The crystal structure of thornasite, Na12Th3[Si8O19]4(H2O)18, Z = 6, rhombohedral, a = 29.124(1), c = 17.2602(9) Å, V = 12,679.2(9) Å, space group R3–c, has been solved by direct methods, and refined to an agreement index (R1) of 5.7% calculated, based on 2266 unique observed reflections collected using MoKα X-radiation and a CCD-based detector. The structure consists of a new interrupted silicate framework with composition [Si8O19]. The framework density is 15.4 atoms per 1000 Å, which is typical for microporous aluminosilicate materials. The framework density, together with the presence of a three-dimensional network of channels in the structure, permit thornasite to be designated as a new member of the zeolite structure family. The framework consists of cubic cages and distorted six-membered rings linked via common edges. The circuit symbol is (414)(4614)3(6.10.12)3(6210)6. Interruptions of the framework are caused by the presence of Th cations that are coordinated by eight O atoms. Na cations and H2O groups are located in channels through the structure. The theoretical parent framework for thornasite may be constructed by the insertion of two additional Si atoms in place of one Th atom. The theoretical framework density is 18.0 atoms per 1000 Å; the circuit symbol is (410)(4610)6(468)3(46.8.10)3(468.10)3(468.10)3. * Permanent address: Department of Crystallography, St. Petersburg State University, University Emb. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg Russia † E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com LI ET AL.: THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THORNASITE 1522 This ratio has not been previously observed for a framework silicate, although it is known for several silicates with double tetrahedral layers (Liebau 1985). Thus, thornasite represents a new type of silicate framework previously unknown among minerals and inorganic compounds. There are six symmetrically independent Si atoms, each of which are tetrahedrally coordinated by O atoms. The Si5O4 and Si6O4 tetrahedra are linked via vertex-sharing to four other tetrahedra such that all of their vertices are bridging, whereas the Si1O4, Si2O4, Si3O4, and Si4O4 tetrahedra have three bridging and one non-bridging vertex each. This connectivity implies the structure is an interrupted framework, which is relatively rare in mineral structures. Only nine other minerals are known that have interrupted silicate frameworks (see Smith 1988; Rouse and Peacor 1994). The interruptions of the framework may be caused by various factors: (1) the presence of large cations, e.g., Ca, Ba, Na (partheite, roggianite, wenkite, sarcolite, and ussingite), (2) the presence of Be (bavenite, leifite, and chiavennite), or (3) the presence of large clusters in the structural channels ([Pb4(OH)4] clusters in maricopaite). Thornasite belongs to the first group owing to the presence of relatively large Th cations. Indeed, all non-bridging O atoms in the silicate tetrahedra of the structure are bonded to the Th cations. The coordination polyhedron of the single unique Th cation is a distorted tetragonal antiprism (Fig. 2), like that observed for large cations in the approximately dodecahedral sites in garnet. Th also occurs in this coordination polyhedron in the structure of ekanite, ThCa2[Si8O20], which contains unbranched single layers with composition [Si8O20] (Szymanski et al. 1982). Na cations and H2O groups are located in structural channels. Na1 and Na2 are coordinated by six and five O atoms, respectively. The H2O15, H2O16, and H2O17 groups are bonded TABLE 1. Miscellaneous information for thornasite a (Å) 29.124(1) Crystal size (mm) 0.20 × 0.12 × 0.10 c (Å) 17.2602(9) Total reflections 50,490 V (Å3) 12,679.2 (9) Unique reflections 3511 Space group R3–c Rint, % 12.4 Observed |Fo| ≥ F(000) 9828 4σF 2,266 μ (mm) 5.93 Final R1, % 5.7 Dcalc (g/cm) 2.68 S 0.87 Unit-cell contents: 6 [Na12Th3(Si8O19)4(H2O)18] Note: R1 = Σ(|Fo|-|Fc|)/Σ|Fo|; S = [Σw(|Fo|-|Fc|)/(m-n)], for m observations and n parameters. TABLE 2. Atomic positions and displacement parameters (Å2 × 103) for thornasite Atom Wyckoff position x y z *Ueq U11 U22 U33 U23 U13 U12 Th1 18e 0.15425(2) 0.82091(1) ⁄12 16(1) 17(1) 17(1) 14(1) 1(1) –1(1) 9(1) Si1 36f 0.1684(1) 0.9008(1) -0.0861(2) 16(1) 16(2) 20(2) 12(1) 5(1) 1(1) 7(1) Si2 36f 0.0641(1) 0.8073(1) -0.0689(2) 17(1) 14(2) 19(2) 17(2) –1(1) –2(1) 8(1) Si3 36f 0.1595(1) 0.9499(1) 0.0598(2) 16(1) 16(2) 13(2) 17(2) 2(1) 0(1) 7(1) Si4 36f 0.0991(1) 0.7289(1) -0.0929(2) 14(1) 17(2) 12(1) 13(1) 1(1) –1(1) 6(1) Si5 36f 0.0645(2) 0.9663(2) 0.0512(3) 43(1) 36(2) 39(2) 60(3) –3(2) 0(2) 22(2) Si6 12c 0 0 0.3415(6) 53(2) 39(3) 39(3) 79(6) 0 0 20(1) Na1 36f 0.1486(4) 0.8954(3) 0.2413(4) 66(2) 114(7) 76(5) 30(3) 3(3) 8(4) 65(5) Na2 36f 0.0287(3) 0.8237(4) 0.1184(5) 81(3) 60(4) 141(7) 53(4) 9(4) –4(4) 59(5) O1 36f 0.1925(3) 0.8713(4) -0.0390(5) 23(2) 27(5) 28(5) 19(4) 10(3) 7(3) 17(4) O2 36f 0.1629(4) 0.9054(3) 0.1074(5) 26(2) 45(6) 16(4) 17(4) 0(3) -4(4) 17(4) O3 36f 0.1362(3) 0.7548(3) -0.0195(5) 25(2) 31(5) 25(5) 23(4) –8(3) –16(4) 16(4) O4 36f 0.0769(3) 0.8109(4) 0.0204(5) 24(2) 19(4) 38(5) 15(4) –4(4) –2(3) 16(4) O5 36f 0.0082(3) 0.8033(5) -0.0885(5) 29(2) 18(4) 54(6) 17(4) –1(4) 1(3) 19(4) O6 18e 0.0587(4) ⁄3 –/12 26(3) 22(5) 11(6) 41(8) 11(5) 6(3) 6(3) O7 36f 0.0628(3) 0.7563(3) -0.1099(5) 23(2) 29(5) 21(4) 22(4) –5(3) –7(4) 17(4) O8 36f 0.1086(3) 0.8592(3) -0.1150(5) 22(2) 17(4) 19(4) 24(4) 5(3) –4(3) 3(4) O9 36f 0.1658(3) 0.9465(3) -0.0346(4) 21(2) 30(5) 17(4) 15(4) 1(3) –1(3) 10(4) O10 36f 0.1998(4) 0.9313(4) -0.1628(5) 29(2) 29(5) 40(5) 18(4) 17(4) 13(4) 18(4) O11 36f 0.1033(4) 0.9466(5) 0.0762(6) 41(3) 28(5) 65(7) 46(6) 10(5) 2(5) 34(5) O12 36f 0.0960(6) 0.0159(5) -0.0067(8) 71(4) 66(9) 49(8) 89(11) 23(7) 8(8) 22(7) O13 6a 0 0 ⁄4 30(6) 0(8) 0(5) 89(19) 0 0 0(3) O14 36f 0.0432(5) 0.9822(6) 0.1254(9) 70(4) 53(8) 83(10) 84(10) –9(8) 11(7) 43(8) H2O15 18e 0.2323(13) 0 ⁄4 154(14) 210(30) 210(40) 40(13) 23(18) 12(9) 107(19) H2O16 36f 0.0998(11) 0.9422(10) 0.2668(14) 173(11) 210(30) 170(20) 130(20) 29(18) –25(19) 90(20) H2O17 18e 0 0.8615(26) ⁄4 380(20) 370(20) 370(20) 380(20) –2(5) –3(9) 187(10) H2O18 36f 0.3072(9) 0.0421(7) 0.3408(11) 122(7) 155(11) 80(9) 121(10) –9(7) 58(8) 51(8) Note: Ueq = 1/3ΣUijai*bj*aibj The anisotropic displacement factor takes are of the form: –2π[ha*U11 + ········ + 2hka*b*U12]. FIGURE 1. The crystal structure of thornasite viewed along [001]. One of the 4 cubic cages is highlighted. The tetrahedra contain Si ions. Labels for other cations are indicated in the legend. For a copy of Table 3, Document AM-99-055 contact the Business Office of the Mineralogical Society of America (see inside front cover of recent issue) for price information. Deposit items may also be available on the American Mineralogist web site (http://www.minsocam.org). LI ET AL.: THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THORNASITE 1523 The circuit symbol for the thornasite framework (the shortest circuits of edges for the vertices) is (414)(4614)3 (6.10.12)3(6210)6, which corresponds to four 4-connected and twelve 3-connected vertices. The existence of 14-membered rings in the circuit symbol results from interruptions of the framework. The framework contains a three-dimensional system of cavities. One type of cavity (with approximate dimensions of 4.2 × 4.6 × 6.6 Å) surrounds chains of cubic cages. A second type of cavity (with approximate dimensions of 4.6 × 5.2 × 5.9 Å) forms channels running along [001] (the coordinates of the channel are 1/3, 1/3, z). Both types of cavities form a 3-dimensional system. The existence of cavities in thornasite is consistent with designation as a zeolite. The subcommittee on zeolites of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) (Coombs et al. 1997) indicate that the framework in a zeolite "...contains FIGURE 2. Coordination of the Th cation in the crystal structure of thornasite. TABLE 4. Selected bond lengths (Å) and angles (°) for thornasite Th1-O4 2.384(8) Si4-O3 1.589(8) Na1-O2 2.34(1) Th1-O2 2.380(8) Si4-O6 1.602(4) Na1-O1a 2.42(1) Th1-O4a 2.384(8) Si4-O10c 1.629(9) Na1-H2O16 2.45(3) Th1-O2a 2.380(8) Si4-O7 1.637(8) Na1-O8i 2.49(1) Th1-O3a 2.475(8) <Si4-O> 1.614 Na1-O3a 2.56(1) Th1-O3 2.475(8) Na1-H2O15e 2.80(2) Th1-O1a 2.494(8) Si5-O11 1.56(1) <Na1-O> 2.51 Th1-O1 2.494(8) Si5-O12d 1.58(1) 2.433 Si5-O14 1.59(1) Na2-O4 2.34(1) Si5-O12e 1.61(1) Na2-O3a 2.40(1) Si1-O1 1.579(9) <Si5-O> 1.59 Na2-O9j 2.53(1) Si1-O10 1.601(8) Na2-H2O17 2.83(4) Si1-O8 1.625(8) Si6-O13 1.58(1) Na2-O10j 2.87(1) Si1-O9 1.633(8) Si6-O14f 1.68(1) <Na2-O> 2.59 1.600 Si6-O14g 1.68(1) Si6-O14h 1.68(1) Si2-O4 1.577(8) <Si6-O> 1.66 Si2-O5 1.608(9) Si2-O8 1.626(8) Si2-O5-Si3j 148.9(6) Si2-O7 1.629(9) Si4k-O6-Si4 160.5(9) 1.610 Si2-O7-Si4 129.8(5) Si1-O8-Si2 127.0(5) Si1-O9-Si3 129.7(5) Si3-O2 1.580(8) Si1-O10-Si4c 153.1(7) Si3-O11 1.62(1) Si5-O11-Si3 145.8(8) Si3-O5b 1.623(9) Si5l-O12-Si5m 148.3(11) Si3-O9 1.648(8) Si6n-O13-Si6 180 1.618 Si5-O14-Si6o 145.4(11) Note: a: y – 2/3, x + 2/3, –z + 1/6; b: x – y + 1, x + 1, –z; c: –x + 1/3, –y + 5/3, –z – 1/3; d: y, –x + y + 1, –z; e: x, y + 1, z; f: x – y + 1, –y + 1, –z + 1/2; g: –x, –x + y – 1, –z + 1/2; h: y – 1, x, –z + 1/2; i: –y + 1, –x + 1, z + 1/2; j: y – 1, –x + y, –z; k: x – y + 2/3, –y + 4/3, –z – 1/6; l: x – y + 1, x, –z; m: x, y – 1, z; n: y, x, –z + 1/2; o: y, x + 1, –z + 1/2. to Na cations, whereas H2O18 is only H bonded into the structure; the closest Na atom is at 3.26 Å, which corresponds to a bond-valence of only 0.02 v.u., indicating that it is probably not a significant bond. Structural formula for thornasite According to the crystal-structure determination (Table 5), the structural formula for thornasite is Na12Th3[Si8O19]4(H2O)18, Z = 6. This differs from the formula (Na,K)ThSi11(O,H2O,F,Cl)33 reported by Ansell and Chao (1987). These authors also obtained poor compatibility of the chemical and physical data; the compatibility index based upon the Gladstone-Dale relationship and parameters given by Mandarino (1976, 1979) was 0.096. The compatibility index based on


