The downsampling of a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) has a side effect of the lack of shiftinvariance. There are two main solutions for this effect: one is the stationary wavelet transform (SWT), which does not apply downsampling. The other is the complex DWT (CDWT), which uses dual multiresolution analysis (MRA). We choose the CDWT as a target of research. It is well known that wavelet functions become Hilbert transform pairs if the low-pass filters (LPFs) on the reconstruction side have half-sample shifts. In this paper, we propose a quasi-shift-invariant (QSI) CDWT for bi-/orthogonal wavelets as a new CDWT. We report three new works (W1-W3) on it: (W1) we generalized the condition of Hilbert transform pairs and employed a complex wavelet function as a conjugate analytical signal. (W2) We defined a structure that achieves shift-invariance. The structure requires half-sample delays between the inputs of real and imaginary parts. (W3) We proposed an implementation of the QSI-CDWT and confirmed that our method has higher shift-invariance than the conventional CDWT. However, two problems (P1, P2) remain unsolved: (P1) our method requires more resources, such as memory and calculation time, than the conventional CDWT. (P2) Our theory cannot make all packets shift-invariant in a classical wavelet packet transform tree.


This study examined the impact of training early childhood teachers in an emotional intelligence and classroom management program titled Conscious Discipline®. The researchers conducted eight one-day workshops monthly from September through April to an initial group of more than 200 participants. To assess attitudinal changes teachers answered a survey about their school climate and classroom management methods. The survey was initially given in September to participants (n=206) consisting of prekindergarten through sixth grade teachers with no exposure to the Conscious Discipline workshops and then again in April to a subset of the group who completed the workshop (n=117). The statistical discriminant analysis found significant improvement in the teachers' perceptions of school climate and in their knowledge and use of these new classroom management techniques (p < .05). The study demonstrates that the untrained group was unaware of the social relationship and cultural principles of Conscious Discipline that include releasing external control, embracing conflict resolution and implementing a more emotionally targeted reward structure in the classroom. Initial participants also expressed being unsatisfied with their school climate. However, those teachers who completed the workshops and were highly committed to using the Conscious Discipline skills exhibited a heightened positive feeling about school climate. Though, the more fully-engaged teachers scored somewhat lower on the favorable school climate dimension than those teachers who were only minimally using Conscious Discipline techniques. Many teachers also showed improvement in student/teacher relationships (r=.325) and in mutual support among teachers (r=.306).


Township economy, which means the economy in the area of an administrative town, is a sub-system of the regional economic system. The economic development of the Pearl River Delta is started with the growing up of the township economy. The development of the township economy embodies the industrialization path of the peal river delta. "One town, one industrial; one town, one product", characterizes the township economy in the Pearl River Delta. The other characteristic of the township economy is the balance between the development of economy and of society. The difficult problems nowadays the township economy faces is how to follow the international economic and technological development trends and reconstruct and update the industrial structure by taking the chance of the international industrial reconstruction and transfer.


The Flower Garden banks, the most prominent of a series of topographic highs in the northwest Gulf of Mexico, have been noted and studied for years. Most of these physiographic expressions have been related to salt uplift. Previous investigations of the Flower Garden banks, located 130 mi south-southeast of Galveston, Texas, suggest that biohermal development has contributed significantly to the overall topographic expression. The results of this study demonstrate that biohermal development during the present interglacial period occurred in a deep water environment in the northwest Gulf of Mexico; therefore, it is possible that buried fossil reefs formed within structural and depositional environments similar to those existing today on the outer continental shelf. If there are such fossil reefs, they offer a previously unrecognized exploratory objective on known structural features. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2039------------


The Dahra "B" Member (Upper Palaeocene) in seven wells in Concession NC102 has been investigated. Sequences of this member are composed of light brown fine crystalline dolostone, partly calcareous dolostones, light brown/off-white foraminiferal limestone and light brown bioclastic limestones. The faunal suite comprises benthonic foraminifera, Amphistegina sp. (in H1-92) a species commonly associated with reef build-up with bryozoan and echinoderm remains, the latter on a local basis. Dolostones are mostly very fine crystalline. Porosity in dolomites is intercrystalline, followed volumetrically, by solutional and interparticle types. It has been diagenetically enhanced by dolomitization and dissolution (in the vadose zone), but reduced by cement. Based on lithology, existing benthonic foraminifers and correlation with nearby wells, the main interpretative palaeoenvironments are: a) intertidal, with a semi-restricted and shallow subtidal influence partly comprising mudstone-textured dolomite; b) subtidal, with intertidal and semi-restricted influences; and c) outer shelf with, possibly, a barrier island in the eastern part of the area. The Dahra "B" Member in this concession was deposited on a shallow to very shallow shelf, mainly within a low-energy partly semi-restricted environment with an embayment. The appearance of Lockhartia cf. L. haimei denotes, stratigraphically, a Palaeocene age. 1University of Binghāzī, Earth Sciences Department, P.O. Box 9480, Binghāzī, Libya 2Arabian Gulf Oil Company, Geological Laboratory, P.O. Box 263, Binghāzī, Libya Geology of Southern Libya 2012, vol. 0, pp 00-00 SL-194


During year 1 of this project a test to evaluate the sensitivity of the heat affected zone (HAZ) to hydrogen cracking was developed. This was in response to a need for a test which provided unambiguous results in contrast to existing test methods which often led to difficulties in interpretation. For example, WIC tests usually cracked in the weld metal rather than the HAZ and therefore did not produce a clear indication of the sensistivity of the HAZ. The new test involves a machined notch which can be placed in the HAZ thus forcing crack initiation to occur in the desired region. A further advantage of the new test is that it is quantitative with each test specimen providing a measure of the sensitivity of the HAZ in that test. Existing tests are usually of the crack/no-crack type requiring a series of tests at different preheats to be carried out in order to establish a critical value. This is an expensive, time-consuming approach. The new test measures the deflection to first load drop (normally the onset of significant cracking) when the welded specimen is loaded in bending. It was also shown during the first year of the project that the simple geometry of the test lends itself to easy analysis enabling the stress/strain distribution to be calculated by finite element analysis. The quantitative measurement of susceptibility in the test enabled the cracking of more complex welds to be predicted on the basis of a local critical hydrogen model.

The objective of the work was to extend the notched bend test to the evaluation of weld metal sensitivity to hydrogen cracking. The experiments were designed to determine whether the test could discriminate between two different weld metals and to study the effects of reducing hydrogen content. In addition, finite element analysis of the weld metal test was carried out and finite difference analysis used to predict the local hydrogen concentration. This work modifies the notched bend test, developed for evaluating the sensitivity of the heat affected zone (HAZ), to allow the evaluation of weld metal. The results showed that weld metal could readily be evaluated, with the test discriminating among weld metals of different composition and hydrogen contact. Finite element analysis was undertaken and showed that for the two weld metals tested, cracking occurred at the same local stress when the hydrogen content was the same, despite differences in strength. A finite model was used to calculate the distribution of hydrogen as a function of aging time. Although the general trends were confirmed by the experimental measurements of hydrogen content, there was considerable scatter attributed to the small hydrogen volumes measured.


Five pork carcasses were used to determine the effects of hot boning and various combinations of salt (0, 1.5, or 3.0%) and a phosphate mixture (0 or 0.5%) on bacteria, TBA (measure of fat rancidity), and pH values of preblended pork (preblends). In both HB (hot boned within 2 hr postmortem) and CB (conventionally boned at 24 hr postmortem) preblends, salt increased (P<.05) TBA values (indicates increased rancidity) and decreased (P<.05) growth of psychrotrophic bacteria, whereas phosphate increased (P<.05) pH and decreased TBA values. Salt levels could be reduced from 3.0 to 1.5% in preblends without storage problems, if phosphate (0.5%) was included. Phosphate (mixture pH 7.2) had little influence on microbial growth of preblends during cooler storage.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 19, 1987


Objective To explore the effect of chronic cerebral ischemia on spatial learning and memory and hippocampal metabolite levels in aged rats.Methods Thirty male ten-month old SD rats were randomly divided into ischemia group,sham-operative group and control group of 10 rats each.The rats were tested by Morris water maze test and in vivo ~1H-MRS scan,then left hippocampal NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr levels were calculated.Results Escape latency of ischemia group rats was significantly longer than that of sham and control group rats (P 0.01),retention time in target quadrant and frequency of crossing platform area were less in ischemia group than in sham and control groups (P 0.01).Results from ~1H-MRS indicated that left hippocampal Cho/ Cr and NAA/Cr levels were lower in ischemia group than in sham and control groups (P 0.05, P 0.01).Left hippocampal NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr levels were positively correlated to retention time in target quadrant and frequency of crossing platform area in ischemia group,sham-operative group and control group.Conclusion Chronic cerebral ischemia results in spatial learning and memory deficit and metabolites levels descent of left hippocampus.The latter is possibly one of main mechanisms of cognitive handicap in aged rat.


