Purpose: Through the introduction of B2B Relationships, the interactions offered a new economic paradigm. The importance of B2B Relationships in Coconut products can lead to increased efficiency, shared resources, and potential cost reduction this helps in gaining competitive advantage and building trust. The goal of the paper is to conduct an in-depth analysis of Balaji Enterprises, a platform for Coconut Desiccated products. We conclude by outlining the prospects for a successful company.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Using the B2B model and related theories on intention to use, this study projected an academic agenda for the adoption of B2B. We've used secondary data from case studies, blogs, and other sources, face-to-face interaction with proprietors, reports, and research papers.
Findings/Result: The success story of most B2B Relationships brings an articulated picture of how did a B2B Relationship succeed in making sales at the doorstep so practical. The study also brings out the reality of B2B Relationships can give more scope for Micro and Small enterprises, and explore their marketing intelligence and selling propositions.
Originality/Value:
More knowledge will be gained from the case's discoveries into B2B Relationship trends, and to better target obtaining relationships and fulfillment of the industrial buyer and determine his credibility and loyalty. The result of this paper generates Attitudes in Enterprises about maintaining relationships and carrying on with relationships in a positive manner.
Paper Type: Case Study


ObjectiveTo observe the activity of extracts from Humulus scandens against tuberculous bacillus and to find out the active fraction.MethodsThe method of bacteriostasis in vitro was used to evaluate the inhibitory effects against tuberculous bacillus of the extracts from Humulus scandens.MIC of the extracts were measured by the means of double dilution.ResultsThe Nbutanol extract had obvious antibacterial activity to H 37 RV and the sensitive strain which separated from clinic.MIC of the extract was 125 μg· ml-1 and the high levels(1 mg· ml-1)of the extract had a killing activity.ConclusionThe extracts of H.scandens have obvious antimicrobial activity in vitro.It is worthy to be studied further.


Recent randomized prospective data suggest that early hyperglycemia and hypoalbuminemia are associated with MODS in multitrauma patients. This study was aimed to determine the contribution of early blood glucose elevation and decreased serum albumin in Trauma Emergency Department or ICU patients. We prospectively collected multitrauma patients with Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥18, blood glucose, serum albumin, aged 14-81 years old, admitted to level I Trauma Centre at Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou General Hospital Manado from September 2015 through July 2016. Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score was used to determine MODS during hospitalization. The X (Fisher exact) test was used to determine the level of significance and odd ratio was used to determine the risk estimation. There were 51 multitrauma patients in this study. The mean age was 31.73 years old; 41 males (80.4%) and 10 females (19.6%); blood glucose level >126 mg/dl occurred in 34 patients (66.7%) and ≤ 126 mg/dL occurred in 17 patients (33.3%). Serum albumin level <3.5 gr/dL occurred in 31 patients (60.8%) and ≥3,5 gr/dl occurred in 20 patients (39.2%). Conclusion: Early hyperglycemia (blood glucose level >126 mg/dL) and hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin <3.5 gr/dL) were associated with significantly higher MODS rates in multitrauma patients independently of injury characteristics. The present of early hyperglycemia and hypoalbuminemia may allow early identification of trauma patients who are at risk for MODS.


The present invention discloses a lithium ion battery with carbon / silicon / graphite block negative electrode material, and a method for preparing a lithium ion battery, the anode material comprises silicon / graphite composite bulk substrate, the silicon / graphite composite bulk bread base body coated with a carbon layer; the silicon / graphite composite bulk matrix is filled in bulk graphite surface pores of the silicon powder particles. A lithium ion battery of the present invention, the carbon / silicon / graphite anode bulk material, using silicon powder improves the capacity of the negative electrode material on the base, to improve the reversible capacity of the carbon-based material, effectively buffer the silicon particles generated in the charge-discharge process great volume change, inhibition of volume expansion of silicon; resulting carbon / silicon / graphite anode bulk material with a high tap density, high reversible capacity, design capacity, cycle performance characteristics of stability, thereby improving the electrochemical performance of lithium ion batteries , improve the cycle stability, extend its service life, and provide high energy density lithium-ion battery market.


SUMMARY The likelihood principle is criticized and the acceptability principle is enunciated. Most acceptable estimates are defined and some techniques for their calculation are developed. In the one-parameter case the most acceptable estimator is, under some conditions, median unbiased. Conditions for the strong consistency and asymptotic normality of the estimators are obtained. These are less stringent than those for the maximum likelihood estimator. An example is given where the maximum likelihood estimator is inconsistent, but the most acceptable estimator is strongly consistent. The usual definition of consistency is criticized and a new definition suggested. Any estimator whose acceptability is bounded away from zero as the sample size n tends to infinity is strongly consistent in the new sense. The maximum likelihood estimate is shown to have high acceptability under mild conditions. Hence under these conditions it is strongly consistent in the new sense.


Objective:To survey the incidence and related factors of birth defects among perinatal infants in Yiling District of Yichang,Hubei province.Methods:Data of birth defects among perinatal infants in health care organizations of Yiling District from 2005 to 2013were collected according to the monitoring projects National Birth Defects Monitoring Requirements and Maternal Mortality,Mortality and Birth Defects of Children under 5Reporting System in Hubei Province.Incidence,types of birth defects and prenatal related factors were analyzed.Results:The incidence of birth defects among 36 586 perinatal infants during 9years was 9.43‰(345cases),and there was an upward trend from 2007 to 2011,then downward in 2012.The perinatal birth defects stood on the first 5rank of incidence list followed by congenital heart disease,multi-finger,cleft lip and palate,hydrocephalus,and clubfoot.The male birth defects were more frequent seen than female(P=0.049).The incidence of birth defects of perinatal infants whose mother from rural areas was higher than those whose mother from city(P0.001).37.39%cases were confirmed in prenatal diagnosis.Illness of mother during early pregnancy,exposure to chemical substances and abnormal reproductive history might be associated with birth defects.Conclusion:Strengthening health education,genetic counseling,pre-pregnancy eugenic examination,pregnancy andprenatal care,and guiding high-risk and rural pregnant women to prenatal screening and diagnosis,are critical and effective measures to reduce the incidence of birth defects in our region.


In this paper, a survey on the different image fusion techniques is presented. Image fusion is a method to combine the related information from a set of images into a single image where the resultant fused image will be having more information in image. It is found from the survey that vast majority of current researchers have ignored portion of the popular issues of vision processing like image de-noising, image enhancement, and image restoration. So to overcome these problems, we also devised a new algorithm in this paper. This algorithm introduces an efficient approach for fusion of multi-focus images based on variance evaluated in discrete cosine transform domain. This paper has proposed another method which will integrate the PCA, Max-DCT and dynamic histogram equalization to improve the outcome further. We have implemented the proposed algorithm in MATLAB using image processing toolbox. From the experimental results, it is proved that the proposed algorithm outperforms over the accessible methods. Index Terms:- Image fusion, Multi-focus, Visual Sensor, DCT, and PCA.


The article is devoted to the analysis of features of regional agreements on preferential terms. Such agreements have become a popular instrument in international trade in the 21st century. Free trade area agreements between countries are found to be the most common in the world and account for almost 60% of the total number of preferential trade agreements. The term "preferential trade agreement" has been suggested, the subject of which is the granting of preferences in trade between the participant states, both unilaterally and on a reciprocal basis. Benefits of preferential trade agreements in both trade and economic spheres have been analyzed. It is determined that the signing of such an agreement can be a tool to protect both the already functioning production networks and an impetus and condition for the further development of trade relations of the partner countries. On the other hand, facilitating access to a more favorable institutional environment or to higher quality services, whose role in the production process increases, will lead to relocation of production, thereby altering the routes of value added and reducing the export of value added from that country (which is included) to the integration group. It is proven that the main goal of the mega-regional preferential partnerships is to reach new standards in the field of trade in goods and services, investments, environment, working conditions, intellectual property, fight against corruption, competition. On the other hand, it is an attempt to create institutionally compatible legal and regulatory environments for global preferential trade (an instrument of preserving and enhancing the competitiveness of states in the context of a new world order). The results obtained indicate that the spread of preferential trade agreements in the 21st century is an institutional response to the problems and needs of trade related to outsourcing of production. It is justified that further multilateral liberalization in WTO format at a deeper level than in preferential trade agreements is a more promising direction for the development of international trade, since preferential liberalization is not completely without its disadvantages, compared to multilateral regulation.


A novel hybrid carrier-based pulse width modulation (CBPWM) scheme that combines unipolar and dipolar modulations is proposed for single-phase three-level rectifiers, which are widely applied in railway traction drive systems. The proposed CBPWM method can satisfy the volt-second balancing principle in the complete modulation index region through overmodulation compensation. The modulation scheme features two modulation modes: unipolar and dipolar. The operation range limits of these modulation modes can be modified by changing the separation coefficient. In comparison with the traditional unipolar CBPWM, the proposed hybrid CBPWM scheme can provide advantageous features, such as lower high-order harmonic distortion of the line current and better utilization of switching frequency. The separation coefficient value is optimized to achieve the maximum utilization of these advantages. The experimental results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed hybrid CBPWM scheme.


