The paper describes a modern solution to real-time rotor position estimation of permanent magnet (PM) motor drives. The estimation scheme, based on flux linkage and line current estimation, is implemented in real-time by using the abc reference frame, and it is tested dynamically, The position estimation model of the test motor, development of hardware and basic operation of the DSP are discussed, The overall position estimation strategy is accomplished with a fast digital signal processor (TMS320C30). The method is a shaft position sensorless method that is applicable to a wide range of excitation types in brushless PM motors without any restriction on the motor model and the current excitation. Both rectangular and sinewave excited brushless PM motor drives are examined and the results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method with dynamic loads.


While there are many educational apps for traditionally taught subjects such as mathematics and science, more specialized curriculum has largely been left unexplored in terms of m-learning. Film studies, an academic discipline that deals with the theoretical, historical, and critical underpinnings of film, is one such subject that has very few mobile applications. This chapter explores creating a mobile application to teach basic approaches to film interpretation and in addition, considers a heutagogical approach in design. Benefits of m-learning include increased delivery options for multimedia, context-based learning support, and the prospects of a more fulfilling learning experience. This chapter provides direction for implementation and evaluation techniques for an introductory film studies module on film noir, which can be integrated into a mobile format to make film theory more relevant and accessible.


The paper provides an assessment of the state of forest resources in the Far Eastern Federal District and identifies the main factors affecting the qualitative state of forests. The reasons contributing to the increase in the area of forest fires are analyzed. One of the reasons contributing to the degradation of forest areas is also indicated - the accepted allowable cut, which does not always correspond to reality due to the use of outdated forest husbandry materials and its untimely implementation. Considering the issues of forest reproduction, an integrated approach is proposed for carrying out reforestation activities, including both the creation of forest plantations and the implementation of measures aimed at observing the technology of logging operations and preserving undergrowth. This will reduce the cost of reforestation work, as well as reduce the time required for the transfer of forest crops to a forested area. One of the conclusions is a change in the fundamental approaches to forest management in this area, taking into account the observance of environmental, economic and social requirements for forest management.


The invention discloses an anticorrosive pressure sensitive adhesive tape and a preparation method thereof. The anticorrosive pressure sensitive adhesive tape consists of a back material and pressure sensitive adhesive coated on the back material, wherein the pressure sensitive adhesive consists of the following components in part by weight: 15 to 40 parts of elastomer, 15 to 35 parts of tackifier, 5 to 15 parts of softening agent, 20 to 50 parts of filler, and 0.2 to 0.8 part of anti-aging agent. The preparation method comprises the following steps of: adding the elastomer, the tackifier, the softening agent, the filler and the anti-aging agent into a kneading machine, kneading for 30 to 70 minutes at the temperature of between 130 and 160 DEG C, and obtaining a self-adhesive material; adding the self-adhesive material into a double-screw extruder, performing melt extrusion, and obtaining the pressure sensitive adhesive; and coating the pressure sensitive adhesive on the back material, and thus obtaining the anticorrosive pressure sensitive adhesive tape. The anticorrosive pressure sensitive adhesive tape has good self-adhesive property, high adhesive strength and good sealing performance and durability.


X‐ray total scattering measurements are carried out for the typical electrolyte used in lithium‐ion batteries, that is, the mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) electrolyte with LiPF6 salt. The obtained pair distribution function is compared with that of the EC/EMC solvent without LiPF6, to investigate the effect of the Li+ cation on the intramolecular structure. It is found that the peak shift corresponding to the shrinking of the CO bonds is induced by dissolving LiPF6. Also, the peak height becomes lower by the addition of LiPF6. These behaviors are also observed by the X‐ray total scattering measurements for the mixture of EC and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) with and without LiPF6. Also, it is ascertained that such a shrinking is present in EC/DMC electrolytes by means of neutron total scattering. First‐principles calculations on the basis of the density functional theory for isolated EC, EMC, and DMC molecules with the Li+ cation confirm that the shrinking of the CO bond is accompanied by the formation of the solvation structure. The observed structural variations induced by adding LiPF6 will be a good indicator for the formation of the solvation structure.


The main goal of this paper is to review the central features of the Algebraic Approach to the Genetic Code (AAGC) pointing the advances that are been worked today and the major open problems. The reader that is not familiar with the AAGC can find a brief description of the model in references [1] and [2], general comments in references [3] and [4] and a summary of main ideas of the model in reference [5]. A detailed review of the AAGC that contains a compact revision of the main biological and mathematical facts needs to understating the model is also in preparation [6] .


Rediscovering Community, Discipleship, and Mission through Small Groups at the Bronte Seventh-day Adventist Church Gerardo Oudri Doctor of Ministry School of Theology, Fuller Theological Seminary 2014 The goal of this study was to help the members of the Bronte Seventh-day Adventist Church intentionally experience, better understand, and systematically engage in community, discipleship, and mission, so that they could live out their calling as the Church of Jesus Christ. The strategy involved developing a small group ministry using these three core ecclesiological elements as its main focus and structure. This study proposes a Trinitarian ecclesiology that defines the Church as the people who have responded to the calling of God, "in" Jesus, through the Holy Spirit, to belong (community), to be-come (discipleship), and to bless (mission). At the heart of a Trinitarian ecclesiological identity is the Church's mission to make disciples, which happens in and through community. In addition, from the beginning of the world and through history, God has used covenantal small groups as the fundamental communal experience to accomplish his purposes for humanity. A two-phased small group strategy was developed as follows: first, a six-week pilot program was implemented through a forty-days-of-prayer initiative with a small group component; second, this was followed by the first eight-week cycle of a new small group ministry for the church. The project consisted of six stages: a study of resources and vision casting; leadership recruitment and training for the pilot project; implementation of the pilot project; a five-part sermon series; leadership training on small groups; and implementation of the first small group cycle. At the conclusion of the project, a survey was conducted to evaluate its impact. Overall, this project made a significant positive impact in the life of participants and the church at large, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitatively, growth was seen in membership, giving patterns, and involvement in ministry. Qualitatively, growth was evident through new relationships, deeper fellowship, and more fervour and interest in discipleship practices. Theological Mentor: Kurt Fredrickson, PhD Words: 299 To my wife, Paola: best friend, spiritual partner, and supporter. You are heaven's greatest gift. Our journey towards intimacy is indeed my greatest blessing. To my daughters, Sofia and Fiorella: through you I understand God's love better. With your mom, you are my truest small group. To my parents, Alfonso and Nilda: thank you for raising me in God's ways. Your unconditional love and unceasing prayers have sustained me through this project. To my sister, Adriana: your care and love throughout my life has been a priceless gift.


Urbanization and industrialization have contributed to the rapid growth of solid waste production, posing serious challenges to the urban governance field. Consequently, the concept of "zero waste" (ZW) has gradually become the common goal pursued by human society. At the end of 2021, China initiated the second phase of ZW city (ZWC) construction. Several pilot areas were selected and these areas have exhibited the characteristics of regionalization in distribution. However, previous studies on China's ZWCs have mainly summarized and reflected on the results of the first phase of practice, ignoring the development requirements of city cluster construction. The transformation from the ZWC to "zero-waste city clusters" (ZWCCs) requires the government, as a leader, to change its role to adapt to the new development trend. This study selects Shenzhen and the Pearl River Delta City Cluster (PRDCC) in the pilot cities as the research objects to discuss the successful experience of Shenzhen in terms of the improvement of the legal framework, establishment of a centralized park governance model, and establishment of an information platform. Based on the specific situation of the PRDCC, the study analyzes how the government should accomplish the transformation of its role and re-stablish its positioning. Furthermore, a case study reveals that the government should change its dominant role to a collaborator's role to effectively promote ZWC construction, given the problems of unbalanced regional economic level, inconsistent solid waste treatment capacity, noncooperation among multiple subjects, and imperfect coordination mechanism. The study provides three recommendations for this purpose, including supporting enterprises and social organizations with institutional incentives and establishing a benign interaction model with multiple actors as well as a sound publicity and monitoring model. In conclusion, the transformation of China from ZWCs to ZWCC is in accordance with the development law, and the government must adapt to the law and change the governance model accordingly. The study provides a reference for ZWC construction in other countries or regions.


Sputter deposition of low‐resistivity (0.02 Ω cm) layers of SnO2‐doped In2O3 onto AlxGa1−xAs results in heterojunction barriers to either n‐ or p‐type material. Low‐loss AlxGa1−xAs waveguides with SnO2‐In2O3 cladding have been fabricated. Their propagation properties can be efficiently modulated by means of the linear electro‐optic effect. Phase shifts for TE modes of 160 deg/V cm were measured at a wavelength λ=0.9 μm.


This article exposes the deficits that the left-wing jurists from Weimar, Kirchheimer and Neumann, showed when trying to comprehend the democratic life and its institutions. The main thesis defended in the article is that these deficits were result of the influence that the conservative jurist Carl Schmitt had on them. By introducing arguments coming from who later became a nazism's theorist, the left-wing jurists forund themselves disabled to theoretically defend democratic life.


