The record of eradicating invasive plants, whether on islands or continents, consists of few clear victories, some stalemates, and many defeats. Instructive, if hard-won, lessons have nevertheless been learned. (1) The ideal eradication campaign would see all individuals of a potentially-invasive species destroyed immediately upon their arrival. Few immigrants meet this fate; more usually there is a failure to act until damage has been inflicted by the invader. (2) Failing the destruction of all immigrants upon their entry, maximum effort should be lodged against the immigrants' small, isolated foci. As with (1), implementing this sound advice has often proven difficult. However, the radical reduction of the range of Striga asiatica in North Carolina (USA) represents the clearest sustained application of this principle. (3) Eradication or even effective control of invasive species requires repeatedly surveying the same area for surviving plants. Virtual eradication of Schinus terebinthifolius and other invasive species on tiny islands in Bermuda has clearly succeeded through such diligence. (4) Control or even eradication of a single invasive species may ultimately produce little benefit, if its demise only sparks the rise of another non-indigenous species (e.g., the role reversals of invasive aquatic macrophytes in southern Florida, following biological control). Islands, with their intrinsic borders and geographic isolation, provide excellent locations for experimentation within which these lessons can be honed, thereby identifying both the effective and ineffective components of any eradication effort.


Objective To explore the personality characteristics of children with tic disorder(TD).Methods The investigation with Eysenck personality questionnaire(EPQ) was performed in 120 TD children(group T) and 120 healthy children(group C).Results The scores of neuroticism in group T were (58.61±10.12) points in boys and (52.61±9.12) points in girls,which were higher than (44.22±8.21) points and (44.05±7.43) points in group C(P0.05).The scores of extraversion were (48.12±10.43) points in boys and (43.12 10.03) points in girls,which were lower than (55.56±8.53) points and (56.56±7.24) points in group C(P0.05).There was no significant difference in the scores of pyschoticism between two groups(P0.05).The scores of neuroticism and extraversion in boys were (58.61±10.12) points and (48.12±10.43) points,which were higher than (52.61±9.12) points and (43.12±10.03) points in girls(P0.05).ConclusionTD children have the personality characteristics of emotional instability and introversion.The boys have the tendency of emotional instability and extraversion,meanwhile,the girls have the tendency of introversion.


Effects of applying of sulphate-potassium magnesium combined nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer on sugarcane yield and sugar content for benefit were studied.The results showed that applying potassium fertilizer could improve yield and quality.Sulphate-potassium magnesium could significantly increase sugarcane yield and sugar content.Compared with potassium chliride and potassium sulfate,the yield was increased by 6.6% and 11.9%,sugar content raised by 0.3% and 0.1%,respectively,the sugar yield was increased by 8.5% and 12.6%,net economic benefit was increased by 7.3% and 19.1%.


Asymmetric quantum error-correcting codes (AQCs) may offer some advantage over their symmetric counterparts by providing better error-correction for the more frequent error types. The well-known CSS construction of q-ary AQCs is extended by removing the Fq-linearity requirement as well as the limitation on the type of inner product used. The proposed constructions are called CSS-like constructions and utilize pairs of nested subfield linear codes under one of the Euclidean, trace Euclidean, Hermitian, and trace Hermitian inner products. After establishing some theoretical foundations, best-performing CSS-like AQCs are constructed. Combining some constructions of nested pairs of classical codes and linear programming, many optimal and good pure q-ary CSS-like codes for q ∈ {2,3,4,5,7,8,9} up to reasonable lengths are found. In many instances, removing the Fq-linearity and using alternative inner products give us pure AQCs with improved parameters than relying solely on the standard CSS construction.


X-ray and neutron scattering from macroscopically rough surfaces and interfaces is considered and a new method of analysis based on the variation of the shape of the total reflection edge in the reflectivity profile is proposed. It was shown that in the limit that the correlation length and the height of the surface roughness are larger than the wavelength (at least 100 times bigger) of the incoming beam, the total reflection edge in the reflection profile becomes rounded. This technique allows direct analysis of the variation of the reflectivity profile in terms of the structure of the surface profile in the particular case where the height variation of the surface texture is smooth and small compare to the surface correlation length (surface profile with slow variation)


Investigation revealed that there is a close correlation between the level of self-esteem and mental health of college students. The paper discussed the main factors restricting the development of student self-esteem and how to improve it.


Pravastatin is a hydrophilic competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A, the enzyme responsible for the rate limiting step of endogenous cholesterol synthesis. Interaction studies with oral anticoagulants have shown no change in prothrombin time or in the pharmacokinetic variables of pravastatin.1 On the other hand, when lovastatin2 or simvastatin3 and coumarin are administered concomitantly, prothrombin time may be increased in …


Introduction: fast changes, flexibility, increasing diversity of the workforce in organizations have attracted the attention of many researchers including David (with organization's mission theory) and Robbins (with access to information theory). The goal of this research was to survey the relationship between codification of organization's mission, access to information and workforce productivity in organizations and governmental departments of Yazd. The hypotheses of this research are including: 1. there is a relationship between codification of organization's mission and access to information. 2. There is a relationship between codification of organization's mission and workforce productivity. Materials and methods: present research is cross- correlation. Statistical population of this research include: senior managers of organizations and governmental departments of Yazd. A sample of 56 people selected by census method which the whole of population has been selected as the sample size . Findings: 1. there is a significant and positive relationship between components of the mission codification and productivity in organization.2.There is a significant and positive relationship between components of the mission codification and access to information. Conclusions: these findings are consistent and alignment with the researches of the Bello, Schendel, David and the others. There is a specific attention about evidences of mission statement's impact on business success. Since the mission statement is a starting point for development of organizational strategy, most companies use widely it. So, with the codification of organization's mission and access to information, workforce productivity can be increased which it can raise the success of organization.


A new species of Downeshelea Wirth & Grogan, D. deanei Felippe-Bauer & Quintelas, is described and illustrated from a male specimen from Trinidad, and a redescription of D. guianae (Wirth) is given.


In the past, it has been tacitly assumed that the distribution of the plaque-forming cell response in mice is approximately normal; that is, it would provide the usual bell-shaped normal distribution curve if enough replicate samples were collected. We address this point directly, by using the plaque-forming cell response generated in a total of five in situ, in vivo, and in vitro experimental systems. The Gaussian distribution assumption was tested on the untransformed data and on the same observations transformed by logarithms or square roots. We conclude that the log transformation provides a close approximation to normality for all the systems studied.


The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) encourages bank lending in low- and moderate-income areas. We use a regression discontinuity design that exploits the relative-income threshold that distinguishes CRA-eligible from ineligible neighborhoods (census tracts) and find little evidence that CRA has contributed to neighborhood changes associated with gentrification in eligible areas. Over the 1989–1999 period, we find that eligible tracts had greater increases in mean income relative to ineligible tracts, but we find little evidence that the CRA caused decreases in the proportion of long-term residents or increases in the proportion of White or college-educated residents.


We investigate a family of pattern classification methodologies for image processing using iterated classification, that is, using a sequence of classifiers, each trained separately on the training-data results of the preceding classifier, and each guided by the same ground truth. We apply iterated classification to improve document image content extraction: that is, the location and segmentation of handwriting, machine-printed text, photographs, and blank space. We try to achieve high-accuracy pixel-accurate segmentation: that is, each pixel in a document image is assigned a class; there is no "region" model, and so results are not constrained to arbitrary region shapes such as rectangles (a restriction which dominates most of the RD and (2) a scoring policy that considers blank pixels to be a "don't care" class. These changes are realistic and improve both recall and precision, achieving 89% recall and 87% precision (at least) among three content types: machine-print, handwriting, and photographs. We have found that iterated classification is sensitive to the ground-truth policy, such as "loose", "tight", and pixel-accurate policies. We have compared the accuracy of all three truthing policies, and report that tight truth supports higher accuracy than loose truth, and pixel-accurate truth yields the highest accuracy. Experiments on a diverse and highly challenging test set of 83 document images show that tighter ground-truth reduces per-pixel classification errors by 45% (from 38.9% to 21.4%). Latest experiment on a test set of 157 document images shows that iterated classifiers continue to drop per-pixel classification errors by 24.5% (from 20.2% to 15.2%). Evidence from both experiments and simulation suggests that iterated classification converges to the ground-truth; we have analyzed special cases suggesting reasons why iterated classifiers tend to converge to the ground truth.


This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows:

To conduct a systematic review (with or without meta-analyses) of the scientific literature on the impact of long-term opioid therapy for CNCP, with a focus on (1) misuse, abuse or addiction, (2) overdose, and (3) falls and fractures.


We consider a family of higher degree Enneper minimal surface E m for positive integers m in the three-dimensional Euclidean space E 3 . We compute algebraic equation, degree and integral free representation of Enneper minimal surface for m = 1 , 2 , 3 . Finally, we give some results and relations for the family E m .