Caries diagnosis is one of the most basic diagnostic skills that oral healthcare professionals must learn; and yet, it remains one of the most difficult skills to reliably and predictably master. In this course we will review the various caries detection technologies available to assist the dental professional with this complex task. Many dental schools in the U.S. are adopting a new system for caries diagnosis—the International Caries Detection & Assessment System (ICDAS). We will introduce the ICDAS system and correlate it to the standard ADA recognized U.S. system of caries diagnosis. We will also discuss the importance of caries diagnosis in clinical practice today and also briefly touch on the issue of the ethics of caries diagnosis. In this educational activity, we will review technologies to assist the dentist with the diagnosis of dental caries; however, it is extremely important to realize, especially for the young dental professional, that the diagnosis of a carious lesion is only one aspect of the entire management phase for dental caries. In fact, there are many aspects of managing the caries process besides diagnosis.1, 2 The lesion needs to be assessed as to whether the caries is limited to enamel or if it has progressed to dentin. A determination of whether the lesion is cavitated needs to be made since cavitated lesions continue to trap bacterial plaque and need to be restored. The activity level of the lesion needs to be determined. A single evaluation will only tell the clinician the condition of the tooth at that single point in time; but, is the demineralization increasing or, perhaps is it decreasing? Larger lesions will not require a detailed evaluation of activity, but smaller lesions will need this level of examination and follow-up.3 Finally, the therapeutic or operative management options for the lesion need to be considered based on these previous findings.4 Caries detection is a basic task that all oral healthcare professionals are taught in school. In principle it is very simple—detect mineral loss in teeth visually, radiographically or by some other adjunctive method. There can be many issues that affect this task, including training, experience, and subjectivity of the observer; operating conditions and reliability of the diagnostic equipment. These factors and others can all act in concert and often, the end result is that this 'simple' task becomes complex. A critical factor to consider is that most of the research on caries detection has focused on occlusal and smooth surface caries. There are two reasons for this—first of all, from a population standpoint, more new carious lesions are occlusal lesions today than in the past;5-8 and, secondly, many studies rely on screening examinations without intraoral radiographic capability.9, 10 Caries Classifications The standard American Dental Association (ADA) caries classification system designated dental caries as initial, moderate, and severe (see Figure 1). This was commonly modified with the term 'incipient' to mean demineralized enamel lesions that were reversible.11 There have been many attempts over the years to develop one universal caries classification system that clinical dentists as well as research dentists can use not only in the U.S., but also internationally. As the result of the International Consensus Workshop on Caries Clinical Trials (ICW-CCT) held in 2002, the work on the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) was begun in earnest; and, today it has emerged as the leading international system for caries diagnosis.12, 13 The ICDAS for caries diagnosis offers a six-stage, visualbased system for detection and assessment of coronal caries. It has been thoroughly tested and has been found to be both clinically reliable and predictable. Among its greatest strengths are that it is evidence based, combining features from several previously existing systems and does not rely on surface cavitation before caries can be diagnosed (Figures 2 & 3). Many previous systems relied on conflicting levels of disease activity before a diagnosis of caries; but, with the ICDAS, leading cariologists have been able to standardize definitions and levels of the disease process. The ICDAS is gaining acceptance as the new and evolving standard for caries diagnosis internationally and here in the U.S.. Figure 1: ADA Caries Classification


R lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are ubiquitous. They power numerous portable electronic devices, such as laptop computers and phones. They are also likely to be key in our lower-carbon future, already powering most electric vehicles and, in the future, potentially helping to store grid-scale electric power from renewable but intermittent sources, such as wind and solar. This widespread adoption of the Liion battery builds upon decades of work by many people with a variety of backgrounds and expertise including chemistry, physics, materials, and manufacturing, that find a home in the Materials Research Society (MRS). MRS Bulletin has featured numerous articles and special issues focusing on Li-ion batteries. In 2019, three researchers—M. Stanley Whittingham* of Binghamton University (part of The State University of New York system), John B. Goodenough of The University of Texas at Austin, and Akira Yoshino of the Asahi Kasei Corporation in Tokyo and Meijo University in Nagoya, Japan—were recognized with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their contributions to this technology. Specifically, the three each made important advances in the electrode materials that made these batteries practical. During battery use, or discharge, positive ions are liberated from the negative electrode, or anode, and are subsequently incorporated into the positive electrode, or cathode. The intervening electrolyte must allow rapid ion motion, so it is usually a liquid. The electrolyte should also be electrically insulating, so that electrons that are separated from the positive ions travel through an external circuit before being reunited with the ions. The energy available to drive these electrons through the circuit and perform useful tasks reflects the difference between the redox potentials of the anode and cathode reactions, which determines the voltage of the battery. By the 1970s, researchers had long recognized that lithium, as the lightest metal, had great promise as an anode material to store large amounts of charge relative to its weight. Lithium metal is also readily ionized to liberate electrons, which could allow high operating voltages from a single cell. What was needed was a cathode to take up the lithium ions and reunite them with the electrons at a lower energy. In many batteries, the ions undergo chemical reactions at the electrodes to form or break covalent bonds. Whittingham, then at ExxonMobil Corporation (Exxon), demonstrated a gentler approach, in which the lithium ions were accommodated between the layers of a metal-dichalcogenide (any chalcogenide containing two atoms of chalcogen per molecule or unit cell) material, a process known as intercalation. In his postdoctoral work at Stanford Building a better battery


A government review has concluded that the UK regulator of medical devices, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), acted "reasonably" in communicating to the public safety issues related to breast implants made by the French company Poly Implant Prothese (PIP).

The review was ordered by the health secretary for England, Andrew Lansley, in January, when it became clear that more than 40 000 UK women had been fitted with the defective implants, which had fraudulently been filled with non-medical grade silicone.1

Although the review, conducted by the health minister Earl Howe, exonerates the actions of the MHRA and the Department of Health, it says that both organisations need to learn lessons, particularly in how to communicate information promptly and appropriately to affected individuals, the medical profession, the public, and the press.2

Although the MHRA was found to have …


The construction of the rural public cultural service system in the new era is an effective way to meet the needs of farmers' spiritual and cultural needs. In the context of the revitalization of rural culture, the construction of my country's rural public cultural service system mainly has outstanding problems such as lagging infrastructure, lack of cultural content, single service forms, lack of professional talents, and incomplete regulatory mechanisms. Under the background of big data empowering cultural production and services, big data can help achieve rural areas with accurate supply of cultural service products, continuous innovation in cultural services, convenient cultural services, scientific training of cultural services, and effective guarantee of cultural service management. The public cultural service system, realizing the vivid and lively rural culture of rural culture and the long -term development of rural cultural literacy, to promote the revitalization of rural culture and improve the overall level of rural public culture.


Soil fertility decline and soil management for crop production are important economic issues for grain growers in north-eastern Australia. In that region, there is evidence of soil fertility decline which is attributed to past crop management practices. The questions addressed in this article are first, whether components of soil fertility can be improved by better management and second, by how much soil fertility would change. Soil fertility for crop production is considered in terms of soil organic carbon and nitrogen. A stochastic dynamic economic analysis of soil fertility management for wheat production is presented. A sequential analysis of first deriving the optimal nitrogen stock and application rates is followed by an assessment of tillage, stubble, and fertilizer strategies to obtain an optimal level of soil organic carbon. The recommended management practices are consistent with emerging management trends in the region. The derivation of optimal levels of soil fertility for agricultural purposes has other policy implications, which we discuss. Copyright 2008 International Association of Agricultural Economists.


Technological innovation is the foundation for enterprise survival and development.Intellectual property as the carrier of protecting technological innovation has become an important system tool for standardize technological competition and affect profit distribution.We analyze interactive relations of technological innovation and intellectual property right protection,discuss the problem existing in technological innovation and the intellectual property protection in China's private enterprises,and propose some corresponding countermeasures and suggestion in view of these questions.This paper provides the powerful support for China's private economy leap-forward development.


We were interested to see in the October issue (Leader, p3) that the National University of Singapore has a course in physics and computing. It is, however, not necessary to go quite so far to find science being exploited in that area. The University of Bath (only a short bike ride from Physics World's Bristol editorial offices) has both three-year full-time and four-year sandwich courses in physics and computing.


In [1] and [2] D.D. Anderson and D.F. Anderson studied commutative.integral domains that are graded by a torsion-free abelian group and that satisfy a certain arithmetical property (such as being a Krull domain, GCD-domain, UFD .... ). Actually for their purposes, it is better to look at these rings as rings graded by a torsion-free cancellative abelian monoid. Their attention was focused on proving that the arithmetical structure is determined by graded information, in particular the structure of the grading monoid. In this way they generalized several (twisted) monoid ring results of (see for example) R. Gilmer I-7] and L. Chouinard I-3]. An obvious next step is to find a concrete description of torsion-free cancellative abelian monoid graded rings that have a particular arithmetical structure. For example, are such rings automatically twisted semigroup rings? In 1"13] P. Wauters answered this question for factorial domains in case the grading monoid has no non-trivial units. It turns out that such rings are often polynomial rings. In I-4] the authors studied this question for such graded domains which are Dedekind: these rings are either polynomial rings or twisted group rings over a field. In this paper we consider


Cellular cytotoxicity of peripheral blood lymphocytes against autologous hepatocytes was studied in 9 patients with HBeAg positive and 8 patients with anti-HBe positive chronic hepatitis B. In the HBeAg positive group a greatly increased cytotoxicity of 41 +/- 7% (mean +/- SEM) was found, in contrast the moderately increased cytotoxicity in anti-HBe positive cases of 15 +/- 5% was clearly different (p = 0.005). The different cytotoxicity values could not be explained on the basis of the histological classification, but seemed to correlate at least to some degree to the aminotransferase levels. The cytotoxic activity resided in both T cell and non-T cell enriched lymphocyte compartments. Our findings may provide an explanation for the poor prognosis of HBeAg positive patients with chronic hepatitis B in contrast to their anti-HBe positive counterparts.