This article presents the results of an original study on the problem of developing a methodology for per - forming a CT study with intravenous contrast enhancement with the least discomfort for the patient. The CT studies of 80 patients were analyzed, of which 45 (56%) were women and 35 (44%) were men. The patients were divided into 2 groups – 35 and 45 persons. In group 1, the contrast agent was pre-warmed before administration, in group 2, heating was not applied. All patients underwent 4-phase multidetector computed tomography of the abdominal organs with intravenous contrast enhancement. The survey was carried out in patients who underwent two or more CT examinations. After the study, the patients were asked to undergo a questionnaire, where one of the points was the feelings during and after intravenous administration of a contrast agent. Analysis of the results of the questionnaire showed that the heated contrast agent reduces discomfort during the study compared to the administration of a unheated contrast agent. There was a statistically significant difference in the results of the questionnaire between groups 1 and 2, p<0,01. The success of contrast-enhanced MDCT depends on many fac - tors. The prepared contrast agent can significantly reduce the discomfort from the MDCT procedure. The patient's feelings during the procedure, his/her emotional state, experience from previous studies and expectations from the present are also important. It should strive to provide the patient with the most comfortable conditions for the procedure. This can be achieved, among other things, by using a contrast agent that has been preheated using a specialized Contrast Media Warmer.


A detailed comparison on the numerical-quantitative structure of Chinese and the determining structure of English is conducted in this paper in order to find out the similarities and differences between the two languages in this aspect. The inter-lingual comparison will contribute a lot to the translation of such details across the two languages.


Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is an aggressive rare sub-variant of squamous cell carcinoma that usually affects the upper aerodigestive tract. Ophthalmic presentation of this variety is rather rare. In our case report, we report a case of primary lower eyelid BSCC, which was treated successfully.


Escherichia coli (E. coli) has been used extensively in various industrial and scientific applications but has not been used widely for microfluidic applications because it is difficult to immobilize properly to a device. Here, we describe the development of an E. coli immobilization method for microfluidic devices using single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and dielectrophoresis (DEP) force. SWNTs and E. coli were aligned between two cantilever electrodes by a positive DEP force, forming a film of SWNTs with attached E. coli. For a microfluidic device, our one-step immobilization method has many advantages such as site-specific immobilization, easy density and shape control, an electrically connected structure from the electrodes to the E. coli, and rapid processing.


To the Editor: Petty et all presented 2 patients who met the clinical and EEG criteria of brain death and had false-negative transcranial Doppler (TCD) studies with preservation of forward flow throughout diastole. We also can report the case of a 27-year-old pregnant woman, suffering from subarachnoid hemorrhage, who had a ventricular drain placedbecause of complicating hydrocephalus. TCD recordings of the ICA and MCA were performed on both sides. On the right side no signals could be recorded, whereas on the left side regular TCD waveforms were found. After a rebleeding, brain death was determined clinically according to the criteria of the German Medical Council: including a corroborative 30-minute recording of electrocerebral silence. Four-vessel angiography showed arrest of cerebral blood flow. A further TCD study performed immediately before angiography demonstrated decreased but preserved diastolic velocity due to raised intracranial pressure. Therefore, we agree with Petty et all that TCD recordings in patients with skull defect or ventricular drain cannot support the diagnosis of brain death. We disagree on incorporating TCD into institutional protocols as an alternative to EEG for confirmation of brain death while generally accepted TCD criteria for the diagnosis of brain death are not available. Further experience is needed to document time course of TCD signals in brain death3v4 and the exact rate of false-positive findings.5


The performance of resource allocation algorithms for wireless networks is measured by various parameters. One of the parameters is the 'fairness of allocation' which is a widely studied topic. A number of metrics have been defined in literature for measuring fairness. Jain's Index is the most popularly used metric. A survey of these metrics and issues therein has been carried out in this paper. Possible methods to address these issues have also been proposed.


Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered the most promising  candidate for therapeutic repair of liver disease due to their effect on immune privilege, self-renewal and multidifferential potency. Recently, there have been a number of advances in the area of the factors that influence liver regeneration as well as the impact of MSCs transplantation on liver regeneration. Moreover, there is important new data on the several factors affect the transplantation efficiency of MSC such as therapeutic pretreatment before MSCs transplantation, the impact of cell number and repeated administration on success, and the implications on the outcome for the various approaches used to transplant the cells. Furthermore, other elements the can influence transplantation success also include transdifferentiation of stem cells, improving the microenvironment for implantation, antioxidant treatments, improving hepatocyte viability and immunomodulation strategies. Similarly, there are a number of important pathways that play a vital role, such as IL-6/STAT3 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling, that can also be modified to improve outcomes. MSCs can effectively contribute to liver regeneration and offer an effective alternative therapy to organ transplantation for the treatment of liver diseases. By developing a better understanding of the factors associated with beneficial outcomes, new strategies for the treatment of liver disease can be developed.Keywords: Mesenchymal stem cells, Liver regeneration, Liver disease,  Transplantation, Antioxidant


Layered materials (LMs) produced by liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) can be used as building blocks for optoelectronic applications. However, when compared with mechanically exfoliated flakes, or films prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), LPE-based printed optoelectronic devices are limited by mobility, defects and trap states. Here, we present a scalable fabrication technique combining CVD with LPE LMs to overcome such limitations. We use black phosphorus inks, inkjet-printed on graphene on Si/SiO2, patterned by inkjet printing based lithography, and source and drain electrodes printed with an Ag ink, to prepare photodetectors (PDs). These have an external responsivity (R ext)∼337 A W−1 at 488 nm, and operate from visible (∼488 nm) to short-wave infrared (∼2.7 µm, R ext∼ 48 mA W−1). We also use this approach to fabricate flexible PDs on polyester fabric, one of the most common used in textiles, achieving R ext∼ 6 mA W−1 at 488 nm for an operating voltage of 1 V. Thus, our combination of scalable CVD and LPE techniques via inkjet printing is promising for wearable and flexible applications.


Based on Dyeing wool with acid red G, ultrasound dyeing was investigated. It appeared that on the basis of achieving a high soap-washing fastness, compared with conventional dyeing process, ultrasound dyeing can increase dye up-take, save the amount of dyes, improve environment-pollution, enlarge diffusion coefficient, reduce that active energy of dyeing, low dyeing temperature, shorten dyeing time, therefore save energy, develop productivity. It is possible that wool was dyed with acid dye at low temperature in short time. Obviously, ultrasound dyeing process is rational in economic and feasible in technology, it has a broad development prospective.


We show in this Letter that the magnetic coupling of a [26{Angstrom}Fe/15{Angstrom}Nb]{times}18 multilayer is changed in a continuous and reversible way by introducing hydrogen into the sample. The magnetic structure and its change during hydrogen charging (and the following decharging) is measured {ital in situ} by neutron reflectivity. The alteration of the magnetic coupling upon hydrogenation is confirmed by SQUID magnetization measurements. We attribute the change of the coupling to a change of the effective Fermi wave vector in Nb due to hydrogen uptake. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}


The low cost adsorbents namely Rice Husk Carbon (RHC), Wheat Straw Carbon (WSC) and Saw Dust Carbon (SDC) have been tested for the effectiveness in decolourisation of wastewater containing a mixture of dyes. Three dyes namely crystal violet, direct orange and magenta have been used for imparting colour in the representative samples of wastewater. Effect of various parameters such as agitation time, pH, temperature and adsorbent dosage has been investigated in the study. The adsorption of dyes are best described by pseudo first order mechanism. The rate constants of adsorption (K ad ) for the three dyes have been determined for the three adsorbents separately which are found to be 6.8x10 -3 , 8x10 -3 and 25x10 -3 min -1 for crystal violet, 8x10 -3 , 12x10 -3 and 16x10 -3 min -1 for direct orange and 10x10 -3 , 10.6x10 -3 and 6x1 0 -3 min -1 for magenta when treated with RHC, WSC and SDC respectively.


R obert M. Roy is not the kind of guy who calls in sick. For one thing, he's a self-employed corrosion consultant who teaches and travels the world, inspecting ships, bridges, nuclear power plants, and other infrastructure. He's also ex-Special Forces, with a "high pain threshold," as he puts it. Roy, who had just turned 50, had been feeling unusually fatigued after he returned from Belgium in 2000, but he figured it was his hectic travel schedule. It wasn't. Doctors at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, in Houston, told him he had blast phase chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and needed to be hospitalized immediately. Hydroxyurea and chemotherapy were the standard of care back then, and while the hydroxyurea seemed to stabilize his white cell count, Roy developed esophageal and throat ulcers and lost 40 pounds. When the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) the following year, Roy was switched to that drug. Imatinib worked for two and a half years, but, as sometimes happens, the disease mutated into a form resistant to it, and Roy was back to square one. Roy's doctor, Jorge Cortes, MD, deputy chair of the department of leukemia at M.D. Anderson, was principal investigator in trials of dasatinib (Sprycel), a potent investigational CML drug. Cortes enrolled Roy in phase 2 trials of dasatinib, and six weeks later, Roy's CML was in remission. Dasatinib was approved in 2006. "That was in February of 2005, and I've been on Sprycel ever since," Roy says. "I am traveling the world again, and Sprycel makes it possible for me to do that. I don't know how it works, but I know it works."


This document looks for make a reflection and identifies the human behaviors inside of the
organization in a changeable circle. The strong and definitive opposition to the human's
relationships theory brought to the behaviorism psychological behavior study: knowledge,
stimulus and response, habits, etc. from an objective and scientist methodology. According to the
biggest exponent Herbert Alexander Simon the beginnings of the behavior´s in the administration
theory are: - The strong and definitive opposition of the human's relationships theory to the
classic theory rerouted slowly to the second phase: the behavior theory, - The behavior theory is a
development of the human's relationships theory, because that show eminently critic and strict.
For this explained an incentive theory according to the human´s necessities as hierarchies and
prepares in proportion to importance and influence levels,
Additionally compared two antagonistic styles for manage: first one, a style based on traditional
theory, excessively mechanistic and pragmatic (X theory) and the second one, a style based on
the modern conceptions facing to the human behavior (Y theory).
Finally, for a greatest interpretation about the human behavior in the organization is essential to
read the Frederick Herzberg´s concept, called two factors theory, for explain in a better way the
people behavior in job situations. He sets out the existence of factors that guide the people
behavior.