Nonionic aqueous polyurethane (NAPU) coatings were prepared by a prepolymer process using 4,4-methylene bis(isocyanatocyclohexane), poly(tetramethylene glycol) with a molecular weight of 2000 g/mol (PTMG2000), ethylenediamine and a synthesized nonionic dispersing centers of various molecular weight produced by isophorone diisocyanate, N-diethanol amine, and poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether (PEGME) with different molecular weights. The dispersion properties of the NAPU emulsions, thermal properties of the NAPU casting films, and its tensile strength were studied. Further, the water vapor permeability (WVP) and waterproof of NAPU-coated fabric were also examined. Our results showed that the surface tension and particle size of NAPU emulsion increase with the decrease in PEGME chain length. For the thermal properties, the melting point of soft-segment of NAPU casting films was not affected by the PEGME chain length, but the heat of fusion of the soft-segment was greatly affected. In particular, the NAPU with PEGME chain length of 2000 g/mol has two obviously crystalline endothermic peaks. The lower peak was attributed to crystallizing PTMG2000. The higher peak was attributed to the crystallizing side chain PEGME of Mw = 2000 g/mol. The WVP followed the order: NAPU with PEGME chain length 750 g/mol > 550 g/mol > 350 g/mol > 2000 g/mol, and the waterproof increases with increase in PEGME length. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008


Objective To evaluate bone formation in uninduced, OS medium induced or Adv-h-BMP-2 infected bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) loaded calcined bone or β-TCP implanted subcutaneously into nude mice. Methods Radiological, histological and histometric methods were employed to evaluate bone formation and material degradation in implants at the 4th, 8th and 12th week after uninduced, OS medium induced or Adv-h-BMP-2 infected BMSCs loaded calcined bone or (3-TCP were implanted subcutaneously into nude mice or injected directly into calf muscle. Results In nude mice, there was no osteogenesis in simple ceramics, while bone began to form at the 4th week in the groups of ceramics hybrided with BMSCs. The quantitative gradation of bone formation was always Adv-h-BMP-2 infected group OS medium induced group uninduced group(P 0.05). The equilibrium of osteogenesis and biodegradation was found in β-TCP; the OS medium induced and Adv-h-BMP-2 infected BMSCs injected into calf muscle could induce ectopic bone fornation while uninduced BMSCs couldn't. Conclusion β-TCP loaded with h-BMP-2 infected BMSCs is an ideal bone graft substance.


In this paper we study the WKB-Langer asymptotic expansion of the eigenfunctions of a Schrödinger operator H = − 12 2 ∂2 ∂x2 + V (x). Then applying these asymptotic formulae we prove that the exact L eigenfunction ΨE(N, ) and its derivative ΨE(N, ) of the Schrödinger operator with a well-shaped analytic potential are approximated up to arbitrary order m by the semi-classical WKB-Langer approximate eigenfunction ΨEm(N, ),m and its derivative Ψ ′ Em(N, ),m respectively in L, i.e. ||ΨE(N, ) − ΨEm(N, ),m||L2 = O( ), || ΨE(N, ) − ΨEm(N, ),m||L2 = O( ) uniformly for any N . Here Em(N, ) approximates E(N, ) up to m-th order (in ) and satisfies m-th order quantization condition.


The hero of this novel is sleepwalking through his job on a chic New Yorker-style magazine by day; by night he pursues pleasure in the coke-fuelled clublands of Manhattan. But pleasure is elusive and his wife, a glamorous model, has left him. By the author of "Story of My Life".


Objective: To compare the different access artery management methods during endovascular graft exclusion(EVGE) for Stanford B type aortic dissection. Methods: From Sep. 1998 to Dec. 2001, EVGE for Stanford B type thoracic aortic dissection have been preformed on 116 patients, among them 11 underwent local heparinization and total stump of the access artery, 5 patients underwent general heparinization and total access artery stump, 99 underwent general heparinization and partial access artery stump, 1 underwent artificial vascular anastomosis. The blood loss and complications related to the access artery were compared between different methods. Results: There was an obvious decrease of blood pressure and metabolic acidosis after the access artery reperfusion in the total stumped access artery, and 2 femoral artery thrombosis occurred in the local heparinization patients. The blood loss obviously increased in the partial stumped access artery patients, but no lower extremity complications occurred. The artificial vascular anastomosed to the femoral or iliac artery as access artery resulted in few blood loss and lower extremity complications. Conclusion: General heparinization and partial stump of the access artery has more advantages, it avoids blood pressure wave and decreases extremity complication totally. The artificial artery is more complicated and is used only in the patients need exchanging catheter frequently.


The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the educational systems worldwide, leading to the near-total closures of schools, universities, and colleges Universities need to adapt to changes to face this crisis without negatively affecting students' performance Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to identify and help solve to critical challenges and factors that influence the e-learning system for Computer Maintenance courses during the COVID-19 pandemic The paper examines the effect of a hybrid modeling approach that uses Cloud Computing Services (CCS) and Virtual Reality (VR) in a Virtual Cloud Learning Environment (VCLE) system The VCLE system provides students with various utilities and educational services such as presentation slides/text, data sharing, assignments, quizzes/tests, and chatrooms In addition, learning through VR enables the students to simulate physical presence, and they respond well to VR environments that are closer to reality as they feel that they are an integral part of the environment Also, the research presents a rubric assessment that the students can use to reflect on the skills they used during the course The research findings offer useful suggestions for enabling students to become acquainted with the proposed system's usage, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, and for improving student achievement more than the traditional methods of learning


With the application and development of off-line programming system ( OLPS) , as one of the key techniques for the application of OLP technology, robot calibration technique is drawing more and more attention. Aiming at part calibration for application of robotic off-line programming, part calibration algorithm is further discussed for adjustment and matching of part models by transformation matrix between part coordinates in the simulation environments and real workspace. Three part calibration methodologies: calibration of orthogonal plane part, four points calibration of circular reference part, and three points calibration of auxiliary feature points, are presented. Part calibration can be done by using the algorithm proposed only.


The aims of this article are to discuss the preand postoperative re q u i rements of adult patients who have a tracheostomy and to increase nurses' knowledge of the complications and psychosocial implications of the surg e ry. After reading this article you should be able to: ■ Identify the preand post-operative needs of the tracheostomy patient and plan appropriate nursing interventions to meet those needs. ■ Identify the features of a variety of tracheostomy tubes. ■ Illustrate the common complications of tracheostomy surgery. ■ Discuss resuscitation practices for these patients. ■ Plan a strategy to promote self-care. ■ Identify actual and potential communication pro b l e m s f or adult patients who have a tracheostomy. ■ Demonstrate interventions that might help reduce the impact of a tracheostomy.


Particle-$\ensuremath{\gamma}$ angular correlations have been measured for transitions from the 373, 593, 990, 2877, 3027, and 3270 keV states in $^{43}\mathrm{Ca}$. In addition, information about the decay schemes of states at 2695 and 2943 keV was obtained. These levels were populated with known initial alignment by detection of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles from the $^{44}\mathrm{Ca}{(^{3}\mathrm{He}, \ensuremath{\alpha})}^{43}$ reaction at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} relative to the beam. The measured value of the $\frac{M2}{E1}$ mixing ratio of the 990\ensuremath{\rightarrow} 373 keV transition is $\ensuremath{\delta}=0.012\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.017$. This small value of $\ensuremath{\delta}$ implies an upper limit on the $M2$ strength for this transition which is consistent with the systematics of other $M2$ rates in this mass region. The measured angular correlations, in conjunction with previous work, suggest spin-parity values of ${\frac{3}{2}}^{+}$ for the 2877 keV state, ${\frac{3}{2}}^{+}$ for the 3027 keV state, and ${\frac{5}{2}}^{+}$ or ${\frac{5}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ for the 3270 keV state.


Vniverse is an intermedia project that was first conceived in 2002 as a print book with two electronic components online. However, in 2014, Stephanie Strickland revised Vniverse and published a new version of the book and an electronic application for iPad exclusively. In its entirety, Vniverse invites the readers to read and form constellations by exploring the electronic component's night sky, and to go back to the book where they can read the poems differently. In this work, database and narrative structures are combined, the one revealing the limits of the other as well as the potent hybrids they are capable of creating.
 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14195/2182-8830_7-1_8


This paper discusses the performance characteristics of a paraffin-based blend of liquid ethanol with paraffin as compared to pure paraffin in a hybrid rocket motor. Since the disclosure of the high regression rates of liquefying fuels as compared to classic fuels such as hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), many studies using paraffin have been reported in the literature. Although pure paraffin regresses three to four times faster than HTPB, it is not an ideal fuel for launcher applications for the following reasons: it does not provide the optimum mechanical strength, it may suffer from combustion instability, and it offers low combustion efficiency. The proposed blend is biphasic, with drops of liquid ethanol trapped in a paraffin binder; and a nonionic surfactant was employed to emulsify the ethanol into paraffin wax. The results indicated that at a mean prefiring [Formula: see text] of 0.6 and a [Formula: see text] of 60, both the P95E05 and P90E10 fuels demonstrated no significant statistical difference compared to pure paraffin in terms of thrust, specific impulse, fuel mass flow rate, characteristic velocity, and combustion efficiency. However, the P95E05 and P90E10 fuels did show damping in the pressure oscillations relative to paraffin, indicating a reduction in the low-frequency combustion instability observed in the ballistic responses of paraffin.


This paper presents main features of a new IQRF wireless communication platform. This platform was developed and designed for home and industrial automation. Some basic functions of OS, development tools and basic modules are described. A case study is discussed at the end of the paper. This is a case study of a sensor network created around a core coordinator and a set of temperature wireless units.


