Electronic laboratory notebooks (ELNs) offer significant advantages over traditional paper laboratory notebooks (PLNs), yet most research labs today continue to use paper documentation. While biopharmaceutical companies represent the largest portion of ELN users, government and academic labs trail far behind in their usage. Our lab, a translational science laboratory at New York University School of Medicine (NYUSoM), wanted to determine if an ELN could effectively replace PLNs in an academic research setting. Over 6 months, we used the program Evernote to record all routine experimental information. We also surveyed students working in research laboratories at NYUSoM on the relative advantages and limitations of ELNs and PLNs and discovered that electronic and paper notebook users alike reported the inability to freehand into a notebook as a limitation when using electronic methods. Using Evernote, we found that the numerous advantages of ELNs greatly outweighed the inability to freehand directly into a notebook. We also used imported snapshots and drawing program add-ons to obviate the need for freehanding. Thus, we found that using Evernote as an ELN not only effectively replaces PLNs in an academic research setting but also provides users with a wealth of other advantages over traditional paper notebooks.


B cells secrete antibodies and mediate the humoral immune response, making them extremely important in protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2, which caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In this review, we summarize the positive function and pathological response of B cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection and re-infection. Then, we structure the immunity responses that B cells mediated in peripheral tissues. Furthermore, we discuss the role of B cells during vaccination including the effectiveness of antibodies and memory B cells, viral evolution mechanisms, and future vaccine development. This review might help medical workers and researchers to have a better understanding of the interaction between B cells and SARS-CoV-2 and broaden their vision for future investigations.


Libraries have long been interested in new technology, both for their ability to improve service quality and for their potential to improve operational efficiency. In light of the potential savings in operations and administration of collections and users that e-resources provide, libraries of all types—public, academic research, and special—are eager to embrace new technology. In order to be read by a computer, e-resources are digital objects that include electronic representations of books, journals, and other reading materials. Electronic versions of library materials are now widely accessible and may be accessed over the internet. There is no time limit on when you may get the information you need.


The study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between the blood lactic acid (BLA) level, serum procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP) and the severity and prognosis of neonatal sepsis. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 90 children with sepsis admitted into the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of the Hubei Institute for Nationalities Af liated Hospital hospital. Patients were divided into the non-survival group and the survival group. Severity of the 90 patients was evaluated according to Neonatal Critical Illness Score (NCIS). Observations were made on changes of the levels of BLA, PCT and CRP, correlation between BLA, PCT, CRP and NCIS as well as the association of the levels of these proteins with the prognosis of the patients. The 90 sick children were divided into the survival group (61 cases, 67.7%) and the non-survival group (29 cases, 32.2%). They were further stratified into the extremely severe group (n=20), severe group (n=39) and non-severe group (n=31) according to NCIS scoring standard. The BLA and NCIS scores of the non-survival group were significantly greater than those of the survival group. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). We found that there was a significant negative correlation between the BLA values and NCIS scores of the two groups. We also demonstrated significant positive correlation between the BLA value, PCT and CR (P<0.05). We observed a significant negative correlation between PCT, CRP and NCIS scores (P<0.05). The PCT level of the non-survival group was significantly higher than that of the survival group (P<0.05), while the NCIS score was significantly lower than that of the survival group (P<0.05). The CRP and PCT protein expression results of the sepsis patients were higher than those of the control group. Therefore, there is a significant correlation between BLA, CRP, PCT and NCIS. The lower the NCIS score is, the more significant the increase of BLA, PCT and CRP. Thus, the combined detection of levels of BLA, PCT and CRP may predict the severity of neonatal sepsis patients and their prognosis.


The interface between science and engineering has been characterized as an almost impermeable membrane impeding the interchange of information between the two activities. Evidence presented here suggests that this model is insufficient to describe the complex interaction of sciences and engineering through the formal communication system of science. Engineers who publish are clearly more literature-conscious, and were found to have a stronger science orientation than is typically ascribed to the average engineer.


Text in English and German. 2 Books in slipcase. Karl Friedrich Schinkel called his designs for a palace on the Acropolis in Athens and for Orianda Castle in the Crimea a 'beautiful dream'. They date from 1834 and 1838 and were Schinkel's last major projects, in which he presented his ideal of architecture in brilliant drawings and watercolours, as if in a last will and testament. Both the formal language of neo-Classical architecture and the quality of presentation are brought to a level here that can scarcely be surpassed. It is clear how highly Schinkel himself esteemed these two unrealized designs from the fact that he had them printed as coloured lithographs in his publication 'Werke der hoheren Baukunst fur die Ausfuhrung erfunden' (Potsdam 1840 to 1942). These lithographs are reprinted in a large format for the first time here, complemented by the no less spectacular lithographs of the two Pliny villas, Tusculum and Laurentinum. These works, which represent a high point in the long story of the reconstruction of the two villas that have come down to us only in literature, also show Schinkel's impressive ability to demonstrate and convey his architectural ideas. He is profoundly concerned, both in the reconstructions of the Pliny villas and in the designs for the royal palace on the Acropolis and Orianda Castle to be archaeologically precise and to fulfil prescribed building programmes, but also to plumb the possibilities of architecture beyond mere utility. For the Acropolis palace project he had his eye mainly on the way in which the new building would interact with the surviving remains of the Propylaea and the Parthenon. In the Orianda project it is a glazed observation pavilion in the form of a temple that expresses architecture's perception of itself more clearly than perhaps ever before.


The idea of this thesis is to introduce two numerical methods which are known as coupled block methods for solving first order Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) using variable step size and order. The methods consist of two block methods which were presented as in the simple form of the Adams Moulton type. Next, the methods were implemented for solving Delay Differential Equations (DDEs) using variable step size and order. The delay term was approximated using divided difference interpolation. The stability properties of the developed block methods when applied to ODEs and DDEs were studied and their regions of stability were presented. The numerical results showed that the performance of the proposed methods are acceptable in terms of total number of steps, maximum error and execution time for solving first order ODEs and DDEs using variable step size and order. In conclusion, the methods were competitive and suitable for solving ODEs and DDEs


878 NOTICES OF THE AMS VOLUME 42, NUMBER 8 Technical writing, and mathematical writing in particular, is a complex and difficult task. While a number of excellent articles have been devoted to mathematical writing, few if any address issues concerning the use of computer technology. The aim of the present article is to draw the reader's attention to existing works on mathematical writing, to offer some suggestions on writing in general which are tangentially computer-related (such as concerns that arise in LTEX typing but not in plain typing), and to voice some opinions on the proper use of computers in typesetting (not necessarily in this order). LTEX is a powerful tool which can be used creatively or detrimentally, but the young writer who has never encountered or pondered issues of technical writing (e.g., this author five years ago) is far more likely to exploit the detrimental capacity. There is danger of becoming infatuated with the capabilities of LTEX, especially the bewildering variety of fonts and symbols, and neglecting less glamorous but more important aspects of writing such as style, diction, clear communication of ideas, and accurate citation of existing work, not to mention the more subtle aspects of typography such as proper line breaking, spacing, and numbering. In the age of LTEX especially, authors must devote thought to the mechanics of writing and formatting or suffer the consequences of producing literature that is ugly as printed work and is difficult to read, cite, and use. Computer technology has revolutionized the production of mathematical literature. From an author's point of view, the two most important developments are editing (in the sense of word processing) and typesetting capabilities, including previewing. The inconvenience of typing is evoked by Krantz [7], who describes Stephan Bergmann's hilarious modus operandi, and Halmos [3, pp. 143–144], whose tribulations simply need not occur today. More importantly, however, computer typesetting has brought the formatting—as opposed to writing—of mathematical papers into the author's realm of control: LTEX gives the author complete freedom to locate symbols on a printed page. The flipside of this freedom is the responsibility to act competently as a typographical compositor. In order to produce material that is attractive and easy to read, it is helpful to have some idea of the nature of typographical composing. The gist can be gleaned from Halmos [2, 3] and Doob et al. [1], who describe the pre-LTEX typesetting process. Many things have changed since [1], a manual of mathematical style, was written, but most of the advice is quite relevant if the reader substitutes "TEX typist" for "compositor". Chapters 11 and 12 of Knuth [5] describe more systematically the mechanics of typographical composition and merit perusal. The writings [1, 2, 3] and the articles of Mermin [10, 11; reprinted also in his book Boojums all the way through, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1990, pp. 63–73] raise many important issues involving technical writing. (Mermin is a physicist, and his views are relevant to mathematical writing as well.) The beginning writer who seeks out these works will better appreciate the perils and pitfalls of technical writing and will vividly appreciate the debt owed to Knuth, Lamport, Spivak, and other contributors to TEX and LTEX. To paraphrase Halmos [3], it is the author's responsibility, not the referee's, to see that the content of a paper is factually correct. Nonetheless, in order to eliminate ambiguous or incorrect wording, journals might routinely submit accepted articles to copyediting (distinct from refereeing) by someone with mathematical train-


Background Previous studies have shown that coronary plaque composition plays a pivotal role in plaque instability, and imaging modalities and serum biomarkers have been investigated to identify vulnerable plaque. Virtual histology IVUS (VH-IVUS) characterizes plaque components as calcified, fibrotic, fibrofatty, or necrotic core. C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is an independent risk factor and a powerful predictor of future coronary events. However, a relationship between inflammatory response indicated by CRP and plaque characteristics in ACS patients remains not well established. Objective To determine, by using VH-IVUS, the relation between coronary plaque components and plasma high-sensitivity CRP levels in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Methods 52 patients with ACS were enrolled in this prospective study. Electrocardiographically-gated VH-IVUS were performed in the culprit lesion before PCI. Blood sample was drawn from all patients before the procedure and after 24 hours, and hs-CRP levels were determined. Results Mean age was 55.3±4.9 years, 76.9% were men and 30.9% had diabetes. Mean MLA was 3.9±1.3 mm2, and plaque burden was 69±11.3%, as assessed by IVUS. VH-IVUS analysis at the minimum luminal site identified plaque components: fibrotic (59.6±15.8%), fibrofatty (7.6±8.2%), dense calcium (12.1±9.2%) and necrotic core (20.7±12.7%). Plasma hs-CRP (mean 16.02±18.07 mg/L) did not correlate with necrotic core (r=-0.089, p = 0.53) and other plaque components. Conclusions In this prospective study with patients with ACS, the predominant components of the culprit plaque were fibrotic and necrotic core. Serum hs C-reactive protein levels did not correlate with plaque composition.