Abstract This article focuses on the interpretation and application of the GATT public morals exception to reconcile the conflict between trade and animal welfare. By examining public morals jurisprudence of the WTO, it aims to study the WTO's evolving interpretation of Article XX, general exceptions, to accommodate animal welfare concerns. The recent EC-Seal Products decision will be comprehensively analyzed to assess the progress and possible implications for the future. Also, this article argues that neither trade nor animal welfare should be disregarded. The outcome of the decision shows that the WTO is ready to recognize a new value under public morals exception, but sovereign regulatory autonomy may be restricted through the chapeau interpretation. Therefore, it is the work of the dispute settlement body to appropriately balance these competing interests although it was established to resolve trade disputes.


In initial stage of the 1990s,our country took the paces of the reform in the accounting field,but today a great deal of insufficient exists in the system reform of our country's accounting field.The article has pointed out these insufficient,and has put forward the thought of deepenning reform.


Ontology construction has need of many time and cost. This is why it is difficult to build a commercial semantic web. To solve the problem, we must automatically construct ontology. In this paper, we propose an automatic ontology generation system from web documents containing important informations of the web. The proposed system has two steps. One is simplification process which generates simple sentences from all sentences in the documents. Another is ontology generation process with transfer rules. Our system is very useful fur application domains in which many documents are updated or inserted frequently such as online shopping malls.


Nanning Bridge is a steel box arch bridge with asymmetric arch ribs inclining outwards.In this paper,the spatial frame structure finite element model and mixed finite element model of overall bridge are respectively established to analyze and calculate the stability of the Bridge.The results indicate that for the thin-wall box members,the calculation of the stability by the spatial frame structure finite element method is a little not safe and the influence of local stability must be considered,while the calculation by the mixed finite element method can effectively fulfill the analysis of the stability of the members.


This article presents the technology of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applied to a particular form of representation of topography, the digital elevation model (DEM). It first defines what a DEM is and introduces the basic properties of all DEMs, as well as several common sources of DEM data. Then the basic concepts of GIS technology are presented, defining what a GIS is, what fundamental data types it can store, and what kind of manipulations it can perform. Some of the most common GIS software packages are discussed. The remainder of the article focuses on the use of GIS technology for the interpretation of DEM in a hydrologic context. The principles of flow direction, flow accumulation, watershed delineation, flow lengths, slopes, and travel times as derived from DEM data within a GIS are presented. A brief case study is presented illustrating a number of the concepts presented in this article.

Keywords:

channel network;
digital elevation model;
flow direction;
geographic information system;
cell;
resolution;
topography;
watershed;
unit hydrograph


A series of 9,10-diarylphenanthrenes was prepared, and their structures and dynamic behaviors were both theoretically and experimentally investigated. A more twisted and crowded phenanthrene backbone was associated with a lower barrier to the rotation of an aryl group.


Resumen en: In this paper we describe the implementation of a biaxial vibrating sample magnetometer capable of performing measurements by the First Order Reversal Cu...


Developing a profound understanding of the combustion characteristics of the cold-start phase of a Direct Injection Spark Ignition (DISI) engine is critical to meeting increasingly stringent emissions regulations. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling of gasoline DISI combustion under normal operating conditions has been discussed in detail using both the detailed chemistry approach and flamelet models (e.g. the G-Equation). However, there has been little discussion regarding the capability of the existing models to capture DISI combustion under cold-start conditions. Accurate predictions of cold-start behavior involves the efficient use of multiple models - spray modeling to capture the split injection strategies, models to capture the wall-film interactions, ignition modeling to capture the effects of retarded spark timings, combustion modeling to accurately capture the flame front propagation, and turbulence modeling to capture the effects of decaying turbulent kinetic energy. The retarded spark timing helps to generate high heat flux in the exhaust for the faster catalyst light-off during cold-start. However, the adverse effect is a reduced turbulent flame speed due to decaying turbulent kinetic energy. Accordingly, developing an understanding of the turbulence-chemistry interactions is imperative for accurate modeling of combustion under cold-start conditions. In the present work, combustion characteristics during the cold-start, fast-idle phase is modeled using the G-Equation flamelet model and the RANS turbulence model. The challenges associated with capturing the turbulent-chemistry interactions are explained by tracking the flame front travel along the Borghi-Peters regime diagram. In this study, a modified version of the G-Equation combustion model for capturing cold-start flame travel is presented.


In the past,the research of traffic information system is mainly carried out in static transportation networks,and the dynamic behavior of travelers under the guidance of real time traffic information is rarely studied.In this paper,the dynamic reaction of travelers and the non-equilibrium traffic evolution in transportation networks under the guidance of traffic information are studied,based on which the benefit of traffic information is evaluated.Firstly,we investigate three kinds of travel behaviors: simultaneous departure time and route choices of drivers in normal traffic condition,travel behavior of drivers without traffic information after a traffic accidents occurring,and travel behavior of drivers with real time traffic information guidance after a traffic accidents occurring.By comparing the total travel costs in the three situations,the change of the total travel cost or the benefit of traffic information can be calculated.It is found that traffic information system can mitigate traffic congestion of networks substantially,if the traffic accident is severe and road capacity drops heavily.However,if the traffic accident is light and road capacity drops slightly,providing traffic information will make transportation system worse off,and it will resut in the increase of total travel cost.This implies that traffic information is not always good to transportation system,and it should be provided cautiously.


This work is devoted to the use of gaming technology in teaching Russian as a foreign language to Chinese undergraduates, at the Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov at the faculty of teacher education. A typology of educational games is given. The crucial role of overcoming the language barrier in the socialization of Chinese students in Russia is emphasized. The contribution of the sociological "theory of roles" to training using game technologies is considered, and the relationship of the individual with the environment that surrounds her is shown, and how this connection is realized in the performance of various social roles. The games that we use when teaching at various levels of Russian language proficiency for the study and development of lexical and grammatical material are presented. The positive and negative aspects of the use of games in the training of foreign students are analyzed. It is concluded that the use of gaming technologies in teaching Russian as a foreign language is also an exercise for a more active form of adaptation to other new cultural life models, to mastering skills in interpersonal communication in the context of another cultural matrix, recorded primarily in the language. During the game, there is an increase in motivation for learning, interest in studying the subject is growing, activity in learning is increasing, and as a result, the level of language proficiency improves.


Economic disparity between rural and urban areas is one of the persistent issues that have been discussed among politicians, academics and especially among paddy farmers. Traditionally, paddy farmers have been mired in poverty and their livelihood largely relied on on-farm and off-farm incomes. However the industrialization revolution has encouraged the manufacturing sector to set up factories in the rural paddy granary areas especially on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Thus these farmers have the opportunity to become employed as part-time factory workers. Since most of the development has been concentrated on the West Coast, the East Coast has been left behind from industrial development. Hence the opportunity for East Coast farmers to seek part-time jobs to earn an off-farm income as a factory worker is not readily available. Therefore it is imperative to investigate the impact of off-farm income disparity between paddy farmers on the West Coast and East Coast with regards to their household livelihood and the situation of the rural economy. The study focuses on the actual income distribution, structure and differences between onfarm and off-farm incomes at the household level. A structured questionnaire was designed to capture the information needed and surveys were conducted among five rice granary areas on the West and East Coasts. The results show that the average farm household income was RM1,824 in Kelantan, followed by RM2,947 in Kedah, RM2,969 in Terengganu, RM4,792 in Penang and RM4,895 in Selangor. Income inequality in Kelantan was the highest at 0.49 as measured by the Gini Coefficient. Out of the five granary areas, Kelantan's farmers have suffered from having the least amount of opportunities for generating on-farm and off-farm income which has led to a widening of income inequality amongst these farmers. .


The article is devoted to the ornament vocabulary of the Kola Sami, which helps to reconstruct a picture of the world of the indigenous Northern people. The vocabulary of ornament hasn't been a subject of the systemic linguistic research yet. The paper is the first attempt of classification of the given vocabulary. In the course of field practices the authors have managed to obtain lexical data that haven't been recorded in the modern dictionaries of the Sami language.


The emergence of technological systems with computerized cartographic application allowed the resolution of certain military problems between the 1950s and 1960s. The first GIS was created in Canada Geographic Information Systems in 1964 for Tomlinson. At this time, GIS was in a consolidation phase in multiple areas and for various purposes. The geographical science growth with the development of GIS were in connection to the subject of the new geography, justified by the application of the methods of quantitative analysis in various spatial nature of research. In this context, the GIS feature a number of operational advantages and have allowed the proliferation of new fields of endeavor in open access systems across multiple forms of acquisition, management, interpretation, and spatial information analysis. The main goal of this chapter is to underwrite the concept of GIS, as well as distinguish the diversity of applications from the past until the present, and to identify new paths to accommodate recent scientific approaches with extensive range of application possibilities.


Some of the participants share their memories and photos from the  VII World Congress of Music Therapy, held in Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain in 1993.


Based on analyzing the present situation of the water pollution in the Dashahe River, this paper puts forward the scheme of the deep treatment of the polluted water such as the truncation of the pollutants, the rectification and reformation of the pollution sources, the improvement of the channel, and the supplement of the middle-water after the treatment into the channel.