-\ This paper documents the results of the Bureau's research into greenhouse gas emissions from Australian domestic transport. Brief attention is also given to the emissions from Australia's international transport. The paper details emissions from various segments of the transport sector, discusses the magnitude of the task involved in reducing transport emissions, and examines the potential for reducing them by alternative means. These include fuel economy improvements, use of alternative fuels, transport system improvements including modal shift, and reductions in discretionary travel. Some comment is made about the effects on particular industries of greenhouse mitigation strategies in the transport sector, and about the difficulties involved in assessing the costs and benefits of such strategies to the economy. The dominant role of the. private car in generating emissions is highlighted, and the paper concludes that if a substantial and rapid reduction in transport sector emissions is required, it may be impossible to avoid reduction in motor car usage. It is emphasised that a less demanding target for the transport sector would be appropriate if the marginal costs of reducing emissions roved to be greater in transport than in other sectors of he economy.


Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) deposition in lambs' muscles could be influenced by their mothers' diet. The aim was to study the profile of fatty acids in the muscle of lambs from ewes supplemented with different sources of PUFA to achieve a healthier meat for the consumer. On day 100 of gestation, pregnant ewes grazed on natural grass were divided into three groups (n = 20) and supplemented with PUFA: Group A: 700 g of a ration rich in PUFA, Group B: 700 g of a ration for sheep + 20 mL of fish oil and Group C: 700 g of the same ration. After parturition, each group was subdivided: ten ewes continued with the same diet until the end of lactation; the other ten were fed only natural grass. The values of n-3 and n-6 PUFA and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA) were analyzed in Longissimus lumborum muscles of lambs at 90 and 120 days of life. The feeding of ewes during lactation favorably influenced the lipid profile of the lamb muscle, increasing the concentration of n-3 and n-6 PUFA, ALA, LA, AA, DHA and EPA. The supplementation of ewes with fish oil and/or a ration rich in PUFA improved the LA/ALA ratio in lambs' meat.


A simple, practical, and efficient method for one-pot synthesis of symmetric and unsymmetrical 1,3-diarylisobenzofurans has been developed by sequential reactions of methyl 2-formylbenzoate with tw...


The possibility of half metallic behavior has been investigated in Co2Mn1-xCrxSi and Co2MnxTi1-xAl thin films prepared by DC magnetron sputtering.Structural, magnetic and transport properties have been studied, particularly with a view to understanding the role of disorder on these properties.The growth conditions for deposition of these films on glass substrate without any additional buffer layer were optimized by using Co2MnSi as the starting material.Crystallographic order in the films improved with increased substrate temperature and films grown at a temperature of 773K were found to exhibit the ordered L21 structure. Ferromagnetic order in the films also improved with increasing substrate temperature. A saturation magnetization (MS) value of 1061emu/cc, close to the MS value of bulk Co2MnSi, was obtained for the film deposited at 773K.Based on these optimized conditions, thin films of quaternary Co2Mn1-xCrxSi (0.x. 1) Heusler alloy were prepared. High resolution transmission electron microscopy images of films showed granular morphologies, crystalline growth, and an ordered L21 structure in compositions with x.0.6. For higher Cr concentrations (x>0.6), secondary phases started to appear and crystallinity was lost for x=1 composition. The Co2CrSi composition was found to possess disordered A2 structure and the desired L21 ordered phase was not obtained presumably due to the known instability of the desired phase. Magnetization measurements showed that for x.0.2 magnetization values followed the Slater-Pauling rule, while for 0.20.2 the enhancement of the Co-Cr antisite disorder also manifested itself in the decrease in the spin wave stiffness co-efficient and a sign change of the temperature coefficient of resistivity (at x>0.6). A resistivity minimum, observed at low temperatures (in metallic compositions) and the crossover from metallic to semiconducting type resistivity with increasing x were explained as originating mainly in the antisite disorder.These effects were explained in the light of Kaveh and Mottfs model of disorder leading to weak localization. For compositions with x.0.6, the low temperature resistivity could be explained as arising from electron-electron interactions and due to two magnon scatterings.The latter is considered as an indicator for half metallic ferromagnetism. Both the onset temperatures as well as the temperature range for the half metallic features were observed to decrease with increasing x. In the other quaternary Heusler alloy Co2MnxTi1-xAl (0.x. 1) thin film series all the compositions exhibited B2 type structure due to the effects of antisite disorder. The values of saturation magnetization increased with increasing Mn content in the films and were in general agreement with the values obtained using the Slater-Pauling rule.The general trend of magnetization in these thin films, as noted for others half metals, was describable as that of a Heisenberg ferromagnet at low temperature and an itinerant ferromagnet at higher temperatures. Electrical resistivity as a function of temperature showed a change from a metallic type behavior for x.0.25 to a semiconducting type for x>0.25. At lower temperatures (T<25K) metallic compositions in this quaternary series also showed the presence of a resistivity minimum.The resistivity behavior above the low T upturn in metallic compositions followed a dependence that was explained in terms of electron-electron scattering and one magnon scattering.The expected half-metallic behavior was not clearly evident in this series, presumably being destroyed by the presence of Co antisite disorder within the B2-type structure, as has been predicted by first principle calculations.Finally, magnetoresistance measurements were performed on various compositions in Co2Mn1-xCrxSi series at temperatures below and above the resistivity minimum and the results were found consistent with the low field transport being strongly affected by spin polarized intergrain tunneling.


The present article investigated maternal feelings regarding physical separation from their infants. Forty-seven primiparous mothers, aged 20 to 37, from different socioeconomic backgrounds, who lived with the baby's father, took part in the study. Each mother was interviewed in order to investigate the experiences of motherhood in the baby's third month of life. The mothers' answers were examined, utilizing content analysis, based on four categories (separation situations, feelings regarding separation, substitute caregivers and feelings towards them). The results of this study found that mothers reported feelings of permanence with the baby, even when they were both physically separated from one another. On these occasions, however, feelings of sadness, abandonment and worry were predominant. Most mothers perceived themselves as being the primary caregivers, even when they were not physically present with the baby. This indicates that mothers have a secure attachment to their children. Despite the mothers' worries about separation, they also reported feeling secure when they had reliable support figures to care for their baby.


Objective To evaluate the sensitivity of sleep-deprivation electroencephalography(EEG) examination in diagnosis of partial seizures of children.Methods One hundred and six normal children (male 57,female 49, 3-12 years old)and 102 children suspected of epilepsy but with normal in standard EEG examination were selected at random(male 63,female 39,3-12 years old). Sleep-deprivation EEG was performed individually.Periods of sleep-deprivation were 18-20 hours for children below 7 years old and 24 hours for the older ones.Results The EEG showed slowing of background electric activity. In addition, 57 cases showed spindle/sharp-slow wave complex.The rate of EEG abnormality was 55.88%.The rates of EEG abnormality for partial seizures and generalized seizure were 76.32% and 43.8%,respectively(χ~2=8.98 P0.01),while suspected of epilepsy group and normal control group(χ~2=71.95 P0.01).Conclusion Sleep-deprivation EEG is more sensitive than standard EEG,while partial seizures is more sensitive than generalized seizure in showing abnormal electric activity,and it has practical value.