The environment for applicable development of ISD series phonetic chip developed in Windows 98 flat is introduced.ISD development device is composed of a microcomputer,a sound card and a debug board.The development is completed by using VC++6.0 programming with thercoordination of each module.It can confirm phonetic segment's exact address in the memory and display the storage status of phonetic information,its special sound effect processing mechanism can also be applied to the product development conveniently.


We demonstrate an equivalence between the rank 2 fragments of the polymorphic lambda calculus System F and the intersection type discipline: exactly the same terms are typable in each system. An immediate consequence is that typability in the rank 2 intersection system is DEXPTIME-complete. We i n troduce a rank 2 system combining intersections and polymorphism, and prove that it types exactly the same terms as the other rank 2 systems. The combined system suggests a new rule for typing recursive deenitions. The result is a rank 2 type system with decidable type inference that can type many examples of polymorphic recursion. Finally, w e discuss some applications of the type system in data representation optimizations such a s u n boxing and overloading.


As a result of drum re-finishing operations, soil and groundwater at the Ottati and Goss Superfund Site in Kingston, NH, are contaminated with chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs); benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX); and 1,4-dioxane. After re-evaluation of the selected remedy for groundwater, pump and treat, EPA changed the remediation approach to in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) through an Amended Record of Decision in September 2007. At that time, EPA established a goal for the site to attain construction complete status within one year, by September 30, 2008. Activated persulfate was selected as the chemical oxidant for its capability to oxidize 1,4-dioxane, in addition to the other VOC contaminants of concern. Bench-scale and field pilot scale test were completed for three areas of the site to collect site-specific information to evaluate persulfate's ability to destroy the contaminants of concern and to optimize full-scale remediation design in three discrete source areas at the site. Base-activated persulfate was injected in Areas A and B in December 2007, and pilot test injection was completed in Area C in early February 2008, after vertical profiling was completed throughout Area C. Groundwater sampling for laboratory analysis was planned for 6 and 12 weeks after injection in each area; however, it was known during pilot test planning that the full-scale design would need to be completed by the end of March 2008, before all laboratory results would be available. In order to complete the design, an intensive evaluation of field geochemistry parameters and field screening chemical analysis was performed to assess radius of influence, oxidant § Corresponding Author: Paul M. Dombrowski, P.E., AECOM, 701 Edgewater Drive, Wakefield, MA 01880, Tel: 781-224-6585, Email: email@example.com Dombrowski et al.: Fast-Track ISCO Design Using Pilot Test and Field Screening Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2010 170 Contaminated Soils, Sediments,Water, and Energy – Remediation persistence, and aquifer behavior. Field screening analyses included residual persulfate via a permanganate titration, sulfate via colorimetry, and sodium via an ion-selective electrode. The field screening and field geochemistry results were used heavily in completing the full-scale ISCO design. The laboratory analytical results noted significant decreases in concentrations of chemicals of concern in wells where geochemistry and field parameters were observed to change. This article discusses pilot test planning, performance monitoring, and full-scale design using data collected from the pilot test for this fast-track remediation. The fullscale application was completed between July and September 2008, and was the largest persulfate ISCO injection performed to date.


Online learning and planning for crowd-aware service robot navigation by Anoop Aroor Advisor: Susan L. Epstein Mobile service robots are increasingly used in indoor environments (e.g., shopping malls or museums) among large crowds of people. To efficiently navigate in these environments, such a robot should be able to exhibit a variety of behaviors. It should avoid crowded areas, and not oppose the flow of the crowd. It should be able to identify and avoid specific crowds that result in additional delays (e.g., children in a particular area might slow down the robot). and to seek out a crowd if its task requires it to interact with as many people as possible. These behaviors require the ability to learn and model crowd behavior in an environment. Earlier work used a dataset of paths navigated by people to solve this problem. That approach is expensive, risks privacy violations, and can become outdated as the environment evolves. To overcome these drawbacks, this thesis proposes a new approach where the robot learns models of crowd behavior online and relies only on local onboard sensors. This work develops and tests multiple planners that leverage these models in simulated environments and demonstrate statistically significant improvements in performance. The work reported here is applicable not only to navigation to target locations, but also to a variety of other


This paper analyze the status quo of ketchup industry in China at first, then point out the consumption of raw materials and production process in ketchup plant. This paper mainly study on the determination factors such as wastewater output and pollutant concentration, and the formula of the contamination emissions in ketchup plant are given out.


The versatility of spectroscopic Vis-ellipsometry (SE) to determine thin film properties was used to study Fe3O4-nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in thin films of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). By using the optical constants of bulk Fe3O4 (magnetite) the volume fractions in different NP-polymer composites (0–3 vol. %) could be quantified with SE and verified with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy. It was found that the best-fit results from SE matched well with data from SEM until 1 vol. %. The effect of the NP on the evolution of film thickness and surface morphology was analyzed. Over the whole concentration range the data obtained from SE measurements matched well with the suspended values and showed an expected linear behavior. Additionally, the optical constants (n and k) of the nanocomposites were extracted and compared to the pure polymer film. In the measured spectral range the data showed a physical meaningful behavior and the influence of the NP on the optical properties o...


Experiments and a simulation are carried out to study the mechanism of laser-induced discharge under non-uniform DC electric field made by plane-needle electrode gap. The laser-plasma is affected by the applied electric field and the shock wave generated by the plasma at the time-scale less than a few micro-seconds from the time of laser irradiation. It takes, however, the order of 100 micro-seconds to have the flashover of the electrode gap. The results indicate that the laser-induced discharge occurs only after the leader is formed at the needle electrode and works as an extension of the electrode.


Very large, light weight mirrors are being developed for applications in space. Due to launch mass and volume restrictions these mirrors will need to be much more flexible than traditional optics. The use of primary mirrors with these characteristics will lead to requirements for adaptive optics capable of correcting wave front errors with large amplitude relatively low spatial frequency aberrations. The use of low modulus membrane mirrors actuated with electrostatic attraction forces is a potential solution for this application. Several different electrostatic membrane mirrors are now available commercially. However, as the dynamic range requirement of the adaptive mirror is increased the separation distance between the membrane and the electrodes must increase to accommodate the required face sheet deformations. The actuation force applied to the mirror decreases inversely proportional to the square of the separation distance; thus for large dynamic ranges the voltage requirement can rapidly increase into the high voltage regime. Experimentation with mirrors operating in the KV range has shown that at the higher voltages a serious problem with electrostatic field cross coupling between actuators can occur. Voltage changes on individual actuators affect the voltage of other actuators making the system very difficult to control. A novel solution has been proposed that combines high voltage electrodes with mechanical actuation to overcome this problem. In this design an array of electrodes are mounted to a backing structure via light weight large dynamic range flextensional actuators. With this design the control input becomes the separation distance between the electrode and the mirror. The voltage on each of the actuators is set to a uniform relatively high voltage, thus the problem of cross talk between actuators is avoided and the favorable distributed load characteristic of electrostatic actuation is retained. Initial testing and modeling of this concept demonstrates that this is an attractive concept for increasing the dynamic range capability of electrostatic deformable mirrors.


Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of active videogames (AVGs) on underserved minority children's on-task classroom behavior, academic effort, and fitness. Materials and Methods: A one group pre- and posttest repeated measures design was used. In Fall 2013, 95 fourth grade children (57 boys, 38 girls; 96% of minority) from three classes at an underserved urban elementary school participated in teacher-supervised AVG activities (e.g., Wii Sports, Xbox Just Dance). Specifically, students participated in a 50-minute weekly AVG program at school for 6 weeks. Children's academic effort was evaluated by classroom teachers using a validated scale that assessed activity, attention, conduct, and social/emotional behavior. Moreover, children's classroom behavior was observed immediately before and after each AVG session by trained researchers. Finally, cardiovascular fitness was also measured. Results: A paired t-test was used to assess teacher-rated student effort, while one-wa...


CYBER CATHARSIS PADA BLOG RADITYA DIKAAbstractBlog, is one form of social media that is most commonly used and is ableto attract users who are so great. Even in its use, blogs have their own designationfor active users to update the text and then imprinted on the pages in the blog.Users are referred to the creation of this blogger ideas and ideas without beingbound by standard rules of writing and theme writing. In fact, not infrequentlyuser blog pages online diary filled with the experience of a personal experiencethat has unique style. This is partly demonstrated by the blogger whose name isknown through the writings in the blog address www.radityadika.com. As aliterary figure, Raditya Dika unsparing report various life experiences, from thingsthat are fun, sad, embarrassing, even though personal stories. All of thisexperience shows how important social media can facilitate the psychologicalaspect of a person as a place to share and pour emotion is referred to as acatharsis. In contrast to the interpersonal communication that exists with thespeaker, virtual communication with the media writing can accommodate all userswithout the need to feel the burden of anxiety disordered communication .This study aims to describe the writings Raditya Dika cyber ladencatharsis. The researcher used a qualitative approach with semiotic analysismethods to see how Raditya Dika construct experiences through reality, whichcan then be interpreted by readers that content catharsis, but has a distinctivewriting style like in the analysis of literary works. To that end, this studysupported the use of the theory of media (Media Equation Theory) and the theoryof human personality (Psychoanalytic theory) .The results showed that absurd style Raditya Dika used in constructing theexperience in ways unique, such as the delivery of messages is hyperbolic, poetic,and have an element of comedy in its delivery. However, with Raditya Dikaabsurd style in constructing experiences, researchers assessed it be an attraction togive a lesson on the importance of creativity in the frame of mind and dare to be"different" in creating a work, particularly in the field of writing.Keywords : Blog, Catharsis, Raditya Dika, Construction, EmotionCYBER CATHARSIS PADA BLOG RADITYA DIKAAbstrakBlog, merupakan salah satu bentuk media sosial yang paling umumdigunakan dan mampu menjaring penggunanya yang begitu besar. Bahkan dalampenggunaannya, blog memiliki sebutan sendiri bagi penggunanya yang aktifmeng-update tulisan yang kemudian dicantumkan pada halam blog. Penggunayang disebut blogger ini dapat mengkreasikan ide-ide dan gagasan tanpa terikatoleh aturan baku penulisan dan tema tulisan. Bahkan tak jarang pengguna blogyang mengisi halaman diary online dengan pengalaman pengalaman pribadi yangmempunyai corak keunikan tersendiri. Hal ini salah satunya ditunjukkan olehblogger yang namanya dikenal melalui karya tulisan dalam alamat blogwww.