The subject of pubescence has a vast literature, both medical and anthropologic. Recent studies of growth reflect increased attention to the physiologic aspects of normal adolescence. Abernethy 1 investigated the correlations in physical and mental growth based on a study of 487 American high school girls. She found that the average age of physiologic maturation in 48 per cent of these girls was approximately 13 years and 6 months. Petri 2 analyzed hereditary factors in the determination of menarche by comparing 51 pairs of monozygotic twins with 47 pairs of dizygotic twins. The mean difference in the menarche in the latter group was one year. The mean difference among monozygotic pairs was only two and eight-tenths months. Pryor 3 reported a serial study of the adolescent spurt of growth for 100 girls. Examinations extending over four years at six month intervals demonstrated that pubescent girls grew 26 per cent faster


This paper finds that the information environment at auctions impacts prices, liquidity and participation and has aggregate implications. Using data from real estate auctions, prices and liquidity decline in auctions with more opaque information environments. Increased opacity also induces greater home bias, shrinking the distance between the point of sale and the equilibrium buyer. Assets bought in more opaque information environments also earn lower realized returns, especially for less informed buyers. The effects of information are also felt beyond the auction setting. Increased auction opacity depresses local housing markets, increases the cost of credit and causes smaller firms to fail.


The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of cloud computing and its development as well as the advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing implementation at some companies. Some literature studies from journals, textbooks and internet sources are discussed. Based on these searches it is known that the cloud computing as a technology that utilizes internet services uses a central server to the virtual nature of data and application maintenance purposes. The existence of Cloud Computing itself causes a change in the way thetechnology information system works at an company. Security and data storage systems have become important factors for the company.Cloud Computing technology provides a great advantage for most enterprises.


The azide functionality is a common progenitor for the synthesis of N-containing compounds and not only reacts with nucleophiles and electrophiles but also serves as a nitrene precursor upon thermo...


This colloquium, which took place in Oxford in 1985, discussed the question of `skeuomorphism', or the use of one material to give the appearance of another.


A unique solid acid catalyst PBA is developed and efficiently employed for the coupling of quinone monoacetals with olefins and other nucleophiles.


One of the essential parameters in setting up the performances of the measurement systems that uses Hall microsensors is the magnetic offset of such devices. This paper presents the structure, the operating conditions and the main characteristics of double drain magnetotransistors. Numerical simulations shows the fact that an adequate choice of the device geometry and material features are key parameters for obtaining high performances of the devices. In the final part are also presented and described original electrical diagrams of some transducers which contain such sensors.


Research indicates a crisis in the journalistic field due to economic, technological, institutional and cultural shifts. This seems to have led to a paradigm shift in arts journalism, from a cultural to a journalistic focus, and a loss of autonomy for culture departments in the Swedish press. This article investigates how arts journalists' professional values are affected by this presumed autonomy loss, the paradigm shift and insecure working conditions due to managerial control and economic pressure. The research material consists of interviews and articles by editors and critics debating their profession. The results show that the ideal-typical values traditionally associated with journalism in Western democratic society are under pressure. This prompts a redefinition of the profession and debate about the future of arts journalism and its threatened role of promoting cultural heritage and participation in an autonomous cultural public sphere.


This article is dedicated to a single artifact of the 19th century, tent of Emir of Bukhara, which is stored in the collection of the State Hermitage.


The purpose of the review was to analyze the neurochemical and neurophysiological mechanisms of the ghrelin system and the role of ghrelin in body functions and behavior. The focus is on the participation of ghrelin in the mechanisms of reinforcement and the formation of addictive behavior. At the beginning of the review a history of the first works on the field of ghrelin and its receptor was described. Then, genetic control, molecular precursor of ghrelin, molecular forms of ghrelin and ghrelin receptor were represented. In particular, the distribution of the ghrelin receptor, ghrelin-producing cells in the brain and its participation in various physiological functions of the body were shown. The hypothalamic functions of ghrelin were discussed: energy balance, regulation of glucose metabolism, stimulation of eating behavior, regulation of hypophys-pituitary axis (HPA) system. The connection of ghrelin with the brain CRH system was demonstrated. In particular, activation of HPA was described as a possible mechanism through which ghrelin regulates a number of physiological processes. Extrahypothalamic action of ghrelin was shown on the basis of the mechanisms of reinforcement and addiction. On the basis of their own data and literary, it was concluded that action of alcohol and psychoactive drugs are reduced after the ghrelin receptors blockade. In particular, it has been demonstrated that alcoholization of mothers affects the activity of the ghrelin system during the prenatal and early postnatal periods of development in the offspring of rats. It was shown the participation of ghrelin in memory and learning. The further perspective of the study and practical application of ghrelin-based pharmacological agents was analyzed.


Abstract : The Inspector General, Department of Defense (IG/DoD) evaluated DoD's plans for providing dental care to active duty family members (ADFMs) in Guam in view of the anticipated growth in population resulting from the planned base closure in Okinawa and subsequent realignment to Guam. The IG/DoD recognizes that population projections may change, which could have an impact on medical planning. DoD plans for providing dental care to ADFMs in Guam need improvement. Specifically, the plans currently require family members to rely on local dental providers, despite the likely shortage of dentists because of the expected population increase. The realignment will increase the ADFM and civilian populations by about 39,100 during peak construction, thus increasing Guam's total population by 22 percent. With only 43 civilian dental providers, population increases could push the population-to-dentist ratio to 5,000-to-1, potentially resulting in Guam's designation as a Health Professional Shortage Area for dental care. The plans are inadequate because Navy officials concluded that the current TRICARE Dental Program network in Guam would be sufficient to provide dental care to ADFMs; however, in arriving at this conclusion, Navy officials did not do the following (1) fully examine the impact the increase in total population would have on the availability of dental care in Guam, and (2) coordinate with the TRICARE Management Activity to ensure that the TRICARE Dental Program could continue to provide adequate access to dental care for active duty family members. If ADFMs do not have adequate access to dental care, it could negatively impact quality of life and morale for active duty members and their families.


A method for the determination of chlormequat and mepiquat residues in samples from seeding cultivation products was established by accelerated solvent extraction-solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS).The samples were extracted with ASE 200 system and cleaned up with weak cation exchange(CBA) column.The identifications of chlormequat and mepiquat were performed on a HILIC column packed with 5 μm particles under isocratic LC conditions by using 0.1% formic acid in 20 mmol/L ammonium acetate(A) and acetonitrile(B)(VA ∶ VB=40 ∶ 60).The quantification of analytes was achieved by using electrospray ionization under positive ion mode(ESI+) with multiple reaction monitoring(MRM).The result indicated that the calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.2-10 μg/kg for both compounds.The average recoveries at spiked concentration levels of 2,5,10 μg/kg ranged from 77% to 111% with relative standard deviations of 5.6%-21.7%.The limits of detection were 0.02 μg/kg and the limits of quantitation were 0.1 μg/kg for both compounds.The established method was simple,rapid,sensitive and specific,and was suitable for the identification and quantification of chlormequat and mepiquat residues in seeding cultivation.


The utility model discloses a beverage packing box, which relates to a packing box and mainly solves the problem that the beverage in common beverage packing box cannot be drunk up to be wasted. The beverage packing box comprises an outer box, the top part of which is provided with a straw mouth, and an inner bag, which is positioned inside the outer box, wherein the centers of bottom parts of the outer box and the inner bag protrude downwards, and the circumference of the bottom part of the inner bag is supported by bottom partitions arranged inside the outer box. When being about to be drunk up, the beverage at the bottom of the box flows to the lowest position at the bottom part of the bag along the funnel-shaped bottom part of the inner bag, so that no beverage is left inside the box, thus the waste is also avoided.


These Lockheed Martin introduced an innovation entitled Spacecraft Survivability (SCS) Engineering to further the advancement of crew safety design techniques for implementation on the Orion CEV contract with NASA awarded in September of 2006. This innovation identified new potential for enhancing crew safety of the Orion vehicle through the adaptation of techniques pioneered for military aircraft survivability. The benefit of this approach became apparent in early applications as vehicle evolution trade studies were undertaken when new advantages of potential designs were identified through the study of design options through SCS and considered in the trade study decisions. Three years after the award, Spacecraft Vulnerability Reduction (SVR) has grown from a concept to an application. Where only System Reliability, Crew Survival and System Safety were applied, SVR brings further closure of gaps to prevent loss of life for potential mishap scenarios by complementing but not duplicating efforts in System Safety, Reliability, and Crew Survival and providing a more comprehensive design and assessment approach. This innovation has been embraced by the aircraft survivability world with recent developments for potential collaboration of efforts. These techniques must be developed and applied to space design, now, in order to support human missions to Mars. The example set by military aircraft programs teaches the road to developing and implementing a structured survivability program is long and could take decades to mature. Collaborative work has begun with the Naval Post Graduate College and NASA in efforts to gain expertise and expand what is traditionally done for spacecraft safety by applying new techniques to support design survivability decisions, drive designs through new survivability requirements, and measure the effectiveness of these techniques through a new system metric. This paper describes the program as envisioned and currently implemented, the achieved and projected benefits to the NASA project Orion, and insight into the future of Survivability and potential benefits beyond Orion to other human and uncrewed space applications where common concerns such as optimizing safety while minimizing weight are priority concerns. Work being performed now includes the Damage Modes and Effects Analysis (DMEA) and Methodology Document written for Spacecraft application, Emergency Return Mode application to affect design and operational scenario development, additional robustness to lowered fault tolerance systems, and program development. The DMEA follows the widely know Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA). Where the FMEA identifies the possible failures and hazards, the DMEA plays through the failures and analyzes the damage and its cascading events. To this day, safety requirements only look at the susceptibility: "how likely is it to happen?", and design only to prevent occurrence to a certain level of reliability. SVR is the practice of assuming the hazard has occurred. What then? By identifying these vulnerabilities during the design phase, LM is able to create a safer spacecraft, while having positive impacts on budget and schedule. This paper will propose the potential future of survivability driven design to strengthen the synergy between aircraft and spacecraft as we prepare for the moon, Mars and beyond.