[1] The ionospheric feedback instability has been invoked as a possible mechanism for the formation of narrow auroral arcs. This instability can excite eigenmodes of both field line resonances and the ionospheric Alfven resonator, producing narrow-scale structures. Although the basic dispersion relation of this instability has been discussed for both of these cases, the energetics of this instability has not been discussed quantitatively and questions remain as to the nonlinear evolution of this instability. The free energy for this instability comes from the reduction of Joule heating due to the preexisting convection caused by the self-consistent changes in ionization and conductivity due to Alfvenic perturbations on the ionosphere. In an active ionosphere, narrow-scale Alfven waves can be overreflected; i.e., the reflected wave can have a larger amplitude than the incident wave, with the extra energy coming from a local reduction of Joule heating. Recombination produces a damping of this instability, particularly for high background conductivity, indicating that this instability operates best in a dark background ionosphere. This feedback interaction produces narrow-scale currents when strong gradients in the conductivity are produced, and effects from parallel resistivity or possibly kinetic effects will become important in its evolution. Theoretical constraints on low-spatial resolution observations of the energy dissipated by precipitation as opposed to Joule heating will be discussed.


Recently, some commercial apple growers have been adopting hedging as an alternative or supplement to hand-pruning. With increasing labor costs across the United States, alternatives to hand-pruning and current training systems are being considered. One management strategy involves transitioning tall spindle trees to a narrow tree wall and simplifying labor-intensive activities of apple production, such as pruning, harvesting, and fruit thinning. The objective is to form the orchard system into a "fruiting wall" that makes fruit more visible and accessible, thus facilitating harvesting. Four management practices (tall spindle; narrow tree wall with manual pruning; narrow tree wall with dormant and summer hedging; and narrow tree wall with dormant hedging, summer hedging, and root pruning) were used to convert 12-year-old 'Brak Fuji' apple trees from the tall spindle training system to a narrow tree wall. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and ultraviolet light levels within the canopies were improved by summer hedging, but they were still low for all treatments. Light within the canopy was improved most when root pruning was included. Specific leaf weight was not significantly impacted by hedging or root pruning. Detailed spur sampling showed that treatments had no effect on vegetative or reproductive growth on 2- to 3-year-old wood. Although dormant plus summer hedging alone did not affect shoot length, the combination of hedging and root pruning caused a significant reduction in terminal shoot length. Red fruit color was only improved with dormant hedging plus summer hedging plus root pruning. Compared with dormant plus summer hedging, dormant plus summer hedging plus root pruning improved fruit set and yield, but it reduced fruit size. Without root pruning, hedging had little effect on light, specific leaf weight, flower initiation, fruit set, and fruit quality. Conversion to narrow tree walls by manual pruning resulted in more poorly colored fruit and less highly colored fruit compared with maintaining the trees as tall spindles with manual pruning.


Abstract. The trajectories of soil carbon in our changing climate are of the utmost importance as soil is a substantial carbon reservoir with a large potential to impact the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) burden. Atmospheric CO2 observations integrate all processes affecting carbon exchange between the surface and the atmosphere and therefore are suitable for carbon cycle model evaluation. In this study, we present a framework for how to use atmospheric CO2 observations to evaluate two distinct soil carbon models (CBALANCE, CBA, and Yasso, YAS) that are implemented in a global land surface model (JSBACH). We transported the biospheric carbon fluxes obtained by JSBACH using the atmospheric transport model TM5 to obtain atmospheric CO2. We then compared these results with surface observations from Global Atmosphere Watch stations, as well as with column XCO2 retrievals from GOSAT (Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite). The seasonal cycles of atmospheric CO2 estimated by the two different soil models differed. The estimates from the CBALANCE soil model were more in line with the surface observations at low latitudes (0–45∘ N) with only a 1 % bias in the seasonal cycle amplitude, whereas Yasso underestimated the seasonal cycle amplitude in this region by 32 %. Yasso, on the other hand, gave more realistic seasonal cycle amplitudes of CO2 at northern boreal sites (north of 45∘ N) with an underestimation of 15 % compared to a 30 % overestimation by CBALANCE. Generally, the estimates from CBALANCE were more successful in capturing the seasonal patterns and seasonal cycle amplitudes of atmospheric CO2 even though it overestimated soil carbon stocks by 225 % (compared to an underestimation of 36 % by Yasso), and its estimations of the global distribution of soil carbon stocks were unrealistic. The reasons for these differences in the results are related to the different environmental drivers and their functional dependencies on the two soil carbon models. In the tropics, heterotrophic respiration in the Yasso model increased earlier in the season since it is driven by precipitation instead of soil moisture, as in CBALANCE. In temperate and boreal regions, the role of temperature is more dominant. There, heterotrophic respiration from the Yasso model had a larger seasonal amplitude, which is driven by air temperature, compared to CBALANCE, which is driven by soil temperature. The results underline the importance of using sub-annual data in the development of soil carbon models when they are used at shorter than annual timescales.


The degradation of wood changes various properties; these changes can favor its usage in particular instances, e.g., as an insulation material. Knowledge of the moisture content and movement of moisture in building materials is crucial. The primary focus of this paper is the diffusion coefficient and equilibrium moisture content of three wood species after degradation via Trametes versicolor. Values for the diffusion coefficients were determined under different conditions: a temperature of 20 °C ± 2 °C; and 3 relative air-humidity settings, i.e., 30% ± 3%, 60% ± 3%, and 96% ± 3%. The differences in the longitudinal and transversal directions were statistically significant for all conditions, while the differences in the diffusion coefficients were non-significant for the first two relative-airhumidity settings. A portion of the diffusion coefficient calculation data was used to develop a sorption isotherm for all wood species. The equilibrium moisture content of the degraded wood was determined for each condition. Duncan's multiple-range test showed that the wood species was a significant factor; therefore, the isotherm had to be plotted for each wood species. The number of sorption sites in the monolayer in degraded spruce wood was different from the number in degraded beech and oak wood.


By systematic comparison of two-dimensional electrophoretic patterns of nuclear matrix proteins an ubiquitously occurring (common) nuclear matrix protein, termed NMP 238, was detected. Localization of the protein in isolated nuclear matrices and in nuclear and cytoplasmic regions of cells was determined by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. N-terminal protein sequencing, mass spectrometry, and sequencing of a human EST cDNA clone showed identity of the protein with a nuclear protein, termed TIP49, of as yet uncertain function. Expression of the corresponding gene in diverse human and rat cells was confirmed by Northern blotting. The protein displays two nuclear localization signals. Sequence homologies indicate evolutionary related proteins in nematodes, yeast, and archaebacteria. Similarities to the AAA family of proteins and to a subgroup of chaperones suggest that the nuclear matrix protein may play a role in the assembly and ATP-dependent anchorage of proteins.


This paper aims on collaborative filtering (CF) in TV recommendation system which combines content-based and collaborative filtering recommendation mechanism, we propose an algorithm that using the self-organizing mapping (SOM) to optimize the improved k-means (IK) clustering in collaborative filtering. The whole clustering algorithm is divided into two phases: at the first stage, the quantity of the preliminary clustering and the central point of each cluster were acquired by means of the auto-clustering advantages of SOM algorithm, at the second stage, we first improve the basic k-means algorithm. We utilize the adjusted cosine similarity to calculate the distance from the user to the cluster center, and when calculating the mean of the cluster, just consider all of those users who have given scores for items. The improved k-means improves the accuracy of clustering and is more suitable for using in CF system compared to the basic k-means algorithm. Furthermore we take the results of SOM as the initial input of the IK algorithm to make the further clustering, the accurate clustering results are gained. Finally, the simulations verify that the MAE (mean absolute error)was reduced by 15.7% and 17.4% respectively compared to IK and k-means algorithms, the proposed approach increases the quality of clustering, and enhances the accuracy of the recommended TV program.


Caudal end septal deviation is a common deformity; it results in functional and aesthetic problems. There are several techniques for the correction of the caudal deviations. Here we highlight caudal septal deviation and its management. The participated authors searched for articles related to the current subject and included 10 articles to write this article. The information was organized under main titles. After the discussion of the subject, we could conclude that the caudal septal deviation causes problems in the function of the individual, such as obstruction of the nasal airway. It also causes ethical problems that may affect the patient satisfaction. The gold standard management for the correction of the caudal septal deviation is septoplasty. There are several techniques involved in the management process. The use of a certain technique depends on the severity of the condition.