Objective To observate efficacy on low concentration Ropivacaine combined with fentanyl for Labor Analgesia.Methods 200 cases of spontaneous delivery in primiparae from January 2008 to December 20102 apply to different concentration of ropivacaine combined with fentanyl for epidural Patient-controlled Analgesia Anesthesia for pain,compare to not adopt any methods of analgesia of 100 cases over the same period.1 Observe analgesic effect of the three groups,Bromage score during the time of postpartum hemorrhage volume and neonatal Apgar score.Results Ⅰ,Ⅱ groups' analgesic effect were better,Ⅰ,Ⅱ group of first labor hours reduced than the control group,but the second labor hours prolonged,postpartum hemorrhage,complications of neonatal Apgar scores and Comparison of differences had no significant difference.Conclusion Low Concentration Ropivacaine combined with fentanyl for epidural patient-controlled epidural analgesia for labor analgesia have better efficacy and safety,it is of high worthy and clinical application.


........................................................................................................3 Introduction.....................................................................................................4 Review of the Literature...................................................................................... 5 Methods........................................................................................................17 Participants ................................................................................................17 Data Collection...........................................................................................17 Results.........................................................................................................20 Data Analysis.............................................................................................20 Discussion.....................................................................................................34 Summary of Major Findings.............................................................................34 Limitation of the Study...................................................................................35 Further Study..............................................................................................36 Conclusion......................................................................................................36 References......................................................................................................38 Appendix........................................................................................................42 NONSENSE WORDS IN EARLY ELEMENTARY 3 Abstract The purpose of this action research project was to determine if East Union should use nonsense words or decodable words when testing students' fluency and decoding skills. The parents of seventeen out of twenty students in a kindergarten classroom permitted the researcher to assess their child weekly. The students were tested over ten weeks and at the end of the school year. The data was collected with quantitative testing using the Formative Assessment System for Teachers (FAST) progress monitoring materials. The researcher collected qualitative data through anecdotal notes. Students were tested one week using nonsense words and the next week using decodable words. The researcher continued rotating between the two assessments. The 2018 2019 FAST scores of these seventeen students were also reviewed. The outcomes of the action research project will be used to recommend continuing use of nonsense words during FAST assessments or to switch to decodable words. It is presumed that the reader of this paper is either a knowledgeable early elementary educator, or a person that is knowledgeable about current early elementary reading theories and materials.The purpose of this action research project was to determine if East Union should use nonsense words or decodable words when testing students' fluency and decoding skills. The parents of seventeen out of twenty students in a kindergarten classroom permitted the researcher to assess their child weekly. The students were tested over ten weeks and at the end of the school year. The data was collected with quantitative testing using the Formative Assessment System for Teachers (FAST) progress monitoring materials. The researcher collected qualitative data through anecdotal notes. Students were tested one week using nonsense words and the next week using decodable words. The researcher continued rotating between the two assessments. The 2018 2019 FAST scores of these seventeen students were also reviewed. The outcomes of the action research project will be used to recommend continuing use of nonsense words during FAST assessments or to switch to decodable words. It is presumed that the reader of this paper is either a knowledgeable early elementary educator, or a person that is knowledgeable about current early elementary reading theories and materials. NONSENSE WORDS IN EARLY ELEMENTARY 4 The Use of Nonsense Words in the Early Elementary Early elementary teachers strive to lay the foundation for students to become confident and fluent readers. Teachers help students progress from learning to read to reading to learn. The students progress from learning the alphabetic principle, to phonics, phonological recoding, then word recognition, comprehension, fluency, and finally, a love for reading. The alphabetic principle refers to the students' ability to make the connection between the letter and the sound that matches the letter. Phonics is knowing that there is a systematic relationship between letters and sounds. Phonological recoding is the students' ability to see the letters, know the sounds, and blend the sounds to form a word (Fien, Park, Baker, Smith, Stoolmiller, & Kame'enui, 2010). Word recognition is a student's ability to identify and read a word automatically and effortlessly. Students that have comprehension skills can understand and interpret literature. Fluency is the ability to read quickly and accurately. When students are confident and fluent readers, they no longer have to struggle to identify words and are free to pay closer attention to word meanings, comprehension, and to enjoy the reading process (Chard & Osborn, n.d.). There are several philosophies about the most effective way to teach phonological recoding. For this literature review, the focus will be on the use of nonsense words and the use of consonant-vowel-consonant words (CVC). Nonsense words can be used to teach and assess fluency, phonemic awareness, and decoding, and nonsense words can also be used to identify atrisk readers. This literature review will look at two different research-based assessments that are widely used to assess Nonsense Word Fluency (NWF): Formative Assessment System for Teachers (FAST) and Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS). There are also two research-based teaching methods that will be reviewed that use nonsense words. The two methods are The Barton Reading and Spelling System and Orton-Gillingham System. The NONSENSE WORDS IN EARLY ELEMENTARY 5 goal for teachers is to have students be confident and fluent readers, but that is not an easy task for some students. The use of nonsense words during assessment is one strategy that is believed to give teachers accurate information about a student's ability to fluently apply alphabetic principles and decoding strategies. Review of the Literature Benefits of Nonsense Words There are many benefits to the use of nonsense words in early elementary. Nonsense words provide the teacher with a method to assess students' ability to show mastery of phonics instruction that students have been receiving (Reading Horizon, n.d.). Students need to rely on their decoding skills and not on their stored memory when reading nonsense words. Nonsense words allow for more sounds and sound combinations than real words. Students will become more successful when they learn to blend more letter combinations. Early elementary readers that learn to decode with confidence will develop a greater enjoyment for reading because they can decode unknown words that they may encounter. Children who struggle with decoding become discouraged and begin to dislike reading (Cardenas, 2009). Research has shown that using nonsense words as an assessment can provide unique and essential information about students' reading strengths and weaknesses (Laugle, 2009). "Extensive research supports teaching and assessing the alphabetic principle. For example, the National Reading Panel (2000) reached an unequivocal conclusion that systematic phonics instruction should play a major role in teaching children to read" (Fien, Park, Baker, Smith, Stoolmiller, & Kame'enui, 2010, p. 632). "A pseudo word (nonsense word) measure is arguably a direct measure of a student's alphabetic understanding and phonological recoding ability. There is a long tradition of using pseudo word measures such as the Woodcock Reading Mastery NONSENSE WORDS IN EARLY ELEMENTARY 6 Test-Revised Word Attack subtest (WRMT-R; Woodcock, 1987) to gauge a student's ability to decode new words accurately. The Nonsense Word Fluency (NWF) measure is another pseudo word reading measure and is administered as part of the DIBELS" (Fien et al., 2010, p. 632). Fluency. Fluency is the ability to read quickly, accurately, and with proper expression (Laugle, 2009). Until students' reach fluency, their reading will be slow and laborious. A consequence of slow and laborious reading is exposure to fewer texts. Students who spend a lot of time decoding have less attentional resources to use for comprehending the text. These factors all lead to keeping students from experiencing rewarding reading experiences (Laugle, 2009). The use of nonsense words can be used to measure fluency. DIBELS and FAST assessments both use a Nonsense Word Fluency (NWF) test to measure students' fluency rate or ability. NWF measurement typically occurs beginning in the winter of kindergarten through the fall of second grade (Good & Kaminski). NWF is designed to screen students for possible decoding problems and to monitor their acquisition of decoding skills. Measures such as NWF specifically identify how well students can apply their understanding of the alphabetic principle in learning to read words quickly and effortlessly. Because the measure is timed and results in a rate score, it also provides an indirect measure of students' automaticity for decoding novel words. Moreover, because automaticity represents both accuracy and speed, the NWF measure is tapping a slightly different skill than accuracy-only measures of pseudo word reading (e.g., WRMT-R—Word Attack subtest). (Fien et al. 2010, p. 633) Phonemic Awareness. Nonsense words will test students' understanding of phonemic awareness. Phonemic awareness is the ability to work with i


At present, deep web information mining is a considerably potential research area. How to get this massive and valuable information hidden after the database is need to be studied further. So this paper presents an approach that includes web pages analysis, getting forms, form analysis, automatic form filling, automatic form submission and acquiring returning pages. The aim is to let the computer automatically complete this process. The experimental results show the feasibility of this method. It can automatically complete the entire process.


Difficult ground conditions could have been problematic during the construction of southern California's West Dam, part of the Eastside Reservoir project. Suzanne Moxon describes how German company, Bauer's machinery cut through the tough going.