There is a certain regularity to the Russian literature on Peter III and Paul I: the more scholarly and popular works are published on Catherine II and her epoch, the more books and essays are devoted to her husband and son. This rule emerged in the last third of the 19th century, with the beginning of research on Catherine II,1 and reappeared in the 1990s after a long interval in which works on the history of her reign were rare (one could even say, absent). The growing body of research on the 18th century in the 1980s and 1990s,2 which presented Catherine II as a successful European reformer, also drew attention to Peter III and Paul I as independent figures who opposed her political course. They were


Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and its receptor (GDNF Family Receptor α1 - GFRα1) are well known to mediate spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) proliferation and survival in the mammalian testes. In nonmammalian species, Gdnf and Gfrα1 orthologs have been found but their functions remain poorly investigated in the testis. Considering this background, this study aimed to understand the roles of Gdnf-Gfrα1 signaling pathway in the zebrafish testis by combining in vivo, in silico and ex vivo approaches. Our analysis showed that zebrafish exhibited two paralogs of Gndf (gdnfa and gdnfb) and its receptor, Gfrα1 (gfrα1a and gfrα1b), in agreement with the teleost-specific third round (3R) of whole genome duplication. Expression analysis further revealed that gdnfa and gfrα1a were the most expressed copies in the zebrafish adult testes. Subsequently, we demonstrated that gdnfa is expressed in the germ cells, while Gfrα1a was detected in early spermatogonia (mainly in types Aund and Adiff) and Sertoli cells. Functional ex vivo analysis showed that Gdnf promoted the creation of new available niches by stimulating proliferation of both type Aund spermatogonia and their surrounding Sertoli cells, but without changing pou5f3 mRNA levels. Strikingly, Gdnf also inhibited late spermatogonial differentiation as shown by the decrease of type B spermatogonia and down-regulation of dazl in the co-treatment with Fsh. Altogether, our data revealed for the first time that a germ cell-derived factor is associated with maintaining germ cell stemness through the creation of new available niches, supporting development of differentiating spermatogonial cysts and inhibiting late spermatogonial differentiation in autocrine and paracrine manners.


Results include: The metabolic dangers of neuroleptic Rx in youth; prevalence of T2DM in minorities with severe mental illness; and gaps in care for mentally ill with T2DM.


Changes in the lipid picture of 28 grossly obese subjects induced by jejunoileal by-pass are described. The results indicate that this operation brings about a marked reduction in total cholesterol and triglycerides, and hence a distinct regression of risk factors with regard to atherosclerosis.


·AIM: To compare the measurement of anterior chamber depth (ACD) inclusive of corneal thickness using intraocular lens (IOL) master and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) and evaluate the repeatability of each method. ·METHODS: Two consecutive measurements of ACD were prospectively performed using IOL master and UBM in 60 eyes in 60 individuals. Mean values were compared using the paired test. For each individual, ACD measurements was performed 5 times to estimate the repeatability of each method by a coefficient of variation (CV). ·RESULTS: The mean ACD was 2.95? .25mm with the IOL master and 2.96± 0.22mm with the UBM. This difference was not statistically significant ( =0.631). The coefficient of variation (CV) was 0.56%± 0.26% and 0.65%± 0.36% in IOL master and UBM, respectively. ·CONCLUSION: The mean ACD of IOL master is the same as UBM. The repeatability of IOL master is better than UBM. ·


Severe insulin-induced hypoglycemia in rabbits reduces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) formation, but not ventricular iodide clearance as measured by ventriculocisternal perfusion. This indicates that CSF production is ultimately glucose-dependent but that ventricular iodide clearance is not. The data suggest that severe hypoglycemia results in intracellular potassium loss within the brain and show that extracellular sodium replaces lost intracellular potassium. Hypoglycemia probably results in cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) reduction which affects membrane Na/K ATPase and the ability of the brain cell to maintain a potassium gradient. Potassium levels in the CSF also rise consequent to hypoglycemia. Homeostatic mechanisms that maintain a constant CSF potassium, therefore, are also affected by hypoglycemia.


We do not deal here with miracles in general but only with those in the Gospel of Mark and, more particularly, only with their significance for Mark. Though the miracle stories once existed and were understood as separate pericopae they are now part of the Gospel and we examine how they are to be understood, not as individual incidents, but in the light of the whole Gospel. We begin then by setting out a view of the Gospel so that within it we can see their place. The Gospel was written primarily for a Christian community, and not as a handbook for missionaries or as a pamphlet to be placed in the hands of potential converts; even less as a source book for christology. If the earlier Sitz im Leben of the miracle stories had been the missionary or evangelistic activity of the Church or if in the life of Jesus they had been taken as signs of the Kingdom or of the Messiah, this is no longer so within Mark's Gospel; and they cannot be understood in any of these ways. The Gospel was written not only for a Christian com munity but for a particular Christian community at a particular time and intended to meet its needs. In writing for this community Mark was not polemicizing against a definite heresy or aiming to provide information about the historical Jesus, but seeking to preserve and deepen the Christian faith of his readers. Naturally in the course of this he did supply information about Jesus and rebut false views, but his main aim was to show his readers what God could do for them through Jesus and tell them what their response ought to be; these two would naturally be closely related. Given this pastoral purpose, what part do the miracles play in it? It is clear that we shall view the miracles differently if we approach them from this angle rather than from an attempt to determine what christology they display.


Aiming at the low signal to noise ratio (SNR) and weak anti-interference problem of single band detection, we use a method called Joint Skewness-Kurtosis figure (JSFK) to select the optimal waveband. Firstly, the expression of infrared signal detection is given and the coupling and random characteristics of the detection process are analyzed. Then based on the statistical theory and utilizing the non-Gaussian distribution characteristic of JSKF method, the optimal wavebands of multispectral are selected. From the selection results, the wavebands selected by the JSKF method distribute dispersively in the band 2 m~15 m μ μ and have strong complementarity, which can better reflect the multispectral characteristics of target radiation. Finally, the wavebands selected by the IABC, ECA and JSKF methods are respectively fused by the PCA method. The experiment results show that the fusion effect of JSKF method is superior to the IABC and ECA methods. Besides, the JSKF method can realize real-time processing of multispectral signals detected by the airborne, which is significant for infrared target detection. Introduction In multispectral detections, spectral signature describes the infrared radiation characteristics and reveals the intrinsic property of target and background. Utilizing such wealth of spectral and spatial information greatly improves the performance of the target detection and recognition, and even extends the detection technology to a new frontier [1]. In complex environment, the infrared spectral can be affected by the target original radiation, atmospheric transmission, detector noise and multi-reflection of electromagnetic waves, so there exists the phenomenon of "One object, different spectrum" [2,3]. In the face of single spectrum detecting defects, such as low detection probability, more infrared details loss and weak anti-interference ability, multispectral detection technology may make up for the shortage. The multispectral signals detected at the same time have significant differences in the aspect of SNR, contrast degree and radiation intensity. Utilizing these differences with spatio-temporal correlation and complementary information to fuse different infrared signals can obtain more comprehensive and clear description of target [4]. However, as for the information processing, multispectral signals can cause the problem of large data processing, so using all the infrared bands to make data classification not only processes in low efficiency, but also reduces the detection accuracy because of the influence of vast noise jamming bands or low SNR bands [5,6]. Since the limitation of current information interpretation capability, the optimal band selection for detection is the primary problem to solve. Optimal detection wavebands can expand the difference between target and background and even have a high anti-interference ability [7-9]. Over the past few years, band selection for specific target had become a hot topic in the field of military defense. Yanke Xv working in Northwestern Polytechnical University analyzed the band selection for early warning detection system [10]. Professor Wei Zhang working in Harbin Institude of Technology systematically studied the detecting bands for space-based early warning system [11]. Later, in the Changchun Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Zhi Wan proposed a novel approach of band selection for marine target detection [12]. The studies mentioned above mainly focus on single band selection and use the SNR index to evaluate the optimal band selection, while the detection process has coupling and random 5 characteristics. The infrared signals easily submerge in noise and the SNR becomes lower, which brings difficulties to signal processing. In fact, the noise presents Gaussian distribution with accumulation characteristic and the target is a singular signal, so by signal fusion can provide more viability for multispectral detection. Based on the multispectral detection and statistical theory, we use the Joint Skewness-Kurtosis figure (JSKF) method to select optimal bands. Finally, we compare this method with other methods and obtain better detectable effect. Optimal Wavebands Selection for Target Detection Take the airborne target for example. The infrared spectral distribution of aerial target is complicated and the radiation characteristic always changes along with the flight altitude, working states of engine, etc., which makes single waveband detection more difficult to detect the infrared signals. In multispectral detection system, the infrared signals detected can be expressed as: ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 i j n m i j x t s t n t λ λ = = = + ∑ ∑ (1) where ( ) x t denotes total input signal; ( ) i s t λ and ( ) i n t λ are respectively single band signals of target and background. As for the multispectral signals, most of the background signals obey an approximate Gaussian distribution according to the central limit theorem, while the target signals are singular points existing in the background signals. Then the signal model of target is further given by ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 0 = i s t a t t t t λ δ ⋅ ; ( ) 0 a t t is the pulse amplitude and ( ) 0 t t δ is the pulse signal at 0 t time. The pulse amplitude a can not be decided by one factor and it is closely associated with target radiation, background radiation and atmospheric transmittance. 0 5 10 15 0 100 200 300 400 500 Wavelength/(μm) R a d ia ti o n i n te n s it y /( W /s r) Target radiation intensity Background radiation intensity Radiation intensity received 0 5 10 15 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Wavelength/(μm) A tm o s p h e ri c t ra n s m it ta n c e Figure 1. Radiation intensity. Figure 2. Atmospheric transmittance. Fig. 1 indicates that target and background radiation are not continuous in the waveband 2 m~15 m μ μ and Fig. 2 indicates that the atmospheric transmittance has selection characteristics for radiation wavebands. So the infrared signal detection is a coupling process and we needs to select the optimal wavebands based on the coupling analysis of the characteristics of airborne targets, background, atmosphere and detection systems. The target signal detection is to look for the singular signals greatly deviating from the Gaussian distribution [13]. The Skewness defined third central moment and the Kurtosis defined fourth central moment respectively measure the asymmetry and steepness of random distribution [14]. Compared with the traditional evaluating indexes like first central moment and second central moment, the Skewness and Kurtosis not only can reflect the degree of random variables deviating from the normal distribution but also measure the difference size among different waveband signals, which is a good method for waveband selection [15]. Assume the random variable x has second to fourth central moment and they are defined as: 6 ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 = = = m E x E x m E x E x m E x E x σ  − =       −       −       (2) Therefore, the Skewness and Kurtosis are further respectively expressed as 3 3 / S m σ = and 4 4 / K m σ = ; σ denotes variance. In the Normal distribution, the S value equals 0 and K value equals 3. The larger the Skewness is, the more asymmetric the variable is; the higher the Kurtosis is, the steeper the density distribution curve is. So the values of S and K determine the target information amount. The discrete expression of Skewness and Kurtosis are as follows ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3/2 3 2


District 7 - Canada - of the Institute of Transportation Engineers recently published the Canadian Capacity Guide for Signalized Intersections. The guide is the first part of a national effort to identify suitable capacity related techniques for a variety of urban conditions in Canada. The initiative arose from user needs that could not be met by existing documents. Elements of traffic signal analysis and design were evolving as adaptations of procedures developed in other countries and research within Canada. The purpose of this article is to illustrate some of the new aspects and procedures of the guide. Canadian capacity analysis for signalized intersections is based on a lane by lane saturation flow procedure that allows for calibration to local community conditions. It is suited both for analytical and design tanks.