Background and importance Docetaxel is an antineoplastic drug indicated for the treatment of several types of cancers, such as non-small cell lung cancer and breast cancer. Common side effects include hair loss, low blood cell counts, numbness, shortness of breath, vomiting and muscle pains. However, other less common severe adverse events have been reported. Neutropenic enterocolitis, a serious inflammatory condition of the intestine, may occur in up to 1 in 1000 cancer patients taking docetaxel and its incidence is under continuous monitoring by the EMA's Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee. Aim and objectives To describe and assess a severe case of docetaxel induced neutropenic enterocolitis after the first cycle of chemotherapy in a patient with breast cancer. Material and methods This was a descriptive clinical case. Data were collected from electronic medical records. The Naranjo algorithm was applied to determine causality. Results A 38-year old woman with stage IIB–IIIA invasive ductal breast cancer, hormone receptor positive and HER2 negative, received the first cycle of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with docetaxel 75 mg/m2, epirubicin 75 mg/m2 and cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m2, with filgrastim prophylaxis. Seven days after, she developed uncontrolled abdominal pain with first step analgesics, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and fever. Neutrophil count was 470 cells/µL and the serum creatinine level had increased due to dehydration. A CT scan and echography of the abdomen demonstrated thickening of the walls of the caecum and ascending colon. According to previous findings, she was admitted to the intensive care unit for neutropenic enterocolitis and acute renal failure. The next day, hemicolectomy had to be performed for signs of intestinal ischaemia. Finally, the patient was discharged after multiple infectious complications and 56 days of hospital stay. The Naranjo algorithm established as 'probable' (score 6) the relationship between docetaxel and neutropenic enterocolitis. The Spanish Pharmacovigilance System was notified. Conclusion and relevance In this case, docetaxel was probably responsible for neutropenic enterocolitis. In order to know the real incidence of adverse events listed as rare, it is essential that healthcare professionals officially report suspected adverse reactions. References and/or acknowledgements No conflict of interest.


Since 1957, 29 cases of endocardial cushion defect have been operated upon in this hospital. They included an appreciable number of the more complex forms ofthe anomaly, and in these, as has been the experience of other workers (Cooley, Latson, and Keats, 1958; Kiely et al., 1958; Gerbode et al., 1961, and Scott, Hauck, and Nadas, 1962a), the over-all mortality was distressingly high. There were, however, a number of deaths among the apparently simple cases. Reviewing the causes of death in these "simple" cases suggested that persistence of mitral incompetence had played a dominant role. Difficulty was experienced in repairing the mitral valve because the anatomy was more complicated than had been expected, and of a kind not previously stressed. The problems presented by these patients prompted us to review the group as a whole for there appeared to be a lack of correlation between the clinical evaluation and the findings at operation. We considered it desirable to clarify the anatomy of the lesion and the adequacy of methods for its assessment and treatment, paying particular attention to the mitral valve and the ways in which its form and function might best be determined.


The phosphorescence exitation and emission spectra and the phosphorescence lifetimes of polymerized malonic aldehyde, Shiff bases, linoleic acid, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, cardiolipine, total lipid fraction from human erythrocyte membranes were measured at 77 K. The nature of chromophores of lipid peroxidation products capable of phosphorescence was discussed.


Neuropeptide Y, cholecystokinin (tetra- and octasulphated peptides) and substance P were measured in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid obtained from patients with various neurologic disorders such as Parkinson's disease, cerebrovascular disorders, multiple sclerosis, tuberculous meningitis and aseptic meningitis. These results are statistically compared with healthy results. The results accumulated showed that the data collected can provide the vital information necessary for designing drug therapy.


BACKGROUND
European research on the association between perceived ethnic discrimination (PED) and health is importantly lacking. It is also unknown how much PED contributes to disease prevalence. In this study, we quantified the contribution of PED to depression in five ethnic groups in a middle-size European city.

METHODS
We used cross-sectional data from the HELIUS study (Healthy Life in an Urban Setting), collected from January 2011 to June 2013 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. We included a random sample of 1753 ethnic Dutch, 1143 South-Asian Surinamese, 1794 African Surinamese, 1098 Ghanaians and 850 Turks, aged 18-70 years. PED was assessed using the Everyday Discrimination Scale. Patient Health Questionnaire-9 was used for assessing depressive symptoms and major depressive disorder (MDD). We used logistic regression and calculated the contribution of PED to depressive symptoms and MDD using the population attributable fractions.

RESULTS
Depressive symptoms and MDD were most common in Turks and South-Asian Surinamese, and lowest in ethnic Dutch. PED had a positive association with depressive symptoms and MDD in only the ethnic minority groups. The contributions of PED to depressive symptoms and MDD were around 25% in both the Surinamese groups, and Turks, and ∼15% in Ghanaians.

CONCLUSION
We conclude that PED contributes considerably to depression in ethnic minority groups in a European context. As such, ethnic inequalities in depression could be reduced substantially if ethnic minority groups would not perceive any ethnic discrimination. We encourage more European research on the health impact of PED.


PurposeThis study aims to empirically validate five propositions about the benefits of three-dimensional (3D) visualizations for the management of subsurface utility projects. Specifically, the authors validate whether benefits from 3D in the literature of building construction project management also apply to subsurface utility projects and map them using a taxonomy of project complexity levels.Design/methodology/approachA multiple case study of three utility construction projects was carried out during which the first author was involved in the daily work practices at a utility contractor. 3D visualizations of existing project models were developed, and design and construction meetings were conducted. Practitioners' interactions with and reflections on these 3D visualizations were noted. Observational data from the three project types were matched with the five propositions to determine where benefits of 3D visualizations manifested themselves.FindingsPractitioners found that 3D visualizations had most merit in crowded urban environments when constructing rigid pipelines. All propositions were validated and evaluated as beneficial in subsurface utility projects of complexity level C3. It is shown that in urban projects with rigid pipelines (project with the highest complexity level), 3D visualization prevents misunderstanding or misinterpretations and increases efficiency of coordination. It is recommended to implement 3D visualization approaches in such complex projectsOriginality/valueThere is only limited evidence on the value 3D visualizations in managing utility projects. This study contributes rich empirical evidence on this value based on a six-month observation period at a subsurface contractor. Their merit was assessed by associating 3D approaches with project complexity levels, which may help utility contractors in strategically implementing 3D applications.


Several guidelines and algorithms have been established since the declaration of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic to organize work across surgical departments and face the enormous demands on health care facilities without affecting patient's health and safety. Pediatric ureteric calculi is an uncommon condition that may be encountered and requires appropriate triage and management. However, pediatric urologists are not available in all centers, mandating adult urologists to deal with such cases despite the small volume, especially during COVID-19, where patients transfer is restricted. We have reviewed pediatric ureteroscopy outcomes at our tertiary center as adult urologists did all cases. We retrospectively reviewed the files of all pediatric patients who had endoscopic management of symptomatic ureteric calculi between 2013 and 2020. Patient demographics, stone characteristics, operative details, hospital stay, and complications were recorded and analyzed. Twenty-one patients were included, 13 males and eight females. The mean age was 8.4 ± 2.9 years. The mean ureteral stone size was 9.9 ±3.6 mm. 28.6% (n=6) of patients known to have other comorbidities, 33.3 %(n= 7) of patients required pre-operative double J stent (JJ) stent insertion. One lithotripsy session was sufficient for complete stone clearance in most patients, 76.2 %(n=16), while the remaining patients required two sessions. None of the patients developed postoperative urinary tract infection (UTI) or gross hematuria with clots. All patients except one were discharged home on the same day. Daycare pediatric ureteroscopy is a feasible and safe option to be considered by adult urologists in order to treat pediatric ureteric stone disease, especially in the current era of COVID-19 pandemic where the number of beds is limited, and patients transfer is restricted. © 2022, An-Najah National University. All rights reserved.


This article follows a generative approach to language, which argues that language is in part organized by rules and conditions which are specific to language. In Chomsky (Syntactic Structures, 1957), which is the foundational statement of generative linguistics, an example of a language specific rule was the ›transformational rule‹. This means that language may also be subject to other modes of organization, including linear concatenation, or counting, or rules of sequential ordering, which are not specific to language: these are the ›non-linguistic‹ modes of organization of language. In this article I identify some of the non-linguistic modes of organization as they appear in poetic language, and suggest that many aspects of poetic language must in fact be seen as non-linguistic in this sense. This violates a widely-stated hypothesis held by many linguists (at least since Sapir) who work on poetry, that poetic language is a development of the rules or conditions or processes of non-poetic (ordinary) language: this is the ›development hypothesis‹. I begin with verse, which is text which is divided into lines. Lines are not linguistic entities: they are non-linguistic modes of organization of language. I argue that lines are not composed by the linguistic processes which generate ordinary speech, and which start from conceptual structure and apply syntactic rules to generate utterances. Instead, I suggest that lines of verse may be composed directly by non-linguistic processes which do not necessarily begin from conceptual structure; in this sense, conceptual structure – or meaning – plays a less determinate role in the production of poetry. Direct composition of lines bypasses the normal syntactic rules; instead verse lines are composed by linear concatenation of elements, and have no overall syntax and hence have no inherent interpretation. This presents two problems: first, if lines are not composed by syntactic processes why does a poetic text generally resemble a syntactically well formed text, and second, if there is no syntax there should be no interpretation – the line should be interpreted as though it were a random jumble of words – and yet lines are perfectly easy on the whole to interpret. I propose to solve these two problems by independently generating an unspoken ›ordinary language‹ text alongside the poetic text, and using the ordinary text as a filter by which the poetic text is assessed and if necessary edited by the poet in composition. This explains some formal aspects of verse, including its resemblance to the list of words or phrases (another non-linguistic mode of organization of language), and its sometimes ›crazy‹ syntax. It also explains some of the semantic distinctiveness of verse, such the greater use of indirect meaning, and verse's potential to surprise by its meanings. I conclude this section by speculating on how this might relate to problems of individual creative difference. Next, I look at metrical rules as a constraint on verse lines, and apply the theory of Fabb and Halle (Meter in Poetry. A New Theory, 2008), which attempts to solve the problem of how metrical elements are counted (another non-linguistic phenomenon). I show that while metrical rules share some rules or principles with phonological rules, they also share rules or principles with other types of counting and non-linguistic (e. g., musical or dance) rhythmic organization. Thus, again, literature involves a way of organizing language which is ›non-linguistic‹ in the sense that it is not specific to language. One consequence of this approach is to reinforce the notion that the line is the compositional unit; this goes against the traditional metrical notions that the metrical line is composed from feet or other smaller component parts. In the next section, I distinguish two ways in which any kind of form can hold of language. One type of form is ›inherent‹ in the sense that it is given by the linguistic system, and part of the history of production of the text: being a noun or being a sentence would be a kind of inherent form in this regard. The other type of form is ›communicated‹ in the sense that it holds of a text only because the text communicates to us that it does. Genre would be an example of communicated form because we assign a genre to a text as much as we assign a meaning to a text, on the basis of the evidence provided, in the context of our knowledge (of literature), and with varying degrees of certainty. I suggest that many kinds of poetic form hold simultaneously in two ways, and constitute a pairing of two distinct kinds of form: thus, metrical form can be split into a type of form which is inherent and a type of form which is communicated, and the same is true of lineation. This dual status means that both metrical form and lineation can hold in multiple and contradictory ways of the same text: a text can be in two metres at the same time, and have multiple possible simultaneous lineations. Thus, prose poems might be inherently lineated (composed by the same processes as verse) but communicate that they are prose (present evidence on the page that they are prose). In the final section of the paper I examine the widespread formal practice of parallelism. I note that like metre and lineation it has both inherent and communicated aspects: the inherent aspects of parallelism relate to its use of semantic and formal priming in the mental lexicon, and the communicated aspects relate to the ways in which formal parallelism can create relations between previously unrelated words or notions. I recall Jakobson's influential view that parallelism draws attention to the linguistic form of the text, and thus manifests the poetic function, and I reinterpret Jakobson's account so that it becomes an account of coinciding symmetry and asymmetry, which I argue is an aesthetic effect.


