analysis shows how discursive framing, fiscal conditioning and the recomposition of local governance networks produced a reworking of centre-local and intra-local power relations in a way which allowed the Treasury to shape the priorities of a set of 'devolution deals' with regional authorities, emphasising boosting economic growth and improving public services.


Direct power control (DPC) has been proven to be an effective approach for the control of doubly fed induction generators (DFIG). However, conventional switching-table-based DPC presents large power ripples at steady state and exhibits a broad harmonic spectrum, which is difficult to be filtered. Some SVM based DPC methods have been proposed to tackle the problems above, but they are usually complicated and sacrifice the robustness and simplicity. This paper presents a simple but effective predictive DPC to achieve quick response and good steady state performance. Meanwhile the simplicity and robustness of the basic DPC are maintained as much as possible. Three vectors are applied during one control period and their durations are obtained in a very simple and straightforward way. The novel PDPC is compared with prior art and the results prove that the novel PDPC achieves reduced control complexity, better steady state performance and quicker dynamic response at similar switching frequency.


Froth flotation is a process in which hydrophobic particles attach to bubbles forming particle–bubble aggregates, which are transported to the top section of the cell where they overflow to form the concentrate. Particles also reach the concentrate by entrainment, which is a non-selective process that leads to low concentrate grades. The objective of this work was to study and compare the degree of entrainment measured using three methods, in fresh and seawater, and using methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC) and DF-250 as frothers. The experimental results indicated that the degree of entrainment decreased in seawater. Besides, water recovery was lower in the experiments with seawater regardless of the frother that was used in the experiments, which correlated with the observed low degrees of entrainment. It is proposed that the reduction of entrainment and water recovery in seawater can be explained by a reduction of air recovery and/or more bubble coalescence in the froth. It is also proposed that surfactant diffusion/convection from the lamellae to the Plateau borders in the froth is reduced in seawater, which reduces the surface tension gradients, and thus the restoring liquid flow from the Plateau borders to the lamellae.


Background 1-year rejection rates in HIV-infected kidney transplant recipients range from 15-40%, compared to overall rejection rates of 10% in HIV-negative patients. We report the impact of DSA on outcomes of HIV-infected kidney transplant recipients who received IL-2RA induction therapy at our center. Methods This study is an IRB-approved, single center, retrospective study of adult HIV-infected patients with a kidney transplant performed between 5/2009 to 12/2014 with 3-year follow up for each patient. Results 11/42 (26%) had pre-transplant donor specific antibodies (DSAs), defined as MFI > 1000 to at least one class I or class II locus. All of these patients received IVIG at the time of transplant. 8/11 (73%) patients with pre-transplant DSA had a total of 11 biopsy proven rejections (BPRs); 2/11 (18%) allografts were explanted because of rejection. 7/11 (64%) rejections were either acute or chronic AMR. 5/8 (63%) patients with pre-transplant DSA and a BPR had at least one episode of AMR. 15/31 (48%) of patients without pre-transplant DSA had at least one episode of biopsy proven rejection (BPR) and a total of 13 BPRs. 12/13 (92%) rejections were acute cellular rejections. Only 1/13 (8%) patient without DSA had an AMR, which was significantly lower than the AMR incidence in the pre-transplant DSA group (p = 0.008). 1/31 (3%) allograft in this group was explanted, compared to 2/11 (18%) in the DSA group. Death censored graft survival at 3 years was 9/11 (82%) in the DSA group compared to 30/31 (97%) in those without DSA. Conclusions The rates of AMR and death censored graft loss in HIV-infected kidney transplant recipients induced with IL-2RA are higher in those with pre-transplant DSA. Further studies should evaluate if the presence of DSAs in this patient population warrants more aggressive induction and maintenance immunosuppressive therapy.


Introduction: Managing healthcare resources in a cost-conscious way is an important topic in medical education.  A validated instrument to measure the perception of cost-conscious attitudes of medical students could be an important tool for university staff to understanding them and to plan and evaluate educational interventions to address them. Objectives: To validate a scale to measure the perception of cost-conscious attitudes among medical students. Method: Thirteen items from a survey to measure cost-conscious attitudes in medical students were used. Semantic validation and psychometric analysis (exploratory factor analysis, Cronbach alpha, and composite reliability test) were carried out. Results: A sample of 275 participants, of which 62% were female, with an average age of 25±3.1 years, completed the questionnaire. The best structure to measure the perceptions is the one-factor solution, with 11 of the 13 items remaining in the final version. Substantial Cronbach's alpha for this questionnaire was obtained 0.66 and composite reliability was 0.77. Conclusion: The results suggest that the questionnaire has a satisfactory psychometric quality and is therefore able to measure the perception of medical students about cost-conscious attitudes.


The last decade has witnessed an explosion of 'immigrant protests', political mobilizations by irregular migrants and pro-migrant activists. This special issue on 'immigrant protest' has emerged in response to this rise in the visibility of immigrant protests, and its central aim is to contribute to the growing body of scholarship on migrant resistance movements and to consider the implications of these struggles for critical understandings of citizenship. This introduction maps out some of the central issues and themes emerging from the contributions to this issue, exploring the tensions between integrationist and autonomous approaches and theories of migrant activism and resistance and between migrant and activist strategies of invisibility and visibility. By bringing immigrant protests to the heart of debates about citizenship, we hope to further extend discussions about the limits and the possibilities of citizenship as the material and conceptual horizon of critical social analysis and political participation and practice today.


We have used a lifetime-resolved fluorescence technique to obtain the first measurements of partial photoionization cross-sections of ground state neutral helium with both N- and l-specific final ion state separation. Structure is observed in the He 4lnl' doubly excited state regions and the resulting resonance profiles and energy positions qualitatively compared to previously reported theoretical calculations. Due to the sensitive nature of the N- and l-specific partial cross-sections, states from the (4,−2)n series are observed for the first time.


The construction of L functions for automorphic cuspidal representations of GSp(4, A) x GL(2, A) with a Whittaker model has been given by Novodvorsky [Novodvorsky, M. (1979) Proc. Symp. Pure Math. 33 (2), 87-95]. In this paper, we prove that this L function has nontrivial poles if and only if the representation of GSp(4, A) is a lifting from split O(4). We also introduce a different construction of L functions for GSp(4) x GL(2) that is applicable to representations that do not have a Whittaker model-for instance, those that correspond to holomorphic modular forms. This construction is based on the lifting of these automorphic forms to Sp(4). Lifted forms will have a Whittaker model. This allows us to write integral expressions yielding these L functions.


From a personal reading of Peirce's work, especially his semiotics, the author has chosen some ideas that can be developed in the context of a Communication Theory. Particularly he proposes semiosis to be considered as social circulation of meaning. Discussion about object and feelings in the field of communication studies is also introduced. Finally, the connection of Peirce's theories with others that equally adopt the interpretative perspective, such as hermeneutics, deconstruction and discourse analysis, is pointed out.


Ancient iron formations - iron and silica-rich chemical sedimentary rocks that formed throughout the Precambrian eons - provide a significant part of the evidence for the modern scientific understanding of palaeoenvironmental conditions in Archaean (4.0–2.5 billion years ago) and Proterozoic (2.5–0.539 billion years ago) times. Despite controversies regarding their formation mechanisms, iron formations are a testament to the influence of the Precambrian biosphere on early ocean chemistry. As many iron formations are pure chemical sediments that reflect the composition of the waters from which they precipitated, they can also serve as nuanced geochemical archives for the study of ancient marine temperatures, redox states, and elemental cycling, if proper care is taken to understand their sedimentological context.


Different power output of solar cells can be observed at high-temperature regions such as desert areas. In this study, performance dependence on operating temperature of crystalline silicon solar cells with different emitter types was analyzed. Based on the light current-voltage (LIV) measurement, temperature coefficients of short-circuit current density (JSC), open-circuit voltage (VOC), fill factor (FF) and power conversion efficiency were measured and compared for two groups of crystalline silicon solar cells with different emitter types. One group had homogeneously doped (conventional) emitter and another selectively doped (selective) emitter. Varying the operating temperature from 25 to 40, 60, and 80°C, LIV characteristics of the cells were measured and the properties of saturation current densities (J0) were extracted from dark current-voltage (DIV) curve. From the DIV data, effect of temperature on the performance of the solar cells with different electrical structures for the emitter was analyzed. Increasing the temperature, both emitter structures showed a slight increase in JSC and a rapid degradation of VOC. FF and power conversion efficiency also decreased with the increasing temperature. The degrees of JSC increase and VOC degradation for two groups were compared and explained. Also, FF change was explained by series and shunt resistances from the LIV data. It was concluded that the degradation of solar cells shows different values at different temperatures depending on the emitter type of solar cells.


Clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula (CR-POPF) is the considerable contributor to major complications after pancreatectomy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential risk factor contributing to CR-POPF following distal pancreatectomy (DP) and discussed the risk factors of pancreatic fistula in order to interpret the clinical importance. All the patients who underwent DP in between January 2011 and January 2020 were reviewed retrospectively in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The univariate and multivariate analysis was performed was performed to test an independent risk factors for pancreatic fistula. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. In all of the 263 patients with DP, pancreatic fistula was the most common surgical complication 19.0%. The univariate analysis of 18 factors showed that the patients with a malignant tumor, soft pancreas, and patient without ligation of the main pancreatic duct are more likely to develop pancreatic fistula. However, on multivariate analysis the soft texture of the pancreas (OR= 2.381, P= 0.001) and the ligation of main pancreatic duct (OR= 0.388, P= 0.002) were only an independent influencing factor for CR-POPF. As a conclusion, pancreatic fistula was the most common surgical complication after DP, and the texture of pancreas and ligation of main pancreatic duct can influence an incidence of CR-POPF.


In this paper we study the problem of cross spectral face recognition in heterogeneous environments. Specifically we investigate the advantages and limitations of matching short wave infrared (SWIR) face images to visible images under controlled or uncontrolled conditions. The contributions of this work are three-fold. First, three different databases are considered, which represent three different data collection conditions, i.e., images acquired in fully controlled (indoors), semi-controlled (indoors at standoff distances ≥ 50m), and uncontrolled (outdoor operational conditions) environments. Second, we demonstrate the possibility of SWIR cross-spectral matching under controlled and challenging scenarios. Third, we illustrate how photometric normalization and our proposed cross-photometric score level fusion rule can be utilized to improve cross-spectral matching performance across all scenarios. We utilized both commercial and academic (texture-based) face matchers and performed a set of experiments indicating that SWIR images can be matched to visible images with encouraging results. Our experiments also indicate that the level of improvement in recognition performance is scenario dependent.


Accurate atmospheric correction for turbid inland waters remains a significant challenge. Several atmospheric correction algorithms have been proposed to address this issue, but their performance is unclear in regard to Asian lakes, some of which have extremely high turbidity and different inherent optical properties from lakes in other continents. Here, four existing atmospheric correction algorithms were tested in Lake Kasumigaura, Japan (an extremely turbid inland lake), using in situ water-leaving reflectance and concurrently acquired medium resolution imaging spectrometer (MERIS) images. The four algorithms are (1) GWI (the standard Gordon and Wang algorithm with an iterative process and a bio-optical model) (2) MUMM (Management Unit of the North Sea Mathematical Models); (3) SCAPE-M (Self-Contained Atmospheric Parameters Estimation for MERIS Data) and (4) C2WP (Case-2 Water Processor). The results show that all four atmospheric correction algorithms have limitations in Lake Kasumigaura, even though SCAPE-M and MUMM gave acceptable accuracy for atmospheric correction in several cases (relative errors less than 30% for the 2006 and 2008 images). The poor performance occurred because the conditions in Lake Kasumigaura (i.e. the atmospheric state and/or turbidity) did not always meet the assumptions in each atmospheric correction algorithm (e.g. in 2010, the relative errors ranged from 42% to 83%). These results indicate that further improvements are necessary to address the issue of atmospheric correction for turbid inland waters such as Lake Kasumigaura, Japan.


CAD three-dimensional model of cell phone shell was obtained by Pro /E software.By using MPI module of Moldflow software,process of injection molding was simulated,including filling,flow,pressure,cooling.The best gate location,weld marks location and information of trapped gas,flow time,distribution of pressure and temperature were achieved.Meanwhile,the defects that may arise in process of injection molding were predicted.The injection process parameters was optimized after analyzing the reasons for defects,which played a important role in improving the quality of plastic parts,shortening production cycle and raising the level of mold design.


Endometriosis is defined as presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. It can occur anywhere in the ovary. In the ovary it is usually presented as cyst, termed as endometriotic cyst or Chocolate cyst. Arias-Stella reaction is usually seen in gestational endometrium or in ectopic gestation site and rarely in non-pregnant uterus with hormonal intake. Co-existence of endometriosis and Arias-Stella reaction is very rare. We present a very rare case of endometriotic cyst of the ovary exhibiting Arias -Stella reaction which was seen in of non pregnant patient without any history of hormonal intake.


This paper presents an engineering insight of the data communication systems (DCSs) in the Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant Project (LMNPP), in which multiplexing network techniques and software application are used extensively for plant protection, control and monitoring. The failure modes and effects resulting from using fiber optical cables for data transmission present potential safety concerns. Issues on coordination and interfaces among the various designers and manufacturers of the I&C systems are evaluated. Furthermore, the network real-time performance, including data flow response time, network data link volume and loading analysis in normal operation, transient, emergency conditions are studied. The results with specific recommendations and precaution measures are identified


We exploit the sharp downward kink in college enrollment experienced by cohorts reaching college age after the 1973 military coup in Chile to study the causal effect of higher education on mortality. Using micro-data from the vital statistics for 1994-2017, we document an upward kink in the age-adjusted yearly mortality rate among the affected cohorts. Leveraging the kink in college enrollment, we estimate a negative effect of college on mortality, which is larger for men, but also sizable for women. Intermediate labor market outcomes (e.g., labor force participation) explain 30% of the reduction in mortality. A similar upward kink in mortality over multiple time horizons is also present among hospitalized patients in the affected cohorts, with observable characteristics (i.e. diagnostic, hospital, insurance) explaining over 40%. Survey responses reveal that college substantially improves access to private health care, but has mixed effects on health behaviors.


The number of somatic cells and the isolation of the causative agents of mastitis in quarter, composite, bucket, and bulk tank samples of cow's milk was determined four times during a six-month period. The number of somatic cells in milk samples indicated a degree of mastitis infection and was influenced neither by the year season nor by the length of lactation. At a repeated examination of 28 dairy cows an increased number of somatic cells in milk was found once in 68 udder quarters and with three successive samplings only in 21 quarters. The etiological agents of mastitis were detected once in 31 quarters and three times in succession only in five quarters. The number of cows positive by the number of cells in quarter samples of milk increased from 52.9-58.8% at a single examination to as much as 100% at four examinations. The etiological agents of mastitis were isolated in a single examination in 17.6% of cows and at four examinations in 58.8% of cows. The composite and bucket samples of milk containing 200 to 300 thousand cells per ml are recommended to be considered as mastitis-positive: in 68 to 78% they came from cows having more than 500 thousand cells per ml at least in one quarter sample. The number of cells in a bulk sample was in correlation with the percentage of cows having a positive NK-test (similar to CMT) and positive isolation of S. agalactiae from quarter milk samples.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


This study examined marginal seal of a visible resin-modified glass-ionomer restorative material. Class V cavity preparations in extracted human premolars were restored with one of four different placement techniques: bulk placement, vertical incremental placement, incremental placement with the gingival increment placed first, or incremental placement with the occlusal increment placed first. Either a cervical former or a hand instrument was used to contour the restorations. Measurement of dye penetration indicated that there was no statistically significant differences in microleakage among the groups, by placement technique or method of contouring. However, two groups contoured with a cervical former were found to be 100% leakage free.


As underwater noise from ship traffic increases, profound effects on the marine environment highlight the need for improved mitigation measures. One measure, reduction in ship speed, has been shown to be one of the key drivers in reducing sound source levels of vessels. In 2017, a study began to assess the impacts of increasing commercial shipping traffic on sperm whales in Northwest Providence Channel, northern Bahamas, an international trade route that primarily serves the southeast US. Ship data were collected from an Automatic Identification System (AIS) station combined with recordings from an acoustic recorder to measure underwater sound levels and to detect the presence of sperm whales. Here we analyze a subset of these data to opportunistically investigate potential changes in ship traffic before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. These data span one calendar year from October 2019 to October 2020. A pre-COVID-19 dataset of 121 days, from a recorder approximately 2 km from the shipping route was compared to a 134-day dataset collected during COVID-19 from the same site, comprising 2900 and 3181 ten-minute recordings, respectively. A dramatic decrease in ocean noise levels concurrent with changes in shipping activity occurred during the pandemic. The mean pre-COVID-19 power density level in the 111–140 Hz 1/3-octave band was 88.81 dB re 1 μPa (range 81.38–100.90) and decreased to 84.27 dB re 1 μPa (range 78.60–99.51) during COVID-19, equating to a 41% reduction in sound pressure levels (SPL). After differences in seasonal changes in wind speed were accounted for, SPL decreased during the pandemic by 3.98 dB (37%). The most notable changes in ship activity were significantly reduced vessel speeds for all ship types and fewer ships using the area during the pandemic. Vessel speed was highly correlated to SPL and the only ship-based variable that predicted SPLs. Despite the opportunistic nature [i.e., not a standard before-after-control-impact (BACI) study], this study provides a unique opportunity to assess the effectiveness of ship traffic management strategies, such as slowing ships down, to mitigate impacts on marine life in the study area, including local sperm whale populations.


