The production of products and packaging that are based on flexible web material is a substantial industry. While there is a wide assortment of products, manufacturers share the goals of maximizing the production rate (maximum web velocity), maintaining precise control of the web and maximizing the tolerance of the production line to variability in the web. The use of simulation to achieve these goals has been limited due to the complexity of characterizing a flexible body going through geometrically-nonlinear deformation as well as making contact with rollers and guides. Instead, physical test and the knowledge of experts are used to optimize the production lines. However, the detailed understanding of web behavior is limited since it is difficult to add instrumentation to a flexible web undergoing contact on both sides. Nonlinear FEA software can be used to study the web but the run times for a web moving though a reasonable motion can be extremely long. The use of commercial, off-the-shelf, multibody dynamics software offers hope for detailed results with shorter run times. This paper describes the use of multibody dynamics software to simulate web behavior, including the development of correct input conditions and the specification of outputs of interest to the web-handling community. Two examples are shown: a web response to roller misalignment and a study of trough formation.Copyright © 2009 by ASME


This discussion is concerned with the management of that patient or groups of patients on whom the label of a pulmonary dust disease has been placed either by the family physician or by a consulting chest specialist. From the narrower viewpoint, it is the classification that has been applied to those persons who are referred to our office for evaluation and treatment. Such patients may or may not have true pulmonary fibrosis, but they always present symptoms that, in one fashion or another, are referable to pulmonary disability. These considerations make it important that all the factors that have contributed to the disease process and the subsequent disability be studied as objectively as possible with whatever tools and disciplines are available. DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS The diagnosis of pulmonary dust disease, as of any other occupational disease, implies that injury has been sustained in and because of the working environment and that


In the article, the authors present a mathematically correct and physically meaningful proof of a fundamental relation between flux and vector potential of magnetic field.


Periodontal disease is a frequently encountered disease in oral cavity,is a chronicprogressive disease which occur in dental capsule.The clinical manifestation includes loose teeth,displacement,discreased chawly function,eventual tooth lose.The treatment to periodontal disease is mainly combined therapy,which control inflammation by periodontal medicine and operation;adjust interlocking,eliminate dental wound,relieve the burden of peridental supporting tissue by recovery treatment;fix the loose teeth,disperse the bite force,control the patho-loose and displacement,elevate the masticatory efficiency,make the troubled teeth to rest,is benefit to the control to periodontal inflammation and the healing of destructed periodontium.Therefore,fixation of loose teeth is absolutely necessary in treatment of periodontitis.Periodontal splint,which has good fixation function,has become an effective tool in the treatment of middle and later period periodontitis.Here,the biomechanics theory classification and recent research of periodontal splint are reviewed in this article.


Summary. The standard treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis C is a 6–12‐month combination therapy with interferon alpha and ribavirin. Induction treatment could result in a faster early decline of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) load and a better response rate. Naive chronically infected HCV patients (n = 454) were randomized into two arms to receive either induction treatment with interferon alpha 2b 5 million units (MU) subcutaneously (s.c.) daily during a period of 8 weeks (arm A); or treatment with interferon alpha 2b 5 MU s.c. three times a week (TIW) for a period of 8 weeks (arm B). After week 8, interferon treatment in both arms was 3 MU s.c. TIW for a total period of 12 months. In both arms, ribavirin (1000–1200 mg orally per day) was added at week 4. Induction treatment resulted in a higher virological response at week 8 of treatment (66%vs 47%; P < 0.01). However, response at the end of treatment and at 6 months follow‐up was not different (53%vs 50%, 41%vs 33%). The occurrence of adverse events and the drop‐out rate were similar in both arms. Although an early virological response is observed more frequently in the induction treatment, end of treatment response and sustained responses did not differ.


Since 1999 the PS has been operated without active transverse damping thanks to an increase of the coupling between the transverse planes and the reduction of injection steering errors. Although the LHC requirements are met by these means, a new transverse feedback system has been commissioned to reinforce the robustness of operation and avoid the blow-up generated by residual injection steering errors. This system could also allow the reduction of the chromaticity and reduce the slow incoherent losses during the long PS injection plateau. It could also stabilize the high energy instabilities that appear occasionally with the LHC nominal beam and may be a limiting factor for ultimate LHC beam. Highlights include a signal processing with an automatic delay adapting itself to the varying revolution frequency, a programmable betatron phase adjustment along the cycle, pick-ups that have been re-furbished with electronics covering the very low frequency of the first betatron line and a compact wideband high-power solid state amplifier that drives the stripline kicker via an impedance matching transformer. The overall system is described together with experimental results.


To improve the efficiency of lentivirus packaging,the influences of state of cell growth and existence on virus packaging were studied;the effects of adherent and suspended 293T cells on packaging lentivirus were compared using calcium phosphate method.The results show that the titer of lentivirus packaged with suspension cells was nearly 3.5 folds higher than that packaged with adherent cells.Moreover,two advantages,higher repeatability and less cell culture time which was at least 24 h shorter,of lentivirus packaging using suspension cells directly were also showed in this study.


Work and Brandman measure how the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) adapts to different types of stressors. They find that the UPS can adapt almost perfectly to stress conditions, even those that stabilize misfolded proteins through aggregation rather than increasing UPS substrate load.


Social media plays an important role in disseminating information and news to the audience. Through its influencer, the information could be shared faster in a wider spectrum. Meanwhile, the opinion leaders greatly influence other people's decision making, attitudes, behaviors, and are perceived to be models for others. However, in Islam, the use of social media is regulated and has to comply with the principles and values stated in the hadith of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as well as the verses in the Al-Qur'an. Every Muslim has the responsibility to share valid and credible information to everyone regardless of their religion. The social media platforms can be used by Muslims to interact and understand the content more easily. Islam emphasizes the ethics and moral aspects in any interaction or communications. In fact, Islam has a da'wah system where the communication and understanding of the content or messages must be clearly identified and discussed before spreading to others.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the productive performance of two strains of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in mixed raising systems. A total of 3600 fish-larvae species was used, 1800 belonging to Bouake lineage, and 1800 to Chitralada. The experiment was carried out in three phases; Phase I in an incubator in 18 boxes, in which two treatments (Bouake and Chitralada) were tested by using nine repetitions; Phases II and III were performed in 18 cement tanks with the same treatments. In phase I, regarding the final weight and gain of weight, Chitralada strain showed the highest final weight values. In phase II, Chitralada showed the highest final weight value when compared with Bouake, and, considering the gain of weight, Bouake obtained the best result. In phase III, Chitralada showed better final weight results (104 days of raising), final weight, final length and gain of length/cm (152 days of raising); but, after 279 days of the cultivation, Bouake showed a higher weight and length gain. These findings showed that Chitralada strain presented the best performance.


The sludge drying/incineration process integrating new spray drying technology and rotary incinerator was used to disposal the dewatered sludge from Xiaoshan WWTP.The results show that the new drying/incineration technology and its equipment have the advantages of high comprehensive utilization efficiency of heat energy,good safety and low investment and running cost.After the appropriate flue gas purification treatment,the pollutants in emitted air are below the required emission limits of Standard for Pollution Control on Municipal Solid Waste Incineration(GB 18485-2001).


The dependency between inshore long waves and the characteristics of offshore short waves is investigated, particularly that of the inshore long wave frequency on the group frequency of the offshore short waves. The deficiencies of earlier studies have been overcome by collecting wave samples of length sufficient to obtain stable statistical estimates of wave group frequency. The only apparent conclusion that can be drawn from the results is that the inshore long wave frequency is independent of the group frequency of the offshore short waves. However such a finding must be qualified since so few significant long wave events occurred during the data collection programme.


Automatic summarization can help us accurately and efficiently obtain the information needed from the magnanimity information and has attracted more attention. In this paper, a new method for Chinese text summarization using the algorithm of Affinity Propagation Cluster (APC) is presented. It is not necessary to set the number of clusters and the initial representative exemplars in APC, so it can avoid the problems of local-optimal and instable clustering results caused by randomly selecting initial representative exemplars. And the algorithm has high computing efficiency. The results of the experiments show us that Chinese text automatic summarization based on APC has higher accuracy than that of other algorithms. APC is a suitable method for automatic text summarization.


Many previous laboratory, field and remote sensing studies have empirically quantified whitecap (WC) parameters such as coverage and scale, foam layer thickness, and bubble plume profiles, but only a few have simulated foam layer or WC microwave reflectivity and emissivity using analytical and numerical electro-magnetic (E-M) models. We report the development and application of a Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) E-M model to investigate the emissivity, reflectivity and detectability of WCs. The model solves Maxwell's equations directly for an arbitrary free space and dielectric configuration. It is applied to multiple dielectric layers representing foam and spray overlying a rough sea surface. The foam layer profiles are adapted from Anguelova's L-band radiative transfer model (RTM), and the rough surface is a statistical realization of the Kudryavtsev wave spectrum model. The accuracy and precision of model emissivity estimates, the roughness emissivity increment, and detectability of WCs using L-band radiometry, are assessed under various wind conditions. Possible enhancements using Monte-Carlo simulation and more deterministic simulations of active breakers with WCs of various void fractions, shapes and scales, are also considered.


The research reviewed the definition of security in general, mentioned the concept of the security, as it was mentioned in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and as mentioned by some thinkers and authors, and we reached the definition of health security from our ideas . And it was written in the search for the health reality in the governorates of Nineveh according to statistics and indicators taken from the electronic page of the Iraqi Ministry of Health and the Central Statistical Organization , and tables were prepared to reach indicators based on these statistics. In order to reach a diagnosis of challenges and explore opportunities , to studies were conducted in Nineveh Governorate.