The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of family communication environments on children's intergroup socialization. Adult children (n = 200) reported on their parents' conformity and conversation orientations and their own racial attitudes and intergroup orientations. Results evidenced ingroup bias, social dominance, and identification with parent as mediators of the positive relationship between conformity orientation and racial prejudice and the negative relationship between conformity orientation and racial tolerance. Results also revealed that children from consensual and protective families harbor the most racial prejudice and least racial tolerance. Future directions related to intergroup contact interventions, racially diverse families, and qualitative assessments of parent–child interactions are discussed.


With fast growth of recycling industry,new industrial organization forms,such as terminal market,sorting center,processing park,etc.,attract much attention.These rising industrial forms are impelled by requirement of economic efficiency,industrial status,advanced ideas and technical progress.These new industrial forms represent more advanced productivity of recycling industry,and mark an emerging huge industrial chain.Thus the inner impetus should be explored behind the new industrial forms so as to improve the development of recycling industry.


Carriage rates of meningococci among university students increase rapidly in the first week of term, with further increases during the term.


Results: The result of this study showed that biopsies from patients with lymph node metastasis exhibited significantly higher levels of phosphorylated forms of Hsp27 in the nucleus and cytoplasm compared with the group without lymph node metastasis. Analysis showed that the expression of phosphorylated forms of the chaperone Hsp27 correlates with the amount and percentage of lymph node metastases affected.


Objective To observe the effects of oxidative low density lipoprotein (ox LDL) on number and function of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from peripheral blood. Methods Total mononuclear cells (MNC) were isolated from peripheral blood by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation, and then the cells were plated on fibronectin coated culture dishes. After incubation for 7 days, attached cells were collected and stimulated with different cencentrations of ox LDL (25, 50, 100 and 200 μg/ml), native LDL (100 μg/ml) or vehicle control for different time (6, 12, 24 and 48 h). EPC were characterized and adherent cells which were double positive for DiLDL uptake and lectin binding by direct fluorescent staining were observed under a laser scanning confocal microscope. EPC were further identified by demonstrating the expression of CD34, VEGFR 2 and AC133 with flow cytometry. Proliferation, migration and in vitro vasculogenesis activity of EPC were assayed by MTT assay, modified Boyden chamber assay and in vitro vasculogenesis kit, respectively. EPC adhesion assay was performed by replating those on fibronectin coated dishes, then adherent cells were counted. Results Incubation of isolated human MNC with ox LDL decreased the number of EPC in a concentration dependent manner, being maximum at 200 μg/ml (approximately 70% reduction, P0.01). In time course experiments performed with a concentration of 100 μg/ml ox LDL, the decrease of EPC number became apparent at 12 h and the maximal decrease was at 24 h (approximately 50% reduction, P0.01). In addition, ox LDL impaired proliferative, migratory, adhesive and in vitro vasculogenesis capacities of EPC in dose and time dependent manners. Conclusion Incubation of EPC with ox LDL reduces the number of EPC and impaires their function.


Under market economy conditions, enterprises take effective measures of all kinds of account sales at a certain time for market competition. But, receivable funds on account have been occupied by customer which affected enterprise funds efficiency. Enterprises not only undertake the risk of the funds that can't be taken back on time, but also have to pay some cost for getting the debt account back. So, enterprises must take practical and effective management measures, tighten up the receivable funds on account supervision, raise the capital turnover and benefit, reduce the occurrence of the dead account, and realize the enterprise beneficial achievements.


The omic technologies have been reviewed extensively elsewhere, and their fundamentals will not be described herein. Suffice it to say that DNA microarrays generate large data sets relevant to gene expression and genetic variation (primarily SNPs [single nucleotide polymorphisms]); mass spectrometry and gel electrophoresis generate smaller, but still extensive, data sets for protein expression; nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry provide modestsized data sets for metabolite levels in living systems; and yeast twohybrid assays and mass spectrometry provide data on protein-protein interactions. The remainder of this section deals with how these bioanalytical modalities have been combined in systems biology to provide the multifaceted data sets that act as inputs for the sophisticated computational systems, which generate models for further hypothesis generation.


This paper presents the development and implementation of a three-phase universal active filter consisting of three single-phase modules. Each single-phase module is controlled by a digital signal processor. The proposed active filter can compensate the present harmonic distortion in the voltage, as well as under and overvoltage. It also compensates the current drained by the load connected to it, so it represents a linear load to the electrical system. An introduction to power quality and active filters is presented. The power circuit is described together with the explanation of the digital control applied to converters of the active filter. In the end, some experimental results are presented.


This paper describes a system designed to support event detection over Twitter. The system operates by querying the data stream with a user-specified set of keywords, filtering out non-English messages, and probabilistically geolocating each message. The user can dynamically set a probability threshold over the geolocation predictions, and also the time interval to present data for.


Our coverage of the EEF's report on employers' fears of a gap when we leave the EU sparked a lively debate


The technology problem regarding wi nd and wave -proof net -cage is the one which should be solved in developing shallow water n et -cage aquaculture.The designed e conomical and practical net -cage system with the properties of fighti ng the wind and wave adopted a combined structure and a vessel form.Such wave -resistant technology was used as soft fender joints and diversion d evices and etc.with material,construc-tion and strength being optimized when designing.It showed a better econ omic benefit even when the wind speed reached force 10~11and tidal speed e xceeded 1.56m /s in Yueqing Bay where it is 7~20m in depth and 6.5m in tidal range.


In heterogeneous wireless networks, handoff decision schemes need to consider plenty of factors, such as quality of service (QoS) requirements, service costs, user preferences, mobile terminal conditions and access network conditions, and make users and network providers reach win-win situations. This paper characterizes the factors which in fluence handoff decisions with the knowledge of fuzzy mathematics and microeconomics. On this basis, this paper proposes an always best connected (ABC) supported handoff decision scheme with multi-objective genetic optimization, which improves the decisions quality with the help of elitist selection and individual migration. Based on game analysis, this paper finds an optimal handoff solution of assigning multiple terminals to multiple access networks to makeuser utilities and network provider utilities achieve or approach Pareto optimum under Nash equilibrium. Simulation results show that this scheme is feasible and effective and has better performance than certain existing schemes.


The Country Opinion Survey in Paraguay assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Paraguay perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Paraguay on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Paraguay; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Paraguay; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Paraguay; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Paraguay.


The aim of this study attempts to explore how the structure of the native language and the markedness affect the perception of English vowels by Chinese learners in Taiwan. This paper concerns how people of different English proficiency levels perceive English vowels in terms of the similarity degrees of the vowels in both native and target languages (3 groups × 3 vowel similarity degrees). Thirty Mandarin and Southern Min speaking subjects, equally distributed in three English proficiency levels, namely, low, mid, and high, participated in the study. The quantitative analysis regarded the similarity degrees of the vowels in both native and target languages as three: identical, similar with counterpart, and new. This study also investigated how similar or new vowels are perceived by learners of different English proficiency levels (3 groups × 3 vowel markedness degrees). The similar or new vowels, according to P. Smolensky (1993) and Lombardi (1997), were divided into three categories of markedness: the m...


Subject of research. Innovation policy in the market of digital financial services. Purpose of research. Studying the theoretical foundations of the digital financial market development on the basis of state innovation policy and introducing a system for ensuring the innovative development of service enterprises in the face of increased competition and the national economy digitalization. Research methods. The study of a sources of information variety, analysis, comparison, grouping and synthesis. Results: 1. The necessity of the financial market innovative development and the introduction of advanced technologies in the process of providing services is substantiated. 2. The system of ensuring the innovative development of the country is disclosed. 3. The author's approach to the category of digital financial market is presented. 4. The characteristic of digitalization of the financial market is given. Scientific novelty. The specifics of state regulation of innovation in the field of financial services in the context of the economy digitalization is revealed.


Research on representation in Congress has typically focused on the relationship between constituent preferences and legislative behavior. But as Fenno points out (1977), legislators may represent other groups than their geographic constituencies. In particular, constituents from the legislator's party may be particularly influential (Clinton 2006, Bafumi and Herron 2007). Using a broader dataset than previous studies, we measure the linkages between Senate roll-call voting behavior and state geographic and primary constituencies for the 101, 103, 107, and 109 Congresses. Our findings indicate that the characteristics and preferences of same-party constituents are a much better predictor of Senate voting than those of state residents as a whole and that this relationship appears to have strengthened over time. * Correspondence can be sent to John Aldrich (email@example.com), Department of Political Science, Duke University, 326 Perkins Library, Box 90204, Durham, NC 27708-0204.


Nonlinearities in wave equations lead to focusing and defocusing of solutions. Focusing causes sharply defined wave fronts. The interaction of such sharply defined wave fronts and more generally of nonlinear hyperbolic waves is of fundamental importance and includes such phenomena as Mach triple point formation, shock wave diffraction patterns and the study of Riemann problems in one and higher dimensions.

Recent progress in the study of nonlinear hyperbolic wave interactions has revealed a surprising range of new mathematical phenomena and structures. This mathematical theory should be useful in the design of improved computational algorithms and in part was motivated by such considerations. It is also of considerable interest for its own sake as new mathematical phenomena as well as in terms of the direct insight it provides into physical phenomena.

Within the subject matter and point of view adopted here, we have attempted to present a broad and, we hope, a representative account of recent progress.


Structural organisations of a range of softwood kraft and other pulps are described in terms of their response to pulp drying and refining . Fibre widths, thicknesses, wall thicknesses, and wall areas, as well as cross-sectional shapes can be very different depending on whether pulps are dried and/or refined . Fibres can also respond to refining in different ways depending on whether the fibres have thin or thick walls . Actual cross-sectional wall areas (including void space associated with delaminations) of undried kraft fibres normally remain unchanged with refining whereas those of dried and rewetted fibres increase . For refined fibres, delaminated walls are envisaged as consisting of several concentrically oriented lamellae aggregates or coarse lamellae (containing wall substance plus water) interdispersed with void space filled predominantly with water . Thus, effects of pulp refining could be to make the structural organisation of the coarse lamellae but not the walls of undried kraft fibres more dense, and the walls of dried and rewetted fibres less dense . Furthermore, the thicknesses of uncollapsed, undried fibres normally decrease with pulp refining while those of collapsed, dried and rewetted fibres increase . Finally, cross-sectional shapes and dimensions of dried and rewetted, thickand thin-walled fibres are modified in different ways and at different rates . Preferred citation: R.P. Kibblewhite. Effects of pulp drying and refi ning on softwood fi bre wall structural organisations. In Fundamentals of Papermaking, Trans. of the IXth Fund. Res. Symp. Cambridge, 1989, (C.F. Baker & V. Punton, eds), pp 121–152, FRC, Manchester, 2018. DOI: 10.15376/frc.1989.1.121.


