In this paper, several methods suitable for real time on-chip temperature measurements of power AlGaN/GaN based high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT) grown on SiC substrate are presented. The measurement of temperature distribution on HEMT surface using Raman spectroscopy is presented. We have deployed a temperature measurement approach utilizing electrical I-V characteristics of the neighboring Schottky diode under different dissipated power of the transistor heat source. These methods are verified by measurements with micro thermistors. The results show that these methods have a potential for HEMT analysis in thermal management. The features and limitations of the proposed methods are discussed. The thermal parameters of materials used in the device are extracted from temperature distribution in the structure with the support of 3-D device thermal simulation. The thermal analysis of the multifinger power HEMT is performed. The effects of the structure design and fabrication processes from semiconductor layers, metallization, and packaging up to cooling solutions are investigated. The analysis of thermal behavior can help during design and optimization of power HEMT.


The development of networked learning and the increasing development of online courses by both traditional and distance education institutions has raised many questions concerning the costs of online learning relative to both face-to-face teaching and other approaches to distance education. Additionally, attention has turned to the problem of costing networked learning, though as yet little progress has been made. This paper discusses both the emerging evidence on the costs of networked learning, relative to other forms of education, and its costing.


Abstract The ability to conduct food-related activities such as cooking, eating, and cleaning are central to older adults' health. Such ability is especially critical for older women who are more likely to live alone or become caregivers for their spouses and other family members. We investigated the experience of older Indonesian women, an understudied population in aging research, when engaging in food-related activities. Using the grounded theory approach, we examined the challenges and adaptive behavior of twelve community-dwelling older women in Indonesia (60+) when conducting food-related activities at home. We employed two data collection strategies: photo and video elicitation, followed by an interview. Through photo and video elicitation, participants took photos and videos of the space where they conducted food-related activities to provide physical environmental data. In the interview, participants explained their routine, activity challenges, and adaptation strategies in food-related activities. We discovered that participants' view of their role in cooking food for the family is central to their sense of identity. When faced with age-related challenges, participants accepted assistance from others for activities less connected to food production, such as sweeping, mopping, or cleaning the kitchen. However, they are less likely to accept assistance for cooking activities. Instead, they adapted by modifying the physical environment, simplifying the tasks, and adjusting the method to remain engaged in cooking. Older Indonesian women's cultural identity influenced their strategy to face age-related challenges and maintain independence. This finding highlights the importance of a culturally sensitive approach when planning support for older adults.


Introducing the Chinese Case: Its Origin and Stages of Development From Village to Proto-urban Settlements of Late Yangshao Period Longshan City-states Urbanism in the Early Bronze Age State of the Xia Shang Urbanism at the Climax of Bronze Metallurgy From Feudalism to Commercial-industrial Cities: Zhou Dynasty and the Warring States The Administrative City of Qin and Han Tang: Golden Age of the Confucian Model Song Renaissance and the New Urbanity Ming Dynasty: Urban Reconstruction and Resurgence After the Yuan Dynasty Qing Urbanization: From Neo-Confucian Orthodoxy to Semi-Colonialism People's Republic: The Unsettled Socialist Approach Message from Chinese Urbanism.


Review(s) of: Readings in African Popular Fiction, by Stephanie Newell (Ed.), Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana University Press and Oxford, James Currey, 2002, Pp. 206, ISBN 0-85255-564-4 (James Currey P/b).


As the most potential precision manufacturing technology, the Fast Tool Servo (FTS) technology is widely employed to machine micro-nano structures. During the manufacturing process, the FTS system is commanded to track particularly periodic trajectory corresponding to the array arrangement of micro-nano structures. The tracking performance of the FTS system is full of challenge in presence of environmental vibrations, cutting-load variation as well as system parameter variations. By regarding these effects as the equivalent input disturbance, we propose a Disturbance Observer (DOB) based repetitive control structure for the piezo driven FTS system, such that the undesired amplification of non-periodic disturbances caused by the repetitive controller is compensated by the DOB. Considering the disturbance observe performance and robustness against of system uncertainties, the design of the DOB is transformed as an $\mathrm{H}\infty$ optimization problem. The developed control structure is finally implemented on the prototype of FTS system. Real time experimental results effectively verify tracking performance and disturbance rejection capability, as well as robustness against system uncertainties.


We present results for direct on-line detection of semi-volatile compounds in air using membrane introduction ion trap mass spectrometry. Brief sampling periods of 10 seconds to 3 minutes produced linear and reproducible data for concentrations ranging from parts-per-trillion to parts-per-billion by volume. The method uses a composite membrane made by plasma deposition of a thin polydimethylsilicone layer on a microporous polypropylene support fiber. Charge exchange ionization was used for a variety of semi-volatile compounds and produced enhanced responses when compared to electron ionization. Among the semi-volatile species studied are dimethyl methylphosphonate, malathion, nitrobenzene, methyl salicylate, 2-chlorophenol, cyclohexanol, diethyl malonate and naphthalene. We also demonstrate direct analysis of semi-volatile compounds in aqueous solution with the composite membrane by the detection of 2-chlorophenol in water using both electron ionization and proton transfer chemical ionization. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


PURPOSE: A semiconductor substrate, a semiconductor chip including the same, and a stacked semiconductor package are provided to prevent a threshold voltage shift by improving the gettering properties of metal. CONSTITUTION: A substrate body (110) includes one surface, the other surface, and a trench. The trench is formed on a device region. An active layer (120) is formed in the trench. A gettering layer (130) is formed between the active layer and the inner surface of the substrate body.


The main bridge of Wuhan Tianxingzhou Bridge with double towers and three inclined cable planes is the longest rail-cum-road cable-stayed bridge in China,whose main span is 504 m.The time-domain buffeting forces,static gust loads and the time-domain lateral buffeting response of Wuhan Tianxingzhou Bridge were firstly calculated in this paper.Then,MR dampers were applied to control the buffeting response of the bridge.After installed MR dampers,the maximum vibration reduction radio of the displacement and response acceleration were 31.5% and 42.2%,respectively.It indicated that the MR damper can mitigate buffeting response of long-span cable-stayed bridge effectively.