When combining the tangible properties of Smart Textiles (such as the hand of the fabric) with the intangible properties from services (such as dynamic properties and business models) the result can be considered as a Smart Textile Service. Practitioners in a healthcare context are used to an embodied approach to examine and improve the bodily abilities of their clients, therefore developing the intangible components of Smart Textile Services for healthcare can introduce difficulties in a participatory design process. In this article we investigate how embodied interactions with the prototypes of service interfaces help to assess not only tangible but also intangible aspects of Smart Textile Services. The analysis concerns a design meeting that took place during the multistakeholder process to develop the smart cardigan and service "Vigour" for people with dementia.


Knowledge mediation and power distribution are common subjects in everyday life. In school knowledge and learning are keywords for the activity, while on the other hand industries have production and benefits as major subjects. Despite these differences between school and industry they both can be discribed as learning organizations. This could be made to facilitate a gaining of knowledge in effort to understand the phenomenas knowledge mediation and power distribution within these organizations. The main purpose is to see the connection between knowledge mediation and power distribution and how it appears at an industry. As subjects such as production and benefits are first-mentioned while discussing improvements within industries, it is easy to disregard the fact that there are people working there. To investigate the purpose, we visited an industry for two weeks and by using active observation as method we gathered information regarding the purpose. The observation revealed a close connection between knowledge and power. A certain kind of knowledge gives the power to influence the organization, thereby knowledge and power are equals. There was a difference in knowledge between different groups at the industry. Some thought that by learning as much as possible about the production, you achive promotion, while some thought that your social skills together with knowledge about the production will lead to promotion. These different views of knowledge varied with position in the organization. Keywords: Discourse, knowledge, knowledge mediation, power, power distribution, organization, activity theory, language, social structure in organizations.


The S-band linear accelerator of the SPARC Project is in advanced phase of installation and test at the INFN Frascati Laboratories (LNF). The purpose of the machine is to produce low emittance, high peak current electron beams to drive a SASE-FEL experiment. The SPARC RF system consists of an RF gun followed by 3 S-band roomtemperature accelerating structures, supplied by 2 pulsed high power klystrons. The use of waveguide variable attenuators and phase-shifters is foreseen to adjust field amplitude and phase independently for each accelerating structure; this will be helpful for tuning the linac working point in the initial machine set-up and for performing velocity bunching experiments in the second phase of the project. This paper reviews the experience in installation and test of the main linac RF structures and subsystems.


Limited energy resources and environmental concerns due to ever increasing
 energy consumption, more and more emphasis is being put on energy savings.
 Smart networks are promoted worldwide as a powerful tool used to improve the
 energy efficiency through consumption management, as well as to enable the
 distributed power generation, primarily based on renewable energy sources, to
 be optimally explored. To make it possible for the smart networks to
 function, a large number of electronic devices is needed to operate or to be
 in their stand-by mode. The consumption of these devices is added to the
 consumption of many other electronic devices already in use in households and
 offices, thus giving rise to the overall power consumption and threatening to
 counteract the primary function of smart networks. This paper addresses the
 consumption of particular electronic devices, with an emphasis placed on
 their thermal losses when in stand-by mode and their total share in the
 overall power consumption in certain countries. The thermal losses of
 electronic devices in their stand-by mode are usually neglected, but it seems
 theoretically possible that a massive increase in their number can impact net
 performance of the future smart networks considerably so that above an
 optimum level of energy savings achieved by their penetration, total
 consumption begins to increase. Based on the current stand-by energy losses
 from the existing electronic devices, we propose that the future penetration
 of smart networks be optimized taking also into account losses from their own
 electronic devices, required to operate in stand-by mode.


Abstract : An investigation of the effects on RT to a primary stimulus (S1) by a secondary stimulus (S2) was conducted using heterchromatic stimulation (red-green and green-red) as compared to unichromatic stimulation (red-red and green-green). Eight volunteer Ss were employed in the study. Following two practice sessions to insure that stable levels of performance had been reached, a counterbalanced arrangement of stimulus presentation was used in both the heterochromatic and unichromatic sessions. Nine double stimulus trials were given consisting of nine interstimulus intervals from 0 to 200 msec. The trials, plus a single stimulus trial, were all presented randomly in blocks of 10 trials. The S's task was to respond to the first stimulus that appeared. It was hypothesized that: (1) The inhibitory effect will depend on the temporal relationships between S1 and S2. (2) Greater inhibitory effects will result under heterochromatic stimulation than under unichromatic stimulation. (3) If S1 is green and S2 is red, RT inhibition will be greater than if S1 is red and S2 is green. All of the above hypotheses were supported by the data of the study. The findings were discussed in terms of the resulting facilitation, inhibition and response variability as they related to theoretical concepts that might explain these effects. (Author)


The purpose of this article is to analyze the protagonist's construction of the short story "Jim, by the Chilean writer Roberto Bolano, evincing the fact that this character lives moving himself, doesn't adapt to the contemporary world and looks for a way to evade the reality that oppresses him. The analysis carried out will be guided by the theoretical studies by Ravetti (2001), Xerxenesky (2012), Felippe (2014), Candia Caceres (2010), Giraldo (2007), Patriota (2005), Dolle (2011), Mora Retamal (2016). In this way, Jim configures himself as a character in search of annihilation, of death, to get rid of the pain and suffering that suffocate him, which are recurring factors in fictional figures of twentieth and twenty-first centuries.


ObjectiveTo explore whether stachyose can effectively inhibit the colonization of Clostridium difficile in intestinal tract of mice and analyze the structural change of the intestinal flora using C. difficile infection mouse model. MethodsC57BL/6 female mice were randomly divided into three groups, one group did not receive any treatment (blank group), and the other two groups were daily administrated with stachyose (stachyose group) and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (PBS group) respectively for 10 days after C. difficile infection. On day 10 after infection, the content of C. difficile in feces was measured with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the variation of intestinal flora in mice in different groups was analyzed with 16S rRNA sequencing technique. ResultsOn day 10 after infection, stachyose significantly decreased the colonization of C. difficile in intestinal tract the mice infected with C. difficile. The 16S rRNA sequencing result showed that the ACE index of stachyose group was significantly higher than that of PBS group, but it did not return to normal level. At the phylum level, stachyose treatment resulted in a significant increase in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in C. difficile-infected mice. At the species level, stachyose treatment resulted in a significant increase in the relative abundance of Parabacteroides goldsteinii, Blautia hansenii, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Parasutterella excrementihominis, Parabacteroides distasonis. ConclusionStachyose treatment can effectively reduce the colonization of C. difficile, restore the richness of intestinal flora in intestinal tract of the mice in mice infected with C. difficile, especially the relative abundance of several bacteria, such as Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Parabacteroides goldsteinii.


Objectives: To identify the prevalent organisms associated with respiratory tract infections according to age groups. To identify the most common antibiotics prescribed among pediatric age groups. Methods: A retrospective cohort study conducted on patients aged 0-18 years, admitted to the inpatient department (IPD) diagnosed with respiratory tract infection between Jan 1 2009 to Jan 31 2015 in King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH). Demographic information, diagnosis, date of admission, laboratory investigations, and treatment were collected from patients' electronic and paper records then analyzed. Exclusion criteria were based on congenital defects, chronic diseases, and compromised immunity. Results: 122 patients with respiratory tract infections were selected for the study (73 males and 49 females). 45.9% of which were infants-toddlers (n=56). The most common diagnosis was pneumonia unspecific (n=32), followed by acute tonsillitis (n=24) and otitis media (n=22). 52 microorganisms were isolated from clinical samples, 14% being Pseudmonas aeruginosa and 13% Streptococcus pneumoniae. 171 antimicrobials were prescribed during the study period. Penicillins were the most frequent (n=78), followed by Cephalosporins (n=45) and Macrolides (n=22). 6.897% resistance was detected among 87 files with culture and sensitivity tests, 30% of which were positively cultured, ranking resistance with 20%. Conclusions: Despite the results showing minimal resistance, antibiotic resistant organisms remain a global concern that needs to be addressed to prevent the spread of antimicrobial resistant infections.


Not beginning or completing the vaccination schedule as recommended in the Expanded Programme on Immunization is one of the major reasons for low immunization coverage. It should be studied in detail for remedial action, if the objectives of the EPI in Iran are to be achieved as stated. Generally, lack of knowledge, lack of motivation and obstacles ore the basic categorical reasons for low coverage. Studies done shows however, that lack of motivation does not seem to play an important role in Iran. Whereas, unawareness of the need for immunization and previous attack of target diseases, mainly measles, is the major components of lack of knowledge. Among obstacles, illness of the child, including afflictions to low fever, uncomplicated diarrhea, and so on, are the most frequently stated reasons for postponement of immunization. Presently, both cases are handled improperly. Diagnosis of measles is not an easy task and there are no contradictions for injecting such a child with live, attenuated measles vaccine. Moreover, fever and mild diarrhea not cause any harmful side effects. Thus the Ministry of Health and Medical Education has officially recommended insisting on immunizing such children. It is only with following such recommendations and actual expansion of the immunization delivery centers, that immunization coverage can be elevated to reach the stated objectives of EPI in Iran.


