In the summer of 2003, as the mounting costs and difficulties facing U.S. and British forces in Iraq became ever more apparent, ministers and officials responded to growing international criticism by invoking a plea: the challenge of administrating postwar Iraq following the collapse of Saddam Hussein's odious regime was so unique, so wholly different from what had gone on elsewhere and before, that no amount of prewar planning could have prepared them adequately for the realities now confronting troops and civilian administrators in that vast, inhospitable, and war-torn country. More time was needed before judgment could be passed. This self-exculpatory plea should not be dismissed out of hand. The violent overthrow of a deeply entrenched and despotic regime by an external military force has created a set of challenges that are, arguably, more akin to those faced by the victorious Allies in Germany and Japan at the end of World War II than they are to those with which international administrators have had to grapple after the Cold War. And yet, there is something plainly disingenuous about the claim that the problems now encountered in Iraq could not possible have been anticipated. The fact is that allied officials, especially in Washington, underestimated the complexity of the postwar administrative and, above all, political challenges presented by an economically weakened, communally fragmented, and religiously divided Iraq. They did so in spite of important lessons that could have been sought from the rich and varied history of international administration in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The much more recent experience of international administration after the Cold War also appears to have played little, if any, role in informing and sensitizing officials involved in planning for the postwar reconstruction of the country. This in spite of the fact that governing Iraq has thrown up challenges the nature of which bear strong similarities to those encountered elsewhere in the 1990s, even though the scale of the undertaking in Iraq is clearly more daunting and the wider issues at stake for more critical in terms of both international security and regional stability. It is with these more recent experiences that this special issue of Global Governance is concerned. The period since the early 1990s has witnessed an extraordinary, though still understudied, phenomenon in international relations: a growing willingness on the part of the international community to entrust the United Nations and other international organizations with the authority to govern and administer, on an interim basis, war-torn and contested territories. In Eastern Slavonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and East Timor--all covered in detail in this special issue--the responsibilities assumed by external actors have been so extensive as to warrant the politically and historically sensitive labels of trusteeship and protectorate. In these four cases, the remit of international administrators has covered, inter alia, the creation and enforcement of new legal systems; the management and rebuilding of the local economies; the appointment and dismissal of officials; the reconstruction and operation of public utilities; the establishment of effective customs and police services; and, not least, the provision of public security. In other cases, notably Cambodia in 1992-1993 and more recently in Afghanistan, the governance functions assumed by international bodies have been less extensive, though still unprecedented by the standards of the postcolonial period. Not surprisingly, these experiences have generated an impressive body of literature on individual operations and, especially, on the technical and operational challenges that have had to be overcome. The key questions with which much of this literature has been concerned are similar to those that have informed writings on the increasingly complex and demanding character of modern peacekeeping: How does one go about recruiting troops and civilians with the necessary skills to administer war-torn territories? …


The mature antheridium of advanced leptosporangiate ferns is composed of three highly vacuolate jacket cells surrounding spermatogenous cells. This arrangement is ensured early in development by a recurrent pattern of cytoplasmic mobilization, spindle orientation, and cell wall alignment. Prior to each division a polarized redistribution of cytoplasm occurs. The nucleus always remains at the trailing edge of the cytoplasmic mass, whereas the location of chloroplasts and mitochondria varies. The axis of cytoplasmic polarization is believed to represent the direction of the principal stress acting on the cells. During each cell division the mitotic spindle axis lies parallel to, and the new cell wall perpendicular to, the inferred axis of stress. The observations are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that physical stress may be a causal factor in determining the plane of cell division and the consequent arrangement of cells in the antheridium.


Summary. Effectiveness of Spinosad in the control of Spodopetra littoralis (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) on strawberry. A field comparison trial for the control of Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodopetra littoralis (Boisduval), has been carried out on a strawberry culture under plastic covering in the province of Salerno (southern Italy) in the year 2001. Treatments, consisting of single foliar applications at the manufacturers' rates, were the following: spinosad (at 25 and 30 ml/hl of commercial product), chlorpyrifos-methyl (at 300 ml/hl c. p.), untreated control. Spinosad, in course of registration for various crops, among which strawberry, showed the highest degree of control, reducing, in comparison to chlorpyrifosmethyl, by 30% the number of plants attacked per plot and by 51% the number of leaves damaged per plant. The dose effect for spinosad was significant only for the number of plants attacked: increasing the rate from 25 to 30 ml/hl, a reduction of 19% was observed.


Initial hopes that the financial crisis might be restricted in its geographical spread have proved to be unfounded. The combination of a credit squeeze with high energy and raw material prices is affecting countries around the globe. Governments have been forced to rescue ailing financial institutions while consumers have been hit by rising unemployment and falling house prices. In the US, depressed labour market conditions have been one of the factors pulling down consumer confidence levels. In the first eight months of the year, over 600,000 jobs were lost, with the unemployment rate rising to over 6% – its highest level since December 2003. At the same time, the Conference Board's index of consumer confidence has been steadily falling. In July last year, it peaked at 111. By December it had fallen to 90, and by June this year to 51 – its fifth lowest level ever – before the reduction in petrol prices led to a modest recovery. The US housing market remains extremely weak but, on a more positive note, the low value of the dollar has helped exports, and the tax rebates that were handed out earlier this year temporarily boosted consumer spending. As a result, GDP grew at an annualised rate of 3.3% in the second quarter, considerably higher than the initial 1.9% estimate, but this performance is unlikely to be repeated. The latest OECD forecast sees the US economy growing at 1.8% this year, a reduction on last year's 2.2%, but significantly above the predictions for the eurozone, Japan and the UK. Many forecasters expect the UK to go into recession this year, with the EC saying that both Germany and Spain will suffer a similar fate. In the second quarter of 2008, the German economy shrank by 0.5%, while the eurozone region as a whole saw a 0.2% drop. The commission has cut its


Through the hardness,impact toughness,tensile strength,yield strength and metallographic analyses,we research the effects of heat treatment process on microstructure and mechanical properties of die material H13 steel.The results indicate that H13 steel can make the hardness meet large extrusion die design requirement(44~46) HRC after pre-heating quenching at(1030~1050) ℃×1 d,oil cooling and twice tempering at(600~620) ℃×1.5 d,and the microstructure is more uniform and stabile,and the comprehensive properties is optimum.


The paper was a pilot study that examined learning approaches of architecture students; variability of approaches by university type and gender and; influence of architecture students' learning approaches on their academic performance. The sample was 349 architecture students from two universities. Descriptive and statistical analyses were used. Results revealed predominant use of deep learning approaches by students. Furthermore, learning approaches neither significantly differed by university type nor gender. Regression analysis revealed that demographic factors accounted for 2.9% of variation in academic performance (F (2,346) = 6.2, p = 0.002, R2 = 0.029, f2 = 0.029) and when learning approaches were also entered the model accounted for 4.4% of variation in academic performance (F (14,334) =2.2, p =0.009, R2 = 0.044, f2=0.044). Deep learning approaches significantly and positively influenced variation in academic performance while surface learning approaches significantly and negatively influenced academic performance. This implies that architectural educators should use instructional methods that encourage deep approaches. Future research needs to use larger and more heterogeneous samples for confirmation of results.


No-carrier-added L-[5-11C]ornithine was synthesized in 25–40% radiochemical yield in a synthesis time of 50 min (EOB) and a specific activity >2.1 Ci/umol by the displacement reaction of potassium [11C]cyanide with the functionally protected y-bromohomoserine followed by selective reduction of the [11C]nitrile with cobalt chloride-sodium borohydride complex, deprotection with 6M HCl(aq), and purification by HPLC. During the course of these studies it was found that cyanide ion is generated from acetonitrile in the presence of potassium hydroxide and kryptofix 222.


Abstract Joel Garreau's 1991 book Edge Cities described a phenomenon with which the planning community has become too familiar. He noted that across the country suburban shopping/residential/office complexes are burgeoning outside of traditional city boundaries. This new growth strengthens our nation's commitment to suburbia by confirming that not only will residential development take place, but that jobs and commerce will occur in suburban areas.


Al-4.5%Mg alloys containing Mn 0-0.5% and Cr 0-0.3% were unidirectionally solidified. Test specimens were cut out from the solidified alloys in transverse (T) and longitudinal direction (L) to the solidified direction and were fatigue cracked. They were tested by the instrumented Charpy impact testing machine at -196°C to room temperature. The fracture toughness of T test speciments lowers with temperature but does not in alloys free from Mn and Cr. That of L test specimens unchanged with temperature. Fine precipitates formed by heating for 24h at 550°C decrease slightly the fracture toughness.


The multi-server queue with non-homogeneous Poisson arrivals and customer abandonment is a fundamental dynamic rate queueing model for large scale service systems such as call centers and hospitals. Scaling the arrival rates and number of servers arises naturally when a manager updates a staffing schedule in response to a forecast of increased customer demand. Mathematically, this type of scaling ultimately gives us


This research develops a theoretical framework for leveraging internal knowledge effectively to achieve endogenous innovation goals in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The manuscript reports the findings based on a sample of 213 SMEs, suggesting that knowledge exploitation has a mediating effect on knowledge communication for enhancing endogenous innovation. The research reveals that strategic controls moderate the relationship between knowledge exploitation and innovation positively, whereas financial controls appear to moderate the same relationship negatively. Our findings advocate that entrepreneurs in SMEs should focus on communication and the exploitation of knowledge as well as carefully consider their choice of efficient control mechanisms.