This article draws on long-term ethnographic fieldwork to examine some recent livelihood transformations that have taken place in the Turkana region of northern Kenya. In doing so, it discusses some of the ways in which uncertainty and variability have been managed in Turkana to date and considers what this means in relation to a future that promises continued radical economic and ecological change. Discussing a selection of examples, we argue that understandings of contemporary transformative processes are enhanced through attention to the ways in which various forms of knowledge have been constituted and implemented over the long term. We suggest that ongoing transformations within livelihood practices, inter-livelihood relationships and corresponding patterns of mobility might best be understood as manifestations of a long-standing capacity for successfully managing the very uncertainty that characterises daily life.


This paper presents the model of interleavers for the interleave-division multiple-access (IDMA) based on evolutionary algorithm. In all the previous works, interleavers are all generated independently and randomly which is simple but with good performance. Considered the difference between the model of interleavers and the traveling salesman problem(TSP), a specific fitness function based on covariance matrix is given and the optimum interleavers are computed by evolutionary algorithm. The simulation results show that the bit error ratio(BER) performance of the evolutionary interleavers(EI) is much better than other unrandom interleavers. The BER performance of independent and random interleavers is near to EI, it is a proof that EI is the theoretical optimum interleavers for IDMA.


Faraday rotation of Er 2.2 Y 0.8 Fe 5 O 12 (ErYIG) single crystals has been measured at 1150 nm wavelength in order to compare with that of pure Er 3 Fe 5 O 12 (ErIG). The measurements have been performed in the 77-300 K temperature range in magnetic field up to 20 kOe applied along the |111| |110| and |100| directions. It is shown, under the assumption that the Fe3+contribution is the same as in YIG, that the magnetooptical coefficient of Er3+ions is the same in ErYIG as in ErIG. This coefficient, related to the electric dipole transitions, is found to present a linear temperature dependence.


RAIRD (Remote Access Infrastructure for Register Data) is a web-based system for confidential research on full population event data (spell-data) from a set of Norwegian administrative registers. RAIRD is currently under development and testing, and will move into production in 2017. The RAIRD platform supports on-the-fly import and processing of event data into a disclosure-limiting web based statistical package for remote data processing and analysis. The RAIRD technology stack is generic and may be used for other data sources and -types, e.g. survey data, panel data and of course event data. This presentation will demonstrate RAIRD's end-user interface, and explain key aspects of the architecture and design principles, including: the use of immutable data structures and databases the combination of multiple programming languages and paradigms an overview of the supporting data and metadata models disclosure prevention models RAIRD is a joint project between Norwegian Social Science Data Services (NSD) and Statistics Norway (SSB). The RAIRD development project is funded by the Research Council of Norway.


The claim that high intake of both ethanol and fat is essential to induce fatty liver and high blood alcohol levels (BAL) was tested. Two groups of rats were fed liquid diets containing 26% and 36% of calories as ethanol respectively. After 4 weeks, all rats were bled for BAL and some were sacrificed to obtain liver morphology. Remaining rats in Group 1 (26% ethanol) were switched to 36% ethanol diet and Group 2 (36% ethanol) to 26% ethanol diet. All rats were sacrificed after 4 weeks to obtain blood for BAL and liver morphology. The results indicate that high ethanol intake and high fat ingestion is not the criterion for induction of fatty liver. Inadequate ingestion of macronutrients plays a major role in alcoholic fatty liver and BAL.


Nonlinear forces acting on offshore structures are examined from a system identification perspective. The nonlinearities are induced by ocean waves and may become significant in many situations. They are not necessarily in the form of Morison`s equation. Various wave force models are examined. The force function is either decomposed into a set of base functions or it is expanded in terms of the wave and structural kinematics. The resulting nonlinear system is decomposed into a number of parallel no-memory nonlinear systems, each followed by a finite-memory linear system. A conditioning procedure is applied to decouple these linear sub-systems; a frequency domain technique involving autospectra and cross-spectra is employed to identify the linear transfer functions. The structural properties and those force transfer parameters are determine with the aid of the coherence functions. The method is verified using simulated data. It provides a versatile and noniterative approach for dealing with nonlinear interaction problems encountered in offshore structural analysis and design.


The appropriateness of dielectric loaded antenna for the passive millimeter wave imaging application has recently been demonstrated. In this paper, we analyze the optical performance of the passive millimeter wave (PMMW) imaging system based on a 1D focal plane array (FPA) of dielectric rod waveguide (DRW) antennas. A flrst step in the design process is to analyze the image quality potential of 1D FPA-based imaging system in terms of the point spread function (PSF) and the modulation transfer function (MTF). We consider the efiect


Welding is one of the most reliable and efficient permanent metal joining processes in the industry. When two plates are joined by welding, a very complex thermal cycle is applied to the weldment. Thermal energy applied results in irreversible elastic-plastic deformation and consequently gives rise to the residual stresses in and around fusion zone and heat affected zone (HAZ). It is well established fact that structural integrity of components is substantially affected by the residual stresses when subjected to thermal and structural loads. Presence of residual stresses may be beneficial or harmful for the structural components depending on the nature and magnitude of residual stresses. Using finite element based commercially available software, coupled thermal-mechanical three dimensional finite element model was developed by making an approximate geometry of the butt welded joint. Finite element analysis was performed to understand the complete nature of residual stresses in manual metal arc welded joint of AISI 304 stainless steel plate. Variation of residual stress in the plates in the heat affected zone was also being studied. The results obtained by finite element method agree well with those from X-ray diffraction method as published in literature for the prediction of residual stresses. Keywords-finite element analysis; residual stresses; butt weld; AISI 304 stainless steel; manual metal arc welding.


The water retention characteristics of coastal soils in Zhejiang Province were studied. Results showed that water retention curves of coastal soils were a typical double-curve and the best modal to characterize the relationship between soil water content and soil suction is logarithmic function. The soil water retention capacity of coastal soils under high suction (80-1 200 kPa) was highly positively correlated with 0.01 mm physical clay content (r=0.961 9 ** ) while soil water retention capacity under low suction (80 kPa) was mainly controlled by embankment time of coastal soils. The water retention capacity increased with an increase of embankment age of marine deposit. And water specific capacity of coastal soils decreased from 10 -1 /100 kPa to 10 -2 -10 -3 /100 kPa as soil water suction changed from low to high. The content of rapid available water for coastal soils increased with the embankment age of coastal soils.


The cobalt contents and its affecting factors in soils of Yuncheng district in Shanxi province were studied.The results were summarized as follows:(1)The contents of total cobalt ranged from 1.65 mg/kg to 17.85 mg/kg,with an average of 6.00 mg/kg,which was little higher than the critical level 5 mg/kg,but lower than the average level of China 11.2 mg/kg.The contents of available cobalt ranged from 0.060 mg/kg to 2.235 mg/kg,with an average of 0.694 mg/kg.The total cobalt contents in the main soil types cinnamon soils and fluvo-aquic soils respectively were 6.17 mg/kg and 4.73 mg/kg,and the available cobalt contents respectively were 0.708 mg/kg and 0.589 mg/kg.(2)The main influence factors to the total cobalt contents in soils were parent material,soil forming process,the contents of iron and manganese.Available cobalt contents were mainly affected by parent material,soil forming process and organic matter contents.


The European XFEL facility with 3 undulators and initially 6 experimental end-stations requires an extensive set of photon beam diagnostics for commissioning and user operation, capable of handling the extreme brilliance and its inherent damage potential, and the high intra bunch train repetition rate of 4.5 MHz, potentially causing additional damage by high heat loads and making shot-to-shot diagnostics very demanding [1]. After extensive design [2-5] and prototype studies, in 2014 the installation of the photon beam devices starts with the equipment in the first photon tunnel XTD2 which is where the SASE1 hard X-ray undulator is located. This contribution reports on the device construction progress by focusing on the XTD2 tunnel devices and their implementation into the tunnel environment.


Shock tubes are commonly employed to test candidate armor materials, validate numerical models, and conduct simulated blast experiments in animal models. As DoD interests desire to field wearable sensors as blast dosimeters, shock tubes may also serve for calibration and testing of these devices. The high blast pressures needed for experimental testing of candidate armors are unnecessary to test these sensors. An inexpensive, efficient, and easily available way of testing these pressure sensors is desirable. It is known that releasing compressed gas suddenly can create a repeatable shock front, and the pressures can be finely tuned by changing the pressure to which the gas is compressed. A Crosman 0.177 caliber air pistol was used (without loading any pellets) to compress and release air in one end of a 24 inch long 3/4 inch diameter standard pipe nipple to simulate a blast wave at the other end of the tube. A variable number of pumps were used to vary the peak blast pressure. As expected, the trials where 10 pumps were used to compress the air resulted in the largest average peak pressure of 101.99 kPa (+/- 2.63 kPa). The design with 7 pumps had the second biggest peak pressure, with an average peak pressure of 89.11 kPa (+/-1.77 kPa). The design with 5 pumps had the third largest peak pressure, with an average peak pressure of 78.80 kPa (+/-1.74 kPa). 3 pumps produced an average peak pressure of 61.37 kPa (+/-2.20 kPa). 2 pumps produced an average peak pressure of 48.11 kPa (+/-1.57 kPa). The design with just 1 pump had the smallest peak pressure and produced an average peak pressure of 30.13 kPa (+/-0.79 kPa). This inexpensive shock tube design had a shot-to-shot cycle time of between 30 and 45 seconds.