: As part of a project for the further development of digital teaching, a 'BIM simulation' is being developed for integrative planning in a BIM-oriented manner. This enables students to understand the complex interrelationships of interdisciplinary planning processes. In this way, they learn about the advantages of BIM working methods and modern digital techniques and tools through 'learning by doing'. For the 'BIM simulation', planning principles and BIM models of building construction and open space were developed based on a construction project that is being realized on campus. The basis is the development of teaching modules along the BIM process chain. These were tested using a pilot teaching project. Students from different bachelor's programs worked together in an interdisciplinary way – with great commitment. Together, they developed an integrated 3D model and presented it visually. The results are available in the form of images and videos on the project homepage.


Seeing 'Lilting' at the Melbourne Queer Film Festival was the first time I'd seen a relationship like one of my own - between an Asian gay man and his white partner - depicted on the big screen.


We examine the implications of auditor education for audit quality and audit pricing. We exploit a novel institutional setting in the UK, where auditors major in many different degrees at university and signing auditors are identifiable. Using hand-collected data for a large sample of signing auditors, we establish two main findings. First, auditors whose degrees have a quantitative orientation are associated with higher accruals quality and higher audit fees than those with more qualitative degrees. Second, auditors with degrees directly relevant to accounting are also associated with higher accruals quality and increased audit fees relative to auditors with unrelated university degrees in qualitative subjects. Overall, our study provides evidence that heterogeneity in auditor education is associated with divergent audit outcomes.


d ifferent studies have proved the concept of autoimmune/ inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA) in animal models [1]. Hence, vaccination remains a concern especially in genetically susceptible patients or those with immune mediated diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), as autoimmune diseases can be triggered by environmental factors. Therefore, it is important to determine if the use of vaccines or adjuvants in susceptible populations can initiate or aggravate the course of these diseases. For this reason, analyzing environmental effects in animal models is a good approach to identify risk in this particular population.


The invention relates to mobile bases of household appliances, in particular to a washing machine mobile platform. The washing machine mobile platform comprises a platform rack, wherein placement bases are fixedly installed above the platform rack, and idler wheels are arranged below the platform rack. Positioning devices are further arranged below the platform rack, each positioning device comprises a positioning column, and the positioning columns are in threaded connection with the platform rack through screws arranged on the positioning columns, and a self-locking block is in threaded connection with each screw between each positioning column and the platform rack. A washing machine can be placed on the washing machine mobile platform so that the washing machine can be moved conveniently. The position of the washing machine is conveniently fixed through the positioning devices, the self-locking blocks can lock the positioning devices, the washing machine can be prevented from loosening after being positioned, and stability of positioning is improved.


It is very important to know the precice compressive strength of sea ice in order to estimate ice force acting on marine structures. This study aims to estimate the uniaxial compressive strength of sea ice and fresh water ice.The authors carried out systematic experiment on uniaxial compressive test and dynamic elastic modulus measurement of ice. Finally, compressive strength and static elastic modulus of ice depend on ice temparature and density, and is clarified that they can be estimated by using a dynamic elastic modulus.


Salivary IgA antibodies are important components of the immune system in the oral cavity but their role in aggressive periodontitis is still unclear. 21 patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis were monitored inan interventional study by ELISA for total salivary IgA and IgA reactive to Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) ATCC 33277 in resting and stimulated whole saliva. In parallel, serum immunoglobulins IgA and IgG were determined by turbidimetric analysis. Treatment included full-mouth professional tooth cleaning, subgingival scaling and root planing (SRP) under local anesthesia and systemic antibiotics. Patients were recalled at 3 and 6 months following antibiotic treatment. Non-parametric statistics were used. All patients showed significant improvements in the clinical parameters. Between baseline and 4 wk following SRP, a significant decrease in total IgA was noted in resting (P=0.01) and stimulated (P=0.025) saliva. P. gingivalis-reactive IgA concentration was not statistically different from baseline at any time. The IgA specific activity was significantly increased at 4 wk after SRP (P=0.01). Serum immunoglobulins IgA and IgG were unchanged during the study. SRP in aggressive periodontitis patients resulted in a transient reduction of total salivary IgA and an increase in the specific activity. However, these responses were not found to have longitudinal prognostic significance.


The combination of noble Pt group metals and reducible metal oxides has been extensively studied and demonstrated to display superior catalytic properties in low-temperature CO oxidation or preferential CO oxidation reactions. Here, we investigate CoOx films and nanoislands on Pt(111) as inverse model catalysts for CO oxidation, in order to shed light on the nature of the O species in CoOx that participate in CO oxidation. Through temperature-programmed desorption, scanning tunneling microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of carefully prepared and atomically defined CoOx film structures on Pt(111), we study the changes in the oxide structure upon interaction with CO and reoxidation in O2. The combined approach reveals structural motives representing both reversibly and irreversibly reduced forms of the oxide after CO oxidation. Overall, a remarkably facile release of lattice oxygen compared to the isostructural thin-film islands supported on Au(111) underlines the attractive properties as a CO o...


Abstract Mobile technology-mediated learning is increasingly being adopted in geographical contexts, but considerably less thought has been applied as to how assessment protocols might be adjusted so that the overall learning experience remains appropriately aligned. In this case study, in which a suite of locationally situated mediascapes were constructed and used as part of a 2nd year Human Geography field course to Dublin, we explore our success or otherwise in designing an assessment regime that captures the field experience as a whole. Evaluation, conducted via a focus group, identified that the use of a combined mediascape-essay approach as a major component of the assessment successfully captured the main elements of the learning and teaching experience and facilitated deeper learning.


Leo Rangell opened the session by reminding the audience of the multiple functions of affects: as expression (of internal forces), as communication (to external objects), as signal (mainly internal, but also external), and as symptom. In a brief historical parenthesis, he recalled that in 1952 he had served as Reporter at the first panel on affects of this Association, when David Rapaport and Edith Jacobson had presented their now classic papers, and where there had been lively division of opinion over whether a psychoanalytic theory of d e c k yet existed. Rangell believes that today, 20 years later, we still do not have a complete psy;hoanalytic formulation regarding affects and, moreover, that any comprehensive theory of affects needs to include the physiologic segment as well as the psychoanalytic. For this reason he had opted for parsimony and had titled the panel "Toward a Theory of Affects."


Depth-sensitive magnetic, structural, and chemical characterization is important in the understanding and optimization of physical phenomena emerging at the interfaces of transition metal oxide heterostructures. In a simultaneous approach we have used polarized neutron and resonant x-ray reflectometry to determine the magnetic profile across atomically sharp interfaces of ferromagnetic ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.67}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.33}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$/multiferroic ${\mathrm{BiFeO}}_{3}$ bilayers with subnanometer resolution. In particular, the x-ray resonant magnetic reflectivity measurements at the Fe and Mn resonance edges allowed us to determine the element-specific depth profile of the ferromagnetic moments in both the ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.67}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.33}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{BiFeO}}_{3}$ layers. Our measurements indicate a magnetically diluted interface layer within the ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.67}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.33}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ layer, in contrast to previous observations on inversely deposited layers [P. Yu et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 027201 (2010)]. Additional resonant x-ray reflection measurements indicate a region of altered Mn and O content at the interface, with a thickness matching that of the magnetic diluted layer, as the origin of the reduction of the magnetic moment.


This paper presents the steep slope reinforcement technique using soil improvement material for reinforced steep slopes though laboratory scale model tests. As following results of laboratory scale model test, the proposed slope reinforcement technique using soil improvement material showed the sufficient possibility to be constructed as reinforced steep slope. The improved soil facing(case3) shows the sufficient load capacity increasing effect compaerd with non improved soil facing(case2). The technique shows the stable ratio(0.4%) of horizontal deformation to slope height in the surface loading 98kPa.


This paper presents the development of augmented reality (AR) based brain memory training to improve the memorizing capability of the student. The AR visual memory training application is built on top of the mobile phone by utilizing the Unity and Vuforia platform. The developed visual memory test is a flipping card test that can measure a person's memory capability to retain visual images and spatial perception in the mind. In this study, it is aimed to prove that AR technology is suitable to be employed in the education field. The results are justified based on the visual memory test score and the engaging level of the user computed from the electroencephalogram (EEG) signal. The results are assessed by comparing with the physical mode and computer-based mode. As result, it is shown that the student performed better in the AR-based visual memory test compared to physical and computer-based modes. Besides, the EEG signals also show that students are more engaged and attentive while using AR technology.