SUMMARY This article traces the origins of one aspect of parliamentary procedure: the presidency of the French National Assembly, beginning with the Constituent Assembly of 1789. Eric Anceau first shows how the president's role was born in empirical fashion, between May and June 1789, when the first four presidents held the office and regulations were issued for it. Examination of the choice and election of the presidential office-holders and of their conduct in office leads to the institutionalization of the post by means of amendments to the governing rules between July and September 1789. Overall, the living experience of presidential practice affected the attitudes of contemporaries and served as a durable model for the future. The president imposed his will as arbiter of the debates, the representative of parliament, and the second person in the state after the king. However, in order to prevent him from becoming too powerful, he received limited powers, remained under the control of his colleagues and had a short period in office.


This article describes the basic psychological traits of students, who are good at literature, social sciences and fine arts, Some particular groups of the most characteristic features of the mathematical activity for these students are presented.


The synthesis, structure, thermal stability, and catalytic properties are reported for a chiral germanate, Ge9O19(OH)2(N2C2H10)2(N2C2H8)0.5H2O, ICMM6. It is orthorhombic, of space group C2221, and has unit cell dimensions a = 12.156(3) A, b = 13.960(4) A, c = 14.258(4) A, volume 2419.6(11) A3, and Z = 4. Three kinds of interconnected helical 8-, 11-, and 11-rings channels are present in the 3D framework. ICMM6 is an active chiral catalyst for the Michael addition reaction and acetalization of aldehydes. It is stable in water and organic solvents and can be recovered and reused at least four times without losing either its structure or its reactivity.


Background: The gene expression profiling assay OncotypeDx (ODX) predicts the likelihood of estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer (BC) recurrence and assesses the likely benefit from both hormonal therapy and chemotherapy. Many clinical scores that estimate the risk category of ODX are being tested. Ki67 is frequently incorporated into these assessments, although there is no standard cut-off for its use. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of 190 patients with early stage ER+ BC for whom ODX recurrence score (RS) was available. Patients were diagnosed and treated at a specialized cancer center between 2014 and 2016. Our objective was to find out the degree to which an optimal ki67 cut-off correlates with ODX risk category. We also aim to determine an association between classical clinicopathological variables (St. Gallen (SG) 2015) could predict ODX risk category. Chi square test was used. Results: The characteristics of patients according to ODX risk category are shown in Table 2. Mean age at diagnosis was 59 years (range 28-89). Mean tumor diameter was 15mm, 84.2% were intermediate grade and 4.7% patients had lymph node involvement. Mean expression of ER, PR and Ki67 were 87%, 53% and 22%, respectively. According to ODX 62.1% patients were low risk, 30.5% were intermediate risk and 7.4% were high risk. An overall concordance of 46.8% (73/190) was found between SG 2015 and the risk category of ODX (75.7% for low, 33.3% for intermediate and 23.9% for high RS). When changing SG Ki67 cutoffs to ≤20% (for low Ki67) and ≥30% (for high Ki67), an overall concordance of 56.3% (107/190) was found (69.6% for low, 47.3% for intermediate and 23.9% for high RS) and this was statistically significant (p=0.00) (Table 3). Conclusion:In our population there is no a direct correlation between classical clinicopathological variables and ODX score. Despite being a specialized center, the utility of classical clinicopathological variables for predicting ODX risk category is limited. Citation Format: Namuche F, Ruiz R, Flores C, Gomez HL, Aguilar A. Ki67 cut offs and oncotype DX recurrence score in early breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-09-11.


Individual differences among adults have generally been conceptualized in terms of personality theory and traits. In contrast, individual differences among very young children (birth to kindergarten) have generally been conceptualized in terms of temperament theory and traits. The present study compares and contrasts measures of temperament and personality in a sample of preschool children. Temperament traits were assessed with a well-established measure (the Rothbart CBQ), and a new preschool rating instrument was used to assess personality traits from the five-factor framework (M5-PS). Indeed, a key purpose of this study was to further the development of the M5-PS. Data were gathered on 122 preschool children who were rated by their teachers. Significant correlations were found between the temperament trait Surgency and the personality trait Extraversion, between the temperament trait Negative Affect and the personality trait Neuroticism, and between the temperament trait Effortful Control and the personality trait Conscientiousness. The overall pattern of correlational data suggests that individual differences in preschool children can be adequately described using the five-factor theory, and that this framework may effectively subsume traditional theories of temperament. Preliminary support for the reliability and validity of the M5-PS is offered. Copyright r 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Individual differences among adults have generally been conceptualized in terms of personality theory and traits, while temperament has been historically the dominant framework for studying individual differences in young children (birth to kindergarten). Theorists and researchers have not reached consensus as to the


The concepts of emergence and collective intelligence are fascinating, and from their study might come good things. But neither is 'good' by definition and we ought to be careful not to let our enthusiasm and interest lead to us into speaking too casually about the benefits of 'encouraging emergence' or 'developing collective intelligence'. We can find ourselves battling the emergent properties of a system, and working against its collective intelligence. This article explores an example to illustrate this from the field of social care. It also discusses some tentative 'laws' and some issues resulting from the positive nature of popular perspectives on emergence. Introduction The ideas of emergence and collective intelligence seem to be inherently attractive ones. When we read about ants solving a problem, or people being wiser as a group, we think in positive terms. That Wikipedia can even exist, never mind that it can sometimes be the best source of information on a subject, is surprising and wonderful. The thought that collective intelligence might be useful in finding a way forward on global warming is something worthy of detailed study. From here it takes only one small step to a place where we are talking about how to encourage emergence and how to develop collective intelligence. We find ourselves thinking about these things as being inherently positive attributes of a system, particularly of a human one. Two of the four introductory paragraphs in Wikipedia's entry on collective intelligence (20 August 2008), to which I'm referring for obvious reasons, specifically present this positive slant (the other two are neutral). But to take this step is, I think, a huge mistake. The fact is that emergence and collective intelligence aren't 'good' by definition. If good things can emerge, so can bad; and intelligence can be put to beneficial or to detrimental use. This article explores these points in more detail, examining some specific examples, suggesting some general conclusions, and discussing the consequences that arise from it being popular to take a positive view of emergence. I'm aware that some readers might resent any implication that they didn't already know that emergence and collective intelligence can result in 'bad' as well as 'good' - so I should be clear that I'm not necessarily presenting new knowledge here. We've known about the awkward ways in which systems work for a long time. I'm simply reacting to the manner in which emergence and collective intelligence tend to be discussed. A Simple Example I find this much simplified example helpful as an introduction to this discussion. An advice centre is staffed by passionate specialist workers. They individually reply quickly and efficiently to telephone queries. If they can answer the query directly they do so, and if not they immediately say so and refer the matter quickly to their colleagues. They each care deeply about getting the right replies sent to people. We might expect that the emergent properties of this system - which is made up of passionate and efficient workers - would be positive. Unfortunately we all know that this isn't how emergence works. Putting a group of efficient and passionate people together doesn't necessarily create an organization which, in our dealings with it from outside, is efficient and passionate. When we look at our interaction with individual workers, we find we are dealt with efficiently and the worker's passion is clear. But we may also find that we are passed repeatedly around the system, that our query is never actually answered, and that it takes a long time for us to work out that the centre does not have the expertise we need. The property of being inefficient at replying to queries is an emergent one. It is one that arises at, and is best observed at, the organizational level. It's clearly not a 'good' property. A More Informative Example Amore in-depth example is required if we are to look at this properly - and I'll refer to the area of work in which I specialize, which is in supporting change within 'care' organizations. …


We show that professional soccer players and their coaches exhibit reference-dependent behavior during matches. Controlling for the state of the match and for unobserved heterogeneity, we show on a minute-by-minute basis that players breach the rules of the game, measured by the referee's assignment of cards, significantly more often if their teams are behind the expected match outcome, measured by preplay betting odds of large professional bookmakers. We further show that coaches implement significantly more offensive substitutions if their teams are behind expectations. Both types of behaviors impair the expected ultimate match outcome of the team, which shows that our findings do not simply reflect fully rational responses to reference-dependent incentive schemes of favorite teams to falling behind. We derive these results in a data set that contains more than 8,200 matches from 12 seasons of the German Bundesliga and 12 seasons of the English Premier League.

This paper was accepted by Uri Gneezy, behavioral economics.


1 . The relation between density of adrenergic innervation, noradrenaline (NA) accumulation (as seen with the fluorescence histochemical method) in tissues incubated in a high concentration of NA, and monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol‐O‐methyl transferase (COMT) activities, were examined in a wide range of tissues from different species. 2 . Evidence was obtained to support the proposal that accumulation of NA in the non‐innervated smooth muscle of the human umbilical artery and chick amnion is associated with very low activities of COMT within muscle cells. 3 . The wide variation in tissue accumulation of NA in adrenergically innervated muscles was confirmed. For example, in the rabbit atrium and rat vas deferens, there was high NA accumulation in vascular smooth muscle but not in other muscle cells. In the mouse vas deferens there appeared to be preferential NA accumulation in the outer longitudinal muscle in comparison with the circular muscle. In the ventricle of the rat and mouse individual muscle cells showed different degrees of accumulation of NA. Many unidentified fluorescent cells were revealed in the submucosa of the guinea‐pig ureter following loading with NA. The highest activities of COMT were found in the rat vas deferens and the lowest in the rabbit vascular tissues; the highest activity of MAO was found in the guinea‐pig ileum, and the lowest in the rat aorta. 4 . No simple relation between tissue activities of MAO and COMT and degree of NA accumulation was found. Possible directions for further investigation of the problem are discussed.


Abstract This article encourages teachers to examine their assumptions about learning and understand two very different philosophies for how people learn to use software: a systematic approach and a minimalist approach. The systematic approach has a comprehensive thoroughness appealing to teachers who feel obligated to assure student mastery of basic software operation. It may sacrifice deeper understanding of software operation in favor of instructional precision and maximum learning support. The minimalist approach focuses more on the work context and the student experience than on the software features. The self-conscious examination of problem-solving processes and application of advanced software concepts to realistic business problems have been shown to be effective for prospective business teachers.