Levels of cycling are increasing in London faster than in any other city in Western Europe. The target to increase cycling by 80% by 2010 was actually reached in 2005 (by which point the number of cyclists in Central London had doubled since 2000). There is a number of reasons for this increase. The congestion charge had a large and almost immediate impact and the publication and distribution of over a million cycle maps was an extremely effective measure. New cycle infrastructure has also played a key part as the level of service for cycling continues to improve on many routes around the capital. But there is considerable debate about dedicated cycle infrastructure. Should it be on or off road? Does it actually get used by cyclists? Does it actually improve cyclist safety? What impact does off-carriageway cycling have on other road users e.g. pedestrians or motor vehicles on side-road crossings? TfL commissioned Atkins to study a new cycle route on the A3, the main radial route from the south west into Central London. In keeping with the London Cycle Network Plus (LCN+) philosophy, this is a direct route which follows the main road. It incorporates both on and off-carriageway provision. Atkins carried out a detailed and innovative monitoring study of this new facility which included: cycle and pedestrian counts, a conflict study of cyclists and pedestrians at the side-road junctions (using video cameras), a questionnaire survey of cyclists and pedestrians using the facility, and an analysis of accidents which had taken place before and after the scheme was implemented. This multi-faceted study provides an in-depth insight into what happens when cyclists are encouraged to share space with motorised traffic on busy roads and when space is taken away from pedestrians to accommodate off-carriageway cycling. It also sheds light on the extent to which cyclist collisions are under-reported and how this issue can be overcome. The main aim of new cycle facilities in London is that they should make cycling fast, safe and comfortable. This monitoring study, the first of its kind to be commissioned by TfL, demonstrates the extent to which these objectives have been achieved, and should be of particular interest to safety specialists, designers, cycle planners and policy makers. For the covering abstract see ITRD E135582.


The Tanjung Lesung Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a tourism area close to faults and active volcanoes. This location causes the Tanjung Lesung SEZ to have a high tsunami threat. In 2018, this area became an area affected by the Sunda Strait tsunami, which caused various losses, including casualties. This study aimed to examine the physical characteristics of the Tanjung Lesung coastal area, which has a tsunami threat. The physical characteristics in the research are elements that can affect the resilience of the tsunami disaster on the Tanjung Lesung coast. These include land use, topography, evacuation routes, and settlement conditions. This study used primary and secondary data obtained through government agencies and a field survey in 2021. The overlay analysis method on GIS was used to provide a spatial explanation of the physical characteristics of tsunami-prone areas. The study results showed that shrubs, a slope of 2-15%, and a height of 5-25 m above sea level dominate the area with the category of dangerous and very dangerous levels. The results also explained that there are settlements with wooden wall structures and cement floors located in very dangerous areas (with an area of 32.06  ha) and dangerous areas (with an area of 11.62 ha). Based on the analysis, there are three distinct categories in the research area. All three categories require coastal boundary planning that considers the tsunami threat to increase disaster resilience. The research results can be used to increase disaster resilience or spatial planning in coastal areas.


Corporations across the globe are increasingly considering the importance of user experience and business process design in creation of Web information systems. Designing Complex Web Information Systems: Integrating Evolutionary Process Engineering provides an overview of modern Web application technologies useful to business designers. Containing advanced findings from across the globe, this Premier Reference Source presents cutting-edge research on user experience design methodologies and the design of business processes.


High voltage XLPE power cable is a very important part of power system. Partial discharge (PD) can play as a prominent indicator of insulation defects. Series of online and offline PD detection methodology has been developed. In order to preserve high frequency component of PD signals, DSP based feeder terminal unit (FTU) is proposed to be installed on site to detect PD of power cable. Thereafter, analog input is first converted to digital signals, then PD signals can be identified with wavelet analysis and the PD signal for each time span can be transmitted to host for data log and analysis in controlling center through wide area network (WAN) or power modem. The proposed system has the advantage reliability and flexibility besides wide analog bandwidth


We estimated the prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health (CVH), and its relationship with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality in a Chinese population. A cross-sectional survey of CVD risk factors was conducted among Chinese participants aged 35 to 64 years in 2009 to 2010. In 2017, 8965 participants completed follow-up assessments in which CVD and all-cause mortality were collected; 8754 participants were eligible for analysis. The percentage of meeting all 7 ideal CVH metrics was 0.10%. During a median follow-up of 6.3 years, the incidence of CVD and all-cause mortality were 6.02% and 4.85% per 1000 person-year in participants with 0 to 1 ideal CVH metrics, 3.33% and 3.57% in those with 2 to 5, 0.40% and 0.79% in those with 6 to 7, respectively. After adjusting for covariates, the risk of CVD was significantly lower in participants with 2 to 5 (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.67, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.45-0.98) and 6 to 7 (HR: 0.12, 95%CI: 0.02-0.87) ideal CVH metrics compared to those with 0 to 1 ideal CVH metrics. The risk of all-cause mortality was decreased as ideal CVH metrics increased (HR: 0.78, 95%CI: 0.70-0.88). A greater number of ideal CVH metrics was associated with a lower risk of CVD and all-cause mortality, but the prevalence of all 7 ideal CVH metrics was low in a Chinese population.


The chemokine CCL5/RANTES is a versatile inflammatory mediator, which interacts with the receptor CCR5, promoting cancer cell interactions within the tumor microenvironment. Glioblastoma is a highly invasive tumor, in which CCL5 expression correlates with shorter patient survival. Using immunohistochemistry, we identified CCL5 and CCR5 in a series of glioblastoma samples and cells, including glioblastoma stem cells. CCL5 and CCR5 gene expression were significantly higher in a cohort of 38 glioblastoma samples, compared to low-grade glioma and non-cancerous tissues. The in vitro invasion of patients-derived primary glioblastoma cells and glioblastoma stem cells was dependent on CCL5-induced CCR5 signaling and is strongly inhibited by the small molecule CCR5 antagonist maraviroc. Invasion of these cells, which was enhanced when co-cultured with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), was inhibited by maraviroc, suggesting that MSCs release CCR5 ligands. In support of this model, we detected CCL5 and CCR5 in MSC monocultures and glioblastoma-associated MSC in tissue sections. We also found CCR5 expressing macrophages were in close proximity to glioblastoma cells. In conclusion, autocrine and paracrine cross-talk in glioblastoma and, in particular, glioblastoma stem cells with its stromal microenvironment, involves CCR5 and CCL5, contributing to glioblastoma invasion, suggesting the CCL5/CCR5 axis as a potential therapeutic target that can be targeted with repositioned drug maraviroc.


Ursodeoxycholic acid (ursodiol) is a naturally occurring bile acid that constitutes about 1-2% of the bile acids in human bile. Although well known for more than 20 years in Japan as a treatment for biliary distress and dyspepsia, ursodiol has been tested as a gallstone-dissolving agent only since 1976. Successful dissolution occurs in 30-80% of subjects with radiolucent gallstones, depending on the size and number of the stones. Calcified or pigment stones do not respond to this treatment. The current theory of the pathogenesis of gallstones is that lithogenic bile, which is supersaturated with cholesterol, is secreted by the liver and is not produced in the gallbladder. Thus, although stones form in the gallbladder, defective hepatic cholesterol and bile acid metabolism are responsible for the abnormal bile. Gallstone-prone individuals show increased hepatocholesterol formation and reduced bile acid synthesis. As the micellar solubility limit in bile is exceeded, cholesterol microcrystals precipitate. Four factors account for ursodiol's effectiveness in gallstone dissolution: (a) biliary cholesterol secretion is diminished markedly during therapy; (b) hepatic bile acid synthesis is not inhibited by ursodiol; (c) the 7 beta-hydroxy group of ursodiol resists bacterial dehydroxylation, which lowers the amount of lithocholic acid formed and the cholestasis and liver damage it can cause; and (d) ursodiol is virtually free of side effects and toxicity; less than 1% of subjects experience transient diarrhea, which does not require discontinuation of treatment, and liver function tests remain normal. In about 50% of subjects, stones may recur within 84 months, and can be retreated with ursodiol.


The research aimed were to find out the correlation between classroom management and student's interest. This research uses quantitative with survey method that apply correlation technique there are two variable in this research, namely dependent variable and independent variable. The independent variable is classroom management while dependent variable is students interest the population of this research as two classes of ABA UMI year 2016-2017. The samples of this research are 20 respondents taken through purposive sampling technique . in analysis the data of this research, the write used ( Correlation ). The findings of this study shows that there is any significant correlation between classroom management and student's interest at the second grade of social class ABA UMI. This is proved by the value of the pearson product moment is -025 it means the correlation. And classroom management and student's interest is weak. And correlation  classroom management has an important role in learning process because if there is in classroom management the student's will not be interest in learning process.


(1) Once again, our review of drug developments in France in 2002 shows that, in an unfettered market drugs that offer patients no concrete advantages are announced with the biggest fanfare, while drugs that represent real therapeutic advance risk going unnoticed. (2) Regulatory agencies continue to fail in their duty to provide health professionals and patients with the information they need to cut through the hype and to use (correctly) the drugs with the best risk-benefit ratios. (3) The draft modifications to the European Regulation on medicinal products published in 2002 would have made the situation even worse (and may still do so). Fortunately, the European Parliament reined in the Commission's eagerness to please the drugs industry. But all of us who want to see a European drugs policy that serves patients' best interests rather than stockholders' portfolios must remain vigilant in 2003.


