The OECD's Development Assistance Committee (DAC) has compiled foreign aid statistics since the 1960s, and it invented the concept of Official Development Assistance (ODA) in 1969. For decades, ODA data were on actual flows, the DAC having rejected suggestions commencing in 1963 to instead focus on flows' "grant equivalents". But in 2014 the DAC decided, from 2018, to switch ODA loan reporting to "grant equivalents" using unrealistic parameters that exaggerated donors' fiscal effort. In 2016 it decided to abandon the requirement that all ODA transactions be concessional. By 2018, having failed to agree grant equivalent methodology for equity investments, loans to the private sector, and debt relief, it decided to maintain reporting of these on a flow basis. ODA therefore now mixes flows and grant equivalents, which are incommensurable statistical quantities, and embodies other contradictions and anomalies. This paper examines the degradation of the ODA measure and identifies general lessons for statistical development exercises and quality control efforts. INTRODUCTION – FOREIGN AID STATISTICS Institutional framework Since 1961, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has compiled statistics on foreign aid and other resource flows to developing countries, based on information supplied on a questionnaire completed by the members of its Development Assistance Committee (DAC), and some other aid providers (OECD, 2011). Of the 37 OECD member countries, 30 are also DAC Members. The EU is a full member of the DAC, although it is not a member of the OECD. In 1968, the DAC created an Ad Hoc Group on Statistical Problems, which after several changes of name and status is now known as the DAC Working Party on Development Finance Statistics (WP-STAT). The WP-STAT consists mainly of the senior statisticians in each DAC member country who compile and submit statistics to the DAC. It is the main forum for discussing changes to statistical rules and procedures, although on all important matters it can only make recommendations for decision by the DAC itself. The DAC consists mainly of diplomats posted to the OECD for two to four years, who may also have to represent their countries' positions on several other OECD committees dealing


Dynamic Headlamp Cornering is technology which has been discovering as early as year 1948 by Tucker Corporation. It functions with the way main light position vehicle is dependent to angle steering wheel rotation when stated vehicle enter something corner. Producing this model is to teaching and learning process require several processes namely seeking information, determine early specification, preparing assessment, decision, design using CATIA V5 R10 software, design electrical circuit,doing simulation using MATLAB software. Comparison between graphs achieved of simulation with graph of showed some difference of form aspect graph. Besides, I also had to choose the best mechanism for the headlamp movement. the mechanism 1 was
choose because of it suit with the criteria that I wanted.


The goal of this project is the design of a control system that will make operation of the vehicle intuitive and efficient in both ground and air mode. Using relevant precedents and specific functional and regulatory requirements, this project covers the design of a dual-use pedal user interface control system for use in the Transition roadable aircraft concept in development by Terrafugia, Inc®, in Woburn, Massachusetts. The project includes construction of a mock-up as a proof of concept and for use in further development. Thesis Supervisor: J. Kim Vandiver Title: Dean for Undergraduate Research


The invention inorganic metal hybrid material and relates to an organic insulator composition comprising the same, and the material is not only excellent in adhesion to the solubility and the substrate for the organic solvent and monomers, alone or by a high dielectric constant and high degree of crosslinking in the form of a composition containing them it can be applied to various electronic devices which require wet processing. Inorganic metal hybrid material, the organic insulator, the dielectric constant, the organic thin film transistor


In the past decade, there has been a rapid development in perovskite solar cells, and their highest device efficiency has reached 25.7%. But their poor stability is still one of the critical factors hindering commercialization. Compared with 3D‐structured perovskites, 2D perovskites have better structural stability especially 2D Dion−Jacobson (D–J) perovskites. However, their degradation mechanism under light is not clear. Herein, the changes in the absorption spectra of D–J perovskites (PDA(FA)n−1PbnI3n−1) under continuous light illumination (100 mW cm−2) are investigated. The absorption spectra of D–J perovskites with different n values change in different degrees after two hours of continuous light illumination. It is found that the absorption intensity near the band edge of all these films has been enhanced, which indicates that some more absorbing species are produced. X‐Ray diffraction patterns confirm that the PDA(FA)n−1PbnI3n−1 2D D–J perovskite is transformed into 3D α‐FAPbI3 after illumination, and further transformed into δ‐FAPbI3 and PbI2. The proposed work contributes to understanding the degradation mechanism of 2D D–J perovskite under illumination and improving the stability of 2D D–J perovskite materials.


Experimental studies aiming at enhancing the microfiltration process through applying gas-liquid two-phase flow were carried out by injecting air into the titanium dioxide suspension during its microfiltration with the tubular porous carbon membrane (its average pore size is 1.0 µm) as microfiltration medium. The effects of two-phase flow on microfiltration characteristics were examined under the operating conditions of trans-membrane pressure difference (∆p) of 0.04~0.16 MPa, filtration feed cross-flow velocity of 0.85 ~1.56 m⋅s −1 , gas superficial velocity of 0.29~2.02 m⋅s −1 and titanium dioxide suspension concentration of 0.1~1.0 g⋅L −1 at 20℃.Experimental results show that the gas-liquid two-phase flow can significantly enhance the microfiltration process and cause the maximum steady permeate flux to be 62% higher, the time required for reaching steady flux to be accordingly shorter than those of the single-phase flow microfiltration process. It was found that when the membrane assemblage is installed vertically, the steady permeate flux is 12% higher than that of the membrane module installed horizontally, and that the slug flow pattern is an efficient flow pattern for enhancing the microfiltration process. When using the two-phase flow with vertically installed membrane module, the steady flux of microfiltration increases rapidly with the increase of trans-membrane pressure difference and will reach its maximum at ∆p=0.11 MPa, then the steady flux will decrease gradually with further increase of ∆p.


Introducing a fluid microjet into the boundary layer to increase fluid momentum and hence delay separation is a method for actively controlling a flow separation region. The present work numerically analyzed the control of a separation bubble behind a ramp. For this purpose, we first verified the steady-state numerical results for a flow (without a jet) over the ramp against reliable experimental studies from the literature. Next, the effects of introducing a microjet to the flow were also verified. A jet was then placed at three different distances above the ramp to study its impact on various parameters, including velocities, Reynolds stresses, pressure, vorticity, streamlines, and the separation bubble size. As the jet was moved further back, the jet-induced upwash region grew considerably. Finally, the effects of using three identical jets were studied and compared against those of a single jet. The results indicated that using a three-jet array shrank the separation bubble. Using an array with d/ D = 15 (distance between microjets over microjet diameter) can limit laterally the separation bubble about 2.75 times smaller than a single jet in the z-direction. Also, the employment of the jet managed to decrease the length of the separation zone in the x-direction up to 78%, in the case of Lx/ L1 = 0.0143 (longitudinal distance of microjet from above the ramp over ramp length) and d/ D = 10.


Purpose
Micronutrient malnutrition is a public health problem in many developing countries, especially in the poorest population segments. Fortification and other food-based approaches, such as using more nutritious ingredients in processing, could help to address this problem, but little is known about poor consumers' attitudes toward nutritionally enhanced foods. The purpose of this paper is to analyze whether poor consumers in Africa would purchase foods with more nutritious ingredients and the related willingness and ability to pay.

Design/methodology/approach
A survey and choice experiment were conducted with 600 randomly selected households in the poorest neighborhoods of Nairobi (Kenya) and Kampala (Uganda). Participants were asked to choose between various alternatives of porridge flour with different types of nutritional attributes. The data were analyzed with mixed logit models. Porridge flour is widely consumed among the urban poor, so that the example can also provide interesting broader lessons.

Findings
Poor consumers welcome foods that are micronutrient-fortified or include new types of nutritious ingredients. However, willingness to pay for nutritional attributes is small. New ingredients that are perceived to have little effect on taste and appearance are seen more positively than ingredients that may change food products more notably.

Practical implications
New nutritionally enhanced foods have good potential in markets for the poor, if they build on local consumption habits and are not associated with significant price increases.

Originality/value
This is among the first studies to explicitly analyze poor consumers' preferences for nutritionally enhanced foods.


The present paper provides a statistical model to the size effect on grained materials tensile strength and fracture energy. It has been already demonstrated by using extreme value theory that the scaling law obtained for the tensile strength introducing a doubly truncated distribution of flaws, under the hypothesis of Weibull's weakest link, resembles the Multi- Fractal Scaling Law (MFSL), already proposed by the first Author through fractal concepts. Since the weakest link in grained materials is usually represented by the interface between the matrix and the grains, in the present paper we assume that the flaw distribution can be represented by the grain size distribution, rather than by an arbitrary flaw distribution. Furthermore, introducing a micromechanical model for the critical displacement wc, we draw a link between the fracture energy and the largest aggregate grain on crack surfaces. In this way we are able to compute the tensile strength and the fracture energy as a function of the specimen size. The obtained scaling laws are substantially in agreement with the MFSL for the fracture energy proposed by the first Author. A further result provided by the proposed approach is the description of the scatter increase of both tensile strength and fracture energy values when testing small specimens. This trend is confirmed by experimental data available in the literature. Eventually, the influence of the aggregate grading upon the size effect for strength and toughness is analyzed.


In the debate on how to strengthen the European Union's (EU) capacity to act, calls for an extension of qualified majority voting (QMV) are growing louder. The Council of the EU is currently discussing using the so-called passerelle clauses in the Treaty on European Union (TEU). With these clauses, more decisions by QMV could be introduced without a major treaty change or a convention. However, abolishing national vetoes in this way would first require unanimity as well as, in some cases, additional national approval procedures. Such unanimity is currently not in sight, as resistance is prevailing in smaller and medium-sized member states, which fear that they could be regularly outvoted. What is needed, therefore, is an institutional reform package in which decisions by QMV are extended with the aim of facilitating further enlargement of the EU and are accompanied by emergency clauses to protect core national interests.