Objective: To alleviate graft versus host disease (GVHD) via depletion of alloreactive cells from haematopoietic stem cell grafts. Methods: Balb/c mice dendritic cells genetically engineered to express FasL were cultured with C57BL/6 mice stem cell grafts, and the modified stem cell grafts were used in a C57BL/6 to Balb/c mice GVHD model system (H-2b→H-2d). Then the GVHD clinical manifestations (diarrhea, depilate, lymphocytes infiltration in target tissues ) were observed and compared. Results: Recipients that received donor haematopoietic stem cell grafts pretreated with FasL-DC did not develop lethal GVHD, and their survival was also surprisingly prolonged. In contrast, recipients receiving untreated allogeneic grafts displayed all clinical signs of acute GVHD, and died within 30 days after transplantation. Conclusion: DC transfected with FasL gene can prevent GVHD by selective removal of alloreactive cells from haematopoietic stem cell grafts.


In this study, in order to improve the photocatalytic decomposition activities of formaldehyde, TiO2 catalyst modified with SiO2 substitution and metal (Pt, Cu and Fe) impregnation, were tested. In case of TiO2 substituted by SiO2, the optimal catalytic activity was found at the mole ration of 2 : 8. Among the metal impregnated TiO2, the Pt impregnated TiO2 showed the best activity even better than that of P-25 which is widely used in commercial application. However, Cu and Fe impregnated TiO2 showed the reverse effect. In the case of SiO2 substituted TiO2 the observed values of photoluminescence spectroscopy were quite proportional to the photocatalytic activities depending upon the mole ratio of SiO2 to TiO2. However, for the samples of metal impregnated TiO2, the reverse relationships were found. In UV-visible spectra for metal impregated TiO2, the transmittance value was reduced depending upon the loading of metals. The enhanced photocatalytic activity for high metal loading on TiO2 might be associated with the high concentration of excited electron that was monitored through UV-visible spectra.


The presence of an extensive and unique display of Hohokam petroglyphs at a waterhole (Tinaja Romero) on the southeast side of the Sierra Pinacate, Sonora, prompted examination of the designs therein and of the reason for their occurrence at this place. The tinaja is located on a major trail which leads from the Gila River in Arizona to the Gulf of California, whence came the shell used by the Hohokam. The display contains repeated examples of a figure, not seen heretofore among Hohokam petroglyphs, which resembles a cardium or pecten shell. A search for other examples of this "shell" figure located only one site containing it, at a pass far to the north, on a major Hohokam shell route. As a result of the search, a number of trails used by shell transporters were traced out, and an unexpected hypothesis was developed, that the Hohokam were solely responsible for the petroglyphs of Pimeria and Papagueria. Amargosans of northwestern Sonora and of southern Arizona, of the Sonoran Brownware tradition, other than the Trincheras folk, seem not to have made petroglyphs at any time. The shell gathering expeditions of the Hohokam may be analogous to the salt gathering journeys of the Papago, and Tinaja Romero seems to have been a watering place for the Hohokam, on sufferance of the unfriendly Pinacatefios, as was Tinaja del Cuervo for the Papago in historic times. The erection of a structure of speculation and inference upon a base as insubstantial as the occurrence of two isolated Hohokam petroglyph displays in the Sierra Pinacate of extreme northwestern Sonora may seem unwarranted. The stability of such a structure may appear the more unlikely, since Hohokam petroglyphs have never been catalogued, and definite knowledge of them is confined to a few scattered archeological reports and unrecorded but wide-spread observation of them by field workers. Nevertheless, a carefully detailed examination of one of the Pinacate displays in particular may shed light upon such diverse but related subjects as the Hohokam shell expeditions and the Papago salt gathering, the isolation of the occupants of the Sierra Pinacate enclave from the general stream of culture change without, and the origin of petroglyph tradition in the Arizona-Sonora deserts. Since the petroglyphs of the Hohokam and adjacent areas have not been


Polystyrene/layered hydroxide salt (LHS) modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate was synthesized by in situ polymerization. The materials synthesized were characterized by gravimetry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry analyses (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the flammability test (FT). XRD demonstrated that synthesized nanocomposites in all compositions studied showed poor global dispersion of LHS in polystyrene. TGA showed a slight decrease in thermal stability. DSC curves showed that the glass transition temperature of polystyrene and nanocomposites were similar. The FT showed that the nanocomposite with low load of LHS exhibited good results.


Agriculture in Ethiopia is increasingly characterized by new players, relationships, and policies that influence the ways in which knowledge is used by smallholders. This growing complexity suggests opportunities and challenges for smallholders. However, little is known about how technological, organizational, and institutional innovations affect rural livelihoods and poverty reduction in the country. Part of the problem lies in the near absence of robust tools and methods with which to study how the small-scale, resource-poor farmer innovates, i.e., how he or she generates, obtains, and uses new and existing knowledge to improve his or her livelihood. To develop keener insight into the smallholder innovation process, this paper examines the topic by looking beyond the traditional unit of analysis—the smallholder household—to study the wider innovation system, i.e., the set of interrelated agents, their actions and interactions, and the institutions that condition their behavior. The paper introduces tools and methods from a variety of disciplines to isolate and analyze components and linkages within local innovation systems, and draws several conclusions from empirical analysis of 10 local systems from across Ethiopia


This paper focuses on the governance issues that need to be addressed in order to make progress toward the UN Sustainable Development Goal 7 on access to energy. The starting point of the analysis is the observation of major problems of governance in the electricity grids of countries lagging behind in access to electricity. These governance problems, which entail high costs for grid users, are part of Elinor Ostrom's interpretation of the tragedy of the commons. Mini-grid projects are a realistic response to these challenges, since their technical and economic feasibility has been enhanced in recent years by advances in electricity generation from renewable sources. Polycentric governance, as envisaged by Elinor Ostrom, would resolve the tragedy of the commons. Some lessons learnt from recent rural electrification projects help identify the key factors for the success of such projects.JEL Codes: L94, O18, Q42.


Web manufacturing application of M & M Computer Components using ASP and Microsoft Access. In scientific writing, the author tries to discuss about how to assemble a computer and also familiar with the parts / components - components in the computer in general. This web application created to provide information to the novice computer user so that he can know how a PC is formed and what are the contents in the PC.


E-commerce is still has potential market especially in Asia-Pacific. As the emerging market, Asia-Pacific is becoming the largest in E-commerce market because their large populations become first time online buyers. Indonesia took the second highest B2C E-commerce growth in the world. It caused a tough competition between local and international e-commerce companies and to keep customers loyalty become a challenge for the ecommerce industries in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to find out the relation between application of gamification strategy and customer satisfaction and loyalty in e-commerce. There are 3 main variables in this study: innovation orientation (gamification), e-satisfaction, and e-loyalty. A Likert scale survey was conducted to internet users in Indonesia who bought something from internet. The results from this study indicate a positive relationship between innovation orientation (gamification) and e-satisfaction. There is also positive relationship between e-satisfaction and eloyalty, innovation orientation and e-loyalty, and indirect effect between innovation orientation and e-loyalty through e-satisfaction. Finally, ecommerce companies can consider this strategy to increase their customer's loyalty. Keywords— e-commerce, e-loyalty, e-satisfaction, gamification, Indonesia, innovation orientation


In the New Testament the concept of self-control or voluntary restraint of one's desires is highlighted as a "fruit of the Spirit," a trait of the spiritually mature, and a hallmark of Christian leadership. But as a Christian virtue, self-control is a product of spiritual discipline, a trait for which the Christian must engage in "strict training." This biblical theme has inspired a long history of Christian moral-spiritual practices aimed at cultivating self-mastery or strength of will. Here I discuss several of these as found in the writings of the Desert Fathers, Augustine of Hippo, Julian of Norwich, Thomas Aquinas, John Calvin, Thomas à Kempis, and John Wesley. Despite their theological diversity, these Christian thinkers are united in the belief that self-control can and ought to be intentionally nurtured via the systematic practice of self-denial.


Through studying on the land formation and the status of Yellow River Flood Plain in Henan,the problems were put forward,including flood had the big threat to land,climate disasters in Yellow River Flood Plain were serious,the conditions for agricultural production were behind,the industrial structure was single and land policy implementation was not in place.Then,according to the actual situation and overall land use classification of the Yellow River Flood Plain in Henan,the countermeasures to land-use issues of flood plain were put forward.


An apparent paradox in thyroidal economy is presented by the normally pregnant woman. Thus, there occurs during pregnancy thyroidal hyperplasia, augmentation of the thyroidal accumulation of radioiodine, and an increase in the concentration of circulating thyroid hormone (1–5). These changes, ordinarily associated with the thyrotoxic state, are not accompanied during pregancy by symptomatic stigmata of thyrotoxicity nor by increases in basal oxygen consumption beyond those which have been attributed to fetal needs (6).


Travel time reliability is a very important measure parameter of probability,which can effectively evaluate the dynamic(performance) of traffic system.On the basis of the concept of travel time reliability,the influence factors on travel time reliability on urban expressway are analyzed.The calculation method of travel time reliability of urban expressway based on Monte Carlo simulation is put(forward),that is using the method of Monte Carlo simulation stochastically samples the traffic demand variable of the entry of expressway,to calculate travel time, and check the calculated value.If it exceeds the threshold,it's unreliable.The proposed model is testified by a numerical example.Finally,the future application of travel time reliability as a probability parameter is proposed.