This paper will describe the distributed industrial inline application "broken roll detection", which is placed in a really harsh industrial environment, with all aspects from the sensing base to algorithm, implementation and technology. In a seamless steel tube production the pipe shells produced in the punch bench are running through many roller stands (3-roll system) to get the final dimension. If one of the rolls is broken, structural voids near the surface are the consequence. So finding the structure voids on the tube means to find broken rolls. Since pipe shells are hot (approximately 900°C) after passing the rolls, temperature distribution on its surface is different when voids happen. This gives a good base for detecting such voids by watching the surface temperature by sensing the radiation at wavelengths from 0,7 to 1.1μm, which means that standard line scan cameras (3 x 2048 pixels, 10kHz line rate) can be used. Images of up to 600MB are the result for each imaged pipe shell. Evaluation of image data is done stepwise (in a pipeline) and on a separate channel for each camera with the objective to reduce data at each step. Images are detruncated, position-normalized, filtered, segmented and converted into object-descriptions that are sent to another PC for evaluating periodic occurrences. Once found such a periodic occurrence, the system signalizes it to the production line to stop the machine and repair the broken roll.


AIM
To determine whether the photopic negative response (PhNR) elicited by transient white flash on white background is characterizing for glaucoma model in rabbits.

METHODS
Glaucoma was induced in twelve rabbits by subconjunctival injection of 0.05 mL of betamethasone in right eyes (each 1 mL contain betamethasone dipropionate 5 mg and betamethasone sodium phosphate 2 mg).The intraocular pressure (IOP), electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) were measured successively prior and on the 3, 7d, two weeks and four weeks postglaucoma induction. After four weeks, the animals were sacrificed and the globes were histopathologically examined.

RESULTS
The IOP increased significantly after one week (P=0.0001), then it gradually returned to the control level. In ERG examination, the means of a and b wave amplitude and latency were not affected significantly. PhNR amplitude decreased significantly within one week (P=0.0001), but its latency was not affected significantly (P=0.132). The means of VEP latency and amplitude were significantly affected after two weeks and four weeks of glaucoma induction (P=0.0001 and 0.02, respectively). The histopathologic examination of the globes showed reduced number of cells in the retinal ganglion cell layer with multiple vacuoles in the retinal nerve fibre layer.There was significant positive correlation between ganglion cell layer cells and PhNR amplitude (r=0.8, P=0.002).

CONCLUSION
The rise in IOP resulted in irreversible changes or incomplete recovery of VEP and PhNR amplitude. Both PhNR and VEP represented good additional tools in early diagnosis of glaucoma.


Formation of the shoulder in the chick embryo results from movement of cells into the base of the wing from more cranial regions. Between stage 23 and stage 27, the lateral body wall overlying the pleural coelom is caused to move into the base of the wing because the cranial margin of the pleural coelom moves from the level of the tenth somite to the level of the 16th somite. Thus, formation of the shoulder is related to the formation of the pleural coelom. Textbook descriptions of the formation of the pleural coelom did not permit this relationship to be delineated. Therefore, investigation of the relationship between the formation of the shoulder and the formation of the pleural coelom seemed warranted. At stage 12 the coelom is lateral to the gut from the level of the second somite to the level of the 16th somite and is continuous with the extraembryonic coelom. During stage 13 the coelom obtains a ventral margin at the level of the third and fourth somites as the heart fuses with the lateral body wall to form the lateral mesocardium. Between stage 16 and stage 23, the second (cervical) flexure develops, causing the lateral mesocardium to form a ventral margin of the coelom from the level of the first to the 17th somites. Between stage 16 and stage 23, the coelom becomes ventral to the pharynx and lung to the level of the ninth somite. From stage 23 to stage 27, the lateral body wall from the cranial margin of the lung to the caudal margin of the hyoid arch moves in a caudal direction. During stage 27, the lateral body wall fuses with the lateral mesocardium to form the pleuro-pericardial membrane. The wing remains ventral to the 16th to 19th somites, causing a pileup of cells at the cranial base of the wing, the shoulder.


The banking sector is one of the leading sectors in many economies and an important driver of development. It plays a vital role in mobilizing domestic and foreign savings and contributes to financing investments that represent the backbone of economic activity. This research aims to . Studying the role of Iraqi banks (commercial and Islamic) in promoting comprehensive investment, and their impact on banking performance in Iraq. Keywords: Islamic banks, commercial banks, financial investment. The researcher used the inductive approach in presenting the research problem and discussing the theoretical side, and used the case study approach and the statistical method in analyzing the primary data obtained by the researcher through a questionnaire designed for this purpose, using the spss statistical program, and the researcher concluded with several results, the most important of which The application of the comprehensive investment functions that the study dealt with in the Iraqi banks included in the study was moderate, as all banks tended towards benefiting from the advantages of comprehensive investment and their impact on the final results of the bank's business. The study showed that the most widely applied comprehensive investment functions in the surveyed banks were providing innovative financing activities, and one of the most frequent of these activities was electronic cards. At the level of applying comprehensive investment functions, the estimate was significant. The researcher recommended the need to develop a strategic plan for comprehensive investment applications and their multiple functions in Iraqi banks that include following up and employing the developments of this concept and benefiting from its multiple benefits. As well as setting up a mechanism to ensure continuous evaluation of the extent of harmony and compatibility between the functions of comprehensive investment and emerging ideas that would enhance banking performance and between the performance of Iraqi banks and their work that would affect the competitive advantage of the bank.


Abstract Objective: This study assessed and compared physical and mental health components of quality of life (QoL) for older and younger women living with HIV (WLWH). Method: Using survey data from the Canadian HIV Women's Sexual and Reproductive Health Cohort Study, demographic, well-being, and physical and mental health-related QoL (HR-QoL) variables were compared between older (≥50 years) and younger (<50 years) WLWH. As the only significantly different QoL component, bivariate analyses and linear regression were used to assess factors associated with physical HR-QoL of older women. Results: The sample frame comprised 1,422 women (28.0% older women). Younger WLWH's mean age was 37.8 years (SD = 7.4) compared to older WLWH (55.8 years, SD = 5.3). Compared to younger WLWH, older WLWH had poorer physical HR-QoL (40.0 vs. 50.7; p < 0.001) but similar mental HR-QoL (42.7 vs. 42.1; p > 0.001). Older WLWH had lower social support (p < 0.001) with no significant differences in depressive symptoms or resilience. Resilience was associated with improved physical HR-QOL. Food insecurity, poorer mental HR-QoL and depressive symptoms were associated with poorer physical health. Discussion: Compared to younger WLWH, older WLWH had poorer physical HR-QoL, which was associated with resilience, food insecurity and mental health factors, highlighting the complex interactions of health-related social-ecological factors impacting aging WLWH.


This volumes examines selected formal and functional characteristics of English in South Asia, where English was introduced in the sixteenth century and now has over fifty million users. An integrative and interdisciplinary collection, the books brings together invited papers by acclaimed creative writers from India and Pakistan and by international linguists and English educators. The five major facets of South Asian English discussed are context and uses: structure and contact; functions and innovations; the curriculum; and the multilingual's creativity. The volume provides current perspectives on complex issues of concern to teachers and students of world Englishes.


Abstract:This essay argues that Suzan-Lori Parks, in Imperceptible Mutabilities in the Third Kingdom, employs her self-described process of "rep and rev" to subvert and reimagine the function of a theatrical chorus. Parks inverts the traditional Athenian protagonist-chorus order of importance to, instead, have the black chorus—called "seers"—in this play function as protagonists and the protagonists (i.e., the heroes and heroines) function as mere precautionary examples of the points made by the seers. By doing so, Parks offers a critique of choruses that are homogeneous (as in Athenian drama) and oppositional (as in Baraka's Slave Ship). In contrast, the polyphonic chorus found in this play critiques multiculturalism's glossing over of difference, and highlights the fact that communities function best when they can harmonize alterity and difference.


ABSTRACT Natalina sensu lato includes some of the largest carnivorous snails in the world and represents an important African radiation of the Gondwanan land snail family Rhytididae. It comprises the taxa Natalina, Afrorhytida and Capitina, all three of which we treat as full genera. We provide a comprehensive revision of each genus, and update the species-level taxonomy extensively in the light of new molecular and morphological data. Detailed comparative morphological observations are provided for the distal reproductive tract (including spermatophores for the first time in this family), pulmonary cavity, mantle edge, radula and suprapedal gland. In addition, we present a summary of biological and ecological data including information on habitat preferences, feeding, prey and mating behaviour. Although the genera are well circumscribed in terms of both morphological and molecular data, morphology is usually highly conserved within genera. Yet surprising cryptic diversity is evident within the described species and restricted-range endemism is more frequent than was previously thought, with significant implications for conservation. The widespread common cannibal snail, Natalina cafra (Férussac, 1821), is shown to comprise four cryptic, allopatric lineages. For the most part, we recognise this cryptic diversity at the level of subspecies. In some cases where populations from disjunct, lime-rich habitats exhibit a significantly different shell morphology, it is difficult to evaluate whether and to what extent this is genetically or environmentally determined. Spermatophores exhibit considerable phylogenetically consistent morphological variation and may eventually prove to be an important source of new taxonomic characters. The geographic distributions of the respective lineages are interpreted in the light of phylogenetic data, current regional vegetation patterns, and historical environmental phenomena, so as to identify biogeographic trends. Some lineages are clearly forest-associated specialists and have fragmented, narrowly-endemic distributions resulting from cyclical changes in forest cover during the Plio-Pleistocene, but there is also strong evidence for regional endemism associated with other vegetation types, notably Albany Thicket. Observations on the conservation status of all taxa are provided. New subgenus: Natalina (Tongalina). New species: Afrorhytida burseyae, Capitina calcicola. New subspecies: Afrorhytida kraussi oraria, Natalina cafra amathole, Natalina cafra natalensis, Natalina quekettiana dracomontana, Natalina quekettiana lucaris, Natalina quekettiana montistempli. New synonyms: Natalina compacta Connolly, 1939 = Natalina cafra cafra (Férussac, 1821); Natalina coerneyensis Melvill & Ponsonby, 1894 and Natalina insignis Melvill & Ponsonby, 1907 = Afrorhytida knysnaensis (Pfeiffer, 1846); Natalina liliacea Preston, 1912 = Afrorhytida kraussi kraussi (Pfeiffer, 1846); Natalina arguta Melvill & Ponsonby, 1907 = Afrorhytida trimeni Melvill & Ponsonby, 1892. Revised status: Helix (Aerope) eumacta Melvill & Ponsonby, 1892 is considered a subspecies of Natalina cafra (Férussac, 1821). Lectotypes designated for Aerope beyrichi Martens, 1890 [= Natalina] and Helix schärfiae Pfeiffer, 1861 [= Capitina schaerfiae].