This work aims to offer a comprehensive guide to investments and their markets. The authors present a contemporary look at all of the major investment securities, products, regulations, and the technical aspects of issuing, trading, clearing, regualtions, rules and taxes. This work does not focus on "get-rich-quick" schemes, nor does it concentrate on computational tools used in security analysis. Rather, this reference covers everything from a general overview of the securities markets to the trading mechanics and trading styles of stock selection and treasury securities. Liaw and Moy also explain the differences between individual and institutional investment objectives, asset location and portfolio management issues, and SEC regulations.


Ferre and Yao (2005, 2007) proposed a method to estimate the Effective Dimension Reduction space in functional sliced inverse regression. Their approach did not require the inversion of the variance-covariance operator of the explanatory variables, and it allowed them to get √ n consistent estimators in the functional case. In those papers there is a mistake. In this note we show that, in general, the approach does not give an estimator of the SIR subspace. We also give necessary and sufficient conditions for this to be true.


Acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) is a dreaded, highly morbid pathology. Often this is due to acute occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. This can be from thrombus or embolism; however, AMI can also be the result of mesenteric venous thrombus or nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia. There have been many recent advances in diagnosis and treatment including endovascular therapies. While there is increasing data to support an endovascular first approach, with improved 30-day mortality rates and in-hospital mortality, many patients will still require surgical intervention at some point. This article will review AMI for the interventional radiologist including etiologies, diagnosis, and management.


The bakery and pastry products are currently consumed by most of the population groups, especially those between the ages of 6 and 15 years. In addition, in the Valencian Community, an increase in the production of Persimon® and with it a great amount of surpluses has been produced throughout the last decade. In order to improve the nutritional quality and the use of the surplus of this crop, the present work tries to revalue this fruit using it in the form of fiber to obtain a potentially functional food. To do this, different muffin formulations were studied, to which 5 and 10% of the flour was replaced by Persimon® fiber obtained directly from both the skin and pulp. To evaluate possible differences in the diverse fibers, their water retention, water absorption and swelling capacities were analyzed. The battered masses were characterized rheologically and after the baking of the muffins, their mechanical, optical and sensory properties were evaluated. The results obtained showed that the fibers used did not differ in the capacity of swelling or in the capacity of water retention. However, the fiber from the pulp reached higher water absorption capacity values due to its hydrophilic nature. In addition, the moisture of the muffins was not affected by the inclusion of fiber, although the aw presented slight differences. On the other hand, in the rheological characterization was observed an increase in the elastic behaviour when adding the kaki fiber in the masses, also increasing its apparent viscosity. After baking, the muffins with fiber were harder and darker, which were also penalized by the judges in the sensory analysis. With these results, strategies should be sought to decrease the darkening and hardness of the muffins with fiber in order to increase the overall acceptance of the product.


Using computer vision to recognize 3-D objects is complicated by the fact that geometric features vary with view orientation. The key in designing recognition algorithms is therefore based on understanding and quantifying the variation of certain cardinal features. The features selected for study in the research reported in this paper are the angles between landmarks in a scene. The spatial arrangement of landmarks on an object may constitute a unique characteristic of that object. As an example the angles between the wing tips and the nose cone of an aircraft may be adequate in distinguishing amongst a given class of aircraft. In a class of polyhedral objects the angles at certain vertices may form a distinct and characteristic alignment of faces. For many other classes of objects it may be possible to identify distinctive spatial arrangements of some readily identifiable landmarks. In this paper we derive the two dimensional joint density function of two angles in a scene given an isotropic view orientation and an orthographic projection. This analytic expression is useful in deriving likelihood functions which may be used to obtain measures of the likelihood of angle combinations in images of known objects or scenes. These likelihood functions allow us to establish statistical decision schemes to recognize objects. Experiments have been conducted to evaluate the usefulness of the proposed methods.


Non-linear system identification is a hot point problem in the field of electrical information and automatically control. Among many analysis methods, Volterra series model has rigorous theory basic, which can approximate in any precision, and reconstruct non-linear system, so, it has been applied into many non-linear system identification and equipment fault diagnosis. But, with the improvement of memory length and identification degree, Volterra high degree kernel will become complex and hard to identification, and cause reduction of identification precision, even to failure. This paper uses a kind of reproducing kernel Hilbert space method, transfer calculating Volterra series kernel into reproducing kernel or Hilbert space, which can reduce operation amount largely, and can calculate infinite degree Volterra series kernel coefficient in theory. Through simulation to some non-linear system, this solution has higher identification precision, and second amplitude frequency response error is less than 5dB, phase frequency response is less than 3 degree, which proving algorithm's accuracy.


Objective Laparoscopic cholecystectomy( LC) biliary fistula causes and treatment. Methods From July2005 to March 2014 totally 168 cases of cholecystectomy biliary fistula 18 cases the cause of postoperative were retrospectively analyzed. Results Totally 18 cases of biliary fistula,including 10 cases of biliary fistula treated conservatively,eight cases of biliary fistula reoperation,were cured. Conclusion Biliary fistula and Surgeons of biliary anatomic variations awareness and clinical experience are closely related,and reasonable treatment of postoperative biliary fistula is very important and timely.


The innate immune response is mediated through engagement of surface and intracellular receptors recognizing conserved molecular patterns of pathogens. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on dendritic cells (DCs) transmit signals that activate antigen processing and presentation, up-regulate costimulatory molecules and cause migration from tissues to T-cell zones of lymphoid organs. These events bridge innate and adaptive immunity, leading to T-cell activation. PRRs are also invoked in response to tissue infl ammation, in which endogenous ligands are released and signal for removal of dying cells and tissue repair. It remains unclear how states of so-called sterile infl ammation evoke signals provoking the priming of T cells. Two recent papers have used elegant approaches to uncovering steps in cutaneous tumors that initiate innate immune responses leading to tumor antigen-specifi c CD8 T-cell responses. One study, by Fuertes and colleagues, was prompted by observed correlations between expression levels of T-cell–specifi c and type I interferon (IFN)induced transcripts in clinical melanomas, leading the authors to investigate the requirement for type I IFN signals in CD8 T-cell responses to tumor antigens in mice. Using the B16 melanoma model, these authors observed that induction of specifi c CD8 T cells required type I IFN-dependent cross-presentation of tumor antigens by DCs. A previous study by Hildner and colleagues had established that cross-priming relied on CD8a+ DCs, which require the transcription factor Batf3 during development. Reciprocal irradiation bone marrow chimeras of wild-type and type I IFN receptor signalingand Batf3-defi cient mice demonstrated that signaling through the type I IFN receptor on CD8a+ DCs was required for cross-priming of melanoma antigens, and that other DC subsets within the tumor microenvironment produced the type I IFN. Diamond and colleagues used a similar strategy of reciprocal bone marrow chimeras and a conditional deletion of type I IFN receptors in CD11c+ cells to demonstrate the critical role of type I IFN signaling to CD8a+ DCs in cross-priming of sarcoma antigens to induce specifi c CD8 T-cell responses. Questions remain about initiation of the innate immune response that leads to priming of tumor antigen-specifi c CD8 T cells. What signals stimulate DCs to produce type I IFN, and what is the identity of the DC that produces IFN? How do the type I IFN-producing DCs and the CD8a+ DCs interact within the tumor microenvironment, and does type I IFN signaling provoke CD8a+ DC emigration from the tumor into the draining lymph node? In transplantation, we should thus consider the role of recipient CD8a+ DCs and type I IFN signaling in cross-presentation of allograft antigens through the indirect pathway to generate CD8 T-cell responses. Robb et al. found that type I IFN receptor (R) signaling enhances CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) mediating graftvs.-host disease in a mouse model. The rejection of complete MHC-mismatched or single minor antigen-mismatched skin grafts was not delayed in type I IFN R-/re-


Thin films comprising mixtures of different colloids provide a simple approach to materials with tunable optical properties. However, the prediction of UV–vis spectra for different compositions in colloidal crystals and glasses is difficult. The degree of disorder, for example, determines whether the optical response is dominated by incoherent scattering, coherent scattering, or Bragg diffraction. Both the volume ratio, as well as the morphology of the individual constituents, influence the properties of the ensemble, which necessitates extensive screening procedures. Here, a method for expediting such a screening approach by means of gradient colloidal crystals and glasses is shown. Continuous composition gradients, combined with local microspectroscopy, allow for the characterization of the entire composition range with high reproducibility, thereby reducing the experimental effort. This is shown for a system of spherical polymer particles with different radii. An optimum of the scattering efficiency in the visible wavelength range is shown close to the order/disorder transition at the edge of the composition range. The high‐throughput screening method presented here can generate large data sets that may contribute to machine‐learning‐enabled optimization of self‐assembled optical materials.


Introduction: Excessive consumption of fast food as well as its adverse health effectschanges the taste of children and leads them to unhealthy eating habits in adulthood. Therefore, proper education is essential for children's empowerment (knowledge, attitude, and performance). Objective: The effect of education, using the pamphlet presentation method, on fast food consumption in children was investigated. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental study wasperformed on 120 students (60 controls and 60 cases) of fourth, fifth, and sixth-grade students in Birjand using cluster random sampling. The training was performed by pamphlet method and data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed by experts and Cronbach's alpha test (α = 0.87) before and one month after the intervention. In data analysis, SPSS 16 and descriptive and analytical statistical tests (P= 0.05) were used. Results: The results suggested excessive consumption of fast food in children. Statistical tests showed that pamphlet education has not had a significant effect on students' knowledge (P = 0.4), attitude (P = 0.9), and performance (P = 0.09) in the field of fast food consumption behavior. Discussion and Conclusion: Despite the excessive consumption of fast food in children in Birjand, pamphlet education does not significantly improve the behavior of elementary students. Therefore, it is recommended to use either other appropriate educational methods to empower this age group or this medium in combination with other methods.