2D organic–inorganic halide perovskites (OIHPs) have received considerable attention due to their attractive photoelectronic properties. Nevertheless, the selection of components for 2D OIHPs with target bandgap is still challenging. To address this issue, a collaborative machine learning model to screen promising 2D OIHPs materials with tailored bandgap is established. Based on the high‐throughput screening via machine learning model, 18 materials with bandgap of 0.9–1.6 eV are obtained to meet the requirement of Shockley–Queisser theory. And considering the application of weak light indoor, 30 candidates with bandgap of about 2.0 eV are also screened out successfully. The prediction results are verified to be reliable by comparing with the published results. Moreover, the Shapley Additive exPlanation and statistical analysis indicate that the electronegativity of the X site, the electronegativity of B site, the vertical ionization potential of A site, and the number of inorganic layers play decisive roles in the prediction of bandgap. This collaborative prediction combining with interpretable strategies can achieve rapid and accurate prediction of bandgap, thus accelerating the development of the 2D OIHP materials in various applications.


Forests are an integral and inseparable part of the lives of the people who live around them. The potential of natural resources in Indonesia are plentiful, it has a severe impact and high damage. The deteriorating condition of forests, among others are also not balanced with the ability to create plantations and adequate in accordance with the needs of industrial markets. Of the total area of Banten Province amounting to 966,292 Ha, the Area of Forest Area in Banten Province in 2017 according to the Decree of Partial Determination of Forest Areas is an area of 195,286.09 Ha. The purpose of this research is to provide a solution to the Banten Provincial Environment Agency regarding its role in overseeing and controlling the management of forest product resources to implement good environmental governance. The method used in this research is an empirical normative juridical approach, which is an approach that focuses on norms or norms, so that the problem will be assessed and analyzed by referring to the applicable laws and regulations relating to the problem of managing forest resources.


Functional electrical stimulation (FES) involves electrically stimulating paralyzed muscle to contract and has been integrated into rehabilitation exercises for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Unlike other exercises, FES-rowing requires many training sessions for beginners to learn the appropriate timing of administering FES to their legs through a manual push button, required for performing the exercise with correct technique. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a coaching system to instruct new rowers on the optimal timing for administering


We describe a dynamic test compaction procedure for four-way bridging faults. Under this fault model, a pair of lines g/sub i/, g/sub j/ is associated with four bridging faults corresponding to two possible combinations of opposite values on g/sub i/ and g/sub j/, and two options for the line whose value is faulty in the presence of the fault (either g/sub i/ or g/sub j/). Compaction is achieved by simultaneously considering faults that have a line g/sub i/ with a value /spl alpha//sub i/ in common, such that the value /spl alpha//sub i/ on g/sub i/ is affected by the presence of the fault. Faults with a common line g/sub i/ and value /spl alpha//sub i/ differ only in the second line g/sub j/ of each pair of bridged lines, and the second lines only need to be assigned the value /spl alpha/~/sub i/ in order to detect all the faults. This strong relationship between the faults allows us to derive tests that detect large numbers of these faults, resulting in compact test sets.


Background/Aims: Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease and probiotics have been suggested as tools to manage elevated cholesterol levels. Methods: The present study investigated the ability of the biotherapeutic agent Saccharomyces boulardii (Sb-Biocodex) to reduce the hypercholesterolemia induced by a 0.1% cholesterol-enriched diet in the hamster. Results: In a first experiment, chronic oral treatment with S. boulardii at 12  1010 CFU/kg (3 g/kg) twice a day was started from the beginning of the cholesterol diet and continued for 14 days ('preventive protocol'). In the second experiment, S. boulardii was given 14 days after the beginning of the cholesterol diet when hypercholesterolemia had developed and continued for an additional 14 days ('curative protocol'). In the preventive protocol, administration of the yeast significantly reduced hypercholesterolemia (14%) induced by the cholesterol-enriched diet compared to the group receiving only the cholesterol diet. In the curative protocol, S. boulardii significantly reduced hypercholesterolemia (12%) induced by the cholesterol-enriched diet, too. Moreover, the yeast significantly decreased the serum triglyceride increase by 39%. Conclusion:S. boulardii possesses anti-hypercholesterolemic properties in the hamster worthy of further evaluation in clinical studies. i 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel


This article intends to investigate the use of Multimedia-Panorama as a tool within the design studios in schools of architecture. We assume that Multimedia-Panorama can bring significant contributions to design studios. It can follow all design process stages: the recognition and analysis of the site and surrounding landscape; the organization of references; the first idea and its conception; the development of the project; and its final presentation. The strenght of panoramas in design studios is particularly enhanced by interactivity. This paper aims to demonstrate new possibilities in the association of panorama's space recognition characteristic to the architecture design process. [Full paper in Portuguese]


Most human papillomavirus (HPV)‐positive women recover from infections and do not develop cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer. Additional triage approaches are needed to reduce unnecessary colposcopy referrals. The aim of this study is to determine the high‐risk HPV prevalence in a hospital‐based population and to evaluate the performance of p16/Ki‐67 dual‐stain test for the triage of high‐risk HPV‐positive women to detect precursor lesions and cervical cancer compared with the ThinPrep cytologic test (TCT).


With the increasing popularity of cloud computing, its large energy consumption cannot only contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, but also result in the rising of the cost of operating a cloud data centers. Therefore, energy-aware load balancing is increasingly becoming a core and challenging issue in cloud computing. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient load balancing algorithm which takes advantage of both dynamic voltage/frequency scaling and virtual machine consolidation to reduce energy consumed by cloud infrastructures. Our experimental results indicate that, compared to a round robin algorithm for load balancing in cloud computing, the proposed algorithm can achieve up to 35.3% energy saving in heterogeneous cloud data center.


In 1973, a group of gynecologists invited us to a meeting aimed at understanding the rationale behind the development of hirsutism in women taking contraceptive pills (CP). Following analysis of the components of the CP, we postulated that d-Norgestrel was displacing testosterone (T) from the Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) in peripheral circulation thus leading to an increased accessibility of T to target organs. This hypothesis was nicely supported by the measurement of nonSHBG bound T using ammonium sulfate at 50% saturation, plus a tritiated tracer of T, in order to selectively precipitate the SHBG bound fraction of T (Contraception 10: 599-605, 1974). Additional data in animals and humans were presented and applauded at the Royal College of Physicians of Canada during the 1979 meeting. However, the non-SHBG bound T or bioavailable testosterone (BT) method was never endorsed by the Clinical Association of Canadian Biochemists for two reasons: the absence of a pure standard for BT and the impossibility to validate the assay for daily use in a routine clinical laboratory. When the conceptual approach of the andropausic condition was developed in Canada around 1996, I was again requested to think about and to develop an index of androgenicity adapted to the aging male. Canadian leaders decided to promote once more the BT measurement in an effort to correlate andropause symptoms with one hormonal parameter. "Autres temps, autres mœurs" or "Times have changed". It was imperative to propose a method favoring a wide accessibility to all laboratories and thus spicing the serum with tritiated-T was eliminated as intrinsic part of the assay to the benefit of a direct measure of T in the supernatant (0.5 ml) following the salt precipitation of SHBG bound T. Several commercially available kits for this purpose were used without discrimination across the country. With this important modification, we validated our BT assay with at least 225 normal individuals of different age groups and a negative correlation between BT and age was observed notwithstanding a high interindividual variability for each decade of life (The Aging Male 4: 23-29, 2001). The threshold for partial androgen deficiency in the aging man was established in reference to BT castration values (< 1 nmol/L) and those observed with a small group of men (N=36) experiencing andropause and whose symptoms were alleviated by testosterone replacement therapy. Partial androgen deficiency was deserving consideration when BT was lower than 2.5 to 3.0 nmol/L, the upper limit being around 10-12 nmol/L in young adults. What is the future of this assay? On a long term basis (5 years), we realize that the ammonium sulfate precipitation step still causes technical problems in routine laboratories thus leading to non realistic interlaboratory variations. In addition, the ammonium salt residues can create interference with the direct methods (ELISA, RIA) currently used to measure free T in the supernatant thus leading to underestimation of the absolute BT values. Finally, the assay is much more time consuming than the direct and robust assays to determine total testosterone and SHBG. It is therefore anticipated that the modified BT method (1996 version) will be superseded by calculated indexes of T (calculated free T or bioactive T) in the coming year in Canada. It remains irrealistic anyway to define andropause on the sole basis of one laboratory criteria because we don't know yet what is the free T range that characterizes a partial deficiency of androgens in aging men; thus most physicians much prefer to think about andropause in terms of a symptom complex which showed a "remarkable consistency of pattern and frequency over the last 60 years" and they exhibit a somewhat free and easy attitude towards BT values.


The 15N composition of sediments has been used as a proxy for nitrate utilization in surface waters to assess the role of Southern Ocean export production in glacial/interglacial changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration. Interpretation has relied on a temporally constant isotope effect (ε) associated with uptake and assimilation of nitrate by phytoplankton. To investigate the reliability of this approach, we examined the relationships between the 15N compositions of dissolved nitrate, bulk and size‐fractionated (200, 70, 20, 5, 1 µm) suspended particulate organic nitrogen (PON), and sinking particles obtained from sediment traps during the Southern Ocean iron release experiment (SOIREE). We found variations in phytoplankton nitrogen isotopic compositions with both cell size and iron availability. δ15NPON increased by >2‰ with increasing size, both within and outside the ironenriched patch. In comparison to unfertilized waters, δ15NPON within the iron‐fertilized patch was a further 3–4‰ higher in those size fractions dominated by large diatoms (20–70, 70–200 µm). We speculate that this iron response might result from (1) variation in ε of nitrate utilization or (2) an iron‐stimulated shift from ammonium‐based to nitrate‐based production. Comparing the δ15N of the large diatom—dominated size fractions to the δ15N of nitrate suggests relatively low ε values of 4–5‰, in contrast to estimated values of 7–10‰ from seasonal nitrate depletion and export production. This suggests that higher glacial δ15N in Southern Ocean sediments could, in part, reflect increases in iron availability, dominant cell size, and possibly growth rates, and these effects must be considered in any quantitative scaling of δ15N variations, including those of diatom‐bound δ15N, to the extent of nitrate utilization.