Driven by the increasing needs for the integration of model-based fault diagnosis into the electronic control units (ECUs) with limited computation capacity and motivated by the recent study on the fault tolerant controller architecture, we investigate feedback controller structures aiming at accessing the residuals embedded in the control loops. For this purpose, we first develop an observer-based realization of the Youla parameterization. This result reveals a new interpretation of control signals as a composite of the residual and reference signals. From this viewpoint, different control schemes are studied and useful relationships between the controller structures and embedded residual signals are established. It leads to the development of two kinds of schemes: 1) extracting residual signals from an existing control loop and 2) configuring control loops with an integrated residual access. The achieved results are demonstrated by two examples of the feedback control loops in engine management systems.


Text mining is the process of obtaining useful and interesting information from text. Huge amount of text data is available in the form of various formats. Most of it is unstructured.Text mining usually involves the process of structuring the input text which involves parsing it, structuring it by inserting results into a database, deriving patterns from the structured data, and finally evaluation and interpretation of the output. There are several data mining techniques proposed for mining useful patterns in text documents. Mining techniques can use either terms or pattern (or phrases).Theoretically using patterns rather than using terms in text mining may yield good results,but it is not proved and there is a need for effective ways of mining text. This paper present means to classify text using termbased approach


Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) represents a powerful technology for determining atomic models of biological macromolecules(Kühlbrandt, 2014). Despite this promise, human-guided cryo-EM data collection practices limit the impact of cryo-EM because of a path planning problem: cryo-EM datasets typically represent 2-5% of the total sample area. Here, we address this fundamental problem by formalizing cryo-EM data collection as a path planning optimization from low signal data. Within this framework, we incorporate reinforcement learning (RL) and deep regression to design an algorithm that uses distributed surveying of cryo-EM samples at low magnification to learn optimal cryo-EM data collection policies. Our algorithm - cryoRL - solves the problem of path planning on cryo-EM grids, allowing the algorithm to maximize data quality in a limited time without human intervention. A head-to-head comparison of cryoRL versus human subjects shows that cryoRL performs in the top 10% of test subjects, surpassing the majority of users in collecting high-quality images from the same sample. CryoRL establishes a general framework that will enable human-free cryo-EM data collection to increase the impact of cryo-EM across life sciences research.


We investigated recording and readout of transmission gratings in composites of poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) and ionic liquids (IL) in detail. Gratings were recorded using a two-wave mixing technique for different grating periods, exposures and a series of film thicknesses. The recording kinetics as well as the post-exposure behavior of the gratings were studied by diffraction experiments. We found that - depending on the parameters - different grating types (pure phase or mixed) are generated, and at elevated thicknesses strong light-induced scattering develops. Gratings with thicknesses up to 85 micrometers are of the required quality with excellent optical properties, thicker gratings exhibit strong detrimental light-induced scattering. The obtained results are particularly valuable when considering PEGDMA-ionic liquid composites for applications as e.g., holographic storage materials or as neutron optic diffractive elements.


Before the introduction of the 1993 Constitution religion enjoyed a prominent part in schools in the RSA. Schools were allowed to conduct religious observances and subjects such as Bible Studies were taught. Both state and private schools based on religion were allowed and funded or subsidised by the state. This articles examines changes in this regard possibly emanating from the application of the new Constitution


The light-curve between 1964 and 1977 for the variable M2II giant HD 65750 = V341 Car is derived from 77 photographic and 83 photoelectric UBV measurements and analyzed. It is concluded that the light variations of the star are irregular and due to variable extinction in the circumstellar nebula. The appearence of the visible reflection nebula IC 2220 into which HD 65750 is embedded, has been found to vary on a time scale of four years.


In this paper soft sensing on coking models of reactor in the process of continuous catalytic reforming is studied. At first according to the analysis of technics principles several major parameters affecting coking are found out and used as assitant variables. BP algorithm is used for training neural networks to establish coking model. In order to modify the model structure PLS BP algorithm is also used for training neural networks again to establish another coking model. At last the second model is applied in practive after revised. The result of measurement is satisfactory.


Based on the Mie scattering theory, scattering efficlency factor and scattering phase function of aerosol primary particle which IAMAP proposed are computed by using succinct scheme. Results show:among scattering ability big particles can be arranged in following order: 75% H2SO4 droplet,water droplet,ice crystal and sand-dust particle. Among small particles, 75% H2SO4 droplet' s is the strongest,sand -dust particle comes second.The forward phase function of small paticle is basically symmetric with respect to the backward phase function. But big particle' s phase function asymmetry tends to increase with increasing X. When refractive indexes are different in real part, the mininum values of the phase function appear on different scattering angles. If imaginary part is great, the phase function rises and falls smoothly.


GRAHAM DUNN, ANDREW PICKLES. MICHELE TANSELLA and JOSE LUIS VAZQUEZ-BARQUERO For the purposes of epidemiological research in psychiatry, diagnostic inter- views carried out by a clinician are often too expensive and time-consuming to justify their use in the general population where the great majority will not show any signs of psychopathology. The same is true for epidemiological surveys in other areas of medicine involving laboratory tests, radiological imaging, or invasive diagnostic tools. However, these problems can often be overcome by making use of a survey design that involves the use of an initial screening test such as a question- naire, that is inexpensive and relatively easy to use in the field, but thought to be less ac- curate than use of the formal interview. In order to validate the screening question- naire a subsample of the screened partici- pants can be drawn for comparison with the results of an interview. The latter sub sample is usually obtained through the use of a 'two-phase' or 'double sampling' de- sign, with the probability of selection at the second phase being dependent on the re- sults of screening and perhaps other infor- mation collected at the first phase. Two- phase sampling is a type of stratified design, proposed in psychiatric research as an effi- cient means for estimating prevalence of psychopathology. Although first proposed as a sampling design by Neyman (1938) its first use in psychiatric epidemiology seems to have been in the 1960s. Its use, however, was given a considerable impetus with the development of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ; Goldberg


Japanese as the language used in the Japanese national independence, in its long course of development, has been a huge influence in the early years as the center of Chinese Han culture, but also by the impact of modern English as the center of Western culture. Despite these effects and impact are enormous and profound, but in Japanese language and culture, but to save their own distinctive national characteristics. The following will be the main features of Japanese language and culture to make an initial discussed.


A tree is called an r-leaves tree if it has r pendent vertices.The maximum and minimum values of the independent indices of 3-leaves trees and 4-leaves trees are investigated.3-leaves and 4-leaves trees,which have the maximum or minimum values of the independent indices,are characterized.


In May 2003, a Phytophthora ramorum infested garden in the surroundings of Nijmegen, the Netherlands, was cleared of infected Rhododendron shrubs by cutting the plants back at 30 cm. In an experiment the remaining parts of the Rhododendron plants were treated with thiophanate–methyl, glyphosate or untreated. In the same experiment, the effect of additional phytosanitary measures, removal of plant debris and humus or plant debris only, was tested. The re-growth and occurrence of new infections were monitored. Soil samples were taken monthly at 20 cm depth or at soil surface and tested for the presence of P. ramorum using a rhododendron-leaf baiting test, followed by a TaqMan® ITS-PCR. Two months after cutting back, development of new shoots was observed in all objects. A number of the new shoots were infected from the initial growth onwards by P. ramorum. These infections proved that the remaining parts of the stems were already infected. The different treatments had no influence on the percentage of infected shoots. The detection of P. ramorum in soil samples showed that the pathogen seems to be present more abundantly at 20 cm depth than at the soil surface. In the samples taken from the soil surface, P. ramorum was mainly found in samples from plots where both humus and plant debris were present. The recovery of P. ramorum in the samples taken from 20 cm depth was independent of the soil coverage. The results indicate that P. ramorum is capable of surviving in sandy soil for at least one year. Furthermore, in this experiment, cutting back Rhododendron shrubs at 30 cm was not sufficient for eradication.


An analysis is presented of the many possible processes acting within a thunderstorm that can result in the separation of electric charge, and it is concluded that only those involving collisions between ice crystals and small hail pellets can account for the observed high fields and lightning. The fundamental physical processes causing the charge transfer when the ice particles interact remain to be identified, but it appears that differences in contact potential of ice formed in different ways in the atmosphere may be important.