The present study seeks out investigating the relationship between mothers' level of education, maternal employment and emotional intelligence performance of children who are at the age of 10. Emotional intelligence is described as construct including self-awareness, self-management, motivation, social skills, and empathy. Emotional intelligence is perceived as inseparable part of education process. The present study was designed in correlational research. Sample of the study consisted of 221 children. Data were collected through the Ten Years Emotional Intelligence Scale (TYEIS). Data were analysed through Spearman-Brown Rank Correlation and regression analysis. As a result of the study it was concluded that the higher level of education mothers has, the more their children have emotional intelligence performance; there is negatively low level correlation between maternal employment and emotional intelligence performance of their children. Results of the study were dealt with and discussed in accordance with mother-child interaction and emotional intelligence development of children.


Land-use and land-cover (LULC) changes can impact hydrological conditions such as land surface coefficient, runoff, and infiltration. This study investigates the changes in LULC and its impact on water resources of the Wabi Shebele basin using the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) and a separation method. Surface and groundwater parameters in the northwestern; and soil and surface parameters in the eastern highland and southern lowland parts of the basin are identified as sensitive parameters in water production. The coverage of cropland was increased by 48.63% while forest and woodland decreased by 49.14 and 14.76%, respectively, between the 1980s and 2010. Streamflow simulated during this period indicates increases in those watersheds showing significant cropland increases and forest coverage decreases particularly in Wabi at Dodola, Maribo, Robe, and Erer watersheds. Flood indices (i.e., AMAX, SMW, SMSp, and SMSu) calculated from simulated daily streamflow under different LULC map indicates an increase in the middle and northwestern watersheds up to 1.83 and 0.44%, respectively. The impact level of LULC change on flood discharge shows a comparable level with climate change impact on flood hazard particularly in the middle part of the basin.


Synthetic speech attacks bring more threats to Automatic Speaker Verification (ASV) systems, thus many synthetic speech detection (SSD) systems have been proposed to help the ASV system resist synthetic speech attacks. However, existing SSD systems still lack the generalization ability for the attacks generated by unknown synthesis algorithms. This letter proposes an end-to-end ensemble system, namely Dual-Branch Network, in which linear frequency cepstral coefficients (LFCC) and constant Q transform (CQT) are used as the input of two branches respectively. In addition, four fusion strategies are compared for the fusion of two branches to obtain an optimal one; multi-task learning and convolutional block attention module (CBAM) are introduced into the Dual-Branch Network to help the network learn the common forgery features from different forgery types of speech and enhance the representation power of learned features. Experimental results on the ASVspoof 2019 logical access (LA) dataset demonstrate that the proposed system outperforms existing state-of-the-art systems on both t-DCF and EER scores and has good generalization for unknown forgery types of synthetic speech.


Introduction What are the 25 cost factors for aerospace facilities, Ground Support Equipment (GSE), and Operations and Maintenance (O&M)? Which of these factors are built in the estimate? Which factors are separate add-ons, which factors are site specific, such as, LC39 Processing and Assembly Facility, Launch Pads? What two new concepts offer the greatest hope for reducing costs? Seventeen of these Aerospace Cost Factors also apply to GSE. What is the Special Aerospace Construction? Many of these special cost factors also apply to computer facilities, electronics, process industry, nuclear energy, internet, intranet, and satellite communications. Some Rule of Thumb (ROT) costs are also included. What are the thirteen ways to reduce cost factors? What are the 3 major aerospace cost factors? What are some of KSC's GSE estimating tools used to help reduce these over 25 higher cost factors? What are some of KSC's GSE estimating tools used to help reduce these over 25 higher cost factors?


Dyson–Schwinger equations furnish a Poincare covariant framework within which to study hadrons. A particular feature is the existence of a nonperturbative, symmetry preserving truncation that enables the proof of exact results. The gap equation reveals that dynamical chiral symmetry breaking is tied to the long-range behavior of the strong interaction, which is thereby constrained by observables, and the pion is precisely understood, and seen to exist simultaneously as a Goldstone mode and a bound state of strongly dressed quarks. The systematic error associated with the simplest truncation has been quantified, and it underpins a one-parameter model efficacious in describing an extensive body of mesonic phenomena. Incipient applications to baryons have brought successes and encountered challenges familiar from early studies of mesons, and promise a covariant field theory upon which to base an understanding of contemporary large momentum transfer data.


A perfect storm of ethnic-based violence is on the horizon, spurred on by increasing diversity, climate change, and the inability of many societies to handle these trends. This thesis examines the ways through which elites are incentivized to build institutions promoting a specific type of identity and how institutional structures use different means to promote the desired identity. It also addresses the ways through which state-based identity can be adapted to be inclusive while remaining salient. This will be done both through examinations of existing theory surrounding state structure and identity as well as two case studies where identity is a key factor. The first case study being development of identity in Kosovo, which embarked on an institutionallybased process of forming a civic-national identity after its independence in 2008. The case of Kosovo demonstrates how states with a recent history of ethnic conflict can institutionalize civic-national identities and in doing so, reduce the incidence of ethnic violence. The second case is that of Israel and the West Bank where an examination of how the ethnonational identities of the region were formed and the potential outcomes should a one-state solution be implemented demonstrate how different incentives lead to the construction of various institutional regimes. It concludes by using the two case studies to demonstrate how the institutionalization of civic-national identities can decrease the occurrence of ethnic conflict and how examining state institutions can give an overview of the politically salient identities within a state's borders.


The transformation of food ingredients into meals corresponds to complex choices resulting from the interplay of environmental and cultural factors: available ingredients, technologies of transformation, cultural perceptions of food, as well as taste and food taboos. Project PLANTCULT (ERC Consolidator Grant, GA 682529) aims to investigate prehistoric culinary cultures from the Aegean to Central Europe by focusing on plant foods and associated food preparation technologies spanning the Neolithic through to the Iron Age. Our paper offers an overview of the lines of investigation pursued within the project to address plant food preparation and related stone tool technologies. The wide range of plant foods from the area under investigation (ground cereals, breads, beer, pressed grapes, split pulses, etc.) suggests great variability of culinary preparations. Yet, little is known of the transformation technologies involved (e.g., pounding, grinding, and boiling). Changes in size and shape of grinding stones over time have been associated with efficiency of grinding, specific culinary practices and socioeconomic organisation. Informed by ethnography and experimental data, as well as ancient texts, PLANTCULT integrates archaeobotanical food remains and associated equipment to address these issues. We utilize a multifaceted approach including the study of both published archaeological data and original assemblages from key sites. We aim to develop methods for understanding the interaction of tool type, use-wear formation and associated plant micro- and macro- remains in the archaeological record. Our experimental program aims to generate (a) reference material for the identification of plant processing in the archaeological record and (b) ingredients for the preparation of experimental plant foods, which hold a key role to unlocking the recipes of prehistory. Plant processing technologies are thus investigated across space and through time, in an attempt to explore the dynamic role of culinary transformation of plant ingredients into shaping social and cultural identities in prehistoric Europe.


The carcinogenicity of 4 species of South African cycads is reported for the first time. Different quantities of the various parts of the cones of Encephalartos umbe/uziensis, E. villosus, E. lebomboensis and E. laevifolius were incor-porated into the diet of rats for varying periods of time. Renal nephroblastomas were produced in some rats receiving mixtures of the kernel and outer flesh of the seeds of E. umbe/uziensis, outer flesh only of E. villosus, E. lebomboensis and E. laevifolius, and the kernel of E. laevifolius. The latter also caused the development of a renal carcinoma in one rat. Hepatocellular carcinomas were present in some rats which had received mixtures of the kernel and outer flesh of E. umbe/uziensis and E. villosus. All 4 cycads tested caused acute intoxication in rats, and this resulted in centrilobular hepatocellular necrosis, while chronic intoxication produced nodular hyperplasia of the liver and hyperplastic and hypertrophic alterations in the kidney tubular epithelium. Chronic changes in the liver and kidney were seen in some of the rats fed the peduncles and/or scales of 2 of the cycad species.