Heat transfer and fluid flow in a laser-heated pedestal growth (LHPG) system are analyzed near the deformed interfaces. The global thermal distributions of the crystal fiber, the melt, and the source rod are described by their temperature and axial gradient over a length of ∼10 mm. Compared with the growth of bulk crystal of several centimeters in diameter, natural convection is 6 orders of magnitude smaller owing to the smaller melt volume; therefore, conduction rather than convection determines the temperature distribution in the molten zone. Moreover, thermocapillary convection rather than mass-transfer convection becomes dominant. The symmetry and mass flow rate of the double eddy pattern are significantly influenced by the molten-zone shape owing to the diameter reduction and the surface-tension-temperature coefficient when it is more than 10-4–10-3 dyn cm-1 K-1.


Abstract The article discusses the position of retelling in literary studies. Retelling does neither play a role in narratology, nor raises further questions for text theory. In the focus of literary didactics retelling is often limited to the pragmatics of use. ›Retelling‹, however, is not a term used in literary studies. Although the term denotes a widespread cultural technique, which is used in schools and is accordingly also discussed in the didactics of literature, it has not yet been able to be acknowledged in the discipline. The greatest obstacle standing in the way of a conceptual version of retelling probably lies in its distinction from narrative. Narratology has not found any specifics in retelling that fundamentally distinguish it from narration. And the tools of trans-textuality and intertextuality developed especially in structuralism to describe textual relations are available for narrative texts anyway. Thus, literary studies already apply theories and tools that are useful for analyses of retelling: narratology, text theory and classification of a second-order literature, the theory of trans-textuality and intertextuality, and material history, as well as research on media transposition and adaptation. Defining retelling as a second-order narrative, or meta-narrative, inevitably raises the question of what is being repeated at all, and how, by means of narrative. Medieval studies particularly emphasize the aspect of repetition (›re-telling‹), which precedes a specific mediality of narration. Retelling as a variety of repetition neither presupposes a pre-text nor requires that a narrative be repeated. Rather, in retelling, the narrative procedure enters into the service of repetition. On the one hand, it is a variety of repetition, but not every repetition is also a narrative. On the other hand, one and the same text can be described from the point of view of narration or that of repetition. Literary studies that focus on the uses of retelling will pay attention to the varieties of repetition and should look at the relationship between the act of narration and repetition. Obviously, in retelling, the modes and ways, but also the degrees of reference to the pre-text can vary, so that it remains to be discussed which varieties of reference count as valid repetitions. In addition, there is the fundamental question of what falls under the concept of narrative and what components constitute it. Is narrative to be understood as a turning back with linguistic means? As an organization of events, which in turn are to be understood as displacements of actors across semantic or even physical boundaries? As little as a repetition by means of narration is linked to a preceding narrative text, it is equally questionable where and how a boundary between narrative and non-narrative representation could be drawn. In this respect, the following discussion of retelling touches, on the one hand, on the distinction between describing and narrating, which itself required its own discussion in literary theory and history. On the other hand, the distinction between retelling and paraphrasing raises the question of the suitability of linguistic and rhetorical categories of analysis for an analysis of narrative. The article will not address such fundamental questions, but only selected examples will be presented to discuss ways of retelling. The article shifts the broad question of what a retelling is into a smaller, more manageable question of how retelling is done. This shift in the problem leads to specific examples and puts the spotlight on the uses of retelling. The selection of examples presents extreme cases that lie at the edges of a normal range where research has mostly focused its attention. The discussion of examples, which comes from Thomas Bernhard/Peter Handke, Wilhelm Termeer/Herman Melville and Clemens J. Setz, is intended to show that retelling allows both an integration, appropriation or fusion of narrative voices as well as an entanglement of narrative discourse and narrative histoire. The ambiguity of the retelling, which, by retelling a histoire, always carries its own discours, contrasts with forms of use such as summary. Although content summary and retelling can be distinguished as text types according to pragmatic criteria, summarizing a narrative text and retelling a histoire can also be mixed and merge into each other. The ease with which the practice of retelling can be understood should not obscure the fact that it is not easily grasped in terms of literary theory or narratology, and brings into play fundamental questions and problems.


Maintenance and treatment of permanent grassland areas, areas left fallow and mulching in combination with other workflows (mowing, grazing) represent advantageous procedures. Conventional impact grass cutting and chopping is energy demanding. The energy demands and the quality of work is affected by air flow and pressure conditions inside the mulcher workspace. In this paper the pressure inside the workspace of the mulcher with vertical axis of rotation is measured and analyzed. The dependencies of pressure inside the workspace of mulcher on rotation speed and distance from the axis of rotation were examined. The torque and power input of the mulcher are also presented. It was found that inside the workspace the negative pressure is created due to centrifugal force and the pressure decreases with the square of rotation speed.


Monitors are a convenient and powerful tool for writing schedulers in concurrent programs. There are at least four conventions for handling their wait and signal operations: the signaling process may yield to the waiting one, continue and thus leave the signal pending, or return immediately from the monitor; or signals may be performed automatically.
 Formal proof schemas are presented for each of the signaling conventions. Such schemas not only support proof of monitors, they also display the conventions' properties precisely and allow them to be compared. It is shown that all of the conventions are equivalent except for immediate return, which is strictly weaker than the others. A modification of immediate return which corrects its weakness and retains its desirable features is proposed.


Domestic energy saving plays a central role in modern society and in energy policy. Despite this, the empirical literature on this topic is scarce and usually focused on the industrial sector. In this paper, we identify, through the implementation of a demand analysis based on the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), the principal determinants that affect the amount of energy saved by each household. Furthermore, through the implementation of a theorically – based household production function, we estimate the households' willingness to save and its income elasticity. The result helps us to define the distributional issues of energy saving and its relevant policy implications.


In Australia copyright reform in the digital age from the perspective of most stakeholders may be categorised as often frustrating, frequently illogical and overwhelmingly unsatisfactory. While it is a neither simple nor easy task a better response than what is currently occurring is unequivocally needed. This paper analyses recurrent, but often overlooked elements of copyright discourse that unduly hinder meaningful reform. With particular consideration of the recent Australian Law Reform Commission inquiry into Copyright and the Digital Economy this paper highlights that the problematic and largely pro-industry copyright reforms that have occurred during the digital age are a symptom of a fundamentally flawed debate.


Ferrofluids are a special category of smart nanomaterials in particular magnetically controllable nanofluids. These types of nanofluids are colloidal of magnetic nanoparticles such as Fe3O4 stably dispersed in a carrier liquid The ferrofluid with nanoparticles of Fe3O4 was synthesized by co-precipitation method using FeCl3x6H2O and FeSO4x7H2O in molar ratio Fe/Fe=1:2, dissolved in 300 ml water and treated with NaOH 10% and heated to 80C. The precipitate Fe3O4 was treated with HCl 0.1 n, such as peptizing agent. The precipitate of Fe3O4 was magnetic decantation, repeated washed and then dispersed in surfactant acid oleic and inglobed in transformer oil. The proportion nanoparticles Fe3O4/acid oleic/transformer oil was 5/10/85% vol. The purity of the preparated Fe3O4 nanoparticles powder was examined by X-ray diffraction. The XRD pattern exhibits the peaks corresponding to Fe3O4 cubic with a spinel structure confirmed from hkl Miller indices (220), (311), (400), (511) and (440) with a lattice constant a=b=c=8.3778 A. The medium crystallites size determined with Debye-Scherrer formula was 14 nm. The ferrofluid has o dielectric properties, thus, for the frequency 1KHz the relative permittivity was 6,15, the loss tangent was 1.0554 and the impedance was 2.25 x10Ω.


1. Primary chick embryo forebrain neurones are relatively easy to culture and are quite resilient to treatment manipulation. These characteristics have allowed application in a surprisingly diverse number of areas.


The swirl meter is one of the gas flow meters used in the industry. Its advantages are as follows: a strong signal level, easy maintenance, and stable performance. Hence, it has become widely accepted for natural gas metering. In this study, the numerical computation of the three-dimensional unsteady flow in a swirl meter was conducted using the renormalization group k–ε turbulence model and SIMPLE algorithm. The internal flow fields were analyzed in detail, wherein the velocity and pressure distributions were discussed under six flow rates (6, 15, 25, 40, 70, and 100 m3/h) and three swirl cone angles (11°, 20°, and 30°). The obtained results are reported and discussed as follows: the stable performance of the swirl meter was due to its capacity to maintain its internal characteristics over a large flow range. Also, it was detected that though the pressure decrease was gradual on the wall, an opposite tendency was shown at the center. On the other hand, the swirler structure was crucial to the metering capacity of the swirl meter, and the swirler cone angle influenced the pressure and velocity.