The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments on board the Terra and Aqua spacecrafts were launched on December 18, 1999, and May 4, 2002, respectively. One of the features of the MODIS instruments is the ability to perform observations of the lunar surface from its space view (SV) port. This event is scheduled approximately once a month via a spacecraft roll maneuver, which enables the lunar phase to be confined to within 1° for each instrument. The Moon is considered to be an extremely stable reference to monitor the long-term radiometric stability of the reflective solar bands (RSB). Each MODIS instrument can also view the Moon for about four months in a year without a roll maneuver. This is caused by the intrusion of the Moon in the SV. The lunar phase angles of these unscheduled lunar observations are distributed over a wide range varying from approximately 50° to 80° for Terra MODIS and from about −80° to −50° for Aqua MODIS, where the positive phase angle refers to a waning Moon, while the negative phase angle corresponds to a waxing Moon. Together, the scheduled and unscheduled lunar observations are used to monitor the long-term radiometric stability of the RSB. Of the several challenges involved in the modeling of the lunar optical properties, such as its absolute brightness, a number of optical and view geometry effects need to be considered. These effects are much easier to characterize for the scheduled observations due to confinement of the lunar phase angles compared to those for the unscheduled intrusions of the Moon in the SV. Nevertheless, it is still a challenge to remove the view geometry effect in the calibration coefficients derived from the scheduled lunar observations and even more challenging for the unscheduled lunar intrusions. In this work, the lunar absolute irradiance is modeled using known attributes and from the lunar observations by the two MODIS instruments from the time period between the years 2005 and 2012. The model developed here attempts to mitigate for the deficiencies in the lunar irradiance measurements by the RObotic Lunar Observatory (ROLO) model, developed by the United States Geological Survey. Overall, the relative uncertainty of the ROLO model for MODIS calibration has been assessed to be about 4% for the shortest wavelength (a center wavelength of 412 nm) in the phase angle range mentioned above. With our new established lunar model, the calibration coefficients derived from the lunar observations, especially those from the unscheduled lunar observations, for the RSB of the two MODIS instruments are significantly improved for the entire mission. A good agreement is observed between the calibration coefficients derived from the scheduled and unscheduled lunar observations. Both the absolute uncertainty of the new lunar irradiance model and its relative uncertainty due to view geometry variation are much smaller than those of the current ROLO model which has been widely used for most remote sensors' lunar calibrations. Our newly developed lunar irradiance model can be applied to other remote sensors for their lunar calibrations as well. Finally, the significant improvement in the measurement of the lunar irradiance led to a polarization effect in the Moon response for MODIS to be identified. In this article, the impact of the polarization of the moonlight for the MODIS RSB is quantified. This is extremely vital as polarization effect for remote sensors such as MODIS and the follow-on suite of the Joint Polar Satellite System Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite has been found to significantly increase the calibration uncertainty, especially at short wavelengths.


Input shaping is a simple method used to avoid oscillations in mechanical systems. The usage of this method is very simple and doesn't require complicated elements in runtime. The main problem of input shaping is the proper identification of natural oscillation frequencies and damping coefficients. The paper shows two algorithms of auto identification and auto tuning of input shapers. Algorithms were tested on simple transfer-function objects and on a simulation model of two-mass system. The research was made in Matlab/Simulink environment.


Objective To analyze the genetic relationship among the different cultivars of Cornus officinalis and provide some foundation for heredity breeding. Methods A modified method of extracting total DNA from the leaves of C. officinalis was selected by improving the traditional method-CTAB, the total DNA was analyzed by RAPD; the genetic similarity correlation was calculated by SPSS 10.0 DICE method, cluster analyses were carried out using Between-groups linkage method, and the genetic dendrogram was established. Results Random primers (22 10-bp) were selected to be used for the PCR, a total of 133 bands were amplified by 12 samples, among which 75 bands were polymorphic, accounting for 56.39%. The cluster analysis indicated that: spindleform itself was one group, short pear-shape and short cylindericform clustered together, the rest longer types clustered together, which reflected the result of artificial selection in the course of cultivating. Conclusion The result keeps accordance with the biologic character and territorial distribution of C. officinalis cultivars; RAPD analysis is an assistant mean for seed breeding of C. officinalis.


Development of terminal structures in Drosophila embryo is controlled by Torso receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). As other maternal genes, torso is expressed in the nurse cell during oogenesis, the mRNA is dumped into the oocyte, and its translation is activated after fecundation. The Torso receptor, ubiquitously localized on the embryo surface, is activated only in the polar regions by a localized processing of its ligand, trunk. We identified a new element involved in Drosophila terminal patterning, named rumpf (rum). Embryos lied from rum homozygous females show phenotypes resembling those of Torso lack of function. We show that rum is a new allele of pipsqueak (psq), a large and complex locus, which, through the use of alternative promoters and alternative splicing, gives rise to at least 12 different transcripts, encoding two different classes of proteins. Psq has been described as a transcription factor affecting various processes, from oogenesis to eye development, through epigenetic silencing of different genes. Here we propose a new role for psq as a transcriptional regulator of Torso: in psqrum mutant ovaries, torso transcription is strongly reduced, leading to an insufficient amount of dumped mRNA. Furthermore we show that torso is the only affected element of the pathway, since other mRNAs are expressed at normal levels in mutants and expression of UAS-torso rescues the rum phenotype. Our results indicate a specific transcriptional effect of Pipsqueak on torso expression, suggesting a strict and individual control of maternal gene expression. On the other hand, Torso has been recently reported to trigger pupariation, acting as the receptor of a differend ligand, named PTTH, in a different tissue, the prothoracic gland. torso mutants and RNAis show significant pupariation delay. Using antibody staining, in situ hybridization and lacZ reporters, we show that torso-like, a gene which seem to be essential for the correct processing of Trunk, is expressed in the prothoracic gland. Different combinations of Tsl alleles give developmental delay and overgrowth, similar to what has been observed for torso mutants. On the other hand, other genes that act upstream of Torso in the early embryo don?t seem to be required for Torso activity in the prothoracic gland. Since Torso-like seem to be required for Trunk processing/activation, we propose a model in which the same machinery could be involved in the activation of PTTH.


Wound healing is a complex process which involves proliferation and migration of keratinocyte for closure of epidermal injuries. A member of microRNA family, let‐7b, has been expressed in mammalian skin, but its exact role in keratinocyte migration is still not in knowledge. Here, we showed that let‐7b regulates keratinocyte migration by targeting the insulin‐like growth factor IGF2BP2. Overexpression of let‐7b led to reduced HaCaT cell migration, while knockdown of let‐7b resulted in enhanced migration. Furthermore, let‐7b was decreased during wound healing in wild‐type mice, which led us to construct the transgenic mice with overexpression of let‐7b in skin. The re‐epithelialization of epidermis of let‐7b transgenic mice was reduced during wound healing. Using bioinformatics prediction software and a reporter gene assay, we found that IGF2BP2 was a target of let‐7b, which contributes to keratinocyte migration. Introduction of an expression vector of IGF2BP2 also rescued let‐7b‐induced migration deficiency, which confirms that IGF2BP2 is an important target for let‐7b regulation. Our findings suggest that let‐7b significantly delayed the re‐epithelialization possibly due to reduction of keratinocyte migration and restraints IGF2BP2 during skin wound healing.


Geographic Information System(GIS) has strong function in managing and analyzing spatial data.In this paper,with analyzing and researching of the information we have been collected of Qinghai—Xizang Plateau Wetland,we designed the wetland information database,established spatial database and attribute database,a new method of investigating ecological resources of wetland and designing subject map is introduced.And the GIS technology is used to investigate and analyze the wetland resource,which promotes the efficiency and the accuracy and provides advanced scientific management and efective descision-making information for the Qinghai—Xizang Plateau wetland resource.


Recent archaeological surveys show that in the ancient Mentesa Oretana's municipium refered by classic sources growed up several villae during Imperial Period, many of them located along Vicarello's Goblet Roman Road. Puente de la Olmilla, El Calvario o La Ontavia are three examples investigated by archaeologists. The materials founded in their excavations includes pottery, coins, bronze sculptures, bone manufactures, burials, mosaics, hot baths, etc. On the roman site of La Ontavia it's being developed an archaeological open air museum, in order to favour a strategy of sustainable devolpment of the zone.


The reason and type of the environmental hazard is analysed primarily in middle and large coal mines with the sinking ground,polluted water,coal pollution,air pollution and such environmental geological hazard in the process of producing coal.In the end,the suggesting countermeasure about the next study problem is put forward.


Figure 1: We learn the hatching style from a hand-drawn example (left) and use it to synthesize example-based hatching illustrations (right). Abstract We exhibit two printouts of computer-generated pen-and-ink hatching illustrations. These illustrations were created semi-automatically using an interactive example-based hatching method [Gerl and Isenberg 2013]. We would need space for two picture frames of 30 cm × 30 cm.


Objective To investigate the distribution and drug resistance of the pathogenic floras isolated from the clinical specimen,and provide reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infection.Methods 476 strains of common nosocomial pathogens and their drug resistance in urinary tract were analyzed.The pathogens were isolated and identified by routine method.Their susceptibility of antibacterial was detected by MIC.Results Among the isolated 476 strain pathogens,Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive cocci were 10.29% and 81.93%,Candida albicans 7.14% and Anaerobe 0.63%.The most frequent Gram-positive isolates were coagulase negative staphylococci,Enterococcus spp and Staphylococcus aureus.The most frequent Gram-negative isolates were Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cldoune.Conclusions Investigating the distribution and drug resistance of the commonly encountered bacteria is helpful to reasonable and safe application of antibacterials according to different clinical situation.


Creativity is an ability to create something, which keeps developing in an individual's self, including creating crafts and wayang kulit (shadow puppets). The objective of this research is to explain the creativity in wayang kulit crafts and various types of leather craftworks as innovation of Surakarta wayang purwa. This study adopts the characteristics of qualitative reasoning. The type of puppet which is most popular, widely spread, and has the most characters in Java (particularly in Surakarta) is wayang kulit Purwa. Wayang kulit is created through such processes as drawing sketch, making pattern or mbabon through scratching, carving, coloring, and finishing. The creation of leather crafts to develop wayang purwa results in innovative creation of wayang kulit for performance, leather craftworks to develop wayang Purwa, several wayang kulit kreasi baru (new creation), leather craftworks for wall decoration, decorative lamps, rana (room dividers) with decorative motifs of wayang , and souvenirs. Keywords : creative, crafts, wayang kulit


Experience has taught economic forecasters
to expect a recession when the
yield on short-term Treasury securities
rises above the yield on longerterm
securities—a situation known
as a yield-curve inversion. But some
economists suspect the yield curve
might not be as reliable a predictor
of output growth as it used to be.