Hemimegalencephaly (HME) is a brain malformation of cortical development characterized by hamartomatous growth of one cerebral hemisphere occasionally with ipsilateral brainstem and cerebellum involvement. It is characterized by abnormalities of cellular growth, lineage, differentiation, and migration and, on histology, balloon cells, heterotopias, gliosis, and demyelination are seen. Clinically, HME commonly presents with epilepsy, psychomotor delay, contralateral hemiparesis, and hemianopsia. MR imaging findings in HME include increased volume of one cerebral hemisphere, abnormal gyration with cortical thickening and polymicrogyria, white matter signal abnormalities, blurring of the gray–white matter interface, abnormally shaped lateral ventricles, and dysmorphic corpus callosum. Nevertheless, in some cases, the anatomical boundaries of these abnormalities may be difficult to define with morphologic conventional imaging alone. A good delineation of the lesions is therefore essential, especially if surgery is deemed necessary. Advanced imaging techniques are producing promising results in the evaluation of HME with white matter fiber tracking as one of the most useful techniques possibly revealing the full extent of white matter tract alterations. It has been shown that white matter fiber bundles are not only thicker on the affected side but also that interhemispheric fibers crossing the corpus callosum show variable distribution and asymmetry in a large proportion of these patients. Automated brain segmentation may also be helpful for an accurate quantitative assessment of HME and in the detection of HME in cases where brain asymmetry is not readily apparent. We report a case of HME evaluated with Magnetization Prepared 2-Rapid Acquisition Gradient Echo (MP2RAGE)-based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to highlight the advantages of using advanced imaging techniques in the workup of this condition. From an early age, it became apparent that this male patient born to unrelated parents was experiencing asymmetric growth with the left side larger than the right, which was more apparent in lower limb length, and also in the size of the maxilla and the mandible. At the age of 3, he was diagnosed with right oblique astigmatism with his left palpebral fissure larger than the right (9 vs. 6 mm). He also presented deviation of the nose towards the right, which caused altered airflow and breathing difficulties. This resulted in swallowing difficulties, drooling, snoring, and sleep apnea, which were aggravated seasonally by hay fever. At the age of 12, his facial asymmetry was obvious with the left side larger than the right, made more evident by right eye hypoplasia and enophthalmos with pseudoptosis. There was a considerable gap between the upper and lower dental arches. On examination of the abdomen, there was a surplus of subcutaneous tissue on the right, diastasis of the recti abdomini muscles and a large umbilicus. He presented bilateral skin lesions, more abundant on the left, consistent with cutis marmorata. There was proximal syndactyly on the left between the second and third toes. An abdominal ultrasound scan, also at the age of 12, showed a left kidney larger than the right (92 vs. 86 mm). At age 16, his left leg was noticeably longer than the right (91 vs. 84 cm) and, since the first signs of puberty were now visible, the decision was made to correct the leg length discrepancy surgically with hemiepiphysiodesis of the left knee. At age 21, he experienced a first episode of epileptic seizure for which he was referred for a brain MR which showed asymmetry of the cerebral hemispheres, right larger than left, consistent with hemimegalencephaly. Although less prominent, there was also cerebellar asymmetry. The right lateral ventricle was dysmorphic and dilated posteriorly. The gyri were diffusely thickened and small on the right, particularly in the frontal, parietal, and insular regions, compatible with polymicrogyria. The corpus callosum was dysmorphic and larger on the right. White matter T2WI hyperintensity was seen on the right reflecting accelerated myelination and hamartomatous growth. MP2RAGE-based automated segmentation, using the MorphoBox prototype, confirmed diffuse hypertrophy of brain structures on the right whereas DTI with fiber tracking demonstrated abnormally thickened pathways on the right and, whilst not demonstrating significant asymmetry in the distribution of the interhemispheric fibers crossing the corpus callosum, it did reveal thickened white matter tracts extending more anteriorly on the right frontal lobe and a different orientation of the fibers crossing the splenium of the corpus callosum with a more lateral course on the normal left side (Figure 1). This case illustrates right-sided hemimegalencephaly with contralateral hemihypertrophy, which is less frequently seen but has been previously described. Advanced MR imaging techniques clearly demonstrated abnormally thickened white matter tracts with the use of DTI and fiber tracking. Furthermore, MP2RAGE-based automated segmentation allowed accurate estimation of the volume of key brain structures revealing rightsided hypertrophy, even in structures where this was not readily apparent such as the hippocampi and basal ganglia. Additionally, the exquisite depiction of the gray–white matter interface produced by MP2RAGE facilitates the detection of areas of cortical dysplasia and allows T1 mapping of the brain to be generated. This technique could also be used in cases of other developmental abnormalities such as mega corpus callosum as well as in conditions causing regional brain atrophy, especially in children where it is often difficult to delineate these abnormalities. We believe the use of these advanced sequences could have a place in the imaging workup of HME and in pre-surgical planning as it allows a thorough morphological and quantitative evaluation of the brain as well as analysis of the cerebral microstructure. Furthermore, in cases where the diagnosis of LE JOURNAL CANADIEN DES SCIENCES NEUROLOGIQUES


We work in an age of 'hyper-accountability' when exam results have come to assume a meaning far beyond reliability, says Dr Bernard Trafford


Algorithm 475 has been modified for running on an IBM 370 computer and on a F E L I X C-256 computer, using the Fortran IV compilers. The two sample plots were successfully produced on a BENSON 222 plotter. The changes in the program are those described by Mashburn ['1 ]. In addition to these changes, we suggest the following. SETORG Subroutine 1. Because the parameter ZT is not used in the PERSPC entry, change the entry statement to ENTRY PERSPC(X, Y, Z, XT, YT) 2. Remove the statements AL -ACOS(COSAL) BE = ACOS(COSBE) GA -ACOS(COSGA) 3. Change the statement SINGA SIN(GA) to SINGA = SQRT(1. COSGA*COSGA) 4. Change statement 10 from 10 SINBE -SIN(BE) to 10 SINBE -SQRT(1. COSBE,COSBE) INIT3D Subroutine 1. Modify all statements which call to PERSPC entry by removing the last argument: CALL PERSPC(1., 1., W, D,YT) CALL PERSPC(U,V, 1. ,D,YB) CALL PERSPC(U, 1., 1. ,XL,D) CALL PERSPC(1. ,V, 1. ,XR,D) 2. Include an E N T R Y statement after statement 60: ENTRY INIS2 A call to the INIS2 entry will produce the filling of the array IS2 with zeros and the rewinding of the IU unit. Because the call to the INIS2 entry is made only after the call to the INIT3D subroutine, the INIS2 entry need not have parameters.


The present invention relates to a shaping drum for shaping the green tire in the manufacture Thai (Shaping drum), in particular preventing the green modification of the tire sikieo the left and right finger operation at the same time to improve performance is related to the shaping drum for shaping the formed green tire will be. The present invention for this purpose is supplied via the fluid (F) in the supply pipe of the inner shaft 2 and 3 to be supplied through the inlet (1) right and left equipped with a respective finger (4a, 4b) actuators (5a, 5b ) it is supplied to, in the right and left actuators (5a, 5b) the operation that the fluid (F) is through a discharge pipe (6) outlet (7) as out assay for molding of the green tire is made to be out ping drum, the fluid supply pipe (3) and the discharge pipe (6) in (F) is connected to a fluid distributor (8) installed in the center of the shaft 2, the fluid distributor (8) has right and left actuators (5a, 5b) being equipped with (9a, 9b) to the left and right branch tubes connected respectively to the supply pipe (3) and between the outlet pipe (6), direction change control valve 10 is provided to regulate the flow of the fluid (F) is a structure made up.


SequenceAnd Structure-Specific Targeting of RNAs by Short Nucleobase-Modified dsRNA-Binding PNAs Incorporating A-U Pair-Recognizing Fluorescent Light-up Benzothiophene Uracil and G-C Pair-Recognizing Guanidinium The structures of RNAs determine their functions including protein coding, catalysis, and gene regulation. RNAs are emerging as important therapeutic targets and diagnosis biomarkers. Compared to targeting RNAs through duplex formation, targeting the pre-formed dsRNA regions through structure-specific triplex formation provides a complementary RNA probing/targeting strategy. However, triplex formation through Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding for all base pairs at near-physiological conditions is relatively challenging. We have developed a second-generation modified btU PNA monomer derived from uracil, which recognizes the Watson–Crick A-U base pair and shows fluorescence light-up effect upon binding to dsRNAs. In addition, we developed a novel PNA R monomer for the sequence and structure specific recognition of Watson–Crick GC base pairs in dsRNAs under physiological pH conditions. Our work provides a modular PNAbased platform for the recognition of biomedically important RNAs for applications in diagnosis and therapeutics. SHIVAKUMAR KRISHNA MANCHUGONDANAHALLI


To reinforce the supervision of industrial water-using,the paper researches the method of the quota of water-using in urban industry,and analyzes the detailed process of operation by practice example.Next,the goodness of the method is discussed.