An important property of our motor system is the ability to either perform or inhibit an automatic goal‐directed reaction. Imagine, for example, how easily we can catch a ball, while at the same time we would never grasp a stinging insect approaching us. The oculomotor system provides a good model to study this ability. Monkey midbrain superior colliculus neurons are responsible for automatic visually evoked saccades, whereas the frontal eye fields can prevent reflexive glances. Little is known about human superior colliculus or the competition between the midbrain and frontal areas controlling saccades. In the present functional magnetic resonance study we used the gap paradigm, where a stimulus fixated with the eyes is removed 200 ms prior to saccade target onset. Subjects were required to either look at the target or prevent an eye movement. From what is known from non‐human primate neurophysiology, it is expected that the gap will result in enlarged neuronal activity in the human superior colliculus, disinhibiting the oculomotor system and enhancing automatic reactions. Importantly, we demonstrate that the human superior colliculus homologue is indeed activated by the removal of a fixation target, in either task. The frontal eye fields show a reverse pattern when saccades were suppressed. Furthermore, magnitude of responses in the superior colliculus correlated negatively with saccade latency, and in the frontal eye fields positively. These findings confirm for the first time that the human superior colliculus generates automatic goal‐directed saccades, whereas the frontal eye fields can exert volitional control over automatic orienting.


Photograph of the interior of St. James Catholic Church during a service. The audience is standing in the pews, and two lines are leading up to the altar. Writing on the back of the photograph identifies the service as the first Holy Communion Class, in 1941.


Social media are gaining prominence as an element of destination marketing organisation (DMO) marketing strategy at a time when public sector cuts in their funding are requiring them to seek greater value in the way marketing budgets are spent. Social media offers DMOs with a tool to reach a global audience with limited resources. The aim of this study is to explore the usage of social media among the DMOs of the top 10 most visited countries by international tourists. The study uses content analysis and semi-structured interviews to examine the usage and impact of social media marketing strategies and identifies a framework of best practice for other national tourism organizations (NTOs) to learn from. The study argues that social media usage among top DMOs is still largely experimental and that strategies vary significantly.


Recently in this laboratory a new route for the synthesis of azitidinones (6a-g) was developed by eco-friendly reactions to increase the yield of products by maintaining the purity of them. As well as the use of chloroacetyl chloride is a pungent, suffocating odor so, the Eco- friendly method for the synthesis of azetidinone was established. By considering this a novel synthesis of 3-chloro-4-3-nitrophenyl)-1-phenyl-azetidin-2-one (6a-g) were successfully carried out by interacting, N-[(E)-3-nitrophenyl) methylidene] aniline Schiff bases [3a] with triethylamine [4] and chloroacetyl chloride [5] in dioxane medium without any type of refluxion for the synthesis of the azetidinone. The justification and identification of the structure of these newly synthesized compounds had been established on the basis of chemical characteristics, elemental analysis and through spectral data.


Anxiety and stress are the main concerns of human being, especially for postgraduate students. Both anxiety and stress disturb life balance and can lead to lower levels of their performance. Stress is the body's reaction to a change that requires a physical, mental or emotional adjustment or response.Stressreflects experience of stressors in postgraduate students, can create psychological and physiological reactions that occur in the face of stressors. Anxiety is a dimension of stress occurring in response to external as well as internal stimuli and can lead to behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and physical
symptoms for postgraduate students. High stress levels in postgraduate students lead to anxiety, poor academic performance, attrition, and serious health problems. This study was designed based on the application ofStress Inoculation Training (SIT) program, as developed by Meichenbaum (1977). The SIT method provides an overview for treating and preventing of stress and anxiety among postgraduate students. It provides support and describes the potential role of therapeutic recreation in the development of stress management and anxiety control. The objective of this study is to examine the effectiveness of SIT program on stress, anxiety and coping strategies level of postgraduate students.This research was carried out in the Faculty of educational studies of Universiti Putra Malaysia. The population of the study was all postgraduate students enrolled in this Faculty in the academic year of 2012-2013.
The present study used experimental design to achieve its objectives. Simple random sampling was employed to achieve high level stress and anxiety among postgraduate students in thefaculty of education. Sixty four students with high level stress and anxiety were randomly assigned to each group, 32 of the respondents were participated in experimental group and 32 of them were participated in control group. The instruments of the study werePerceived Stress Scale (PSS14) for measuring the levels of stress,
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y) for measuring the levels of anxiety, and Ways of Coping Scale (WOCS) for coping strategies. SPSS version (20) was the analytical
tools used in this study.
The results of repeated measure ANOVAshowed that the interaction between group and test was statistically significant for stress, anxiety and eight dimensions of coping strategies. Furthermore, the results of mean comparison between experimental and control groups in pre and posttest using t-test (independent and paired)showed that the level of respondent's stress and anxiety were reduced significantly by SIT program. The results also revealed that SIT program increasedsignificantly six dimensions of coping strategies including confrontive coping, seeking social support, accepting responsibility,
self-controlling, planful problem-solving, and positive reappraisal, while, decreased two dimensions of coping strategies including distancing and escape-avoidance.The findings from this research can provide information to those who intend to plan beneficial programs for the university students to improve their academic performance regarding to treatment of anxiety, management of stress, and development their coping strategies.


The Yap Islands consist of four major islands, Yap, Gagil-Tamil, Maap, and Rumung. Of these, Yap Island has more than half the total land area, most of the population, and almost all of the economic development. The islands of Maap and Rumung together compose only 15% of the land area and population. Average annual rainfall over the Yap Islands amounts to 122 inches. Rainfall-runoff comparisons indicate that about half of the annual rainfall runs off to the ocean on Yap Island and Gagil-Tamil. Streams on Gagil-Tamil are perennial but streams on Yap Island are dry an average of 3 months per year due to geologic differences. Analyses of water samples from 23 sources show the good quality and the chemical similarity of surface and ground water. This report summarizes the hydrologic data collected and provides interpretations that can be used by the planning and public works officials of Yap to make decisions concerning development and management of their water resources. 33 refs., 35 figs., 81 tabs.


Due to the low degree of sequence similarity it has been speculated that murine and human S100A9 (MRP14), an inflammatory marker protein belonging to the S100 protein family, may have different cellular functions in mouse and man. The present study was undertaken to investigate the murine S100A9 protein (mS100A9) biochemically. We demonstrate that in murine peripheral CD11b+ cells up to 20% of the protein of the cytosolic fraction consists of mS100A9 and that several minor mS100A9 isoforms are present. Cell fractionation experiments with CD11b+ murine leukocytes showed that mS100A9 is found in the cytosol as well as in the insoluble fraction. Transient expression of a green fluorescence protein-mS100A9 fusion in mammalian cells revealed that mS100A9 is localized in neither the nucleus nor the vesicles. Recombinantly expressed murine S100A9 interacts in vitro with murine and human S100A8 in an in vitro glutathione S-transferase pull-down assay. Homodimerization was not observed. For further biochemical analysis the myeloid 32D cell line is presented as a suitable model, to study murine myeloid expressed S100 proteins. Both murine S100A9 and its dimerization partner mS100A8 are expressed at the onset of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor induced myeloid differentiation. Substantial amounts of this complex are constitutively secreted by granulocytic 32D cells into the medium. In summary, these data suggest, that the human and murine S100A9 may share a higher degree of functional homology than of sequence similarity.


Alcohol is a noxious substance with considerable effects on men's potency and fertility. In case of acute intoxication as well as in case of long-term effects of ethanol there is a significant decrease of testosterone and a consecutive increase of gonadotrophin LH resulting in primary hypogonadism. Moreover, chronic alcoholism leads to organic damages of the testes and the liver. Consequently the clinical symptoms and laboratory data show complex changes. Aside from the decrease of testosterone there is an increase of oestrogens (chiefly of estrone); thus increased oestrogenial effects are found in connection with changes regarding synthesis, metabolism, conversion, as well as intravascular and intracellular (receptors) binding proteins. These patients often show gynaecomastia.


Revision of the National Mediator Accreditation System, effective from 1 July 2015, removes the requirement for mediators to demonstrate understanding of neutrality as an ethical competency. The principle of impartiality has been retained and the principle of self-determination has been newly included as an ethical competency. The self-determination of participants, recognised in the original version of the NMAS, has been more clearly articulated as the aim of mediation practice. Abandonment of the principle of neutrality signals a need to reconsider the role of the mediator, which was once identified with control of the process of mediation, though neutral as to its content and outcome. Abandonment of neutrality calls for an alternative frame of reference for ethical practice in mediation. In this paper, the relationship of trust between mediator and parties is proposed as a suitable and defensible alternative ethical framework. It is argued that this relationship can be constructed according to principles associated with fiduciary and therapeutic relationships, in recognition of the distinctive socio-legal context of practice. Abandonment of neutrality also raises issues as to the mediator's role in achieving fairness for participants. It is argued that relationships of trust provide a convincing framework within which to consider issues of substantive fairness in mediation.