The voluminous journal of Marc-Marie de Bombelles (1744-1822) provides abundant documentation of the cultivation of affective relations within the family as well as the connections between private and public affairs in the last years of the Ancien Regime. The marquis represented himself as a devoted son, brother, husband, and father who sought and found happiness en famille. He renounced certain attitudes and conduct traditionally associated with the aristocracy and regretted the fact that the king and queen did not set a good example for their subjects. He described Louis XVI as a good father who could not rule his feelings, his wife, or his realm; and Marie-Antoinette as a bad mother who neglected her children and abused her prerogatives. Bombelles expected the royal family, like his own family, to embody values that historians have commonly identified with the bourgeoisie.


SUMMARY The Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) has been generally accepted as an agronomically sound index for assessing yield advantages derived from an intercropping practice. However, LER takes no account of the fact that, in subsistance agriculture, it is usually important to maintain a certain minimum percentage of the pure stand yield of the staple crop component in an intercropping system. A new measure 'Staple Land Equivalent Ratio' (SLER) is proposed in this paper which takes account of this requirement. Yield data from intercropping experiments are used to show how SLER can be effective in comparing the yield advantages of intercrop treatments in agronomic experiments.


This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. For more information, please contact email@example.com. Recommended Citation Baker, Bryant, "A 3.6 GHz Doherty Power Amplifier with a 40 dBm Saturated Output Power using GaN on SiC HEMT Devices" (2014). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 1781.


A dynamic synchronous d-q reference frame based modeling and a novel adaptive higher order sliding mode control theory for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind energy conversion system (WECS) have been proposed in this paper. As depicted from the literature, the sliding mode control strategy involving computation of converter currents introduces some inaccuracies for optimal extraction of the power references of the DFIG. On the contrary, the proposed method contributes with some important features such as chatter-free performance and heftiness in terms of transient response of the non-linear systems subjected to dynamic conditions such as lower and higher wind speeds. Consequently, a higher order sliding mode controller using the active and reactive power of the DFIG as controller inputs has been proposed in this paper. As compared with the other two methods, the proposed higher order sliding mode power control souvenirs a significantly improved as well as stable performance of the DFIG based WECS in terms of reduced settling time as well as quickly damping out the oscillations exhibited by the system. The robustness and stability of the proposed control strategy has been validated in MATLAB environment, in terms of the comparison of its performance with traditional proportional-integral and existing first-order sliding mode controller (employing converter current as input) subjected to a wide range of disturbances for sub and super synchronous mode of operation of the DFIG subjected to lower and higher wind speeds along with the available practical wind speed data, as depicted in the simulation and result section.


A survey was taken of 95 women 14-17 years of age who had had children between 1972 and 1975. The majority said that 20 years of age or older would have been their preferred age for their first pregnancy. No correlation could be established between age at menarche and age of sexual debut. 60 of the women got married between the time of pregnancy and the time of childbirth. 21.05% had discontinued oral contraceptive use before conception. Half had not even considered the risk of pregnancy. 17 of the 22 women in an apprenticeship discontinued their education. 9 of 11 did not continue their high school educations. 68 of the women were using oral contraceptives at the time of the survey. (Summary in ENG)


Due to
 relatively high pH- and aw-value as well as the reduced ratio of
 processed poultry meat, short ripened sausage is deemed to be a risk food, offering
 ideal growth conditions for Listeria monocytogenes (L.m.). To
 increase the microbiological safety high hydrostatic pressure can be set in
 subsidiary during food production. Both, the preservation of product quality
 and the inactivation of microorganisms by high
 pressure processing (HPP), is dependent on the level of pressure, the
 duration of treatment and the food matrix. Therefore, a
 pressure-time-combination that allows an adequate reduction of pathogenic
 organisms without changing the relevant characteristics has to be identified
 for the product. Aim of this study was to reduce the germ content and
 especially L.m. after inoculation in short
 ripened fermented poultry sausage by HPP and to proof the influence of HPP on
 the sensory status and the chemical content of the product. Short ripened
 sausage raw material was produced in the style of a fresh "Mettwurst" with turkey meat and in two approaches
 inoculated with L.m. (field strain, serovar 1/2a) in a concentration of 103 and 106 CFU/g
 and vacuum-packaged. After a ripening time of three days the HPP was
 performed. The first approach was for 5 min at 300 MPa and 500 MPa
 respectively, the second approach for 1 min at 500 MPa and 700 MPa
 respectively. During a storage time of 17 days after HPP at 7 °C in
 defined intervals (day 1, 6, 9, 16 after HPP) microbiological analyses of the
 aerobic plate count (APC), the L.m.
 count and qualitative analysis, physical measurements of colour (L*, a*, b*),
 pH and wateractivity, a sensory analysis
 (examination panel) and a chemical analysis were performed. For reproduction
 of the results, these analyses were repeated with n = 6 raw sausages each
 during the study-time of 17 days. Results were analysed using the statistical
 program SAS® (Statistical-Analysis-System). The results show that
 HPP has a germ inactivating effect on the APC as well as on L.m. in the analysed raw sausages. After a
 treatment with 500 MPa for 5 min and
 700 MPa for 1 min an efficient
 germ-reduction can be achieved. The APC of the uninoculated
 raw sausages is reduced on day 1 after HPP at 3.5 log
 CFU/g, 500 MPa 5 min, by the treatment
 with 700 MPa for 1 min at 3.2 log
 CFU/g. In the raw sausages inoculated with 106 CFU/g these
 two treatment variants result in a L.m.-inactivation
 of about 75 % (500 MPa: 5 min log
 5.2, 700 MPa: 1 min log 5.8) at day 1
 after HPP. In the sausages inoculated with 103 CfU/g L.m., L.m. stays after HPP with 500 MPa for 5 min during the storage-time even under the
 detection limit; after HPP with 700 MPa for
 1 min on day 1 after HPP an L.m.-reduction
 of log 3.7 can be achieved. These pressure-time-combinations cause not
 irrelevant sensory abnormalities of the short ripened sausages. After HPP
 with 300 MPa for 5 min the sensory
 quality of the product is preserved, but the microbiological inactivation is
 insufficient. At day 1 after HPP the APC only decreases for 2.7 log CFU/g, L.m. in
 the raw sausages inoculated with 106 CFU/g only for
 0.9 log CFU/g. In the raw sausages inoculated with 103 CFU/g
 L.m. is just reduced by 0.6 log CFU/g. The APC and the L.m.-count
 increase significantly in all raw sausages, exept
 for those treated with 500 MPa for 5 min,
 during the storage-time. At day 16 after HPP the average APC is in the raw
 sausages treated for 5 min with 500 MPa
 6.2 log CFU/g lower than in the untreated; in the samples treated for
 1 min at 500 MPa and 700 MPa respectively only 0.7 log
 CFU/g. The raw sausages inoculated with 103 and 106 CFU/g
 L.m. respectively are at day 16 after HPP
 after a treatment with 500 MPa for 5 min
 for log 3.8 (106) and even for lg 4.5 KbE/g (103) respectively, after a treatment
 with 300 MPa (5 min) not (106)
 or just slightly for log 0.9 CfU/g (103)
 reduced in the L.m.-content compared
 with the untreated sausages.  The HPP used in this work shows no
 statistical significant influence on physico-chemical
 changes of raw sausage during the whole storage time. For the consumer the
 HPP of short ripened sausages made of poultry meat, especially the treatment
 with 500 MPa for 5 min, provides an applicable
 health-related safetyness, particularly in view of
 the product typical risks based on L.m.. HPP seems to be only limited suitable to increase the
 product quality. At pressure-time-combinations providing effective
 inactivation of microorganisms, relevant sensory
 changes can occur.


