Intriguing and provocative concepts such as frugal innovation, Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP) innovation, empathetic innovation and inclusive innovation are attracting the attention of many scholars in emerging countries as well as raising concern in Western countries. These notions are often known as 'below-the-radar innovations'. There are several reasons to believe that technical and social changes originating in the developing world will become major drivers of innovation in the near future. For those reasons, it is crucial to understand how innovation is planned, designed and deployed outside the comfortable territory of the Western paradigm. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the alternative innovation paradigms that are emerging in the developing world. This paper also aims to analyse the determinants and drivers that are at the base of below-the-radar innovation.


The insecticidal and neuroblocking activities of Mannich bases prepared from chloronicotinyl- and chlorothiazolylmethyl-nitromethylenimidazolidines, known potent insecticides, were measured in American cockroaches. The concentrations needed to cause neuroblocking in excised central nerve cord of the insects (BC) were 100–140 μM, far higher than those, 1.6–1.9 μM, for the starting compounds. However, the minimum lethal doses by injection (MLD) for the Mannich bases were 0.92–1.2 nmol, not very different from the values, 0.28–0.46 nmol, for the starting compounds. The half-life of the Mannich base decaying to the original molecule was 5.3 hr in a physiological solution, which also suggests the potential of Mannich bases as proinsecticides for nitromethylene molecules. © Pesticide Science Society of Japan


Since Kac raised the question "Can one hear the shape of a drum?", various families of non-smooth counterexamples have been constructed using the transplantation method, which we consider for domains with mixed boundary conditions. We formulate this method in terms of graphs, which allows for a computer-aided search for transplantable pairs, a characterisation of transplantability in terms of induced representations, and the development of tools with which new pairs can be generated from given ones. At the end, we discuss inaudible properties, and present the first example of a connected drum that sounds disconnected, and of a broken drum that sounds unbroken, which shows that an orbifold can be Dirichlet isospectral to a manifold. The appendix lists transplantable pairs among which there are 10 broken versions of Gordon-Webb-Wolpert drums.


A mercury plasma tunnel for the generation of supersonic low density plasma streams is described. This system uses the two‐phase (vapor‐liquid) cycle of mercury for generating the flow and can employ either dc or rf excitation of the plasma stream. The tunnel provides continuous, high velocity flow streams without large mechanical pumping facilities. Velocities of the order of Mach 4 have been achieved at pressures down to 10−2 Torr. The system provides supersonic plasma streams with easily controllable parameters over a wide range of operating conditions.


Rock art in Morocco is widespread and varied, but little known in English-speaking circles. The present paper aims to present a broad outline of this art — almost entirely represented by engravings — as it is known today. A brief survey of past research is given. The distribution of sites is indicated, showing the country to be roughly divided into two areas: the High Atlas mountains and the sub-Saharan regions to the south. Four major groups of engravings are identified, according to theme, technique, and, to a certain extent, style. In the absence of radiocarbon or other datings, the only clues to the chronology of the engravings come from datable material objects or events. None of this art is thought to be older than Neolithic and the most recent engravings certainly date from early historical times. Problems of conservation are discussed, along with measures being taken both to protect the sites and to extend research on this informative aspect of Morocco's past.


Disclosed is an apparatus for monitoring wavelength division multiplexed optical signal performance transmitted onto a main optical path. In particular, the apparatus includes: an amplified spontaneous light emitter for generating amplified spontaneous emission and transmitting the same to a reference optical path; at least one fiber bragg grating for sending out an amplified spontaneous emission having a reference wavelength by reflecting or absorbing only part of amplified spontaneous emission transmitted onto the reference optical path that consists with a reflection wavelength or an absorbance wavelength, in which a predetermined reflection wavelength or an absorbance wavelength are separately disposed on the reference optical path; an optical switch for outputting at least one of the wavelength division multiplexed optical signals branched from the main optical path or one of the amplified spontaneous emission including the reference wavelengths, in response to a switching control signal input; a tunable optical filter, of which filter characteristics vary corresponding to a filtering control signal with a designated form, for filtering off the optical signal outputted from the optical switch using the varied filter characteristics, and for outputting the filtered optical signal; and a control unit for analyzing a photo diode that converts an output of the tunable optical filter photoelectrically and an output of the photo diode in accordance with a predetermined algorithm, and for measuring an optical wavelength, an optical power and an optical signal to noise ratio of a wavelength division multiplexed optical signal based on the analyzed reference wavelength.


Widening access to education as social justice is basic in any discourse on educational investment, growth and development in developing country such as Nigeria. Presently, there is disconnect between educational development expectations and public policy frameworks designed to drive the united nations sustainable development goals(SDGs) in 2030 through access, equity and social justice in educational provision in developing countries. This paper focuses on education and development deficits in the light of the challenges of ensuring access, equity and social justice as envisaged in the SDGs 169 targets. The paper adopted a qualitative research method as it is analytical in framework. Among other things, this study showed the elements of exclusions and inequalities which are prevalent in public policies that are meant to achieve sustainable development goals through education. The paper sustains that inequalities, corruption, leadership deficit and weak institutions among others constitute major obstacles to access and social justices in educational delivery in Nigeria. Also, financial and information poverties respectively were found to have accounted for sustained deprivation indexes in access to educational development which compromise access, equity and social justice for sustainable development in developing countries. Recommendations are made on ways to mitigate exclusionary factors on access, equity and social justice in educational development in developing countries.


A shield module is associated with an Indian Test Blanket Module (TBM) in ITER to limit the radiation doses in port inter-space areas. The shield module is made of stainless steel plates and water channels. It is identified as an important component for radiation protection because of its radiation exposure control functionality. The radiation protection classification leads to more assurance of the component design. In order to validate and verify the design of the shield module, a neutronic laboratory-scale experiment is designed and executed. The experiment is planned by considering the irradiation under a neutron source of 14 MeV and yields of 1010 n s−1. The reference neutron spectrum of the ITER TBM shield module has been achieved through optimization of the neutron source spectrum by a combination of steel and lead materials. The neutron spectrum and flux are measured using a multiple foil activation technique and neutron dose-rate meter LB 6411 (He-3 proton recoil counter with polyethylene), respectively. The neutronic design simulation is assessed using MCNP5 and FENDL 2.1 cross-section data. The paper covers neutronic design, irradiation and the outcome of the experiment in detail.


This study illuminates the Spanish settlements founded on land grants along the northern reaches of Mexico - what came to be called new Mexico. Unlike the "conquest culture" to the south, these Hispanic pioneers colonized the northern territories to secure converts to Roman Catholicism, to protect as a buffer the more productive southern colonies (silver was discovered in 1531 in Michoacian), and to some extent for general territorial aggrandizement. The settlements followed the lines of life typical of small communities in Spain itself, though by the standards of the mother country of central Mexico, the villas and pueblos around centers like Santa Fe and Albuquerque were so unpretentious as to have certain recognition witheld. Van Ness provides the historical, geographical, economic and racial settings for these corporate communities and traces their existence through United States rule.


This article shows in what ways the lack of cooperation between international and local peacebuilding actors can hamper the effectiveness of their programmes. In Ituri, a north-eastern district in the DR Congo, international peacebuilding actors mainly focused on statebuilding while local peacebuilding actors predominantly addressed issues of social cohabitation, such as reconciliation between ethnic communities and the resolution of land conflicts. Due to a lack of cooperation, however, these different priorities were often only partially coordinated. On their end, local peacebuilding actors adapted international statebuilding programmes to the local context during the implementation phase, but were not relevantly involved in strategy making. International peacebuilding actors, in turn, have only recently started to adapt their programmes to local priorities. However, if they do so, they often crowd out and duplicate the work of local peacebuilding actors, rather than cooperating with them by implementing complementary activities. This ultimately makes both local and international actors' programmes less effective.


We propose to use 3-coherent and coplanar laser beams to form a laser Doppler probe volume. Under such condit ion the probe volume exhibits 2-fringes patterns parallel to the optical axis z with a cosine amplitude modulation, see Figure 1. The Fourier transform of a Doppler signal produced by a small particle crossing this probe volume exhibits two Doppler frequency peaks. From the two frequencies, two estimations of the particle velocity component perpendicular to the fringes pattern are obtained. In addition, the amplitude ratio of the two frequency peaks is a direct measurement of the particle position along the z-axis. When considering a Phase Doppler system, two phase-shifts can be obtained at the same time by the proposed technique. This allows to extend the phase-shift measurement range from [ ] [ ] 0,2 0,4 π π → and then, to extend by a factor of two the measurement size range or the size resolution. In this paper, the principle of the proposed technique is investigated both theoretically and numerically. Rigorous numerical results based on Generalized Lorenz-Mie Theory (Gouesbet et al., 1988) are provided, demonstrating the advantages and limits of this technique. As a typical numerical result, the spatial resolution of this technique is expected to be of 3μm ± for a measurement distance range of 100μm ≈ ; given a half-beam angle of 2.28 α = ° , Doppler signals with SNR=10 dB and for particles of a diameter bellow 1.6μm ≈ . The measurement distance range can be easily controlled by adjusting the value of the halfbeam angle. This technique is though to be well adapted for micro-channel flows or boundary layers studies for which the determination of the particle position along the optical axis is important. Fig. 1. Isolevels maps of the normalized intensity distribution calculated for the plane waves case. a) 2-coherent beams (+1,-1) b) 3-coherent beams (+1,0,-1)


In this letter, we develop a low-cost stereo visual-inertial localization system, which leverages efficient multi-state constraint Kalman filter (MSCKF)-based visual-inertial odometry (VIO) while utilizing an a priori LiDAR map to provide bounded-error three-dimensional navigation. Besides the standard sparse visual feature measurements used in VIO, the global registrations of visual semi-dense clouds to the prior LiDAR map are also exploited in a tightly-coupled MSCKF update, thus correcting accumulated drift. This cross-modality constraint between visual and LiDAR pointclouds is particularly addressed. The proposed approach is validated on both Monte Carlo simulations and real-world experiments, showing that LiDAR map constraints between clouds created through different sensing modalities greatly improve the standard VIO and provide bounded-error performance.