In 2007,the East Chin Grid Co.,Ltd.will implement the science and technology(ST) strategy of "first-class and three greatness" proposed by State Grid Corporation of China,and advance the ST project of "1688",aiming for establishing itself as an innovation-oriented company.In 2007,the Company will emphasize the research on grid security and stability,application of short-circuit current limiters to East China Power Grid,power transmission through 500 kV multi-circuit lines on the same tower,and constructions of enterprise informatization,key lab,and human resources.


Investment, population growth and stationarity of Ricardian type, W.J. Baumol production and exchange processes and the formation of markets, K. Bharadwaj new growth theories and development analysis, R. Eckaus time, increasing returns and institutions in macroeconomics, W. Godley Schumpeter and Keynes, R.M. Goodwin social intangibles relevant for economic processes, C.P. Kindleberger Schumpeter and finance, H. Minsky why has the Italian national saving rate declined?, F. Modigliani (with T. Jappelli) qualitative aspects of technological change - some historical perspectives, N. Rosenberg oligopoly - walking the Sylos-path, K. Rothschild the elusive interdisciplinarity of development planning, I. Sachs some comments on the politics of full employment, J. Steindl. Selected bibliography of Paolo Sylos Labini 1948-90.


The chapter provides a review of research literature on the use of electronic dictionaries. Because the central terms electronic dictionary and research into dictionaiy use are sometimes used in different ways in the research, it is necessary first of all to examine these more closely, in Order to clarify their use in this research review. The main chapter presents several individual studies in chronological order.


The strategic reorientation in the new relational economy has been emphasizing the importance of IS/ICT in organizational adaptation to change. In the banking sector, the centrality of the customer, the new distribution channels availability, the time-to-market reduction has made emerge the need of preparation and management change through coordinated and coherent combination of three vital axes to organizational success: business performance, information management, and information technology supporting. In this domain, the development of new distribution channels for banking products and services are presented as e-revolution challenges in strategic nature of banking activities, forcing it to rethink business models established. In this sense, Metavision, the project management plan, provides a framework to guide the development of a reactive organization and provides a method for driving all the associated change in this chapter.


Introduction: Heavy metals such as lead are as important environmental pollutants. The aim of this study was to investigate the removal of lead from aqueous sollutions using two modified pistachio husk. Methods: In this study, the capability of lead removal from aqueous solutions was investigated using modified pistachio husk. The pistachio husk were pretreated using distilled water and were modified with 0.4 mol/L NaOH and 0.4 mol/L HNO3, separately, and their absorption's ability were compared. Lead absorption was studied in batch reactor. After assessment of the effect of pH in lead absorption by single factor, the absorption experiments were studied by Taguchi method according L 16 array. In this method the effects of 4 factors (initial concentration of lead, pH, absorbents dosages and contact times) were studied. Results: This study showed that the maximum absorption efficiency of lead happened using the alkali modified pistachio husk up to 91.25%, with 20 mg/l initial concentration of lead, pH=4, 1.5 hr of contact times and the absorbent dosage of 0.5 g/l. However, at the same condition the maximum absorbent efficiency by acidic modified pistachio husk achieved up to 89.05%. Moreover, at the same condition the maximum absorption capacity achieved up to 36.5 and 33.4 mg/g by alkali and acidic modified pistachio, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the alkali modified pistachio husk has more potential than acidic modified pistachio husk to remove lead from aqueous solutions, and could be considered as inexpensive absorbent.


FIELD: chemistry. SUBSTANCE: composition contains polyethylene and traditional additives, has density of 0.915-0.955 g/cm 3 , melt index MI from more than 0 to 3.5 g/10 min, flow-rate rating HLMI/MI of 5-50 and polydispersity M w /M n of 5-20. Z-average molecular weight M z of the mouldable composition is less than 1 million g/mol. The mouldable composition is obtained in one reactor in the presence of a mixed catalyst which contains a pre-polymerised chromium compound and metallocene. EFFECT: films containing disclosed mouldable compositions have very good mechanical properties, high impact resistance and high breaking strength coupled with very good optical properties, the films do not easily stick together and they can be transported in a car without adding lubricants and anti-adhesives or only in their small amount. 9 cl, 3 tbl, 6 ex


ABSTRACT A numerical model is developed to simulate the flow and transport process in a variably saturated porous medium. Non-equilibrium transport mechanisms, including physical and chemical non-equilibrium, have been incorporated. The model is used to simulate contamination of an aquifer due to rainfall over a landfill. Different scenarios involving heavy and light rainfall have been analysed. The time at which the contaminant concentration rises above the permissible level is noted, since it is useful in the design of the landfill. Breakthrough curves are obtained for observation wells near the landfill. The spatial concentration distribution is obtained for different times showing the movement of the contaminant plume.


Taking satellite-to-satellite lidar imaging as application background,an imaging processing method based on chirped pulse for reflective tomography lidar is presented.In this method,high precision image reconstruction is obtained by extracting projection data of different observation angle and using CBP algorithm.The condition of satellite-to-satellite lidar reflective tomography imaging is analyzed,including imaging resolution,working modes and imaging time.The results show that,the mode of accompanying satellite detecting in the same orbit plan meet the requirement of multiple angle detecting for lidar reflective tomography imaging.0.1 meter spacial resolution can be achieved while the range of detecting angle is larger than 60 degree,and the larger the range of angle,the higher the resolution is.The imaging time depends on the satellite orbit radius and the range between two satellites.Imaging experiment validates the feasibility and effectiveness of the presented method.


In this brief assay, the author, a man, sees the problem of the male pill, or the problem of the nonexistence of the male pill, simplistically as one of the many feminist revendications, a problem not of a priate but of a public nature. He also states that a male pill would in no way improve the condition of women from what it is today.


Through the analysis on the universities'computer basical teaching, educational situation, the paper elaborated the educational reform of Foundamentals of Computer application on teaching material、teaching way、teaching mode、evaluation system,etc.


FIELD: nanotechnology. SUBSTANCE: processing material is supplied in the form of the coarse powder, having a particle size of not less than 1 mm. For its evaporation the electromagnetic radiation microwave power flow is used with a frequency in the range 20-1200 GHz, focused upto the wavelength size of the radiation used. The gas-dispersed flow with formed as a result of processed material vapour condensation by the nanosized particles is cooled in the heat exchanger, and filtered to separate the particles. The device for producing of elements nanosized powders and its inorganic compounds, containing the source of highly concentrated power flow, the evaporation - condensing unit, heat exchanger for cooling of the gas-dispersed flow, and filter for separation of the nanosized powder. The device includes the gyrotron as a power source and quasi-optical device of microwave radiation focusing. EFFECT: invention improves the production process of nanoscale powders efficiency, excluding the radiation danger. 2 cl, 1 dwg, 4 ex


Salcedo, Marco Antonio, Ph.D., Purdue University, December 1984. Identification of Frost Susceptible Aggregates and Their Use in Concrete or Bituminous Pavements. Major Professor: Charles F. Scholer. Coarse aggregates have been recognized as potential sources of deterioration of concrete exposed to freezing and thawing action. Whenever coarse aggregates are involved, deterioration of pavement structures can take place as pitting, pop-outs, and varying extents of D-cracking. Recently, serious damage of bituminous pavements was observed where the coarse aggregate fraction played an important role. In some concrete and bituminous pavements, a typical pattern of surface damage was also found associated to the application of deicers. In order to prevent damage to concrete and bituminous pavements by frost susceptible aggregates, they must be identified by reliable testing procedures. Sometimes the identification of potentially deletereous aggregates is based on their physical properties alone, and some other times the identification is based on their performance under freezing and thawing surrounded by mortar. Neither method


The article concerns the polymeric compositions on the basis of polydicyclopentadiene synthesized by polymerization of dicyclopentadiene in the presence of synthetic rubber. Polydicyclopentadiene is the new material, that can replace metal, glass-fiber plastic and polymer series because of its unique properties. Polydicyclopentadiene is characterized by low density, high impact resistance which remains at low temperatures (-69 C), high chemical and thermal stability in the wide range of operating temperatures and high resistance against corrosive mediums. The objective of the work is to obtain polydicyclopentadiene with high impact resistance by polymerization of dicyclopentadiene in the presence of synthetic ethylenepropylene rubber. It was shown that the insertion to polydicyclopentadiene of the testing rubber at 3% mass concentration increases the impact resistance up to acceptable index in comparison with the data for trade sample Telene


The environmental concern has become an emerging topic in organization's human resource management strategy, especially in improving employee's environmental behavior at work. Currently, the social responsibility, especially the environmental responsibility has been of concern to scholars, organizations or governments. This study aims to analyze the effect of Green Transformational Leadership, Green Commitment and Organizational Culture on Job Satisfaction and its implications for Citizenship Behavior for the Environment (OCBE). The research method used is a qualitative method with the object of employee at university. Data analysis uses Structural Equation Model with Partial Least Square software. Research results prove there is an influence of Green Transformational Leadership, Green Commitment and Organizational Culture on Citizenship Behavior for the Environment (OCBE) through Job Satisfaction at University.