When a lumbering town in the state of Washington had difficulty finding and keeping a physician to man its new clinic, the Washington/Alaska RMP helped it set up a nurse-practitioner clinic. Two University of Washington researchers share the results of an early utilization study showing strong public acceptance of the clinic. One of the nurses tells the nursing story.


The present invention provides a method for producing the 95-98 at% of Cr and 2-5 atom% of Cr-Cu composite target containing Cu; And forming a nitrogen-containing atmospheric gas from the Cr-Cu of 30 to 40 at% by sputtering from a composite target Cr, 2 ~ 5 at.% Of Cr-Cu-N coating layer containing N Cu and the balance It relates to a surface treatment method comprising. If by the surface treatment method of the present invention to coat the surface of the moving parts, such as engine, lubrication, and mechanical properties are excellent, as well as improving the adhesion between the base material and has the effect of producing a large quantity of a coating material to reduce the coating time.


Thinking about writing an article for a nursing journal? You can get an acceptance and enjoy the experience too, if you follow some key steps. This author, the managing editor of two nursing journals, gives you tips for each step in the writing process.


The program of the medical swimming is offered at pectoral scoliosis of a 1 degree for children 7-9 years and efficiency of its introduction is investigational. In the process of realization of the program it is necessary to adhere to the generally accepted recommendations a theory and method of physical education and base positions of leadthrough of employments on swimming. Application of this program will be provided by effective influence on slowing down progress of scoliosis, stabilizes existent deformation of vertebrae due to strengthening of muscle corset and removal of the static loading on a spine.


We demonstrate a microfabricated heat-flow calorimeter capable of measuring modulated heat currents with ∼5 pW resolution. This is achieved by combining the excellent thermal isolation of a microdevice suspended by thin and long beams (conductance ∼150 nW/K) with a high-resolution resistance thermometer that enables temperature measurements with 10–50 μK resolution [Sadat et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83(8), 084902 (2012)). The calorimeter described here has a resolution comparable to state-of-the-art bimaterial cantilever-based calorimeters but surpasses previous designs by dissipating an order of magnitude lower power in the measurement process.


Foreword. Preface. Contributors. Part One: Introduction. Overview. Organizing Theoretical Framework: A Consolidated Communication-Human information Processing (C-HIP) Model. Part Two: Methods/Techniques. Intermediate Processing stages: Methodological Considerations for Research on Warnings. Methodological Techniques for Evaluating Behavioral Intentions and Compliance. Part Three: Research on Warnings. Source. Channel. Attention Capture and Maintenance. Comprehension and Memory. Attitudes and Beliefs. Motivation. Behavior. Part Four: Practical Issues of Warning Design. Standards and Government Regulations in the USA. Practical Considerations Regarding the Design and Evaluation of Product Warnings. Part Five: Forensics. The Law Relating to Warnings. The Expert Witness. Subject Index. Author Index.


Image processing includes the operations that process the digital image for improving its contrast and visibility. The image processing operations is carried out on the image pixels/points to remove the degraded pixels from the image or to make the image free from the noise or the unwanted background details. Sometimes image pixels contain the unnecessary background details mixed with the foreground details, which makes the image quality gets degraded below the level. Hence, we are not able to extract the sufficient details from the image pixels. We need to carry out the certain denoising/deblurring operations. Real time digital images can impose several type of noise, Gaussian Noise, Laplacian Noise etc. In our paper, we have discussed the basic types of noise that can be present in the image and the corresponding noise models. Keywords— Noise model, Digital images. Gaussian noise, impulsive noise, salt and pepper noise.


According to the RFC5210 standard SAVA architecture, This paper designed a certification program within the source address based on MAC address of IPv6.Use the OPNET Simulation the network performance (server delay and load) under normal state and dos attack state .The results show that the program could be effective in preventing a single degree of autonomy within the source address spoofing, and improve network stability.