We study a strategic market game with finitely many traders, infinite horizon and real assets. To this standard framework (see, e.g. Giraud and Weyers, 2004) we add two key ingredients: First, default is allowed at equilibrium by means of some collateral requirement for financial assets; second, information among players about the structure of uncertainty is incomplete. We focus on learning equilibria, at the end of which no player has incorrect beliefs — not because those players with heterogeneous beliefs were eliminated from the market (although default is possible at equilibrium) but because they have taken time to update their prior belief. We then prove a partial Folk theorem `a la Wiseman (2011) of the following form: For any function that maps each state of the world to a sequence of feasible and sequentially strictly individually rational allocations, and for any degree of precision, there is a perfect Bayesian equilibrium in which patient players learn the realized state with precision and achieve a payoff close to the one specified for each state.


We present results of the first experimental study of floating-body cell (FBC) transient characteristics for both n- and p-channel devices using the vertical split-gate gate-all-around (GAA) structure with channel diameter around 60nm. We applied pulse IV measurements to study our previously developed vertical-channel split-gate Flash memory devices, and observed clear transient behaviors which are verified to be the FBC mechanism. The split-gate structure provides superior merits than 1T structure to help measuring the FBC behaviors because the select gate (SG) can keep stationary bias to avoid capacitive coupling effect to deteriorate the transient charge storage beneath SG. After studying various well doping splits and bias dependence, the maximal Vt shifts we can obtain are only around ~0.38V and 0.32V for n- and p-channel FBC devices, respectively. The retention is only ~80μsec for the n-channel device, but is extended to nearly 10msec for p-channel devices. The FBC Vt shifts and retention degrades significantly at high-temperature (up to 125˚C) measurements. 3D TCAD model was well established to explain the FBC characteristics of the vertical split-gate GAA structure, and it predicted that the FBC transient Vt shift window would vanish when the GAA diameter reduced below 40nm, which became fully-depleted floating-body device. This work suggests challenges to pursue FBC as a DRAM replacer, and new innovations are needed for this path. Meanwhile, for ordinary Flash memory or LOGIC operations using GAA devices, the aggressive scaled GAA diameter and suitable low-voltage operations would not suffer trouble in such transient FBC effects.


Aims to explore whether emotional intelligence (EI) is a useful yardstick in measuring and understanding the "promotion readiness" of middle managers in a global organisation. If the personal attributes and social abilities that reflect high emotional intelligence can be understood and assessed, then not only do we gain a new perspective on management development but steps can be taken to develop these activities to enhance people's potential. The article concludes with a glimpse into the future and how EI may contribute to developing managers in the new century.


A subgroup H of a group G is said to be completely conditionally permutable in G if forevery subgroup k of G.There exists an element x∈〈H,K〉 such that HKx=KxH.In this paper the structures of finite groups are discussed by means of the completely conditionally permutability of some subgroups,some sufficient conditions for a finite group to be supersolvable or p-nilpotent are obtained.


Objective To investigate the incidence of the scoliosis and the development of deformity among adolescent population under the step intervention.Methods 44 058 students were examined for scoliosis by physical examination,moire topography and X-ray examination from Oct,1997 to Oct,2009.The Cobb′s angle was measured for the suspected subjects.The children whose Cobb′s angle ≥5° were separated into four groups: A: 5°≤Cobb′s angle10°,B: 10°≤Cobb′s angle20°,C: 20°≤Cobb′s angle40°,D: Cobb′s angle≥40°,and then were treated with missionary,gymnastics,traction,braces or surgery respectively.This management strategy was named to step intervention.Results All cases were followed up from 1 to 12 years.According to the diagnositic standand of Cobb′s angle≥10°,134 students were definitely diagnosed to scoliosis,with a prevalence of 3‰.There were 4 patients in group A,5 in group B and 2 in group C whose Cobb′s angle had gotten worse and went into next group continued the corresponding treatment respectively.Therefore,the rates of the worse of disease were 2.90%,6.02% and 4.65% in group A,B and C respectively.Group D were undergone surgical correction.All operations were done without accidents.The appearance recovery was satisfactory.Conclusions The survey on adolescent scoliosis among adolescent population is of great importance for early diagnosis.And the management of adolescent scoliosis with step treatments according to Cobb′s angle could be an effective method to prevent the progressing of deformity.


Much of the last 2 centuries of modern medicine has been spent on eliminating subjectivity in medicine. This concerted effort to minimise clinician and patient subjectivity (and thereby bias) has led to one of the most remarkable breakthroughs of modern medicine—the randomised controlled trials (RCTs). While RCTs are highly effective in evaluating objective findings and 'hard' end-points, a similar adjudication of the more subjective endpoints, such as quality of life (QoL), is particularly difficult. This is especially true when testing medical interventions, where placebo effects are difficult to control. Significant efforts have been put in developing techniques and designing trials to reduce these placebo effects.

An erosion of the importance given to patient 'well being' and subjective improvement is an unfortunate consequence of this effort, even if an unintended one. However, in the 21st century, this is changing. All across medicine, focus is gradually reshifting towards patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and QoL. This is partly driven by a push from the Institute of Medicine in the early 2000s to incorporate the patient back into the focus of care and partly by market forces as the business of medicine becomes more patient and payer-centric.1 QoL has been defined by the WHO as 'individuals' perception of their position in life in the context of culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns'.2 In a sense, this encompasses the definition of being human and everything that we value.

Since atrial fibrillation (AF) ablations were introduced in late 1990s, there have been multiple trials evaluating the outcomes of catheter ablation of AF in comparison to medical therapy (online supplemental table 1). These trials have traditionally evaluated various hard endpoints including mortality, stroke, heart failure, hospitalisations, bleeding, recurrent …


INTRODUCTION Demographic changes, including the aging of populations, tend to increase the frequency of and also change the structure of diseases, significantly increase the cost of treatments and place the balance of health care systems at risk. Changes in environmental conditions, including those related to widening social inequalities, increase the risk of large-scale catastrophes, epidemics and social pathologies. Faced with these challenges, the European Union adopted three strategic objectives for the years 2008-2013: to improve the health of Europe's aging populations by promoting health and preventing illness; to protect citizens from health threats; and to support the development of dynamic health systems and new technologies1. In 2014 the European Parliament and the EU Council set up a Third Programme for the Union's Action in the field of health for the period 2014-20202. This is an integral element of the programme "Europe 2020: A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth". The overall objectives of this programme are: to improve the health of EU citizens and reduce health care inequalities by promoting health, encouraging health-related innovation, enhancing the stability of health care systems and protecting EU citizens from serious cross-border health


We explore the dependence of the ratio of a galaxy's maximum circular velocity, Vc, to its central velocity dispersion, σ0, on morphology or, equivalently, total light concentration. Such a dependence is expected if light traces the mass. Over the full range of galaxy types, masses, and brightnesses, and assuming that the gas velocity traces the circular velocity, we find that galaxies obey the relation log(Vc/σ0) = 0.63 - 0.11C28, where C28 = 5 log(r80/r20) and the radii are measured at 80% and 20% of the total light. Massive galaxies scatter about the Vc = σ0 line for isothermal stellar systems. For pure disks, C28 ~ 2.8 and Vc ≃ 2σ0. Self-consistent equilibrium galaxy models from Widrow & Dubinski constrained to match the size-luminosity and velocity-luminosity relations of disk galaxies fail to match the observed Vc/σ0 distribution. Furthermore, the matching of dynamical models for Vc(r)/σ(r) with observations of dwarf and elliptical galaxies suffers from limited radial coverage and relatively large error bars; for dwarf systems, however, kinematical measurements at the galaxy center and optical edge suggest Vc(Rmax) ≳ 2σ0 [in contrast with past assumptions that Vc(Rmax) = σ0 for dwarfs]. The Vc-σ0-C28 relation has direct implications for galaxy formation and dynamical models, galaxy scaling relations, the mass function of galaxies, and the links between the formation and evolution processes of a galaxy's central massive object, bulge, and dark matter halo.


Background: The spectrum of mycosis fungoides is exceedingly broad. Many different variants have been described, based on both clinical appearance and histological pattern. A rare form which shows preferential infiltration of hair follicles by malignant lymphocytes is follicular mycosis fungoides.


IMS based core network architecter will be adopted in mobile communication network in the future.In order to adapt this trend,the intergration of CS domain and IMS domain is necessary.Many integration structures have been proposed.Among those,ICS architecture raised by 3GPP in R8 realease is focused by operators for the time being.This paper will discuss the key point of ICS architecture and give the application proposals.