An experimental study is conducted to determine the circulation patterns inside a rectangular enclosure due to natural convection using a Particle Image Velocimeter (PIV). Experiments were conducted using two different fluids (air and water) and for rectangular enclosures with aspect ratios 0.5 and 1.0. Natural convection in enclosures has been experimentally studied in the past. Many of these studies cited in the literature use some kind of an optical method like interferograms, shadowgraphs, streak photographs, or multi-exposure photographs to visualize the flow patterns in the enclosure. The present study employs a commercial two-dimensional PIV to capture, instantaneously, the circulation patterns inside the test section. The test cavity in the present setup is of rectangular shape, which is 5 inches (127 mm) wide, where the height of the enclosure can be changed to obtain aspect ratios of 0.5 and 1.0. The depth of the rectangular enclosure measures 12 inches (305 mm) to minimize the effect of walls normal to the two dimensional flow patterns that are expected in this type of arrangement. The walls of the cavity are made of Aluminum plates. These plates are kept at constant but different temperatures during the experiments. In the present study, hollow glass sphere particles with 10 microns in diameter were used as seeding for water experiments and fine particles/flakes of ash generated from burned incense were used as seeding in the air experiments. For each working fluid, the experiments were repeated for different aspect ratios and for different wall temperature differences which corresponded to Rayleigh numbers in the range of 106 and 107 . Velocity fields were captured at steady state for each experiment using the two-dimensional PIV system. Numerical studies were also carried out using a commercial CFD software. Comparisons of the numerical and experimental results indicate a good match in terms of circulation patterns and velocity magnitudes in the core of the buoyancy driven flow. Discrepancies in measured and predicted values of velocities are more pronounced near to the boundaries of the enclosure. Separate measurements with finer interrogation areas and different PIV setting were required to improve the accuracy of the measurements near the corners (top and bottom) of the enclosure. The results of these measurements are also presented.Copyright © 2011 by ASME


Physical activity is recommended for the management of cancer-related fatigue (CRF), yet the evidence is primarily based on interventions delivered during cancer treatment, with no eligibility criterion for fatigue. There is a need to examine the quantity and quality of the existing literature on physical activity for clinically-relevant CRF that continues after cancer treatment (post-cancer fatigue). The objective of this systematic review was to summarize and evaluate the effect of physical activity on post-cancer fatigue in adults, using randomized trials where fatigue was an eligibility criterion. Studies were included if they: included adult participants with a cancer diagnosis who had completed initial cancer treatments (e.g., surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy); explicitly stated that fatigue was a participant eligibility/inclusion criterion, regardless of how this was described or assessed; involved a physical activity intervention; measured fatigue as a primary or secondary outcome. A previous systematic search was updated and electronic databases (Ovid MEDLINE(R), Ovid MEDLINE(R) and In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and CINAHL) were last searched on October 13, 2020. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for randomized trials. A random-effects meta-analysis for the severity of fatigue across different scales at the end of the intervention was conducted. A total of 1035 participants were randomized across 19 studies. We estimate that less than 10% of the randomized trials of physical activity for CRF include people with post-cancer fatigue. The effect of physical activity on post-cancer fatigue was modest and variable (Hedge's g -0.40; p = 0.010; 95% prediction intervals -1.41 to 0.62). Most studies had an unknown or high risk of bias, there was substantial heterogeneity between trials and evidence for the effect of physical activity on post-cancer fatigue was graded as low certainty. Including people with clinically relevant fatigue is a priority for future research in cancer survivorship. Additional transparently reported randomized clinical trials are needed to better understand the benefits of physical activity for post-cancer fatigue.


We provide a new multi-task benchmark for evaluating text-to-image models. We perform a human evaluation comparing the most common open-source (Stable Diffusion) and commercial (DALL-E 2) models. Twenty computer science AI graduate students evaluated the two models, on three tasks, at three difficulty levels, across ten prompts each, providing 3,600 ratings. Text-to-image generation has seen rapid progress to the point that many recent models have demonstrated their ability to create realistic high-resolution images for various prompts. However, current text-to-image methods and the broader body of research in vision-language understanding still struggle with intricate text prompts that contain many objects with multiple attributes and relationships. We introduce a new text-to-image benchmark that contains a suite of thirty-two tasks over multiple applications that capture a model's ability to handle different features of a text prompt. For example, asking a model to generate a varying number of the same object to measure its ability to count or providing a text prompt with several objects that each have a different attribute to identify its ability to match objects and attributes correctly. Rather than subjectively evaluating text-to-image results on a set of prompts, our new multi-task benchmark consists of challenge tasks at three difficulty levels (easy, medium, and hard) and human ratings for each generated image.


Deformation at elevated temperatures in combination with high strain rates leads to recovery and recrystallization in aluminum alloys. Previous work in recrystallization has emphasized the detailing of microstructural trend in progression from the deformed to the annealed state. In the following, we examine the effect of rate dependence on deformation on AA 5182 and AA 6061. It is demonstrated that identification of underlying microstructural mechanisms is critical. An experimental program is then outlined for characterization of recovery and recrystallization of AA 5182. Instantaneous hardening rate and flow stress are developed from interrupted compression tests. These data are used to establish a quantitative measure of recovery through evaluation of a state variable for work hardening, the mechanical threshold. It is intended that the results serve as a foundation for development of relations for evolution of a mechanical state variable in the presence of recrystallization. Such a framework is necessary for the practical prediction of interstand recrystallization in hot rolling operations.


Cancer cells rely on the ribonucleoprotein enzyme telomerase to maintain their telomeres, which consist of tandem DNA repeats bound to protective protein factors collectively termed shelterin. Experimentally‐induced telomere dysfunction in cancer cells, either through critical telomere shortening or disruption of shelterin binding, typically leads to telomere fusions, ultimately resulting in genome instability and cell death. For reasons that are not well understood, the mechanism of telomere fusion varies depending on the cause of telomere dysfunction. We have investigated telomere fusions caused by overexpression of mutant telomerases that add mutated telomeric repeats, thereby disrupting shelterin binding and inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. We previously showed that the effect of one such telomerase in human cancer cells is ATM dependent (Stohr BA and Blackburn EH, Cancer Research 68:5309–5317, 2008). Here, we have tested additional mutant telomerases that add either palindromic or non‐palindromic telomeric repeats. We show that while all mutant telomeric sequences tested induce heterodicentric chromosome fusions, only palindromic telomeric repeats induce ATM‐independent sister chromatid and isodicentric chromosome fusions in human cancer cells. Thus, the telomeric sequence itself influences the fate of telomeres that have become dysfunctional. These results implicate DNA strand annealing in an alternative telomere fusion pathway in human cells. The need to avoid genome instability caused by such fusions is one explanation for the characteristic lack of self‐complementarity in naturally‐occurring telomeric sequences. Finally, our results have significant implications for the translational application of mutant telomerases as a cancer therapeutic strategy. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):B64.