This study provides additional evidence on information technology (IT) governance and its relationship to firm performance in emerging markets. It aims primarily to determine the level of IT governance in Saudi Arabian companies; it also aims at examining the impact of IT governance on the firm performance. The study target sample is 131 companies taken from 20 sectors of the Saudi financial market; during the year 2017. The researchers have used the IT-related backgrounds of the members of the board of directors as an indicator of IT governance. The researchers have also used another group of corporate governance indicators in addition to a set of control variables. The performance of the companies has been referred to as the operational performance which is represented as Return on Assets (ROA) and the financial performance as the Return on Equity (ROE). The descriptive results have been shocking. The study has shown a sharp decline in IT governance in Saudi companies; only 15% of companies have members of the board of directors with IT-related backgrounds, and the IT governance is not adopted or used in many important sectors. However, the regression analysis shows that there is a positive impact on IT governance only on the operational performance of Saudi companies. The results of this study provide a significant indicator of IT governance in Saudi companies. These results can be also used to develop the corporate governance code to focus more on IT governance.


This paper describes some key techniques used in upgrading the computer network for the headquarter building of Guangdong GuangDian Power Grid Group Co., Ltd., including techniques of 1 Gbps Ethernet, third layer exchange, split multi-link trunk (SMLT), virtual router redundancy protocol (VRRP), virtual local area network (VLAN) and packet filtering. Combined with network security means concerned, these techniques will greatly improve the security and reliability of the network, and ensure the stable, reliable, safe and efficient operation of the important tasks loaded on it.


Nanoparticle delivery of growth factors promotes capillary development in bioengineered lungs during bioreactor culture and transplantation in a pig model. New life for lungs Lungs are complex organs to engineer: They contain multiple specialized cell types in extracellular matrix with a unique architecture that must maintain compliance during respiration. Nichols et al. tackled the challenges of vascular perfusion, recellularization, and engraftment of tissue-engineered lungs in a clinically relevant pig model. Nanoparticle and hydrogel delivery of growth factors promoted cell adhesion to whole decellularized pig lung scaffolds. Autologous cell–seeded bioengineered lungs showed vascular perfusion via collateral circulation within 2 weeks after transplantation. The transplanted bioengineered lungs became aerated and developed native lung-like microbiomes. One pig had no respiratory symptoms when euthanized a full 2 months after transplant. This work represents a considerable advance in the lung tissue engineering field and brings tissue-engineered lungs closer to the realm of clinical possibility. The inability to produce perfusable microvasculature networks capable of supporting tissue survival and of withstanding physiological pressures without leakage is a fundamental problem facing the field of tissue engineering. Microvasculature is critically important for production of bioengineered lung (BEL), which requires systemic circulation to support tissue survival and coordination of circulatory and respiratory systems to ensure proper gas exchange. To advance our understanding of vascularization after bioengineered organ transplantation, we produced and transplanted BEL without creation of a pulmonary artery anastomosis in a porcine model. A single pneumonectomy, performed 1 month before BEL implantation, provided the source of autologous cells used to bioengineer the organ on an acellular lung scaffold. During 30 days of bioreactor culture, we facilitated systemic vessel development using growth factor–loaded microparticles. We evaluated recipient survival, autograft (BEL) vascular and parenchymal tissue development, graft rejection, and microbiome reestablishment in autografted animals 10 hours, 2 weeks, 1 month, and 2 months after transplant. BEL became well vascularized as early as 2 weeks after transplant, and formation of alveolar tissue was observed in all animals (n = 4). There was no indication of transplant rejection. BEL continued to develop after transplant and did not require addition of exogenous growth factors to drive cell proliferation or lung and vascular tissue development. The sterile BEL was seeded and colonized by the bacterial community of the native lung.


Objective To evaluate the protective effect of continuous pulmonary artery perfusion with oxygenated blood with L-arginine,methylprednisolone ligustrazine plus mechanical ventilation on lung ischemia reperfusion injury during cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB)extracorporeal circulation.Methods 60cases patients scheduled for mitral valve replacement were randomized into 4groups:Ⅰ,CPB with continuous pulmonary artery perfusion with oxygenated warm Blood plus mechanical ventilation(control group,n= 15);Test group:,mechanical ventilation(n=15)plus continuous pulmonary artery perfusion with oxygenated blood containing L-arginine(groupⅡ);containg methylprednisolone(groupⅢ,n=15)or containing ligustrazine(groupⅣ,n=15).All 4groups received routine procedure of CPB.Blood samples were drawn from the radial artery at the following time points:after anaesthesia,1hours after opening of aorta,being taken back to ICU 0,6,12,24hours.The expression of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6)and interleukin-10(IL-10)were evaluated by ELISA test.Results All the patients were totally recovered smoothly.TNF-αand IL-6level in group with any one of three drugs were lower than control group(P0.05),IL-10levels in group with any one of three drugs were higher than control group(P 0.05).Conclusion during cardiopulmonary bypass,continuous pulmonary artery perfusion with oxygenated blood containing any one of the three drugs can reduce the release of inflammatory factor and induce anti-inflamatory factor,may play protective role on lung than control group.


The preservation of geosites in the heritage framework is necessary at a time when urbanization, the exploitation of fossils and minerals are real threats to this irreversible heritage. This work is a contribution to the preservation and development of dinosaur trace deposits by geological and geomorphological description of the study area, then by mapping using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and finally by the proposal of the models of development and preservation of these geosites.


Generalized bullous fixed drug eruption is bullous type of fixed drug eruption characterized by sharply defined bullae at the same site following administration of offending drug. GBFDE has aggressive course unlike conventional FDE and requires aggressive treatment. Mucosa is usually spared and constitutional symptoms are mild. We came across two cases of GBFDE in which culprit drugs were B-Lactam antibiotics.