BACKGROUND AND AIM:Artemisinin-piperaquine combination(ATQ)is comprised of artemisinin and piperaquine for the treatment of falciparum malaria.To test the developmental toxicity of the combination,embryo-fetal development studies were conducted in rats.MATERIALS AND METHODS:SD rats were divided into 6 groups(18 animals per group).On days 7-17 of gestation,ATQ in 4 doses of 35,70,120 and 200 mg/(kg·d)were orally administrated to 4 groups of rats,and a similar group was dosed with the vehicle and cyclophosphamide to serve as control.Body weight,food consumption and clinical observation data were collected during the study.On day 20 of gestation,all rats were sacrificed.RESULTS:Fetal developmental retardation was observed in groups of 70,120 and 200 mg/(kg·d)doses.Groups of 120 and 200 mg/kg doses showed embryotoxicity,with fetal resorption of 23.5% and 36.4%,respectively,and a low incidence of skeletal abnormalities with protruding,absent,incomplete ossification and short supernumerary ribs.No toxicity was observed in group of 35 mg/kg dose.CONCLUSION:ATQ had developmental toxicity and 35 mg/(kg·d)was the maximum safe dose in pregnant SD rats.


Theme towns are an often-overlooked but significant form of tourism in rural areas. Many a small town across the United States, faced with a declining resource-based economy, has turned to "theming" as an economic-development strategy. In hopes of creat- ing an alluring landscape, the built environment is radically transformed, and a variety of invented traditions are instituted. This article explores one such place-Leavenworth, Washington-that "went Bavarian" in the 196os and is widely viewed as a success story. We examine four interrelated concepts that produce the symbolic economy of Leavenworth: emulation of other theme towns, authenticity, visual difference, and place marketing. After discussing each, we turn to the questions of how residents are affected by tourism and what it is like to live in Leavenworth. Keywords: landscape, Leavenworth, theme town, tourism. Who or what are we? Are we going to become Bavarians? Are we going to be imposters the rest of our lives? What has become of Leavenworth? Is it still there beneath the facade? Or is the facade Leavenworth? -Dirk Andersen, 1969


Irregular nematic liquid crystal waveguide structures were investigated by the numeric simulation and experimentally. The dependence of attenuation coefficient (optical losses) of the waveguide modes and the effective sizes (correlation radii) of quasi-stationary irregularities of the liquid-crystal layer on the linear polarization of the incident laser radiation and the presence of pulse-periodic electric field were experimentally observed and investigated. An estimate is made of the correlation radii of liquid-crystal waveguide quasi-stationary irregularities. The observed decrease in the attenuation coefficient of the waveguide modes and the effective sizes of irregularities in the liquid-crystal layer, when the external electric field is switched on, explained by the effect of the decrease in the fluctuations correlation radii of the local orientation of the molecules of the liquid crystal. Experimental spectral density function of the statistical quasi-stationary nematic liquid crystal irregularities was restored and relevant statistical parameters are given. The obtained results are undoubtedly important for further research of dynamic processes inside non stationary waveguide liquid crystal layers, both from the theoretical point of view for understanding kinetic processes in the liquid crystals, and with practical, -in the organization and carrying out suitable experimental researches.


This study examines sharp bounds on Arimoto's conditional Rényi entropy of order β with a fixed another one of distinct order α ≠ β. Arimoto inspired the relation between the Rényi entropy and the ℓ<inf>r</inf>-norm of probability distributions, and he introduced a conditional version of the Rényi entropy. From this perspective, we analyze the ℓ<inf>r</inf>-norms of particular distributions. As results, we identify specific probability distributions which achieve our sharp bounds on the conditional Rényi entropy. The sharp bounds derived in this study can be applicable to other information measures which are strictly monotone functions of the conditional Rényi entropy.


Swarms of unmanned vehicles (air and ground) can increase the efficiency and effectiveness of military and law enforcement operations by enhancing situational awareness and allowing the persistent monitoring of multiple hostile targets. The key focus in the development of the enabling technologies for swarm systems is the minimisation of uncertainties in situational awareness information for surveillance operations supported by 'system of systems' composed of static and mobile heterogeneous sensors. The identified critical enabling techniques and technologies for adaptive, informative and reconfigurable operations of unmanned swarm systems are robust static sensor network design, mobile sensor tasking (including re-allocation), sensor fusion and information fusion, including behaviour monitoring. The work presented in this paper describes one of the first attempts to integrate all swarm-related technologies into a prototype, demonstrating the benefits of swarms of heterogeneous vehicles for defence applications used for the persistent monitoring of high-value assets, such as military installations and camps. The key enabling swarm system technologies are analysed here, and novel algorithms are presented that can be implemented in available COTS-based unmanned vehicles. The algorithms have been designed and optimised to require small computational power, be flexible, be reconfigurable and be implemented in a large range of commercially available unmanned vehicles (air and ground).


The authors examine six models for predicting triode region MOSFET behavior. The six models are formed from the combination of two channel charge models and three carrier velocity models. The channel charge and velocity descriptions are well documented in the literature, but only four of the models have been compared with experiment. It is shown that all six models predict identical MOSFET characteristics for sufficiently small drain voltages. It is shown that, at temperatures high enough that channel carrier freezeout is negligible, it is acceptable to extract MOSFET parameters from the transfer characteristics using methods derived from the simple square law model without velocity saturation. However, due to channel carrier freezeout onto the minority impurity sites for device bodies which contain both donors and acceptors, these methods are invalid at low temperatures. It is also shown that the hole saturation velocity in the channel increases with decreasing temperature. Between room and liquid-nitrogen temperatures, the increase is about 44%.<<ETX>>


A lymphoblastoid cell line (BI) was isolated in culture following a brief exposure to 5‐azacytidine from peripheralblood mononuclear cells of a boar previously injected with cells (Shimozuma) producing porcine retrovirus (Tsukuba‐I) and suffering a severe non‐neoplastic syndrome at autopsy. BI cell line and 5 of its sublines were propagated for more than 100 generations, retaining doubling times comprised between 16.8 and 27.5 hr and growing readily in agarose or agar (plating efficiency: 5 to 50%). Karyotype analyses showed that 4 sublines were nearly diploid, except for cells of L14, which displayed a monosomy affecting chromosome 18 pair. Two sublines (L35 and L45) were considered as being of T‐cell lineage, since MSA antigen was observed on the surface of approximately 30% of cells. Three sublines (L23, L14 and L52) were considered of B‐cell lineage, since membrane immunoglobulins were observed on the cell surface. In addition, sublines L23 and L52 were actively secreting immunoglobulin of μ isotype. Retrovirus particles were evidenced in gradient purified preparation of 200‐fold‐concentrated cell culture supernatants of the BI cell line, L14, L35 and L52 sublines, using both a reverse transcriptase activity assay and electron microscopic observation. These cell lines can be used to select for porcine retrovirus variants with transforming potential for lymphocytes of B and T lineages.


Digital twin city (DTC) is a critical information infrastructure that enables many innovative applications for smart and resilient city development. Thanks to the recent advances in remote sensing and photogrammetry, accurate, dense, and large-scale 3D urban point clouds become increasingly available for many cities for creating and updating their DTCs. Because of the immense amount and the high update frequency of urban point clouds, it is too time-consuming and labor-intensive to create and update DTCs solely by human experts. Researchers have developed a wealth of automatic and semi-automatic methods for processing 3D urban point clouds using expert knowledge of the built environment, supervised learning, and reinforced learning of geometric primitives and components. However, these methods are restricted, ironically by the embedded knowledge, in the scalability to sophisticated scenes and the availability of standardized components. Inspired by the success of Google' unsupervised learning program AlphaZero, this paper proposes a novel hierarchical clustering approach for semantic enrichment of point clouds. Unlike the existing approaches relying on fixed domain knowledge, extra correlational training examples, or available 3D references, the proposed approach exploits the similarities between patches of point clouds without explicit domain knowledge. The proposed approach first segments patches from the input point cloud through the connected subgraphs of voxel grids, then computes the dissimilarity matrix between the patches via iterative optimization. Subsequently, the dissimilarity engenders a hierarchy of clusters for understanding the relatedness between the patches. A pilot study on a real urban scene showed that the proposed approach is feasible and potent to cluster and detect objects automatically. Another experiment showed that the dissimilarity-based clusters and associated transformations can help create semantic objects for DTC, as referential 3D models are available.


Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most common outpatient infections in the United States. Recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTI) are 30 times more common in women than men, suggesting differences in genitourinary anatomy and physiologic factors exist that could explain an increased susceptibility in females. One in three women are diagnosed with a UTI by age 24, with a recurrence rate of approximately 2.6 infections/year. A bidirectional relationship exists between rUTI and pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) in women, however, little is known about the role of pelvic floor dysfunction in the pathogenesis of UTI in premenopausal women.