A 24 week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing a portion of protein requirement of grasscutters with urea on growth performance, carcass characteristics and microbial composition of the caecum. In all, forty grassscutters of age 3- months old were used. There were four dietary treatments with ten replicates in a randomised complete block design. The treatments were; control (U0%-P) which had protein from plant sources only. Treatment 2 (U30%-P) had 70% plant protein and 30% urea, Treatment 3 (U25%-P) had 75% protein from plants and 25% from urea and Treatment 4 (U0%-AP) had 10% protein from animal source and 90% from plant source. Parameters measured included, feed intake, feed wastage, carcass characteristics, caecal pH and caecal microbial composition and meat quality. The data collected was subjected to the analysis of variance with SAS (2008) and significant difference separated at 5% level. The results obtained showed that daily feed intake, feed wastage, and feed conversion ratio were not significantly different (P > 0.05) among dietary treatments. However, daily feed wastage was higher than feed intake. Daily weight gain 9.82, 9.70, 9.27 and 10.9 g/day respectively for U0%-P, U30%-P, U25%-P and U0%-AP was not significantly (P > 0.05) different among dietary treatments. The protein, fat and moisture content of the meat were influenced by urea supplementation. Dressing percentage was significantly (P 0.05). Caecal pH ranged from 5.9 - 6.0 and was not significantly (P > 0.05) influenced by urea supplementation. Microbes observed in the caecum were mainly Bacillus sp. Protein and fat content of the meat was influenced (P < 0.05) by dietary treatments but not pH. Urea supplementation of U30%-P and U25%-P reduced the variable cost by 31 to 44% and 36 to 48% respectively making the use of urea economical in the diet of grasscutters. It was concluded that urea can be used in grasscutters diet without any deleterious effects on their general performance or carcass characteristics but renders the production more economical.

 Key words: Urea supplementation, grasscutters, plant protein, caecal pH, caecal microbes.


Concurrent validity of the Bayley cognitive subtest and early problem solving indicator in infants with neuromotor impairments T TRIPATHI, L HSU, N KOZIOL, G SYED, S DUSING, S CONSORTIUM Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Nebraska Center for Research on Children, Youth, Families and Schools, Lincoln, NE, USA; Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Physical Therapy, Chesterfield, VA, USA; Virginia Commonwealth University Department of Physical Therapy, Pediatrics, Psychology, and Virginia Leadership Education in Neurodevelopmental Disabilities Program, Richmond, VA, USA; University of Washington, Duquesne University, University of Delaware, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Virginia Commonwealth, Pittsburgh, PA, USA


In Caenorhabditis elegans, fertilization triggers endocytosis and rapid turnover of maternal surface membrane proteins in lysosomes, although the precise mechanism of this inducible endocytosis is unknown. We found that high levels of K63-linked ubiquitin chains transiently accumulated on endosomes upon fertilization. Endocytosis and the endosomal accumulation of ubiquitin were both regulated downstream of the anaphase-promoting complex, which drives the oocyte's meiotic cell cycle after fertilization. The clearance of maternal membrane proteins and the accumulation of K63-linked ubiquitin on endosomes depended on UBC-13 and UEV-1, which function as an E2 complex that specifically mediates chain elongation of K63-linked polyubiquitin. CAV-1-GFP, an endocytic cargo protein, was modified with K63-linked polyubiquitin in a UBC-13/UEV-1-dependent manner. In ubc-13 or uev-1 mutants, CAV-1-GFP and other membrane proteins were internalized from the plasma membrane normally after fertilization. However, they were not efficiently targeted to the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway but recycled to the cell surface. Our results suggest that UBC-13-dependent K63-linked ubiquitylation is required for proper MVB sorting rather than for internalization. These results also demonstrate a developmentally controlled function of K63-linked ubiquitylation.


Tendon ruptures are common sports-related injuries that are often treated surgically by the use of sutures followed by immobilization. However, tendon repair by standard technique is associated with long healing time and often suboptimal repair. Methods to enhance tendon repair time as well as the quality of repair are currently unmet clinical needs. Our hypothesis is that the introduction of a unique stem cell population at the site of tendon transection would result in an improved rate and quality of repair. Achilles tendons of fifty-one Sprague-Dawley rats were transected and suture-repaired. In half of the rats, a biodegradable scaffold seeded with allogenic circulating stem cells was placed as an onlay to the defect site in addition to the suture repair. The other half was treated with suture alone to serve as the control group. Animals were randomized to a two-, four-, or six-week time group. At the time of necropsy, tendons were harvested and prepared for either biomechanical or histological analysis. Histological slides were evaluated in a blinded fashion with the use of a grading scale. By two weeks, the experimental group demonstrated a significant improvement in repair compared to controls with no failures. Average histological scores of 0.6 and 2.6 were observed for the experimental and control group respectively. The experimental group demonstrated complete bridging of the transection site with parallel collagen fiber arrangement. By four weeks, both groups showed a continuing trend of healing, with the scaffold group exceeding the histological quality of the tissue repaired with suture alone. Biomechanically, the experimental group had a decreasing cross-sectional area with time which was also associated with a significant increase in the ultimate tensile strength of the tendons, reaching 4.2MPa by six weeks. The experimental group also achieved a significantly higher elastic toughness by six weeks and saw an increase in the tensile modulus, reaching 31Mpa by six weeks. The use of circulating stem cells as an adjunct in tendon repair demonstrates superior biomechanical properties and an improved level of histological organization, when compared to the suture alone control group. These improvements were not previously observed when gene therapy, protein therapy, or current tissue engineering technologies were used.


Commercial fleet of electric vehicles (EV) is serving clients for different purposes, but each of those services is requiring some time to be fulfilled. When the vehicle is charging or discharging using the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) concept, the waiting time to service increases, and the vehicle owner is suffering losses due to the reduced service quality. In this chapter, we are exploring the scheduling optimization problem of an EV fleet controlled by the aggregator. The optimization of vehicle daily scheduling is needed in order to increase the revenues from offering ancillary services and reduce costs of service quality loss. New, practical multi-criteria decision-making methodologies for the daily scheduling of EV fleet are proposed. Criteria that have to be fulfilled simultaneously are the minimization of the service waiting time (SWT), maximization of the revenues coming from the frequency regulation services and the minimization of the costs incurred by the vehicle charging, including the costs of battery degradation. The stochastic nature of vehicles driving patterns (time the car owner has to calculate for the service provision) is considered using the queuing theory. The proposed methodology has been successfully implemented on two cases of EV commercial fleet daily scheduling.


An investigation has been made into the elastic scatte:dng of Z: hyperons on hydrogen. The experiment was based on a sample of 12, 000 :l: particles formed in a propane bubble chamber by the interactions of 1.15-Bev/c K- mesons. A total track length of 210 meters in the ene:J;"gy range 100 to 700 Mev has been examined. Ten examples were found of the reaction and six of the reaction cross the Gamme 1-Thaler the triplet odd-parity nucleon-nucleon


Purpose: To assess the degree of annoyance of tinnitus through the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) and correlate it with the perception of speech using the Hearing in Noise Test (HINT) before and after the fitting of a hearing aid (HA). Methods: There were 27 patients with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, continuous bilateral tinnitus (minimum six months) without experience of amplification. The subjects answered the anamnesis, the THI questionnaire, underwent a HINT, were fitted with hearing aids, and were again evaluated after three months. The results were statistically analyzed. Results: Pre and post THI adaptation of hearing aids indicated benefits from amplification in relation to decreased sensation of tinnitus. The pre and post HINT adaptation of hearing aids presented a significant difference. There were differences in the correlation between the THI and HINT before the fitting of the hearing aids. Conclusion: There was an improvement in the degree of tinnitus annoyance after the fitting of the hearing aids. There was no significant correlation between speech perception before and after the use of hearing aids.


The Education Development Center in Bolivia is developing and testing a new application for interactive radio instruction (IRI) to teach health in primary schools. The project is funded by USAID and has been undertaken to help the Bolivian government include health education in primary schools as part of a strategy to reduce child mortality. Each radio health program will be broadcast weekly for school children in twenty-minute segments. The broadcasts and complementary post-broadcast activities will give special emphasis to child survival topics such as oral rehydration therapy and nutrition. Special features include IRI scripts which simulate interaction between the radio teacher and the students, new topics introduced in a systematic way engaging students in problem-solving activities, and extensive oral and written student participation. Complementary IRI program materials will include take-home exercises designed to involve family participation, and teachers' guides to provide teachers with practical hands-on activities to strengthen children's understanding of basic health concepts. Short, in-service training sessions will prepare teachers to facilitate radio classes and carry out post-broadcast activities with students. The potential of IRI to improve student and teacher understanding of health and nutrition is only beginning to be recognized.


The authors have developed an instrument that measures the CO2 concentration in engine combustion chambers using the infrared absorption method. The characteristics of this technology are as follows: (1) Measuring can be carried out while the engine is running at 600r/min to more than 3000r/min, full load operation. (Applicable to all EGR conditions) (2) Quick response: 2ms (3) High linearity: ±1% Full Scale and under (FS: 10%) (4) No aggravation is caused to the intake/exhaust performance of engines This technology contributes to the improvement of the in-cylinder EGR system using, for instance, a variable valve-timing mechanism that is now expanding in number of applications, and also the conventional EGR system.