In this paper, a comparative analysis of phasor estimation techniques applied to distance protection in electric power transmission lines is presented in order to highlight their main characteristics under different fault situations. Phasor estimation is one of the primary steps in analyzing electromagnetic transients and protecting electrical power systems. Therefore, high performance is crucial for better system operation. Three techniques are implemented and analyzed in this paper: the Full-Cycle Discrete Fourier Transform (FCDFT), Half-Cycle Discrete Fourier Transform (HCDFT), and Full-Cycle Cosine. In order to compare the performance of the implemented techniques, a 230 kV electrical power system with a 180 km transmission line is simulated under different fault situations. The simulation results showed that the FCDFT presented the best performance compared to HCDFT and Full-Cycle Cosine. However, the Full-Cycle Cosine technique achieved a higher speed to detect changes in the circuit's behavior, implying a faster response to the distance protection.


The present invention discloses a cylinder device 10 for orienting the magnetic flakes contained in an ink or varnish vehicle applied on a sheet-like or web-type substrate, and the cylinder device 10 is the outer peripheral face of the cylinder device 10 a it has a plurality of magnetic field generating apparatus arranged to. The cylinder device 10 includes a common axis and having a member 20 separately from the annular support rings 40 of the plurality are distributed axially along each of the annular support ring 40 has a magnetic field generating a set of devices having a 50, 60, which are distributed in the circumferential direction on the outer peripheral face of the annular support ring 40.


A longstanding goal in deep learning research has been to precisely characterize training and generalization. However, the often complex loss landscapes of neural networks (NNs) have made a theory of learning dynamics elusive. In this work, we show that for wide NNs the learning dynamics simplify considerably and that, in the infinite width limit, they are governed by a linear model obtained from the first-order Taylor expansion of the network around its initial parameters. Furthermore, mirroring the correspondence between wide Bayesian NNs and Gaussian processes (GPs), gradient-based training of wide NNs with a squared loss produces test set predictions drawn from a GP with a particular compositional kernel. While these theoretical results are only exact in the infinite width limit, we nevertheless find excellent empirical agreement between the predictions of the original network and those of the linearized version even for finite practically-sized networks. This agreement is robust across different architectures, optimization methods, and loss functions.


Preaching is the act or practice of delivering public discourses or addresses on moral and religious subjects, the delivery of sermons. Evangelism is the telling of the "good news" or the promulgation of the gospel. By definition, preaching may include evangelism; it does include much more. Why are these two words linked together in a subject for discussion ? Do we not know that the promulgation of the gospel is a religious enterprise ? Do we not know that one of the greatest of the moral and religious subjects man has been discussing for nineteen hundred years is evangelism? We may find argument for linking preaching and evangelism in the Scriptures; in the life and example of each of three New Testament workers, Christ, Paul, and Peter; in the charter of the church. Let us take up these three sources seriatim. In the Scriptures.-After making a fundamental statement Paul raised a


At present, a co-location data center often applies an identical and low temperature setpoint for its all server rooms. Although increasing the temperature setpoint is a rule-of-thumb approach to reducing the cooling energy usage, the tenants may have different mentalities and technical constraints in accepting higher temperature setpoints. Thus, supporting distinct temperature setpoints is desirable for a co-location data center in pursuing higher energy efficiency. This support calls for a new cooling power attribution scheme to address the inter-room heat transfers that can be up to 9% of server load as shown in our real experiments. This paper describes our approaches to estimating the inter-room heat transfers, using the estimates to rectify the metered power usages of the rooms' air handling units, and fairly attributing the power usage of the shared cooling infrastructure (i.e., chiller and cooling tower) to server rooms by following the Shapley value principle. Extensive numeric experiments based on a widely accepted cooling system model are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed cooling power attribution scheme.


The neurological basis of mental disorders Depression and antidepressants, bipolar disorder and lithium Anxiety and the anxiolytics, sleep disorders and the hypnotics Psychosis and the antipsychotics Pain and the analgesics.


This report surveys the requirements traceability literature and gives some recommendations for further research and for an approach to consultancy concerning traceability in the 2RARE project. The problem of maintaining traceability in a development project is viewed as the problem of maintaining an information system that maintains the relevant links between items developed during the process. These items may vary from requirements to design and implementation documents. To develop and implement such an information system, we must identify the needs for tracking information, made a model of this information, design usage procedures for the system, and implement the system. Accordingly, the literature on traceability is organized under the headings needs, models and usage. Furthermore, tracking tools are briefly reviewed.


This essay reconstructs the foreign policy of the Italian Communist Party during the four years of Alessandro Natta's secretariat (1984-1988) through largely original archival documentation, from the Alessandro Natta Fonds of the Historical Archive of the Chamber of Deputies. Natta's papers are also cross-referenced with those kept in the PCI Archive at the Gramsci Foundation. The author analyses the relationship that the PCI establishes with Gorbachev's Perestroika, Deng's China, and European social democracies during the last years of the Cold War


In the process of the reform and development of Shandong Agricultural University library,the exploration and practice on the digital platform construction,the introduction of application systems,digital information resources integration and diversified service models construction has been carried out for a decade and good results had been achieved according to needs of extension and connotation of college teaching and scientific research.However,the development of digital library construction is a long-term strategic task and progressively systematic engineering.In its early development,therer'e many problems hindering and influencing the construction and development of digital libraries,therefore,how to solve these problems are the key to the development of the digital libraries.


This study characterized nitrogen removal and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from lab-scale anoxic/aerobic sequencing batch reactor (AOSBR) and intermittent aeration sequencing batch reactor (IASBR), respectively, for treating synthetic municipal wastewater. The N2O emission was evaluated in simulated cycle, and batch conditions of aerobic nitrification, simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND), and aerobic denitrification. The results show that nitrogen removal was enhanced in IASBR compared to AOSBR, with 94.2% and 67.9% of total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency in IASBR and AOSBR, respectively. In simulated cycle, the emission factors (of oxidized ammonium) were 4.9% and 0.6% in AOSBR and IASBR, respectively. Under batch conditions, the N2O emission factors during SND was obviously higher than that during aerobic nitrification and denitrification. The N2O emission factors during SND ranging 0.68 - 11.68% in AOSBR and 1.25 - 5.13 % in IASBR. Further, N2O emission under batch conditions was affected by the aeration ratios. Moderate and high aeration ratios used in this study stimulated the N2O emission from SND. The N2O emission was enhanced with the nitrite accumulation during aerobic nitrification when the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria was inhibited by chemical inhibitor. The aerobic denitrification via nitrite could be the main pathway of N2O generation from SND processes. Findings from our study can help further understand N2O emission mechanisms and guild the optimization of current wastewater treatment process for minimizing N2O emission.


With the emergence of e-learning and personalised education, the production and distribution of digital educational resources have boomed. Video lectures have now become one of the primary modalities to impart knowledge to masses in the current digital age. The rapid creation of video lecture content challenges the currently established human-centred moderation and quality assurance pipeline, demanding for more efficient, scalable and automatic solutions for managing learning resources. Although a few datasets related to engagement with educational videos exist, there is still an important need for data and research aimed at understanding learner engagement with scientific video lectures. This paper introduces VLEngagement, a novel dataset that consists of content-based and video-specific features extracted from publicly available scientific video lectures and several metrics related to user engagement. We introduce several novel tasks related to predicting and understanding context-agnostic engagement in video lectures, providing preliminary baselines. This is the largest and most diverse publicly available dataset to our knowledge that deals with such tasks. The extraction of Wikipedia topic-based features also allows associating more sophisticated Wikipedia based features to the dataset to improve the performance in these tasks. The dataset, helper tools and example code snippets are available publicly at this https URL


Tact is more important in English expression or communication. Accuracy is not enough to meet it. Cultural connotation in English vocabulary should be paid great attention to reach tactful expression. The papershows rich cultural connotation of English vocabulary through the constrast between think mode, value and convention and Chinese vocabulary.


This article analyses a two-warehouse inventory system for deteriorating items under trade credit policy. In the present model, the deterioration rate of items followed Weibull distribution. Shortages are allowed and are partially backlogged. In this work, a retailer who purchases the items enjoys a fixed credit period offered by his/her supplier and, in turn, also offers a credit period to his/her customers in order to promote the competition. Several numerical examples are provided to illustrate the behaviour of the model and highlight some managerial insights.


High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard introduced 35 intra prediction modes in order to improve intra prediction performance. To signal mode of the current block to the decoder a list of three most probable modes (MPM) is derived based on the modes of the two neighboring blocks. Similarly, six MPMs are used in the recent Joint Exploration Model (JEM) to accommodate the increased number to 67 intra prediction modes. One method to achieve this is to use an extension of HEVC approach. The other one employs the modes of the five neighboring blocks, together with their derived modes and default modes, in an ordered MPM candidate list. Our contribution is to use case-based multiple candidate lists. For each defined case, the corresponding list is sorted based on the probability of each candidate. The index of a case is computed based on the defined status values. Experimental results show 0.22%, 0.19%, 0.18% BD rate savings for Y, U, and V components for all-intra configuration, respectively.


this paper is presenting artificial neural network based pulse width modulation switching analysis for the three-phase dual two level inverters system with isolated two dc voltage sources. Some applications require power and torque variation, which takes time to improve the overall efficiency and reliability of the system. For such applications, an enhanced switching sequence analysis has presented. This scheme has improved quality of the output voltage and reduces THD in the line voltage. The performance analysis using ANN of this scheme has validated by simulation results.