 We aimed to document the occurrence of PFD among a group of premenopausal women with rUTI to further understand the relationship and identify factors associated with pelvic pain and dyspareunia. We hypothesize PFD will have a high prevalence in this population.

 The Electronic Medical Record Search Engine (EMERSE) database for a single institution was utilize to identify eligible patients. Inclusion criteria included women aged 18-49 with an ICD code for UTI, who still have their ovaries, and who have who have seen a urologist, gynecologist, or urogynecologist within the past 5 years. A total of 610 eligible patients were identified and contacted via email and asked to participate in our survey study. The survey included queries on demographics, medical history, personal experience with UTI symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Survey responses were analyzed using chi-squared tests to analyze factors associated with dyspareunia. Pelvic floor dysfunction was defined as baseline pelvic pain outside of the context of UTI or dyspareunia. Internal Review Board approval was obtained for this study (STUDY20211407).

 Of the 610 women contacted, 65 (10.7%) responded. Outside the context of UTI, 52 (80%) women reported some degree of pelvic pain (Figure 1) and 40 (62%) women reported dyspareunia. The presence of pelvic pain was significantly associated with dyspareunia (90% with dyspareunia vs 64% without, p<0.05). On multivariable analysis, patients with pelvic pain were more likely to have dyspareunia (aOR 6.6). There was no association between degree of dyspareunia and duration, number, or severity of UTI.

 PFD is highly prevalent among premenopausal women with rUTI, and screening for pelvic pain and dyspareunia should be performed in this population. Patients who report pelvic pain are more likely to have dyspareunia. Further investigation is needed to evaluate causation between PFD and rUTI in premenopausal women.

 No


INTRODUCTION:
Tuberculous lymphadenitis, the most common form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis constituting 15-20% of all cases of tuberculosis. Control of tuberculosis has become a global challenge due to emergence of MDR and XDR tuberculosis. Delay in the diagnosis and treatment increases the severity of disease and is associated with higher risk of mortality and morbidity more so in HIV infected patients.
AIM OF THE STUDY:
To study the epidemiology and to analyse non-culture methods in diagnosing tuberculous lymphadenitis which gives earlier result with good sensitivity and specificity.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
This prospective study was conducted in the department of microbiology, Coimbatore Medical College and Hospital, Coimbatore for a period of one year from June 2017 to May 2018. Fine needle aspirates from 64 patients with suspected tuberculous lymphadenitis were subjected to AFB smear study, cytological evaluation and molecular methods – RT PCR and GeneXpert.
RESULTS:
Out of 64 samples, 42 samples were subjected to molecular methods due to lack of adequate sample. When compared with PCR method, AFB smear study showed 66.67% sensitivity and 78.57% specificity. When compared with GeneXpert, AFB smear study showed 36.36% sensitivity and 100% specificity. When compared with PCR method, cytology showed 33.3% sensitivity and 71.43% specificity. When compared with GeneXpert, cytology showed 18.18% sensitivity, 55.55% specificity. AFB smear study is significantly associated with PCR (p < 0.03) and GeneXpert (p < 0.043) and found to be statistically significant.
CONCLUSION:
Earlier detection helps in early appropriate treatment which is the cornerstone in curtailing its spread. In case of extrapulmonary tuberculosis each nonculture method contributes and increases overall sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing the condition with short span of time as single diagnostic test is not sufficient. In this study GeneXpert is more sensitive and specific and gives earlier results with the advantage of simultaneous detection of rifampicin resistance.


Measurements have been performed in the UK over more than a decade to determine the upset/disruption threshold of a wide range of equipment. Such information is critical to ensuring the safe operation of systems in the vicinity of high power microwave (HPM) fields. These measurements have been performed using a number of techniques to achieve high field levels including mode stirred chamber testing and the ORION HPM source (S. N. Spark and B. A. Kerr et al, "The high power microwave facility: Orion", in Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. Symp. 2001, pp. 13/1-13/2.) A generic upset trend is described which has been computed from an ensemble of equipment trials. The equipment trialled only involved systems where the upset was due to back door coupling and not in band RF systems The generic trend is in general agreement with that of more specific equipment trends, [(R. Hoad et al., IEEE transactions on electromagnetic compatibility, Vol. 46, No. 3, August 2004, pp 390 -395)]. The useful frequency span of such a trend may well extend to 40 GHz.


Disclosed are various embodiments for evaluating the application compatibility with the computing device. The application set judgment, then, in order to exclude a particular client is not compatible with the application, is filtered. Filtering, in order to determine whether each application is compatible with the client, is executed by determining a feature set for the client, using the feature set to perform the evaluation of the compatibility expression for each application . And filtered sets of application is returned may be used in the user interface associated with the application market system.


Penetrating spine injuries are second most common spine injury after blunt trauma. Stab wounds and, gunshot wounds are two common types of
penetrating injuries. Surgery has a signicant role in penetrating spine injury in cases of cord transection, cord compression by foreign body/ bony
and soft tissue fragment, bony instability and in CSF leak. Stab wounds have comparatively better prognosis. Moreover, surgery plays a much
larger role. Retained foreign objects should be removed after a stab injury, whereas bullet fragments may be left in place if it is not causing any role
in neurological compression. Penetrating spine injuries are the second leading cause of spinal cord injuries. There is high rate of complications in
surgical intervention for penetrating spine injuries to the spine. Very few literatures are available showing data on Penetrating spine injuries to the
spine in India. Approximately 38 cases over the last 3 years have been recorded, with unusual presentation and neurological recovery. We tried to
ll this gap in data, by reviewing cases of Penetrating spine injuries to spine presenting at a tertiary care hospital. A Retrospective cohort Methods
study, in which Patients of all ages who presented to the emergency department of IMS BHU, with Penetrating spine injuries between October 2019
and April 2022 were included in the study. Neurological examinations were done and data were collected. American Spinal Injury Association
score (ASIA) was used for the initial and follow-up neurological assessment. Extent of cord transection, motor and sensory decits were also
recorded. The patients were grouped into patients with cord transaction and those with cord contusion with cord compression by foreign body or by
bony and soft tissue fragment, CSF leak, and intact spinal cord and having fractures with bony instability. All patients were then followed and the
outcomes were recorded. A total of 38 patients were identied. The mean ± Results SD of patients age was (30.9 ± 9.5) years. Of the 38patients with
Penetrating spine injuries 36 were gunshot wounds, 2 had sharp weapon penetrating spinal cord injury.35 patients were managed surgically and
conservative management done in 3 patients. The mean ± SD of follow-up was (8.7 ± 7.2) months. In our study, dorsal spine was the most
commonly injured region. Of the 38 patients with medical imaging performed at our institute, 27 (71.05%) having cord contusion, 6(15.78%) were
having cord compression by foreign body, 3(7.89%) were having bony instability without cord contusion and 2(5.26%) having CSF leak.
Conclusion The prognosis of Penetrating spine injuries to the spine depends on whether the spinal cord is intact or transected and on presence of
bony instability. Above inference will help healthcare providers to plan the further management of the patient and counsel them accordingly.


The transducer is one of the main equipment of control automation system,at present many transducers are imported,so the key problem of install debug and fault analysis become the routine work.By the train,the staff member can control the install and adjust type and expel malfunction on the scene.


Mineralogy of fine sand and clay fractions of two pedons of basaltic region of Medak district of Andhra Pradesh was investigated using petrography, X-ray diffraction technique (XRD) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Light minerals constituted bulk of the sand fraction and comprised quartz, orthoclase and plagioclase feldspars and mica in order of their abundance. Heavy minerals contributed very small fraction and were dominated by opaque minerals, hornblende, augite and epidote. Mineralogy of clay fraction by XRD and DTA showed the dominance of smectites with a small fraction of kaolinite. The presence of weatherable minerals like hornblende and augite indicated that the soils are moderately weathered and are of medium age. Both smectite and kaolinite were possibly formed in an earlier geological period with more rainfall and greater fluctuation in temperature and were preserved to the present day because of the climate change from humid to semi-arid during the Plio-Pleistocene transition period.


Objective To study the prevalence of hyperglycemia in patients with aldosteroneproducing adenoma(APA)before and after operation. Methods The 65APA patients were enrolled in the study.The blood pressure,plasma and urinary aldosterone,basic and stimulation levels of plasma renin activity(PRA)in all patients were measured and the results were compared with those of 53essential hypertension(EH)patients and 40controls.All APA patients underwent adrenalectomy.After operation the condition of the patients was compared with before operation. Results The APA group had a higher area under the curve of glucose(AUCg)and insulin(AUCi)in comparing with the EH and control groups.The APA group had a higher insulin resistance homeostasis(HOMA-IR)than the control group.The prevalence of hyperglycemia was 44.6%in the APA group,higher than in the EH and control groups.According to the results of OGTT,the patients were divided into subgroups with or without hyperglycemia.The hyperglycemia group had a higher plasma aldosterone than the non-hyperglycemia group.The level of plasma aldosterone at 08:00was positively correlated with 2hPG and AUCg in the APA patients.And the level of plasma potassium was negatively correlated with 2hPG and AUCg in the APA patients.After ablation of APA,the levels of plasma and urinary aldosterone,FPG,2hPG,AUCg and AUCi decreased and the level of plasma potassium increased.After operation,the prevalence of hyperglycemia was 35.4%in the APA group. Conclusion The APA patients have a significantly higher prevalence of hyperglycemia.It is related with over secretion of aldosterone.