Photocatalytic water splitting is a potential solution for energy and environmental problems. By using density functional theory method, here, we present an experimentally unexplored two-dimensional (2D) material, palladium thiophosphate (Pd₃(PS₄)₂), as a promising photocatalyst for water splitting. 2D Pd₃(PS₄)₂ is predicted to be exfoliated mechanically from the bulk phase and is dynamically stable. The calculated band gaps for mono-, bi-, and trilayered Pd₃(PS₄)₂ are 2.81 eV (direct), 2.79 eV (indirect), and 2.70 eV (indirect), respectively. Moreover, their band edges straddle between the redox potentials of water. Thus, 2D Pd₃(PS₄)₂ would be a promising photocatalyst for water splitting. Additionally, the strain has significant impact on light absorption and can further improve the photocatalytic capability. Our work expands the family of 2D materials and highlights a new interesting material for solar hydrogen production.


Sand soils occupy 270,000 acres of the Wellington West Coast between Paekakariki and Patea. Four age phases are recognized, the older three being referred to collectively as the Older Dune Complex and the most recent, the Waitarere Phase, as the Younger Dune Complex. This last derives from wind erosion caused mainly by a century of European farming occupation. The climate is characterized by strong winds and. summer drought. The natural vegetation has been modified to a limited extent by 1,000 years of Maori occupation and more completely by recent pastoral use. The stability and use of the soils of this sand country are largely dependent on their moisture status, which forms the main basis of their classification. The earliest official recognition of the sand drift problem was the passing of the Sand Drift Act 1908. This was followed by a pilot reclamation scheme undertaken by the Lands Department and the Forest Service at Tangimoana between 1915 and 1931. Sand reclamation was then extended under the Public Works Department until 1951, when it reverted to the Lands Department and the Forest Service. Government policy in sand reclamation has aimed primarily at bringing more coastal land into farm production, forest production being a secondary consideration. At present, State forests at Waitarere, Tangimoana and Santoft contain 18,700 acres of which 12,000 acres are regarded as potentially productive and 5,200 acres have been planted. The timber requirements of the Manawatu-Wanganui district and adjacent districts are substantial and a land-use study has shown that, on the freer draining sand soils, forestry is significantly more profitable than sheep/beef farming and is of comparable profitability to dairying on the limited areas suitable for this type of farming. Dairying combined with farm forestry is more profitable than either enterprise on its own.


This paper gives methods to calculate the pairing temperature T*, at which a pseudogap is opened, and the superconducting temperature Tc, at which superconductivity appears, in the high-Tc cuprates, and demonstrates directly that at Tc<T<T* the pseudogap is the gap of Cooper pair without long-range phase coherence, and at T<Tc there is long-range phase coherence between Cooper pairs. Based on the above clear physical picture on the pseudogap state and our mechanism for the ac Josephson effect, this paper proposes that there should be a novel oscillatory current in P-I-P junction, induced by a constant bias on the junction. Here, P represents the high-Tc curates in the pseudogap state, where Cooper pairs do not have long-range phase coherence, and I represents the thin insulating barrier. This paper conjectures that there is a possible high-temperature superconductivity in the heavily underdoped high-Tc cuprates.


One Saturday in May, 2014, I visited the Lower Ninth Ward neighborhood of New Orleans with a group of my law students. The students had spent Monday through Friday volunteering with pro bono legal service providers throughout the City as part of the Law School's annual mission trip and were going to spend that Saturday working on some rebuilding projects in the Lower Ninth Ward — an area that had been devastated by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and was still struggling to rebound. While shuttling students between job sites, I was shocked to see a number of newly built houses that looked as if they had been dropped from outer space into the middle of the "Lower Nine." They had oddly angled roofs with solar panels, swooping overhangs, and, in some cases, the entryways were more than a story above ground. I later learned that these houses had been built by actor Brad Pitt's organization, Make It Right. They seemed to me to be grotesque caricatures of the Greek revival, Italianate, Creole cottages, and shotgun houses that had previously occupied the landscape. My sentiments were echoed by those of experts who had also made post-Katrina pilgrimages to the Lower Ninth Ward to observe or participate in rebuilding efforts. One architect recounted his dismay: When I visited New Orleans last fall, there was no way to prepare myself for the despair I felt when walking through the Lower 9th Ward, even 6 years after the storm . . . . A vacuum of leadership at every level has left the task of "salvation" to celebrities, and their private celebrity architects — with projects that are an exercise of vanity over practicality. What was most dismaying was seeing "celebrity architecture" masquerading as sustainable housing . . . . Are we seriously expected to believe that a handful of LEED houses will somehow create a template for the future, even while the architecture itself destroys the porch culture that formerly characterized the close-knit social life of the neighborhood? Whose intentions are really more important? I would add to the speaker's questions an additional one: once the more important intentions are identified, how might historic preservation law aid in effectuating those intentions? In Part I of this Article, I argue that rebuilding approaches like Make It Right's — approaches that admittedly seek to "change the way buildings are designed and built" — often fail to adhere to cultural and historical norms. This failure misses an opportunity to preserve the history of a community — one of the essential functions of historic preservation. In advocating for a larger role for historic preservation law in post-disaster rebuilding, I also explore the history of the Ninth Ward, the nature of pre-Katrina activism in this predominantly African-American community, and the role of place and space in that activism, as typified by the role of the front porch and the development of "porch culture." I explore these issues by harkening back to the roots of African American homeownership in New Orleans — roots that extend to the legacy of real property ownership established by antebellum free women of color. In Part III of this Article, I examine the City of New Orleans's current historic preservation mechanisms and posit that in instances of complete destruction or widespread devastation, existing historic preservation ordinances and processes must apply not just to pre-designated historic districts, but also to entire neighborhoods. I argue that such a regulatory scheme is necessary to maintain neighborhood integrity in the face of widespread destruction, such as that wrought by Hurricane Katrina in 2005.


In this article, a new indoor multiuser (MU) multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) visible light communication (VLC) system is proposed, where the dynamic range of the light emitting diodes (LED-DR) and illumination requirements are taken into consideration. Exploiting the characteristics of LED-DR and the block diagonalization precoding (BDP) technique, we design a weight-adjusted BDP (WA-BDP) scheme that can exploit the LED-DR to offer a high performance in terms of bit error rate (BER). Moreover, utilizing the LED array equipped with a number of LEDs, a spatial dimming (SD) mechanism based on LED selection is employed to fulfill the uniform illumination requirement for typical indoor scenarios. Finally, we combine the WA-BDP technique and SD to form the proposed spatially-dimmed, weight-adjusted block diagonalization precoded (SD-WA-BDP) MU-MIMO-VLC system, where the LED-DR is fully utilized to support simultaneous illumination and communication. In addition, two options of the SD-WA-BDP scheme are developed to manage the performance and complexity tradeoff. Simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed scheme.


A digital apparatus for automated hysteresis loop measurement and data processing was designed, realized and verified. The key SW operation, the discrete Fourier transform, DFT, allows effective data processing. The results can be presented by many different means: in time, frequency, field and power domain, for instance. The frequency spectrum is used for filtering, elimination of DC component, effective loop approximation etc. In the field domain the spectrum components can be displayed as Lissajouse figures and the instantaneous power of individual harmonics can be visualized. Effective loop approximation allows efficient storing of results from large amount of measurements. Complete data processing and their efficient storing gives a lot of information for the explanation of physical processes, design of ferroelectrics devices, etc.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the severity of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in men compared to women.

METHODS
A validated Lupus Severity of Disease Index (SDI) was used to assess disease severity in a retrospective multicenter case-control study. Each man (n = 18) was matched with 1-3 women (n = 36) for age, disease duration, and clinical setting. Clinical and serologic features were assessed and compared.

RESULTS
There was no significant sex difference in disease severity (SDI 4.8 men vs 3.9 women). Comparison of other clinical or serologic manifestations showed that cerebritis, thromboembolic phenomena, and antiphospholipid antibodies were more common in men.

CONCLUSION
There is no difference in lupus disease severity between men and women. However, there are sex-specific differences in expression of some disease manifestations.


Due to their high intrinsic thermal conductivity, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have previously been incorporated into a variety of thermal management applications to improve cooling performance. Implementation of controlled CNT growth techniques and functionalization methods are applied herein to enhance boiling heat transfer from the porous capillary wicking surfaces widely used in high heat flux thermal management devices. A microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) synthesis process resulted in growth of a permeable CNT coating, and physical vapor deposition of copper over these nanotubes yielded the requisite hydrophilic wicking surface. An array of test samples was fabricated and then evaluated using an experimental test facility to determine the reduction in surface temperature resulting from CNT coating and micropatterning of the porous surfaces under two-phase heat transfer conditions with water as the working fluid. Both CNT coating and micropatterning techniques were able to provide significant performance enhancements, reducing the surface superheat up to 72% compared to baseline tests and eliminating disadvantageous temperature overshoot corresponding to boiling incipience. Such performance gains are attributable to the formation of nanoporous cavities that increase nucleation site density and high permeability vents through which vapor can readily depart the surface under vigorous boiling conditions. The synthesis procedures developed that result in the observed enhancement can be readily incorporated into currently employed devices.