Natural speech often contains conflicting cues that are characteristic of confusable sounds. For example, the /k/, defined by a mid-frequency burst within 1-2 kHz, may also contain a high-frequency burst above 4 kHz indicative of /ta/, or vice versa. Conflicting cues can cause people to confuse the two sounds in a noisy environment. An efficient way of reducing confusion and improving speech intelligibility in noise is to modify these speech cues. This paper describes a method to manipulate consonant sounds in natural speech, based on our a priori knowledge of perceptual cues of consonants. We demonstrate that: 1) the percept of consonants in natural speech can be controlled through the manipulation of perceptual cues; 2) speech sounds can be made much more robust to noise by removing the conflicting cue and enhancing the target cue.


Divergent word order between languages causes delay in simultaneous machine translation. We present a sentence rewriting method that generates more monotonic translations to improve the speedaccuracy tradeoff. We design grammaticality and meaning-preserving syntactic transformation rules that operate on constituent parse trees. We apply the rules to reference translations to make their word order closer to the source language word order. On Japanese-English translation (two languages with substantially different structure), incorporating the rewritten, more monotonic reference translation into a phrase-based machine translation system enables better translations faster than a baseline system that only uses gold reference translations.


Abstract PUTTING THE UNIVERSITY ONLINE: INFORMATION, TECHNOLOGY AND ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE. Cornford, James and Neil Pollock. Buckingham, UK, and Philadelphia: Society for Research into Higher Education and Open University Press, 2003,121 pp., ISBN 0-335-21005-8. Reviewed by Jerilyn Marshall.


Constructed wetlands have become a good alternative to urban and industrial wastewater treatments. Because of the many interactions between the different parts that form the wetland, the design of these systems uses to be very complex and a good design tool is required. Hybrid constructed wetlands mix the aerobic and anaerobic properties of vertical and horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands to improve COD, phosphorous and, specially, nitrogen removal. A simulation of the concentration profiles of these compounds into a hybrid system constituted by four vertical flow constructed wetlands and a horizontal flow one with the K-C* model was achieved when the system treated an urban and a winery wastewater, respectively. Maximum limits of the flow rate to achieve the legislation limits of the different pollutants were calculated. Winery wastewater treatment required lower flow rates because of its higher organic loading. Because constructed wetlands had limited capacity to remove phosphorous, it was the most restrictive pollutant, requiring a lower flow rate.


In this paper , we introduce the notion of Santi-fuzzy soft right R-subgroups of near-rings and its basic properties are investigated. We also study the homomorphic image and pre image of Santi-fuzzy soft right Rsubgroups. Using S-norm, we introduce the notion on sensible anti-fuzzy soft right R-subgroups in nearrings and some related properties of a near-rings 'R' are discussed. Mathematics subject classification[2010]: 06F35, 03G25,03E70, 03E72,58E40


Purple Alfalfa is an inexpensive, abundant, readily available lignocellulosic material. This work was attempted to develop an efficient combination pretreatment by sequential HClO4–ethyl glycol–H2O (1.2:88.8:10, w/w/w) extraction at 130 °C in 0.5 h and urea/NaOH (urea 12 wt%, NaOH 7 wt%) soaking at −20 °C for 0.5 h for the pretreatment of purple alfalfa. The porosity, morphology, and crystallinity of pretreated purple alfalfa were characterized with SEM, FM, XRD, and FTIR. This combination pretreatment had a significant influence on hemicellulose removal and delignification. The above changes could enhance cellulose accessibility to enzymes and improve the enzymatic digestibility of cellulose. High yields of reducing sugars from pretreated purple alfalfa were obtained at 93.4%. In summary, this combination pretreatment has high potential application in the future.


A video surveillance system capable of detecting suspicious activities or behaviours is of paramount importance to law enforcement agencies. Such a system will not only reduce the work load of security personnel involved with monitoring the CCTV video feeds but also improve the time required to respond to any incident. There are two well known models to detect suspicious behaviour: misuse detection models which are dependent on suspicious behaviour definitions and anomaly detection models which measure deviations from defined normal behaviour. However, it is nearly possible to encapsulate the entire spectrum of either suspicious or normal behaviour. One of the ways to overcome this problem is by developing a system which learns in real time and adapts itself to behaviour which can be considered as common and normal or uncommon and suspicious. We present an approach utilising contextual information. Two contextual features, namely, type of behaviour and the commonality level of each type are extracted from long-term observation. Then, a data stream model which treats the incoming data as a continuous stream of information is used to extract these features. We further propose a clustering algorithm which works in conjunction with data stream model. Experiments and comparisons are conducted on the well known CAVIAR datasets to show the efficacy of utilising contextual information for detecting suspicious behaviour. The proposed approach is generic in nature and can be applicable to any features. However for the purpose of this study, we have employed pedestrian trajectories to represent the behaviour of people.


Software renovation is the process of introducing new features--including polymorphism, objects, and encapsulation--into existing software systems while preserving the original functionality of the system. The goal of software renovation is to improve the efficiency of development, maintenance, and comprehension. The research described in this thesis focuses on three software-renovation techniques: (1) Generalization. The identification and subsequent transformation of program components that operate on a particular type of input into polymorphic program components that operate on a wide array of inputs. (2) Modularization. The clustering of associated data types and functions with the intent of encapsulating the types and function into distinct classes or modules. (3) Physical subtyping. The identification of relationships among data types based on the representation of the types in memory with the intent of generating inheritance hierarchies.
The techniques described in the thesis are aimed particularly at the problem of transforming legacy C programs into C++ programs that make use of C++'s advanced features--most notably classes, templates, inheritance, and virtual functions. Some aspects of this work apply specifically to the C-to-C++ problem; however, most aspects apply to almost any language.


Henry Weston Munger, writing in the Standard, November 20, tells us that the Baptists are face to face with the question whether or not they will merge their mission forces in the Philippines with those of other evangelical denominations. Thus far the Baptist mission has never officially approved or disapproved of the effort which has been put forth. It is probable that some action will be taken on the question at the conference which is to convene in December.


We proposed a method of 3D caricature generation which is based on the automatic extraction of the facial parts for the 3D facial image. This method is likely to suffer sometimes fatal degradations in the feature extraction caused by a variation of the head pose (Roll, Pitch and Yaw rotations). Therefore, we propose a method of head pose modification by estimating roll and yaw rotations which are based on the irises position extracted by Hough transform from texture image. We improved the quality of the mean face and the caricatures by this head pose estimation.


The invention discloses a two-wire tunable optical LED controller which comprises an electronic fictitious load, a light-adjusting and sampling circuit, a power supply and light-adjusting signal drive circuit, a PWM output circuit, a rectification circuit in a tunable optical LED lamp body, a light-adjusting signal and power supply separating circuit, an LED drive constant current source and an LED light source. A PWM signal modulates a power supply through the power supply and light-adjusting signal drive circuit and combines an LED power supply source and a light-adjusting signal into the power supply containing light-adjusting information to be sent to the tunable optical LED lamp body. The rectification circuit in the lamp body processes the power supply containing the light-adjusting information for pole changing. The changed power supply containing the light-adjusting information is processed so as to separate the light-adjusting signal from the power supply by the light-adjusting signal and power supply separating circuit, the separated light-adjusting signal is sent to a light adjusting end of the LED drive constant current source, and the separated power supply is sent to the LED drive constant current source to supply power. The two-wire tunable optical LED controller has very wide application prospect with respect to the two-wire LED light adjustment.


A 50-year-old piglet dealer presented with a 2-year history of recurrent red scaly lichenified eczema of the face, neck, dorsal hands and forearms, aggravated by sun exposure. 5 years ago, he had had quite similar lesions. At that time, he had given chlorpromazine to his piglets as a sedative before transport. Since then, he had avoided any contact with chlorpromazine and had used an alternative sedative called StresniJ®. Minimal erythema dose was determined at 25 J/cm2 for UVA and at 75 J/cm2 for UVB. Photopatch testing was carried out with our standard photopatch series, comprising 26 photoallergens irradiated with 10 J/cm2 UVA. The only positive photoallergic reaction was to chlorpromazine. Additional patch and photopatch tests were then performed with StresniJ® and its active agent azaperone (Fig. 1), kindly supplied by Janssen GmbH. Substances were applied with Finn Chambers for I day in usage concentrations (40 mg/ml). Positive reactions were seen after 2 days with both StresniJ® and azaperone in the patch and photopatch test. After 3 days, however, photopatch reactions to both substances had further increased in comparison to patch tests not irradiated (Table I). Subsequently, the patient's dermatitis was accepted as occupational by his insurers, he was en-


Clutter heterogeneity caused by cultivation variation of the terrain properties degrades STAP detection performance. In recent years, a priori knowledge sources has been used directly and indirectly for STAP performance improvement. Monostatic radar systems are typically considered, but in the bistatic case, strong clutter non-stationarity introduced by the geometry makes convetional STAP not possible. In this case it is also very difficult to exploit a priori knowledge either directly or indirectly. In this paper an original processing chain that combines a priori knowledge with STAP filtering for detection performance improvement is proposed for bistatic geometries. Finally, ISAR processing is jointly combined with the knowledge-aided bistatic STAP to obtain focused images of non-cooperative moving targets.