Objective To observe the effect of carvedilol on the expression of glutathione S-transferase Mu 1(GSTM1)in atherosclerosis rats,and to explore the mechanism of carvedilol action in atherosclerosis.Methods There were 3 groups in the experiment:normal control group,atherosclerosis model group,carvedilol treatment group(10 mg/kg.d,for 6 weeks).After the end of the experiment,the change of vascular morphology was observed,and the superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity and malondialdehyde(MDA)level were determined.The changes of expression and activity of GSTM1 were investigated by Western blot.Results As compared with the age-matched control rats,the SOD activity was decreased and the level of MDA was increased in atherosclerosis rats.In comparison with atherosclerosis rats,the SOD activity was significantly increased and the level of MDA was significantly decreased in rats with carvedilol treatment.The expression and activity of GSTM1 were significantly decreased in atherosclerosis rats,but they were significantly increased by carvedilol.Conclusions Carvedilol has the effect of anti-atherosclerosis,which might be associated with the up-regulation of GSTM1 expression,the enhancement of antioxidation role,and the elimination of oxidative stress.


A classical treatment of parametric scattering in strong-coupling semiconductor microcavities is shown to provide a good description of recent experiments in which parametric oscillator behavior has been demonstrated. The model consists of a nonlinear excitonic oscillator coupled to a cavity mode that is driven by the external fields and predicts the output power, below threshold gain and spectral blueshifts of the parametric oscillator.


This article highlights the need to develop a national KTCS system for the safe and efficient management of train traffic based on modern technical solutions. The work lists the main components of the national KTCS system, considers the operating principle of the system, gives digital radio communication standard TETRA. Ensuring information security train of traffic implementing by the national system KTCS railways lines


By a method developed earlier, the second quantum correction to the phase shift in a collision between particles with spherically symmetric potentials is obtained. This expression, along with the classical limit and the first quantum correction developed earlier, is used to obtain the classical limit and the first and second quantum corrections to the transport cross sections Q(1) and Q(2). In these expressions the potential function is not restricted to monotonic functions; the results apply to a potential with an attractive minimum.


Finding intersection curves of surfaces not only plays an important role in computational geometry, computer graphics, and modern CAD/CAM systems, but also has wide applications in industries. The geometric model of an complicated object is always constructed and assembled from multiple surfaces, including free form surfaces and planes. The excessive portions of the surfaces are removed or trimmed after locating the intersection curves/lines. Therefore, finding such intersection curves of the surfaces is a must step in rendering geometry of objects and for subsequent processing. This paper is concentrated on the intersection problems of rational B-Spline surfaces. Rational B-Spline surfaces are the unified and most generalized surfaces rendering techniques. They possess flexibility of local modification and are suitable for interactive computer graphics applications. The intersection curve solver of this paper is based on marching methods basically. A boxing method combined with a modified subdivision technique is used to evaluate whether two rational B-Spline surfaces are intersected. Then, a starting point is obtained by the Newton's method or a spatial three-point method. Subsequent nodes on the intersection curve of two surfaces are found by a marching algorithm. A curve refinement procedure is implemented to improve the accuracy of the intersection curves.


The main disadvantages of conventional ZCTPWM Boost converter are hi gh current stresses of the main switch and hard switching of the auxiliary sw itch. A novel Boost ZCTPWM circuit is presented and the principle of it s operation is analyzed. The resonance parameters are also given.Its simu lation results proved that all the switches in novel circuit performance in soft switching state and there is no additional current stresses on the main swi tch.However all the diodes in this circuit commutate softly.


This report is part of the research programme "Cooperation on Research and Development in Angola" between Centro de Estudos e Investigação Científica (CEIC) at the Catholic University in Luanda, Angola and Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI) in Bergen, Norway. The objective of the programme is to increase the quality, quantity and availability of relevant research-based knowledge on Angola. The programme has several sub-projects in political science, economics and social science. This report on rural poverty in Malanje is related to the social science sub-project "Urban and Rural Poverty Dynamics", and will be followed by a similar report on urban poverty in Luanda (forthcoming 2017).


The rapid development of network technology profoundly influences military academy students' study,ways of living and thinking.It also has a strong impact on their world view,life and value attitudes.Network is a double-edged sword,which brings military academy's ideological education both opportunities and challenges.We must advance with the time and thoroughly implement the scientific concept of development.Thus we can promote military academy's ideological education to new heights in cyber age.


Resolution and efficiency measurements of acousto−optic deflection in optical waveguides are presented and compared to results of previous analysis. Measurements are made on a Ta2O5 film on YX−quartz. Resolution is shown to be limited by coupling, beam divergence, transducer bandwidth, and modal dispersion.


Most of the corn produced in Lampung Province is utilized for feed. The farmers sell the corn seed in a market where the price is fluctuate d. So far, the number of business people in feed industry are still low, therefore the corn itself i s still not fully exploited. This study was aimed t o select the proper type of agro-industry for Lampung Province which was analyzed using Hierarchy Analysis Process, specifying the location of selected agro-industries by using Exponential Comparative Method. In this research, we used the research survey, data collected includes primary data and secondary data by the met hod of quantitative analysis and qualitative descriptive. By using hierarchy analysis process, the proper agr o-industry for Lampung province is corn flour. Then, by using exponential comparison method, the proper place for developing the corn flour industry is in East Lampung regency specifica lly in Sribhawono. Corn flour industry viable market assessed with consideration of market opport unities to reach 35% corn flour that is equal to 1.533 million tones. The production process is d one using wet and dry production methods. Based on the calculation of costs and production ca pacity , the sale price of the corn flour is Rp. 5800, - per kilogram.


Objective To investigate diagnosis and treatment with arthroscopic techniques of anterior meniscus root injury.Methods We selected sixty patients from June 2005 to Jan 2010,who were diagnosed anterior meniscus root injury.There were 40 cases of degeneration and tear,8 cases of cyst and 12 cases of avulsion fracture of tibial condyle.We used cutting,ablation,microfracture,suture and fixing with arthroscopy.We adopted Lysholm score to assess the preoperative and postoperative knee joint function.Guidences were performed for the recovery of joint function after operation.Results All the cases had been followed up after operation—an average of 13 months(6 ~ 24 months).The review found that the knee functions had recovered and McMurray sign became negative.The X-ray reviewed fracture healing was good,without steel wire fault,or noise and lock in the joint.One of the joints did not reach the designated position and resulted in unbending limitation.Because of untimely loading,another patient still had swelling in the knee joint.As for the Lysholm scores of knee function,preoperative Lysholm scores of 60 cases of anterior meniscal root injury were 41(34~48),and postoperative Lysholm scores were 90(85~96).They had statistically significance between preoperation and postoperation(P0.05).Conclusion We adopted different methods to treat the anterior meniscus root damages through the arthroscopy,and obtained good results.It plays an important role in keeping integrity of the meniscus.


This research focuses on assessing the impact of motivation, training, and discipline on employee performance in star-rated hotels in Bogor City. Employee motivation, training, and discipline are identified as key factors influencing employee performance and, consequently, the success of the hotels. A quantitative research approach was adopted, and data from 220 respondents working in star-rated hotels was collected using a questionnaire. The results reveal that training and discipline significantly impact employee performance, while motivation alone does not have a significant effect. Based on the findings, recommendations are made to prioritize training, foster a disciplined work environment, and consider motivation strategies to improve employee performance and enhance the overall competitiveness of the hospitality industry in Bogor City. By implementing these recommendations, hotels can excel in service delivery and achieve higher levels of customer satisfaction and loyalty.


Part I: The Individual's Own Decisions for His or Her Health Part II: Other Agent's Decisions for an Individual's Health


Introduction The use of Haploidentical Transplantation (haploSCT) with pos-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) has become in a very good alternative for patients with acute leukemia who need a transplant but without a well matched donor, however, it is not clear what is the "best" conditioning regimen in this setting; on the other hand, fludarabine + melphalan (flu-mel) is a well-known preparative protocol, it has a good balance between toxicity and anti-leukemic activity. We explored the use of it plus the addition of 200-400cGy of total body irradiation (TBI) in a group of 34 patients with acute leukemia who were allografted with haplo peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) and PTCy. Methods and Patients Donors were mobilized with filgrastim 5 mg/kg/BID for five days, the PBSC were collected with one or two large volume apheresis procedure. The conditioning consisted of melphalan 100-120 mgs/m2 administered on day -6, fludarabine 150 mgs/m2 split in 5 days, and 200-400 cGy of TBI added on day - 1 (Flu Mel TBI). All patients were given PTCy 50 mg/kg/day on D+3 and D+4, followed by ciclosporin and mycophenolate starting on day + 5. In all cases filgrastim was administered after transplant beginning on d + 6. After a signed informed consent, 34 patients underwent to transplant; median age was 22 years (range 5-53), the diagnosis were: acute myeloid leukemia 11 patients, acute lymphoid leukemia 22 and 1 had myelodysplasia. 26.5% were in first remission (CR1), 47 % in second (CR2), and 26.5% in third or with more than 5% of blast in bone marrow (CR3). 5 out of 30 cases in remission had MRD positivity Results 50% of patients received flu-mel +TBI 400 cGy, while the other half were given flu-mel + TBI 300 or 200 cGy. A mean of 12 million of PBSC/kg was infused. The neutrophil engraftment rate was 97%, median time to achieve 500 or more was 15 days (range 11-20), 3 patient died before d+ 100 without platelet recovery, the remaining had a self- sustained platelet count of 20.000 or more at an average of 15 days (range 12-48). Chimerism was available in all cases that survived beyond day + 100; all of them had full donor hematopoiesis. The main toxicities were gastro intestinal; mucositis G II-III 35%, and two cases of hemorrhage, and bacteremia (30%). With a median follow-up for surviving patients of 11 months, the incidence of GVHD acute (GII-IV) and chronic extensive was 29.4 and 25% respectively. The transplantation related mortality was 17.4% while the rate of relapse was 14%. Causes of death were relapse: 4, sepsis: 4 fusariosis: 1, intestinal GVHD: 1. Event was defined as death for any cause or relapse, the event free survival (Kaplan Meier) at 12 and 24 months was; 63% for the whole group, 73% for CR1+CR2 and 31% for patients in CR3 or with active disease (figure 1) Conclusion The use of fludarabine - melphalan plus 200-400 cGy of TBI as a preparative regimen previous to transplant of haplo PBSC with PTCy was associated to a fast and almost universal engraftment, acceptable toxicity and encouraging disease free survival showing a very good balance between tolerance and anti leukemic activity. It deserve more studies Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


Abstract : This study examined four physical properties of three commercially available gypsum materials and three fabricated hybrids under five different model finishing conditions. In addition, a novel means of quantifying the time required to trim the models was presented. The study showed that the physical properties of the different materials react in a variable fashion depending upon the model finishing conditions. Non-commercially available hybrids had superior properties over orthodontic plaster in some conditions, but not all. Model trimming times were directly related to the density of the material, but an item of interest was the time benefits that could be achieved through the use of an improved trimming wheel recently placed on the market.