The two-dimensional equations of motion describing the interaction between a laser beam and a flowing gas are considered. An implicit numerical scheme is used to solve these equations for unchoked flow through a converging-diverging nozzle. Separate grids are used for the fluid dynamics and the radiation equations. The ef- fects of beam focusing and cross-beam intensity profiles are included. The calculations are based upon real gas properties for all quantities except the gas absorptivity, which is taken as a constant. The solutions contain the expected hot central core region with cool gas near the walls. This results in steep temperature gradients in both the streamwise and cross-stream directions. The absorption zone acts as a blockage in the nozzle causing a nonuniform velocity profile at the inlet and an overall decrease in mass flow. The absorption region also forces the streamlines to move away from the axis of symmetry, although this effect is not strong. ASER thermal propulsion promises to deliver higher specific impulse from a rocket nozzle than can be at- tained with conventional chemical propellants. The laser thruster derives its energy by absorbing an incoming beam of electromagnetic radiation, rather than from the combustion process which is utilized in a conventional system. Because its energy supply is external to the working fluid, the heat added per unit mass in the laser engine is not rigidly limited. Instead, the temperature rise and hence, the specific impluse, depends upon the details of the radiation/gasdynamic in- teraction. This interaction is highly complex and strongly nonlinear. Improved understanding is required if this poten- tially attractive concept is to be developed. Experimental studies must certainly be undertaken (Refs. 1 and 2 describe experiments currently under way), but analytical results are also necessary to guide and interpret the experimental studies and to scale laboratory results to full-scale applications. The general picture of a laser thruster is similar to that depicted in Fig. 1. Both the laser beam and the cool unheated gas enter the nozzle from the upstream end. As the gas flows toward the throat, it is heated by absorption of ra- diant energy, causing it to accelerate. The converging nozzle walls also aid in accelerating the gas. For the space propul- sion application, the nozzle remains choked at all times and the flow becomes supersonic downstream of the throat. Although the mixing and recombination phenomena which take place in the supersonic portion of the nozzle are of im- portance to propulsive performance, they do not affect the absorption process and are considered to be secondary in the present discussion. In an attempt to focus on the radia- tion/gasdynamic interaction, the present analysis considers the unchoked nozzle where the Mach number remains sub- sonic throughout. The unchoked nozzle flowfield contains the essential physics of the absorption process and provides considerable insight into this complex interaction. The exten- sion to choked throat conditions is straightforwa rd and re- quires no additional computational advances. In a practical laser thruster, the absorption heating will probably be restricted to the region near the centerline of the nozzle, leaving a cool, unheated layer of gas near the wall3'4


Using a multi-stage perturbation technique to compensate intra-channel nonlinearities, the computational complexity is reduced by a factor up to 9.3 and the Q-factor improvement over linear compensation is increased from 1.7 dBQ to 2.7 dBQ.


A new weighted‐sum‐of‐gray gases (WSGG) model that is based on the statistical narrow band model (SNB) RADCAL is proposed for use in computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations of air and oxy‐combustion. When employed in conjunction with the discrete ordinates (DO) method, the model predictions compare well against line‐by‐line benchmark data that have been made available recently that are based on the latest spectroscopic databases. Furthermore, the model compares well against the EM2C SNB model calculations that have served as benchmark data in three‐dimensional geometries. Radiative transfer calculations in these prototypical problems therefore confirm recent experimental observations that SNB RADCAL and EM2C SNB serve as good model databases to develop approximate radiative property models.


Objectives: The effectiveness of Intergenerational Mentor-Up (IMU), an innovative intervention that engages college students in tutoring older adults, was examined with regard to eHealthy literacy and social isolation. Method: A total of 55 older adults (mean age = 73.82) participated in the six-session IMU tutorials. In this mixed methods study, quantitative and qualitative data were collected in a parallel fashion. Participants were interviewed after participating in the IMU. Results: Older adults presented significant improvement between pre- and postsurveys in various outcomes such as eHealth literacy, technophobia, self-efficacy, and interest in technology. Intergenerational interaction brought about by IMU helped to decrease social isolation among older adults. Qualitative data revealed that individualized training, modifications, adaptations, and intergenerational interactions can decrease their anxiety and boost their confidence. Discussion: Study findings enable the identification of the training needs to help close the digital divide and allow these older adults to reap the benefits of technology use.


Although photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a potential alternative to conventional chemotherapy, the low reactive oxygen species (ROS) yield of the photosensitizer such as TiO2 nanoparticles has limited its application. In addition, it is difficult to achieve effective tumor treatment with a single tumor therapy.


is necessarily infiltrated with desire. Of that alone can we be confident" (p. 99). Where Moss heads from here is a tour de force in methodical, careful, synthetic theorizing of sexuality, which I found both deeply invigorating in my analytic work and, frankly, tinged with a little melancholy. A male analysand reported a sexual dream after I had read this chapter. Though I found my associations to his dream richer and more elaborate, I was a bit less certain about which dream element to emphasize in my interpretation. As I thought about my hesitation, I realized how much I longed for axiomatic cover—to speak like Freud, to "know." My interpretation emerged out of both my uncertainties and my finding it necessary to speak. I think in that moment Moss helped me recognize both a desire to be like my predecessors and the exciting temptations of masquerade. When I resisted, I was still able to offer a serviceable interpretation, but it came out of a bunch of "maybes"—maybe this dream element means this or that—in tension with a need to interpret, to say what I thought. Isn't this the same vexing place where Moss's book begins? It is a bit sadder place from which to interpret but strangely has more immediacy. I think it is to this place that Moss leads us in his luminous book. SIDNEY H. PHILLIPS (NEW HAVEN, CT)


A novel gemini cationic surfactant———3,3'-bis( N,N-dodecyl dimethylamidogen)-oxalic acid diglyceride( 1) was synthesized from epichlorohydrin,oxalic acid and N,N-dimethyldodecylamine. The structure was characterized by1H NMR and IR. The surface properties of 1 were investigated. The results showed that the critical micelle concentration,the corresponding surface tension,the foamability and foam stability of 1 were 2. 16 × 10- 4mol·L- 1,35. 7 mN·m- 1,1. 30 and 0. 923, respectively. The solubilization and emulsification of 1 was higher than N-octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride and N-hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride.


Correspondence Address: (57) ABSTRACT Michael B. Lasky Altera Law Group Suite 100 6500 City West Parkway Minneapolis, MN 55344-7701 (US) Modular apparatus for regulating the harmonics of current drawn from power lines by electric equipment, comprising a first rectifier circuit module, consisting of an array of rectifying diodes; a second Switch and Controller Assembly SCA) module, which comprises a power Switch and con (21) Appl. No.: 09/754,960 S.) and their RNo. p input inductor for (22) Filed: Jan. 5, 2001 filtering the current drawn from the rectifier module; and an output capacitor, for filtering the output Voltage ripple at the Related U.S. Application Data load. The inlet of the rectifier is connected to the power line and an outlet of the rectifier module is connected to the SCA.


Based on the analysis of motion form of R(Roof), S(Support), F(Floor) and static stability of "R-S", "S-F" as well as unstable patterns of system "R-S-F" by means of kinematics, a general dynamic model of system "R-S-F" was set up and made the studies on controlling patterns of dynamic stability of system "R-S-F" and catastrophe prevent are possible.


The annual number of certificates awarded by community colleges has increased dramatically, but relatively little research has been conducted on the economic benefits of certificates in the labor market. Based on detailed student-level information from matched college transcript and employment data in two states, this article estimates the relationship between earning a certificate and student earnings and employment status after exiting college. Our results indicate that certificates have positive impacts on earnings in both states overall, and in cases where there is no impact on earnings, certificates may nonetheless lead to increased probability of employment. In addition, we find substantial variation in the returns across fields of study and, more importantly, across specific programs within a particular field. Finally, in-depth analysis of the industry of employment before and after college enrollment indicates that many adult learners use certificate programs to switch to a new industry, which may not necessarily boost their earnings, at least in the short run. Our results therefore point to the importance of including multiple measures to evaluate the benefits of a certificate program, rather than merely evaluating its impact on overall earnings.


Dear Editor: We have great interest in the recent article by Cheng et al. comparing the performance of the Shikani optical stylet (SOS) and fibreoptic bronchoscope (FOB) for awake nasal intubation in patients undergoing head and neck surgery. However, we noted several issues in their article on which we invite them to comment. First, preoperative airway assessments were performed according to the predictive score of difficult intubation described by Arné et al. However, Arné et al. originally designed this scoring system for the risk prediction of difficult intubation by direct laryngoscopy, which needs the alignment of airway axes to achieve easy intubation. There is no evidence indicating that this scoring system is appropriate for predicting the risk of difficult intubation by indirect laryngoscopy, including SOS and FOB, which does not need the alignment of airway axes to achieve easy intubation. Second, the authors described that the operators had more than 5 years of experience in performing anesthesia and nasal intubation. However, they did not define or compare the experience and skill level of the operators performing awake nasal intubation with two studied devices. As the authors described, FOB is flexible and thus more difficult to maneuver. In contrast, the SOS is rigid and easy to use, and proficiency can be easily achieved with a small number of intubation attempts. This raises an important issue that the operators should be similarly competent in using the studied devices before the study. That is, for the results of a comparative study to be valid, the operators must be equally proficient with each studied device to avoid potential bias. We are concerned that difference in the learning curve between the two studied devices may have biased the intubation time in favor of the SOS. Third, patient comfort during awake intubation and patient satisfaction after surgery are important variables for the assessment of awake intubation techniques. Because the insertion tube is flexible and can allow the operator to see around corners, compared with rigid airway devices, FOB can stimulate the upper airway less and is tolerated to a greater extent by awake patients. Thus, FOB has been regarded as the "gold standard" tool for awake intubation in managing difficult airways. In fact, patient comfort during awake intubation and patient satisfaction after surgery can be assessed by established scoring systems. We believe that this study would have provided more useful data about the performance of the two studied devices for awake nasal intubation if patient comfort and satisfaction had been assessed.


Thecombined useofaDoppler radar withdigital signal processing technique gives aneffective non-invasive remote sensing of heart beatsignals. Initial results haveshowed that theproposed technique isverypromising insuccessfully isolating desired heart beat signals fromother mobile objects andother distortion effects characterizing thewireless channel. Weconcentrate inthis paper onthe harder problem ofseparating atlowSNRthesignals fromtwosubjects inthesameroom.We showthat preliminary results obtained bytheRealAnalytical Constant Modulus Algorithm (RACMAfrom [6]) andtheIndependent Component Analysis (ICAfrom[8]) on experimental data areverypromising into this goal.