Laser beam welding (LBW) is becoming an important industrial technology, being used in a great variety of processes due to its low heat input, high welding speed, high flexibility, high weld quality, and high production rate (Refs. 1–5). LBW is also reported elsewhere (Refs. 1, 5–8) to be difficult to implement to aluminum alloys because of their high reflectivity (leading to absorption of a small fraction of the incident radiation), high thermal conductivity (provoking a fast heat transfer in the welding piece that limits the concentration of energy in the weld pool), and low viscosity (restricting the growth of the weld pool before solidification). Two laser welding regimes are reported in the literature (Refs. 2, 9, 10), so-called keyhole (or deep penetration) and conduction (limited to conduction). The former mode requires the application of higher power densities (typically above 106 W/cm2) than the latter (below 106 W/cm2). Under the keyhole regime, the high input energy allows the obtaining of deep-penetration joints, although it provokes high metal evaporation. In contrast, the conduction regime is a more stable process, as metal vaporization is diminished due to the lower input laser energy (Refs. 2, 10). Although the conduction regime usually generates limited penetration welds, its stability improves the weld quality, offering an alternative joining mode for difficult-to-weld materials such as aluminum alloys. Numerous studies dealing with laser welding of aluminum alloys are presently available (Refs. 4, 11–18), though few of them were performed under the conduction regime (Refs. 1, 2, 8, 11, 19). High-power CO2 (Refs. 13–16) and Nd:YAG (Refs. 4, 11, 12, 18) lasers were the most used equipment for these applications. High-power laser diode (HPDL) was employed in relatively few works (Refs. 1, 2, 19), although it offers a clear advantage: The absorption of the HPDL wavelength by aluminum alloys is higher than the CO2 and Nd:YAG wavelengths (Ref. 20). Thus, the emission wavelength of the HPDL (808 nm) provokes a higher absorptivity in aluminum than the longer wavelengths of Nd:YAG (1064 nm) and CO2 (10640 nm) lasers. In the literature, rather low values of weld penetration have been obtained in aluminum alloys under the conduction regime. Thus, complete penetration (1 mm) bead-on-plate and butt-joint welds of 5XXX and 6XXX aluminum alloys are obtained with a HPDL (Ref. 19). Beadon-plate conduction welds of 5182 aluminum alloy of 1 mm thickness were also obtained in Ref. 11 using a Nd:YAG laser. More recently, higher penetration conduction butt joints have been reported by the authors (Ref. 1), reaching penetration values up to 3.0 mm in Alloy 5083 and 2.3 mm in Alloy 6082. The great majority of the studies dealing with laser welding of aluminum alloys under the conduction regime are devoted to investigating the influence of laser process conditions on the weld properties. However, much less numerous are papers focused on the study of the weld geometry (Refs. 1, 8, 11). Thus, a model has been developed to study the evaporation rate, fusion zone geometry, and the compositional changes in 5182 aluminum alloy, showing a reasonable agreement with the experimental results (Ref. 11). Additionally, a three-dimensional numerical model has been developed in Ref. 8 to analyze laser welding of 5083 aluminum alloy, allowing the authors to obtain the morphology, velocity field, and temperature field of the melted zone in steady state. The predicted dimensions of the weld pool agreed well with experimental results (Ref. 8). A morphological study of 5083 and 6082 butt joints was performed in Ref. 1. The obtained depth values were fitted to an equation that allows the estimation of weld penetration from the input values of laser power and welding speed. The first objective of the present work has been to study the possibility of obtaining high-penetration welds of six aluminum alloys (1050, 2017, 2024, 5083, 6082, and 7075) with a HPDL under the conduction regime. Although high welding depths have been previously reported in 5083 and 6082 samples (Ref. 1), the applicability of HPDL to obtain high-penetration welds in other aluminum alloys has Weldability of Aluminum Alloys with High-Power Diode Laser


Abstract This study provided information on the preparation and the Cr (VI) adsorption potential of N-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HTCC)–bentonite nanocomposite as an absorbent. HTCC–bentonite was characterized by small angle x-ray diffraction, Fourier transforming infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Batch adsorption experiment of chromium was performed to investigate the effects of pH, initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time, etc. The maximum adsorption was observed at a pH value of 1. Adsorption of chromium on HTCC–bentonite was favored at lower temperature and established equilibrium in 30 min. The Cr (VI) adsorption followed Langmuir isotherm models, and the maximum adsorption capacity was obtained at 22.17 mg g−1.


Studies have shown that the high antiparasitic activity of Tanacetum pseudoachillea is due to the presence of sesquiterpene lactones of tanahine, tanacin, tanapsin, tachyllin and tavulin. For these lactones, a more pronounced anthelmintic effect against nematodes is characteristic than cestodes and a certain antilamblious activity. The plant Tanacetum pseudoachillea can be considered as a promising source for the development of new antiparasitic agents.


AbstractThe analysis produced by the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) may be dynamically inconsistent and contain unbalanced gravity waves that are absent in the real atmosphere. These imbalances can be exacerbated by covariance localization and inflation. One strategy to combat the imbalance in the analyses is the incremental analysis update (IAU), which uses the dynamic model to distribute the analyses increments over a time window. The IAU has been widely used in atmospheric and oceanic applications. However, the analysis increment that is gradually introduced during a model integration is often computed once and assumed to be constant for an assimilation window, which can be seen as a three-dimensional IAU (3DIAU). Thus, the propagation of the analysis increment in the assimilation window is neglected, yet this propagation may be important, especially for moving weather systems.To take into account the propagation of the analysis increment during an assimilation window, a four-dimensional IAU (4DIAU) use...


Historians have long aspired to see beyond the rise and fall of dynasties to the longue durée and the major changes over time in Chinese society. The five empirically rich and theoretically sophisticated books discussed in this essay all share this goal. While they make distinct contributions, they have in common close attention to the relationships between the state, the elite, and local institutions between the late Tang and Qing periods. Reading them together encourages rethinking the state-and-society issues that historians have been debating for a generation. In this essay, after a brief summary of each book's major contributions, I suggest ways they help us conceptualize the long-term processes of continuity and change from the late Tang to the Qing. In his book The Destruction of the Medieval Chinese Aristocracy, Nicolas Tackett argues that the Huang Chao 黃巢 Rebellion (875–84) profoundly changed the nature of the Chinese political elite by delivering a deadly blow to the great aristocratic families that had, until then, maintained


The specific gravity of a solid substance is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of material to the weight of an equal volume of water (at 20°C). In effect, it tells how much heavier (or lighter) the material is than water. For exact analysis, the specifications require distilled or demineralized water and all measurements of water and solids should be made at stated temperatures. In dealing with soils testing, the value of specific gravity is necessary to compute the soil's void ratio and for determining the grain-size distribution in hydrometer analysis.


Distortions of CMB temperature and polarization maps caused by gravitational lensing, observable with high angular resolution and sensitivity, can be used to constrain the sterile neutrino mass, m_s, from CMB data alone. We forecast m_s>1.75 keV from Planck and m_s>4.97 keV from Inflation Probe at 95% CL, by using the CMB weak lensing extraction.


Formation of social types is the aim of the educational system, its role and level of development are defined by the complexity of a social and professional infrastructure, determining the complexity and diversity of social types. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s1p101


As an armed independent regime of workers and peasants, the Baise Uprising was Mr DENG Xiao-ping's practice of "Encircling The Cities from The Rural Areas to Seizure The Power by Armed Force"-the correct way of Chinese revolution. Mr DENG Xiao-ping tried to build an united front with YU Zuo-bo and LI Ming-rui and to develop their soldiers' movement, which was a successful practice of building united-front in the period of Agrarian Revolution. In addition, he created the new style of Agrarian Revolution by means of "Distributing Cultivated Land".The Baise Uprising had pushed the revolution in Guangxi to a high tide and has played an important role in the history of Chinese revolution.


Maduo County is the first county the Yellow River flows through,thusit is the main region of Sanjiangyuan nature reserve areas,and is also important to water conservation,so it directly impact on the safety of Yellow River for ecological role.To take QuickBird remote sensing data as information source,and combined with field investigation and indoor interpret,this paper studied the land desertification of Maduo County around Xingxinghai Lake in Qinghai Province in 2008. The results show that the land desertification of various extent accounted for 26.1%of the total area in the investigated area.


According to the trends of electronic package to be smaller, thinner and more integrative, Flip Chip Ball Grid Array (FCBGA) become more used for mobile phone. However, the flip chip necessarily generate the heat by the electrical resistance and generated heat is increased due to reduced distribution area of the heat in accordance with the miniaturization trend of the package. Thermal issues can result in problems of devices that are sensitive to temperature and stress. Then the heat can generate problems to the system. In this paper, in order to improve the thermal issues of FCBGA, thermal characteristics of FCBGA was analyzed qualitatively by using the general heat transfer module of Comsol 3.5a and In order to solve thermal issues, flip chip with new micro structure is proposed by the simulation. and also by comparing existing model and analyzing variables such as pitch, height of the pattern and shape of the heat spreader, the improvement of heat dissipation characteristics about 18% was confirmed.


A thermal transition is observed in the peptide amphiphile C16-KTTKS (TFA salt) from nanotapes at 20 °C to micelles at higher temperature (the transition temperature depending on concentration). The formation of extended nanotapes by the acetate salt of this peptide amphiphile, which incorporates a pentapeptide from type I procollagen, has been studied previously [V. Castelletto et al., Chem. Commun., 2010, 46, 9185]. Here, proton NMR and SAXS provide evidence for the TFA salt spherical micelles at high temperature. The phase behavior, with a Krafft temperature separating insoluble aggregates (extended nanotapes) at low temperature from the high temperature micellar phase resembles that for conventional surfactants, however this has not previously been reported for peptide amphiphiles.


The strong efficiency of set-valued optimization in real normed spaces was solved by applying the second-order contingent derivatives,the properties of basic functional and strong efficient element.The second-order necessary optimality condition of unconstrained set-valued optimization was given for the objective function being nearly cone-subconvexlike,and sufficient condition was presented under cone-convexity hypothesis.


For purely nitrogen‐based multi‐resonance emitters (N‐MR), strategies to integrate emission modulation with high color purity remain exclusive, especially in near‐ultraviolet (NUV) regions. Herein, it is demonstrated for the first time that rationally introducing weak intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) to the MR skeleton to modulate the emission from violet to deep‐blue while retaining high color purity is feasible. By replacing the middle phenyl moiety with the pyridine or benzonitrile unit in the solely nitrogen‐based violet MR skeleton of tDIDCz, two proof‐of‐concept emitters, Nm‐ICz and CNm‐ICz, emphasizing mixed excited states of localized excited (LE) transition from the original MR skeleton and emergent transition channel with charge‐transfer (CT) character, successfully realize bathochromic‐shift and polarity‐insensitive fluorescence from 395 nm to 404–407 and 419–421 nm, respectively, while retaining small full‐width at half‐maximums (FWHMs) of 28–37 and 33–43 nm (214‐281 and 237–310 meV). Furthermore, Nm‐ICz shows bright and violet electroluminescence (EL) spectrum with the peak at 412 nm, while CNm‐ICz shows high color purity deep‐blue EL spectrum with the peak at 427 nm, a small FWHM of 42 nm (286 meV), an ultralow y color coordinate of 0.027, and a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 3.7%.


Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Objective: To identify the best indicator for reproducible representation of craniocervical sagittal balance (CCSB). Summary of Background Data: Spinal sagittal balance is considered one of the most critical factors affecting the health-related quality of life. Although standard indicators of spinopelvic balance have been established, these do not include the craniocervical balance and there is no standard parameter for evaluating the CCSB. Materials and Methods: Six kinds of sagittal vertical axis (SVA) were drawn by a total of 9 spine or orthopedic surgeons, from the anterior margin of the external auditory canal: cranial center of gravity (CCG), C1 (center of the anterior arch), C2 (C2vb: center of the vertebral body, C2e: center of the lower endplate), and C7 (C7vb: center of the vertebral body, C7p: posterosuperior corner). Eight SVA distances were measured by using 30 radiographs; CCG–C7vb, C1–C7vb, C2e–C7vb, C2vb–C7vb, CCG–C7p, C1–C7p, C2e–C7p, and C2bv–C7p.The interobserver and intraobserver reliabilities, and the correlations between CCG and C1, C2e, or C2bv were calculated among the main groups or subgroups. Results: In the overall analysis, although the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) (1, 1) of all parameters were >0.900, the ICC (2, 1) of CCG–C7p and CCG–C7vb were <0.900. The same trends were noted in the subgroups based on observer's experience. Comparing C7p-related and C7vb-related parameters, ICC (2, 1) showed 0.901 in C7p-related and 0.849 in C7bv-related parameters. In the analysis of the correlation between cranial SVAs, C1–C7p and C2vb–C7p SVAs correlated highly with CCG–C7p SVA (0.905, 0.805, respectively). Conclusions: Although the CCG SVA represents the center of the head, the current results revealed its low reproducibility. The low values were notable in those unfamiliar with craniocervical anatomy. The correlation analysis indicated that C1–C7p and C2vb–C7p SVA parameters are suitable for CCG–C7p SVA. Therefore, these 2 are considered as possible standard parameters in evaluating CCSB. Level of Evidence: Level III.


The thermomechanical treatment of Cu 17.0Zn x Cr alloys was studied by means of hardness, specific resistance measurement and optical microstructure, TEM observation using four types of Cu 17.0Zn, Cu 17.0Zn 0.15Cr, Cu 17.0Zn 0.35Cr, Cu 17.0Zn 0.50Cr alloys. The results show that trace Cr can enhance Cu Zn alloy hardness and recrystallized temperature in the way of precipitation hardening. Rapid heat rolling and quenching can hold the effects of working hardening, and thermomechanical treatment can develop structure hardening as well.


The position of direct harm regulation in the structure of the concept of complicity in crime has been criticized by scientists and criminologists since the adoption of the existing criminal law. In the article the author proves the necessity of separate legislative consolidation of criminal cases when the crime was committed by causing direct harm. Based on empirical data the author makes suggestions for improving the concept of direct harm. The author suggests making a complete list of directly used people (the use of minors, insane, persons under physical or mental duress, acting pursuant to orders or instructions, and innocent injuring).The author also suggest keeping the term "direct performer" in the Criminal Code, revising Art. 33, Part 2, and providing the category of "direct wrongdoer", adding to the general part of the Criminal Code Art. 361 "Direct causing" in Section 71 of the Criminal Code, "Special forms of infliction."


Abstract Movement of organisms will influence their ecology and demographics. Animal movements are often characterized by path structures with directional persistence. The extent to which this impacts on population dynamics is investigated in this paper using theoretical simulations. The effects of different movement strategies on variations in visits to individual patches across a forage area are discussed. Variations in resource biomass across patches are shown to persist after long simulations. Consumer resource equations with movement are used to show how heterogeneity in resources caused by these variations can affect global population dynamics. With directional movements (random or persistent), dynamics change from limit cycles to stable equilibrium solutions. It is suggested that this effect has the potential to increase survival because perturbations from unforeseen factors (like drought) are less likely to crash populations.


Unveiling physical laws from data is seen as the ultimate sign of human intelligence. While there is a growing interest in this sense around the machine learning community, some recent works have attempted to simply substitute physical laws by data. We believe that getting rid of centuries of scientific knowledge is simply nonsense. There are models whose validity and usefulness is out of any doubt, so try to substitute them by data seems to be a waste of knowledge. While it is true that fitting well-known physical laws to experimental data is sometimes a painful process, a good theory continues to be practical and provide useful insights to interpret the phenomena taking place. That is why we present here a method to construct, based on data, automatic corrections to existing models. Emphasis is put in the correct thermodynamic character of these corrections, so as to avoid violations of first principles such as the laws of thermodynamics. These corrections are sought under the umbrella of the GENERIC framework (Grmela and Oettinger, 1997), a generalization of Hamiltonian mechanics to non-equilibrium thermodynamics. This framework ensures the satisfaction of the first and second laws of thermodynamics, while providing a very appealing context for the proposed automated correction of existing laws. In this work we focus on solid mechanics, particularly large strain (visco-)hyperelasticity.


The methods that can be used in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and the composition is described in the present invention.


4-Chloroimidazo[ 4,5-d]-l,2,3-tri azinewas obtained by oxidative chlorination from imidazo[4,5-d]1,2,3-triazine-4 -thione, and its reaction with nucleophtlic agents and cleavage of the triazine ring to give 5-diazoimidazole -4-carbonitrile were studied. The newly synthesized diazoimidazole was subjected to C- and N-diazo coupling. It was established that 3-methylimidazo[ 4,5-d]-l,2,3-tri azine-4-imtne, formed by reaction of the diazo compound with methylamine, is capable of recyclization to 4-methylaminoimi dazo [4,5-d]- 1,2,3-triazine.


Rapid development of novel, functional metamaterials made of purely dielectric, plasmonic, or composite structures which exhibit tunable optical frequency magnetic responses creates a need for new measurement techniques. We propose a method of actively measuring magnetic responses, i.e. magnetic dispersion, of such metamaterials within a wide range of optical frequencies with a single probe by exciting individual elementary cells within a larger matrix. The probe is made of a tapered optical fiber with a radially corrugated metal coating. It concentrates azimuthally polarized light in the near-field below the apex into a subwavelength size focus of the longitudinal magnetic field component. An incident azimuthally polarized beam propagates in the core until it reaches the metal stripes of constant angular width running parallel to the axis. For a broad frequency range light-to-plasmon coupling is assured as the lattice constant changes with the radius due to constant angular width. Bound plasmonic modes in slits between the metal stripes propagate toward the apex where circular currents in stripes and displacement currents in slits generate a strong longitudinal magnetic field. The energy density of the longitudinal magnetic component in the vicinity of the axis is much stronger than that of all the other components combined, what allows for pure magnetic excitation of magnetic resonances rather than by the electric field. The scattered signal is then measured in the far-field and analyzed.


Abstract. It is generally accepted that modeling Farley–Buneman instabilities requires resolving ion Landau damping to reproduce experimentally observed features. Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations have been able to reproduce most of these but at a computational cost that severely affects their scalability. This limitation hinders the study of non-local phenomena that require three dimensions or coupling with larger-scale processes. We argue that a form of the five-moment fluid system can recreate several qualitative aspects of Farley–Buneman dynamics such as density and phase speed saturation, wave turning, and heating. Unexpectedly, these features are still reproduced even without using artificial viscosity to capture Landau damping. Comparing the proposed fluid models and a PIC implementation shows good qualitative agreement.


A report examines the situation of adult education for immigrants and refugees in Australia. The first section situates the nation's immigration program within national economic development. The second section outlines the development of policy and programs relating to language and literacy education for migrants and refugees, and describes how policy and institutional approaches recognize diversity in the design and delivery of services. The third section summarizes research undertaken within the Adult Migrant English Program to identify groups of adult learners with special needs and the learning barriers that face them. These studies focus on how characteristics, expectations, and previous experiences of learning influence migrant learners' attempts to interpret and cope with the curriculum, teaching methods, resources, and tasks of the Australian language classroom. This section also details policies and practices developed to overcome these barriers and improve the effectiveness of learning. (Contains 56 references.) (MSE) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** United States Department of Education Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development HOW ADULTS LEARN An International Conference Sponsored jointly by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the United States Department of Education Washington, DC 6-8 April, 1998


ABSTRACT In this conceptual article we use the experience of the longstanding Milwaukee private school voucher program to categorize different failure types within the hollow state. Specifically, we argue that the overall performance of the hollow state is dependent on the performance of organizations operating within the hollow state, that organizational failures are inevitable in hollow state activities, and that such failures can be categorized as marketplace failures, service failures, institutional failures, or customer service failures. We conclude that policy makers must plan for the reality of organizational failures in the hollow state if such arrangements are to be effective.


Reliable delivery of peptides through minimally invasive routes is an unaddressed challenge that could dramatically change clinical care. Currently, the majority of peptides are delivered through injections, and as such there is significant need for patient-friendly delivery systems. In this issue of Bioengineering & Translational Medicine, engineers from Nanyang Technological University in Singapore describe a transdermal technology that enables the loading and delivery of therapeutic peptides for local treatment of keloid scars. The authors show that by using a strategy to swell poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA)-based microneedles, a gap junction inhibiting peptide, Gap 26, could be loaded (over 50% loading efficiency) into the microneedles without compromising its potency. Gap 26 is used to suppress intercellular communication between keloid fibroblasts and subsequently limit scar formation; the authors show that microneedles loaded with Gap 26 were able to limit collagen expression by over 45% in an ex vivo scar model. The polymer parameters, such as the swelling ratio and mesh size, of the microneedles could be controlled through regulating UV crosslinking and may provide a means to better control loading and release of other peptides or even larger molecules (e.g., antibodies). Overall, this study addresses challenges related to loading, stability, and subsequent delivery of peptide-based drugs through the transdermal route.


Surgical cleaning device (10) consists of one or more spacers (20) continuous outer wall that are bonded to each other are separated by (12) and continuous inner wall (11). Inner and outer walls (11), the upper end of (12) (13), (15) defines an upper vacuum channel (17), the lower end of the inner wall (11) and outer walls (12) (14), (16) the lower to define a vacuum channel. Vacuum tube (22), inner and outer walls from the outside of the body (10) (11), are drawn into the space between (12). Washing tube (23) includes a body (10) outward from the inner and outer walls (11), through (12), the inner wall (11) being adapted to end with a central space partitioned by the suction tube (25) It is outward from the inner and outer wall of the body (11), so that the end with a position different from the entering through (12), washed tube (23).


The relationship between personality characteristics and color preference was investigated. Of 49 women and 17 men, 30 individuals scoring above the mean on an anxiety scale preferred significantly less saturated colors than 36 individuals scoring below the mean.