Vitis cryptic virus (VCV) was recently identified on wild Vitis coignetiae in Japan in 2021, and was tentatively classified as a new member of the genus Deltapartitivirus, which is consistent with the two-segmented genome encoding RdRp and CP (Nabeshima et al., 2021). In June 2020, a grapevine cv. Jinhuanghou in a vineyard exhibiting chlorotic mottling (Figure S1) was collected in Xingcheng, Liaoning province of China. Total RNAs were extracted using RNAprep Pure Plant Plus Kit (DP441, TIANGEN BIOTECH, Beijing), and the ribosomal RNA were removed by the Epicentre Ribo-Zero rRNA Removal Kit (Epicentre, Madison, WI, USA). The ribosomal RNA-depleted RNA was then used to construct a cDNA library using a TruSeq RNA Sample Prep Kit (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA), which was sequenced on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform (Biomarker Biology Technology), resulting 60,208,348 paired-end clean reads (150 nt × 2). Reads mapping to the grapevine genome (PN40024 assembly 12X) were removed by hierarchical indexing using hisat2 2.1.0 software (Kim et al., 2019). The unmapped reads were de novo assembled into 116,809 contigs using the rnaviralSPAdes method in the SPAdes v3.15.3 software with default parameters (Prjibelski et al., 2020) and analyzed through BLAST analysis. Two viruses and two viroids were identified: VCV (2 contigs), grapevine emaravirus A (GEVA; 5 contigs), grapevine yellow speckle viroid 1 (GYSVd1; 1 contig) and hop stunt viroid (HSVd; 1 contig). The two contigs of VCV had lengths of 1575 nt and 1563 nt, and shared 95% and 90% nt identity with RNA1 and RNA2 genomes of the VCV isolate H1 (GenBank accession nos. LC602838-39) with 99% and 96% coverage respectively. To further confirm the infection of VCV, we designed two pairs of primers VCV-RP1a/1b (5'- TGGTCGAGAAGTTACTATACTCG -3'/5'- AGACCACAATATTGCTTTGGCTC -3') and VCV-CP1a/1b (5'-TTACGAAGTCCGCACTATTGC-3'/5'- AGCATACGGATAGCTCCTGAC-3'), which were to amplify the 297-bp and 279-bp fragments in the RdRp and CP gene encoded by RNA1 and RNA2 genomes of VCV respectively. The amplified PCR products were cloned and sequenced and the two sequences (OM460075-76) showed 93% and 91% nt identity with the genomic segments of the VCV isolate H1 respectively. The graft transmissibility of VCV was assessed in July 2021 by grafting the VCV-infected grapevine buds onto 2-year-old VCV-free 'Beta'grapevine seedlings with four replicates, the leaves of the first bud below the grafting site behaved chlorotic mottling symptoms (Figure S2) and tested positive for VCV two months after grafting. To further determine the incidence and distribution of VCV in China, 470 grapevine samples of 71 cultivars were collected from 21 provinces and tested by RT-PCR using primers VCV-RP1a/1b and VCV-CP1a/1b. The results showed that 2.6% (12/470) of the samples tested positive with both primers, including 10 'Jinhuanghou' grapevines (Jilin province), 1 'Zuoyouhong' (Jilin province) and 1 'Куртсет' grapevine (Liaoning province). This is the second report of VCV in the world, and confirm the graft transmissibility of VCV for the first time. Given the VCV infectivity in the two important cultivars in Jilin province and strong graft transmissibility, it is necessary to further study its pathogenicity and its effect on grapes. Unveiling the presence of VCV in China contributes to understanding the occurrence of the virus and developing management measures should they become necessary.


Biological macromolecules always function through a collective behavior of the aggregated constituents, which usually are self-assembled together via noncovalent interactions. Likewise, artificial supramolecular assemblies, whose properties and functions are mainly derived from their primary and secondary structures, may also aggregate into high-order architectures with emergent functions not available on the individual components. Here we report the first example of an insulin-like hexamerization of lanthanide triple helicates toward a 4 nm diameter hexameric capsule via consecutive metal-directed and anion-directed assembly processes. Hierarchical chiral-sorting self-assembly endows hexamers with aggregation-induced stability and emission enhancement. Furthermore, emergent guest-encapsulation function and enantioselectivity toward terpene drugs have been realized in the late-formed central cavity of the hexamers. This study not only provides a feasible strategy for constructing sophisticated and multifunctional lanthanide-organic materials but also sheds some light on the self-assembly processes in nature.


This thesis examines the challenges faced in combined State of Charge(SoC) State of Health(SoH) estimation for lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries. To monitor battery state (both long term and short term), it is imperative to analyze the factors affecting the errors in estimation of SoC and health parameters such as capacity and internal resistance. A brief survey of the literature is done for the state-ofthe-art in battery state estimation and control with respect to the above stated parameters. Estimation of SoC, capacity and resistance over an extended period of use is studied using a first order equivalent circuit model to demonstrate the fundamental challenges faced in simultaneous estimation. Identifiability of system parameters pertaining to persistence of excitation (PE) in input signal and flatness of open circuit voltage(OCV) vs. SoC curve is studied using an Extended Kalman Filter,least squares estimation algorithm and Cramér-Rao bounds. Mathematical derivations supported by simulation studies are done to observe the effect of individual factors including noise levels, PE dither, SoC ranges, time and initial conditions on estimation error. A trade-off discussion supported by Monte-Carlo simulations is finally presented to explain the influence and importance of each factor pertinent to SoC-SoH diagnostics, prognostics and control.The results suggest that battery SoC-SoH parameter identifiability is dependent on: (1) Higher regions of the OCV-SoC curve which give better capacity estimates (2) PE dither which helps gain accuracy in resistance estimation.


This study was designed to quantitatively demonstrate via three-dimensional (3D) images, through the Synchrotron Radiation Phase-Contrast Microtomography (SR-PhC-MicroCT), the osteoinductive properties of a cortico-cancellous scaffold (Osteobiol Dual Block—DB) cultured with human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells (hPDLSCs) in xeno-free media. In vitro cultures of hPDLSCs, obtained from alveolar crest and horizontal fibers of the periodontal ligament, were seeded onto DB scaffolds and cultured in xeno-free media for three weeks. 3D images were obtained by SR-PhC-microCT after one and three weeks from culture beginning. MicroCT data were successively processed with a phase-retrieval algorithm based on the Transport of Intensity Equation (TIE). The chosen experimental method, previously demonstratively applied for the 3D characterization of the same constructs in not xeno-free media, quantitatively monitored also in this case the early stages of bone formation in basal and differentiating conditions. Interestingly, it quantitatively showed in the xeno-free environment a significant acceleration of the mineralization process, regardless of the culture (basal/differentiating) medium. This work showed in 3D that the DB guides the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs in xeno-free cultures, in agreement with 2D observations and functional studies previously performed by some of the authors. Indeed, here we fully proved in 3D that expanded hPDLSCs, using xeno-free media formulation, not only provide the basis for Good Manufacturing Practice (preserving the stem cells' morphological features and their ability to differentiate into mesenchymal lineage) but have to be considered, combined to DB scaffolds, as interesting candidates for potential clinical use in new custom made tissue-engineered constructs.


These two decades (almost a quarter-century, in fact) of essays are a personal window into the birth, truths, and changes of the Women's Movement, by one who co-founded this feminist wave and who has been there - nationally and internationally - for it all. From the first Miss America Pageant protest in 1968 to the "divorce" from the New Left, from the first fights for abortion rights to the burgeoning of a global feminist consciousness and actions, Robin Morgan raised, embraced, and recorded issues from housewives' rage to racism, through women's love for women to global peace, neocolonialism, and the environment. Here is her voice in its full range: alternately journalistic, humorous, intensely personal, meditative, theoretical, and analytical, but always impassioned - with an obsession for human freedom and for the power of language.


Studies on Vitrification of Entomopathogenic and Plant Parasitic Nematodes Out of eight cryoprotectants viz. ethylene glycol (10 and 20%), glycerol (15 and 20%), dimethyl sulfoxide (10 and 20%), glycerol (15%) + methanol (70%) and glycerol (20%) + methanol (70%) tested for cryopreservation, for a period of one week, 10% ethylene glycol for M. incognita and 20% ethylene glycol for H. indica were found to be the most efficient in providing 14.43 and 11.25% survival, respectively. It was followed by 20% DMSO in providing 11.15% survival of H. indica and 14.13% survival of M. incognita. Uniformly, in all the treatments the dead juveniles of M. incognita and H. indica were found lying straight and in a few cases they found to be ruptured after removing from liquid nitrogen. The cryo infective juveniles of M. incognita and H. indica recovered after 14, 28 and 56 days of preservation in liquid nitrogen did not lose their infectivity and were able to penetrate and reproduce on tomato seedlings and Galleria larvae, respectively. Effect of vitrification of M. incognita eggs did not provide any encouraging results. After thawing only 0.43, 0.50 and 0.40 % eggs hatched in 10 % ethylene glycol, 20 % glycerol and 20 % DMSO, respectively, as compared to 51.82% hatching observed in untreated control.


Abstract
The field of special education has come a long way with regard to providing services for young children with disabilities; but, more investigative research is needed. From the very beginning, young children with disabilities were not served in our public schools. This created turmoil for families and parents, and advocacy groups then got involved to spearhead the development of federal laws to support these young children. Through these federal laws and with the help of teachers, researchers, and other key professionals, young children with disabilities were more openly identified, assessments were created and evaluated, and interventions for their success were created and measured. Family-centered services were created so that parents could be involved with the development of their children. In the same vein, evidence-based practices were developed and enacted. Another area that has helped these children is assistive technology with a focus on literacy, communication, and other educational areas. While the field of special education has come a long way, there is more to do. This chapter and volume highlight what has been done and what can be done to enhance the education of young children with an array of disabilities.


Abstract The use of treated wastewater (TWW) for agricultural irrigation becomes increasingly important in water stressed regions like the Middle East for substituting fresh water (FW) resources. Due to elevated salt concentrations and organic compounds in TWW this practice has potential adverse effects on soil quality, such as the reduction of hydraulic conductivity (HC) and soil aggregate stability (SAS). To assess the impact of TWW irrigation in comparison to FW irrigation on HC, in-situ infiltration measurements using mini disk infiltrometer were deployed in four different long-term experimental orchard test sites in Israel. Topsoil samples (0-10 cm) were collected for analyzing SAS and determination of selected soil chemical and physical characteristics. The mean HC values decreased at all TWW sites by 42.9% up to 50.8% compared to FW sites. The SAS was 11.3% to 32.4% lower at all TWW sites. Soil electrical conductivity (EC) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) were generally higher at TWW sites. These results indicate the use of TWW for irrigation is a viable, but potentially deleterious option, as it influences soil physical and chemical properties.