The objectives of this study were to describe the profile of livestock production system on beef cattle under local resources base. Livestock On-Farm Trials was applied in this study by involved 21 farmer groups of beef cattle under program of Sarjana Membangun Desa. The program distributed at 8 regencies with the various agro ecosystems (low-middle-land, up-land, forest-margin, and rice-base). Descriptive analysis was applied in this study. This study demonstrated that beef cattle production closely integrated to the overall crop farming based on the condition of agro ecosystems. A number of local resources and by-products of agriculture and agro industry made the most of feeding practice. Crop-Livestock-System needed to be developed in the framework of sustainable development.


The purpose of this study is to recognize the differences of visual evaluation by variations in width of hem line and waistline position of the bell buttom pants. The stimuli are 9 samples: One control group, 3 variations of the width of hem line and 3 variations of the waistline position. The data has been obtained from 56 fashion students. The data has been analyzed by Factor Analysis, Anova, Scheffe's Test and the MCA method. The results of the study are as follows: The visual evaluation by the width of hem line and waistline position of bell buttom pants are composed of 5 factors : comfort, personality, physical characteristics, stiffness and modern. Among these factors, the comfort is evaluated to be the most important factor. As a visual evaluation result of changes in the width of hern line, 62cm in width (the narrowest width) was highly evaluated in comfort and stiffness factors, 78cm in width (the widest width) was highly evaluated in personality and physical characteristics factors. For the result of changes in the waistline position, high-waisted bell buttom pants were was highly evaluated in personality and stiffness factors, low-waisted bell buttom pants were was highly evaluated in comfort, physical characteristics and modern factors. The width of hem line and waistline position of the bell buttom pants interacted to the comfort factor. The width of hem line had more influence on visual evaluation in personality factors while physical characteristics, stiffness and modern factors were affected by the waistline position.


For forty-five years Dr. Hume has rendered distinguished service to the cause of foreign missions. He has been preacher, educator, writer, philanthropist, promoter of industrial training, and teacher of Indian preachers. He is now in this country, but, though a man of seventy-three, he plans to return to the land to which he has consecrated his life.


ABSTRACT Many lament that solidarity is declining, implying there is something good about it; but what is solidarity and why should we want it? Here, we defend an original functionalist re-interpretation of solidarity. Political solidarity plays a key functional role in a polity's persistence through time. Thus, we should want institutions that foster solidarity. This paper is divided into three parts. In the first, we draw on the philosophy of biology to pinpoint what counts as a proper function, in a way that is naturalistic, objective, and selective. On this aetiological account, a sharp distinction between functional needs (e.g. the pumping of blood) and functional mechanisms (e.g. the valve that pumps blood) is drawn. In the second part of the paper, we propose that solidarity should be understood as an aetiological function of society. This new conception sheds light on the widely acknowledged, yet seldom clarified connection between two common readings of solidarity: solidarity as a set of feelings of mutual kinship (its functional need), and solidarity as a set of redistributive institutions (a key functional mechanism). The third part concludes that this new functional conception of solidarity provides normative reasons to foster solidarity.


At LaGuardia Community College, we have a saying: Challenge expectations. As fitting as these words are in an essay on the unique value of an honors program at a community college, they also reflect the creation, growth, and ultimate goal of our program and its amazing students, faculty, and staff, who embody these words every day. That an unprecedented widening and deepening of students' knowledge takes place in honors courses is a given, but the singularity of the LaGuardia Community College Honors Program centers on expansion of our students' conception of themselves as more than intellectuals. Our honors philosophy of helping students own their learning process and educational experience gives students a sense of agency in their lives that builds their self-esteem and self-confidence and allows them to see their limitless potential. Cultivating a community of support is essential in planting these seeds of excellence. We engage not just past and present students of the program but also bring the talents and skills of faculty and staff from every area of the college to bear in myriad ways. The result: our students become leaders, empowered to organize for themselves and their peers on the topics of transfer, scholarship, research, civic engagement, and diverse co-curricular activities. For the honors students at LaGuardia, the shift in self-awareness and positive image is life-altering, going far beyond the average student's expansion of intellectual capacity The change has the power to raise the bar on the goals they set and achieve: from an accountant with an associate's degree at a local firm in Queens, NY, to an MBA working at one of the top three financial institutions in the country. "Honors" is typically associated with a self-selecting group of polished, academically accomplished, focused, and/or privileged students who arrive merely needing to be nurtured and mentored to reach their full potential One assumes that honors students are not "at risk" and they don't need much support. However, community college students provide a different story about the meaning and value of honors; they demonstrate that--counterintuitive though it may be--open-access community colleges need programs like honors to fulfill their mission of serving students who have been underserved and are under-represented in higher education. This is the population we serve at LaGuardia, and seemingly the odds are against them Not the least of the obstacles to their success are financial, making it difficult to afford tuition, commuting costs, and textbooks and often necessitating such choices as whether to pay the rent or register for classes next semester. An honors program at an urban, commuter campus serving low-income, under-represented, first-generation community college students can seem beyond pie in the sky. LaGuardia has always excelled at precisely this kind of challenge. The college was founded in 1971 in response to the City University of New York's query, "What if we made CUNY's founding principle--opening the doors of higher education to all--a reality?" The college was named after one of New York's most courageous and idealistic leaders, Mayor Fiorello H La Guardia, a champion of the underdog. Now, over 160 countries are represented among LaGuardia's full-time students with 111 native languages. The results speak for themselves: family income for LaGuardia students climbs 17% upon graduation, and LaGuardia graduates transfer to four-year colleges at a rate 20% higher than that of their peers at community colleges nationwide. An imperative for innovation has led us to shatter misperceptions of community college students' academic and professional abilities from the moment we opened our doors over forty years ago in the wake of the Civil Rights Movement. This same drive is what has helped us to push boundaries in order to expand the traditional conception of honors programs as "elite," showing us how they can be, and at our institution are, engines to increase accessibility to higher education and the workforce. …


has resulted ingreateruseofclindamycintotreatcaninepyodermabecauseofitsperceived clinical efficacy and good distribution into the skin (1,2). Clindamycin is a lincosamide that reversibly binds to the bac-terial50Sribosomalsubunit,therebyinhibitingproteinsynthesis(3). In some cases, staphylococci may appear to be susceptible toclindamycinwhentested


ABSTRACT This paper examines digital and mobile learning that goes beyond bounded communities and closed domains. While recent work from the field of mobile learning has emphasized the importance of learning across "contexts," little analytical attention has been paid to the underlying dynamics of this phenomenon. To illuminate this, the four learning mechanisms of identification, coordination, reflection and transformation from the framework of boundary crossing are linked with mobile learning practices. It is argued that mobile phones and specifically mobile social media serve as boundary crossing tools: tools that are used by learners to generate multimodal representations that reflect their experiences and identities, and to share them across their digital and non-digital social networks. The four learning mechanisms are facilitated by the learners' engagement with more heterogeneous and peripheral spaces of their social networks in ways not previously possible.


Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens (L.) DC.) is an introduced persistent perennial weed species which is commonly found in cultivated land in western Canada and infrequently in southern Ontario. The weed is characterized by its extensive root system, relatively low seed production, and persistence. Cultural, chemical and biological control strategies of the species are reviewed. This summary of the biological information of Russian knapweed is presented as part of a series on the biology of Canadian weeds.


The histochemical and histoenzymic studies were condueted on mammary glands of 14 lactating goats. The right mammary halves or 12 goats were intracisternally inocualted with 1ml of  Mycoplasma F38 mastitis culture containing a approximately 10" cfu, whereas, their left halves received 1 ml or sterile PPLO broth only,.The remaining 2 goats sreved as unifected controls. All the infected goats developed acute mastitis in their right mammary halves which subsequently turned chronic characterized  by marked decrease in their size and secretions. Histopathologically there ws acute purulent mastitis initially followed by fibroplasia in the infected mammary halves. The histochemical (lipids) and histoenzymic (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutunic dehydrogenase changes were suggestive of altered fat, carbohydrate and protein metabolism in the infected mammary halves.


The abrasivity of materials is of vital importance in selecting an affordable excavation method in the early stages of a tunneling project. Vickers hardness number rock (VHNR), rock abrasivity index (RAI), Cerchar abrasivity index (CAI), LCPC abrasivity coefficient, and Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) abrasion test are among the methods for estimating rock abrasivity. Correlations were proposed in this study for estimating the CAI of sandstone and tuff. To achieve reliable comprehensive results, various kinds of sandstone and tuff with different geological properties were selected. Sandstone and tuff samples were collected from different regions. Various tests were then carried out on prepared rock specimens to determine the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), tensile strength, velocity of longitudinal waves, Schmidt hammer rebound hardness, and the equivalent quartz content (EQC). Two correlations were presented by analyzing the experimental results with the help of SPSS and Excel. The first correlation estimated the CAI of sandstone based on the UCS and EQC with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.81. Moreover, using data analysis in Excel, another correlation was proposed to estimate the CAI of tuff. The second correlation estimated the Schmidt hammer rebound hardness of tuff with an R2 of 0.88.