Unprecedentedly, a massive number of devices are getting connected to the network in the new era of the Internet of Things. For the discovery, authentication,, secure access and management of these Internet of Things devices, an Internet of Things directory service is needed. Its responsibility would be to store and provide the attributes of Internet of Things devices, such as identifier, location, owner's name, generated data types, and security parameters. In this article, we present the architectural design of an Internet of Things directory service that is capable of storing a huge number of records and providing functions for their fast lookup (latency of a few milliseconds) and dynamic update (latency of a few seconds), while fully complying with owner-centric security and privacy policies. To demonstrate its feasibility and overall quality, we also discuss the experimental results obtained from a proof-of-concept implementation of the record database and related communication interfaces.


An aqueous solution containing biological molecules can be described in a general sense as an electrolyte solution. That is, it contains simple ions such as Na+, K+, Cl−, etc., but it can also include macromolecules with a net charge significantly different from unity. Proteins, polysaccharides and ...


Amorphous calcium sulfate (ACS) is intimately involved in the crystallization of calcium sulfate minerals, a major contributor to sulfur sequestration and a technological hindrance of scale formati...


In this paper we present a new stochastic nondeterministic high-level action language SAA which is a stochastic extension of Action Language A. We describe the syntax and semantics of SAA and show it has an equivalent expressive power to Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). The main advantage of SAA is its smooth conversion of propositions and probability, and use of a well-established stochastic model. We show two simple examples in the nuclear reactor domain and propose a normalisation technique for declarative probability assignments which match our intuition.


[Objective]To understand the epidemic features of STD in Futian District of Shenzhen City,to explore the relationship between sex,age,native place,some behavioral factors and the incidence of STD,and provide scientific evidence for developing control measures.[Methods] Questionnaire was adopted to conduct survey on patients in STD clinics of 7 general hospitals in Futian District of Shenzhen City.[Results]Significant difference existed between STDs and condom use(χ2=7.76,P0.05),the difference of STD incidence between genders was significant(χ2=10.22,P0.05),the incidence of male was significantly higher than that of female.[Conclusion]Dirty sex is the risk factors of STD.Disease control departments should make full use of various forms of media and health resources in local areas to carry out various forms of propaganda and education so that people can have the knowledge of AIDS and STD prevention,and to carry out behavioral intervention in high-risk groups to increase condom use.


Conventional location management schemes are not designed for Wireless mesh networks and result in considerable signaling cost if used directly in the circumstance. In this paper, a Cluster-based location management scheme is introduced, which takes adequately into account the characteristic of the mesh structure. Numerical result reveals that the proposed scheme enables to significantly lessen the signaling cost.


What do preschool teachers do to teach mathematics? A study in chilean classrooms INTRODUCTION. Early math skills play an important role in the school performance of children, causing substantial differences in future learning gains. Specifically, the tasks proposed by preschool teachers have been shown to have had a differential impact on the development of children's mathematical thinking. In this way, it is important to determine the type and extent of math tasks teachers employ, using a sample of preschoolers from Latin America, where these topics have been less studied. Consequently, this article explores the different math tasks ¿Qué hacen las educadoras de párvulos para enseñar matemáticas? Un estudio en salas chilenas Bordón 70 (3), 2018, 45-60, ISSN: 0210-5934, e-ISSN: 2340-6577 • 59 proposed by early childhood educators in Chilean preschool classrooms. METHOD. We analyzed 31 videos of Chilean preschool classrooms to identify the mathematical tasks implemented and the time invested in each. RESULTS. The results show that, in the observed classrooms, the educators favored numerical content tasks, such as number recognition and number-quantity correspondence, instead of those tasks that required the understanding of math processes. DISCUSSION. The results show that the mathematical tasks that were present in the observed preschool Chilean classrooms focused on mechanical and procedural work, tasks that hinder – to a certain extent – the development of more complex mathematical thinking.


Thank you for downloading principles of german criminal procedure. As you may know, people have search hundreds times for their chosen books like this principles of german criminal procedure, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some infectious virus inside their laptop. principles of german criminal procedure is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our book servers saves in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the principles of german criminal procedure is universally compatible with any devices to read.


The comparative analysis of load stress between the vertical edge and bevel edge in concrete pavement is made, and the influence of length, thickness of pavement slab on load stress, temperature stress and load transfer efficiency at joints are analyzed. If the pavement slab dimension is properly designed, it will help to improve the work condition and reduce the crack of concrete pavement due to excessive stress.


The next improvement plan was developed with the objective to determine the financial feasibility and commercial construction company GROUP HERRERA, located in the Valley of Los Chillos. The company needs to implement a strategic management and implement new strategies, which allow you to position yourself in a better way in the market and in this way be more competitive. The industry in which the company is located in this growth, direct competition is fairly homogeneous, it is for this reason that it was determined the idea of implementing a Marketing Plan quite aggressive and exploit the competitive advantages that the company has on its competitors. The investment will be a 80% loan and 20% own capital.


Summary: The ontogeny of seizure genesis within the inferior collicular cortex was characterized in rats ranging in age from 3 days old to adult. Brief electrical stimulation of the right inferior collicular cortex in 30‐day‐old rats evoked poststimulus wild running behavior that coincided with afterdischarge activity in the inferior collicular cortex but not in the adjacent occipital cortex. Similar electrical stimulation in 16‐day‐old rats produced poststimulus wild running and jumping behaviors, which also coincided with afterdischarge in the inferior collicular cortex. In 10‐ and 5‐day‐old rats, electrical stimulation of the inferior collicular cortex produced poststimulus locomotion and coincident afterdischarge activity, but unlike older rats the locomotor behaviors consisted of forelimb paddling, hindlimb treading, and rolling/curling movements of the torso. Identical behaviors can be electrically elicited in 3‐day‐old rats. Although many of the seizure characteristics appear to be similar among the different age groups, 5‐day‐old rats were more sensitive to low frequency stimulation than 16‐day‐old rats, who in turn were more sensitive than adult rats. Thus, the inferior collicular cortex is capable of generating seizure activity in rats as young as 3 days of age, providing a focal model of neonatal seizure genesis.


A GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) is a specialized processor for graphics processing. GPUs have the ability to perform high-speed parallel processing using its many processing cores. To utilize the powerful computing ability, GPUs are widely used for general purpose processing. The main contribution of this paper is to show a new template matching algorithm using pixel rearrangement. Template Matching is a technique for finding small parts of an image which match a template image. The feature of our proposed algorithm is that using pixel rearrangement, multiple low-resolution images are generated and template matching for the low-resolution images is performed to reduce the computing time. Also, we implemented our algorithm on a GPU system. The experimental results show that, for an input image with size of 4096 $\times$ 4096 and a template image with size of 256 $\times$ 256, our implementation can achieve a speedup factor of approximately 78 times over the conventional sequential implementation.


Lanthanum Halide scintillators exhibit high light output and fast decay times. The resulting high radiant flux has enabled the measurement of annihilation photon coincidence timing resolution of <100ps FWHM as well as with energy resolution<4% FWHM using conventional PMTs. Taking full advantage of these characteristics in a TOF PET detector is greatly affected by the performance of the photodetector. The ability to fabricate Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM) pixels of comparable size to the cross section of scintillator pixels used in clinical scanners (4×4mm2) allows the direct coupling of a crystal array to an array of SiPM pixels. SiPMs fabricated at FBK have been designed to offer high Photon Detection Efficiency (PDE), high spatial and temporal transit time uniformity, fast risetime and low noise. The high gain and low noise of the FBK SiPM result in signal amplitude of ∼200mV, enabling excellent performance using passive readout circuits. We characterize the response of LaBr3[Ce] and LYSO scintillators read out by FBK SiPM to annihilation photons. 511KeV photopeak energy resolution of 5.6% and 12.5% is measured with LaBr3 and LYSO, respectively, despite of the saturation behavior evident at that energy. Coincidence timing resolution of 163ps and 249ps FWHM are measured for 5mm long and 30mm long pixels, respectively. While measured performance with LaBr3 does not quite yet match performance measured with PMTs, these results are very encouraging considering that QE is not yet well matched to shorter wavelength emission of LaBr3.


【Objective】 To explore the attachment characteristics and their interrelated factors include maternal sensitivity and children's temperament during 128 toddlers aged 1~2 years old.【Methods】 The strange situation procedure(SSP) and maternal sensitivity scales were performed to assess the characters of toddler attachment and maternal sensitivities.And the families demographic data and toddler temperament scale were filled by their mothers.【Results】 Among 128 infants,there were 99 secure-attachment,24 avoidant-attachment,and 5 resistant-attachment,no disorganized-attachment.And there were significant differences of maternal sensitivities between toddler's attachment types.There were a significant correlation between the approach-withdrawal,persistence,mood and distractive dimension of toddler temperament and some attachment behavior such as the proximity,maintain contact and avoidance.【Conclusions】 There is a higher ratio of secure attachment during 128 toddlers from Jinan city than in other studies.Maternal sensitivities play an important role in child attachment development and the temperament doesn't impact the attachment types directly,but some temperament dimension have some effect on toddlers' behaviors at SSP.


The utility model relates to display technology, and provides an OLED device with both sides emitting light, which solves the problem that the OLED device with both sides emitting light in the prior art has relative high fabrication cost. The OLED device comprises a light emitting layer, an organic function layer and a transparent anode, wherein the transparent anode is covered on one surface of the light emitting layer, and the organic function layer is covered on the other surface of the light emitting layer. The OLED device is characterized in that the device also comprises a thin metal cathode covered on the organic function layer and a strip grid metal cathode arranged on the thin metal cathode. The OLED device provided by the utility model saves the cost, and is suitable for an OLED display device.


Abstract : The radiation characteristics and physical configurations of COMSATS communication antennas are compiled in this report. Included are antennas from the following spacecrafts: COURIER, RELAY I and II, TELSTAR I and II, the SYNCOM series, INTELSTAT I and II, the IDCSP, the ATS series and LES-1, 2 and 4. The description of each antenna, though very brief, is sufficient to impart to the cognizant reader a good knowledge of the concepts involved. References to more detailed documents are given when available.