This article presents the main results of experimental industrial tests of a continuous crystallizer that the authors developed with a view to the features of crystallization of pentaerythritol


The time duration between HIV seroconversion to AIDS known as Incubation period is very long and highly variable across groups. Several models for incubation period distribution were studied by many author. In this paper we propose new approaches to model the distribution of the incubation period of HIV/AIDS epidemic using the stages of the disease, the threshold level and cumulative invasion of the immune system. But each model has its own limitations.


In recent years, with the Web applications technology continuing to progress and develop, there are more and more demands development about Web application services, and then the attendant Web application security attacks are also on the rise. The technical means for cyber attacks are endless at present, but they are generally pre-detection and deal with things in the progress, the corresponding post-detection for less maintenance. In the network center, there are a large number of the server's equipments, Web log fi les as part of the server detail a variety of events happening every day of equipment system, such as client access to the server request records, hacker intrusion on the site records, and so on. Therefore, in order to effectively manage the maintenance of equipment and timely reduction in the risk of attacks, analyze audit log for later inspection and maintenance of safety equipment is necessary. Based on this, mainly research and design of security audit log system based on Web application, log audit system consists of three subsystems: the subsystem of log acquisition, the subsystem of analysis engine and the subsystem log alarm. The subsystem of log acquisition uses multiprotocol analysis to collect log, and to process the corresponding log normalization and de-emphasis. The subsystem of analysis engine uses the rule base and mathematical statistics method to extract the log feature and set the appropriate statistic parameters, and then to do the comparative analysis. The subsystem log alarm is the main confi guration tasks appropriate policy and issued for the audit results show interface, or generate reports and send messages to users.


Management of urban hydrologic processes using green infrastructure (GI) has largely focused on storm water management. Thus, design and implementation of GI usually rely on physical site characteristics and local rainfall patterns, and do not typically account for human or social dimensions. This traditional approach leads to highly centralized storm water management in a disconnected urban landscape and can deemphasize additional benefits that GI offers, such as increased property value, greenspace aesthetics, heat island amelioration, carbon sequestration, and habitat for biodiversity. We propose the Framework for Adaptive Socio‐Hydrology (FrASH) in which GI planning and implementation moves from a purely hydrology‐driven perspective to an integrated sociohydrological approach. This allows for an iterative, multifaceted decision‐making process that would enable a network of stakeholders to collaboratively set a dynamic, context‐guided project plan for the installation of GI, rather than a "one‐size‐fits‐all" installation. We explain how different sectors (e.g., governance, nongovernmental organizations, communities, academia, and industry) can create a connected network of organizations that work toward a common goal. Through a graphical Chambered Nautilus model, FrASH is experimentally applied to contrasting GI case studies and shows that this multistakeholder, connected, decentralized network with a coevolving decision‐making project plan results in enhanced multifunctionality, potentially allowing for the management of resilience in urban systems at multiple scales.


Introduction . The processes of transformation of the national economic system are accompanied by the aggravation of a number of problems. One of the most important is the problem of efficient use of land resources. The possibility of its solution is determined primarily by the level of organization and functioning of land-rent relations. Currently, rent, which is formed through the use of land and its resources, is considered only as a certain monetary income. There is no awareness that it is one of the most important material factors of expanded reproduction. The purpose of the scientific article is to systematize views on the essence of land rent and rent relations, to clarify the place of land rent in modern concepts of rent relations and to substantiate its role in the process of social reproduction . Results . The article substantiates the main provisions of modern concepts of rent relations and clarifies the place of land rent in their problems. The evolution of views on the interpretation of the essence of land rent and rent relations is revealed. The nature of land rent, preconditions of its origin and distribution, role in the process of social reproduction are determined. In modern conditions it is necessary to form a systematic vision of different types and subspecies of the general phenomenon of economic rent. It is also necessary to allocate land rent as an economic form of land ownership. Based on the modern interpretation of the general phenomenon of rent, it is advisable to show the place of land rent in the reproduction process. In comparison with wages, interest, income, land rent is the most controversial type of income in terms of its withdrawal and distribution. Land rent has features that distinguish it from other types of income. To determine land rent, its separation from economic rent, it is necessary to identify the distinctive features of land that are not inherent in other resources. They turn land rent into a special kind of income, not identical to wages, interest, profits, as well as royalties and other rental income. Distinctive features of the earth and other resources which make a single whole with the earth, are: 1) an origin not from human activity; 2) non-reproducibility (impossible to reproduce artificially); 3) quantitative limitations; 4) the ability not to wear out physically and not to grow old morally; 5) physical immobility (immobility); 6) the product of the earth can be formed both as a result of human activity and independently of it; 7) land is widely used in non-agricultural production as an area for mining, construction, placement of transport communications, etc .; 8) land is able to form or increase the amount of product without additional labor and therefore is able to provide as a surplus income natural rent (in physical terms); 9) the product of the land almost always needs further cultivation or leaves room for it - it always has the potential to create value added on its basis; 10) land by its nature has conditions for the social nature of ownership. Originality . The conceptual apparatus of rent relations is specified. It is proved that the concept of "rent payments", which is widely used, can not fully reflect the economic relations in the agro-industrial complex. The concepts of "rent withdrawals" or "rent redistribution" can be considered more adequate. This is due to the fact that withdrawals are made not only through the taxation mechanism. They are often carried out indirectly - through various market mechanisms . Conclusion s . Land and its resources are gradually involved in the process of social reproduction, but the speed of such involvement has recently increased. The value of the product of land and land rent in the cost system increases to the same extent. Due to rent withdrawals and rent redistribution in the economic system are created favorable for production and consumption value ratios. Land rent in value terms can serve as a stabilizer. It can be removed where it is redundant and sent to where there is a distortion of exchange rates. Distortion of the foundations of rent relations does not allow to perform an important function of rent - to ensure rational relationships between agriculture and other areas of social production .


Principles may be included in legislation for administrators to apply in the exercise of discretionary powers. But can courts enforce them and, if so, how? This article examines the difficulties that arise when applicants challenge decisions on the basis of improper application of legislative principles. It does so by examining challenges that are made, according to the relevant considerations ground of review, to the administration of the principles of ecologically sustainable development. The article examines the elements of the relevant considerations ground that make it difficult for courts to enforce legislative principles. It also examines the normative factors that are likely to lead courts to exercise restraint when faced with claims that legislative principles, and in particular environmental principles, have not been properly applied.


This chapter establishes the original contribution of the book by addressing why this research is necessary, where it sits within the existing literature and how this research has been conducted. Firstly, this chapter illustrates the timeliness of the book with reference to women's renewed activism against sexual harassment and gender discrimination in the film and television industries and in the trade union movement. Secondly, this chapter explains the rationale for its focus and establishes the three central themes which underpin the book's analysis of the relationship between women and trade unions in the British film and television industries: the operation of a gendered union structure, women's union activism, and the relationship between class and gender in the labour movement. Thirdly, this chapter surveys existing literature in the fields of Women's Labour History, Industrial Relations Scholarship and Women's Film and Television History. Fourthly, this chapter details the methodological approach of this project, which combines archival research with oral history. Finally, this chapter outlines the structure of the book.


This paper proposes a novel framework for detecting and localizing the transients corresponding to the shocks created by sediment impacts on a steel plate. Based on unsupervised hierarchical agglomeration of complex vibration spectra, the derived classification is available for bedload transport monitoring stations in underwater environement.


Factors of technical reequipment of the mechanical engineering enterprises are allocated. Business diagnostics of one of the largest Russian manufacturers of the metal-cutting tools, accessories, the supplier of modern high-tech machine tools, equipment and efficient technologies in the Russian Federation – The Ural Machine-building Corporation «Pumori-SIZ» is conducted. A method of assessing the market value of the company, which feature is the use of combined (cost-income) approach is developed.


RCN leaders were expected to face awkward questions on the issue of assisted suicide at the college's annual general meeting today.


Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) are catastrophic discharges of water resulting primarily from melt- ing glaciers. In the face of global warming, most Himalayan glaciers have been retreating at a rate that ranges from a few meters to several tens of meters per year, resulting in an increase in the number and size and size of glacial lakes and a concomitant increase in the threat of GLOFs. In the past 50 years, 16 GLOF events which were re- ported in Tibet had caused the loss of human lives as well as severe damage to local infrastructure. Based on the combination of temperature and precipitation of these 14 failed moraine-dammed lakes, the climatic background could be classified into 4 types, that is, warm-wet, warm-arid, cold-wet and near common weather condition. Un- der different climatic background types, the outburst mechanisms can be further divided into 5 types and 21 modes based on the analysis of 31 failed moraine-dammed lakes documented all over the world. As to a potentially dan- gerous moraine-dammed lake, all possible breach modes under each climatic background are firstly described and its qualitative possibilities are given by experts, then the decision-making trees are formed and the breach proba- bility of the potentially dangerous moraine-dammed lake can be calculate. The breaching probabilities of the 143 potentially dangerous moraine-dammed lakes were calculated one by one using the decision-making trees model in Chinese Himalayas. The calculating results show that there are 44 lakes with very high breaching probability, 47 lakes with high breaching probability, 24 lakes with median breaching probability, 24 lakes with low breaching probability, 4 lakes with very low breaching probability. The 91 lakes with very high and high breaching proba- bility rate should be requested in the next steps of detailed assessment and should be took into account in local infrastructure construction, such as road, hydropower station and residential plan, etc.