Because of high pressure impulse noise emitted from the outlet of pneumatic equipment, an appropriate noise abatement device installed at the top of a venting outlet is compulsory. However, a given known noise reduction using a bronze-made sintered porous plug at the venting outlet is insufficient. An exploration of advanced noise reducing device is required. In this paper, three kinds of mufflers (Muffler A: with part AA (a bronze-made sintered porous inlet); Muffler B: with part BB (a casing with expansion cones and extended perforated/non-perforated tubes); and Muffler C: part AA (a bronze-made sintered porous inlet) + part BB (a casing with expansion cones and extended perforated/non-perforated tubes)) have been introduced and acoustically analyzed. To assist the optimization of mufflers composing of complicated acoustical mechanism, a finite element method using finite element method (run on COMSOL) together with a simplified objective function model and Genetic Algorithm (GA) is presented. Here, the simplified model of objective function is established by means of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). In addition, three kinds of frequencies, including one low frequency (500 Hz) and two high frequencies (3000 Hz, and 5000 Hz), have been chosen as the target frequencies during the muffler C's optimization process. Consequently, considering a space-constrained situation, an optimally shaped muffler using both parameters D and L is efficiently accomplished within space-constraint situation.


Doxorubicin (DOX) is a potent available antitumor agent; however, its clinical use is limited due to its significant toxicity to most tissues and organs. Administration of DOX induced acute hepatotoxicity manifested by significant elevation in serum and liver lipid peroxidation. The present study was designed to evaluate and confirm the protective effect of Nigella sativa (N.S), Aloe vera (A.V) and their mixture. A cumulative dose (30 mg/kg i.p.) of DOX divided into 6 equal doses administered over six weeks to male albino rats separate or combined with N.S, A.V or their mixture extract. At the end of the experiment, biochemical and histological parameters were assessed. Concerning oxidative stress and antioxidant defense system, the depleted hepatic glutathione content (GSH) of DOX-administered rats as well as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and super oxide dismutase (SOD) activities were increased above normal levels as a result of pretreatment with N.S, A.V and their mixture. However, while elevated lipid peroxidation was noticed in DOX treated rats, pretreatment with N.S, A.V and their mixture produced a detectable decrease in the lipid peroxidation level. Histological measurements showed that DOX caused a marked rise multiple focal coagulative necrosis of hepatocytes associated with hemorrhage while rats pretreated with N.S, A.V and their mixture in combination with DOX showed no histopathological changes compared to normal control. From these data, it can be concluded that N.S, A.V and their mixture of extracts could be protective for the liver cells against DOX-induced hepatotoxicity due to their contents of polyphenolic compounds that might serve as novel adjuvant therapy with DOX.


As an intelligent tutoring system that tutors learners in the domain of relational database schema normalizations. This virtual tutor is designed to be able to dynamically plan a sequence of problem solving sessions based on the run time interactions between a learner and the virtual tutor. This is an essential effort to make a virtual tutor more humanized so that instead of reiterating the knowledge that a learner has already conceived the virtual tutor can more appropriately challenge the learner at a suitable level of difficulty.


The article provides a functional analysis of footnotes in literary translation. A literary text, besides the textual, comprises metatextual, intertextual and, possibly, paratextual elements. The paratextual elements can be also introduced while rendering a literary text in another language, in this case they can be added by translator or editor. Paratext comprises a number of components, footnotes among them, namely, the documentary ones which are subjected to analysis in this article. Concentrating upon the functional features of footnotes, we argue that they are rooted in their formal and semantic-cognitive characteristics. The formal – graphic – features of the footnotes under study are as follows: they are always placed at the foot of a page below a line, marked mostly by a figure (in some cases by an asterisk), printed in small font (sometimes in italic font). All these perform the attractive function, drawing the reader's attention to the footnote. The semantic-cognitive features of footnotes come in two basic varieties and one minor one. The footnotes of the two basic groups provide information about a textual element, that of universal or culturally or lingvoculturally specific character thus performing the explanatory function. The footnotes of the third - minor - group provide information about an intertextual element, in particular, about the authorship of the translation of this element. Thus they perform the additive function.


Objective:To obtain the elasticity value of solid breast lesions with supersonic shear wave elastrography(SWE) and to observe the value of quantitative elastography with SWE in differential diagnosis of breast tumors with pathological diagnosis as the standard.Methods: SWE quantitative elastography was preformed in 112 patients to obtain the elastic modulus(mean,maximum),taking pathologic results as reference.And ROC curves were used to assess critical reference values of benign and malignant breast lesions.Results: Eighty-five lesions were benign and 22 lesions were malignant according to the pathological tests.The mean elasticity value of benign lesions was(23.64±11.38)kPa,and the maximum value was(37.85±13.74)kPa,while those of malignant lesions were(60.84±24.28)and(98.87±41.65)kPa,respectively( 0.05).Thearea underthe ROCcurve of themaximumand mean elasticity value was 0.932 and 0.915.Taking 63.40 kPa as the threshold of the maximum elasticity value,the sensitivity was 78.1% and the specificity was 97.3%.Taking 44.68 kPa as the threshold of the mean elasticity value,the sensitivity was 83.2% and the specificity was 94.5%.Conclusions:SWE provides quantitative elasticity measurements,thus adding complementary information that can potentially help in differential of breast lesions.


In order to address the phenomenon that a one-way street system often operates without traffic guidance,this paper analyzes the characteristics associated with the two alternatives of traffic management,i.e.,one-way street and traffic guidance,and points out that the two share a high degree of consistency in the requirement for street network.Based on the street network in a southern city(F City),the paper explores the effects of a new operational pattern of incorporating traffic guidance into a one-way street system through a quantitative analysis using the Germany traffic simulation software,VISSIM.The results show that one-way street operation can be very useful in terms of overcoming the disadvantages of traffic guidance,and in turn,traffic guidance can improve one-way street operation.In general,the two measures can be mutually compensative and enhancing.Finally,the paper concludes with discussions on applicability of the new pattern to grid-like networks.