Background of the study: Female foeticide is violation of right, a basic human right and guarantee under the constitution. In the case of female foeticide, the female children in the wombs of expecting mothers, they are not only denied the right to live but are robbed to their right to be born. Social, cultural, financial and psychological reasons are responsible for the prevalence of evil female foeticide in our society. With the view that the law alone cannot get rid of female foeticide, steps can be taken to create public awareness about this matter / menace and educate them about the daughter role in supporting the parents in their old age. Aim: The aim of the study was to compare the knowledge and attitude regarding Female Foeticide among urban and rural women. Methodology: The Comparative design was used. The conceptual framework used in the study was Ludwig Von Bertalanffy General system theory. The total sample size for the study was 100 women (21-45Yrs) in Fatehabad District. Written consent has obtained from the samples. Non Probability Convenient sampling technique has been used and data collection by structured knowledge questionnaire and Attitude scale. Results: The major finding of the study revealed that in Knowledge, 80% of urban women's have average knowledge, 58% of rural women's have average knowledge, 38% of rural women's have low knowledge, 12% of urban women's have low knowledge and 8 % urban women's have the good knowledge. 4 % rural women's have the good knowledge regarding female foeticide. In Attitude 94% of rural women have average attitude, 88 % of urban women's have average attitude, 6% of urban women's have low attitude, 4.0% of rural women's have low attitude, 6.0% of urban women's have good attitude and 2% rural women's have the good attitude regarding female foeticide. The statistical outcomes of association between socio demographic characters of urban and rural women's with their knowledge regarding female foeticide. It is evidenced that the knowledge is not influenced by marital status, religion, type of family, occupation, family income, number of children, source of information. There is significant relationship between knowledge of urban women and socio demographic variable. There is no significant relationship between knowledge of urban women and socio demographic variable. There is no significant relationship between attitude of urban and rural women and socio demographic variables. Conclusion: This study concludes that in both knowledge and attitude Urban mothers stands in front. So rural mothers need more attention and education to prevent and stop female feticide.


People with severe mental illness have complex disabilities affecting mental functions, daily activities, and social life, thus they need help from others in carrying out daily functional activities. Optimizing the recovery of severe mental illness requires a holistic approach and integration between mental health services and supportive communities so that sufferers can interact with others, have a positive self-concept, and improve their well-being. This study aims to describe a community-based model of recovery for people with severe mental illness. Several literature studies were obtained from 50 reference sources through Science Direct, Google Scholar, Proquest Health and Medical Complete, Proquest Nursing, and Allied Health Sources from 2009 to 2019. Results explain that the community provides an adequate support system in improving the care of people with severe mental illness. Support systems in the community involve social and physical aspects as well as the economic infrastructure through employment opportunities or financial support and a decent living. The interaction between community members and people with severe mental illness could be a positive thing in strengthening the motivation of people with severe mental illness to recover and be able to do their activities independently. The recovery process of severe mental illness requires strong motivation and commitment from the sufferer, the family, all society members, community mental health service team, and related policymakers. It can be concluded that people with severe mental illness need support from various parties in terms of future life planning, identifying strengths and weaknesses that they have, and recognizing multiple obstacles and support so that they recover and live independently.


The aim of this study was to compare the pitting corrosion resistance of two austenitic stainless steels, AISI 304L and AISI 316Ti, which are often used for agricultural machinery building. For the corrosion experiments, animal slurry from a pig farm was used. The results obtained from electrochemical corrosion experiments were proceeded by significance tests in Statistica software. The average value of the pitting corrosion potential of AISI 304L stainless steel in the animal slurry is equal 1044.3±146.6 mVSCE whereas the average potential for AISI 316Ti SS equals 1058.4 ±28.3m mVSCE. Corrosion potential of AISI 304L SS is equal 549±80.5 mVSCE, while for AISI 316Ti SS it equals 425.9±80.5 mVSCE. The range of pitting corrosion potentials of AISI 304L SS (364 mVSCE) was over four times higher than that for AISI 316Ti SS (84 mVSCE); the minimum values of pitting corrosion potential for AISI 304L SS (779 mVSCE) was lower than that obtained for AISI 316Ti SS (1012 mVSCE). On the basis of the results it may be concluded that AISI 304L stainless steel is less resistant in case of pitting corrosion resistance than AISI 316Ti SS. For this reason, austenitic AISI 316Ti stainless steel should be used for the transportation or storage of animal slurry.


Abstract This article explores the way vegan and vegetarian diets have been articulated within neo-liberal post-feminist culture. While these diets have an important role for vegetarian eco-feminists, as signs of resistance against the patriarchal and capitalist exploitative system, in post-feminism they have become sexy and business oriented. This shift is analyzed through the case study of Beyoncé's involvement with the commercial enterprise "22 days," a dietary regime that involves the elimination of any animal product for 22 days. Our argument is that while eco-feminists have embraced vegetarian and vegan regimes as ethical and political choices, post-feminism depoliticizes and deradicalizes them. In this way, they become part of an individualistic project that emphasizes empowerment and meritocracy; choice, agency, and responsibilization; and the focus on a healthy, sexy body. Ultimately, the post-feminist articulation of vegan diets promotes a form of "commodity veg*ism," that is not only devoid of any critical force, but also reproduces existing patterns of discrimination and inequality. We use the term veg*ism to indicate the fluid uptake of vegan and vegetarian diets, whereby the avoidance of animal products relies more on an individual than on ethical and/or political choice.


A 10.6 S fragment with an approximate molecular weight of 320,000, which represented the Fc portion of the human IgM was isolated by digesting the IgM in the absence of cysteine with activated papain. Comparison of antigenic properties, amino acid composition and carbohydrate content of this fragment with those of the Fc fragment obtained from the subunits of IgM previously, indicated that this 10.6 S fragment was composed of the Fc portions of IgM subunits. The 10.6 S fragment dissociated into 3.2 S Fc units by mild reduction followed by alkylation. Thus it was evidenced that the intersubunit disulfide bonds of IgM are located on the Fc portions of the subunits.


Inpatient psychiatric costs were a significant part of the CHAMPUS bill at Bayne Jones Army Community Hospital. With implementation of Gateway to Care, a case management program was developed for intervention. In May 1993, Foundation Health Federal Services Inc. began a modified CHAMPUS Reform Initiative program providing an opportunity to retrospectively analyze two methods of managed care. Civilian hospital inpatient admissions for both programs during fiscal year (FY) 1993 were compared to corresponding periods in FY 1992. Under the case management program, admissions were reduced by 67%, occupied bed days by 74%, and costs by 76%. Under the Foundation Health Program, admissions were reduced by 13%, occupied bed days by 15%, and total costs by 42%. Both methods achieved savings over standard CHAMPUS. In spite of constraints that Foundation Health did not have, the case management program appeared to be more effective, demonstrating that a managed health care program directed by the hospital commander can significantly reduce costs.


The problem of classifying various discourses is topical. The aim of this research is to describe various discourses of sport communication. Sport is a huge sphere of human physical activity. The questions addressing sport as communication through the different structure of physical activity are rather topical in our research. Sport is a form of physical activity that is performed by professionals, non-professionals and their supporters. Ethnocultural studies can provide insight into the peculiarities of sport communication through a verbalised description of the cognitive-pragmatic processes involved in this communication. This will greatly benefit our multicultural world. Having generalised the empirical data of translation practice in the field of sport, it remains for researchers to work out new models of sport discourse based on European languages. We provide an interdisciplinary understanding of the integrated system of knowledge accessed from different fields for solving the topical and difficult scientific, theoretical and practical tasks of sport megadiscourse in the context of an integral and competency-based approach that combines the cognitive, ethno-cultural, medico-social and psycholinguistic aspects. This synergetic approach is used to consider the subject from the setting of international competitions and the Russian 2014 Olympics. Larisa G. Yarmolinets, Sultan M. Akhmetov, Elena N. Luchinskaya, Zhanna Z. Terpelets and Maria N. Kunina 126 Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum. 25 (S): 125 136 (2017)


An estimated 2.5 million people worldwide are living with multiple sclerosis (MS), and this disease may be increasing in prevalence. MS is a disease of the central nervous system that is associated with heterogeneous symptoms and functional consequences, and the current first-line disease-modifying therapies often become ineffective later in the disease. There is increasing evidence for the benefits of physical activity (PA) in people with MS, but this population is generally physically inactive and sedentary. We proposed 10 research questions to guide future research on PA and MS: (1) Is PA an MS disease-modifying behavior? (2) What are the benefits of PA among people with MS? (3) What is the optimal PA prescription for people with MS? (4) What are the safety issues with PA in people with MS? (5) What characteristics of people with MS modify the benefits of PA? (6) What variables explain participation in PA among people with MS? (7) What are effective behavioral interventions for PA change in people with MS? (8) How do we translate PA research into clinical MS practice? (9) What is the role of sedentary behavior in people with MS? And (10) what is the optimal measurement of PA in people with MS? These questions are critical for informing our understanding of the short- and long-term consequences of PA in MS as well as for identifying approaches for promoting and sustaining PA in MS. Addressing these questions may greatly improve the lives of people with this chronic disease.