Abstract : In a previous HQ AFLC/MMMA report Stock Fund Stratification, we evaluated the current stock fund stratification methodology. As a result, we recommended an additional year of inventory be added to the current Approved Force Acquisition Objective (AFAO). The additional year is called the Extended Year (EY). However, the current consumable item (D062) Central Secondary Item Stratification (CSIS) does not stratify the extended year. So, AFLC needs a way to estimate the Extended Year and identify its effect on the AFAO. To determine the impact the extended year will have on the AFAO, we developed a FORTRAN program to simulate the D062 CSIS. Our program computes requirements and stratifies assets just as the current CSIS does, except our program includes the Extended Year. We ran our program using the entire population of actual D062 data from each of the five Air Logistic Centers. We then matched our results to the actual CSIS for validation. As a result of our analysis, the AFAO requirement will be increased by approximately 20 percent. This translated into a 16 percent reduction of inapplicable inventory totals. Using FY86 CSIS figures, that means $251.5 million of on-hand inventory would stratify in the EY as applicable inventory.


Abstract A checklist of the Diptera superfamilies Conopoidea (Conopidae), Nerioidea (Micropezidae, Pseudopomyzidae) and Diopsoidea (Megamerinidae, Psilidae, Strongylophthalmyiidae, Tanypezidae) from Finland in presented. Myopa vicaria Walker, 1849 is formally recorded for the first time from the country.


A method was developed to determine residue of pendimethalin in legume vegetables. After shaken in acetonitrile, samples were homogenized. The filtrate was purified by florisil solid-phase extraction cartridge. The effluent was concentrated, and the residue was then determined by GC-ECD. Effect of different factors, such as the method of extraction, the ration and volume of eluting solvent, parameters of instrument, on recovery and cleanup of the residues was investigated and discussed. The lowest detection limit for pendimethalin was 1×10-12g, and the limit of quantification was 0.001mg/L. The recoveries of pendimethalin from legume vegetables spiked with 0.05mg/kg, 0.01mg/kg, 0.5mg/kg ranged from 88.17% to 95.90%,with the coefficient of variation of 4.18%~9.84%. This method is rapid, accurate, sensitive, and of good reproducibility. It can be used to determinate pendimethalin in legume vegetables.


The morphological types of different organs of cotton and the relationship between the morphological types and economic characters were elaborated,and the morphologic demand of different types of cotton in Yellow River Valley Region was put forward.


We present a comprehensive theoretical investigation of spin relaxation processes of excitons in photoexcited self-assembled quantum dots. The exciton spin relaxations are considered between darkand bright-exciton states via the channels created by various spin-admixture mechanisms, including electron Rashba and Dresselhaus spinorbital couplings (SOCs), hole linear and hole cubic SOCs, and electron hyperfine interactions, incorporated with singleand double-phonon processes. The hole-Dresselhaus SOC is identified as the dominant spin-admixture mechanism, leading to relaxation rates as fast as ∼10−2 ns−1, consistent with recent observations. Moreover, due to significant electron-hole exchange interactions, single-phonon processes are unusually dominant over two-phonon ones in a photoexcited dot even at temperatures as high as 15 K.


Key Words: Effectiveness, Vocabulary, Secret Message Game
Practically in Junior High School, English is toward integratedly. English skills and English component are presented in integrated. However, each skill and component needs to be given attention. Related to teaching vocabulary, the students of seventh grade at SPM 3 Kedungwaru had difficulties to memorize vocabularies and understand their meaning. Common errors are found when the students were asked to fulfill incomplete sentences and rearrange letter into words, and also arrange words in sentences. The teacher needs to choose and employ a certain language game to improve students' vocabulary mastery. One of game that can be used in teaching vocabulary is the Secret Message Game. In this game the students feel enjoy and comfortable without having burden in learning English. Through this Secret Message Game, the students find it easier to understand and memorize vocabularies that have been taught.
This study attempted to answer the following research question: (1) How is the students' vocabulary achievement before being taught by using Secret Message Game? (2) How is the students' vocabulary achievement after being taught by using Secret Message Game? (3) Is there any significant difference score of the students before and after being taught by using Secret Message Game?
In carrying this research, the researcher formulated the objectives of the study as follow: (1) To know the students' achievement in vocabulary before being taught by using Secret Message Game. (2) To know the students' achievement in vocabulary after being taught by using Secret Message Game. (3) To know whether there is any significant difference score of the students before and after being taught by using Secret Message Game.
Research method: (1) The research design is pre experimental design with quantitative approach, (2) The population of this research were all students of seventh grade at SMP 3 Kedungwaru, Tulungagung, (3) The sample was seventh B class consisting of 23 students, (4) The research instrument used in this research was test and the data collected through test was analyzed using T-test formula.
The result showed that different of mean score of students' vocabulary before being taught using Secret Message Game was 63.86. Meanwhile, the mean score of students' vocabulary after being taught using Secret Message Game was 76.30. The result of counting score using T-test showed that tcount(7,700) >ttable(2,074), The result of calculation indicated that Ha was accepted and Ho was rejected. The finding showed that the Secret Message Game was effective used in teaching vocabulary for it could upgrade the students' English vocabulary mastery.


Currently, in financing cases concerning state-run mineral resources base reproduction, especially in terms of identifying forecast resources, and in some cases regarding the category of reserves C2, there is an urgent need to develop ranking techniques for subsurface allotments according to their prospects. In such situations, the use of fuzzy logic models will allow formalizing and automating integral estimation calculation of subsurface allotments for the purposes of their ranking. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to develop instructional aspects of ranking subsurface allotments according to prospects based on the use of fuzzy logic. Resulting from the application of this technique it was possible to perform an aggregated assessment of subsurface areas on the territory of the Bryansk region according to geological reports for the period of 2010-2020. The subsurface areas, being subsequently recognized as prospects, were introduced into the model with their expert assessments for this period of work. Thus, we have initiated a methodology for ranking subsurface areas according to their prospects based on the use of fuzzy logic. It provides for the use of the specified production rules to perform the ranking of subsurface allotments taking into account the prospects. Production rules should cover all possible combinations of expert assessments in confidential intervals. Besides, within the implementing techniques it is required to compare subsurface allotments in terms of fuzzy estimates and also clear mathematical sets. This operation is implemented programmatically (Mamdani algorithm) by performing sequential phasification – defasification operations in the Fuzzy logic component of the Matlab software product.


Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) is the predominant form of hypertension in the elderly, and it is an important predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and rnortality. I$H is characterized by a selective elevation of systolic arterial pressure ($AP) over diastolic arterial pressure (DAP). Indeed, there is an increase of pulse pressure (PPSAP-DAP) and no change of mean arterial pressure (MAP=($AP+2DAP)/3). The augmentation of aortic stiffness is the main cause of ISH development. Calcification and fragmentation of elastic lamellae, and an increase in rigid components of the aorta like collagen contribute to the elevation of arterial stiffness. The objectives of this thesis were 1) to develop an experimental mode! of ISH based on medial arterial calcification (elastocalcinosis), and 2) to evaluate the impact of antihypertensive treatments on this model to better understand how to treat directly elastocalcinosis and large artery stiffness to decrease selectively SAP


Abstract Some previous studies on Spirulina platensis show that this species contains pigments that can be used as natural dyes in textiles. However, research on the usage of spirulina natural pigment in certain types of conventional textile handicraft home industries in Indonesia has not been conducted. The purpose of this study is to utilize the potential of Spirulina platensis as homemade natural dyes for the development of designs in textiles. Through an experimental methodology, various experiments starting from the extraction process and dyeing were conducted to find out the right way to produce home dyes using spirulina and techniques of surface textile design to apply them in textiles. This is useful as one of the solutions today, since an increasing number of consumers are consciously seeking sustainable products, with no exception to the types of textile products. Therefore, this will provide an opportunity for business collaboration ideas in agribusiness and craft textiles. Additionally, it can add to the nature of textile natural dyes derived from various plant species in Indonesia.


After whole-body irradiation with 250 or 350 r, a persistent lymphocytosis develops in C57Bl mice, subsequent to the initial lymphopenia. Serum assays of irradiated mice showing this lymphocytosis reveal elevated levels of the thymic lymphocytosis stimulating factor (LSF). Irradiated mice do not develop a lymphocytosis in response to either trauma or the injection of LSF. Thymectomy, either before or after irradiation, allows normal responsiveness of irradiated mice to LSF.


This paper deals with the complete study of the working of the rotary screw type compressor – PA 415 ATC PLUS. It is two stage compressor driven by a 415BHP, 6cylinder engine pressurizes air and stores it in the separator tank. The current regulation of the entire package is with the help of pneumatic actuator system. Although, this system has a quick reaction time, it is not very accurate. Due to this, RPM of the engine cannot be regulated. Due to these reasons, the current system is to be replaced by an electronic actuator system which helps in RPM regulation and improves the efficiency of the mechanical engine.


The invention relates to a wind turbine generator system applicable to a high-humidity region environment, which comprises a tower, a main engine arranged on the top end of the tower, and an impeller connected with the main engine, wherein the main engine comprises a cabin, a gearbox arranged in the cabin and connected with the impeller, and a generator connected with the gearbox; the cabin is internally equipped with a motor and a transformer; and a frequency converter is arranged at the lower end of the tower. The wind generating set is characterized in that the cabin is internally equipped with an independent generator radiating system for heat radiation of the generator and a gearbox radiating system for independently carrying out heat radiation of the gearbox; and the cabin is further internally equipped with a dehumidifier for lowering temperature in the cabin.