This paper presents the result of a study carried out to identify vehicle queue effects of driveway geometry based on statistical analysis of field survey data. The study is necessary to help transportation engineers apply highway access control more efficiently to achieve its full benefits such as diminished queue lengths in main roads as well as in driveways. The authors applied the multiple regression analysis to establish evidence based on vehicle queues and driveway geometric features. The authors research showed that vehicle queues actually vary closely with driveway geometric conditions and that the presence of the speed bump and the crosswalk are the most important factors for increasing vehicle queue lengths. The research findings will contribute to the authors increased understanding of proper driveway designs when highway access control is the main research interest.


Energy consumption is an essential criterion in determining countries' development levels in light of developments in technology and industry. Fossil fuels in the world are scarce and available only in specific locations. Using fossil fuels significantly increases the emission of harmful gases and particles into the atmosphere, which causes many environmental problems. Erzurum has excellent potential in terms of animal, vegetable, and urban organic wastes that constitute a source for bioenergy production. Within the scope of this study, in the light of the data obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI), the amount of biogas that can be generated from the potential animal wastes of Erzurum province between 2002-2021 was calculated. The amount of energy that can be obtained from this biogas has been determined, and the ratio of the energy that can be produced to electricity consumption and its benefit in reducing the amount of carbon dioxide to be given to the atmosphere have been examined. As a result, the amount of collectible manure was figured out as 9.582.132,01 tons/year. It has been found that the amount of potential energy obtained from this amount of animal waste would meet the 96% of annual electricity consumption of Erzurum province. The increase in livestock activities and investments in Erzurum, especially in the last two decades, shows that the biogas energy produced from animal waste is sustainable. It has been calculated that the emission of a significant amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere can be reduced thanks to the electrical energy produced by methane gas. In addition, it has been concluded that the wastes generated after energy production from biogas facilities are significant in terms of being usable as manure in agricultural areas, contributing to employment and rural development, and keeping the environment clean.


The invention relates to a lubrication cutting fluid. The cutting fluid comprises, by weight, 15-40 parts of mineral oil, 15-25 parts of hydrophilic polyatomic alcohols, 10-20 parts of anionic surfactants, 2-8 parts of fluorine carbon surfactants, 1-8 parts of nonionic surfactants, 1-6 parts of triethanolamine boric acid ester, 1-3 parts of alkyl phosphate ester and 1-5 parts of sodium citrate. The cutting fluid is advantaged by low surface tension, good lubricity lubricity, good anlirust property, good permeability and good cleaning. The cutting fluid can increase the cutting precision and cutting speed of metal processing effectively.


Based on the 4 clusters of flocculation monitoring curves acquired from coagulation tests on general turbidity water samples,relationships between characteristic parameters and dosage and residual turbidity are analyzed.Experimental results indicate that S,which is the maximum change rate of flocs'size during coagulation,is influenced by dosage mainly,and residual turbidity decreases while S increases,S is suited to analyze coagulation test for its quick-detection;R_e,the monitoring value when flocs reach their limited size,which can be monitored easily and reliably,is more suited to practical application such as controlling dosage.


Tuberculosis rarely affects the middle ear cleft; the disease is a curiosity and not often considered in the differential diagnosis of otorrhea. The diagnosis is thus made too late, with resulting complications such as irreversible hearing loss and facial nerve paralysis. A case report with review of the literature is presented, emphasizing that tuberculosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of chronic ear infection in children. In our case direct nosocomial spread of tuebrculous bacilli has been attributed. Key words: Tuberculosis; otitis media, hearing loss & facial paralysis. doi:10.3126/jnps.v27i2.1589 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. Vol.27(2) p.93-94


The invention relates to a method for switching a smart phone unlocking interface utilizing a touch screen. The method includes steps of 105) spinning of an upper picture layer of the touch screen around a central axis of the touch screen following a sliding direction, sliding angle varies according to distance between touch position of the sliding and the central axis of the touch screen, and a wallpaper on the bottom layer remains still; 106) judging whether a sliding distance exceeds an unlocking required distance or a sliding speed exceeds an unlocking required speed to determine whether to enter next step or not; 107) and turning of the upper picture layer of the touch screen to the back, the wallpaper on the bottom layer remains still, and performing the unlocking. By the method, an interaction interface of dynamic and static combination and three-dimensional change is provide according to a sliding unlocking action, and accordingly, better user experience is achieved.


In one aspect, the present invention provides a photoelectric cell that utilizes a mesh electrode to one or more exposure side of the photovoltaic cell. Preferably, the mesh electrode is a metallic mesh. In one embodiment, the present invention provides an exposure side electrode of the wire mesh, and a photoelectric material comprising a photosensitized interconnected nanoparticle layer, the dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). In one embodiment, the wire mesh electrode functions as the cathode of the DSSC. In another embodiment, the wire mesh electrode functions as the anode of the DSSC. Furthermore, embodiments in which the wire mesh electrodes are used in the anode and cathode of the DSSC is provided.


This thesis deals with design guidelines, as defined in the field of architectural conservation, by focusing on the problem of the conversion of industrial buildings. It is generally agreed that the best way to secure the future life of industrial heritage is through their adaptive reuse. The former function of 'production' for these buildings has to be replaced by contemporary, sustainable programmes. In most cases this reprogramming requires extensive conversion of the buildings' fabric and layout. Conservationists generally prescribe design guidelines for conversion schemes in formal terms, requiring that past and present exist in a formal unity. According to the conservation charters, this ethical position can be achieved if the 'aesthetic integrity' of the protected building is altered as little as possible. However, in the mid 1980s, when conversions of industrial buildings became more widespread, industrial buildings were thought of as not possessing any architectural value because of the assumed deficiency of their stylistic character. Conversely, these buildings gained historic importance as a result of industrial archaeological research, and they were consequently protected as a symbol expressing the historic value of our industrial culture. Industrial buildings are therefore protected not because of their architectural value, but because of their archaeological and historic interest. It then becomes questionable how guidelines reflecting the importance of building's aesthetics can guide the conversion of a building that is considered to be without aesthetic value in the first place. The main aim of this thesis is therefore to resolve this apparent dichotomy. The first step of this study is to investigate how the concept of 'aesthetic integrity', as defined in the conservation charters, can be interpreted in relation to industrial buildings in order for it to serve as a design guideline for the conversion of this type of building. Drawing upon recent architectural historical research of the nineteenth century, this thesis proposes that industrial buildings from the eighteenth century onwards were designed with aesthetic considerations in mind that were pertinent to that time. Therefore, to interpret the notion of 'aesthetic integrity' in relation to the industrial buildings, we need to go into the theoretical assumptions of the architectural debate of that period. For that purpose, this thesis draws upon the concept of 'organicism', interpreted by Van Eck as being a rhetorical strategy that led both design and interpretation of nineteenth century architecture in general. Following this interpretation of 'aesthetic integrity' , the stylistic character of buildings thus becomes of secondary importance. An evaluation of this theoretical proposal shows that this non-stylistic understanding of nineteenth century organicism opens up a way to define the notion of 'aesthetic integrity' of industrial buildings in terms other than that of style. Consequently, this study proposes that it is this definition of 'aesthetic integrity' that helps establish guiding principles for the conversion of industrial buildings. The study thus concludes that, when 'organicism' is used as a design guideline for the conversion of nineteenth century industrial buildings, past and present can exist in formal unity.