SINCE the first observation of the presence of Leishmania parasites in a tropical sore by Wright, in 1903, a great number of accounts have appeared, confirming their presence in the tropical sores peculiar to particular countries or districts. Up to this time there was considerable doubt as to the identity of the various sores common in many parts of the Tropics, and this doubt is reflected in the innumerable synonyms by which the lesions are known. One after another these lesions were searched for the new parasites, and, practically without exception, they were readily detected. Without attempting to give a complete list of the various names, the following may be mentioned: Aleppo boil, Armenian boil. Persian boil, Delhi boil, Frontier sore, Bagdad sore, Biskra boil, Gafsa boil, Nile sore, and innumerable others. The more general terms of tropical sore, Oriental sore, and bouton d'Orient have also been freely employed by those who believed in their identity on clinical grounds. Of these general terms, the two latter are no longer appropriate, since the affection is now known to exist in the New W orId as well as in the Old, and even the term tropical sore, adopted in the present instance, is no longer strictly accurate,


Introduction: The distribution of clinical and neurophysiological abnormalities in patients with early amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) was investigated in an attempt to delineate patterns of disease spread. Methods: Clinical and electrodiagnostic data were collected from 150 ALS patients and analyzed based on the clinical region of onset. Results: Asymmetry of clinical and neurophysiological abnormalities was more marked in upper limb‐onset than lower limb‐onset disease. Significant rostral–caudal gradients of clinical weakness were identified in bulbar‐ and lower limb‐onset disease. Neurophysiological evidence of the ALS "split‐hand" pattern was evident irrespective of the region of disease onset. Limbs with and without evidence of clinical weakness demonstrated similar rates of abnormality on electromyography. Conclusions: These findings suggest a pattern of disease spread in ALS. This study may serve to guide ongoing development of disease quantitation biomarkers and the targeting of future neuroprotective strategies. Muscle Nerve 50: 894–899, 2014


Photorefractive crystals are those in which the refractive index can be electro‐optically varied by an internal, light‐induced space‐charge field. Many photorefractive crystals are also ferroelectric, which means that they posess a spontaneous polarization that can be reversed by an electric field. The same light‐induced space‐charge field that alters the refractive index of the material, as well as the charge distribution that produces the field, can also selectively reverse the direction of the spontaneous polarization, leading to effects such as ferroelectric domain grating fixing of photorefractive gratings, space‐charge field enhancement, and periodic domain structures which can be used for quasi‐phase matched second harmonic generation.


In order to realize the unified management of software and hardware resources and to make developers concentrate on their own business,this paper introduces a way of transplanting the real-time kernel uC /OS-Ⅲ to STM32F103VET6. Basic characteristics and the key contents related to uC /OS-Ⅲ kernel such as NVIC,PendSV and systick of Cortex-M3 are presented. Besides,it also illustrates the uC /OS-Ⅲ architecture,states the mechanism of context switch and elaborates the steps of uC /OS-Ⅲ kernel transplantation including BSP development,modification of sources files related to CPU and how to implement PendSV and context switch in ARM assembly language. Test results show that uC /OS-Ⅲ kernel can be stably run on STM32F103VET6 and the multi-task scheduling can also be implemented.


The objective of this study is to analyses the educational reform and optimization of Literature Retrieval and Utilization Course under the environment of web2.0. The studies indicate that reform of thoughts on patrons as central based upon the web2.0, the establishment of information commons and webquest teaching model are the fundamental prerequisite for the development of Literature Retrieval and Utilization Course.


The technique is a kind of new concept of anti rolling ship at zero forward speed. It is different from conventional ship fin stabilizer that the lift of fin stabilizer based on movement mode of pitching and heaving is produced by initiative swing at zero speed. The lift control system is built according to lift feedback and lift limit. It is undoubtedly another development to introduce lift control to ship roll stabilization at zero forward speed. The simulation of anti rolling effect is researched at the different sea wave condition about significant wave height is 1m and 2 m, wave direction angle is 90* . And the anti rolling effects are 78.30 percent and 56.92 percent respectively. It is proved that the designed system could be satisfied with the need of anti rolling ship at zero speed. This research is supported by the science and technology research project of Education Department of Heilongjiang Province (11544044).


Pro/E and ADAMS were used to build the virtual prototyping of mine elevator wire rope.Dynamics analysis was executed to provide a powerful tool and useful method for the design of economic and credible elevator system.


3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (3,4-MDMA) is a strong central nervous system stimulant. Using nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis/fluorescence detection, the precision of the method was evaluated by measuring the repeatability and intermediate precision of migration time and corrected peak height by comparison with a 3,4-MDMA-D5 internal standard. It is possible to determine this drug at a level of 1 ppm without any pre-treatment in less than 5 min. After liquid-liquid extraction, the sample can be condensed and a detection limit of 3,4-MDMA in urine of 50 ppb (S/N = 3) can be achieved. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a powerful psychedelic drug that produces temporary hallucinations and a schizophrenic psychotic state The separation and on-line concentrations of LSD, iso-lysergic acid diethylamide (iso-LSD) and lysergic acid N, N-methylpropylamide (LAMPA) in human urine also were investigated by capillary electrophoresis-fluorescence spectroscopy using a mixture of acetonitrile-methanol-water solution (5:35:60, v/v) containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (100 mM), phosphate (50 mM), and Brij-30 (3 mM). To improve sensitivity, a technique involving sweeping and cation-selective exhaustive injection-sweep-micellar electrokinetic chromato- graphy (CSEI-sweep-MEKC) were also used for on-line concentration which resulted in detection limits of ~ 20 ppb and ~ 60 ppt, respectively. The separation and on-line identification of LSD in tablets were also investigated by capillary electrophoresis-fluorescence spectroscopy at 77 K and GC/MS.


Dear trustees of the Radboud Foundation, Dear curators, professors, lecturers and assistants at this University, Ladies and gentlemen students, And everyone honouring my acceptance of the professorship with his distinguished presence today, Dear audience! One who was assigned in September 1939 to devote his best efforts to the study of international law, and was asked to arouse the attention of students, that is to say, of a future generation, towards specifically this domain of legal science, will want to reflect on the value of international law in our present time, and on the possibilities for its development. *** In everyday life, the notion of ʻinternational law has become a subject for much ridicule; and the sceptics, who have predicted long since the futility of any attempts to let justice prevail over power, seem to have won the argument. They point to the blind optimism with which, after the World War, the establishment of the League of Nation was hailed and the era of final and enduring peace proclaimed; they remind us of the series of conferences that over the past years have mainly animated the major European coastal resorts, of the increasing piles of paperwork, of numerous designs and reports and resolutions, of guaranteeand non-aggression pacts behind which technicians could bring their national rearmaments to perfection; and they consider it a proven fact that government officials, who allowed themselves in practical politics to be led by faith in the novel legal developments, have fallen victim to dangerous idealism. There truly is every reason for modesty. *** By way of defence, one may undoubtedly point to the fact that there are vast areas of human society in which international law is being respected: a large and impressive majority of the over 4500 treaties registered in Geneva from May 1920 up to September 1939, are being adhered to, and signify in themselves the existence of a legal order amidst the numerous complex relations pursued on the international plane; however,


Abstract Building on the work of feminist writers and theorists from Victoria Woodhull to Barbara Ehrenreich, in issues such as the tying (and untying) of sex to reproduction and the roles of women and men as sexual initiators/sexual objects, the authors, themselves feminists, explore historical and current implications for education and for the resolving of sexual paradoxes. Many of the ideas presented here grew out of Selma Greenberg's 1978 book, Right From The Start: A Guide To Nonsexist Childrearing.


This work is devoted to solving synchronization problem of uncertain chaotic systems with dead zones. Based on the Lyapunov stability theorems, by using fuzzy inference to estimate system uncertainties and by designing effective fuzzy adaptive controllers, the synchronization between two chaotic systems with dead zones is realized and a fuzzy variable-structure control is implemented. The stability is proven strictly, and all the states and signals are bounded in the closed-loop system. A simulation example is presented to test the theoretical results finally.