This study aimed to test the measurement and structural models of SOA fund governance constructed by participation, transparency, and accountability. A total of 348 respondents were involved in this study consisting, including the headmaster (n=20), teachers (n=76), and parents (n=252). Data were collected using a questionnaire distributed to respondents using Google Forms for four months. Data analysis used confirmatory factor analysis through Partial Least Squares-Path Modeling (PLS-PM), which assisted the Smart PLS. Testing the measurement model using construct validity and internal consistency reliability showed two items (P4-participation and A3-accountability) having loading factors that do not satisfy the criteria. Likewise, both items were excluded from the model, which impacted the acceptance of the model fit. Furthermore, testing the quality of the structural model using the goodness of fit (GoF=0.524) was more significant than 0.36, which meant the quality of the structural model was very strong and significant. The transparency aspect had the most robust coefficient, which signals that everyone regarding the implementation of SOA funds in schools freely obtained the disclosure of financial and academic information. Other scholars can explore the role of the principal, teachers, and parents in making learning successful in schools by optimizing the use of SOA funds.


Constructivism is the metaethical position stating that although we cannot have direct access to moral facts, we can still come up with a set of principles that can be justified and that ought to be respected by individuals. The strength of these moral principles derives from the fact that they are the result of a procedure respecting certain desirable conditions. Constructivism concerns the methodology of political philosophy, being preoccupied with the process of generating and justifying moral principles. In this review article I present the main contentions of constructivism (focusing especially on the Kantian constructivism advanced by Rawls and Scanlon), describe its positioning on the realist–antirealist axis, and compare it with its main competitor in the field of metaethical views, intuitionism. I dedicate a separate section to the method of reflective equilibrium, which represents an important part of several metaethical accounts, be they constructivist, realist, or intuitionist. I show how reflective equilibrium represents the main instrument constructivists can employ in order to capture the appeal of relying on intuitions in moral theorizing, without leaning toward intuitionism. Toward the end of the article I present G. A. Cohen's (2003, 2008) criticism of constructivism. I focus on the replies Ronzoni and Valentini (2008), Hall (2013), de Maagt (2014, 2016) and Rossi (2016) give to Cohen, ending with a criticism of my own. key words: Constructivism, fact-sensitivity, intuitionism, realism and antirealism, reflective equilibrium


In the article the considered modern threats to informative safety of enterprise. On the basis of analysis of practical experience of organization of defence of interests of being subjects in charge in an informative sphere offered conceptual approach to determination of functions, tasks and organizational bases of functioning of subsections of informative safety of enterprises from positions of commons tasks of safety of business and providing of steady development of national economy.


Dutch reforms show how an expanded role for primary care can help ensure that healthcare systems continue to meet population needs, say Chris van Weel and colleagues


With the continuous development of information technology today, the subject of Chinese as a foreign language is constantly updating its own teaching mode. Especially during the COVID-19 epidemic, the Ministry of Education issued the notice of "no suspension of classes". The teaching mode has changed from offline teaching to online teaching. This article mainly analyzes the changes of the two Chinese teaching modes from "flipped classroom" to "online", and compares the two teaching modes. The research method mainly adopts literature analysis, PowerPoint and combines personal practical experience. The comparison reveals that the teaching environment is different, and that the "flipped classroom" mainly focuses on offline classroom teaching, while the "online" mainly focuses on various platforms. The teaching time, teaching methods, teaching materials and examination evaluation are all different. The purpose of this paper is to gain some inspiration for teaching Chinese as a foreign language "online" through the comparison of the two teaching modes.


Abstract : More than 20% of breast cancer patients detected by mammography are DCIS and this number keeps on increasing (1). Although DCIS is a non-invasive benign tumor, it is considered a precursor of malignant cancer. Therefore, understanding the molecular changes from normal cell to DCIS is of paramount importance and it is under intensive study. However, the exact mechanism of normal-DCIS transition is still not well understood. The purpose of this project is to identify specific microRNAs in tumor stem cells that are responsible for the formation of DCIS. The results of our microRNA array analysis for CSCs from normal and DCIS cells revealed that the expression of a series of microRNA are changed during the transition from normal to DCIS in CSCs. Particularly, we found that miR29a and miR29c function as suppressors of DCIS by blocking the expression of SREBP1, suggesting that modulation of these microRNAs in CSCs triggers the initiation of DCIS. Because the major target of miR29a and miR29c is SREBP, it is possible that this gene can be a potential candidate as a preventive drug for DCIS. Alternatively, the expression of miR29a and miR29C can be restored by a small molecule. It would be ideal if this can be accomplished with specific nutrition. However, this requires further investigation.


In this article, we take a step back to distill seven principles out of our experience in the spring of 2020, when our 12-person rapid-response team used skills of data science and beyond to help distribute Covid PPE. This process included tapping into domain knowledge of epidemiology and medical logistics chains, curating a relevant data repository, developing models for short-term county-level death forecasting in the US, and building a website for sharing visualization (an automated AI machine). The principles are described in the context of working with Response4Life, a then-new nonprofit organization, to illustrate their necessity. Many of these principles overlap with those in standard data-science teams, but an emphasis is put on dealing with problems that require rapid response, often resembling agile software development.


With China's more integration into the process of internationalization, the increasingly close international exchanges and cooperation have provided an unprecedented opportunity for the growth of the translation shop, and the development of the translation shop has provided an unprecedented opportunity for the cultivation of talents. Especially the training of English undergraduate applied translation talents puts forward higher requirements. An excellent translator should not only have good translation ability, but also be good at using new translation techniques to complete translation tasks more efficiently. According to the spirit of the syllabus of English majors in universities, translation course is to cultivate students' basic ability of writing translation, to conquer the translation abilities of English and Chinese words, long sentences and various styles, and to translate between English and Chinese. At the same time requires accurate and smooth translation of 250-300 words per hour. It has become the goal of more colleges and universities to train senior applied talents with solid English language foundation, skilled translation skills, broad basic theoretical knowledge of international business, good cultural literacy and strong cross-cultural communication skills, and skilled use of English in foreign affairs, trade, culture, education, news media, tourism and other departments engaged in management, translation, foreign trade, international business and foreign tourism. And the current translation course content, the question also can not be underestimated,. The classroom is monotonous, the skill training is not in place, the translation lesson suffers the student's neglect and the complaint. Therefore, this requires that the English undergraduate translation teaching should be synchronized with the society, change to the social and economic growth, actively explore the practice of computer-aided translation technology, and apply it properly to the English undergraduate translation teaching activities. Try to effectively change the traditional translation practice teaching mode and improve the teaching effect.


This article aims to study the mass transient diffusion in solids with a cylindrical shape. To this end, the one-dimensional diffusion equation was discretized using the finite volume method with a fully implicit formulation. The solution can be used to simulate diffusive processes and to determine thermophysical parameters via optimization techniques. The computational package developed was applied to study the thin-layer drying of peeled bananas. Three models were used to describe the drying process: (1) the volume V and the effective mass diffusivity D are considered constant; (2) variable V and constant D; (3) V and D are considered variable. For all models, the convective mass transfer coefficient h is considered constant. The statistical indicators show that for the two cases analyzed (low and high temperature), model 3 describes the drying process better than the other models.


This paper examines amplitude and phase methods for extracting position information from the position sensitive detector (PSD). Comparison of performance levels of both detection methods is performed under the same conditions employing a new, high performance electronic detection circuit, and independent, high resolution, reference position sensing system.


We recently have found that PDE5 protein expression is regulated by oxidative stress in the failing heart. Since increased superoxide anion can reduce nitric oxide bioavailability, the purpose of t...


The main functions of an aviation brake system are to slow the speed of the vehicle, to perform stable deceleration, and to hold the vehicle stationary after it stopped. They must perform safely under a variety of operating conditions such as slippery, wet and dry runways, full or light load of the vehicle, new or worn brake linings, novice or experienced pilot, etc. The experimental tests show that about 95% of friction energy is converted into thermal energy by plastic deformation of brake linings surface layers and other deformations. The friction materials temperature growth is caused by this energy transformation. The influence of braking temperature is very important to the tribology characteristics, durability and reliability of friction brakes. Landing Gear Department Laboratory performed many experimental tests on full-scale brakes and also on friction material samples. It was performed on the special laboratory test rigs. During the Anti Lock Braking system test, the Landing Gear Department Laboratory workers performed the brake linings temperature measurements. Author observed a positive influence of ABS system use on temperature curve. The aim of this article is to compare the test results of braking with ABS system applied to braking without ABS.


Purpose: The study sought to examine the feasibility of transdermal delivery of duloxetine hydrochloride from a nano-gel and in-vitro assessment of the gel to demonstrate improved solubility and drug absorption from in-vitro permeation studies using rat skin. Materials and Methods: Six formulas of amorphous duloxetine hydrochloride-loaded nanoparticle (NP) using eudragit RL 100 and Tween 80 as a stabilizer in the different ratios of ethanol by the solvent antisolvent technique. The physicochemical critiques of the amorphous duloxetine hydrochloride-loaded NP have completed the best formulation, NPF6, fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), particle size, and surface morphology analysis. The nano gel on produced using NPF6 in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and carbopol glycol 934 gelling solutions. Investigated the gel's mechanical and rheological characteristics and in-vitro permeation. Results: The chosen solvent-antisolvent precipitation technique might produce NP with desirable physicochemical characteristics. The particle size of the nanoparticle's two factors is regulated by solvent: antisolvent surfactant content and ratio. According to the findings of the FTIR investigation, the medication and excipients were compatible. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigation reveals the development of distinct asymmetric NPs. A comparative learning process and statistical analysis discovered that the best thermosensitive nanogel of amorphized duloxetine hydrochloride NPs with higher bioavailability features was carbopol glycol 934 gel. Conclusion: As an outcome, the previously described in-vitro assessment of in-place nano gel put an example of the invention's latent for increased solubility, patient compliance, and transdermal distribution of duloxetine hydrochloride.