The ravaging pandemic caused by SAR-CoV-2, a member of β-coronaviruses, marks the end of the year 2019. Despite being identified and classified at the earliest stage, the virus records worldwide soaring transmissibility, morbidity, and mortality. Global data have shown the infection with SARS-CoV-2 to be severe among at least 15% of the infected; the aged and those with premorbid conditions like cancer, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases. The highest prevalence and mortality are seen in the Americas, with African countries least affected. Severe respiratory distress and multiorgan failure are the usual findings in severe cases. A hyperinflammatory, fulminant, hypercytokinemia that is often further complicated by hypercoagulopathy and multiorgan failure has been reported extensively among severely infected patients. Scientists describe hyper-activated immune response mediated by macrophages secreting copious amounts of interleukin (IL)-6 forming the epicenter of cytokine storm (CS), thereby perpetuating signaling cascade through JAK/Kinase pathway that yields a hypercytokinemia. Researchers globally are exploring JAK/kinase inhibitors, immunomodulatory (immunosuppressive) therapy, cytokines, and cytokine receptor blockers for CS management. In which interestingly some of these agents possess antiviral activity. Here, we reviewed published studies with their respective outcome. However, a lot needs to be done to address the CS of COVID-19 to avert its fatal outcome.


We study the quantum phase transitions in a two component Bose mixture in a one-dimensional optical lattice. The calculations have been performed in the framework of the extended Bose-Hubbard model using the finite size density matrix renormalization group method. We obtain different phase transitions for the system for integer filling. When the interspecies on-site and the nearest-neighbor interactions are larger than the intraspecies on-site and also the nearest-neighbor interaction, the system exhibits a phase separated charge-density-wave order that is characterized by the two species being spatially separated and existing in the density-wave phases.


Objective: To explore the predictive effect of umbilical artery color Doppler ultrasonography on adverse pregnancy outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients combined with gestational hypertension. Methods: A total of 124 SLE pregnant patients were retrospectively analyzed, of which SLE patients combined with gestational hypertension suffering from adverse pregnancy outcomes (case group), and those not suffering from adverse pregnancy outcomes (control group) were compared in terms of parameters measured by umbilical artery color Doppler ultrasonography, including pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), and ratio of systolic peak blood flow rate to end diastolic blood flow rate (S/D), and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to analyze the predictive effect of those parameters on adverse pregnancy outcomes in SLE patients combined with gestational hypertension. Results: The case group showed significantly higher PI, RI and S/D than the control group (all P<0.05). The area under ROC curve and 95% confidence interval (CI) of PI were 0.840 (P=0.001) and 0.6741.000, respectively; those of RI were 0.770 (P=0.007), and 0.615-0.925, respectively, and those of S/D were 0.760 (P=0.009) and 0.570-0.949, respectively. Conclusion: Umbilical artery hemodynamic indexes including PI, RI and S/D have good predictive value for adverse pregnancy outcomes and they are worthy of clinical promotion and application.


Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is a malignant brain tumor composed of poorly differentiated cells and a variable number of rhabdoid cells, with the potential to differentiate along neuroepithelial, epithelial


A laser microphone has recently been focused on acquiring the distant target speech without unnecessary sounds. It measures the vibration of the object near the target sound source by irradiating the object surface with the laser beam. However, the speech acquired with this microphone degrades the sound quality. For instance, the speech components at higher frequencies are attenuated by vibration characteristic of the object, and the speech is collapsed by the stationary noise due to lower intensity of the laser beam reflected from the object. To improve the sound quality of the degraded speech, deep neural networks (DNNs) have recently been proposed. They are trained by using a set of acoustic features extracted from the degraded speech and the clean speech. However, the speech components at higher frequencies are still attenuated after processed by the DNN. Therefore, we propose the method to improve the sound quality with harmonic reconstruction after processed by the DNN. The proposed method is based on the harmonic structure of the speech signal and reconstructs the speech harmonics by utilizing a non-linear function. We evaluated the effectiveness of the proposed method through perceptual evaluation of speech quality.


The objective of this study was to assess the pedometer-determined physical activity among a sample of undergraduate students. To obtain the data required, the subjects' total number of steps was assessed using pedometer readings over the course of three days. Measurements of subjects' height, weight, waist and hip circumferences, and blood pressure were also recorded. A total of 174 young adults were involved in this study. The mean age was 20.7 ± 1.3 years; 40.2% were male, and 59.8% were female. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 22.0 ± 4.0 kg/m 2 and the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 10.4% and 3.4%, respectively. Mean steps taken per day were 7587 ± 2704 for females and 8481 ± 2914 for males. Based on waist-hip ratio data, female subjects were classified as having higher risk of chronic disease than males (5.7% vs. 1.2%). Classification of the waist circumference showed similar results (10.9% vs. 6.3%).We found that the number of steps taken per day was not significantly related (p> 0.05) to variables such as waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-hip ratio, BMI and systolic or diastolic blood pressure. Further analysis showed that subjects with fewer than 6594 steps per day (< 33rd percentile) had a higher systolic blood pressure than those subjects who walked more steps in a day (111 ± 14 mmHg vs.106 ±11 mmHg; t=-2.42, p<0.05). Other variables, such as BMI, waist and hip circumferences, waist-hip ratio and diastolic blood pressure were not significantly different among groups with different mean steps per day. The prevalence of a sedentary lifestyle, assessed by the total number of steps taken per day, was less than 15% among the sample of young adults in this study. Further investigation is required to confirm the association between daily step count and blood pressure among young adults.


In this study, a dual rotating-disk photocatalytic fuel cell using TiO2 on Ti plate with a wedged surface as the anode and hemoglobin (Hb) on graphite as the cathode was investigated and found to show excellent performance of simultaneous organic pollutant degradation and electricity generation. This study is based on a well-developed photocatalytic fuel cell equipped with dual rotating disks for wastewater treatment that we developed previously, and the innovation of this new device is using a hemoglobin on graphite cathode for in situ hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation. The result proved with confidence that H2O2 was generated in situ on a cathode surface with the exited electron transferred from organic oxidation in a photoanodic half cell, and the organic pollutants were removed by the reaction with H2O2 and ·OH in a cathodic half cell. This design uses the invalid excited electron from the photoanode and enhances the overall performance of Rhodamine B degradation compared with the cells using the cathode without Hb. Compared with traditional photocatalytic reactors, the photocatalytic fuel cell developed above shows much better utilization efficiency of incident light and a higher degradation performance of organic pollutants and a larger photocurrent.


ABSTRACT A new genus is proposed for Orneoascaris [ = Amplicaecum] alata (Baylis, 1947) Le Van Hoa, 1960. The new genus is defined and differentiated from Orneoascaris by the posterior position of the vulva and by the wide cervical alae. It is differentiated from Ophidascaris by fewer postcloacal papillae and spicules less than half the length of the ejaculatory duct. From both genera alata differs in the unique form of the lips and in the more extensive U-shaped enlargement of the nucleus of the dorsal oesophageal gland. It is suggested that this species is a specialized form, possibly of neotropical origin.


Objective: To establish a series methods to analyze the morphine content in 10 species of opium and its preparations. Methods:Samples were purified by Ci8SPE column and were detormined by HPLC. Results:The calibration curves,average recoveries,precision,accuracy,etc were qualified. Conclution:The method is simple .rapid.accurate and reliable.


There is a large class of problems associated with complex network structures. These tasks are mathematical models of real systems, such as technical (networks, power grids, Internet), social (social networks, networks of people cooperation), transport (functioning capacity of transport nodes, modeling of public transport system). This kind of networks has more sophisticated structure in comparison with classic random networks. This article contains material about the Leonard processor, which was developed for processing these structures by us. The main focus will be on the betweenness centrality algorithm implementation on this one.


Improving a socialist system of laws in accordance with the decision adopted at the forth plenum of the 18th CPC central committee is important to build a law-abiding government. Administrative law enforcement and law-abiding government are the integral part of the implement of the committee. Firstly, to improve the "scientific and legal meaning of the government functions " by deepening reforms of administrative law enforcement and limiting governmental power; Secondly, to improve the "strict enforcement and openness of the law" by protecting the people's rights and letting the masses feel equality and justice in their court verdict. Thirdly, to improve the"clean and efficient, honesty and trustworthiness government " by deepening reforms of responsibility of administrative law enforcement,enhancing execution supervision.


There has been much 'hue and cry' concerning the fall in the standard of Education in Nigeria. Arguments being raised by those in support of this assertion include among others: the myopic academic capability and standard being displayed by students of today's educational institutions vis-a-vis their counterparts of yester-years and the prevailing cases of examinations malpractices that have enveloped the entire educational system. This paper, examines this issue from the perspective of its causes and effects on students, parents, governments, nation and the educational system. Suggestions towards combating the social menace are also discussed.

 Nigerian Journal of Clinical and Counselling Psychology Vol.8(1) 2002: 57-76


This paper exposes the complete procedure of suppressing the chatter and how to realize it on a direct-drive CNC hobber. In a series of experiments, we discovered the phenomenon that vibration energy was centralized at a natural frequency of the machine gradually during the chatter occurred. Based on the phenomenon and the theory of regenerative chatter, a multi-degree of freedom model about the chatter of machine is built. According to this model, the way to identify chatter frequency and weak component is proposed. Taking the bobber spindle system as an example, several key steps are introduced: building optimization model of spindle, reducing the modified parameters based on sensitivity of anti-chatter and the optimization algorithm. Optimal result of hob spindle system is provided finally.