We present a very efficient technique for solving the three-dimensional time-dependent Schroedinger equation. Our method is applicable to a wide range of problems where a fully three-dimensional solution is required, i.e., to cases where no symmetries exist that reduce the dimensionality of the problem. Examples include arbitrarily oriented molecules in external fields and atoms interacting with elliptically polarized light. We demonstrate that, even in such cases, the three-dimensional problem can be decomposed exactly into two two-dimensional problems at the cost of introducing a trivial rotation transformation. We supplement the theoretical framework with numerical results on strong-field ionization of arbitrarily oriented H{sub 2}{sup +} molecules.


Abstract The paper presents information about new localities of Parmotrema stuppeum, rare foliose lichen in Belarus. Both earlier known and new localities of the species are discussed. New data on the ecology of P. stuppeum in Belarus are provided.


We derive necessary conditions for linear instability of shear flows and prove linear stability of plane Couette, Poiseuille and Kolmogorov flows for viscous flow with stress boundary conditions (i.e. free-slip perturbations) thereby generalizing well-known inviscid stability results. We give a straightforward derivation of classic inviscid results by combining the perturbation energy and enstrophy equations. We then summarize the stability of various canonical shear flows and conclude the implications of energy stability and linear theory. Furthermore, we examine inflectional instabilities and introduce their role in the self-sustaining process. 1 Necessary conditions for linear instability In the previous lecture the full flow v has been decomposed into a base shear flow U(y)x̂ and a perturbation u. The Navier-Stokes equations have been linearized about the base flow U(y)x̂ and this led us to the Squire and Orr-Sommerfeld equation after elimination of the pressure. Since the equations for u have been linearized and its coefficients depend only on U(y), we can reduce the solution to the consideration of perturbations of the form u = û(y)eee with α, γ real (i.e. Fourier-Laplace expansion of u). Then Squire's theorem shows that it suffices to consider 2D perturbations (γ = 0) to investigate exponentially growing modes, that is solutions with 2<(λ) = λ+ λ∗ = 2σ > 0. We define λ = σ − iω where i = −1 and σ and ω are real. We derived an energy and enstrophy equation for those linear 2D perturbations and both equations include a production term that involves the perturbation 'Reynolds stress' −uv ≡ α−2T (y)e, where T (y) = −α (û∗v̂ + ûv̂∗) = iα (v̂Dv̂∗ − v̂∗Dv̂) , (1) such that T = 0 at the walls at y = y1 and y = y2 since v = 0 there. We write D ≡ d/dy for compactness. We drop the hat over v̂ below. The perturbation energy equation derived in the previous lecture implies that for an instability, σ > 0, we must have 2σ ∫ ( |Dv| + α|v| ) + 2 R ∫ |φ| = ∫ U ′T = − ∫ (U − U0)T ′ > 0, (2) where ∫ (· · · ) is short for ∫ y2 y1 (· · · )dy, the integral from the bottom wall at y = y1 to the top wall at y2, the prime (·)′ ≡ D(·) ≡ d(·)/dy, that is U ′ = dU/dy, U ′′ =


At the meeting of foundetion of CPC for 80 years, the general secretary Jian Zemin put forward" three levels" while he demostrated" three represents" systematically. The autor expresses his views and understanding on how to comprehend " three levels" scientifically from the aspects of theoretical source, practical basis, scientific inner meaning.


e21029 Background: The global, randomized, Phase III ToGA study showed that trastuzumab (H) plus capecitabine or 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin (XP/FP) significantly improves overall survival (OS) vs XP/FP alone (median: 13.8 vs 11.1 mo, hazard ratio [HR] 0.74, P=0.0046) in patients with HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction (aGC/GEJ) cancer. To explore prognostic and/or predictive biomarkers, optional tumor tissue and blood sampling was implemented for subsequent correlative research.

METHODS
Tumor tissue samples were collected from 4-25% of the ToGA overall study population, and successfully assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for PTEN (N=108), IGF-1R (N=106), HER3 (N=126), and EGFR (N=95). A total immunoreactivity score (IRS) and IRS per cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus was derived for each IHC analysis. Mutational analyses of KRAS (N=87) and PIK3CA (N=86) on tumor-derived DNA were explored by Sanger sequencing. Genotyping to assess polymorphisms in FcγR (N=130) was conducted on whole blood samples by kinetic thermocycling. All translational research data were correlated to efficacy parameters, including OS and progression-free survival.