The Prognostic and Health Management (PHM) technology has been widely used as means of improvement for reliability, safety and availability of new generation weapons and commercial products, achieving autonomic logistics. In avionics system, European countries and the USA have been promoting the development, maturing of PHM critical technologies and their applications in military and commercial aircrafts. PHM application and design ideas in avionics system are analyzed, functional relations of PHM system and architecture of health management system suitable for integrated avionics system are proposed. In order to improve the prognostic ability of the avionic data processing modules, some ageing test has been done, but it will take a long time to degenerate the components and modules to the critical point, varies fault injection ways are introduced in the paper. The novel way can calculate the life expectancy by combining the failure physics modules, reduce the ageing test workload, which is significant to life prediction. So, this PHM system can play a very important role in avionics data processing modules.


Keywords: nanoscience, marine plant, metalic nanopaticles Abstract: The synthesis, characterization and application of biologically synthesized nanomaterials have become an important branch of nanotechnology. A wide range of nanophasic and nanostructured particles are being fabricated globally with the aim of developing clean, nontoxic and eco-friendly technologies. In this paper, we report the synthesis of highly dispersed nanoparticles using a marine plant (Mayaca fluviatilis) extract as the reducing agent. Silver nanoparticles was investigated employing UV/Visible spectrophotometry, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and TGA (Thermal Analysis). Mayaca fluviatilis was found to exhibit strong potential for rapid reduction of silver ions. It was observed that there is no correlation always between the colour development and the increase in absorbance exhibited by the nanometal synthesised. The work adds to the confirmation of previous reports on biosynthesis of nanometals using a marine plant.


The high prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) could be addressed by optimizing Human-Robot Collaboration (HRC) frameworks for manufacturing applications. In this context, this paper proposes two hypotheses for ergonomically effective task delegation and HRC. The first hypothesis states that it is possible to quantify ergonomically professional tasks using motion data from a reduced set of sensors. Then, the most dangerous tasks can be delegated to a collaborative robot. The second hypothesis is that by including gesture recognition and spatial adaptation, the ergonomics of an HRC scenario can be improved by avoiding needless motions that could expose operators to ergonomic risks and by lowering the physical effort required of operators. An HRC scenario for a television manufacturing process is optimized to test both hypotheses. For the ergonomic evaluation, motion primitives with known ergonomic risks were modeled for their detection in professional tasks and to estimate a risk score based on the European Assembly Worksheet (EAWS). A Deep Learning gesture recognition module trained with egocentric television assembly data was used to complement the collaboration between the human operator and the robot. Additionally, a skeleton-tracking algorithm provided the robot with information about the operator's pose, allowing it to spatially adapt its motion to the operator's anthropometrics. Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of gesture recognition and spatial adaptation on the operator's range of motion. The rate of spatial adaptation was used as a key performance indicator (KPI), and a new KPI for measuring the reduction in the operator's motion is presented in this paper.


The present paper presents a brief overview of the development of academies and how their role has evolved during the centuries. At the core of the mission of academies one can find the concept of "knowledge" and its "diffusion". A brief discussion about the importance of knowledge in the age of data and information is provided so as to explain the pivotal function of Academies vis a vis universities, the media, and governments. A final section discusses the challenges and opportunities faced by academies in an age characterized by extreme relativism and virulent populism.


Many marketing communications are carefully designed to cast a brand in its most favorable light. For example, marketers may prefer to highlight a brand's membership in the top 10 tier of a third-party list instead of disclosing the brand's exact rank. The authors propose that when marketers use these types of imprecise advertising claims, subtle differences in the selection of a tier boundary (e.g., top 9 vs. top 10) can influence consumers' evaluations and willingness to pay. Specifically, the authors find a comfort tier effect in which a weaker claim that references a less exclusive but commonly used tier boundary can actually lead to higher brand evaluations than a stronger claim that references a more exclusive but less common tier boundary. This effect is attributed to a two-stage process by which consumers evaluate imprecise rank claims. The results demonstrate that consumers have specific expectations for how messages are constructed in marketing communications and may make negative inferences about a brand when these expectations are violated, thus attenuating the positive effect such claims might otherwise have on consumer responses.


In this paper, we initiate a systematic investigation of differentially private algorithms for convex empirical risk minimization. Various instantiations of this problem have been studied before. We provide new algorithms and matching lower bounds for private ERM assuming only that each data point's contribution to the loss function is Lipschitz bounded and that the domain of optimization is bounded. We provide a separate set of algorithms and matching lower bounds for the setting in which the loss functions are known to also be strongly convex. Our algorithms run in polynomial time, and in some cases even match the optimal nonprivate running time (as measured by oracle complexity). We give separate algorithms (and lower bounds) for ( , 0)and ( , δ)-differential privacy; perhaps surprisingly, the techniques used for designing optimal algorithms in the two cases are completely different. Our lower bounds apply even to very simple, smooth function families, such as linear and quadratic functions. This implies that algorithms from previous work can be used to obtain optimal error rates, under the additional assumption that the contributions of each data point to the loss function is smooth. We show that simple approaches to smoothing arbitrary loss functions (in order to apply previous techniques) do not yield optimal error rates. In particular, optimal algorithms were not previously known for problems such as training support vector machines and the high-dimensional median. ∗Computer Science and Engineering Department, The Pennsylvania State University. {bassily,firstname.lastname@example.com †A.S. is on leave at, and partly supported by, Boston University's Hariri Center for Computational Science. ‡Stanford University and Microsoft Research. firstname.lastname@example.com


Free porphyrins are formed by growing cultures of some bacteria and yeasts under conditions in which formation of cytochromes is limited. With Corynebacterium diphtheriae, production of both porphyrin and toxin is dependent upon the concentration of iron salts in the medium; increasing this beyond a critical point decreases both porphyrin and toxin production (Pappenheimer, 1947). Cells grown with iron at concentrations sufficiently high to prevent accumulation of porphyrin contain considerably more cytochrome than those grown under conditions favouring porphyrin formation (Pappenheimer & Hendee, 1947; Rawlinson & Hale, 1949). Bacillus cereus excretes porphyrin (probably coproporphyrin) into the media when grown anaerobically, but only traces of porphyrin occur in aerobic cultures; the concentration of haem compounds in the cells grown anaerobically is considerably smaller than in those from aerobic cultures (Schaeffer, 1952a, b). There have been many observations of porphyrin formation by yeasts (see Lemberg & Legge, 1949). Stich & Eisgruber (1951) found that the amount of coproporphyrin Type I in cells of Saccharomyces anamensis is increased 5to 10-fold by addition of pantothenate to the growth medium, while addition of riboflavin completely suppresses porphyrin formation. Cells grown under conditions which favour porphyrin formation contain little or no haem derivatives, whereas those grown with riboflavin and iron are rich in these substances. Porphyrins may also be precursors of chlorophyll. Induced mutant strains of Chlorella, which are unable to synthesize chlorophyll, form large quantities of protoporphyrin, as well as magnesium protoporphyrin and magnesium vinyl pheophytin a5, when grown in the dark on a glucose--salts medium (Granick, 1948a, b, 1950). Another mutant produces a number of porphyrins containing up to eight carboxyl groups in each molecule, those with two such groups being predominant (Bogorad & Granick, 1953a; Granick, Bogorad & Jaffe, 1953). These observations of porphyrin formation by micro-organisms have been made with growing


Abstract Objective Adequate bowel preparation is an essential factor in colonoscopy. Enhanced education on the procedure of bowel preparation is very necessary for patients before colonoscopy. We analysed the influence of a novel education platform on bowel preparation quality before colonoscopy. Patients and Methods The study enrolled outpatients who underwent colonoscopy in the digestive endoscopy centre of Wuhan Tongji Hospital. They were divided into the control group and the intervention group according to different educational ways. The control group patients were provided with the regular colonoscopy preparation leaflet. The intervention group patients were asked to add the education platform. The primary outcome was the rate of adequate bowel preparation. The study was registered at Chinese ClinicalTrials.gov (ChiCTR2100053547, 24/11/2021). Results A total of 378 patients who underwent colonoscopy were enrolled, including 189 patients in the control group and 189 patients in the intervention group. The Boston bowel preparation score (BBPS) was significantly higher in the intervention group than that in the control group (p < .05). The adequate rate of bowel preparation in the intervention group was significantly improved than that in the control group (p = .000). Compared with the control group, the polyp detection rate (PDR) was significantly higher in the intervention group (p = .006), especially in the left colonic (p = .006). Among constipation patients, the adequate rate of bowel preparation (p = .000) and the PDR (p = .004) were significantly improved than that in the control group. Conclusions The smartphone education platform may effectively improve bowel preparation quality, PDR, and patients' compliance. Key messages The quality of bowel preparation mainly relies on the patients' compliance with the bowel preparation instructions. The study reveals that the superiority of the smartphone education platform by Mini Program in improving bowel preparation and colorectal polyp detection rate. The smartphone education platform may provide a more effective, convenient, and labour-saving way to provide further improvements to patients prior to colonoscopy.


BACKGROUND
Pleural infection is life-threatening and increasingly prevalent. In addition to usual care, twice daily, separate administration of tissue plasminogen activator and deoxyribonuclease (tPA-DNase) reduces radiological pleural opacity with lowers surgical referral rates.

AIMS
This retrospective cohort study examines the use of once daily, concurrent administration of tPA-DNase for complex parapneumonic pleural effusion and empyema.

METHODS
Patients with pleural infection who received intrapleural tPA-DNase between October 2014 and July 2020 at Logan Hospital, where it is given concurrently and once daily as salvage therapy, were retrospectively identified. Radiographic opacification, inflammatory markers, clinical response and complications were examined.