Smith et al. [2] and Ives et al. [3] demonstrated that humans could extract information about the size of a speaker's vocal tract from speech sounds (vowels and syllables, respectively). We have extended their discrimination and recognition experiments to naturally pronounced words. The Just Noticeable Difference (JND) for size discrimination was between 5.5% and 19% depending on the listener. The smallest JND is comparable to that of the syllable experiments; the average JND is comparable to that of the vowel experiments. The word recognition scores remain above 50% for speaker sizes beyond the normal range for humans. The fact that good performance extends over such a large range of acoustic scales supports Irino and Patterson's hypothesis [1] that the auditory system segregates size and shape information at an early stage in the processing.


The digital technology currently available to dental laboratories opens numerous new opportunities for collaboration and outsourcing, but there are plenty of options for labs looking to incorporate CAD/CAM production without relinquishing control of any part of the workflow.


The paper first deals with a review of technical properties and utilization potentials of the integrated digital network with common telecommunications services - the ISDN. The author then discusses the development of the ISDN in Europe and in Croatia. Finally the paper offers an assessment of the future development of the ISDN.


The public housing policy in Taiwan can be traced back to the Japanese Colonial Period (1895-1945). In the 1920s, public housing was planned for Japanese migrants by the Governor-General′s Office, while the trend of modernism in the architectural field emerged and spread around the world at the same time. The concept of ″minimum habitable dwelling″, introduced in the 1929 International Congresses of Modern Architecture (CIAM), initiated a new era on housing construction through concepts of rationalization and standardization, which also influenced designers of public housing in Taiwan for generations. However, the interpretation and practice of the concept have evolved over different stages. Architectural professionals designed public housing from the 1920s to the 1960s, under the influences of Japanese Colonization, or the United States Aid and Military Assistance and Advisory Group. The concept of minimum habitable dwelling has been practiced and interpreted in different ways, transforming the cognition and experiences of modern houses and modern life for Taiwanese people.


Household Hazards exist in every workplace so strategies to protect housewives are very essential. Many of the housewives confront each day with the difficult household task of working at the home. Today, the most common household related hazards viz. cuts, burn, slips/falls and skin reaction/allergies and so on are faced by the housewives. Due to unawareness/ lack of knowledge of personal protective equipment (PPE), housewives confront with many of the toxic chemicals found in their homes which otherwise are used to make their lives easier. But they do not realize the consequences of the same. The main purpose behind the PPE is to give complete protection against hazardous household materials because now days, housewives are very conscious for their health and for maintaining the quality of life. So there is a need to carry out the present study as it will provide the in-depth knowledge/ awareness related to PPE and to protect the housewives against the hazardous materials. The present study was carried out in two colonies of Bareilly city of Uttar Pradesh. The purposive and random sampling design was used with a total sample size of 120. The descriptive data was collected with the help of adapted SES scale and checklist. The collected data was tabulated and analysed, and the overall results of descriptive data revealed that cuts were the major household related hazards with knife as associated parameter. It was followed by slips/falls due to inappropriate footwear and burns were mostly due to touch of hot utensils. Lastly detergents were responsible for skin allergy. Significant relationship exists between age and awareness of the respondents as well as income and awareness at 5 % level of significance.


Abstract To contribute to our understanding of cohort differences and the Flynn Effect in cognitive declines, this study aims to: 1) describe and compare cognitive decline trends of two nationally representative American older cohorts; 2) investigate significant determinants of cognitive declines and the cohort differences. The analysis used data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS, 2011-2019), including one nationally representative cohort of older Americans in 2011 and another from 2015. We used mixed-effect models adjusted for cohort, wave, baseline age, sex, education, race, familiarity, and follow-up years, as well as survey designs, to describe and compare the intercepts and slopes in cognitive functions of the two NHATS cohorts. We included Cohort 1 (N=7,325) respondents (2011-2015), and Cohort 2 (N=7,330) respondents (2015-2019). Compared to Cohort 1, Cohort 2 has a significantly higher intercept and a slower decline for episodic memory, and a significantly higher intercept but a significantly faster decline for global cognition, orientation function, and executive function. Consistently, older age, poorer educational attainment, and minority races/ethnicity are associated with worse cognitive performances. Our results provide a comprehensive image of cohort declines for Americans aged 65 years and older. Our findings are consistent with the Flynn Effect in that the general levels of cognition of later cohorts improved. Furthermore, we found support for the Flynn Effect in a short term. We also found significant effects of older age, poorer educational attainment, and minority race/ethnicity on cognitive function.


CNC wire forming machines are used in industries to make a wire products such as coil springs, clips, and automobile components, etc. This study deals with the construction and the operation principle of the developed 12-axis CNC wire forming machine. Specially, This study found a new compensation gear train to rotate and extract the wires simultaneously and applied the gear train to 12-axis CNC wire forming machine for improving the performance of the machine. The developed 12-axis CNC wire forming machine has many benefits as following, making more complicated geometric and precision products, easier tooling, and simpler programming.


Nowadays, the challenges facing by researchers is to classify the cancer disease accurately without involving biological experiments so that early treatment is possible. With the recent advances in Genomic signal processing (GSP) domain, researchers have been applying digital signal processing (DSP) techniques in raw genomic data for extracting the hidden features and periodicities within the fragments of DNA. In this paper, we have incorporated Electron ion interaction potential (EIIP) method for mapping of DNA sequence into digital signal and Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) power spectrum methods in our algorithm to predict the abnormalities present in the protein coding region. This technique also reduces the noise present in the signal as well as compressed the large sample data. This crucial region plays an important role for analyzing cancerous and non-cancerous cell. The aim of this research paper is to discover families of genes or gene products that can be used to classify disease, thereby leading to molecular-based diagnosis and prognosis. In this work, algorithm is implemented using MATLAB R2012a which supports bioinformatics toolbox. The proposed algorithm is tested for several normal and abnormal DNA sequences of Homosapien chromosomes available in National center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database, PubMed, Uniprot, HMR195 and BG570 database.


The effects of daptomycin on Staphylococcus aureus morphology and chemical composition were studied by comparative analyses of susceptible and daptomycin-resistant strains. The resistant strains were developed from wild-type (WT) susceptible cells by stepwise selection to increasingly higher levels of daptomycin. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin were similar among resistant and susceptible strains. Daptomycin-resistant strains were concomitantly resistant to polymyxin B. The cellular percentages and phosphate content of cell walls, readily extractable lipids (REL), and peptidoglycan among the respective strains were similar except for a reduction in the cellular percentage of REL in resistant cells. The phosphate content of lipoteichoic acids that were extracted from resistant cells was drastically reduced. Both susceptible and resistant REL were fractionated by selective elution from silicic acid columns. The primary phospholipids of both strains were diphosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl glycerol, and phosphatidyl serine. Only minor differences in fatty acids were noted. The growth of resistant cells in sublethal concentrations and susceptible cells in lethal concentrations of daptomycin resulted in unusual cell morphology characterized by various cell wall anomalies. (This study was presented in part at the 97th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, Miami Beach, Florida, May 1997.) ©1998 Oklahoma Academy of Science


The Kendekeke polymetallic deposit, located in the middle part of the magmatic arc belt of Qimantag on the southwestern margin of the Qaidam Basin, is a polygenetic compound deposit in the Qimantag metallogenic belt of Qinghai Province. Multi‐periodic ore‐forming processes occurred in this deposit, including early‐stage iron mineralization and lead‐zinc‐gold‐polymetallic mineralization which was controlled by later hydrothermal process. The characteristics of the ore‐forming fluids and mineralization were discussed by using the fluid inclusion petrography, Laser Raman Spectrum and micro‐thermometry methods. Three stages, namely, S1‐stage (copper‐iron‐sulfide stage), S2‐stage (lead‐zinc‐sulfide stage) and C‐stage (carbonate stage) were included in the hydrothermal process as indicated by the results of this study. The fluid inclusions are in three types: aqueous inclusion (type I), CO2‐aqueous inclusion (type II) and pure CO2 inclusion (type III). Type I inclusions were observed in the Si‐stage, having homogenization temperature at 240–320°C, and salinities ranging from 19.8% to 25.0% (wt% NaCl equiv.). All three types of inclusions, existing as immiscible inclusion assemblages, were presented in the S2‐stage, with the lowest homogenization temperature ranging from 175 °C to 295°C, which represents the metallogenic temperature of the S2‐stage. The salinities of these inclusions are in the range of 1.5% to 16%. The fluid inclusions in the C‐stage belong to types I, II and III, having homogenization temperatures at 120–210°C, and salinities ranging from 0.9% to 14.5%. These observations indicate that the ore‐forming fluids evolved from high‐temperature to low‐temperature, from high‐salinity to low‐salinity, from homogenization to immiscible separation. Results of Laser Raman Spectroscopy show that high density of CO2 and CH4 were found as gas compositions in the inclusions. CO2, worked as the pH buffer of ore‐forming fluids, together with reduction of organic gases (i.e. CH4, etc), affected the transport and sediment of the minerals. The fluid system alternated between open and close systems, namely, between lithostatic pressure and hydrostatic pressure systems. The calculated metallogenic pressures are in the range of 30 to 87 Mpa corresponding to 3 km mineralization depth. Under the influence of tectonic movements, immiscible separation occurred in the original ore‐forming fluids, which were derived from the previous high‐salinity, high‐temperature magmatic fluids. The separation of CO2 changed the physicochemical properties and composition of the original fluids, and then diluted by mixing with extraneous fluids such as meteoric water and groundwater, and metallogenic materials in the fluids such as lead, zinc and gold were precipitated.