The presented thesis deals with the multi-dimensional reconstruction of the earth's conductivity distribution based on DC resistivity data. This task represents a nonlinear and ill-posed minimization problem with many degrees of freedom. In this work, techniques for regularization and controlling of this problem are depicted and classified. Particularly, it is concentrated on explicit regularization types, which impose constraints onto the model. The system of equations as resulting from the application of the Gauss-Newton minimization can be solved efficiently. Furthermore, it is shown how the regularization strength can be controlled. The method of non-linear resolution analysis plays a central role in the thesis. It represents a powerful tool to estimate the quality of inversion results. Furthermore, the derived resolution measures provide the basis for the optimization of experimental design concerning information content and efficiency. Methods of error estimation, forward modeling and the calculation of the Jacobian matrix for DC resistivity data are developed. Procedures for appropriate parameterization and inversion control are pointed out by studies of synthetic models. Different inversion and regularization methods are examined in detail. A linearized study is used to compare different data sets considering their efficiency. Moreover, a triplegrid-technique for the incorporation of topography into three-dimensional inversion is presented. Finally the inversion methods are applied to field data. The depicted optimization strategies are realized in practice, which increases the economic relevance of threedimensional data acquisition. The structure of the subsurface is imaged in detail for several applications in the fields of cavity detection, archaeology and the investigation of ground falls. The resolution analysis is successfully established to appraise the obtained results.


Horn antenna is flaring of open end of the waveguide. It is most widely used antenna at UHF and at microwave range. These are widely used transmitting and receiving antenna in the laboratory. Horn antenna provides a gradual transition of EM energy to the free space and prevent reflection of energy. The horn antennas are not always of small size, the world's largest conical horn antenna is about 14 feet.In this review paper, various techniques of antenna have been proposed. This paper is a review for optimization of gain performance of an antenna. The different type of material has different effects on horn antenna. The Particle Swarm Optimization technique is also discussed here to optimize the results.


Education research plays fundamental,directional,leading,strategic and other functions.The differences in regional education and regional educational research urgent need to promote the development and innovation of regional education research.During 12th Five-Year Plan,regional education research takes medium and long term plan of national education reform and development as a guide,and combines with regional education situation in order to improve the level and quality of educational research,strengthen education research management and innovative mechanisms,grasp emphasis and advance comprehensively,invest more funds and strengthen transformation of education research achievements,take form the features and advantages of regional education research.


ABSTRACT The paper analyses the 1923 Belgrade Master Plan's preparation and implementation process, a significant moment in Belgrade's political and urban history when, after the First World War, the city lost its centuries-long border position, becoming the capital of a newly established extended country, the Kingdom SHS, later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The goal of government and city authorities was to create a representative national capital and overcome the city's existential and functional problems. Crucial to the process was the Association of Serbian Architects and Engineers' organization of an international competition in 1921–1922. Twenty-two projects were submitted, from Vienna, Paris, Budapest, Berlin, Zurich, Prague, etc. First prize was not awarded, but 18 were rewarded and purchased. These represented the basis for creating a final plan, supervised by G. P. Kovalevsky. The 1923 Master Plan introduced very innovative and modern approaches to solving the city's problems and improving residential areas, traffic, and greenery. The paper discusses the plan's realization, its extensive changes and partial implementation, which greatly influenced later city development. Despite obstacles, the plan initiated some important and progressive ideas whose impact was vital for the functional transformation of the city and its realization represents Belgrade's modern urban heritage.


In his 1976 dedication of the Connecticut College library, Kurt Vonnegut compared a library to a noodle factory, noting that in a society where many people do not really enjoy reading, "Noodles are okay. Libraries are okay. They are rather neutral good news." It was an indifference, however, that could be tolerated three decades ago when libraries still maintained primacy as central repositories of information. In contrast, in this era of existential crisis and as libraries scramble for "relevance," in face of a crisis of definition and mission, the urgent question then arises: "What new paradigms must be formulated to define the mission of the 21st-century library and delineate how that mission can better support both education and culture? Introduction "We are drowning in information but starved for knowledge." - John Naisbitt In his October 1, 1976 dedication of the new Shain Library at Connecticut College, Kurt Vonnegut compared a library to a noodle factory, noting that in a society where a majority of people did not particularly enjoy reading, "Noodles are okay. Libraries are okay. They are rather neutral good news" (1981, p. 162). While this indifference could be considered benign three decades ago when libraries still maintained primacy as central repositories of information, today, with information decentralized, or rather, centralized in cyberspace, libraries must now compete for attention, affection, and funding from a public grown increasingly distracted through a veritable tsunami of media that floods the public consciousness. For centuries, the relatively restricted nature of the printed word allowed the library to occupy a unique dual role in schools and society. First, it served as a central bank holding information and knowledge in its "vaults" which it could share and lend to the public, ideally in the creation of more information and knowledge. Second, the library served another equally if not more important role as a kind of civic temple which held knowledge as sacred. Like the printed word itself (or as it is known now, the "hard copy") the library was a singular, physical entity, a "brick and mortar" presence. Today, with the rise of cyber resources, the library's monopoly on information is broken; its physical presence not just bifurcated but infinitely divided. As libraries scramble for "relevance," seeking ever more exciting and up-to-the-minute ways to involve their communities, the question necessarily arises: What new paradigms should libraries adopt in order to retain significance? Now that libraries can no longer claim to be society's central bank of information, how will they engage the distracted imaginations of a public ever more reluctant to embrace the rigor of reading and thinking? Should libraries cater to the public's seemingly insatiable need for diversion and distraction, or should libraries hold fast to the aspirations and ideals of the library as a place devoted to learning and knowledge? Or, is it possible to create a model that leverages the library's primacy as a civic temple and knowledge center to create a new generation of deep thinkers? In formulating new paradigms for service, the consequences and costs must be weighed. Today's libraries must consider if the stillness of the "noodle factory" is the stillness of contemplation or the quiet of a tomb, and conversely, if the "factory," in attempting to lure new patrons, is becoming simply a glorified arcade-a boisterous place of bells and whistles and bright shiny packaging, where an "increased presence" does not necessarily translate into thoughtful activity or knowledge acquisition. A library empty of patrons will not survive; a library devoid of meaning and identity other than as one more portal in a sea of information is unlikely to survive, either. Moreover, this is not a dramatic overstatement, for it must be acknowledged that today's libraries face an existential crisis, with every decision playing out against an ominous backdrop. …


OBJECTIVES: Lymph node micro metastasis was investigated in gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA) patients without lymph node metastasis on routine pathological examination. The relationship between micrometastasis and clinicopathological features was also evaluated. METHODS: A total of 349 lymph nodes were obtained from 45 patients with GCA. Micrometastases were detected by immunohistochemical staining for the markers cytokeratin 19 (CK19) and CD44 variant 6 (CD44v6). RESULTS: A total of 33 lymph nodes (9.5%) from 15 patients (33.3%) were positive for CK19. Of these, 27 lymph nodes (7.7%) from 12 patients (26.7%) were also positive for CD44v6. Micrometastasis was significantly related to depth of tumour invasion and Lauren classification (intestinal or diffuse). The recurrence rate was significantly higher and 2-year survival rate significantly lower in patients with than in those without lymph node micrometastasis, showing the necessity of detecting micrometastasis in GCA patients who test negative for lymph node metastasis on routine examination. CONCLUSION: CK19 and CD44v6 were shown to be good markers for micrometastasis detection.


The water contents of individual cysts of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina, equilibrated at different relative vapor pressures of water, have been measured using tritiated water. These measured hydration levels compared favorably with those calculated from measurements on large populations of cysts using gravimetric methods. Therefore, studies of cyst hydration using large populations can be interpreted in terms of the behavior of individual cysts.


With respect to the fact that different attribute has different affluence on the distance between data points,a strategy to weight attributes when calculating distance was proposed. According to the strategy,categorical attributes were weighted based on the entropies while numerical ones based on standard deviations. When dealing with mixed attributes,a method was introduced to integrate the weights gained from categorical attributes and numerical ones. The proposed strategy makes the outliers more significant. Experiments on different kinds of data prove the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.


In this paper, new methods for smoothing gamma-ray spectra measured by NaI detector are derived. Least squares fitting method with B-spline basis functions is used to reduce the influence of statistical fluctuations. The derived procedures are simple and automatic. The results show that this method is better than traditional method with a more complete reduction of staistical fluctuation.


This article concentrates on raising a new issue rather than resolving existing issues. The system that produces, administers, and distributes knowledge-information is an important element in determining the form of expression of knowledge-information itself. The form of expressing knowledge-information determines the boundaries of the knowledge and becomes the domain to expand on the cause. Thus, a new form of expression befitting the digital medium of a new era is required that is different from the printed medium. In other words, it is necessary to define new concepts and structures of electronic texts as media for knowledge-information. This is an important matter that is directly related to more efficient production, manufacturing, administration, distribution, and usage of electronic texts. The structure of electronic texts could be an important research subject in humanities computing. This study broadly divides the structure of electronic texts into Microstructure, Macrostructure, and Superstructure, and then examines several issues with Macrostructure and Superstructure. First, the unit text in Macrostructure is discussed. Unit text is a more itemized than existing files known as information units. Unit texts can be dissolved or newly combined, depending on the user's requirement. The application and increased regenerative power of the texts due to such a characteristic can be maximized. Superstructure can be defined as the uppermost level of electronic texts wherein metadata is located preservation and joint ownership, search and application of information. This is composed of descriptive elements from various aspects of knowledge-information. The layout of Superstructure is an issue that must be based on the agreement of the professionals, but at the same time, should receive assistance from an academic department within an educational system such as humanities computing to go through various experiments and verifications. Thus, hasty approach should be avoided at all cost. This paper attempts to provide a foundation for studying Superstructure in the future by examining various technical elements of it. Digital culture has an inherent tendency to standardize. Moreover, the spirit of openness and sharing through standardization was a power of the first digital culture. But standardization can also mean uniformity and simplicity. Unit text proposed in this paper, however, is a concept that should assist in producing various transformed texts relatively easily. This will be the most fundamental concept in electronic texts in order to accommodate diverse thought and texts to their maximum.