M. MÖLLER AND R. HARLING. 1996. A technique is described for the preparation of DNA suitable for use in RAPD analysis from pure, sterile resting spores of Plasmodiophora brassicae. Using this technique, random 10‐base pair primers were applied to P. brassicae DNA from three single spore isolates. The resulting profiles were compared with the race classification based on inoculation of the European Clubroot Differential (ECD) series of Brassica hosts. Out of 40 primers tested, 23 gave amplification products, three gave isolate‐specific profiles and one a profile which corresponded with the ECD race classification of the isolates. RAPD profiling can provide a faster means of race classification in P. brassicae.


The authors were convinced that subjects belonging to groups I, III, and IV of isogemagglutination do not reveal, contrary to the claims of some authors, any constitutional predisposition to malignant neoplasms in general and cancer in particular.


Abstract: At the beginning of the fourth century, with the emergence of a Constantinopolitan nobility, the attention devoted to investments in viticulture continued to thrive but shifted in its nature. At the same time, we can observe a marked development in practices—especially in vine training systems and winemaking techniques—and in vintages, with a renewed interested in wines that had been part of the Greek tradition. The winegrowing estates of Bithynia, neighboring the new capital, became a pleasurable environment for the in-group that arose and cultivated a viticultural art that set them apart and whose resonances can still be heard in the grand epic of Nonnos of Panopolis, the Dionysiaca. This article thus demonstrates how the ownership of vineyards, which was of itself advantageous for the accumulation of knowledge and of an internalized savoir-faire as well as the development of ways of being constitutive of a certain habitus, gradually became a matter of social, cultural, and symbolic significance for the ruling classes.  (This article has been translated from the French by Sean Northrup)


The case of Fatima a 39-year-old woman in developing country who died during labor in a small district hospital illustrates the different perspectives that may be used to examine causes of maternal death. In Fatimas case the physician diagnosed the cause of death as antepartum hemorrhage due to placenta previa. The hospital committee studying causes of maternal death found that Fatima had entered the hospital in shock due to blood loss. She received intravenous fluids but the 1/2 liter of blood available was insufficient to compensate her blood loss. The cesarean was delayed for 3 hours until the obstetrician and anesthesiologist arrived. Fatima died during the operation. The committee classified the death as avoidable arguing that availability of more blood and better preparation for emergencies could have saved her life. A community-based study sponsored by the World Health Organization examining unsatisfied needs in maternal health care revealed that it took 4 hours for Fatima to reach the hospital and that she had already had 2 lesser hemorrhages in the final month of pregnancy. She had chronic iron-deficiency anemia and a parasite infection and had never received prenatal care. The study concluded that the cause of death was unquestionably the unsatisfied need for maternal primary health care services. Emergency transportation or prenatal care for her anemia and a referral to higher level services at the 1st bleeding episodes could have saved her life. Another study of the causes of mortality in the reproductive years financed by Family Health International indicated that Fatima at 39 had already had 7 children of whom 3 sons and 2 daughters survived. She did not really want more children but had never used family planning. This study concluded that lack of access to family planning information and services was another cause of death. The 4th study by the Population Council considered socioeconomic mortality differentials. Fatima an illiterate married to a poor rural laborer was found because of her socioeconomic status to be at 3 times greater risk of maternal mortality than the average for her country and 100 times higher than in the nearest developed country. The road to maternal death for millions of women like Fatima in developing countries begins with poverty. The next steps are high parity high risk pregnancies and life-threatening complications. Avoidance of this fate begins with better nutritional educational and employment conditions for women access to family planning information and services community-based maternity services and referrals to higher levels of care when needed. Because so many women in developing countries are in this situation each improvement at earlier stages will reduce demand for services at later stages.


The "three representatives"ideology has high realistic value.It is a penetrating inference to the basic characteristics of our Chinese socialist primary stage, the specific state of the economic development as well as the new situation and task our communist party is faced with. Its integration in contents and unification in forms fully reflects the basic principles of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, enrich and develop Marxist theory and scientific socialist theory. It not only has the inner dialectical unification but also serves as a scientific guideline to the future reform and open policy, the building of socialist modernization and the self-building of the party.


The basis of experimental data processing system in universities is designed based on the ASP.NET development,combining computer technology with the university basic experiment teaching.The usage of the campus network and the Internet is to improve university experimental teaching methods and means.The system not only achieves automatic operation of the experimental data processing automatic mapping,regression analysis and the automatic matching process,but also further enhances the teacher-student interaction and exchange of information.It greatly improves the effect of the college experimental teaching.


Galambos et al. (l), in making their opening comments concerning the usefulness of an assay for Type I11 procollagen N-terminal peptide, state that normal liver contains 5.5 mg of collagen per gm of which 80% is Type I collagen and 15% is Type I11 collagen. They further state that the endstage cirrhotic liver contains 30 mg of collagen per gm, of which 55% is Type I and 45% is Type 111, citing the work by Rojkind et al. (2). The implication is that this marked increase in Type I11 collagen will be reflected in serum levels of the N-terminal propeptide. We feel these figures were misquoted from Rojkind's paper. Normal livers in his paper contained an average of 37.5% Type I11 collagen, and the amount decreased to 30.2% in cirrhotic livers. These results are similar to but not as dramatic as the findings of Seyer et al. (3) who found that normal liver contained 45 to 49% Type I11 collagen and that this decreased to 18 to 34% Type I11 in cirrhosis. This decrease in percentage of Type I11 collagen has been recently confirmed by investigators in Japan (4). Thus, while the total amount of Type I11 collagen increases in cirrhotic livers, the ratio of Type I11 to Type I actually decreases. While this does not affect the overall outcome or the importance of this work, we feel that this misconception concerning the collagen composition of the liver should not be propagated.


The paper presents a conception of uncertainty calculation of a result obtained in a direct measurement realized in conditions described by random errors. The conception basis on the error de nition being an e ect of analysis of a quantization process and, rst of all, it permits to determine uncertainty of a single measurement result in measuring and control systems processing signals varying in time. Division of the errors into two types A and B permits elaboration of such a procedure which enables uncertainty calculation for an average value of a series of measurements in the way close to this one proposed by GUM and widely discussed in last years. Theoretical considerations are illustrated by examples showing practical properties of the presented uncertainty calculation procedures.


This paper presents details of how part of the Brazilian Water Resources Information System (SNIRH) was developed. The work was carried out by four research networks made up of several Brazilian universities. One of these networks was responsible for the integration of rainfall―runoff models to the SNIRH. In order to integrate the rainfall―runoff models into the SNIRH, the OpenJUMP software was used as an interface to manage the input data and the simulation results. Among the selected models, there is a distributed runoff―erosion model named Kineros with a new friendly interface, in order to provide more detailed simulations exercises, allowing users to analyse the results easily. The model can import the rainfall data from SNIRH and separately simulate the runoff and erosion processes. Finally, this new tool, which integrates different hydrological models in a single base, can support the decision-making process for water resources in Brazil.


Moral distress is defined as psychological disequilibrium and negative feelings that results from recognizing an ethically appropriate action, yet not taking it because of such barriers. This causes an increase workload of nurses in the intensive care room, resulting burnout that affects nurses, patients and health care providers. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between moral distress and the level of burnout in intensive care room nurses at the dr. Soebandi Hospital Jember. This study used a quantitative descriptive observational analytic with the approach cross sectional design selected 47 nurses as respondents used total sampling. Data collected by Measure of Moral Distress Scale - Healthcare Professionals (MMD-HP) and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The results revealed that most respondents experienced low moral distress (85.1%) and low burnout (61.7%). The bivariate analysis showed with spearman test that p-value was < 0.001 (α = 0.05; r = 0.531). There was a relationship between moral distress and the level of burnout in intensive care room nurses at the dr. Soebandi Hospital Jember with moderate and positive relationship strength. A healthy work environment plays an important role in the low level of moral distress and burnout, if there are staff skilled in communication, good collaboration between people or professions, effective decision making, proper staffing, recognition and leadership.


Water samples from six different areas in Yobe state will be physically, chemically and bacteriologically analyzed in order to ascertain the levels of pollution influence, Temperature, total dissolved solid(TDS), electrical conductivity, turbidity, colour and PH will be determined. Also to determine were chloride, calcium, manganese, sulphate, nitrate, fluoride,magnesium, iron, chromium (hexavalent), calcium, total hardness, and total coliform and escheridia coli. The concentration of pollution indicators ranged from 26.2 to 31.2oc for temperature, 0.06 to 0.23 ms/cm for electrical conductivity, 0.03 to 0.11 mg/l for total dissolve solid, 1.0 to 461 ofTU for turbidity, 12.0 to 550.0 ptco for colour, 0.17 to 3.30 mg/l for iron, 0.01 to 0.62 mg/l for chromium (hexavalent), 0.2 to 14.2 mg/l for manganese, 2.0 to 75 mg/l for sulphate, 1.6 to 35.8 mg/l for nitrate, 0.00 to 0.04 mg/l for fluoride, 0.3 to 24.5 mg/l for chloride, 0.668 to 0.668 mg/l for calcium, 0.160 to 0.290 mg/l for magnesium, 0.828 to 0.958 mg/l for total hardness, 6.0 to 7.0 for pH.


The EDELWEISS experiment is a Direct Dark Matter Search using 320 g heat-and- ionization Ge cryogenic detectors. The final results obtained by the EDELWEISS-I stage corresponding to a total of 62 kg.day are presented. The status of EDELWEISS-II, involving in a first phase ∼ 10 kg of detectors and aiming to gain two orders of magnitude in sensitivity, is also described.