Objective Investigate neural signal contamination with electrocardiographic (ECG) activity in bidirectional implantable neurostimulation systems for closed-loop stimulation in neurological diseases. Methods Electric field modelling was used to predict the relevance of implant location to ECG contamination in neural signals recorded with implantable devices. Signals from 335 recording streams in 136 hemispheres from 85 patients were visually inspected for ECG contamination to validate the model. Implant sites were categorized into left, right subclavicular hemibody and cranial implant. Results Our model predicted significant dependence of the ECG amplitude on implant location, ranging from a 4x difference with chest location to a 1000x suppression with cranial implants. The impact on neural recordings depends on the difference between ECG signal and noise floor of the recording. Empirically, we demonstrate that severe ECG contamination was more than 3.2x higher in left implants (48.3%), when compared to right implants (15.3%). Cranial implants did not show ECG contamination. Conclusion Given the relative frequency of corrupted neural signals, we conclude that implant location will have significant impact on patient recruitment and feasibility in multicenter clinical trials for adaptive brain stimulation. Prospectively, the impact of implant location on signal fidelity should be carefully considered in the surgical planning process.


In several studies, vitamin E has been observed to influence angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. We recently showed that the phosphorylated form of α‐tocopherol (αT), α‐tocopheryl phosphate (αTP), increases the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Thus, αTP may act as an active lipid mediator increasing VEGF expression, angiogenesis, and vasculogenesis. Here, we investigated the molecular signaling mechanisms by which αTP induces VEGF expression using cultured HEK293 cells as model system. αT and more so αTP increased VEGF‐promoter activity in a phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase gamma (PI3Kγ)‐dependent manner. In contrast, after overexpression of PI3Kγ and/or protein kinase B (PKB), VEGF promoter activity was inhibited by αT and more so by αTP. Inhibition by αT and αTP was dependent on the lipid kinase activity of PI3Kγ, whereas an induction was seen with the protein kinase activity, consistent with a model in which PKB inhibition by αT or αTP occurs only when activated at the plasma membrane and possibly involves a phosphatase such as PHLPP1. PI3Kγ‐induced VEGF expression was reduced when the human tocopherol‐associated protein 1 (hTAP1/SEC14L2) was overexpressed suggesting formation of an inactive PI3Kγ/hTAP1 heterodimer, that could be reactivated by αT and more so by αTP. We suggest a novel signaling mechanism by which αTP stimulates PI3Kγ activity by stimulating hTAP‐mediated phosphatidylinositol exchange and presentation to the enzyme and/or dissociation of an inactive heterodimer. At cellular level, hTAP may act as sensor for intracellular lipid information (location, type, and amount of lipid) and translate it into responses of PI3K‐mediated signaling and gene expression. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 398–407, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Racial transformation is crucial for South African higher education institutions, the accounting profession and the country as a whole. Consequently, determinants of students' academic success must be at the forefront of accounting education research. Understanding these determinants will assist universities to better assist students with their learning. This study focused on self-efficacy in academic performance—a previously limited research area in South African accounting education. The aim was to determine the relationship between self-efficacy and academic performance amongst students registered in a second-year undergraduate course for an accounting degree at a South African university. It was found that self-efficacy was moderately positively correlated with academic performance. The findings indicate that it is worthwhile performing further empirical research on self-efficacy, especially while controlling for other significant factors affecting students' academic performance.


At present,due to the negative influence of the market economy,our country encounters a serious moral anomie in social transition period.They mainly lie in the missing of moral belief education,the disunity of moral evaluation standards and the bias in the mass media orientation.This problem has largely affected the society process of our country and has a serious threat to the stability and harmony of society.This article puts forward some countermeasures to the solution of this problem from several aspects.


Prospectively, serum levels of IgE, specific IgE antibodies (AB) to whole cow milk protein (CMP), bovine se‐albumin, bovine immunoglobulin, bovine lactoferrin, bovine lactalbumin and beta‐lactoglobulin (BLG), IgG and IgG subclass antibodies to ovalbumin (OA) and BLG, and IgG4 RAST to CMP (bovine whey) were measured in 39 infants with cow milk protein allergy (CMPA) at birth (cord blood), at time of diagnosis and before and after milk challenge at the age of 12 months. Immunological measurements were also undertaken in 33 control infants without CMPA at birth, at 6 months and at 18 months. At no time, were differences found between the levels of IgG and IgG subclass AB to OA and BLG in control versus infants with CMPA. In the 39 infants with CMPA no correlation was found between the levels of IgE, IgG and IgG subclass AB in cord blood and subsequent levels of these values, irrespective of the type of CMPA (IgE‐mediated (CMA) or non‐IgE‐mediated (CMI)), and irrespective of whether remission had occurred. In cord blood 25/33 (76%) of the infants with CMPA had specific IgE‐AB to one or more of the bovine milk proteins indicating a prenatal intrauterine sensitization to cow milk protein. At 6 months the frequency of specific IgE‐AB to bovine milk proteins was significantly (p<0.05) higher in infants with CMA versus CMI, and at 12 months total serum‐IgE and the increase of these specific IGE‐AB and RAST to CMP were significantly higher (p<0.05) in infants with persistent CMA. From 6 to 12 months withholding milk resulted in a significant fall in specific IgE‐AB to CMP, and IgG, IgG, and IgG4 anti‐BLG followed by an increase after milk challenge. Decreasing levels of IgG anti‐OA from birth to 6 months reflect passive maternal transfer of IgG through the placenta, and increasing levels of IgG anti‐BLG, already from birth to 6 months, may represent an early exposure to CMP in all infants. Significantly higher levels (p<0.05) of IgG anti‐OA AB, IgG, and IgG4 anti‐BLG AB were found in infants with persistent CMA, indicating a close relation between the synthesis of IgE and IgG and between IgE and IgG subclasses (IgG, and IgG4) in symptomatic cow milk‐allergic individuals. Determination of IgG AB and IgG subclass AB (IgG, and IgG4) to BLG and bovine whey in cord blood appears unable to discern infants at high risk of development of CMPA. However, infants with persistent CMPA have an increased antibody response of specific IgE and IgG subclasses (IgG, and IgG4) to CMP exposure.


Functional characteristics of hemopoietic stem cells (HSCs) of bone marrow (BM) in healthy animals and those with autoimmune diseases (AIDs) before and after cryopreservation using different regimens were in vitro determined. Fundamental differences of a change in functional status of hemopoietic precursors in healthy and AIDs donors under the same changes in cryopreservation conditions are shown. It was noted, that varying concentrations of cryoprotectant at the same freezing rate enabled to point out the optimum of conditions, under which the cryopreservation factors equally affected both functional status of hemopoietic cells of different differentiation rate and BM, procured from different donors (physiology and pathology). At he same time different freezing rates have identical parameters of a selective effect on SHCs with a certain differentiation level in healthy and "pathological" BM. Different cryopreservation conditions were established to be the optimal ones in respect to providing functional potential of these cells in both BMs. Thus, the maximum number and the most balanced subpopulation composition of hemopoietic precursors as colony-forming units of granulomonocytopoiesis (CFU-GM) and forming colonies in spleen of lethally irradiated recipients (CFUs) of healthy animals' BM were preserved after freezing with 1°C/min rate and 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 40°C/min with 10% DMSO for BM of AIDs animals. The relevance of idea, recently given by authors about the possibility to use cryopreservation as a factor of directed regulation of bioobject's state and, in particular, BM hemopoietic precursors with different initial status is emphasized with a specific example.


The emigrant writer V. Barka proves to us that during those years he worked and lived there were no opportunities to write works on Christian problems in Ukraine, only abroad due to various cultural-religious, socio-political reasons. V. Barkа's novel «Paradise» is fi lled with religious nominations, which we differentiate into different subgroups. The lexico-semantic subgroups of religious termino-vocabulary was analyzed in the article. It is found out, that the author of the analyzed work repeatedly illustrates demonological vocabulary, uses it to denote of evil power and enriches the work with religious synonymous and antonymous words. However, an analysis of recent research witness that the question of the research of names for the designation of religious vocabulary in the novel "Paradise" has not yet been learned. Therefore, we set ourselves an aim to analyze the layers of religious vocabulary in worked out work. The purpose of the article is to differentiate the names of religious lexemes in the novel "Paradise" by certain thematic subgroups, to confi rm with illustrative theses, to display peculiarities of the formation of demonological vocabulary. Nominations to designation of demonological vocabulary were fi led as such, that devoid of moral-ethics norms, positive traits, and they doing only bad, sinful acts in the work under review. B. Barka the main focus concentrates on the following biblical antinomies: paradise / hell, man / beast, good / evil, life / death, faith / disbelief, righteous / sinner, sinful / righteous. Perspective henceforth we perceive the analysis of verbs on the notation of religious concepts, as well as the research of religious vocabulary in the works of V. Barka.


The hierarchical structure of fermion masses and mixings strongly suggests an underlying family symmetry. In supergravity any familon field spontaneously breaking this symmetry necessarily acquires an F-term which contributes to the soft trilinear couplings. We show, as a result, mu -> e gamma decay can receive large contributions from this source at the level of current experimental bounds and thus this channel may provide the first indication of supersymmetry and a clue to the structure of the soft breaking sector. Using the mercury EDM bounds we find strong bounds on the right handed down quark mixing angles that are inconsistent with models relating them to neutrino mixing angles and favour a near-symmetric form for the magnitude of the down quark mass matrix.


The paper focuses on the development of a case-based process planning system which works in Web environment. The system utilized case-based techniques for process selection and generative approaches to create the manufacture routine of accessional features. The planner uses an hierarchical part representation to express the information of parts. Then an effective method that uses fuzzy decisions to select optimal process is presented. Finally a proposal of feature-mapping is utilized to solve the problem of optimization of process sequencing.