RESULTS
Thirty-one patients were identified. Mean age was 48.8 years (SD 17.2). Median tPA-DNase administrations was 3 (IQR 2-3). CXR pleural opacity reduced significantly (p = 0.047) from median 39.6% (IQR 28.8-65.7) to 9.7% (IQR 2.5-23.2%), a median relative reduction of 75.5% (IQR 47.7-93.9%). WCC and CRP improved significantly (p = 0.002 and p = 0.032, respectively) from median 16.3x109 /L (IQR 11.8-20.6x109 /L) to 9.9x109 /L (IQR 8.0-12.3x109 /L) and 311.0 mg/L (IQR 218.8-374.0 mg/L) to 69.0 mg/L (IQR 36.0-118.0 mg/L), respectively. None experienced significant bleeding or died. Five patients (16.1%) were referred for surgery.

CONCLUSION
This is pilot evidence that a practical regimen of concurrent, once-daily intrapleural tPA-DNase improved pleural opacification and inflammatory markers without bleeding or mortality. Surgical referral rate was higher than studies assessing twice daily administration, though the validity of this outcome as a measure of treatment success is limited, and further studies are needed to assess the optimal dose and frequency of intrapleural therapy and indications for surgical referral. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


A firm's strategic orientation helps develop its capabilities that improve its performance. Collaboration with third party logistics (3PL) suppliers is a key to the success of firms exporting to international markets. There has been phenomenal growth in investment in 3PL services in the past decade. However, very little research has examined how exporters' strategic orientation towards 3PL suppliers helps improve their logistics competence and export performance. Drawing on the resource-based view of the firm and the relationship marketing perspective, we analyzed data from 150 exporters in Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, China, using structural equation modelling and obtained the following findings: (1) exporters' strategic orientation towards 3PL suppliers has a significant positive impact on 3PL suppliers' core and augmented capabilities, (2) 3PL suppliers' augmented capability has a significant positive impact on exporters' logistics competence, and (3) exporters' logistics competence has a significant positive impact on their own export performance. We also found that the impact of 3PL suppliers' core capability on exporters' logistics competence is positive but only marginally significant. This research contributes both to theory by identifying the performance implications of exporters' strategic orientation towards 3PL suppliers and to practice by providing exporters with insights on treating their 3PL suppliers.


The increasing processing capabilities of massively deployed Internet of Things (IoT) and edge devices coupled with the rising demands for fast and autonomous decision-making pave the way for accurate Machine Learning (ML) model training in proximity to where data is collected, as proposed by the Federated Learning (FL) paradigm. The devices contributing to the local training (clients) are typically large in number and differ in terms of computing and battery capabilities, experienced link quality conditions and owned datasets. If clients are not properly selected by the entity in charge of aggregating the individual models (FL server) both the convergence speed and the accuracy of the resulting model can be affected. The interest in the literature for the optimization of the client selection policies is manifest, but less attention has been devoted to the design of the practical implementation of such policies with focus on the client discovery procedures. In order to fill this gap, an edge-based framework is proposed to improve the FL client discovery procedures by leveraging (i) the Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol for FL clients-server interactions aimed to retrieve the capabilities of the potential clients and (ii) the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) Lightweight-Machine-to-Machine (LwM2M) for the semantic description of such capabilities. A proof-of-concept is provided to assess the communication footprint incurred by the proposal.


This journal aims to analyze the procedures for establishing a Limited Liability Company (PT) Annajwa Islamic Tour & Travel on Jln. Pasar Merah, Medan City. This study aims to understand the steps that must be taken in the establishment of PT. Annajwa Islamic Tour & Travel. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The results of the research show that the procedure for establishing PT. Annajwa Islamic Tour & Travel at Jln. Pasar Merah, Medan City requires fulfilling administrative requirements, licensing, and submitting documents. Establishment procedures (PT) and effective cooperation with the authorities are important to expedite the establishment of PT in Medan City.


Persistence rates in foreign language study have been historically disappointing. This also tends to be the case for many hybrid and online courses, especially when contrasted with comparable face-to-face courses. Therefore, when transitioning foreign language coursework to online and hybrid formats, increased persistence rates and a large number of resulting majors should not be expected. Following a review of the literature on both foreign language and hybrid/online persistence respectively, the following study compares persistence rates from concurrently taught traditional and hybrid offerings in post-secondary French across three years. An interpretation of the resulting trends is offered, along with suggestions for additional research.


Refiners east of the Rockies, particularly Gulf Coast refiners, have gained access to easter and central California crudes with the opening of Celeron Corp.'s All American Pipeline (AAPL). Currently, AAPL is carrying a blend of California crudes with properties similar to Alaskan North Slope (ANS). Although the blend is moderate gravity and sulfur content, it is comprised of crudes from several fields in California that display wide variations in quality. Future deliveries east from California will be from regions with even more extremes of quality. To familiarize refiners with the crudes that will become available, some of the properties of these California crudes are discussed, along with some of the problems refiners may encounter in processing these materials.


The comparative analysis of cytokine profile in 112 patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGD), 20 patients with gastric ulcer (GU), 20 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 45 healthy persons (HP) has been carried out. The evidently increased levels of proin-flammatory cytokines combined with anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10) deficit were revealed. The average concentration of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukin-1 s (IL-1 s), interleukin-6 (IL-6) in H. pylori-positive FD patients were significantly higher than in individuals not infected with H. pylori. The content of proinflammatory cyto-kines in IBS patients with post infectious diarrhea variant also was significantly higher than in HS and significantly lower than in UC patients.


Summary When the rate of growth of chicks is used to measure the nutritional efficiency of carbohydrates they fall in the following order: dextrin, cerelose, sucrose, and lactose. Cellulose, sulfasuxidine, reticulogen, fish solubles, or vit. B12 do not change the significant differences observed when these carbohydrates are fed. However, the lactose-fed birds do give the greatest response to reticulogen, fish solubles and the higher levels of vit. B12. The excretion times of chickens fed these different carbohydrates are in the following decreasing order: dextrin, sucrose, and lactose. The possibility of these nutritional differences being explained by the synthesis of known and/or unknown factors is discussed.


Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) of splenic vessels is rare. It is most commonly caused by spontaneous rupture of an extant splenic artery aneurysm into an adjacent vein, or by traumatic or iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm. Blunt abdominal trauma can sometimes lead to vascular damage to spleen, resulting in AVF formation. Presently described is case of an elderly patient with high-grade splenic injury. Early post-traumatic AVF was detected by volume-rendered 3D reconstruction using fused arterial and venous phase computed tomography (CT) images.


Polarization plays an important role in practical applications, and hence it is an essential task to generate the desired polarization of a spatial propagating wave (SPW). Here, the authors propose a method to design radiation metasurface, or metasurface emitter, which can produce arbitrarily polarized SPW. Different from the conventional transmission and reflection metasurfaces that can only manipulate the incoming spatial wave, the proposed radiation metasurface can be regarded as an electromagnetic (EM) wave emitter that can generate SPW by itself. More importantly, the polarization of the generated SPW can be flexibly customized by designing the phase distribution on metasurface. The metasurface is fed by a monopole antenna, and the energy is first coupled into the metasurface to form a surface wave. Modulated by the metasurface, the surface wave is then converted into SPW. As a proof of concept, they design and fabricate the radiation metasurfaces that are capable of generating radially, azimuthally, linearly, and circularly polarized SPWs, as well as dual‐beam radiations with different polarizations, respectively. The measured results have a good match to the theoretical predictions and full‐wave simulations. The proposed method provides an efficient way to generate SPWs with any desired polarizations for easy integration.


Carbon nanotubes in heavy water (deuteroxide, D2O) dispersion was fabricated and used as a saturable absorber for mode locking in a fiber laser. Such liquid absorber has the virtues of good optical transparency, high heat dissipation, and high damage threshold. A passively mode locked fiber laser with it was demonstrated. The pulsewidth is 306 fs with the maximum average output power of 20 mW. The center of the wavelength is 1560 nm with 15.2-nm spectral width.


A simple visual aid to the correction of filter responses is presented. The type of correction considered is the addition of one pole and one zero in the second quadrant of the complex plane, and at their respective conjugate locations. The incremental phase and logarithmic loss produced by such a pole-zero pair, called for brevity, a pair-shaped correction, is easy to evaluate at any frequency by means of the overlay contours described and illustrated. The equal phase contours and the equal logarithmic loss contours are families of mutually orthogonal circles. Variation of the position and orientation of these contours over the complex frequency plane, suitably scaled, facilitate rapid attainment of a nearly optimal pair-shaped correction.


The brink of Tarim basin is a seismically active area where strong earthquakes are frequent.The technique of satellite thermal infrared radiation(IR) provides a new observational method for studying earthquakes.This paperstudied and compared on the two earthquakes,one was Ms=6.8 earthquake of Feb.24,2003 occurred in Jiashi-Bachu County,another wasMs=5.6 earthquake of Jan.30,1999 occurred in Tuokexun County,which all distributed at the brink of Tarim Basin in Xinjiang.The results show that there have evident thermal infrared along the brink of Tarim basin before this earthquakes.However,the anomalous dimensions seems not to have correlated to the source parameters of earthquakes.So the paper has analyzed and discussed the correlation between earthquakes and anomalous phenomenon of the IR brightness temperature. The paper interpreted and analyzed NOAA/AVHRR satellite images one months before these earthquakes.The anomalies before the Tuokexun Ms5.6 earthquake look like fog in IR images with even brightness,smooth surfaces and clear bounds,but their temperature are higher than that of the ground,the magnitude of the anomalies can reach 3~7 K.Moreover,the locations of the anomalies are changeable,and the areas of the anomalies are variable in size,looking as if the anomalies float above the ground without direction of moving and extending.Accordingly the paper considers that they probably produced by atmosphere temperature inversion phenomena,not by the earthquake.Comparably,before the Jiashi-Bachu Ms=6.8 earthquake,the anomalies displayed continuity in several days with high brightness,its ranges are expanded and always surrounded the future epicenter,meanwhile,the anomalous site is immovable.Therefore, it is probably an impending precursor. By comparing the IR anomalous phenomenon before twice earthquakes,the paper suggests that some anomalies of IR phenomenon are likely to be taken mistakenly as an earthquake precursor before a shock.It is necessary to analyze satellite data in a long time scale for extracting real precursor anomalies,and identifying the disturbance of non-earthquake factors.