.................................................................................................................. 4 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 5 Literature Review ................................................................................................... 6 Writing Proficiency across Two Genres .................................................................................. 6 Predictors of Writing Quality within each Genre ................................................................ 12 Research Questions .............................................................................................. 17 Methods ................................................................................................................. 17 Participants .............................................................................................................................. 17 Data Collection ......................................................................................................................... 18 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 18 Analytic Plan ............................................................................................................................ 24 Results .................................................................................................................... 25 Comparing Writing Quality across Genres (RQ1a) ............................................................. 25 Cross-genre Variance of Lexico-syntatic Features (RQ1b) ................................................. 27 Genre-specific Discourse Features (RQ2a) ........................................................................... 28 Correlations of Linguistic Features with Overall Writing Quality: Varied by Genre ..... 31 Predicting Writing Quality within Genre (RQ2b) ................................................................ 33 Illustrating Domains of Individual Variability in Cross-genre Writing: A Few Examples ................................................................................................................................................... 36 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 41 Chinese EFL Learners Writing two Genres: Similarities and Differences with Previous Research ................................................................................................................................... 41 Pedagogical Implications and Questions for Future Research ........................................... 43 Limitations ............................................................................................................ 46 References ............................................................................................................. 48 Tables and Figures ............................................................................................... 53 Appendices ............................................................................................................ 61 Appendix A: Writing Prompts ............................................................................................... 61 Appendix B: Research Measures ........................................................................................... 62


We construct classes of examples of H −coactions and H −Galois coactions on the Weyl algebra in characteristic p > 0 where H is the function algebra of the additive group of dimension p 2 . In particular we show that the main result obtained in a preceeding paper [G. Restuccia and H.-J. Schneider, J. Algebra 261 , 229 (2003)] cannot be generalized to non-commutative algebras.


This paper summarized the concept and function of the intrusion detection system, and discussed the implementation of the linkage between the system and security policy server. Moreover, the implementation of the system and its parameter setting were also detailed. The intrusion detection system linkage strategy made it possible to real-timely monitor the network data traffic, detect and isolate harmful network behavior, which had proven its important protective effect in network security maintenance.


A transient plane-stress thermoelastic problem in a nonhomogeneous hollow circular plate of variable thickness is formulated in terms of a stress function by deriving new Michell integral conditions necessary for the assurance of single-valuedness of rotation and displacement. An analytical solution is presented for thermal stresses in a nonhomogeneous hollow circular plate subjected to unaxisymmetic heating on the boundary surfaces, which has the plate thickness, Young's modulus and thermal conductivity in forms of different power laws of the radial coordinate; the coefficient of linear thermal expansion is given as an arbitrary function of the radial coordinate. Numerical calculations are carried out over a wide range of the nonhomogeneous thermal conductivity, Young's modulus, coefficient of linear thermal expansion and plate thickness. The effects of nonhomogeneous thermal and mechanical properties on the relaxation of thermal stress and its application to the design of functionally gradient materials (FGM) are discussed.


This paper studies traffic congestion abatement as a practical implementation problem. In theory, a social planner can ensure efficient behavior by setting the price faced by decision makers to be equal to the social marginal cost. In practice, however, policy makers lack the information to set such a price. This paper develops a decentralized and anonymous dynamic system that allows agents to achieve the optimal level of traffic without knowledge of demand or social marginal cost. An experiment was used to test the effectiveness of the system. In the lab, the system achieved an efficiency of 95%.


For the problem of ZigBee short distance transmission existed in home network,an intelligent home residential gateway which can be connected to the Ethernet remote monitoring is designed using the hardware based on STM32 microprocessor and ZigBee CC2530 and the software based on the μTenux real-time operating system to interconnect Ethernet and ZigBee network. The testing results show that the gateway can achieve data communication between Ethernet and ZigBee wireless sensor network,and can control and monitor the home gateway.


The authors consider the effect of prescribed spatially periodic temperatures at the bounding walls of a 2D Boussinesq fluid on 1D pattern forming transitions. They determine the normal-form equation for the slowly varying pattern amplitude. Quasiperiodic behaviour is found when one takes into account the deviation of the external wavelength modulation from the critical value for the onset of classical Rayleigh-Benard convection.


This proposed work focus on the three phase hybrid cascaded modular multilevel inverter topology which is derived from a modified H-bridge (MHB) module. This topology results in the reduction of number of power switches, losses, installation area, voltage stress and converter cost. For renewable energy environment such as Photovoltaic (PV) connected to the micro-grid system, it enables transformer less operation and enhances the power quality. The main advantages of this topology are; modular in construction, usage of less power electronic switches of the same voltage rating and with less number of gate drive circuit requirements. The H-bridge inverters are used to convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) and it contains four MOSFET's. The MPPT converter stabilizes the DC voltage coming from the DC power source. To verify the applicability and performance of the proposed structure in PV renewable energy environment, simulation results are carried out by MATLAB/SIMULINK under both, steady state and dynamic conditions. Experimental results are presented to validate the simulation results.


Objective Obturator hernia is a rare type of abdominal hernia which can lead to catastrophic results with delay in diagnosis and treatment,especially for the elders.Difficulty in diagnosis and treatment is analyzed in this paper.Methods 8 patients with obturator hernia were confirmed during a 10-year period.The clinical presentation,anesthetic,and perioperative management were retrospectively summarized.Results The average age of the patients was 83,and all were females,while the body mass index(BMI) was 17 in average.The Howship-Romberg sign was positive in 2 patients.A correct diagnosis was established in 3 of 5 patients who underwent pelvic CT scanning.In all of these 8 cases,serious coronary syndrome,arterial hypertension and chronic atrial fibrillation were confirmed.The evaluation of perioperative risk revealed a mean Cardiac Risk Index of 34.7 patients had ASA-PS score of 3 to 3.5,and 4.0 for the last.All cases had herniation of the small intestine loop into the obturator canal;and 4 underwent small bowel resection.All patients recovered completely.No recurrence was detected during a mean follow-up of 59 months.Conclusions Facing an elderly emaciated female with recurrent small bowel obstruction,there is a high risk of having an obturator hernia.A definite early diagnosis can be facilitated by CT scanning.Surgical intervention at early stage with satisfactory support is essential to decreasing the risk for undergoing bowel resections and mortality.


We experimentally investigated four SVM multi-classification methods for machine learning nonlinearity mitigation. The comparison results indicate very close BER performance with significant improvement. Meanwhile, the SVM multi-classifier based on the in-phase and quadrature component has the lowest complexity.


In evaluation for the risk of dangerous rocks,the fuzzy comprehensive judgment method adopted has advantages of accurateness and fastness.This paper introduces the fuzzy comprehensive judgment method for evaluating the risk of dangerous rocks,establishes the evaluation model for the risk of dangerous rocks,proposes the degrees of membership and index weights of various evaluation factors.This method has achieved good effects in its practical application in evaluation for the risk of dangerous rocks along the Shuima Expressway in Yunnan Province.


Theoretically grounded in Tinto's model of retention and Braxton and colleagues' revisions , this study is designed to examine the applicability of the integration model to students of different racial backgrounds. Results from a sample of full-time undergraduate students at a research-extensive university suggest that (a) academic and social integrations function differently to the persistence of Black and White students, (b) financial pressure was the most consistent impediment to college retention for all students, and (c) institutional control over academic quality is critical to student retention. In addition, results show that students of different racial backgrounds do not differ significantly in their reported intention to drop out. Implications for policy and planning are discussed.


The key parameters that determine channel performance in telecommunications are bit error rate, Q-factor, signal to noise ratio and noise factor. Channel performance depends on signal susceptibility to attenuation, noise, jitter and other interferences in the propagating medium. Typical non-service affecting methods that estimate the channel performance rely on error detecting and correcting codes that have limited error detection capability and require relatively long time. In this paper, we review the statistical estimation of signal performance parameters. Based on this, we describe the functional block of a circuit that continuously estimates BER, SNR, Q-factor and NF at each port without service interruption. Our method is based on statistical sampling and therefore estimates are made in very short intervals


This experiment was conducted to study the role of oligopeptide transporter 2 in small peptides uptake and milk protein synthesis in bovine mammary gland.Different doses of Phe dipeptide(0 and 11.7 μg/mL)and DEPC(0,0.01,0.1,0.5 and 1 mmol/L) were added to the culture medium of bovine mammary gland tissues.After incubated in the experimental medium,mammary tissues and medium were collected and used for gene expression and milk protein determination,respectively.The results showed that 1) Phe dipeptide increased oligopeptide transporter 2 and αs1-casein gene expression and milk protein quantity in the medium(P0.05);2) with increasing of DEPC dose,αs1-casein gene mRNA level(P0.01) and synthesis of milk protein(P0.05) were decreased;3) treatment with 0.5 mmol/L DEPC significantly decreased αs1-casein gene expression(P0.05) and synthesis of milk protein(P0.01) in Phe dipeptide group,and synthesis of milk protein(P0.05) in free Phe group,but had no effect on αs1-casein gene mRNA level(P0.05) in free Phe group.These results indicate that Phe dipeptide can be used for synthesis of milk protein by bovine mammary gland while PepT2 may play an important role in small peptides uptake by bovine mammary gland.