Objectives: This purpose of study was done to identify the relationship of to self- control, life stress and smart phone addiction and to identify predictors of smart phone addiction of university students. Methods: The research design for this study was a descriptive survey design using a convenience sampling. Data collection was done using self-report questionnaires with 306 university students in G and S city. ANOVA, t-test, Fisher`s exact test, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression were used to analyze the data with SPSS Win 18.0 Program. Results: There were significant differences in gender(t=-4.90, p<0.001), major(t=5.86, p<0.001) by smart phone addiction. Smart phone addiction had significant positive correlations with life stress(r=0.350, p<0.001) and negative correlations with self-control(r=-0.261, p<0.001). The explained variance for smart phone addiction was 27.3%. Variables of self-control and life stress significantly predicted the degree on smart phone addiction of these university students. Conclusions: Findings of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of smart phone addition and related factors in university students. However, further study with a larger random sample from various living environment is necessary.


With a device for detection and characterization of organic molecules in a liquid sample volume in the micro- and submicroliter range by means of Raman and infrared spectroscopy, in particular by means RR, SERS, SECARS and SEIRA, a simple detection and characterization of organic molecules with a concentration below the ppm range can be achieved in a single device in a liquid sample volume in the micro- and submicroliter range due to the vibration properties of the molecules by means of the aforesaid procedure, the Raman spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. This is covering by a microfluidic chip (2) with at least one upwardly open microfluidic channel (3) for the passage of the sample volume and by the at least one microfluidic channel (3), serving as a measuring window transparent plate (7) mounted on the said at least one microfluidic channel facing (3) side is coated with a metal island film, and directed by the plate (7) the detection optics (14) reaches, which light on the plate (7) emits and receives the reflected light beams.


The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for producing a positive spherical ceramic balls based on the rotation mode. In further detail, the present invention discloses a seed grains by using (SEED) molding the ceramic powder becomes easy to process spherical, additionally during the forming process by repeated heating and cooling, or by a process of sorting the intermediate with similar size ball through the forming process, whereby a high strength can be produced having excellent particle size distribution method and ceramic balls. And, to provide an apparatus used in manufacturing the ceramic balls and rotating based on this embodiment.


In the 20~(th) century, Poetry is viewed as the origin of the Chinese literary criticism. However, this seemingly simple "origin" includes a history of development. This paper discusses the developmental history and the basic content of the "origin" of the Chinese literary criticism. Taking a step further, this paper discusses the developmental process of literary criticism of the Zhou Dynasty through Poetry.


The first experimental irradiation of nuclear reactor fuel with fog cooling is described. Tests done during the irradiation to determine the dryout heat flux'' (critical heat flux for high quality boiling) at various flow conditions are also outlined. The results of this irradiation are compared with results from out-of-reactor experiments. The irradiation was undertaken in a fuel irradiation facility called the X-4 loop, which is cooled by a high pressure steam/water mixture. The fog coolant in this loop is generated by spraying slightly sub-cooled water into steam with a small degree of superheat at the same pressure. The fuel assembly contained two 15 mm diameter fuel elements, one sheathed in Zircaloy-2, the other sheathed in stainless steel to permit the attachment of sheath thermocouples. The irradiation was run for 17 days under conditions approximating those anticipated in a fog cooled power reactor. During most of this period, an outlet quality of approximately 31 wt% steam was used with a mass velocity of 100 g/cm/sup 2/ sec at a pressure of 70 kg/cm/sup 2/. Dryout tests were done at mass velocities from 107 to 117 g/cm/sup 2/ sec with outiet qualities ranging from 37 to 40 wt% steam, and heat fluxesmore » up to 108 w/cm/ sup 2/ Dryout was detected by sheath thermocouples on the stainless steel clad element. The results of these tests are in good agreement with a model based on a series of out-ofreactor tests. (auth)« less


The robust Newton–Raphson method is suggested to solve the power flow equations. Newton power flow algorithms do not automatically minimize objective function such as real power losses. Hence, this paper presents teaching learning based optimization (TLBO) approach to minimize power lossesby the optimal allocation of reactive power sources considering placement and value in restructured power systems while at the same time satisfying various equality and inequality constraints. Reconstruction of power industries has brought fundamental changes to both power system operation and planning. Moreover,proper location of capacitors and finding the best combination among a large number of potential combinations are important for maintaining a stable and secure operation of a deregulated system, which benefits the system with reducing the total reactive power generation cost, minimizing the total power losses, and increasing available real power transfer capabilities. Therefore, the independent system operator (ISO) does not worry about compensating power losses. This study reviews the method of minimization of power losses, then we investigate the deregulated environment without losses. Next, a new evolutionary method is applied on IEEE 30 bus test system. And its superior performance is compared to particle swarm optimization(PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA). Simulationresults have been presented in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach for reactive power planning. They must produce reactive power for keeping magnitude bus voltages in their proper magnitudes. Keywords-losses, teaching learning based optimization, particle swarm optimization, deregulatedpower system.


Infections by antibiotic-resistant bacteria are a significant and complex global health issue. In this context, Acinetobacter baumannii is particularly important because of its ability to withstand treatments by β-lactams, such as carbapenem. The objective of this work was to investigate, through systematic analysis and meta-analysis, the chance of resistance to carbapenem in A. baumannii strains. For this, a search was conducted for the PubMed and Cochrane databases based on the keywords: "Acinetobacter baumannii" AND "beta-lactam" OR "penicillin" OR "cephalosporin" OR "cephamycin" OR "carbapenem" OR "monobactam". The initial search resulted in a total of 90,475 articles. It was filtered based on eligibility criteria, and eight articles were selected for analysis. An odds ratio value equivalent to 3.55 was obtained, indicating a high chance of resistance to the carbapenem of strains of the species. Therefore, it is supposed that A. baumannii infection cases have a high probability of not responding adequately to treatments based on carbapenem.


Social media has become a key term in Media and Communication Studies and public discourse for characterising platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Wikipedia, LinkedIn, Wordpress, Blogspot, Weibo, Pinterest, Foursquare and Tumblr. This paper discusses the role of the concept of the public sphere for understanding social media critically. It argues against an idealistic interpretation of Habermas and for a cultural-materialist understanding of the public sphere concept that is grounded in political economy. It sets out that Habermas' original notion should best be understood as a method of immanent critique that critically scrutinises limits of the media and culture grounded in power relations and political economy. The paper introduces a theoretical model of public service media that it uses as foundation for identifying three antagonisms of the contemporary social media sphere in the realms of the economy, the state and civil society. It concludes that these limits can only be overcome if the colonisation of the social media lifeworld is countered politically so that social media and the Internet become public service and commons-based media. Acknowledgement: This paper is the extended version of Christian Fuchs' inaugural lecture for his professorship of social media at the University of Westminster that he took up on February 1 st , 2013. He gave the lecture on February 19 th , 2014, at the University of Westminster. The video version of the inaugural lecture is available at: https://vimeo.com/97173645


1. Closing assembly (33, 133, 233) for closing the remaining intermediate space (28) between the first and last set in the circumferential groove (10) of the machine shovel blade (12a, 12b) blade row consisting of at least two side parts (30, 32, 130, 131, 132, 230, 231, 232), of which at least one part is intended for engaging with forming the relief space (24, 26) a projection (20, 22), circumferential grooves (10 ) and at least one pin-retaining member (36, 136, 236) that protects said parts (30, 32, 130, 131, 132, 230, 231, 232) from the exit of the circumferential grooves (10) and which connect them releasably to each other, characterized in that the two side parts (30, 32) are connected to each other via a guide (46) in a dovetail or each lateral portion (130, 131, 230, 231) is connected via a respective guide ( 146, 147, 246, 247) in the form of a dovetail with the intermediate portion disposed therebetween (132, 232). ! 2. Closing assembly (33, 133, 233) of claim 1, wherein the guide (46, 146, 147, 246, 247) located on the parts (30, 32, 130, 131, 132, 230, 231, 232) so that the radial introduction last part (32, 132, 232) of the guide elements (46, 146, 147, 246, 247) in the dovetail into each other. ! 3. Closing assembly (133, 233) of claim 1, which comprises an intermediate portion (132, 232) and an additional pin-locking element (136, 236), each side portion (130, 131, 230, 231) is fixed with the intermediate portion (132, 232) via one of the two pin-locking elements (136, 236). ! 4. Closing assembly (33, 133, 233) according to any one of claims 1, 2 or 3, in which the two contiguous side portions (30, 32) adjacent to each other or each lateral portion (130, 131, 230 , 231)


Several new approaches for detecting malicious attacks on computer systems and/or confining untrusted or malicious applications have emerged over the past several years. These techniques often rely on the fact that when a system is attacked from a remote location over a network, damage can ultimately be inflicted only via system calls made by processes running on the target system. This factor has lead to a surge of interest in developing infrastructures that enable secure interception and modification of system calls made by processes running on the target system. Most known approaches for solving this problem have relied on an in-kernel approach, where the interception mechanisms as well as the intrusion detection/confinement systems are implemented within the operating system kernel. We explore an alternative approach that uses mechanisms provided by most variants of the UNIX operating system to implement system call interposition at user level, where the system calls made by one process are monitored by another process. Some of the key problems that need to solved in developing such an approach are: providing adequate set of capabilities in the infrastructure, portability of the security enhancements and the infrastructure itself across different operating systems, and minimizing performance overheads associated with interception for a wide range of applications. We present a solution that satisfactorily addresses these issues, and can thus lead to a platform for rapid development and deployment of robust intrusion detectors, confinement systems and other application-specific security en-


Abstract With the aid of a recent result obtained by the first author, an expression is derived which unifies the well-known Jensen and Gould formulas.