In deep mines, two urgent problems are a high temperature thermal environment and solid waste. Filling the goaf with slurry mixed with ice grains is an effective way to solve these two problems simultaneously. The thermal property and mechanical property of the ice-added backfill have a great influence on the cooling effect in the deep mine. In this study, an experimental facility for measuring the temperature distribution of ice-added backfill slurry was established, and the temperature of backfill slurry with different proportions was measured. Then, the thermal properties of temperature distribution and cooling capacity and the mechanical property of uniaxial compressive strength of the backfill specimens were analyzed, and the results indicated the following: firstly, the cooling capacity of ice-added backfill specimens is negatively related with the slurry concentration C and is positively related with the ice-water ratio Ω; secondly, the strength of backfill specimens is affected by the slurry concentration C and ice-water ratio Ω by a contrary law compared to the cooling capacity; thirdly, ice-added backfill slurry with an ice-water ratio Ω of 1:1 has the best mechanical property after solidification. The effects of the slurry concentration and ice-water ratio on the thermal and mechanical properties were analyzed, and the results indicated that the optimum proportion of ice-added backfill slurry is a slurry concentration of 74% and an ice-water ratio of 1:1 in the present research range. This study is significant for the deep mine cooling method with ice-added backfill.


The post-surgical anastomotic oesophageal stenosis is usually benign, which may recur rapidly after several endoscopic dilations (refractory stenosis). The purpose of this work is to show, through an observation, the interest
of the injection of the corticoids during the endoscopic treatment of refractory oesophageal stenosis. It was a patient who benefited from an esophagectomy of 2/3 inferior+oeso-gastric anastomosis after ingestion of hydrochloric acid (spirit of salt).
The evolution was marked by the installation of a post-anastomotic stenosis recurring after several sessions of endoscopic dilations. The local injection of the corticosteroids (Triamcinolone) at the time of the dilation sessions, allowed a decrease in the frequency of the dilatations, a disappearance of the dysphagia, an improvement of the general state with a weight gain. The injection of corticosteroids was a good solution for this patient, to avoid endoscopic treatment failures, and to improve her quality of life.


Childhood cancer survivors are at risk for late effects related to their cancer treatment, but little is known about clinical, and demographic associated with substance use behaviors. The purpose of this study is to examine the associations between substance use behaviors (tobacco, marijuana, e-cigarette, and alcohol) and cancer-related follow-up care, treatment intensity, late effects, depressive symptoms, self-rated health, race/ethnicity, and neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES). Participants were from the Project Forward cohort, a population-based study of young adult survivors of childhood cancer. Participants (N=1,166, Mage=25.1 years) were recruited through the Los Angeles Cancer Surveillance Program (Cancer Registry covering Los Angeles County, California). Multivariate path analyses were performed with substance use as the outcome variables and clinical and demographic factors as independent variables. Covariates included age and gender. Substance use was positively associated with depressive symptoms, and inversely associated with cancer-related follow-up care, female gender, age, Hispanic ethnicity, treatment intensity, and self-rated health. Neighborhood SES was inversely associated with tobacco use, while being positively associated with binge drinking and e-cigarette use. The results highlight the interrelationship among the clinical and demographic variables and their associations with different substance use. Findings support effective interventions targeting integrative care and health promotion efforts for polysubstance use behavior among CCS. This will help improve long-term outcomes and mitigate the risk for early morbidity.


An optimization method for aero-engine life limit parts (LLPs) replacement policy is proposed based on reinforcement learning method, aiming at optimizing the aero-engine LLP-s replacement policy. In the proposed LLPs replacement policy optimization method, the real-life LLPs replacement rules are adopted as the constraints and the minimum long-term LLPs replacement discount cost is regarded as the optimization objective. In reinforcement learning framework, the Q-learning algorithm is adopted to optimize the LLPs replacement policy. Compared with the traditional methods, the proposed optimization method is simple in structure, and it can achieve better optimization results. To validate the proposed aero-engine LLPs replacement policy optimization method, the LLPs list of a civil turbofan aero-engine is adopted as the sample data. And the existing particle swam optimization algorithm is adopted as the comparative experimental method. The comparison experiment results show that the proposed LLPs replacement policy optimization method achieves obvious advantages. The proposed optimization method is able to provide decision-making supports for aero-engine LLPs replacement.


Abstract Marital adjustment and personal space orientation were studied in an Indian sample of 24 high and 24 low marital adjustment subjects. Personal space orientation was measured by doll placement and seating preference tests. Repeated measures on a last factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that marital adjustment did not affect personal space requirements of the subjects but that for different dyads they differed significantly. The least personal space was required for a wife-husband dyad, followed by wife-female, husband-male, husband-female, and wife-male dyads. The results of the seating preference test confirmed that for a wife-husband dyad the side-by-side arrangement was preferred, whereas for wife-male and husband-female dyads, far-end side arrangements were preferred.


Ralph Deboissiere is a creole, the descendant of French settlers who took up residence, first in Martinique, and later in Trinidad, almost two centuries ago when the latter island was still a Spanish possession. In 1802 Trinidad was ceded to Great Britain, and it remained a British colony until 1961, when it became an independent nation. Deboissiere's youth and early manhood coincide with a vigorous anti-colonial movement in Trinidad during the 1920S and'30S, and it is not surprising that the theme of his novels is anti-colonial in essence, attacking all forms of privilege and advocating social justice with the spirit and fervour of a propagandist. Biographical notes provided by the author state that he was victimized for political activities during the late 1930S, when he found himself destitute. Rather than endure prolonged privation under such circumstances, he emigrated in 1948 to Australia, where he still lives. Of the three novels dealt with here, the first two, Crown Jewel (1951), and Rum and Coca Cola (1956), are set in Trinidad, while the third, No Saddlesfor Kangaroo! (1964), is about Australia. 1 Crown Jewel describes the extreme poverty of urban Trinidad workers before World War II. Despite his more or less patrician origins, the creole hero, Andre DeCoudray, supports the active protest of workers whose social rights and just economic demands are thwarted by the very social class to which his family belongs. The protest of the workers produces intrigue, turmoil, and eventually widespread social upheaval. For all its seeming excitement and turbulence, however, the action of Crown Jewel makes a curiously low-keyed and often monotonous narrative, which results from the author's unoriginal technique of cataloguing industrial imbalances and listing the details of consequent trade union negotiations, figures and all, without giving, at the same time, a recognizably comprehensive design to bring out the artistic significance of all his facts. Rum and Coca Cola, a sequel to Crown Jewel, enlarges on the struggle of the Trinidad urban proletariat for equal rights during World War II. As in the first novel, social inequities are faithfully recorded in work-


The space of sections of a fibration is nilpotent provided the base is finite CIK-complex and the fiber is nilpotent. Moreover, localization commutes with the formation of section spaces.


This paper studies the e-commerce development strategy of China's rural forestry products under the Rural Revitalization Strategy. Combined with the characteristics and problems of forest product trade, this paper analyzes the impact of e-commerce on forest product trade. By analyzing and summarizing the practice of e-commerce of forest products in recent years, this paper further explores the e-commerce model of forest products. Based on the existing e-commerce model of forest products, this paper puts forward the countermeasures to promote the development of e-commerce of forest products. This paper puts forward solutions and suggestions for the problems faced by e-commerce of forest products in Anshan area. The research results of this paper provide a certain reference for government departments to develop e-commerce of forest products under the strategy of Rural Revitalization.


* Introduction * Benchmarking the Benchmarks * Articles * An Overview of Benchmarking Literature: Its Strengths and Weaknesses * Guest Satisfaction Barometer and Benchmarking: Experiences from Austria * A Heuristic Model for Benchmarking SME Hotel and Restaurant Business on the Internet * Development Opportunities for a Tourism Benchmarking Tool-The Case of the Tyrol * Benchmarking Best Practice in Hotel Front Office: The Western European Experience * Managing Quality in Hotel Excelsior * Serviced Accommodation, Environmental Performance and Benchmarks * Environmental Management Systems for Caribbean Hotels and Resorts: A Case Study of Five Properties in Jamaica * Index * Reference Notes Included


...........................................................................................................................iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................. x INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1 Bone Structure .................................................................................................................. 4 Clinical Significance ........................................................................................................ 6 Previous Strategies for Bone Tissue Regeneration ........................................................ 7 Creating Biomimetic Self-Assembled Peptide Amphiphile Nanomatrix Scaffold ... 10 Peptide Amphiphiles ...................................................................................................... 13 Cell Adhesive Ligands Sequences Incorporated into Peptide Amphiphiles .............. 16 Hydroxyapatite and Tetracalcium Phosphate ............................................................... 18 Mesenchymal Stem Cells .............................................................................................. 19 Previous Studies to Differentiate Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Osteoblasts ........... 22 Osteoblast Differentiation Markers .............................................................................. 24 SPECIFIC AIMS ................................................................................................................... 25 Scope of Study ............................................................................................................... 25 Specific Aim 1 ................................................................................................................ 25


Crude and adjusted odds ratios, calculated from a collapsed 2×2 table or a stratified 2×2×K table, can be very similar or quite different when significant associations are found between each dichotomous variable and the K-level stratifying variable. It is demonstrated here that the magnitude of the difference between the logs of the two estimators can be approximated by 4 times the covariance between log linear interactions describing the associations of each of the binary variables with the stratifying variable. Two data examples illustrate the usefulness of the variability and covariability of the interactions in providing a statistical accounting for the magnitude of the difference between the logs of the crude and adjusted odds ratios. Other interpretations and applications of the variances and covariances of the log linear interactions are discussed.