Due to the accumulation of users at a limited level and the significant use of energy resources in tall buildings, it is necessary to consider the sustainability approach in the design process and operation stage. The development of technology and the specialization of various sciences such as architecture along with issues related to environmental psychology are among the factors that affect human comfort and tranquility, as well as the rapid growth of cities, increasing urban population and subsequent housing construction in the form of Residential complexes and poor physical and heterogeneous physical development, as well as a quantitative view of physical elements, have had consequences such as loss of space, alienation of man from space, and ultimately reduced sense of place. Therefore, considering that the environment is one of the effective factors in creating a sense of place and a sense of belonging to users, it is necessary to conduct extensive studies to identify elements of sense of place in quantitative and qualitative dimensions of society. The main question of the research is whether the design of a residential complex with an environmental psychology approach will lead to the sustainability of residential complexes in terms of a sense of belonging to the place? Objective: The main purpose of the research is to analyze the design of a sustainable residential complex with an emphasis on environmental psychology in terms of the sense of belonging to a place in the city of Tabriz. The present research method is descriptive-analytical and survey-based. The statistical population includes all the inhabitants of the sky towers of Tabriz, which is about 2612 people. The sample size is 355 inhabitants of Tabriz Sky Tower, which was obtained by Cochran's method. SPSS software has been used in data analysis. Cronbach's alpha was used to confirm the reliability of the questions, which was 0.885. For the variability of the variables, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (K-S) was used, and then Pearson correlation coefficient was used. Results: Based on the results of library research and based on the information collected using the questionnaire technique and their analysis, it was found that there is a significant relationship between the design of a sustainable residential complex with environmental psychology and the sense of belonging to the place. Conclusion: It turned out that paying attention to the factors in the design of housing with the background of environmental psychology in shaping the living space, after its formation, has a significant effect on improving the sense of belonging to the place. Also, there is no significant advantage between the two factors of recognizing humans with their diverse characteristics in design and recognizing humans as selective beings, in terms of belonging to the living space. In other words, one of these factors cannot be considered more effective in increasing the sense of belonging. This research can be considered as a starting point for evaluating and reviewing residential space units, open spaces of residential complexes and can be the basis for developing a design guide to improve the quality of residential space. Based on the results of library research and with regard to the information gathered using the questionnaire technique and its analysis, the hypothesis of this study is a significant relationship between the design of the residential complex with environmental psychology and the sense of belonging to the place. . In other words, it was noted that paying attention to factors in the design of housing with the field of environmental psychology in shaping the living space after its formation has a significant effect on the sense of belonging to the place. Also, the influence of the two factors, "recognition of human beings with their diverse characteristics in design" and "recognition of humans as an inventory of choices," does not have a certain superiority over the sense of belonging to the habitat. In other words, one of these factors cannot be evaluated for increasing the sense of belonging. Keyword: environmental capabilities, existential human aspects, ethical lifestyle, development of ethical behavior, traditional Iranian neighborhoods


Specifics of activity of future social worker staticize the importance not only of knowledge which have to be universal, but also more professional and personal qualities which formation happens by assimilation of cultural, moral wealth of society and a profession. Professional and personal qualities of future social worker are especially significant component of professionalism and promote formation of complete professional thinking of the practical worker of the social sphere. Formation of professional and personal qualities reveals from a position of competence-based approach. Authors considered competence in the broadest sense as result of socialization, means result of development of the identity of future social worker, including through formation of basic components of its mental experience. To definition of competence there has to correspond the system of an assessment of educational achievements of graduates of educational institutions which directed not so much on clarification of in what measure is mastered formal-knowledge component of an obligatory minimum of the content of education, as on detection of their ability to use the mastered content of education for the solution of practical research, valuable and orientation and communicative, technological tasks and problems. Formation of knowledge function of process of training and, therefore, selection of the content of knowledge in higher education institution can provide mainly knowledge of communicative professional activity and knowledge of communicative professional behavior. Sufficient external and internal conditions are necessary for transformation of knowledge of professional behavior into motive of professional behavior. Axiological basics of communicative activity allow to cover process of formation of professional and personal qualities of future social worker as value significant for the personality and professional activity component.


The yield of products resulting from C-C bond rupture upon {gamma}-and n, {gamma}-radiolysis of cyclohexane at room temperature was determined. The characteristic features of fragmentation and cycle opening in the gas and liquid phases were compared. A simplified scheme of heavy degradation of the compound is suggested. The scheme is consistent with data on 70-eV mass spectrometry and gas- and liquid-phase radiolysis of cyclohexane.


AFTER STUDYING THE POSSIBLE MODES OF FAILURE OF CONCRETE IN COMPRESSION (EXCLUDING SURFACE FRICTION), THE AUTHOR PRESENTS A HYPOTHESIS CONCERNING THE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE, WHICH IS BASED ON THREE MAIN PARAMETERS: RESISTANCE OF AGGREGATES TO SPLITTING, TENSILE STRENGTH OF FINE MORTAR, AND ADHESION OF AGGREGATES TO THE CEMENT PASTE. INTERNAL STRESSES DUE TO SHRINKAGE AND THEIR RELAXATION IN TIME ARE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT. TESTS TO VERIFY THE HYPOTHESIS WERE CARRIED OUT ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONCRETE CONTAINING SEVEN KINDS OF DIFFERENT AGGREGATES.


FIELD: biotechnology, plant selection. SUBSTANCE: cystatinous proteinase inhibitor (orisacystatine 1) which reveals a deletion of aspartic acid in position 86, and a hybrid proteinase inhibitor including cystatine and proteinase inhibitor are used to fight pathogens, parasites and pests. Body transformation by DNA molecule coding proteinase inhibitors makes it to be resistant to proteolytic splitting. Proteinases' inhibitors could be, also, obtained by using the primers. EFFECT: higher efficiency in selection of organisms, for example, plants. 18 cl, 8 dwg


The rock mass quality surrounding large underground cavern is affected by many factors. The rock classification is relatively complex. Using several rock classification methods synthetically is propitious to accurately determine the integrated category of the surrounding rocks. The classifications called RMR,Q,HC,BQ and RMi are used to classify the rocks of the main workshop on the basis of the experimental data and long-term field geological work. The workshop is the representative cavern of Dagangshan hydropower station. The study is conducted by means of regression analysis. The results show that among Q value,RMR value,and HC value there are exponential relations. The same circs also appears between RMi value and HC value,between RMi value and RMR value.The correlation coefficients for each of the pairs are 0. 91,0. 82,0. 87,0. 94 respectively. Meanwhile,Q value and RMi value,RMR value and HC value have shown power relations,linear relations respectively. Accordingly,the correlation coefficients between each of them are 0. 90 and 0. 85 respectively. Between BQ value and HC value,the RMR value show linear relations,while between BQ value and Q value,the RMi value show exponential relation and logarithmic relation in sequence. The correlation coefficients between each of them are 0. 49,0. 38,0. 38,and0. 40 respectively. The results also show that the correlation of RMR,Q,HC,and RMi classification are close related. They can complement and verify each other. They can be effectively applied to engineering practice. The BQ classification has poor correlation with the other four kinds of classification,so it is not very suitable to be used in the power station and similar projects.


Gastric Cancer is a heterogeneous, multifactorial, aggressive disease that has been and still remains one of the most common causes of cancer-related death and a major public health issue worldwide. Currently, gastric cancer shows decreasing trends in its incidence and mortality in some geographic areas; however the disease still shows poor prognosis and remains difficult to cure. The prognosis for patients with gastric cancer depends on the stage at which the gastric cancer is detected, and complete excision of the cancer is the only proven curative option. However, recently the treatment of gastric cancer has been rapidly evolving with the emergence of new cytotoxic drugs and molecular targeted agents that show promising response rate and disease progression-free survival. Cancer prevention intervention such as screening to ensure early detection, population health education, anti-cancer knowledge popularization, identification and correction of unhealthy lifestyles has demonstrated to be effective; and improved treatment modalities can dramatically increase the poor prognosis for patients with gastric cancer. Demographic, ecological, environmental, culture, and genetic variables all contribute to the heterogeneity of gastric cancer; however, environmental risk factors play an important role throughout all the stages of the disease progression, management and surveillance. In this review, we address the role of important environmental risk factors in the onset of gastric cancer, and highlight the current treatments modalities and prevention measures for gastric cancer.


In this study, the response of two homogeneous parallel beams with two-parameter Pasternak elastic foundation subjected to a constant uniform partially distributed moving force is considered. On the basis of Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, the fourth order partial differential equations of motion describing the behavior of the beams when subjected to a moving force were formulated. In order to solve the resulting initial-boundary value problem, finite Fourier sine integral technique and differential transform scheme were employed to obtain the analytical solution. The dynamic responses of the two beams obtained was investigated under moving force conditions using MATLAB. The effects of speed of the moving force, layer parameters such as stiffness (K_0) and shear modulus (G_0 ) have been conducted for the moving force. Various values of speed of the moving load, stiffness parameters and shear modulus were considered. The results obtained indicates that response amplitudes of both the upper and lower beams increases with increase in the speed of the moving load. Increasing the stiffness parameter is observed to cause a decrease in the response amplitudes of the beams. The response amplitudes decreases with increase in the shear modulus of the linear elastic layer.


Most research in Library and Information Science (LIS) is concerned with the design of information systems and the access and use of information in diverse contexts. These studies usually involve the understanding of the relationships among user, system, and context, for example, how identity of meaning is achieved, on the one hand, and the analysis of cultural forms and social situations, on the other. Cultural forms and social situations, however, cannot be viewed as some kind of background or container where activities and interactions occur, nor are they causes that effect certain kinds of information behavior. Rather, they are 'affordances' that bring forth, for example, user needs and technology uses (Day and Ma, 2009). The search for affordances and the analyses of the interrelationship between interactions (human-human and human-computer) and cultural forms and social situations beg for a methodological framework that allows critical and conceptual analyses and is empirical in which the understanding of the cultural and the social are central concerns. Critical ethnography is a critical and empirical research methodology that encompasses these two criteria.


The article analyzes the opportunities of effective land management using geographical information systems. The perspectives of the using of geo information systems in the efficient use of agricultural lands especially in the development of recommendations for improving the reclamation of saline soils are given. The development of algorithms for the provision of relevant regulatory recommendations on the state of the lands in the studied area and the creating of salt washing norm maps based on GIS technologies have been studied.