In Uruguay, the efforts to reconstruct national historical statistics have focused on the production side (productive activities) providing confident estimations for a very long period, since 1870. However, little attention has being given to the demand components. Although some sporadic efforts have been made, systematic information of the expenditure components can only be found since 1955, published by the official national accounts system. This article aims at fulfilling this gap and brings a new historical series ross fixed investment apital stock ruguay of gross fixed investment, at current and constant prices, for the period 1870-1955 which are consistent with the information available from national accounts. In addition, new long-term series of gross capital stock, inventory investment, and capital prices are also provided. The sources and methodology are carefully detailed. To validate the estimations, the trajectories of the series are discussed within the national historical context, and comparisons with other variables are offered. © 2012 Asociación Española de Historia Económica. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights


Abstract Mansouri and Sexl (MS) presented a general framework for coordinate transformations between inertial frames, presupposing a preferred reference frame the space-time of which is isotropic. The relative velocity between inertial frames in the standard synchronization is shown to be determined by the first row of the transformation matrix based on the MS framework. Utilizing this fact, we investigate the relativistic velocity addition. To effectively deal with it, we employ a diagram of velocity that consists of nodes and arrows. Nodes, which are connected to each other by arrows with relative velocities, represent inertial frames. The velocity composition law of special relativity has been known to be inconsistent with the reciprocity principle of velocity, through the investigation of a simple case where the inertial frames of interest are connected via a single node. When they are connected through more than one node, many inconsistencies including the violation of the reciprocity principle are found, as the successive coordinate transformation is not reduced to a Lorentz transformation. These inconsistencies can be cured by introducing a reference node such that the velocity composition is made in conjunction with it. The reference node corresponds to the preferred frame. The relativistic velocity composition law has no inconsistencies under the uniqueness of the isotropic frame.


The implementation of eGovernment in the Public Sector has numerous advantages for government and business sectors. Interoperability is crucial to streamline the digital solutions of public administrations. To enhance the digital transformation and implementation of eGovernment and to contribute to both interoperable cross-border and cross-sector public services, civil servants should possess the necessary required digital skills and competencies to carry out this process. An important milestone for eGovernment services is the establishment of the Interoperability Academy, funded by the ISA2 Programme of the European Commission (EC). Interoperability Academy provides eLearning courses on advanced digital skills with a focus on interoperability. The study on the European Framework for Interoperability Skills and Competences in the public sector (EFISC) defines the knowledge, skills, attitudes and competencies that can favor interoperability and could support civil servants in increasing their capabilities in relation to interoperability and digital work. However, it remains uncertain whether and how public administrations would be able to integrate the required skills and competencies described in the framework. Hence, this article presents an ongoing research with the aim to propose a methodology for investigating the application and effectiveness of the EFISC framework in public sector via a case study. This practical case study will support civil servants in increasing their digital skills capabilities in relation to interoperability and ensure the high reusability potential of EFISC.


Standing at 542 pages and thirteen chapters, this book is a substantial monograph concerned with the interface between heritage and tourism. The overarching aim is to investigate and describe the 'ways in which tourists, managers, experts and politicians are moved to create, impart and remember a site's disparate meanings' (p. 9). Consequently, the author bypasses issues of local concerns but focuses on the commodification of these places from largely 'external' forces. To do this, Di Giovine first harnesses the conceptual vocabulary of Pierre Bourdieu to discuss heritage production and touristic production as fields where social actors and heritage actants contest and negotiate to craft, make sense of and bring about encounters with specific heritage places. Drawing upon a reading of history of the United Nations more generally and UNESCO specifically, through published UNESCO policy and operational documents, Di Giovine makes the bold and novel assertion that the World Heritage List is the direct consequence of the workings of what he calls 'the fields of heritage production' (p. 9). Along this intellectual trajectory, but moving outside the influence of a more unified global corpus of heritage experts and into a more entangled and porous landscape of tourism via his tour operator ethnography, Di Giovine seeks to highlight the messier and more contextualized consequences at tourism places resulting from the 'fields of touristic production' (p. 9). Central to Di Giovine's arguments is the concept of 'heritage-scape', which is foregrounded in the book. Essentially an imagined community, Di Govine's concept of the heritage-scape draws upon the works of Arjun Appadurai and cultural geographers, allowing him to achieve his broader aim of investigating the global placemaking endeavour of UNESCO. The concept also allows the author to highlight the work on and the work of World Heritage Sites. Using his position as a travel agency operator, Di Giovine's work is successful in bringing to the fore the contingent, negotiated and at times marginalising nature of World Heritage inscription and the mass tourism that happens in World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia. Of significance is his observation of the work of UNESCO beyond a designatory or list-making regime, and as a global ordering and placemaking process aimed at creating a peaceful transnational cultural utopia. What is less satisfactory is his analysis of UNESCO's actors, actants and actions. Relying almost exclusively on published UNESCO documents, Di Giovine presents a UNESCO that is rather singular and unified: one that appears to be free from internal lobbying and contestation. As such, the book appears to portray a more unilinear picture of a unified and 'powerful' international agency shaping conflicting and 'weaker' local heritage places. The book also suffers from inadequate engagement with existing works drawing upon similar poststructuralist concepts and looking at the same heritage places. For instance, William Logan's works on the changing landscapes of Southeast Asia in general and Tim Winter's work on


Aim: To evaluate the fracture resistance of veneered PEEK Inlay Retained Fixed Partial Dentures (IRFPDs) compared to those fabricated from monolithic zirconia. Materials and methods: Mandibular typodont with removed mandibular first molar was used to receive box inlay cavity preparation on mandibular second molar and second premolar. After tooth preparation, typodont was duplicated into fourteen epoxy models using silicone mold. Epoxy models were randomly divided into two equal groups (n= 7/group). Identical IRFPDs were fabricated from two different materials. For Group I (P/C): IRFPDs were fabricated from Bre. CAM BioHPP blanks and subsequently veneered with composite (Crea.lign). For Group II (MZ): IRFPDs were manufactured using industrially prefabricated monolithic zirconia blocks (Katana HTML). All IRFPDs were bonded to their corresponding epoxy models using adhesive resin cement (Theracem), and underwent thermal cycling (10,000 cycles). Fracture resistance testing was performed on the specimens using a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/ min. Fractured samples were examined using a digital-microscope, with 35x magnification power, to determine failure mode pattern . Results : It was found that MZ group recorded statistically significant higher fracture resistance mean value (1876.198±218.039 N) than P/C group (1282.572±160.154 N). Most failures of MZ group were cohesive in nature, where connector fracture was the predominant failure mode. In P/C group, all failures were adhesive in nature between PEEK framework and composite veneering. Conclusion: When compared to Zirconia, PEEK IRFPDs veneered with composite exhibited sufficient resistance to fracture.


This paper describes a control system architecture for cement milling that uses a control strategy that controls the feed flow based on Fuzzy Logic for adjusting the fresh feed. Control system architecture (CSA) consists of: a fuzzy controller, Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) and an OPC (Object Linking Embedded for Process Control) server. The paper presents how a fuzzy controller for a cement mill is designed by defining its structure using Fuzzy Inference System Editor [1]. Also,  the paper illustrates the structure of the implemented control system together with the developed PLC program and its simulation. Finally, the dynamic behavior of the cement mill is simulated using a MATLAB-Simulink scheme and some simulation results are presented.


The purpose of this article is to investigate how the current China-Africa relations integrate the Political Economy of the World-System. The paper starts by explaining the theoretical framework of the research, the World-systems theory. Upon examination of the current economic and trade relationship between China and Africa, the research assessed two


The aim of the project is to demonstrate the role of extracellular DNA in the transfer of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through transformation and conjugation using E. coli and C. difficile as model organisms. We are employing and modifiying our in vitro gut fermentation model as a representative environment for the pig gut.


Background In the last two decades, a new phenotype termed Sarcopenic Obesity (SO), in which sarcopenia and obesity coexist, has emerged. Objective The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was first to assess the prevalence of Metabolic syndrome (Mets) among individuals with and without SO, and second, to determine if SO may increase the relative risk of Mets. Methods This study was conducted in adherence to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and the data were collated by means of meta-analysis and narrative synthesis. Results Twelve studies including a total of 11,308 adults with overweight or obesity of both genders met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed, revealing two main findings. First, a similar overall prevalence of Mets in individuals with SO (61.49%; 95% CI: 52.19-70.40) when compared to those without SO (56.74%; 95% CI: 47.32-65.93) was identified. Second, the presence of SO appears not to increase the risk of Mets with respect to those without SO (RR = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.99-1.17, p = 0.07). Conclusion No higher prevalence of Mets among individuals with SO when compared to those with obesity only, nor a significant association between SO and a higher risk of Mets was found.