Wavelengths of the 3p/sup 6/3d/sup 9/ /sup 2/D/sub J/--3p/sup 5/3d/sup 10/ /sup 2/P/sub J//sub '/ transitions of the Co-like ions have been calculated for ions with atomic number 38less than or equal toZless than or equal to92. The calculations were performed by using the multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock model with emphasis on the effects of electron correlation. The previously found discrepancies between theory and experiment have been removed due to the inclusion of the correlation effects in the theoretical calculations. A possible misidentification of the /sup 2/D/sub 3/2/-/sup 2/P/sub 1/2/ transition for the Dy/sup 39+/ ion is noted.


Context. Very low-mass Class I protostars have been investigated very little thus far. Variability of these young stellar objects (YSOs) and whether or not they are capable of strong episodic accretion is also left relatively unstudied.
Aims. We investigate accretion variability in IRS 54 (YLW52), a Class I very low-mass protostar with a mass of M⋆ ∼ 0.1 − 0.2 M⊙.
Methods. We obtained spectroscopic and photometric data with VLT/ISAAC and VLT/SINFONI in the near-infrared (J, H, and K bands) across four epochs (2005, 2010, 2013, and 2014). We used accretion-tracing lines (Paβ and Brγ) and outflow-tracing lines (H2 and [Fe II]) to examine physical properties and kinematics of the object.
Results. A large increase in luminosity was found between the 2005 and 2013 epochs of more than 1 magnitude in the K band, followed in 2014 by a steep decrease. Consistently, the mass accretion rate (Ṁacc) rose by an order of magnitude from ∼10−8 M⊙ yr−1 to ∼10−7 M⊙ yr−1 between the two early epochs. The visual extinction (AV) has also increased from ∼15 mag in 2005 to ∼24 mag in 2013. This rise in AV in tandem with the increase in Ṁacc is explained by the lifting up of a large amount of dust from the disc of IRS 54, following the augmented accretion and ejection activity in the YSO, which intersects our line of sight due to the almost edge-on geometry of the disc. Because of the strength and timescales involved in this dramatic increase, this event is believed to have been an accretion burst possibly similar to bursts of EXor-type objects. IRS 54 is the lowest mass Class I source observed to have an accretion burst of this type, and therefore potentially one of the lowest mass EXor-type objects known so far.


Education is an important soft power.However,because of weakness,the rural education has great impact on constructing the harmonious society.The two power's imbalance in development is a main handcap to construct the harmonious society.Soft power and hard power can help and influence each other.


The ruins survey belongs to a new field of surveying trade.How to control the quality of the processing and realize the project quality aim is a valuable problem in the new field.The paper introduces the method of the quality control of all the process of the Yuanshangdu 1:500 map processing and discusses the method of the elevation error testing.


Fifteen alkaloids were isolated from the tuber of Corydalis turtschaninovii Bess. f. yanhusuo Y. H. Chou et C. C. Hsu cultivated in Dongyang county, Zhejiang province, were identified by means of physical constants and spectral data as well as in comparison with known compounds. Nine alkaloids, (+)-corydaline (Ⅰ), (±)-tetrahydropalmatine (Ⅱ), (—)-tetrahydrocoptisine (Ⅲ), (—)-tetrahydrocolumbamine (Ⅳ), (+)-corybulbine (Ⅴ), dehydrocorydaline (Ⅵ), (+)-glaucine (Ⅶ), protopine (Ⅷ), α-allocryptopine (Ⅸ) were further confirmed. Five alkaloids, (—)-tetrahydroberberine (Ⅹ), palmatine (Ⅺ), columbamine (Ⅻ), (+)-N-methyllaurotetanine (ⅩⅢ) and dehydroglaucine (ⅩⅣ) were isolated from this plant for the first time. The alkaloid ⅩⅤ was found to be a new tetraahydroprotoberberine-type alkaloid which was named yuanhunine.


The Mishrif reservoir (Upper Cretaceous) considered the main discovered and developedreservoir at West Qurna I field in southern Iraq and has been on production intermittently since1999. Mishrif reservoir has been deviated into six main zones from youngest to oldest are mA,CRI, mB1, CRII, mB2 & mC.The West Qurna Phase I Field (WQI) has pressure depletion since production commenced in1999. More than 450 wells penetrated Mishrif Formation, to date, almost all of the productionhas been from the Mishrif formation (2180 to 2505 m true vertical depth, subsea) with minor oilproduction from the Lower Cretaceous Zubair formations. Geoscientist and reservoir engineersare looking for producing dry oil especially there are limited surface facilities at West Qurnaphase 1, for that purpose and as part of Reservoir Management, It was very important to monitorthe Formation & injection water movement across Mishrif reservoir with the time. Cased holelogs (Saturation logs & Production logs) and Open hole logs for new drill wells are beingintegrated to describe the water encroachment in Mishrif in order to Study behavior of aquifermovement and water injection, Validate the geologic reservoir model, assess the vertical andhorizontal water sweep & enhance perforation strategies.In West Qurna 1 (from 2010 to date) have been ran more than 500 PLTs (Production logs)and 300 PNLs (Saturation logs) and open hole logs for new drill wells, all these logs have beenanalysis and interpreted (using Geolog &Emeraude software) then were created different watermovement maps for each main productive zone mA, mB1 & mB2 in 2013, 2014 & 2016 (byPetrel).
Different water encroachment behavior among the different zones due to heterogeneity inreservoir rock quality, Integrating production rate allocated by zone with water encroachmentmaps shows excellent relationship between production and flood front by zone, the maps showedthat quicker water movement in the Meshrif reservoir compared to the model, these maps areusing for perforation strategy, and the maps will be updated periodically every 12 months.


Abstract : This report summarizes the work performed to establish the design and show the feasibility of an extremely low cost, reliable, nonvolatile, nondestructive readout, electrically alterable computer memory for missile and aerospace applications. Features of the design include planar magnetic film storage elements in high density arrays, multiturn word lines to reduce drive currents, and gated preamplifiers which allow the sharing of sense amplifiers. The program included theoretical studies of factors affecting memory cost, the design of a 1024-word, 32-bit memory, and construction and delivery of a feasibility model. The theoretical analysis considered optimization of stack costs in large volume production by variation in complexity of the modules that comprise the memory and that represent levels of exhaustive testing and by the use of redundancy (spares) to correct random defects at the testing levels chosen. The analysis also showed how electronics costs can be minimized by variation in memory word lengths, by introducing additional levels of selection, and by low-level sense gating. The design of the memory implements these features and the model demonstrates their technical feasibility. Projection of the design to a production aerospace memory shows a need for continued investigation in the areas of sensing channel design and mass interconnection techniques for stack fabrication if the cost optimization originally envisioned is to be achieved. (Author)


Integrated circuit technology has gone through several decades of aggressive scaling. It is increasingly challenging to analyze growing design complexity. Post-layout SPICE simulation can be computationally prohibitive due to the huge amount of parasitic elements, which can easily boost the computation and memory cost. As the decrease in device size, the circuits become more vulnerable to process variations. Designers need to statistically simulate the probability that a circuit does not meet the performance metric, which requires millions times of simulations to capture rare failure events. Recent, multiprocessors with heterogeneous architecture have emerged as mainstream computing platforms. The heterogeneous computing platform can achieve highthroughput energy efficient computing. However, the application of such platform is not trivial and needs to reinvent existing algorithms to fully utilize the computing resources. This dissertation presents several new algorithms to address those aforementioned two significant and challenging issues on the heterogeneous platform. Harmonic Balance (HB) analysis is essential for efficient verification of large postlayout RF and microwave integrated circuits (ICs). However, existing methods either suffer from excessively long simulation time and prohibitively large memory consumption or exhibit poor stability. This dissertation introduces a novel transient-simulation guided graph sparsification technique, as well as an efficient runtime performance modeling approach tailored for heterogeneous manycore CPU-GPU computing system to build nearly-optimal subgraph preconditioners that can lead to minimum HB simulation runtime. Additionally, we propose a novel heterogeneous parallel sparse block matrix algorithm by taking advantages of the structure of HB Jacobian matrices as well as GPU's streaming multiprocessors to achieve optimal workload balancing


Background: Exposure to adversity does not necessarily lead to the development of psychopathology in all affected children. This study examined the factors associated with resilience and vulnerability in mental health in the Gaza Strip in 2007. Methods: Children selected from a random sample of kindergartens (3-6 years old, N = 350) were assessed for growth and their mothers administered an interview including a psychometric test battery. Results: Factors associated with resilience were maternal rated good health, higher maternal level of education, and less child exposure to traumatic events. Factors associated with vulnerability were poor maternal mental health, and male gender. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the importance of maternal health and education in affecting childrens mental health.


Background: As the population ages, there is increasing interest in studying not only ill-health, but also aging well. However, more refined means of examining predictors of biopsychosocial conceptualizations of successful aging (SA) are required. Existing evidence of the relationship between early-life education and later-life SA is unclear. Methods: The Successful Aging Index (SAI) was mapped onto the Cognitive Function and Aging Study (CFAS), a longitudinal population-based cohort (n=1141). SAI scores were examined using growth mixture modelling (GMM) to identify SA trajectories. Unadjusted and adjusted (age, sex, occupational status) ordinal logistic regressions were conducted to examine the association between trajectory membership and education level. Results: GMM identified a three-class model, capturing high (HFT), moderate (MFT) and low (LFT) functioning trajectories. Adjusted ordinal logistic regression models indicated that individuals in higher SAI classes were significantly more likely to have higher educational attainment than individuals in the lower SAI classes i.e. MFT, LFT in the full sample (OR1.44, 95%CI 1.14-1.82). Conclusion: Early-life education is independently associated with higher functioning SA trajectories in later life. These results provide evidence of a life course link between education and SA, suggesting the long-term, beneficial effects of education in a sample of older British adults. Education and successful aging


We apply the end-to-end optimization pipeline that enables extended aperture with the coded aperture and image processing pipeline (ISP). This overcomes the trade-off that in standard optics design or purely image processing towards extended depth of field, where the wide apertures are important to reduce imaging noise, but they also increase defocus blur. By evaluating the end-to-end result with standard designs on a benchmark image, we demonstrate that our coded aperture from the design pipeline can achieve the extended-depth-of-field image reconstruction as the previously much more complicated refractive index distribution design of lens or wave-front control, in a much easier and flexible manner.