The objects of study is concerted to investigate the occurrence of Ureaplasma parvum in women with recurrent abortion and to determine the distribution of U. parvum serovars (1, 3, 6, 14) in women with recurrent abortion by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. In total, 130 samples included vaginal bleeding, vaginal swab, and urine, were collected from women with recurrent abortion and 40 samples included vaginal swab and urine from control women without recurrent abortion. Through the study, two types of media were used, Ureaplasma broth (IH Broth) and Ureaplasma agar (IH Agar). The positive isolates for Ureaplasma spp. were investigated by conventional PCR technique for identifi cation of U. parvum and subtyping to their serovars (1, 3, 6, 14). The results revealed the U. parvum was identified in 29.6% from patient group and 11% from the control group. U. parvum isolates were further subtyped by using PCR, the results showed the serovar 3 was the most frequent isolate in proportion (42.8%), whereas serovar 1 (28.5%), serovar 6 (14.2%), and serovar 14 (14.2%) in patient group but in the control group only serovar 1 was isolated in rate (11%). These results evidently indicate that U. parvum may be an important etiologic agent for recurrent abortion.


This study evaluated and improved the ability of the Community Land Model version 5.0 (CLM5.0) in simulating the diurnal land surface temperature (LST) cycle for the whole Tibetan Plateau (TP) by comparing it with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite observations. During daytime, the model underestimated the LST on sparsely vegetated areas in summer, whereas cold biases occurred over the whole TP in winter. The lower simulated daytime LST resulted from weaker heat transfer resistances and greater soil thermal conductivity in the model, which generated a stronger heat flux transferred to the deep soil. During nighttime, CLM5.0 overestimated LST for the whole TP in both two seasons. These warm biases were mainly due to the greater soil thermal inertia, which is also related to greater soil thermal conductivity and wetter surface soil layer in the model. We employed the sensible heat roughness length scheme from Zeng, Wang & Wang (2012), the recommended soil thermal conductivity scheme from Dai et al. (2019), and the modified soil evaporation resistance parameterization, which was appropriate for the TP soil texture, to improve simulated daytime and nighttime LST, evapotranspiration, and surface (0–10 cm) soil moisture. In addition, the model produced lower daytime LST in winter because of overestimation of the snow cover fraction and an inaccurate atmospheric forcing dataset in the northwestern TP. In summary, this study reveals the reasons for biases when simulating LST variation, improves the simulations of turbulent fluxes and LST, and further shows that satellite-based observations can help enhance the land surface model parameterization and unobservable land surface processes on the TP.


BACKGROUND
The spring ligament fibrocartilage complex (SLFC) is an important static foot stabilizer comprising the superomedial ligament (SML) and the inferior ligament, with anatomical variations (third ligament). The aim of this study was to describe the patterns of the lesions found during SLFC surgery, to allow direct comparison between the results with various surgical techniques.

METHODS
Fourteen consecutive patients with SLFC lesions were analyzed during surgical treatment. The mean patient age was 37.3 years, and the mean time from injury was 6.9 months. Intraoperative assessments and anatomical descriptions of the lesions were collected.

RESULTS
Three types of lesion were found. In 13 of 14 cases, only the superomedial ligament was involved: five superomedial ligament distentions and eight superomedial ligament ruptures. In one case, total SLFC (superomedial and inferior ligaments) rupture was observed.

CONCLUSIONS
The first classification of SLFC lesions is presented, which is simple, consistent, and based on anatomical description.


The learning walks of ants are an excellent opportunity to study the interaction between brain, body and environment from which adaptive behaviour emerges. Learning walks are a behaviour with the specific function of storing visual information around a goal in order to simplify the computational problem of visual homing, that is, navigation back to a goal. However, it is not known at present why learning walks take the stereotypical shapes they do. Here we investigate how learning-walk form, visual surroundings and the interaction between the two affect homing performance in a range of virtual worlds when using a simple view-based homing algorithm. We show that the ideal form for a learning walk is environment-specific. We also demonstrate that the distant panorama and small objects at an intermediate distance, particularly when the panorama is obscured, are important aspects of the visual environment both when determining the ideal learning walk and when using stored views to navigate. Implications are discussed in the context of behavioural research into the learning walks of ants.


A 35-year-old patient with blood group AB developed hemolysis 1 week after receiving a blood group B cadaveric kidney transplant. The patient's serum was shown to contain anti-A antibody, which was likely to have been derived from passenger lymphocytes transplanted concurrently with the graft. The alloimmune hemolysis subsided spontaneously without treatment. The present case underscores the potential complication of ABO blood group-compatible but nonidentical organ transplantation. Clinical vigilance is important to differentiate from other more sinister causes of posttransplant hemolysis.


This paper is an outcome of the studies made in four districts (Dangdeukhuri, Banke, Bardia and Surkhet) of western Terai in different months of various years. Altogether 85 species categorized into 64 genera and 10 families have been reported with their status categories based on national status list. The process of urbanization has altered valuable natural habitats of many of the rare species especially in Banke and Dangdeukhuri districts. Monitoring process under the established regulation and thorough investigations in many unexplored areas of this region have been felt essential so to design suitable conservation measures to butterflies of this region. Key words: Biodiversity; western terai; butterflies; unexplored; habitats Journal of Natural History Museum Vol. 23, 2008 Page 92-97


The value of flow cytometric detection of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the differential diagnosis of acute leukemia was evaluated in 57 cases of acute leukemia and in 9 leukemia cell lines. Cells were fixed and permeabilized with Fix & Perm cell permeabilization kit at room temperature for 15 min each, and stained with anti-MPO monoclonal antibody (MPO-7) by direct immunofluorescence. One myeloid cell line, HL-60, was MPO-positive, while the other myeloid cell lines (KG-1, K-562, and MEG-01) as well as lymphoid cell lines (KM-3, NALM-6, Raji, REH, and T-ALL-1) were MPO-negative as previously described. Among acute leukemias, MPO was detected in 23 of 26 cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 7 of 23 cases of B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 1 of 6 cases of T-lineage ALL (T-ALL), and 1 of 2 cases of acute unclassified leukemia (AUL). The intensity of MPO expression in 6 of 7 B-lineage ALL cases was weak compared with AML labeling. There was no detectable cytochemical MPO in the cells of ALL, AUL, or AML that stained negative for anti-MPO. No relationship between the expression of MPO and myeloid lineage surface antigens was observed in ALL. Three cases of MPO-positive ALL and AUL could be reclassified as biphenotypic leukemia according to the revised Catovsky scoring system. These results indicate that anti-MPO is an excellent marker for the diagnosis and classification of acute leukemia and can be reliably detected by flow cytometry. This rapid technique should be a valuable addition to routine immunophenotyping of acute leukemia.


Most large-sized and tall-risen general hospitals of today fairly depend on in-patient wards in designing hospital styles. The core planning for the efficient movements of various people in the words should take into account the sustainable connections between/among the floors, as well as hospital structures and mechanical functions. This study sampled for the study 19 hospital in-patient wards and investigated their flat-core styles. It was found out that hospital structures are changing from symmetrical styles of triangles, quadrangles and rectangles through bending, configuring, transforming to efficient new styles. Symmetrically quadrangled flat-styles are made of multi-cores spread with main an sub-cores. In contrast, symmetrically triangled flat-styles place the open place in the middle in order to prevent from its deepening, and widened the depth line through changing the outdoor top point. Non-symmetrical rectangles minimized the depth value to maintain the recent styles used in the wards, and tended to prefer the transformed styles of quadrangles. The double-corridors easily transshaped from mono corridors reveals the triangled, W-shaped, or Y-shaped figures. The site area ratio of the cores is 11.95% in average. The number of beds which one elevator covers is 66.51 beds in average, and the size of site area which one elevator covers 216.68m. Most cores on the base floor clustered around the average value, with more than 1000 beds shoes 12.83%, does 12.93%, does 14.64%, does 14.58%, which says that the core ratio increases according to hospital beds.


The University of British Columbia has developed a course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE) that engages students in authentic molecular microbiology research. This capstone course is uniquely built around an open-access online undergraduate research journal entitled Undergraduate Journal of Experimental Microbiology and Immunology (UJEMI). Students work in teams to derive an original research question, formulate a testable hypothesis, draft a research proposal, carry out experiments in the laboratory, and publish their results in UJEMI. The CURE operates in a feed forward manner whereby student-authored UJEMI publications drive research questions in subsequent terms of the course. Progress toward submission of an original manuscript is scaffolded using a series of communication assignments which facilitate formative development. We present a periodic model of our CURE that guides students through a research cycle. We review two ongoing course-based projects to highlight how UJEMI publications prime new research questions in the course. A journal-driven CURE represents a broadly applicable pedagogical tool that immerses students in the process of doing science.


Ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FeFETs) with semiconductors as the channel material and ferroelectrics as the gate insulator, are attractive and/or promising devices for application in non-volatile memory. In FeFETs, the conductivity states of the semiconductor is utilized to explore the polarization directions of the ferroelectric material. Herein, we report FeFETs based on few-layer MoS$_2$ on 0.7Pb(Mg$_{1/3}$Nb$_{2/3}$)O$_{3}$-0.3PbTiO$_{3}$ (PMN-PT) single crystal with switchable multilevel states. It was found that the On-Off ratios can reach as high as 10$^{6}$. We prove that the interaction effect of ferroelectric polarization and interface charge traps have a great influence on the transport behaviors and non-volatile memory characteristics of MoS$_2$/PMN-PT FeFETs. In order to further study the underlying physical mechanism, we have researched the time-dependent electrical properties in the temperature range from 300 to 500 K. The separation of effects from ferroelectric polarization and interfacial traps on electro behaviors of FeFETs provides us with an opportunity to better understand the operation mechanism, which suggest a fantastic way for multilevel, low-power consumption, and high-density non-volatile memory devices.