A 2/sup nd/ order multi-level /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ A/D converter for low-power multi-standard wireless receivers, in a single-poly 0.13 /spl mu/m digital CMOS process, has 79/50 dB dynamic range for GSM/WCDMA. The 0.2 mm/sup 2/ chip consumes 2.4/2.9 mW at 1.5 V.


In article attempts to consider the originality in diaries of G.A. Leonov. Emphasizes universalism the structure of the diaries, synthesis of scientific and personal nature of the perception of fact.


Software engineering research rarely impacts practitioners in the field. A desire to facilitate transfer alone is not sufficient to bridge the gap between research and practice. Fields from medicine to education have acknowledged a similar challenge over the past 25 years. An empirical approach to the translation of research into evidence-based practice has emerged from the resulting discussion. Implementation science has fundamentally changed the way that biomedical research is conducted, and has revolutionized the daily practice of doctors, social workers, epidemiologists, early childhood educators, and more. In this talk we will explore the methods, frameworks, and practices of implementation science and their application to novel disciplines, including software engineering research. We will close by proposing some directions for future software engineering research to facilitate transfer.


A new and prospective process for coal carbonization has been described. Radiant heat is used as the heating source to achieve high speed thermal decomposition of coal at high temperature.Products obtained by this process are more valuable than that of the ordinary carbonization. As for example, when brown coals from Shulan are thermally decomposed in this radiant-type oven at 850℃, the following products are obtained, viz. coal gas (heating value 4000 kcal/M~3), 570 M~3/t. coal (d.a.f.); unsaturated hydrocarbons in gas, 30 M~3/t. coal (d.a.f.); crude benzol 2.7%, and coal tar 8% of coal (d.a.f.). In the crude benzol there are more than 90% aromatics, in which the ratio of benzene and toluene is 3:1. The conversion of coal into volatile matter is 8% more than the volatile matter in the coal used, and in the coke breeze the volatile matter remained is still 10% or more. The reactivity of the coke breeze is very high and may be used for gasification or as fuel.When the stream of coal particles passes through the radiant-type oven, its temperature can be raised promptly to about 900℃ in a time within two seconds. For every M~2 of heating surface, 100 kg of coal particles may be treated per one hour in this type of oven.


6 cows with evident syndrome of sway back from the areas of copper deficiency were selected and metallothionein was isolated from hepatic sample by differential centrifugation and purified by Sephadex-G75 gel column chromatography to clarify the metabolic features of metallothionein in liver of cows with copper deficiency. The concentrations of protein,-SH and absorption value of A216,A260 and flourence in the fraction of Sephadex-G75 chromatography were determined while the specimens of liver were collected as control from 6 clinically healthy cows. The results showed that the contents of protein in the fraction of the first peak were significantly lower than that of control group while those in second and third one were more higher in comparision with that of control group. Similar results were found while determining the content of the -SH. The absorption features of A216,A260 and flourence in the fraction from morbid cows were manifested by the obvious appearance of the second and third peak and the value of the two peaks was higher than that from healthy ones, conclusion : copper deficiency could change the metabolism of MT in the liver of cows with copper deficiency.


In a recent paper, Chang et al. proposed an authentication scheme for E-coupon systems and proved that their scheme can prevent a range of attacks. In this paper, we reanalyze the Chang et al.' scheme and demonstrate that it cannot resist off-line password attack, masquerading shop attack and masquerading customer attack. Moreover, it cannot achieve two security properties that is anonymity and traceability. Meanwhile, Lee proposed an efficient chaotic maps-based authentication and key agreement scheme using smartcards for telecare medicine information systems. In the scheme, we find it also cannot resist off-line password attack, masquerading attack. Unfortunately, it resists an deadly error. So the scheme cannot run.


The results of experimental and clinical study on pharmacological properties of new compounds representing tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium salts (TES) of arylheteroacetic acids - in particular, tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium-2-methyl-phenoxyacetate (trecrezane) - are summarized. Trecrezane exhibits a modulating action on the immunity and hemopoiesis and offers a promising approach to immune correction for the treatment of immune deficiency and autoimmune disorders. Recovery of the proliferative activity of the early precursors of erythropoiesis with the aid of trecrezane (experimental model) leads to the normalization of immunity and hemopoiesis. A method involving trecrezane administration has been developed for the complex treatment of acute viral hepatitis B as well as hepatitis A and B complicated by occupational anamnesis. Trecrezane has been also successfully applied for the complex treatment of ischemic heart disease and multiple sclerosis. Trecrezane stimulates the regeneration of hepatocytes during partial hepatectomy and acts as an effective adjuvant in the complex therapy of tuberculosis. Trecrezane analogs (TES) show antitumor, protective, and adaptive activity, increase the resistance of animals to oxygen insufficiency and to poisoning with heavy metal salts and organophosphorus compounds, and improve the endurance of animals under physical load and emotional stress conditions.


Paul in Sons and Lovers is considered by some feminist critics to be a destroyer of women, yet the real destroyer in the novel is the seemingly helpless Mrs. Morel.


The Voice 21: Improving oracy intervention funded by the Education Endowment Foundation (EEF) was focused upon improving the quality of classroom dialogue at the Y7 level. It has four key elements: (i) an oracy curriculum, which includes dedicated oracy lessons and strategies for building oracy in regular school lessons; (ii) a training package for school staff; (iii) strategies to build a whole-school oracy culture, including building oracy into assemblies and parents' evenings, and (iv) an oracy assessment tool, which helps teachers to identify specific speaking and listening skills. Past research focussed upon oracy has established that oracy can lead to school age students achieving substantially improved skills in maths, science, and reasoning. This study attempts to develop an understanding of how vulnerable students were thought about and engaged with in a school that had recently completed the EEF intervention. Five teachers were interviewed and asked about their experiences of working with students perceived as challenging or worrying before and after the intervention, and about the possible impact of the intervention on relationships among students and teachers in the school. A social constructivist epistemological position was adopted and a grounded theory methodology was used. Teachers reported that students developed skills in listening and relating to other students, which contributed to improved relations among students. Teachers also reflected that the intervention offered them the space to develop more trusting and close relationships with students. Oracy was described as serving students who were challenging or worrying by helping teachers to identify students with language difficulties, by giving students who attracted negative attention opportunities to participate positively in school and by offering students who were otherwise socially vulnerable tools to present their ideas, and a platform from which to influence the school culture.


Much that we accept as settled fact in medicine has been received from so-called authorities, and we daily put up with the annoyances and inconveniences of imperfect means or instruments for lack of the time or disposition to seek out better. Since the time of Donders, atropin has been the chief reliance of ophthalmologists as a cycloplegic, but its obvious failure as an ideal substance for this use has led many investigators to look afield for a better. As a result we now have atropin, homatropin, scopolamin, duboisin, hyoscyamin and hyoscin contending for the chief place, while cocain, ephedrin, euphthalmin, etc., divide the honors as mydriatics. An ideal cycloplegic should possess the following characteristics: 1. First of all, it must be safe. 2. It must be sure. 3. Its effects must be of short duration. I am assuming that we are using the drug for refraction purposes only. 4. It


Using video-conference-based telerehabilitation technology to provide valid wheelchair assessment results can be a difficult task for occupational therapists (OT) due to the necessity of working on a 3D task within a 2D video-based screen. New virtual reality (VR) technology could improve this process by providing a real-time, 3D representation of the client and their wheelchair that can be remotely manipulated by the rehabilitation specialist. This pilot study examined the potential of combining the Zaxel Virtual Viewpoint/spl trade/ System (ZaxelVV) with the TightVNC application sharing software as a mean to improve visualization during an online wheelchair assessment. Following evaluation by two OT's, the current system was found to be appropriate for assessing overall posture in the wheelchair and wheeling hand position while a series of recommendations were also made before such a system could be used clinically. We also discuss the advantages and potential of the 3D approach including the possibilities for 3D measurements as well as automated assessments by a virtual therapist.


The influence of the adiabatic-magnetic-field distribution at the entrance of wiggler on the output power,gain,and efficiency in a free- electron laser is investigated in teams of nonlinear simulation. The results show that the distribution f(ic,"z)= (1c,,,z/2aR.,)3 is better and closer to the measured data than both f(ky,z)=sin2(k"z/41•1,) and f(lc,,z)= (ky,z/2aNw) 2 • It is well known that the initial states of electrons in the interaction region of wiggler in a free-electron laser depend on the adiabatic- magnetic-field distribution. Previously ,a sine-squared adiabatic-magnetic-field distribution is usually used ,and the corresponding three- dimensional wiggler field Ell is


Background: Hyaluronic acid dermal fillers are effective in correcting severe nasolabial folds (NLFs) in non-Asian populations. We assessed safety and effectiveness of Juvéderm Ultra Plus in a Chinese population. Methods: This double-blind study randomized Chinese subjects with severe NLFs to Juvéderm Ultra Plus (24 mg/mL) in 1 NLF and Restylane injectable gel (20 mg/mL) in the other NLF. NLFs were evaluated using the validated 5-point photonumeric Allergan NLF Severity Scale (0 is "no wrinkle" and 4 is "very deep wrinkle"). Investigator-assessed responder rates (primary outcome at 6 months), NLF mean improvements, and subject-assessed responder rates and preference were assessed. Results: Of 124 subjects randomized, 122 completed the 6-month visit. NLFs treated with Juvéderm Ultra Plus required less volume than those treated with Restylane (median [range]: 0.80 [0.3–2.0] vs 1.00 [0.3–1.9]; P<0.001). Investigator-assessed responder rates were 90.4% for Juvéderm Ultra Plus and 89.6% for Restylane, establishing noninferiority of Juvéderm Ultra Plus. Mean (SD) improvements in NLF Severity Scale scores from baseline at 6 months were 1.5 (0.75) for Juvéderm Ultra Plus and 1.6 (0.73) for Restylane. Subject-assessed responder rates were similar to investigator-assessed rates (87.3%, Juvéderm Ultra Plus; 83.9%, Restylane). Of subjects reporting a preference, 62.1% preferred Juvéderm Ultra Plus. The most common treatment site responses were swelling and tenderness; most were mild or moderate in severity and resolved without intervention. Juvéderm Ultra Plus had fewer severe treatment site responses than Restylane. Conclusion: In this study in Chinese subjects, Juvéderm Ultra Plus was safe and effective for correcting severe NLFs.