The study presents a new pathway for the enantioselective synthesis of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. The key steps of the synthesis of (+)-(S)-laudanosine (1) and (–)-(S)-xylopinine (2) are a Sonogashira coupling that builds up the C1–C8a bond of the benzylisoquinoline skeleton, an intramolecular Ti-catalyzed hydroamination of an alkyne, and a subsequent enantioselective imine reduction according to Noyori's protocol. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)


4092 Background: Survivin is a unique anti apoptotic protein expressed in many human cancers. It is absent in non-proliferating adult tissues. Its expression and prognostic value in biliary tumors is yet to be elucidated. Methods: Twenty-four consecutive surgical cases of cholangiocarcinoma treated from 1996–2002 at Roswell Park Cancer Institute were studied. Immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin embedded blocks using mouse monoclonal IgG2a antibody to survivin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology). DAKO high pressure antigen retrieval and mouse envision plus detection systems were used to detect survivin expression. Two pathologists (DT, CL) independently examined survivin expression and scored (0, 1+, 2+, 3+), based on presence and intensity of immunoreactivity in nucleus and cytoplasm. Clinical data were obtained in accordance with IRB approved protocol. Results: Median patient (pt) age was 68 (range 40 to 77). Sixteen pts were female, and 8 male. SEER staging was local in 2, regional in 15 and distant i...


Eight 2-phenoxybenzimidazole derivatives were synthesized from substituted phenol.The structure of these compound were validated by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance(1H-NMR)and high resolution mass spectrometer(HRMS).The antitumor activity of these compounds were achieved by MTT test,while the antibacterial activity were obtained by tube double dilution method.All these compounds showed broad spectrum antitumor potency,especially,compound 2h exhibited good antitumor potency with IC50 values of low micromolar to all these cell lines and the IC50 values of 2h to human pancreatic cancer cell line(BxPC-3)was 3.6 μM.Meanwhile,most compounds displayed moderate antibacterial activity,especially,compound 2a inhibit E.faecalis and S.aureus with a MIC of 16 μg/mL.


In this paper, the regenerated silk fibroin (SF)/nylon 6 blend filaments were fabricated using wet spinning technique and the effect of coagulant on the post drawing and morphology of blend filaments was investigated. In the result of wet spinnability, methanol, acetone, DMF, and THF showed relatively good coagulation strength and fiber formation for the regenerated SF. On the contrary, they did not exhibit strong enough to produce a uniform nylon 6 filament due to the lack of coagulation strength. In the examination of post drawing performance, methanol showed the highest maximum draw ratio of the blend filament over all blend ratios. The maximum draw ratio of SF/nylon 6 blend filaments decreased with the reduction of SF content regardless of type of coagulant. SEM observation showed the consistent result with that of post-drawing performance. As SF content decreased, the uniform and regular structure was changed to irregular one. In particular, the severe macro-phase separation between SF and nylon 6 could be detected in the 50/50 SF/nylon 6 blend filaments coagulated in methanol and THF.


In this paper, a low-cost test methodology for dynamic specifications of high precision sigma-delta (ΔΣ) analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) is presented. Dynamic testing of ADCs requires an input test stimulus with total harmonic distortion (THD) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) about 10dB better than the ADC under test. ΔΣ ADCs are inherently high resolution converters with excellent THD and SNR due to their inherent over-sampling, averaging and noise shaping properties. In the proposed test methodology, the back end digital and decimation filters of such converters are turned off and the digital pulse sequence at the output of the sigma-delta modulator is made externally observable for test purposes. It is seen that ENOB, THD and SNR of the converter can be determined with significantly increased sensitivity to device nonlinearities and noise allowing the use of less than ideal input stimulus than otherwise or significantly reduced test time. The back-end filters are then tested using traditional digital test techniques. Simulation results show the usefulness of the proposed test methodology.


The synthesis and characterization of a lead iodide layered perovskite, [NH2C(I)═NH2]2(CH3NH3)2Pb2I8, is described. The combination of an ideal bandgap of 1.61 eV and excellent compositional stability under ambient conditions make it a promising candidate for integration in solar cells. Planar solar cells utilizing [NH2C(I)═NH2]2(CH3NH3)2Pb2I8 exhibit two interesting phenomena in the photovoltaic performance: an exponential dependence of Jsc on incident light intensity and abnormal J–V response. To investigate the photophysical properties of [NH2C(I)═NH2]2(CH3NH3)2Pb2I8 perovskite planar solar cells, intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were conducted. It is found that the planar structured solar cells of the layered perovskite suffer from bulk recombination which limits the charge collection and photocurrent. Use of a mesoporous TiO2 scaffold layer largely overcomes the recombination limitations of the layered perovskite and significantly i...


For centuries barley has been an important food crop for mankind. It is important to produce crops that are of good quality and safe to human and animal organisms. However, pathogenic fungi in cereals cause health problems both to humans and animals. In Estonia the microbiological quality of cereals has been studied to identify "Fusarium" species in feed cereals. Still, the relationship between the agro-ecological conditions and the total abundance of moulds and yeasts on grain has been studied little in Estonia. In 2009 and 2010, we carried out field trials in the experimental station of the Estonian Research Institute of Agriculture in North Estonia (59°18'N, 24°39'E) and in the experimental station of Olustvere School of Service and Rural Economics in Central Estonia (58°33'N, 25°34'E). The variants of the experiment were barley in pure crops with added ammonium nitrate 120 kgN ha^(-1), barley in pure crops with added ammonium nitrate 60 kgN ha^(-1), barley in pure crops with no added ammonium nitrate, and barley.pea mixed crop. After harvesting, the grain was dried to 14% of moisture and grain samples were taken from each trial variant. The abundance of moulds, yeasts, and "Fusarium" spp. was determined in grain samples using the dilution method. The impact of the levels of nitrogen, location of the trial site, and year (weather conditions) on the abundance of moulds, yeasts, and "Fusarium" spp. was studied. The common genera of moulds identified were "Cladosporium, Acremonium", and "Fusarium". According to our results, yeasts were the most common fungi on barley grains. In North Estonia the abundance of moulds was lower compared to Central Estonia. The abundance of fungi was not affected by different levels of nitrogen or whether barley had been grown as a pure crop or a barley.pea mix. The weather conditions had the greatest impact on the abundance of microfungi.


The research study sought to highlight the policy and legal factors affecting investment in the Zimbabwean mining industry in general and the mining of diamonds and gold in particular. Zimbabwe being home to more than 40 economically exploitable minerals has been undergoing changes to the policies and laws around the governance of those minerals. This research was prompted by the current debate and topical issues arising from the resource nationalism which is not only akin to Zimbabwe but to other resource-rich nations both in the developing and developed nations. The problem statement emanates from the numerous policy changes instituted by the Government of Zimbabwe in the mining industry. The overriding objective therefore was to bring to the fore the policy and law changes affecting the foreign direct investment inflows into the mining sector especially gold and diamonds. The study utilised the multiple case study research technique to extract mostly qualitative data. A survey was conducted, on a sample size of 51 respondents picked from a population of 66 elements comprising of Murowa Diamonds, Freda Rebecca, Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ), Ministry of Mines and Mining Development (MMMD) and Chamber Of Mines Zimbabwe (COMZ) management employees. Senior management employees were targeted in this research study since policy formulation is highly understood and appreciated at that level of the organisations chosen. The research findings are that investments in the diamonds and gold mining are affected by the inconsistency in mining legislative and policy formulation. The research also revealed that Zimbabwe does not necessarily have the highest taxation regime in the region but needs to stabilise policy formulation to offer an environment which allows investors to plan better.


The key challenge for data science in open innovation web systems is to find best ideas among thousands of community submissions. To date, this has been done with metrics reflecting enterprise needs or community preferences. This article proposes to look in a different direction: inspired by theoretical studies on disruptive innovation, we frame the problem of valuable ideas as those rarely taken up by masses or organisations yet having potential to change industries. Our aim is to find technological means for automatic detection of such innovations to aid decision making. Following past findings from business sciences on nature of disruptive innovations, the article presents a comparative study of multiple outlier detection algorithms applied to two real-world datasets containing textual descriptions of ideas for different industries. Obtained results demonstrate capability of outlier detection and show k-NN algorithm with TF-IDF and cosine distance to be the best candidate for the task.


A method is devised for the determination of free enthalpies of transfer from one solvent to another for single ions. Results are given for the transfer from water to water-methanol mixtures.


Very few trainees have experience in group psychotherapy. I describe my experience of co-facilitating a group for pre-adolescents who were being bullied. This proved a valuable learning experience as part of a multidisciplinary team, and increased my understanding of how groups function and the particular problems involved in running a group for children.


Vitamin I), and its metabolites, particularly la,25-dihydroxy vitamin D, (la, 25it ill i_,l),i. have received increasing attention as potential anticarcinogens in the prevention of cancers in a number of organs, including the colon. These agents, however, have the potential to induce hypercalcemia, thus limiting their practical use for these purposes. In the present studies it was, therefore, of interest to determine whether dietary supple mentation with 1or,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-23-yne-26,27-hexafluorocholecalciferol (RO24-5531), a recently synthesized apparently noncalcemic an alogue of Id.25(()lI),[),. inhibited colon cancer induced by azoxymethane (AOM). Rats were placed on a standard diet or fed this diet with supple mental RO24-5531 (2.5 nmol/kg feed) before and during (initiation arm), or after AOM or vehicle administration (postinitiation arm). After 34 weeks of study, animals in each group were sacrificed, and their colons were removed and examined macroscopically and microscopically for the presence of tumors. At the time of sacrifice, the animals' serum calcium, phosphorus, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and Ia,25(OH)2D, levels were also analyzed. The results of these studies demonstrated that dietary RO245531 supplementation during the initiation arm of these experiments significantly reduced (by 70%) the incidence of AOM-induced colonie tumors compared to rats on the standard diet without RO24-5531. More over, this dietary regimen abolished the development of adenocarcinomas in this model. Although there was also a trend for dietary RO24-5531 supplementation during the postinitiation arm of this study to reduce the incidence of colon tumors, this did not reach statistical significance i /' > 0.05). In addition, neither dietary RO24-5531 supplementation reg imen significantly influenced the animals' rates of growth or their serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, or 25-hydroxyvitaniin I),. These studies, therefore, demonstrate for the first time that supplemental dietary RO245531 is a chemopreventive agent in the AOM model of experimental colonie carcinogenesis. They also suggest that this agent may ultimately prove useful in clinical colon cancer chemopreventive trials.