Chondritic porous interplanetary dust particles (CP-IDPs) may be cometary in origin [1], as may ultracarbona-ceous (UCAMMs) [2] and 'fluffy' [3] micrometeorites from the Concordia collection. They are all rich in organics, which can rim grains and may have helped glue grains together during accretion [4]. The organics also contain nitrogen the input of which to Earth has potential biological importance. We report C/N ratios, and other properties of CP-IDPs and a Concordia fluffy microme-teorite.


"Take back control" was one of the Leave campaign's main battle cries in Britain's referendum on EU membership. But reintroducing customs controls on UK-EU trade will have a cost for both business and government. Although it is not yet clear what Brexit will look like, the added costs from trade-related red tape that will result from leaving the EU are certain. And these costs are likely to be significant without adequate reform to customs procedures.


Abstract This paper discusses ways to embed time-domain field methods in extreme value predictions. Approaches are suggested that appear to give most reliable results. They rely on Monte-Carlo simulations, a reduction of parameter variations and extrapolation of exceedance rates over significant wave height. The computational effort is large, yet it can be handled with modern cluster computers.


The nonstoichiometric cerium oxide (ceria) redox cycle is an attractive pathway for storing energy from concentrated sunlight in chemical bonds by splitting water and carbon dioxide. The endothermic reduction reaction Display Formula(R1)CeO2-δox→CeO2-δed+Δδ2O2 is favored thermodynamically at high temperatures and low oxygen partial pressures, while the CO2 and H2O splitting reactions (R2, R3) are exothermic and favored at lower temperatures and higher oxygen partial pressures. The produced hydrogen and carbon monoxide, referred to collectively as syngas, are important feedstocks used in the synthesis of ammonia and liquid fuels.Display Formula(R2)CeO2-δed+ΔδCO2→CeO2-δox+ΔδCO Display Formula(R3)CeO2-δed+ΔδH2O→CeO2-δox+ΔδH2Copyright © 2014 by ASME


Twenty nine varieties of vitis were studied on Pn at different PAR in Vineyards of College of Enology,Northwest AF University.Linear regression which regress weak light(≤200μmol·m-2·s-1),and quadratic regression were used to analyze light response curve.Then physiological parameters were educed,such as LCP,LSP etc.Some results obtained were as follows:(1) In wine grapevine cultivars,9 varieties including Angelina,8805 had low LCP.The LCP of 3 varieties including Ugni Blanc,Gewurztraminer,are in average level.And Cinsault,Muscat Blanc,Blue French were among the highest.7 varieties,including Iona,8805,had low LSP.The light saturation points of 4 varieties,including Semilion,Blue French,were in average level.Beichun,Baibigebuer,Cinsault,Muscat Blanc were among the highest.(2)In table grapevine cultivars,7 varieties including Jingchuan1014,Beni Zuibo,had low LCP.The LCP of 6 varieties including Muscat Rose,Early Pearl were in average level.Кировалкий Столвыйis was among the highest.Beni Zuibo had low LSP.The LSP of 10 varieties including Zaojinxiang,Fudao were in average level.3 varieties such as Muscat Rose,Early Pearl,were among the highest.


This article describes how due to the monstrous evolution of the technology and the enormous increase in data, it becomes difficult to work with traditional database management tools; relational databases quickly reach their limits and adding servers does not increase performance. As a result of this problem, new technologies have emerged, such as NoSQL databases, which radically change the architecture of the databases that the authors are used to seeing, thus increasing the performance and availability of services. As these technologies are relatively new, standard or formal migration processes do not yet exist, the authors thought it useful to propose a migration approach from a relational database to a database-oriented columns type HBase and Cassandra.


It¿s the year 2020 and newlyweds Tom and Sara are expecting their first child. Along with selecting the latest high-tech stroller, picking out a crib, and decorating the nursery, they download the ¿NewBorn¿ application suite to their universal communicator; they¿re using what we¿ll call a SmartPhone 20.0. Before the due date, they take the phone on a tour of the house, letting the phone¿s sensors and machine-learning algorithms create light and sound ¿fingerprints¿ for each room. When they settle Tom Jr. down for his first nap at home, they place the SmartPhone 20.0 in his crib. Understanding that the crib is where the baby sleeps, the SmartPhone activates its sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) application and uses its built-in microphone, accelerometers, and other sensors to monitor little Tommy¿s heartbeat and respiration. The ¿Baby Position¿ app analyzes the live video stream to ensure that Tommy does not flip over onto his stomach¿a position that the medical journals still report contributes to SIDS. Of course, best practices in child rearing seem to change quickly, but Tom and Sara aren¿t too worried about that because the NewBorn application suite updates itself with the latest medical findings. To lull Tommy to sleep, the SmartPhone 20.0 plays music, testing out a variety of selections and learning by observation which music is most soothing for this particular infant. Generation Smartphone The smartphone¿s role as constant companion, helper, coach, and guardian has only just begun.


The design and performance of an X-band electron spin resonance spectrometer with a ruby maser preamplifier is discussed, and the practical improvement in sensitivity due to the maser was found to be 3. Some discussions on the limitations and sensitivity of the spectrometer are also made.


Analysis of more than 800 items of sacred music listed in the thematic catalogue ("Catalogo della Musica di Chiesa composta Da diversi Autori – secondo l'Alfabetto 1765") of Dresden's Catholic court church (the Hofkirche) demonstrates the dependence of this church upon compositions by Italian composers. Apart from existing repertoire, important transmissions of Italian music into Saxony came through the personal collections of the church composers Jan Dismas Zelenka (1679–1745) and Giovanni Alberto Ristori (1699–1754), composers whose musical estates came to be acquired by the Dresden court. Valuable additions came from members of the electoral and royal family, while an important corpus of Italian sacred works came into the collection of the Hofkirche to be entered into the Catalogo by Schürer. This late repertoire came from the Venetian copying house of Iseppo Baldan and it contained more than seventy sacred items attributed to Baldassare Galuppi (1706–1785). An overview of the main contributors to the Dresden collection as it was catalogued in 1765 is presented. The principal Italian composers of Dresden's sacred Catholic repertoire of music are named and the collectors are identified. A possible purpose is proposed for the acquisition of the many items from Iseppo Baldan. Finally, the transmission of the Italian repertoire from Dresden demonstrates the ongoing movement of Italian sacred music to German centres such as Leipzig and Berlin.


Finding approximate stationary points, i.e., points where the gradient is approximately zero, of non-convex but smooth objective functions $f$ over unrestricted $d$-dimensional domains is one of the most fundamental problems in classical non-convex optimization. Nevertheless, the computational and query complexity of this problem are still not well understood when the dimension $d$ of the problem is independent of the approximation error. In this paper, we show the following computational and query complexity results: 1. The problem of finding approximate stationary points over unrestricted domains is PLS-complete. 2. For $d = 2$, we provide a zero-order algorithm for finding $\varepsilon$-approximate stationary points that requires at most $O(1/\varepsilon)$ value queries to the objective function. 3. We show that any algorithm needs at least $\Omega(1/\varepsilon)$ queries to the objective function and/or its gradient to find $\varepsilon$-approximate stationary points when $d=2$. Combined with the above, this characterizes the query complexity of this problem to be $\Theta(1/\varepsilon)$. 4. For $d = 2$, we provide a zero-order algorithm for finding $\varepsilon$-KKT points in constrained optimization problems that requires at most $O(1/\sqrt{\varepsilon})$ value queries to the objective function. This closes the gap between the works of Bubeck and Mikulincer [2020] and Vavasis [1993] and characterizes the query complexity of this problem to be $\Theta(1/\sqrt{\varepsilon})$. 5. Combining our results with the recent result of Fearnley et al. [2022], we show that finding approximate KKT points in constrained optimization is reducible to finding approximate stationary points in unconstrained optimization but the converse is impossible.


ZHU Shun\|shui's theory of meticulous scholarship stressed on teaching morals, learning and practising. Teaching morals means as a teacher to be a model of scholarship. Learning means paying more attention to the methods of reading and then well\|read. Practising means to test the result of learning through practice.


Indonesia is a tropical country and it has diversity of plants and animals which has 1 % of the land area of the world's land. Indonesia has about 325,000 living creatures that represent more than 16% of the world's living creatures. So far, Indonesia occupies second only from Brazil in terms of biological riches. Sulawesi mainland supports 396 species of settler and visitor type, which consist of land and freshwater birds, where 97 kinds which are endemics, and the largest number of endemic birds present in National Park of Lore Lindu. This study aimed to determine the type composition, diversity index, species dominance, species attendance rate, evenness diversity index, in Wuasa village, north Lore sub district, Poso district In National Park area of Lore Lindu. The usefulness of this research is to be used as an information material about the diversity of bird species in Wuasa village, north Lore sub district, Poso district In National Park area of Lore Lindu. The data collection method used was path transect that was a method used where the observer walked by following the direction and location of the transect line slowly and at the same time recording all bird species encountered. In this recording, besides it was done to the calculation of the number of types, it also noted the number of individuals of each species found. Based on research results in National Park of Lore Lindu in Wuasa village, north Lore sub district, Poso district, it found 52 birds species with a population of 234 individuals in primary forest 118 individuals and in secondary forest 114 individuals. From 52 species of birds, there were 23 species of birds being endemic of Sulawesi that were Snake Eagle of Sulawesi (Spilornis Rufipectus), Alap Eagle with the tail of the bottle (Accipiter trinotatus), Sulawesi Eagle (Spizaetus lanceolatus), Green yellow perkici (Trichoglossus flavoviridis), Kring-kring hill (Prioniturus platurus), Sulawesi Serindit (Loriculus stigmatus), the red beak serindit (Loriculus exilis), Sulawesi cirik-cirik (Meropogon forsteni), Sulawesi Julang (Rhyticeros cassidix), Sulawesi Caladi (Dendrocopos temminckii), Sulawesi's grey woodpacker (Mulleripicus fulvus), Blue purple shrimp (Coracina temminckii), A dwarf purple shrimp (Coracina abboti), Sulawesi Srigunting (Dicrurus montanus), Sulawesi Pelanduk (Trichastoma celebense) Sulawesi Kipasan (Rhipidura teysmanni), Purple seam (Coracornis raveni), Yellow stomach ache (Pachycephala sullfuriventer), Eyebrows Jalak (Enodes erythrophris), the red flag Jalak (Scissirostrum dubium), the yellow pelvis chili (Dicaeum aureolimbatum), Sulawi chili (Dicaeum nerhkorni), the gray pelvis chili (Dicaeum celebicum). Key words : Sulawesi, Wuasa, Endemic, Bird.