This book is a supplement to any management or organizational behavior text. Organized around the four functions of management, this text brings the principles of planning, organizing, leading, controlling, and human resources to life through articles and analyses.


Abstract In her scholarship on pedagogy, Gloria Ladson-Billings describes COVID-19 as a call to re-set education using a more culturally relevant pedagogy. As ballet teachers and researchers working in higher education and pre-professional settings, we teach a form of dance often associated with the characteristics of white supremacy. Through this collaborative institutional ethnography, we generated methods for posing questions, critiquing choices, and imagining alternatives to create more equitable educational settings. We connect the process of addressing and challenging systemic exclusions in ballet with tangible steps toward creating more inclusive classes and performances that value the joy and pleasure in moving.


This article shows some classic encryption methods like Caesar and Vigenere ciphers. This article also shows some basic and modern crypto-analysis techniques based on information theory and statistics. These crypto-analysis techniques can also be used on other encryption methods if the same weaknesses are present. For this reason it is useful to know these crypto-analysis techniques when designing new cryptographic algorithms.


Estuaries and other sheltered, coastal environments are common locations for centres of human population and associated facilities. These areas are also often characterised by important intertidal habitats that support large populations of sediment-dwelling animals and the birds that feed upon them. Such areas are generally protected under national, European or international nature conservation legislation and agreements. Proposed developments that involve loss of or alteration to intertidal habitats must, therefore, give careful consideration to impacts on the associated faunal communities. At present, the ability to make quantitative predictions of how habitats and their faunal communities will change in response to physical changes in an estuary is limited. This paper describes two ecological models that predict such responses. Long-term monitoring data from the Humber Estuary (UK) were used to identify the distributions of key habitat types and invertebrate communities. Multivariate statistical methods were then used to identify key physical parameters that describe the variation in the distribution of these habitats and communities. A rule-based model was developed using a decision tree algorithm to predict changes in the distribution and occurrence of habitats and associated faunal communities using the strength of their association with the physical environment. The resulting predicted patterns were well correlated with observed data for the estuary. The same sets of rules were then applied to predict the changes that would occur in response to changes in the physical environment (predictor variables) following long-term natural changes in the morphology and hydrodynamics of the estuary. Such ecological models have the potential to make a significant contribution to the sustainable management of estuaries.


The article focuses on the ways and mechanisms clausal substitution in English works, thoroughly analysing said cohesive relation along with some of its most typical instances. As the three environments in which clausal substitution exists are report, condition and modality, these are also explicitly defined. Bearing in mind that the English sentences containing clausal substitutes demonstrate the most typical instances of clausal substitution, the study is based on English literary texts which are translated into Bulgarian. Each sentence has several variants of translation: the original published version of the book in Bulgarian as well as the possible variants provided by the author, thus showing the various elements and devices corresponding to English clausal substitutes. The most representative ones are, in turn, analysed and categorized. As a result, the article also describes and discusses the different means through which cohesion is rendered in Bulgarian.


The dependence of the quantities rotational moment upon the size and cross-sectional NiTi wires at the beginning tooth rotation process. A comparison of experimental data with theoretical values. Registered values of the relaxation phenomenon rotational moment in time.


Oncological treatment results in a series of major adverse effects, local and systemic, depending on the type of treatment – surgery, radiotherapy (RT), chemotherapy (CT) or a combination of those. Chemotherapy acts mainly systemically, but drugs used during treatment are eliminated through the urinary tract, often unmetabolized, and come in direct contact with the epithelium of the bladder, ureters and urethra. Pelvic radiotherapy, even though targeted at the uterus or cervix, influences the adjacent organs. Radical hysterectomy aims at removing only affected parts of the urogenital tract, but nearby tissues, nerves and blood vessels can be damaged during surgery. They all result in some form of temporary or permanent lower urinary tract dysfunctions. They vary in type and severity and are becoming increasingly more manageable and preventable through recent advancements in targeted chemotherapy, more precise radiotherapy and more selective surgery. More consideration is recently put not only into developing more effective forms of treatment, but also into improving the quality of life for oncological patients during and after therapy. Recent advancements and discoveries in this field are discussed in the following article.


Extracting the diaphragmatic electromyogram (EMG) signal is the key to manufacture the breathing machine in synchrony with patient. However, the diaphragmatic EMG signal is immerged in the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal. The mixed signals composed of EMG signal and ECG signal are obtained from the platform of EMG signal acquisition. Hence, extracting the diaphragmatic EMG signal perfectly is a difficult work. This paper employs three filters which are matched filter, adaptive filter, and mathematical morphology filter to extract the EMG signal respectively. Furthermore, we compare and analyze the performances of them in extracting the EMG signal and then discuss the advantages and disadvantages, which is convenient for us to choose the best one in application.


Dealing with varicella often causes doubts to general practitioners and pediatricians. In this article the author summaries guidelines based on solid evidence to treat varicella and prevent the disease in susceptible contacts in different clinical scenarios and presents his personal point of view in those controversial aspects commonly resolved by the authorized opinion of experts.


This paper describes a novel approach for incremental symbolization and classification of observed human motion. The acquired symbols can be used for both subsequent motion recognition and generation. The resulting representation is a tree structure with the symbol at each node corresponding to its abstraction level.


Based on observations in captive animals and sonagraphic analysis a description of acoustic signals in Lynx lynx and L. rufus is presented. Both species have the same signal types; very probably these are common to all species of the genus Lynx. Quantitative differences exist in certain structural characteristics of some vocalizations of lynx and rufus, like in the pitch of their mews. Their acoustic repertoire includes about 10 to 12 signal types, a repertoire size corresponding to that of other Felidae and species in other families of the terrestrial Carnivora. According to signal type and structural dimension, the extent of variability within the three basic structural dimensions (amplitude, frequency, time) is different in the various signal types. In some types quantitative differences in certain structural parameters differentiate functionally separate signals. In respect of signal types present and their structural characteristics the acoustic repertoire of the genus Lynx shows probable synapomorphies with that of species in the genus Felis s. 1. No synapomorphic characters are shared with the acoustic repertoire of species in the genus Panthera.


Spent hens and whey are major byproducts of poultry and dairy industry, respectively. Chicken soup (control) and chicken-whey soup were prepared by using the bony cuts of neck, back and wings (NBW) of spent hens at preselected level of 20% (w/w) in water and whey respectively, packaged aerobically in laminated pouches and stored at 4±1°C. Both chicken soup and chicken-whey soup were acceptable upto 6 days thereafter the products got spoiled mainly due to the development of putrefactive smell and acidic taste. There was decrease in the contents of fat, protein, ash and total solids as well as pH but increase in thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value, titratable acidity, total plate count, enterobacteriaceae count and yeast and mold count in both the products during storage. Average scores for colour and appearance, flavour, consistency, meat flavour intensity and overall palatability of the products also decreased during storage.


There is no general agreement about the meaning of the word 'palsa'. Usage and recent suggested definitions indicate that the word is chiefly used for cryogenic mounds covered by peat that were formed by an accumulation of segregation ice in the discontinuous permafrost zone. Lithalsas are similar mounds, but without any peat cover. The thickness of aggradation ice on the top of lithalsas can be considerable. Use of development and decay palsas as indicators of climatic change is difficult. The climatic conditions in which lithalsas form are much more restricted than those for palsas and, as a consequence, regions where lithalsas exist are rather rare. After melting, lithalsas leave ramparted depressions; the mass movements on the peaty slopes of palsas are less propitious to the formation of ramparts. Some of the pingo remnants described in western Europe are, more accurately, lithalsa traces.


Abstract In 1947 I. E. Segal proved that to each non-degenerate ~ -representation R of L1 (= L1 (G) for a compact group G) with representation space , there corresponds a continuous unitary representation W of G, also with representation space , which satisfies for each fL1 and hk . This was extended to Lp,1 p < , in 1970 by E. Hewitt and K. A. Ross. We now generalize this result to any symmetric homogeneous convolution Banach alebra of pseudomeasures on G. Further we prove that the correspondence preserves irreduibility.