Peripheral nerve injuries arising from trauma or disease can lead to sensory and motor deficits and neuropathic pain. Despite the purported ability of the peripheral nerve to self-repair, lifelong disability is common. New molecular and cellular insights have begun to reveal why the peripheral nerve has limited repair capacity. The peripheral nerve is primarily comprised of axons and Schwann cells, the supporting glial cells that produce myelin to facilitate the rapid conduction of electrical impulses. Schwann cells are required for successful nerve regeneration; they partially "de-differentiate" in response to injury, re-initiating the expression of developmental genes that support nerve repair. However, Schwann cell dysfunction, which occurs in chronic nerve injury, disease, and aging, limits their capacity to support endogenous repair, worsening patient outcomes. Cell replacement-based therapeutic approaches using exogenous Schwann cells could be curative, but not all Schwann cells have a "repair" phenotype, defined as the ability to promote axonal growth, maintain a proliferative phenotype, and remyelinate axons. Two cell replacement strategies are being championed for peripheral nerve repair: prospective isolation of "repair" Schwann cells for autologous cell transplants, which is hampered by supply challenges, and directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells or lineage conversion of accessible somatic cells to induced Schwann cells, with the potential of "unlimited" supply. All approaches require a solid understanding of the molecular mechanisms guiding Schwann cell development and the repair phenotype, which we review herein. Together these studies provide essential context for current efforts to design glial cell-based therapies for peripheral nerve regeneration.


Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of using gold seed fiducial markers within the daily treatment of prostate cancer patients as a means of improving treatment field placement accuracy and minimising the effect of interfractional prostate movement. Methods: Ten patients had three fiducial markers inserted into the prostate gland under ultrasound guidance. Daily verification images were acquired throughout standard radiation therapy treatment with the measurement, comparison and analysis of bony anatomy displacement to fiducial marker displacement performed. Results: Greater than 20% of measurements in the superior/inferior (SI), anterior/posterior (AP) directions and displacement magnitude, would have resulted in a different action when using bony anatomy compared to fiducial markers, compared to less than 3% in the right/left (RL) direction. The mean prostate displacement was 0.46, 1.52 and 1.75 mm in the LR, SI, and AP directions respectively. The maximum prostate displacement was 10, 16 and 18 mm in the LR, SI, and AP directions respectively. Mean displacement magnitude was 6.32 mm, with a maximum displacement magnitude of 18 mm. Conclusion: This trial supports the growing body of evidence that there is benefit in the use of daily imaging with prostatic gold seed fiducial markers for more accurate treatment localisation.


Abstract 997 Diamond Blackfan anaemia is an inherited bone marrow failure syndrome with haematological and systemic manifestations. The classical presentation of the condition is the development of anaemia in infancy, which occurs in approximately 85–90% of the patients. Long-term 40% require transfusions as they fail to maintain erythropoiesis at acceptable doses of steroids and only approximately 10% of the patients go into remission. To investigate the iron load caused by transfusions and its effect we studied the liver biopsies of 13 patients with DBA and compared them with 27 patients suffering from thalassaemia major (TM). The findings were correlated with the number of transfusions, chelation treatment, ferritin level and MR techniques. Image analysis of the degree of fibrosis was performed using NIS-elements software after staining liver biopsy slides with Sirius Red. TM patients were significantly older [median age: TM 9 years (3–18), DBA 5 years (1–15); p=0.004], which was also reflected in the duration (months) of transfusion [TM 105 (12–198), DBA 52 (12–130); p=0.004]. However, there was no difference in the frequency of transfusions (p=0.51) and in the length of time (months) between starting transfusions and chelation (TM 19, DBA 27; p=0.08). DBA patients received proportionately more chelation per transfusion than TM patients at the time of biopsy (TM 1.24, DBA 1.58; p=0.015). Ferritin levels were higher in TM patients, though not significant [TM 2028 μg/L (1292–4901), DBA 1324 μg/L (535–2300); p=0.16). Despite having significantly fewer transfusions, the grade of iron deposition was higher in the DBA group (TM 2, DBA 3; p=0.035). This was also reflected in MRI T2* quantitation, which demonstrated a higher hepatic iron load in DBA patients [TM 3 ms (1–12), DBA 2 ms (1–3); p=0.59]. The rate of biochemical iron accumulation (mg/g DW) for every month of transfusion was significantly higher in the DBA group (TM 0.05, DBA 0.11; p=0.005). The rate of fibrosis accumulation was 60% higher in the DBA group, although this was not statistically significant (TM 0.1, DBA 0.16; p=0.07) and could be due to a time lag between iron accumulation and fibrosis formation, particularly as the DBA patients were younger and had had shorter follow up. Biochemical iron, ferritin level and MRI T2* had low, significant correlations with fibrosis in TM patients (0.547, p=0.001; 0.357, p=0.033; −0.430, p=0.011, respectively) and FerriScan in DBA patients (0.75, p=0.05). In conclusion, DBA patients have a higher rate of iron accumulation with a trend to higher hepatic fibrosis. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


A fast yet accurate technique for simulation-based design of linear arrays of microstrip patch antennas is presented. Our technique includes: 1) optimization of the corrected array factor of the antenna array under design for a phase excitation taper resulting in reduced sidelobes; 2) simulation-driven optimization of the array element for element dimensions resulting in matching at and about operational frequency; and 3) simulation-driven optimization of the antenna array with controlling both radiation and reflection response. Models of different fidelity are utilized in the design process. The proposed technique produces optimized designs at the high-fidelity level of description. Operation and costs of our technique are demonstrated with design of a 10-GHz broadside linear array of slot-fed microstrip patch antennas.


INTRODUCTION The circus historical construction is referred to millenniums of existence, permeating the human culture with its diverse manifestation. Currently, there is a new formation in circus activities, in witch the human portion of the show is focused, abandoning the freaks and the animals that composed the classic circus. The circus in the ancient Rome had savage characteristics, having a spectacle composed by gladiators, wild animals, chariots parades, Christian martyrs, acrobats, clowns in costumes (TUCUNDUVA apud CAMUS, 2007). Along with the fall of the roman empire, the circus felt to a secondary stage in the practices of leisure and entertainment, presenting itself among commerce fairs and several others places to display its arts, having few companies with enough status to make presentations in amphitheaters (CAMUS, 2004). During the middle age the circus artists informally accompanied the commerce fairs, presenting themselves with great ludicity and freedom. This period had its ending along with the ascension of the capitalism, witch transformed the commerce systems, extinguishing almost completely the great fairs (SILVEIRA, 2006). Thus, having the profit generated by the presentations in open spaces reduced, the circus troupes were pressured to raise the hierarchical level of organization, developing a logistical format more appropriated to the new socio-economical influences (BURKE, 1989). Around the half of the XX century, the traditional circus suffered a great change, the dissemination of the techniques left the familiar scope, being learned by people off the patriarchal tradition. These people started to cross the circus knowledge acquired with other corporal languages and experiences. Adding this findings with the creation and strengthening of the modern gymnastics, that were developed over the concepts of a new format of body values, having it as a clean, productive and functional instrument, several elements o the classic circus lost its appealing and were abandoned, consequently generating a new circus era, where the focus of the show was laid upon amazing bodys and capabilities of the human being (SILVEIRA, 2006, FORMAUX, 2005). This new age of the circus activities is called "Nouveau Cirque" or New Circus, and after this rupture, it started a series of evolutions in the circus performatic arts, in witch the principal creation factor is the crossing of experiences of practitioners with others segments of arts, sport, and the academic knowledges with the circus experiences (CAMUS, 2004). This new way of creating expressive languages was incorporated to the form of thinking the circus, giving a greater opening and popularization on the modern urban scenario. This brought to the circus a marcadological espectacularization, correlated to the diverse contemporary cultural movements, captivating the public and bringing to surface the circus's great heterogenic power to the cultural market through a beautiful spectacle (FOURMAUX, 2005). Although it's new characteristics, the circus maintain in its core the non-competitive stamp and playful, laughabel and solidarity ideals provenient from the development over the classic millenary circus system. In it's historical course the acception and assimilation of the diversity are fundamental, providing to the practitioner the freedom to add his own corporal experience to the circus practice. The structure fundamented on the spectacle is a characteristic that provides the straight relation with the several forms of artistic expression, providing also the intimate linking to the practitioner's expressivity (SILVEIRA, 2006). Hence, the esperiences with the circus activities are extremely fertile, for they are composed by a corporal culture rich in motor contents and kinesthetic experiences, that provides a formidable construction of the motor repertoire, having beyond that the positive psychological qualities related to the development of the ludicity and collectivity (BORTOLETO, 2003,2006). The practitioner of the new circus related activities breaks "corporal paradigms", being instigated to renew his movement concepts and invited to experiment new motor possibilities (GUZZO, 2004, ARAUJO e FRANÇA, 2005). So, the circus arts in it's modern format, the new circus, is intimately related to the development of the individual's corporal image, besides to provide a differenced and well comprehensive motor content (GUY, 2001). Thus, this study propose to unravel the correlation between the formation of the corporal image and the new circus activities through the findings obtained in the literature over the both themes. It's expected that through this research a practice composed by the diversity and with great capability to construct a varied psicomotor structural basis be unveiled. Therefore, the quest is to bring proofs in the literature of the corporal influences of this popular art, raising the utilization of the new circus as a tool to the overcoming of corporal paradigms, kinesthetic exploration and social experimenting.