The image-bearing vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of its structural-semantic and linguistic-cultural properties is described. The categories of the image-bearing vocabulary are distinguished. The systemic, functional and anthropocentric principles of revealing and linguistic description of the image-bearing vocabulary of the Russian language are examined. The article presents a typology of image-bearing vocabulary based on its cultural characteristics. The statistics of all the categories examined are given


Erythropoietin is a hormone that promotes the formation of red blood cells by the bone marrow. In adults it is mainly produced by the kidneys as a response to hypoxia. Besides its main role, it also acts as antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective agent. Furthermore, it is produced in many non-hematopoietic tissues where it acts locally, stimulating angiogenesis. Erythropoietin binds cytokine receptors on target cells, such as erythrocyte precursor cells, neurons, glial and endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes, myocytes etc. The discovery of synthetic erythropoietin forms, in the late eighties of the last century, has significantly improved treatment outcome of patients with anaemia related to chronic diseases, especially chronic renal failure. Renal anaemia is multifactorial, but predominantly a consequence of erythropoietin deficiency. Today, three generations of erythropoiesis stimulating agents are available, differing in glycosylation pattern, molecular size, half-life and modes of administration and dosage. In anaemic patients this therapy significantly improves their quality of life, but may also have serious, potentially dangerous adverse effects. Synthesis of recombinant human erythropoietin, on the other hand, has improved possibilities for manipulations in sport, in the field of blood doping. Erythropoietin administration in athletes increases their maximum oxygen consumption capacity, improves endurance and performance, especially in aerobic exercise. This seriously undermines the spirit of sport, and also endangers athletes' health. Different anti-doping tests have been developed and used, still with limited success. At the same time, new illicit ways of malpractice are developing, such as variuos models of gene doping. Therefore, providing new models of anti-doping tests and strategies, together with better health control of athletes, still remains a considerable challenge.


Abstract This paper considers the problem of a causal state observer for a square singular system. Necessary and sufficient conditions for solvability of the problem have been established. The approach of this study leads to a new insight concerning synthesis of a causal observer, and establishes new results with regard to the structure and the dimension of a reduced-order observer for singular systems.


Regeneration of lost human tissue is well known, the research on regenerative medicine has gained scientific advancements. The growing understanding of biological concepts in the regeneration of ocular tissues as well as experiments on stem cells result in shift in the treatment of corneal diseases. Stem cells have been successfully isolated from variety of human tissues including mesenchymal tissues. Initial evidence from several studies has documented the likely breakthrough that stem cells offer for various life-threatening diseases that have so far defeated modern medical care. So, this research aimed to study the role of stem cells in treatment of Acanthamoebic corneal ulcer. Test experiment included Acanthamoeba-infected female albino rats started local treatment by chlorhexidine 0.02% after 2 weeks post infection and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) injected. Female rats were subdivided into 4 groups. Group (Gp) I: 15 rats infected and injected with MSCs intravenously at 2 weeks post-infection. Gp II: 15 rats infected and intravenously injected with MSCs at 3 weeks post-infection. Gp III: 15 rats infected and injected locally subconjunctival at 2 weeks post-infection. Gp IV: 15 rats infected and locally subconjunctival injected at 3 weeks post-infection with MSCs. Control groups were composed of age- and weight-matched control female rats, subdivided into: Gp V, Gp VI, Gp VII, and Gp VIII. Gp V was composed of 10 Acanthamoeba-infected and non-injected (non- treated negative control) rats. Each 10 of them was sacrificed on dates corresponding to sacrifice dates of each test groups (at one-week post treatment). Gp VI is composed of 10 rats infected and intravenously injected by PBS (vehicle). Each were sacrificed on dates corresponding to sacrifice dates of Gp I and II (at one-week post treatment). Gp VII: 10 rats infected and locally subconjunctival injected by PBS (vehicle). Each 10 was sacrificed on dates corresponding to sacrifice dates of Gp III and IV (at one-week post treatment). Gp VIII: 10 Acanthamoeba-infected and locally treated by chlorhexidine 0.02% positive control rats which are infected and not injected with MSCs. Each 10 of them was sacrificed on dates like sacrifice dates of each test group (at one-week post treatment). Rates were sacrificed on the planned dates, then corneal specimens and blood samples were collected. There were significant decrease in the level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in group I, III and highly significant decrease in the level of nitric oxide (NO) in group I, II, III in comparison to positive control group VIII .There were 20% engraftments with MSC in group I. Treatment of Acanthamoeba corneal ulcer with chlorhexidine 0.02% and MSCs accelerated regeneration of the corneal epithelium and restored the antioxidant protective mechanism. The presence or absence of the sex determination region on male Y chromosome (sry) gene in recipient female rat was assessed by PCR. PCR products will be separated using 2% agarose gel electrophoresis and stained with ethidium bromide. Positive (rat male genomic DNA) and negative (female genomic DNA) controls were included in each assay.


When the Department of Agriculture shunted aside traditional methods of budgeting and attempted a comprehensive and simultaneous evaluation of all departmental programs, the authors conducted interviews in order to determine what the results would reveal about the controversy surrounding incremental versus comprehensive modes of decision making. They discovered that a zero-base budgetcalling for the relative evaluation of each major item in the budget as compared to every other, and explicitly rejecting reliance on a historical base-could be described but could not be practiced. Comprehensive, zero-base budgeting vastly overestimates man's limited ability to calculate and grossly underestimates the importance of political and technological constraints. The required calculations could not be made and would not have led to substantial changes. As a result, a great deal of effort went into zero-base budgeting with few specific changes attributable to this costly method. Nevertheless, there appeared to be psychic benefits which led some of the participants to approve of zerobase budgeting. The authors found a Hawthorne effect in that participation in the experiment enhanced the importance of some men engaged in budgeting. Officials in the bureau felt good at being able to educate their departmental superiors. Top department officials were happy to show their expertise to bureau officials. And many officials were pleased that the new and apparently more rational mode of decision making seemingly confirmed the rightfulness of their existing policies. This line of reasoning helps explain why many officials were certain that the zero-base budget had helped people at other levels in


Web-based data visualizations have become very popular for exploring data and communicating insights. Newspapers, journals, and reports regularly publish visualizations to tell compelling stories with data. Unfortunately, most visualizations are inaccessible to readers with visual impairments. For many charts on the web, there are no accompanying alternative (alt) texts, and even if such texts exist they do not adequately describe important insights from charts. To address the problem, we first interviewed 15 blind users to understand their challenges and requirements for reading data visualizations. Based on the insights from these interviews, we developed SeeChart, an interactive tool that automatically deconstructs charts from web pages and then converts them to accessible visualizations for blind people by enabling them to hear the chart summary as well as to interact through data points using the keyboard. Our evaluation with 14 blind participants suggests the efficacy of SeeChart in understanding key insights from charts and fulfilling their information needs while reducing their required time and cognitive burden.


In article interrelations of observance of human rights and fight against terrorism when carrying out anti-are considered and counter-terrorist operations, the Russian and foreign legislation, gaps, contradictions, collisions is analyzed.


When the Pope excluded philosophers from his conference on problems relating brain to conscious experience, he opened the way for fumbling with the word "conscious." It has three distinct meanings appearing in the papers and discussions: (1) agreement of witnesses, used by physicians in forensic medicine; (2) ideas of ideas, perhaps started by Abelard and fostered by Spinoza, a meaning common to all concerned with conceptual learning and so, with the hierarchy of languages, of command and control; (3) presentational immediacy or awareness of anything real or imaginary. Nevertheless the conferences, with the notable exception of an excellent paper on biochemistry, stick to their knitting, so that their transactions constitute one book. Penfield, humble and humane, records patients' reports of stimulation of brain to guide surgery, and Jasper analyzes nervous activity— both relating experiences to centrencephalic activity. Schaefer analyzes the sequelae of psychoanalysis through social change, and Teuber comprehensively studies


An algorithm for determining one of the indicators of reliability of the main element of the hydrogen storage and supply system – a gas generator has been developed. Such an algorithm is an integral part of the general algorithm to ensure the required level of fire safety of hydrogen storage and supply systems. The algorithm involves the implementation of several stages. At the first stage, using the expression for the amplitude-frequency characteristic of the gas generator, the functional dependences for its time constants are obtained. These functional dependencies include the values of the transmission coefficient and amplitude-frequency characteristics, which are determined at three a priori set values of frequency. In the second stage, the amplitude-frequency characteristic of the gas generator is determined. For this purpose, an array of data is used, which characterizes the reaction of the gas generator to the test effect in the form of an abrupt change in the area of its outlet. The amplitude-frequency characteristic of the gas generator is determined numerically, and its parameters are the increase in the pressure in the cavity of the gas generator and the time interval at which this increase is determined. The Kotelnikov-Nyquist-Shannon theorem is used to determine this time interval. At the third stage, the probability of the values of the time constants of the gas generator outside the tolerance zone is determined. For this purpose, models of gas generator time constants and their metrological characteristics are used. In the fourth stage, the probability of failure of the gas generator is determined, for which the information of the previous stage is used. At the last stage, the algorithm for determining the probability of failure of the gas generator of the storage and supply system of hydrogen, which is given in verbal form.