Recent empirical work on the concept of intentionality suggests that people's assessments of whether an action is intentional are subject to uncertainty. Some researchers have gone so far as to claim that different people employ different concepts of intentional action. These possibilities have motivated a good deal of work in the relatively new field of experimental philosophy. The findings from this empirical research may prove to be relevant to medical ethics. After all, the intentions of medical professionals are widely considered to be important in the ethical assessment of their actions. For example, in the debate over palliative sedation for terminally ill patients, it is often said that it is permissible for a clinician to administer a potentially lethal dose of pain medication to a patient, provided that he or she by doing so intends only to relieve the patient's suffering and does not intend to kill or hasten the death of the patient. This idea—that it can be permissible to bring about a foreseen but unintended effect (the patient's death), although it would not be permissible to intend to bring about this same effect—is central to the principle of double effect (PDE), which has found expression in both the law and the professional codes of medical organizations. Notwithstanding this point, over the past decade or so, a number of writers have challenged the value of focusing on the intentions of clinicians when considering questions of ethically permissible conduct. They have claimed that clinical intentions are often equivocal and multiple. They also have claimed that clinicians frequently have difficulty identifying what their intentions are in a given case. In light of the importance that intention plays in medical ethics, it is surprising that no research has been done to identify causes or psychological factors that might help to explain this uncertainty over intentions in clinical reasoning. In this article, we address this issue head on. We first describe a study we conducted on intention ascription. Drawing on recent work in experimental philosophy, we investigated the possibility that the ascription of intentions to clinical actors in clinical settings is influenced by prior judgments about the goodness or badness of the consequences of the action in question. Our study was modeled on experimental studies in other contexts that have shown that people, when presented with a range of scenarios, are more likely to classify a side effect of an action as intended if the side effect is negative or reflects poorly on the actor than if it is positive or reflects well on the actor. We investigated whether this asymmetry in intention ascriptions was also present among physicians who were asked to ascribe intentions to clinical actors in certain well-defined clinical scenarios. After describing the study and its results, we discuss its implications for medical ethics.


gestational age r =0.994732287, t= 6.36 P 0.05. Conclusions: The transverse diameter cerebellar is not affected with the growing disorder which gives the great value of the utilization in the gestational age determination.


The open question of sex differences in the diagnostic use of the Developmental Bender Scoring System for Young Children remains a troubling issue. These differences have been often obscured by the failure to designate clear diagnostic categories or to control for maturational effect. The present study accounts for each of the above variables and their interaction through multivariate design. The presence of a significant sex difference among these 478 children from a clinic population demonstrates the need for further exploration of sex differences in visual motor performance.


Procedures and systems for air and marine separation assurance are compared. Discrete lane area navigation, pilot warning indicators and collision avoidance systems are discussed. It is recommended that a cooperative collision avoidance system be developed for marine use, and that satellite technology be applied to the precision navigation requirements of coastal confluence area, and channel traffic management. A need for lower cost equipments for general aviation is stressed.


In recent years,multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(MC-ICP-MS)has been increasingly used for precise and accurate measurement of transitional metal isotopes,which has greatly improved precision,accuracy,and efficiency of molybdenum isotope analysis of geological samples,and also made Mo isotopic geochemistry a new frontier in Earth science.This paper presents a review of the recent progress in the systematics of Mo stable isotope and its application in geology.The natural range of δ98/95Mo is from-1.35‰ to 2.6‰.The fractionation of Mo isotopes in an oxidizing environment is mainly attributed to the adsorption of dissolved Mo on Mn-oxides,whereas that in an suboxic-euxinic environment is controlled by the content of H2S dissolved in water.Mo isotopic signatures in sediments can be used as an indicator for redox conditions of paleo-environment and corresponding paleo-oceanography.Therefore,molybdenum isotopes can be used as a powerful tool for understanding the redox conditions of local or regional depositional environment,the biogeochemical cycle of sulfur or carbon,and the geochemical evolution of ancient oceans.It is believed that,with further studies of the molybdenum isotope fractionation mechanism,molybdenum isotopes will certainly be applied to more and more areas in earth and environment sciences.


Collisions of hyperthermal oxygen atoms, with an average translational energy of 520 kJ mol−1, on continuously refreshed ionic liquids, 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide ([emim][NTf2]) and 1‐dodecyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide ([C12mim][NTf2]), were studied with the use of a beam‐surface scattering technique. Time‐of‐flight and angular distributions of inelastically scattered O and reactively scattered OH and H2O were collected for various angles of incidence with the use of a rotatable mass spectrometer detector. For both O and OH, two distinct scattering processes were identified, which can be empirically categorized as thermal and non‐thermal. Non‐thermal scattering is more probable for both O and OH products. The observation of OH confirms that at least some reactive sites, presumably alkyl groups, must be exposed at the surface. The ionic liquid with the longer alkyl chain, [C12mim][NTf2], is substantially more reactive than the liquid with the ...


The invention relates to a method for preparing a heterogeneous catalyst comprising copper and an element selected from the group consisting of Ba, Ca, Na, K and mixtures thereof on a silica support and a carbonyl production process powered by a filler comprising at least one alcohol, operated in the presence of the catalyst prepared according to the invention.


Contents: Foreword Introduction Jane Farmer, Carol Hill and Sarah-Anne Munoz 1. The Signs All Point to Community Social Enterprise - Don't They? Carol Hill 2. Developing Rural Social Enterprise: The Relevance of Context Sarah Skerratt 3. Socially Entrepreneurially Skills and Capabilities in a Rural Community Context Sarah-Anne Munoz and Artur Steinerowski 4. Organisational Processes and the Policy-practice Gap Jane Farmer and Kate Stephen 5. Socially Enterprising Communities: Their Dynamics and Readiness for Service Innovation Katy Radford and Sally Shortall 6. Sustaining Social Organisations in Rural Areas Sandy Whitelaw 7. Measuring the Value of Social Organisations as Rural Service Providers Jane Farmer and Sara Bradley Conclusion Carol Hill, Jane Farmer and Sarah-Anne Munoz


The performance of Uniform Concentric Circular Array (UCCA) by adopting robust technique is analyzed in this paper. The inter-element spacing and the interring spacing this UCCA structure is kept uniformly as half wavelength. UCCA is chosen because of its circular structure and it has the ability to scan the desired signal from 0° to 360°. If there is any mismatch between actual signal and steering directions, the performance of Minimum Variance Distortion-less Response (MVDR) will degrade will degrade. Different loading techniques can resolve the problem for mismatch and make the system robust enough to receive the anticipated signal in the presence of inequality between actual and steering direction. A New Variable Loading (NVL) based UCCA beamformer is proposed in this work and compared the performance with existing loading technique-based UCCA beamformers. It is observed that the proposed UCCA beamformer exhibits better interference attenuation capability and offers better robustness against mismatch compared to the existing beamformers. The performance of proposed NVL based beamformer is analyzed using MATLAB software.


By means of compiling the computer aided designing program,two key links,life-span calculation and entity mode-ling,were solved conveniently and rapidly in the 70000C typed bearing design.Among them,the life-span calculation used mainly the designing thought of optimization,and the entity modeling exerted the functions of Pro/E program and family list,and they were illustrated by example.


Composite insulators have been used in power network systems for more than 20 years in China due to their remarkable anti-contamination performance. Compared to porcelain and glass insulators, the pollution flashover performance of composite insulators is better, whereas their icing flashover performance is still not clearly known. Shed configuration is a key factor that influences flashover voltage of composite insulators under icing conditions. In order to find relationships between icing flashover performance and freezing water conductivity, as well as shed configuration, experiments were carried out on ice-covered energized composite insulators, involving nominal voltages of 35 and 110 kV on different structures, at Chongqing University. When icing was light, the flashover performances of different shed configurations were almost the same. When icing was moderate, flashover performance was influenced by shed configuration parameters such as shed diameter, number of larger sheds, creepage distance and so on. When icing was heavy, the sheds were bridged and their configuration had little effect on the flashover performance. In order to explain the influence of shed configuration, the electric field distribution on composite insulators were also calculated by the finite element method (FEM). The calculation results were consistent with the experimental ones.


To compare the roles of programmed death 1 ligand 1 (PD‐L1) and PD‐L2 in regulating immunity to infection, we investigated responses of mice lacking PD‐L1 or PD‐L2 to infection with Leishmania mexicana. PD‐L1–/– and PD‐L2–/– mice exhibited distinct disease outcomes following infection with L. mexicana. In comparison to susceptible WT mice, PD‐L1–/– mice showed resistance to L. mexicana, as demonstrated by reduced growth of cutaneous lesions and parasite burden. In contrast, PD‐L2–/– mice developed exacerbated disease with increased parasite burden. Host resistance to L. mexicana is partly associated with the development of a Th1 response and down‐regulation of the Th2 response. Both PD‐L1–/– and PD‐L2–/– mice produced levels of IFN‐γ similar to WT mice. However, the development of IL‐4‐producing cells was reduced in PD‐L1–/– mice, demonstrating a role for PD‐L1 in regulating Th cell differentiation. This inadequate Th2 response may explain the increased resistance of PD‐L1–/– mice. Although no alterations in Th1/Th2 skewing were observed in PD‐L2–/– mice, PD‐L2–/– mice exhibited a marked increase in L. mexicana‐specific antibody production. Increased Leishmania‐specific IgG production may suppress the healing response through FcγR ligation on macrophages. Taken together, our results demonstrate that PD‐L1 and PD‐L2 have distinct roles in regulating the immune response to L. mexicana.


Abstract Synthetic biomaterials are currently used as bone graft substitutes to treat bone disorders. Based on biomechanical properties, these biomaterials are selected to engineer bioactive and bioresorbable scaffolds that increase tissue ingrowth. These porous scaffolds play an important role in new bone formation and vascularization with the ability to incorporate genes, drugs, growth factors, and stem cells. This review focuses on recent advances on bioactive glass materials for bone regeneration. Despite inherent brittleness, bioactive glasses have many promising characteristics for bone engineering scaffolds. Compared to silicate bioactive glasses, borate and borosilicate have the ability to enhance new bone formation .These materials have controllable degradation rates that closely match new bone formation. Interestingly, bioactive glasses can be doped with elements such as Cu, Zn, and Sr, which are advantageous for healthy bone growth. Although bioactive glasses have been examined in detail for bone repair, few investigations have been performed on their applications for repair of soft tissues. A recent work has shown bioactive glass has the ability to promote angiogenesis for healing of soft tissue wounds. In this review, we highlight current advances in the use of bioactive glass materials and their conversion into scaffolds with the essential anatomical shape. Methods used to manipulate the materials' structures in bone tissue engineering applications and growth factors involved in bone regeneration will be briefly discussed.