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Random noise suppression is crucial for seismic signal processing. In recent years, machine learning has developed rapidly and attracted broad attention. MIRNet has achieved great success in image denoising, superresolution, and image enhancement. It utilizes information interactions between parallel multiresolution convolutional streams to combine low-resolution contextual information while still retaining high-resolution spatial details to learn rich features. However, as the depth of the network increases, MIRNet would gradually lead to the loss of shallow information, which is not fully utilized. In this letter, an MIRNet with dense feature fusion (DFF-MIRNet) is proposed. Dense connection based on an attention mechanism is used, so that the network can adaptively learn more effective features from previous and current local features, while a global feature fusion mechanism is introduced, so that the network can learn global-level features holistically and adaptively. DFF-MIRNet can fully combine the low-level, mid-level, and high-level features for training and avoid the loss of shallow feature information. Through the compared experiments, it is shown that DFF-MIRNet achieves better performance than time–frequency peak filtering (TFPF), $f{\text {-}}k$ filtering, and MIRNet.


Abstract The present paper aims to review the emerging practice of structural phenomenological psychotherapy derived from the theory of psychological reversals and to provide some extensions of this practice. The paper does not provide a full account of reversal theory, which is available elsewhere (Apter, 1982; Apter et al., 1985). It does, however, provide an account of the way in which this theory can be applied to the practice of therapy. Throughout this paper, counselling and psychotherapy are regarded as synonymous.


EDITOR, - John Warden's report on the clarification of responsibilities for long term health care suggests that the government has come full circle.1 However, the draft guidance contains the serious proviso that the individual authorities (health and social services) throughout the country reach their own agreements about "local criteria for eligibility" - that is, who needs health authority care (free at the point of issue) …


Volume 71, Number 3, 1996 Contents: I.M. Harris, OverviewEditor's Introduction. B. Chetkow-Yanoov, Conflict Resolution Skills Can Be Taught. S. Hagglund, Developing Concepts of Peace and War: Aspects of Gender and Culture. F.P. Hutchinson, Educating for the 21st Century: Beyond Racist, Sexist, and Ecologically Violent Futures. Peace Education in Different Cultures. I.M. Harris, Peace Education in an Urban School District in the United States. J. Synott, Australian Aboriginal Constructions of Humans, Society, and Nature in Relation to Peace Education. B. Thelin, Early Tendencies of Peace Education in Sweden. D. Bretherton, Nonviolent Conflict Resolution in Children. V. Dovey, Exploring Peace Education in South African Settings. C. Harber, Educational Violence and Education for Peace in Africa. B. Brock-Utne, Peace Education in Post Colonial Africa.


In addition to the problems of eco-environment impact and immigration of local society,it is very important to coordinate the relationship between hydropower station construction and regional socio-economic development,especially for catchment large-scale step hydropower stations.On this issue,immigration is the key problem;transportation and its effect on regional economy are the foundation;compensation and policy support in later stage are the most important.Jinsha River is China's biggest energy base area,and the construction of step hydro-power stations alongside the lower Jinsha River has great influences on regional resource exploitation and economy development.


The research was about the characteristics of microbe numbers and soil factors under different grazing intensities at two layers after years of post-grazing restoration in Horqin Sand Land.The results showed that the total microbe numbers were different: light-grazing plot(LG) moderate-grazing plot(MG) non-grazing plot(CK) heavy-grazing plot(HG) free-grazing plot(FG);they were still not at the same level after 11 years of fencing restoration in the areas under different grazing intensities.The numbers of microbe,including bacteria,fungi,and actinomyces,and pH,electrical conductance,soil miosture at the lower soil layer(5-15cm) were higher than the upper layer(0-5cm).Light-grazing and moderate-grazing helped microbes be eugonic,while heavy-grazing decreased microbe activity;and free-grazing could destroy the upper soil layer badly,and also change microbe numbers,soil moistuere and pH,so free-grzaing played a detrimental role in the restoration of sandy grassland.


This article deals with Arabic loanwords in English from a lexicographical perspective. To create a representative corpus of Arabic loanwords in English, items are extracted from the Oxford English Dictionary database (henceforth OED ) with an etymological advanced search. Among the criteria affecting the etymological tagging, the concept of two languages of origin is probably the most difficult one for lexicographers to deal with. This study presents some of the issues lexicographers are faced with in the dictionary-making process. Following that, Arabic loanwords are classified according to semantics, along with the date of their first attestation in the OED database. This quotation dating work that the OED systematically performs is not only an immense task, but also an essential one, as it enables researchers to determine the semantic spheres these corresponding loanwords are integrated into, as well as the cultural relationship between Arabic-speaking countries and English-speaking countries.


BACKGROUND
The intracellular ion channel type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R1) releases Ca2 + from the endoplasmic reticulum upon stimulation with IP3. Perturbation of IP3R1 has been implicated in the development of several neurodegenerative disorders, including Huntington disease (HD).

OBJECTIVE
To elucidate the putative role of IP3R1 phosphorylation in HD, we investigated IP3R1 levels and protein phosphorylation state in the striatum, hippocampus and cerebellum of four murine HD models.

METHODS
Quantitative immunoblotting with antibodies to IP3R1 protein and its phosphorylated serines 1589 and 1755 was applied to brain homogenates from R6/1 mice to study early-onset aggressive HD. To determine if IP3R1 changes precede overt pathology, we immunostained tissues from the regions of interest and several control regions for IP3R1 in tgHDCAG51n rats and BACHD and zQ175DNKI mice, all recognized models for late-onset HD.

RESULTS
R6/1 mice had reduced total IP3R1 immunoreactivity, variably reduced serine1755-phosphorylation in all regions investigated, and reduced serine1589-phosphorylation in cerebellum. IP3R1 levels were decreased relative to cell-specific marker proteins. In tgHDCAG51n rats we found reduced IP3R1 levels in the cerebellum, but otherwise unchanged IP3R1 phosphorylation and protein levels. In BACHD and zQ175DNKI mice only age-dependent decline of IP3R1 was observed.

CONCLUSION
The level and phosphorylation of IP3R1 is reduced to a variable degree in the different HD models relative to control, indicating that earlier findings in more aggressive exon 1-truncated HD models may not be replicated in models with higher construct validity. Further analysis of possible coupling of reduced IP3R1 levels with development of neuropathological responses and cell-specific degeneration is warranted.


This paper examines the relation between the number of response categories used to measure attitudes in survey interviews and the reliability of such attitude measurements. I review and criticize the hypothesis that reliability increases with the "information carrying capacity" of a response scale. I also review the literature on the relationship between the number of scale points and measurement reliability. This leads to a set of predictions regarding the relationship between the number of scale points and reliability of measurement, which I then examine using results obtained from three-wave panel studies conducted by the General Social Survey and the National Election Study. Reliability estimates were obtained via several procedures (LISREL, EQS, and LISCOMP) employing a vari-


The article is dedicated to lay people who died an "unexpected death", in other words, those who did not have possibility to make confession before their death. In this heterogeneous group, the composition of which underwent certain changes in the early modern period, were those who drowned or were killed by lightning as well as victims of robbers, and, of course, suicides. Christian burial was possible for them only after a positive decision by the diocesan bishop, which the latter took either after a detailed study of the case by the parish priest or based on the results of a petition submitted by relatives of the deceased (for suicides, such a positive decision could be made if it turned out that the suicide was committed in madness). Of course, the main task of the researcher was to obtain direct and indirect evidence of suicides. The data on Vologda analyzed in the article relates to the 17th century, that for Veliky Ustyug concerns the 18th century. Despite the fact that suicide was criminalized in secular law in the 1715 Military article, the 17th-century Vologda cases turn out to be similar to the 18th-century Veliky Ustyug ones. In both cases, the parish clergy preferred to "negotiate" with the families of the victims, which minimized the number of refusals to Christian burial.


Introduction: Abnormal glucose levels as seen in diabetes (DM) result in endothelial dysfunction characterized in part by increased vascular endothelial inflammation and increased permeability betw...


Endometrial polyp are soft, fleshy intrauterine growths are composed of endometrial glands, fibrous stroma, and surface epithelium. Prevalence inthe general population approximates 9 percent. Various modalities are available for the management of endometrial polyp. We conducted this study to compare between D & C,Hysteroscopic scissors and forceps, Monopolar Cautery with Glycine, Bipolar Cautery with normal saline as methods for polypectomy.


The evidence-based nursing increasingly becomes the hotspot of concern and research in the field of nursing. However, nursing staff in China generally lack the ability of evidence-based nursing practice. Because of this, the evidence-based nursing education has been paid more attention to. This paper summarized three main problems in evidence-based nursing education of our country by analyzing the search results related to the research of evidence-based nursing education from four domestic databases: the weak awareness of evidence-based nursing, lack of the condition for implementing evidence-based nursing education; too centralized and old model and method of evidence-based nursing teaching. Combined with related research abroad, possible solutions to these problems were proposed by authors.

Key words:
Review; Evidence-based nursing education; Achievements; Problems; Solutions