Introduction: The significance of endometrial cytology in determining the therapeutic efficacy of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) therapy is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical usefulness of endometrial cytology during MPA therapy. Methods: Overall, 77 patients who underwent dilatation and curettage (D&C) to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of MPA therapy at our hospital between January 2018 and December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The results of D&C, cytological evaluation, and other clinicopathological factors were analyzed based on the patients' medical records. Results: The sensitivity and specificity of cytology were 61% and 92%, respectively, with D&C being the gold standard for diagnosis in 142 D&C/cytological examinations. Among patients with no residual disease on D&C, 5 (4%) had suspicious or positive cytology. Although MPA therapy was terminated in 3 of these patients, only 1 patient had early recurrence, and the frequency of recurrence was similar to that of patients who showed negative results in both D&C and cytology. Discussion/Conclusion: The sensitivity of endometrial cytology in determining the therapeutic effect of MPA therapy is low, and we confirmed that the omission of D&C is unacceptable. Our findings also suggested that the addition of cytological evaluation to D&C during MPA therapy had a low clinical significance.


Routine use of pertussis vaccines has diminished the incidence of this disease but has not eliminated the pathogen. Pertussis remains a significant cause of disease in both very young infants and in the adolescent and adult populations. Acellular pertussis vaccines have fewer adverse reactions compared with whole-cell pertussis vaccines. Although efficacious against severe disease, current vaccines may not be as efficacious against milder forms of infection. New methodologies for understanding disease pathogenesis, immune responses and vaccine development are needed to effectively interrupt continued transmission of this pathogen.


This article describes the Community Nursing Organization, a federal health care model designed to provide specific ambulatory and outpatient services to medicare beneficiaries via a nurse managed delivery system under capitated financing. A primary nurse provider, working with the elderly client, family, physician, health care service providers, and community organizations, assesses the need for care and arranges for appropriate services. This nurse must also authorize payment of those services covered by the Community Nursing Organization (CNO). A 3-year demonstration project is currently under way. Findings at 1 year indicate that the system may have a positive effect on client health status.


Open and closed comedones were manually expressed and examined for the presence of vellus hairs in potassium hydroxide crush mounts. The mean number of hairs was 5.0 (range, 2 to 16) for open and 1.45 (range, one to three) for closed comedones. The hairs were of typical vellus type and were always in telogen, with mean lengths of 1.8 and 1.27 mm for open and closed comedones, respectively. It was concluded that (1) the filling up of sebaceous follicles with horny squamae does not interfere with the cyclic generation of hairs, (2) closed comedones have fewer hairs because they are an earlier stage, (3) larger open comedones may have longevities of two to three years, and (4) sequestration of hairs into the dermis following rupture of the comedones may contribute to the chronicity of acne lesions.


Abstract Seasonal snow cover in primarily non‐mountainous areas of South America was examined in this study using passive microwave satellite data from the Special Sensor Microwave Imagers (SSM/I) on board Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites. For the period 1992–1998, both snow‐cover extent and snow depth (snow mass) were investigated during the winter months (May‐August) in Argentina and Chile. Most of the seasonal snow in South America is in the Patagonia region of Argentina. Since winter temperatures in this region are often above freezing, the coldest winter month was the one with both the most extensive snow cover and greatest snow depth.


The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway plays an essential role in inflammation and other physiological processes. Because specific inhibitors of p38α and p38β MAPK block the production of the major inflammatory cytokines and other proteins, p38α and p38β MAPK represent promising targets for the treatment of inflammation. In this work, a series of p38α inhibitors based on the structural scaffold of 4-benzoyl-5-aminopyrazole were analyzed using a combination of molecular modeling techniques. We generated three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) models for both comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA) to highlight the structural requirements for p38 MAPK inhibition. Furthermore, we employed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and the MM/GBSA method to compare the binding modes and binding free energies of a potent and selective compound interacting with p38α, p38β, p38γ, and p38δ MAPK in detail. Contour maps generated via 3D-QSAR analysis identified several key interactions that were also indicated through MD simulations. The binding free energies calculated via the MM/GBSA method were strongly correlated with experimentally observed biological activities and explained the selective inhibition of p38α and p38β, but not p38γ and p38δ detected here. On the basis of the obtained results, we provide insights regarding the development of novel potent p38α MAPK inhibitors.


South Africa's post-apartheid government entrusted the delivery of some services to its local sphere of governance, which is in close contact with society. Guided by the 1996 Constitution, local municipalities are required to render basic services and to address existing backlogs that have accumulated over years of separate development. For this reason, instruments such as the Integrated Development Plan (IDP) have been adopted to enhance the local municipality's delivery of such services. In practice, though, is has become evident that rendering services such as clean water, proper sanitation, electricity and health facilities has remained a major challenge for local municipalities across South Africa. For the majority of local municipalities, the IDP has apparently become business as usual rather than an enabling instrument and process.
The article argues that despite its inherent goodness, the integrated development planning process has introduced unprecedented challenges in service delivery for local municipalities. The article shows that most municipalities do not conduct the integrated development planning process as dictated by legislation. The reasons for the apparent half-hearted application of the integrated development planning process vary from one municipality to another. However, the core challenges for almost all the municipalities are in the integration of community participation and the prioritisation of the people's felt needs in the municipality's integrated development planning process. The article concludes that the service delivery challenges faced by municipalities in South Africa could be addressed if clear strategies are formulated to strengthen community participation and integration with other stakeholders in the integrated development planning processes.


Diyala Governorate was exposed recently to high flood waves discharged from Hemrin Dam to Diyala River when the dam reached its full capacity. The recently recorded discharge capacity of Diyala River was reduced to just 750m3/s. This exposes cities and villages along the Diyala River to flood risk when discharging the flood waves, which may reach 3000 m3/s. It is important to manage, suggest, and design flood escapes to discharge the flood waves from Hemrin Dam away from Diyala River. This escape branches from Hemrin Lake towards Ashweicha Marsh. One dimensional hydraulic model was developed to simulate the flow within the escape by using HEC-RAS software. Eighty-two cross-sections were extracted from the digital elevation model for the escape and used as geometric data. Moreover, thirty cross-sections for the Diyala River were utilized from the Strategic Study for Water and Land Resources in Iraq. Since the escape passes through two regions of different geological formations, two roughness coefficients of 0.035and0.028were used. Two discharge cases were applied3000m3/s, which is the 500 years return period extreme hydrograph of Hemrin Dam, and 4000 m3/s, which is the design discharge of Hemrin Dam spillway. A spillway was proposed at the escape entrance with crest level 105m.a.m.s.l., followed by a drop structure with eighteen rectangular steps


Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication following cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in children. A prospective study for examining urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and renal near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) trends during AKI was conducted among pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB. Urinary NGAL showed a significant difference between intensive care unit admission (0 h) and 2 h post-admission (p < 0.001) and remained significant up to 4 h (p < 0.05). The renal NIRS in the AKI group showed a significant rate of decrease and lower values during the intraoperative period (p < 0.05). The cumulative median saturation of renal regional saturation of oxygen (rSO2) during CPB was 1637.5% min in the AKI group and 943.0% min in the non-AKI group. The median renal rSO2 scores at a reduction of 20% and 25% were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the AKI group. Our results suggest that monitoring renal rSO2 scores and limiting their decline might be useful in preventing AKI. The combination of NGAL, renal rSO2, and renal rSO2 scores might be useful in the early diagnosis of AKI during pediatric cardiac surgery.


The wide application of GPS carrier-phase (CP) time transfer is limited by the problem of boundary discontinuity (BD). The discontinuity has two categories. One is "day boundary discontinuity," which has been studied extensively and can be solved by a few methods [1–5]. The other category of discontinuity, called "anomaly boundary discontinuity (anomaly-BD)," comes from a GPS-measurements data anomaly. This paper focuses on the second category of discontinuity (i.e., anomaly-BD). We first demonstrate that a few minutes of GPSmeasurements data anomaly are enough to lead to a discontinuity of more than 200 picoseconds in the GPS CP time transfer. To eliminate the anomaly-BD, we propose a simple, but powerful strategy, i.e., polynomial curvefitting for the anomaly. The fitted phase measurement is typically less than 3 cm from the original phase measurement, in terms of the root mean square (RMS). And the fitted code measurement is typically less than 80 cm from the original code measurement. If we replace the anomaly with the fitted data, we can avoid the re-estimation of the phase ambiguities after the anomaly. Thus, the anomalyBD at the anomaly should disappear. Tests show that the curve-fitting strategy works very well for up to 20 min of GPS-measurements data anomaly.


As the prevailing programming model of enterprise applications is becoming more declarative, programmers are spending an increasing amount of their time and efforts writing and maintaining metadata, such as XML or annotations. Although metadata is a cornerstone of modern software, automatic bug finding tools cannot ensure that metadata maintains its correctness during refactoring and enhancement. To address this shortcoming, this paper presents metadata invariants, a new abstraction that codifies various naming and typing relationships between metadata and the main source code of a program. We reify this abstraction as a domain-specific language. We also introduce algorithms to infer likely metadata invariants and to apply them to check metadata correctness in the presence of program evolution. We demonstrate how metadata invariant checking can help ensure that metadata remains consistent and correct during program evolution; it finds metadata-related inconsistencies and recommends how they should be corrected. Similar to static bug finding tools, a metadata invariant checker identifies metadata-related bugs as a program is being refactored and enhanced. Because metadata is omnipresent in modern software applications, our approach can help ensure the overall consistency and correctness of software as it evolves.