Visual discomfort is one of the most frequent complaints of the viewers when watching stereo images or videos. It has been the subject of considerable research in relation to stereo display system. To predict the effects induced by three-dimensional contents on visual discomfort, a new objective visual comfort assessment (VCA) method of stereo image is proposed based on scene mode classification. Scene modes are defined and real scenes are classified into ten kinds of scene modes according to the properties of two aspects. These aspects include the crossed / uncrossed disparity type of foreground object (FGO) and background region (BGR), and the other is the whether locate on zone of comfortable viewing of FGO and BGR in scene. In the process of mode classification and selection, disparity map is first utilized to segment stereo image into FGOs and BGRs adaptively. Then, some features, including disparity angle of both the FGOs and BGRs, and width angle of FGOs, are utilized to build an objective VCA models in various scene modes. The experimental results show that the proposed method performs higher assessment accuracy than some state-of-the-art methods.


New members Miss C L Ashcroft, DML, Plymouth Mr K-Y Cheung, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong *Mr N Freniere, Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Canada ‡ Mr T S Goktemur, University of Salford Mr J R Jones, Royal Free Hospital, London Ms S B Ross, UKAEA, Dounreay Mr A G Rust, St Luke's Hospital, Guildford Ing W Termorshuizen, Academisch Ziekenhuis Leiden, Netherlands || Dr N J Utting, Assoc. Radiation Protection Services, Suffolk † Mr M T Wright, Scottish Nuclear Ltd * Associate † Graduate Member ‡ Student || Rejoining Miss C L Ashcroft, DML, Plymouth Mr K-Y Cheung, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong *Mr N Freniere, Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Canada ‡ Mr T S Goktemur, University of Salford Mr J R Jones, Royal Free Hospital, London Ms S B Ross, UKAEA, Dounreay Mr A G Rust, St Luke's Hospital, Guildford Ing W Termorshuizen, Academisch Ziekenhuis Leiden, Netherlands || Dr N J Utting, Assoc. Radiation Protection Services, Suffolk † Mr M T Wright, Scottish Nuclear Ltd * Associate † Graduate Member ‡ Student || Rejoining Upgradings to member Mr S C Fisher, Radman Associates Mr M G Lyons, Rolls-Royce Nuclear Engineering Services Mr S C Fisher, Radman Associates Mr M G Lyons, Rolls-Royce Nuclear Engineering Services Deaths Mr M Donegani Mr S Stein Mr M Donegani Mr S Stein Current membership * SRP Founders Prize 1996 Keith Faulkner Dr Faulkner graduated from Imperial College, London, in 1977 with an honours degree in Physics. Keith then opted to study for an MSc in Radiation Physics at the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital. His MSc thesis was on the dosimetry and radiation protection of the Cuarietron, an afterloading machine for Brachytherapy, which had been recently installed at the London Hospital. Dr Faulkner was then offered a post as a Basic Grade Physicist in the Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Protection Group at the Christie Hospital, Manchester. At this time his interest in research was stimulated and he successfully completed a project on the assessment of computed tomography scanners for which he was awarded a PhD by the University of Manchester. He moved to Newcastle in 1986 to Head the Diagnostic Radiology Physics Group in the Regional Medical Physics Department. Following an internal reorganisation within the Department in 1990, he assumed responsibilities for radiation protection and the bone mineral assessment service. ‡ Figure 1. Keith Faulkner Dr Faulkner has taught diagnostic radiology physics and radiation protection on numerous undergraduate and postgraduate courses to scientists, doctors and dentists. He is an honorary lecturer at Newcastle University and lectures at the Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland, on the United Kingdom's radiation protection legislation. He has supervised six postgraduate student research projects on topics in diagnostic radiology and radiation protection. During his career Dr Faulkner has achieved an outstanding national and international reputation in the field of radiation protection in hospitals. His main research and development interests lie in the solution of scientific problems in diagnostic radiology and radiation protection. Dr Faulkner has published over 140 publications and given over 150 presentations at scientific meetings of which 80 have been abstracted. He is regularly invited to speak at national and international scientific meetings. Dr Faulkner has edited a number of books on radiation protection and is currently the Honorary Editor (Scientific) of the British Journal of Radiology. Dr Faulkner has successfully completed contract research and other projects on radiation protection for many organisations including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the European Commission (CEC), research committees, charities and industry. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recently asked him to act as a short term consultant to the Republic of Korea to advise the National Institute of Health on radiation protection matters. He has contributed to the diagnostic radiology and dental volumes of a soon to be published series of manuals on radiation protection in hospital and general practice which will be published by the WHO on behalf of the WHO, IAEA, CEC, Pan American Health Organisation and the International Labour Organisation. He has recently been asked to draft guidance on radiation protection in interventional radiology, also for the WHO. Dr Faulkner is also a member of the International Electrotechnical Commission's working group on the safety of mammography equipment. Keith is also a member of the Department of Health's Breast Cancer Screening Advisory Committee. He is a Trustee of the LH Gray Trust and the British Institute of Radiology.


A brief review is given of various methods for producing spin‐polarized electrons. Sources based on photoionization of polarized Li atoms, ionization of Rb atoms and photoemission from GaAs with circularly polarized light, field emission from ferromagnetic W/EuS, and chemi‐ionization of polarized He atoms will be discussed. The first three methods have been used in subatomic investigations. The present characteristics and merits of polarized electron sources are compared, and future developments expolored.


We investigate the properties of the 525 spectroscopically confirmed members of the Cl1604 supercluster at z ∼ 0.9 as part of the Observations of Redshift Evolution in Large Scale Environments survey. In particular, we focus on the photometric, stellar mass, morphological, and spectral properties of the 305 member galaxies of the eight clusters and groups that comprise the Cl1604 supercluster. Using an extensive Keck Low-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (LRIS)/DEep Imaging Multi-Object Spectrograph (DEIMOS) spectroscopic database in conjunction with ten-band ground-based, Spitzer, and Hubble Space Telescope imaging, we investigate the buildup of the red sequence in groups and clusters at high redshift. Nearly all of the brightest and most massive red-sequence galaxies present in the supercluster environment are found to lie within the bounds of the cluster and group systems, with a surprisingly large number of such galaxies present in low-mass group systems. Despite the prevalence of these red-sequence galaxies, we find that the average cluster galaxy has a spectrum indicative of a star-forming galaxy, with a star formation rate between those of z ∼ 1 field galaxies and moderate-redshift cluster galaxies. The average group galaxy is even more active, exhibiting spectral properties indicative of a starburst. The presence of massive, red galaxies and the high fraction of starbursting galaxies present in the group environment suggest that significant processing is occurring in group environments at z ∼ 1 and earlier. There is a deficit of low-luminosity red-sequence galaxies in all Cl1604 clusters and groups, suggesting that such galaxies transition to the red sequence at later times. Extremely massive (∼1012 ) red-sequence galaxies routinely observed in rich clusters at z ∼ 0 are also absent from the Cl1604 clusters and groups. We suggest that such galaxies form at later times through merging processes. There are significant populations of transition galaxies at intermediate stellar masses () present in the group and cluster environments, suggesting that this range is important for the buildup of the red-sequence mass function at z ∼ 1. Through a comparison of the transitional populations present in the Cl1604 cluster and group systems, we find evidence that massive blue-cloud galaxies are quenched earliest in the most dynamically relaxed systems and at progressively later times in dynamically unrelaxed systems.


Сharoitite consists of gem-quality mineral charoite and subordinate quartz, aegirine, K-feldspar, tinaksite, canasite, and some other minerals. This rock type is known only from one locality in the world associated with the Early Cretaceous (131.3 ± 2.4 Ma, K–Ar age) Malyy Murun syenite massif, Siberia, Russia. Although charoitite mineralogy is well known, there is disagreement whether it reflects metasomatic or magmatic activity. In order to understand when the charoitites formed we attempted to date it by 40Ar/39Ar incremental step-heating and laser ablation techniques. Our results show that the fibrous structure of water-bearing charoite does not retain radiogenic argon. Laser ablation 40Ar/39Ar for K-feldspar and tinaksite from the charoitite yielded several age clusters even from the same mineral grain. The oldest cluster of 134.1 ± 2.9 Ma for the K-feldspar agrees with the age of the Malyy Murun syenites. The youngest age of 113.3 ± 3.4 Ma for charoitite K-feldspar overlaps with the youngest of published K–Ar ages (112 ± 5 Ma) for one K-feldspar sample of the Malyy Murun syenite. Tinaksite is characterized by a similar spread of ages (from 133.0 ± 3 Ma to 115.7 ± 4.3 Ma) within a single grain. We suggest that charoitites originated due to the interaction of metasomatic agents derived from the Malyy Murun magma and country rocks. Timing of magma emplacement and charoitite crystallization is reflected by the older cluster of ages, whereas the younger ages are due to a secondary process.


The study critically examines the proportion of female head porters' earnings saved in one migration period, the strategies adopted in their effort to save, the challenges they face dealing with financial service providers and the motives that drive them into saving. The results indicate that majority (49%) of porters earn between GH¢5 and GH¢6 a day. A porter makes an average income of GH¢648 and average savings of GH¢335 in one migration period. 52% use susu as their saving strategy while 32% save with relatives. On the whole, 97% save outside the banking sector and thus suffer the problems of insecurity and illiquidity as well as the inability to access loans and money transfer services.


Abstract Let be a commutative noetherian local ring with -adic topology, I an ideal of R. We investigate coartinianness of and , show that the R-module is I-coartinian if M is a linearly compact I-coartinian R-module and N is an I-cofinite R-module of dimension at most 1; the R-module is I-coartinian in the case M is semi-discrete linearly compact I-coartinian and N is finitely generated with dimension at most 2.