Gliomas are the most common brain tumor in the central nervous system (CNS). The majority of malignant gliomas arise from neoplastic transformation of resident astrocytes. Gliomas are very aggressive tumors since they are characterized by widespread invasion of brain tissue. The exact pathogenesis and underlying mechanisms for glioma cell infiltration are currently unclear. Cell-cell interaction and tissue microenvironment play an important role in tumor progression leading to modification and infiltration of surrounding tissue. The hypoxic microenvironment contributes to abnormal neovascularization of the glioma.


Implications for Practice or Policy: Recent data shows more Australian teenagers are choosing not to drink and the age of alcohol initiation is increasing. Social movements led by young adults, such as Hello Sunday Morning, have begun to make it acceptable to talk about not drinking. Social marketers need to build on these changes. We need to support children, adolescents and young adults in their efforts to change their culture; advocate for appropriate policy changes; and move beyond narrowly-focused efforts targeting teens and their parents to efforts which target whole communities.


Abstract. The data obtained from the dairy herd of the Arab Company for Agricultural Production and Processing (ACAPP) in a semi arid area 40 km south of Khartoum involved 337 cows with a total of 1049 records from 16 years between 1986 and 2002. The least squares means for age at first calving, calving interval, days open, lactation milk yield, daily milk yield, lactation length and dry period were 29.76±0.40 months, 433.12 ± 6.70 days, 167.79±7.08 days, 3475.53±78.89 kg, 12.29±0.28 kg, 294.10±3.62 days and 164.08 ± 6.70 days, respectively. The analysis of variance showed that the parity number had significant (p Heritability estimates of age at first calving, calving interval, milk yield per lactation, daily milk yield, lactation length and dry period were generally low (0.098±0.104, 0.047±0.046, 0.130±0.042, 0.123±0.041, 0.172±0.062 and 0.044±0.031, respectively) except the heritability of days open which was 0.51±0.37. The productivity of the herd in this study which averaged 12.3 kg/cow/day was much lower than the expected productivity of Holstein Friesian cows, which reflects the negative impact of the prevalent environment in the Sudan. More records and economic data are required to examine the economic feasibility of raising pure Friesians under Sudan conditions.


Streptococci and Lactobacilli are the most common bacteria causing dental caries. Potentilla fuglens , native of north-east India is used by tribal people to cure teeth and gum problems. Based on its ethomedical use, its anticariogenic potential was evaluated. The crude methanol extract was found to have good anticariogenic potential. Epigallocatechingallate ( 4 ) was found to the most effective inhibitor against the tested bacterial strains. Epiafzelechin (4 β →8) epicatechin ( 8) also demonstrated comparatively better activity than other dimeric compounds (MIC of 1.56, 3.12 and 3.12 μg/mL against Streptococcus mutans , Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus , respectively). Time-kill studies and biofilm formation inhibition assays showed molecule 8 to be comparable to compound 4 in terms of antibacterial action. The results suggest that these compounds and Potentilla extracts could be employed as natural antibacterial agents in oral health care products.


This research addressed the hypothesis that spring precipitation data can be used to detect agricultural drought early in the growing season. The Rangetek range model was used to simulate yearly forage data based on historical precipitation and temperature records from the USDA-ARS Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory (Miles City, MT) and the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Manyberries Substation (Lethbridge, AB, Canada). Monthly total precipitation and monthly average maximum and 1Research was conducted under a cooperative agreement between USDA Agriculture Research Service and the Montana Agriculture Experiment Station. Mention of a proprietary product does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by USDA, Montana Agriculture Experiment Station, or the authors and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may also be suitable. The USDA-ARS Northern Plains Area is an equal opportunity and affirmative action employer and all agency services are available without discrimination. 2Corresponding author: mwtess@ montana.edu minimum temperatures were used to develop regression equations predicting growing season forage production at the Fort Keogh Laboratory and Manyberries Substation. At Fort Keogh Laboratory, a combination of fall (October and November) and spring (April and May) precipitation were predictors of simulated forage yield index (P < 0.01, R2 = 0.84). At Manyberries Substation, April and May precipitation were predictors of simulated forage yield index (P < 0.01, R2 = 0.44). Using the actual forage data from Manyberries Substation yielded similar results, in that April, May, and June were predictors of forage production (P < 0.01, R2 = 0.50). Although the regression equation for actual forage production data from Manyberries Substation did indicate that July precipitation was a significant predictor, adding July precipitation did not increase the ability of the equation to detect reduced forage production. These results imply that annual forage production can be estimated with considerable confidence by July 1 and that forage produced by early July is a good indicator of total growing season forage production. Early season detection of drought effects on forage production provides much-needed flexibility in devising management alternatives to minimize the negative impacts of drought on rangelands and beef enterprises.


Despite the availability of effective therapy and many recent developments in tuberculosis diagnostic tools, but still the war against tuberculosis infection is far away from success. WHO estimates that around 8.6 million people in 2012 developed tuberculosis and 1.3 million died from this diseases [1]. Tuberculosis cases are higher in developing country where access to health facility far from adequate, resulting in delaying of diagnosis and therapy. In our opinion, there are 3 keyproblems that hampered the successful of tuberculosis program: availability a simple, reliable and affordable diagnostic tools, effective vaccine against tuberculosis and increasing trend of multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.


The evolution physical education teaching content abroad includes several periods,and show some development tendencies,such as diversify,elastic and unit enlarge.The innovation of physical education teaching content should pay more attention to social,psychological and logical restrict factors.


Due to the textured nature of random in‐plane orientation of sputtered γ‐CuI (111) thin films, the crystalline grains and grain boundaries (GBs) influence charge carrier transport. Herein, current probe atomic force microscopy (cp‐AFM) measurements for differentiation and correlation of these morphological features and their contribution to electrical conductivity are presented, thus showing a clear difference between the conductive behavior of grains and GBs. A localized high and linearly voltage‐dependent current at the boundaries as well as a rectifying behavior between the platinum‐coated AFM tip and the grain surfaces is observed. Also, a different temporal evolution of voltage‐dependent conductivity is observed for grains and GBs. Further, the charge carrier transport through the surface vanishes with time. It is suspected that atmospheric oxygen causes these time‐dependent surface changes because accelerated degradation of the conductivity after oxygen plasma treatment is also measured.


Introduction: TLR4 act as the principal sensors of innate immune responses, especially for the Lipopolysaccharide leading to the unregulated inflammatory response, which would otherwise cause tissue destruction. This is regulated by Radio protective 105 (RP105) a TLR4 protein homologue. Objective: To investigate the expression of RP105 in chronic and aggressive periodontitis patients. Material and methods: 60 subjects, 20 periodontally healthy controls, 20 chronic periodontitis and 20 aggressive periodontitis were included. Gingival index, oral hygiene index-simplified, probing depth and clinical attachment loss were recorded followed by immunohistochemical evaluation of RP105 expression in the gingival tissue samples and the results were statistically evaluated through 1-way ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Significantexpression of RP105 in gingival connective tissue ofthree groups (P=0.0000*). The expression of RP105 ingingival connective tissue of healthy group was higher in comparison to chronic periodontitis subjects and was statistically significant (P = 0.0082*). Conclusion: The present study demonstrated weak RP105 expression in the gingival epithelium owing to the fact that RP105 is an anti-inflammatory marker.


Resumen en: Research work on mushroom cultivation at the Institute of Ecology (INECOL) began in 1989 cultivating Pleurotus spp. At present, these studies have been ...


Ab s t r Ac t Introduction: The primary objective is to investigate the feasibility of proposed percutaneous ultrasound long axis (LA; in-plane) guided approach for celiac plexus neurolysis (CPN) in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. The present study also aimed to assess the outcome as well as to document complications specific to the proposed technique if any. Materials and methods: Celiac plexus neurolysis under LA ultrasound (USG) guidance was performed in thirty one patients (mean age of 58.2 ± 4.7 years) of either-sex (24 men and 7 women) suffering from chronic pain due to pancreatic cancer [visual analog scale (VAS) score > 4] not responding to any pharmacological treatment or in those where opioids-related adverse effects are poorly tolerated. Follow-up was done immediately after injection, first day, 1 week, 4 weeks and 12 weeks following intervention and on an as needed basis thereafter. Post-neurolysis and at each subsequent follow-up visit, pain scores, satisfaction rate and other complications were studied. Level of statistical significance was set at a p < 0.05. Results: At 12 weeks CPN under LA ultrasound guidance was associated with significant pain relief, reduced NSAIDS/opioids consumption and improved patient satisfaction (p < 0.05). There were no major periand/or postoperative complications. Conclusion: Celiac plexus neurolysis under LA USG guidance enhances effectiveness and was associated with better pain relief, reduced NSAIDS/ opioids consumption and improved patient satisfaction. Clinical significance: Celiac plexus neurolysis under LA USG guidance enhances effectiveness of pain relief and level of safety in patients with abdominal malignancies.


At the moment technology allows to miniaturize measurement system to several micrometers. Application of an optical fiber taper in such system needs to manufacture a new one with diameters below single micrometers which is very difficult and expensive. Another way to obtain this level of diameters is the process of tapering from the existing fibers. In the paper, experimental results of propagation light from a supercontinnum sources of the wavelength generates the wavelength of 350-2000 nm, in different optical fiber submicron wires made from tapers manufactured from single mode fibers are presented. Biconical optical fibers' tapers were manufactured in low pressure gas burner technique. There are presented spectral characteristics of a propagated beam. For the test, there was manufactured an optical fiber submicron wires with a different length of waist region with a diameter near one micrometer. We put to the test a taper made from a standard telecommunication fiber SMF-28 with a cutoff wavelength equal to 1260.


Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) is a maladaptive phenomenon that becomes a concern in Indonesia, especially in the prevalence of emerging adults. One of the predisposing factors for NSSI is exposure to Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE). Individuals in these two contexts are also found to have different worldviews. The aim of this study was to describe the dynamics of meaning-making in the context of emerging adults with a history of ACE and NSSI. This study uses a qualitative-phenomenological approach. Interviews were conducted with three participants aged 19-25 years, having 5-8 ACE (ACE questionnaire screening), doing NSSI (NSSI-AT screening), and live in Jabodetabek. Participants were selected by purposive sampling. Thematic analysis of the data was carried out according to the theory of meaning-making model, ACE, and NSSI. The results showed that distress by adversive experience triggered the meaning-making process. The role of the deliberate and cognitive process is more helpful in the dynamics of meaning-making. The meanings made, such as acceptance, re-appraisal, re-attribution, perceptions of growth, and changes in global meaning, were found to reduce distress and generate compassion. However, the meanings made can still be dynamically developed throughout the individual's life. In further research, exploration in the gender role, culture, and other humanistic aspects, such as forgiveness and support system in meaning-making can be carried out. Longitudinal or mixed-method methods can also be chosen to develop the results of this study.


Mobile ad-hoc network is a decentralized communication network. For a certain period of time, each node in a MANET act as a server, client or router. It does not need any infrastructure such as a base station so that MANET becomes vulnerable to network attacks. In this, the malicious nodes act like a black hole node. It indicates itself as the shortest path to a destination in a network by sending the fake route reply to the source node [5]. This paper investigates the methods that are used to detect and prevent the black hole attack in MANETs.


In this paper, we show that the two-component Camassa-Holm equation possesses a global con- tinuous semigroup of weak conservative solutions for initial data. The result is obtained by introducing a new set of independent and dependent variables, this system is transformed into a semilinear system, whose solutions are obtained as fixed points of a contractive transformation. To characterize conservative solutions it is necessary to show that the total energy equals a constant, for almost every time.


Aim of the study is to determine the peculiarities of epidermal proliferation and terminal differentiation in various histological types of seborrheic keratosis (SK).
Materials and methods. Pathomorphological and immunohistochemical analysis was performed on the skin biopsy material of 60 patients with SK, who constituted the study group, and on the material of 30 healthy skin samples, which were considered a control group.
Results. Level of expression of Ki-67 marker in papillomatous and acanthotic types of SK is significantly lower (P < 0.005) compared to healthy skin samples, which indicates a low proliferative potential of tumors. While the expression of the marker of terminal differentiation between these groups of SK and healthy skin is significantly higher (P < 0.005). Comparative characterization of the association of the expression degree of the immunohistochemical marker of proliferation Ki-67 depending on the activity of terminal differentiation processes in acanthotic and papillomatous types of SK indicates a statistically significant inverse correlation of these pathogenetically determined processes. Thus, activation of terminal differentiation with increase of caspase-14 expression level inhibits proliferation in basal epidermal layers that is accompanied by decrease of Ki-67 level.
Conclusions. Level of expression of Ki-67 as a marker of proliferative activity in patients with acanthotic and papillomatous types is significantly lower than in the control group, which may indicate no tendency to malignancy. The expression level of caspase-14 in acanthotic and papillomatous types is increased compared to healthy skin, which may indicate a violation of keratinization, which occurs during the terminal differentiation of epidermocytes. Statistical inverse conjugacy between caspase-14 and Ki-67 indicates inhibition of proliferation against the background of increased terminal differentiation activity and may justify the vectors of therapeutic action of topical agents.


Infrared interferometric observations with high spatial and spectral resolution and their quantitative modeling provide us with a unique opportunity to improve our understanding of the circumstellar environment of young stars and the accretion-ejection process. The goal of this paper is to investigate various models of the emitting regions in young Herbig Ae/Be stars that consist of (i) a compact rotating magnetosphere; (ii) an X-wind; and (iii) a disk wind. These models can be used, for example, to quantitatively interpret line profile measurements and infrared interferometric observations with the AMBER instrument of the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) in the high spectral resolution mode (R = 12 000). VLTI/AMBER observations allow us to resolve the disk wind region and study the flux contribution of the unresolved magnetosphere and X-wind region to the total line flux. Analyzing the results of our nonLTE calculations, we conclude that the mechanisms of the different broadening of emission lines of different series include (1) the kinematic expansion due to the motion of the outflowing, accelerating gas in the magneto-centrifugal disk wind; (2) the Stark effect; and (3) the rotation of the magnetosphere. We also investigated extinction effects that can influence the shape of the line profiles. We considered the obscuration of the outer disk wind by an opaque dust and gas disk, the obscuration of the disk wind by a flared disk or by dust in the disk wind itself, and absorption of the star and disk continuum radiation in the disk wind along the line of sight. We show that due to extinction effects, the line profiles can change from double-peaked to single-peaked and P Cygni profiles. We studied the contribution of the different components of the stellar environment to different hydrogen emission lines and investigated how this contribution is dependent on the model parameters. The results of this study can be used for the detailed modeling of the emitting regions of individual young stars.


The main objective of this project is to develop a PCR-microarray-based system for accurate and quick identification of Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) strains important to California crops. The major part of the current work focused on identification of important DNA sequences based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for the detection of Xf Pierce's disease (PD) and almond leaf scorch disease strains. We expanded the previous SNP analysis in 16S rDNA to other house-keep genes, such as those coding for TCA cycle enzymes. Xf-specific primers were designed and real-time PCR was employed. Melting point analysis was used to confirm the presence of SNPs in the amplicons and to detect different genotypic strains. A second effort was to develop and improved procedure of sample preparation, the bottleneck of PCR detection of Xf in planta. We developed two simple sample preparation procedures for PCR amplification of Xf DNA from infected almond and grape petioles using freshly squeezed petiole sap and freeze-dried tissue. The detection efficiency of the two PCR methods was similar to that of the pathogen isolation procedure. INTRODUCTION Because of the availability of the complete genome sequences, considerable bioinformatics knowledge has been obtained by comparing four Xf strains, including strain Temecula for Pierce disease (PD) of grapevine, strain 9a5c for citrus variegated chlorosis, strain Dixon for almond leaf scorch disease (ALSD) and strain Ann-1 for oleander leaf scorch disease. One of the most direct benefits from the study of the genome sequences is the development of a highly accurate and efficient systems for pathogen identification and detection. We have proposed a PCR-microarray approach to develop such a system. In this study, we focused on two sub-components: identification of unique and informative sequences for each pathogen strain (genotype) and development of efficient procedures to prepare samples for detection of Xf, in planta. DNA sequence variations include insertions, deletions, transitions, transversions, sequence rearrangements, distribution of random repeats (restriction fragment length polymorphism or RFLP, random amplified polymorphic DNA or RAPD), variable tandem repeats, etc. Sequence analyses showed that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are commonly found in almost all genes and intergentic regions in Xf populations. We previously used the SNPs in the16S rDNA locus to define two genotypes correlated to Xf pathotypes associated with ALSD in California (Chen et al., 2005). The A-genotype only causes ALSD and the G-genotype causes both ALSD and PD. While the sequences of 16S rDNA are of taxonomic value, the reliability of a pathogen detection system will be improved based on comparisons of more genetic loci, ideally the whole genome. Sequences of house-keeping genes are conserved and present in all bacterial strains, making them good candidates for bacterial species identification. For Xf, SNPs exist within these genes. They could be used for strain differentiation in a PCR or/and microarray format. The value of each SNP, however, varies. Validation is necessary to avoid the selection of false SNPs and to determine the taxonomic specificity of the target SNPs. On the other hand, for a nucleic acid-based pathogen detection system, sample preparation can be a bottleneck for a successful detection. Low efficiency of DNA extraction and the presence of DNA polymerase inhibitors are among the many factors leading to the failure of pathogen detection using PCR. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this project are to: 1. Use the complete and annotated genome sequences of the four Xf strains to identify SNPs in selected house-keeping genes. 2. Evaluate the potential of these SNPs for Xf pathotype / genotype identification. 3. Developed a simple but effective sample preparation procedure that minimize the presence of inhibitors and maximize the availability of nucleic acid. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS A BLAST search with randomly selected ORFs or intergenic sequences from strain Temecula against the four Xf whole genome sequence database showed that SNPs existed in every section of the bacterial genomes. One question was whether some SNPs might simply be due to sequence errors. The use of published genome sequences reduced the possibility of sequence error because of the high number of base coverage during the sequencing effort. Further confirmation was


Abstract : By numerical integration of the kinetic equations for the chemical reactions and the relaxation equation for the excitation of molecular vibrations of nitrogen, the concentrations of the components, density, and temperature of the air behind the shock wave front were calculated. The calculations were carried out over a wide range of air densities and shock wave velocities. The question of extrema of pressure and density in the structure of the wave was considered. (Author)


In a series of three lectures, I review the theory and phenomenology of heavy quark masses and mixing angles and the status of their determination. In addition, I give an introduction to heavy quark symmetry, with the main emphasis on the development of heavy quark effective field theory and its application to obtain a model-independent determination of $|V_{cb}|$.