F‐ specific ion channels of the newly discovered "Fluc" family act as F‐ exporters protect many microorganisms from the toxic effects of this environmentally pervasive halide. The channel is constructed as an four‐TM helix dual‐topology homodimer, in which the two subunits adopt antiparallel orientation within the membrane. We previously used fibronectin domain‐based "monobodies" selected by phage display methods to establish this unusual membrane architecture, showing that these small proteins block single Fluc channels from either side of the membrane. We now ask whether the two blocking sites on opposite sides of the membrane can both be occupied simultaneously by monobodies. Our analysis examines the dependence of single‐channel block‐times as a function of monobody concentration varied symmetrically on the two sides of the channel. If both sides can be blocked symmetrically, a linear blocking scheme should be followed: Open ‐‐‐‐ Block(1) ‐‐‐‐Block(2),


Major changes in the technology and economic organisation of Indian agriculture have had far‐reaching effects on other aspects of social life. A critical area of neglected research has been the effect that the changing technology and accompanying social relations of production have had on women's role in agricultural production and on gender relations. Research carried out in a village in North India concretises general statistical trends affecting the lives of Indian women under capitalist development. Female participation in production activities mirrors their caste and class positions. Differential participation directly affects, and is intimately related to, other aspects of women's lives. The article also discusses some of the major contradictions for women's status stemming from the transformation of agrarian relations.


A histological classification and grading of malignancy was evaluated on the initial biopsy specimens from 38 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lower gum in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Kyoto University Hospital during the past 20 years.Malignancy points were investigated by means of Willen's method and the materials were classified into three groups; low malignant group (<14), moderate malignant group (14≤, ≤16) and high malignant group (16<).The low malignant group patients showed a cumulative five years survival rate of 41.3%, on the other hand, lower survival rate was found in the high malignant group, with a cumulative five years survival rate of 22.2%.This study suggested the positive relationship between a histological grading of malignancy and the clinical course in gingival cancer patient.


The paper presents results for a class of 2×2 systems of nonlinear hyperbolic PDEs on a 1-D bounded domain, inspired by second-order traffic flow models. The model consists of two first-order hyperbolic PDEs with a dynamic boundary condition that involves the time derivative of the velocity. The developed model has features that are important from a traffic-theoretic point of view: is completely anisotropic and information travels forward exactly at the same speed as traffic. It is shown that, for all physically meaningful initial conditions, the model admits a globally defined, unique, classical solution that remains positive and bounded for all times. Furthermore, a nonlinear, explicit boundary feedback law is developed, which achieves global stabilization of arbitrary equilibria. The stabilizing feedback law depends only on the inlet velocity and consequently, the measurement requirements for the implementation of the proposed boundary feedback law are minimal. The efficiency of the proposed boundary feedback law is demonstrated by means of a numerical example.


Summary The article deals with the phonetic and orthographic adaptation of Latin terms in English clinical terminology in the context of Latin terminological competence formation of foreign medical students with English as the language of instruction. About 8,000 of the most common clinical terms selected from various lexicographic English sources have been studied on the basis of etymological and comparative approaches to demonstrate the grade of inconsistency in the reflection of Latin terms in modern English medical terminology. The quantitative analysis allowed us to determine and classify the main tendencies in the process of phonetic and orthographic development of Latin terms: (1) imitation of classical Latin spelling; (2) 'simplification' of classical Latin spelling; (3) syncretism of the first and second tendencies (parallel use of classical Latin and 'simplified' variants as synonyms). The analysis has also identified in some cases the phenomenon of 'hypercorrectness'. The lack of a unified norm is reflected in all the analyzed reference sources, complicating the lexicographic description of medical terms as well as the process of teaching / learning the medical terminology. The proposed solution is to develop and implement some unified criteria for phonetic and orthographic adaptation of Latin terms in English. The possible ways to solve the problem are either to adhere to the etymological principle, returning ad fontes of medical terminology, and to use only non-monophthongized and non-simplified forms or to use monophthongized and phonetically and graphically simplified forms following the norms of modern English. Consistent adherence to one system of rules for the development of Latin terms is a needed requirement for the proper formation of terminological competence in medical students and correct use of terminology in their further professional activity.


Introduction Junior students making the transition from pre-clinical to clinical years often struggle to integrate into ward teams during ward-round activities. The SimRound is a novel approach to facilitate embedding of junior medical students into incumbent ward teams through simulation rounds specially designed to replicate actual ward-round proceedings. Using the situated learning and cognitive load theories, this study aims to describe the rationale, processes and lessons learnt from our experience in developing the SimRound.


Innovation is indispensable for the survival and development of contemporary enterprises, Innovation require good enterprise environment. In Chinese enterprises ,great emphasis should be put on building humanism and innovation inspiring environment


Significance The fraction of fixed carbon allocated belowground in terrestrial ecosystems is the most uncertain component of global carbon cycle assessments. Here we present a novel approach to determining global quantification of belowground productivity, which is estimated at 24.7 Pg y−1 and accounts for 46% of terrestrial carbon fixation. Carbon allocated belowground has a longer residence than its aboveground counterpart, playing a key role in long-term carbon storage. Total belowground productivity increases with precipitation, but the rate of increase decreases from arid to humid ecosystems. The fraction of total fixed carbon entering the soil decreases with precipitation and varies significantly among biomes. These results are indicative of the possible impacts of climate and land use changes on the global carbon cycle. Carbon allocated underground through belowground net primary production represents the main input to soil organic carbon. This is of significant importance, because soil organic carbon is the third-largest carbon stock after oceanic and geological pools. However, drivers and controls of belowground productivity and the fraction of total carbon fixation allocated belowground remain uncertain. Here we estimate global belowground net primary productivity as the difference between satellite-based total net primary productivity and field observations of aboveground net primary production and assess climatic controls among biomes. On average, belowground carbon productivity is estimated as 24.7 Pg y−1, accounting for 46% of total terrestrial carbon fixation. Across biomes, belowground productivity increases with mean annual precipitation, although the rate of increase diminishes with increasing precipitation. The fraction of total net productivity allocated belowground exceeds 50% in a large fraction of terrestrial ecosystems and decreases from arid to humid ecosystems. This work adds to our understanding of the belowground carbon productivity response to climate change and provides a comprehensive global quantification of root/belowground productivity that will aid the budgeting and modeling of the global carbon cycle.


Rifampicin pharmacokinetics was evaluated in patients with newly diagnosed, untreated pulmonary tuberculosis after a single oral dose of 300 mg rifampicin. Pharmacokinetic data in healthy volunteers were measured after oral administration of a single-dose, 2x150 mg tablets, in a randomized, two-treatments, two-periods, two-sequences cross-over bioequivalence study. Both experiments were performed in fasting conditions. Within 24 hours after drug administration, 11 blood samples were collected and analysed by a validated HPLC method. Non-compartmental analysis and compartmental modelling were performed by means of Kinetica software, version 3.1. Comparisons of the performances of compartmental models were established using Akaike and Schwarz criteria. Significance of differences between values of criteria was tested using F-test. Since the two compared formulations (reference and tested drug) proved to be bioequivalent in healthy subjects, pooling both sets of individual curves in a single "healthy subjects" set was considered justified. Curves corresponding to patients were uniformly distributed within a wide concentration range, proving a significant inter-subject variability. Visual examination of the set of revealed a division into two clusters, one with maximum concentrations between 0.5 μg/ml and 1 μg/ml and another with maximum concentrations in the 2 μg/ml – 5 μg/ml range. Curves corresponding to healthy subjects appeared to be approximately normally distributed with a tail toward high concentrations. Comparison of pharmacokinetic parameters revealed a series of significant differences between healthy subjects and patients. Cmax and areas under curve remained less than half for patients in comparison with healthy subjects. Pharmacokinetic model which described the evolution of plasma levels of both healthy subjects and patients was the monocompartmental one. Fitting of the experimental data by means of the selected model appeared to be very good for healthy subjects. In the case of tuberculosis patients, fitting failed to describe the final part of the concentration-time curve, the elimination being slower than predicted by the model. Examination of mean curves allowed a more refined analysis of the differences between plasma level curves of patients and healthy subjects. Final parts of mean curves (12 h – 24 h) for healthy subjects and patients were practically superposed. Differences appeared in the time interval from Tmax and 12 hours, following differences in distribution and metabolization phases. In conclusion suggests the necessity of increasing doses at the beginning of treatment, until


Ebola virus (EBOV) is a non-segmented enveloped RNA virus. It has seven structural proteins and three non-structural proteins (∆-peptide, ssGP and sGP). Structural proteins include viral proteins (VP24, VP30, VP35, and VP40), glycoprotein(GP), nucleoprotein(NP) and RNA polymerase L. The functions of structural proteins range from replication, transcription and maintenance of the structural stability of EBOV. VP24 and VP35 are well known for suppressing host interferon (IFN) response systems. There are no approved treatments for Ebola virus disease (EVD). However, several virus vectored vaccines aimed at inducing B and T cell immunity against GP and NP are currently under development or undergoing clinical trials. Unlike virus vectored vaccines, virus like particle (VLP) based vaccines have been developed to elicit immunity against GP, NP, and VP40. They can also be engineered to include VP24 and VP35. Several compounds such as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs), c3-NpcA, peptides, NSC629, E64, compound 3.47, compound 7, CA074, and Ca-c3 Ado that target different stages of the EBOV replication cycle have been found to be effective. Other compounds such as recombinant Review Article Munjita and Kwenda; BMRJ, 8(3): 457-479, 2015; Article no.BMRJ.2015.138 458 nematode anticoagulant protein c2 (rNAPc2) and Recombinant human activated protein C (rhAPC) have been designed to reduce coagulopathies seen in late stages of EVD. Cocktails of neutralising monoclonal antibodies are also effective against EBOV alone or in combination with IFNs. Therefore, this review discusses the structure and mechanism of action of EBOV proteins, current promising therapeutics and vaccines against EBOV, and different ways of improving their efficacy.