The research explores the efficiency of augmented reality (AR) technology as a tool for the positive triggering museum experience. This article shows the design, development, and evaluation of an AR prototype for information visualization based on a famous Chinese art piece named Along the River During the Qingming Festival. In total, 58 participants were invited to evaluate the prototype. Results suggest that AR technology can trigger users' engagement, learning, meaningful experience, and emotional connection, and hence arouse their interest and learning process. These findings may interest researchers and designers to develop a broader range of innovative AR applications to prompt a digital learning experience.


Background:Cytogenetic alterations in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) represent important risk factors in terms of prognosis. In this study, the impact of the cytogenetic aberrations of MM on patient clinical features and outcome was investigated. Methods:Conventional cytogenetic analysis with R-banding technique and molecular cytogenetic characterization by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were used to detect aberrant chromosomal arrangements, including 17p13 and 13q14 deletions, 14q32 rearrangement and 1q21 amplification, in bone marrow nucleated cells from 65 patients. Results:About 16.9% of patients showed aberrations by conventional cytogenetic analysis, whereas 49.2% of patients showed aberrations by interphase FISH analysis. Abnormalities of 13q14, 1q21, 14q32 and 17p13 were detected in 27.7%, 13.8%, 16.9% and 29.2%, respectively. Patients with a 13q14 deletion or combined with 17p13 deletion frequently had a late stage of the disease, and tended to have elevated serum levels of &bgr;2 microglobulin and lower levels of albumin. The progression-free survival and overall survival of FISH-positive patients were lower than for those without detectable abnormalities, especially in the conventional chemotherapy arm. Conclusions:These findings demonstrate that myeloma cells are prone to exhibiting a complex aberration and that FISH is superior to conventional cytogenetic analysis with a higher detection rate of chromosomal abnormalities. Patients with a 17p13 or 13q14 deletion, 14q32 rearrangement and 1q21 amplification were more likely to have a poor prognosis for MM.


Unusual atmospheric conditions brought exceptional rain to Pakistan in the summer of 2010, causing the country's worst flooding in modern history.


Container-drip system with a polymerizable with visible light Dentaladhesiv in an opaque, compressible bottle, characterized by the combination (A) a dissolved in acetone or ethyl acetate Dentaladhesivs; (B) an opaque, elastically deformable for the drop formation bottle (1) for the Dentaladhesiv with a Laminatwandung (3) (B1) at least one impermeable to acetone or ethyl acetate polymer layer (15), and (B2) at least one light-impermeable, elastically deformable polymer layer (13), (B3) may be formed one guaranteeing the laminate composite bonding material as at least one intermediate layer (17) or the elastically deformable polymer layer (13) can be mixed, (C) a light- and evaporation sealable dropper insert (20) made of opaque plastic with a from the inside outwardly flared drip channel (50), wherein (C1) the diameter at the outlet end of the desired droplet size and corresponds (C2) the diameter at the inlet end in the range of 0.1 to 0.25 mm.


In fact, electrochemical method (EC) is a specific and eco-friendly technique with several advantages over common organic synthesis methods. During EC no as such external catalysts are required to initiate the reaction, the current potential in itself acts as a catalyst. Most of the inactive organic compounds can be converted to active species by EC method. This method results in the synthesis of compounds with high yield and purity. This method is also good to be applied for the synthesis of thermally sensitive organic compounds. Such synthesis has significant selectivity and reactivity which enable the synthesis of such compounds that are not feasible while using the conventional methods. This review provides insight into the utilization of EC method in the synthesis of organic compounds and their derivatives. Various prerequisites for such synthesis have been highlighted. The EC method application for preparation of derivatives of benzofuran, and benzoxazole, oxidation of N, N, N', N'tetramethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine, 5-diethoxy-4-morpholinoaniline, organic compounds containing C=N, benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde and tetratomic Thioethers have been discussed in detail. In addition, the electrochemical synthesis of biomedical important compounds has been presented. The compounds synthesized through EC methods shows potential antimicrobial activity. Deferent researchers work to study the potential biological application of organic compounds synthesized through EC process. The anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and other important biological activities has been investigated.


This paper examines the effect of Corporate Governance (CG) on firms' performance and earnings management. Data has been collected from German companies listed on Frankfurt stock exchange. Board characteristics are used as the proxy for it, while performance is measured using the return on equity and the return on assets ratios. Earnings management is measured using the magnitude of accruals in a firm. Three OLS regression models are used to test the research hypotheses. The findings of the study reveal that CG has significant effect on the performance of a firm as well as on its earnings management practices. This study also finds that some characteristics of board significantly affect firms' performance and earnings management.


Exposure to short‐wavelength UV radiation (UVB) is responsible for synthesis of pre‐Vitamin D in human skin. Vitamin D is essential for calcium and phosphorous absorption which impacts on bone health and metabolism. Current research indicates that the Vitamin D receptor (VDR) can be found not only in cells and tissues involved in calcium and bone metabolism, but it is also found in a variety of other cells, including cancer cells.


Pulse crops play an important role in Indian agriculture and economy and they are the major source of protein and complementary to cereals both in production and consumption. The fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most destructive pathogens of lentils. Yield losses can be attributed to fungal growth within stems and resulting lodging, which leads to smaller and fewer seeds, premature ripening, shattered pods, loss of smaller, shrunken seeds during harvesting. The stem rot fungus overwinters as sclerotia in the soil, in stubble at the soil surface and mixed with seed. Sclerotia can remain viable in the field for five years or more. Each year some sclerotia will germinate when conditions are suitable but others will remain dormant. Germination is either myceliogenically which directly infect plants or may be carpogenic (spore-producing apothecia) heavy infections result from airborne spores produced by apothecia at the soil surface. The present investigation experiments were conducted to find out the effect of different dates of sowing on Sclerotinia stem rot incidence in lentil, starting form 05 October to 15 November at 10 days interval, irrespective of the year.


With growing system complication, multiple structures are constructed in software, instead of single architecture style. As a result, the traditional architecture-based models that have considered only homogeneous software behaviors are not suitable to the complex system. In this paper a heterogeneous architecture-based model is presented. In order to verify the practicability, we apply the model to estimate the system reliability of the astronautics payload communication and monitoring system (APCMS). Multiple structures are constructed in the system, i.e., sequence, parallel and fault-tolerance. The study results demonstrate that the model is accurate when compared to the actual reliability. Theoretical research must be applied on actual systems to understand their applicability and accuracy.


Abstract
There is a strong body of research that indicates that teacher quality has a stronger effect on student learning than any other school-based factor. At the same time, most teacher evaluation systems have traditionally failed to distinguish among different levels of teacher effectiveness or to link evaluation results to professional development in meaningful ways. In this chapter, we compare teacher responses in S. Korea and the United States to evaluation policies. We provide initial evidence that teachers and principals in Seoul defined "effective teachers" as those who helped manage their schools in areas such as affairs/planning, curriculum/instruction, science and technology, discipline, and extra-curricular activities. In contrast, the Michigan teachers and principals in the study were more likely to view effective teachers as those who planned instruction to meet student needs and provided evidence of student engagement and learning. In addition, educators' notions of effective teachers seemed related to their responses to new teacher evaluation policies. In particular, the teachers in Seoul strongly resisted the new teacher evaluation policies while their counterparts in Michigan either supported the new evaluation policies or at least did not actively resist them. These differences seemed related to regulative, normative, and cultural-cognitive elements associated with the teacher evaluation policies in the jurisdictions where the teachers and principals worked.


Radio-frequency magnetron sputtering technique was used in manufacturing thin films of Co doped and (Co, N) co-doped ZnO (Co:ZnO and Co:Zn(N, O)). The sputtering target was a commercial Zn-Co-O compound with 5% Co in weight. The sputtering gas of pure argon was used for Co:ZnO films; and two other different gases, a mixture of Ar and N2 (gas flow-rate ratio 15 : 5 seem) and a pure N2, was used for (Co, N):ZnO films. Without N-doping, the films show n-type electrical conduction. Upon N-doping, films become poorly conductive and even exhibit p-type conduction for pure N2 sputtering-gas. Paramagnetism is observed in the film with no N-doping (Co:ZnO); but superparamagnetism and then a mixture of ferromagnetism plus paramagnetism were observed with increasing N-doping. Based on the magnetic phase diagram proposed by Coey, we explain in detail the distinct magnetic properties which are closely related with the microstructure and electrical properties of each sample.


The invention discloses a method for drying wet D-ribose crystal separated and extracted from fermentation liquor in the microbial conversion production process of D-ribose. The method comprises the following steps: efficiently dehumidifying air for drying by adopting air compression and freeze drying in a combined way; performing pressure regulation, filtering purification and heater heating on the dehumidified air; inputting into an air current drying device and fully mixing with a wet D-ribose crystal material to realize drying of a product. In the drying method implemented according to the invention, negative influences of high-temperature and high-humidity ambient air on drying of the D-ribose crystal are avoided, effective drying of the wet D-ribose crystal is realized, the quality of finished D-ribose crystal is ensured, and the problems in the drying procedure in the current D-ribose crystal production are solved.