RESULTS
Patients expressing PTEN showed a trend toward OS benefit in the H+XP/FP arm, as indicated by an HR of 0.66 (95% CI 0.34-1.27). An OS benefit was gained with H+XP/FP regardless of IGF-1R levels or cutoffs applied. Data from the HER3 subgroup were difficult to interpret due to inconsistent results across cell compartments. EGFR expression levels were generally low and did not allow appropriate interpretation. Mutations known to result in constitutively active KRAS were detected in 5 samples (2 [5%] for XP/FP; 3 [6%] for H+XP/FP) in exons 2 and 3; codons 12 and 61. Activating hot spot mutations of PIK3CA were detected in 2 samples in exon 9; codons 542 and 545. As the sample size for FcγR analyses was small, it was not feasible to interpret the impact of polymorphism.

CONCLUSIONS
This is the first report of exploratory biomarker panel data from a global Phase III study in HER2-positive aGC/GEJ cancer. While limited by the small number of tissue samples, observed trends are of interest for hypothesis generation and warrant further investigation.


The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) development of cemented backfill materials for lead-zinc mine tailings with sulphide was studied. The results showed that the UCS of the cemented backfill body with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as binder decreased in the later curing days, regardless of particle size. Under the same conditions, the higher the OPC content, the higher the UCS of the cemented backfill body, and the UCS of the cemented backfill body began to decrease at the longer curing days. Under the same conditions, the finer the tailings, the lower the UCS of the cemented backfill body at each age, and the UCS of the cemented backfill body began to decrease at the earlier curing age. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) showed that the reduction of the UCS of the cemented backfill body was related to the formation of an expansive substance (expansive gypsum) in the cemented backfill body, which led to the cracking of the test sample. In the cemented backfill materials of coarse tailings of lead-zinc mine, the composite binder formed by OPC and calcined kaolin (CK) containing metakaolin was used; the amount of calcium hydroxide, the hydration product of cement, was reduced or eliminated due to the pozzolanic reaction of metakaolin; and the amount of expansive gypsum was reduced or eliminated, so the UCS of the cemented backfill body increased within 360 days of curing.


Starting from general considerations, some ideas of the philosopher Derek Parfit on consciousness, self-awareness, and reductionism are briefly reviewed and critically examined from the standpoint of physics.


Biologically, there are two genders that are declared, which is male and female. Both genders have the same hormones but at different levels. The difference in the level of hormones causes both genders can be distinguished from several aspects, and one of them is from their sweat. In this study, we are using Electronic Nose (E-Nose) device for classify the gender between male and female based on their sweat odor and the time that is taken to get the sample is in the morning. E-Nose is a device that can identify various kinds of scents. The results obtained from this tool are signal waves that can be identified, compared, and processed. E-Nose has also been used in various fields. one of them is in the health sector. In this research the E-Nose consists of several sensors TGS, 822, 2612, 2620, 823, 826, 2603, 2600, 813, and SHT-15 connected to an Arduino. The data obtained were sampled and splitting 80% training dan 20% testing. Using regression with various methods, the highest accuracy is SO% using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) method.


Objective: To observe the relative transcriptional activity of reporter gene NF-κB in HEK-293T cells and expression of TLR7,TNF-α,IL-8,IFN-βmRNA in A549 cells infected by influenza virus H3N2 and intervention of Dureping injection in different concentrations, to find the effects of influenza virus H3N2 on TLR7 signal pathyway and intervention of Dureping Injection in vitro. Methods: To detect the cell proliferation of 293T cells and A549 cells exposed to Dureping, Ribavirin and Qingkailing injections in different concentrations by MTT; The relative luciferas of NF-κB in virus-infected 293T cells was detected by Dual-Luciferase cis-Reporting Systems; The expression of TLR7,TNF-α,IL-8,IFN-βmRNA in virus-infected A549 cells were detected by RT-PCR. Results: Result of MTT showed that there was no significant difference between control cells and the cells exposed to drugs (P0.05). Compared with control cells, the relative luciferase activity of NF-κB in virus-infected cells was apparently up-regulated (P0.01). Compared with the virus-infected cells, the relative luciferase activity of NF-κB in virus-infected cells treated by three injections in different concentrations was apparently down-regulated (P0.01). And the expression of TLR7, TNF-α,IL-8,IFN-βmRNA was apparently attenuated (P0.01). Conclusion: Influenza virus H3N2 can up-regulate the TLR7 signal pathyway in vitro. Dureping injections can inhibit the inflammatory reaction induced by inl uenza virus H3N2 by down-regulating the TLR7 signal pathyway.


In order to increase the measurement accuracy of the doublet mass differences, the digital readout method using a400-channel pulse height analyzer as a memory scope was adopted and the six methods finding out the mismatching degree of the doublet mass peaks displayed step-wise function f(X)channel number X were investigated. The true matching points obtained from six one seem to be good agreement compared to their associated errors. Under the condition of tbe half-height resolution of250, 000-500, 000, the mass differences of H35Cl-C3, H35Cl-C2D6and C3-C2D6doublets were measured. The results areΔM(H35Cl-C3)=23, 321.83±0.63ΔM(H35Cl-C2D6)=107, 934.90±0.54ΔM(C3-C2D6)=84, 611.60±0.34Combining those results and previously measured CO-N2, CO-C2H4andC2H4-C2D2mass differences the atomic masses of following ones are preliminary determined. D=2, 014, 101.933±0.057H=1, 007, 825.005±0.049 35Cl=34, 968, 851.70±0.64fromC2D6-H35ClandC2D6-C3or=34, 968, 853.17±0.64from H35Cl-C3 O=15, 994, 913.99±0.30N=14, 003, 073.78±0.14


In many applications of network analysis, it is important to distinguish between observed and unobserved factors affecting network structure. To this end, we develop spectral estimators for both unobserved blocks and the effect of covariates in stochastic blockmodels. Our main strategy is to reformulate the stochastic blockmodel estimation problem as recovery of latent positions in a generalized random dot product graph. On the theoretical side, we establish asymptotic normality of our estimators for the subsequent purpose of performing inference. On the applied side, we show that computing our estimator is much faster than standard variational expectation--maximization algorithms and scales well for large networks. The results in this paper provide a foundation to estimate the effect of observed covariates as well as unobserved latent community structure on the probability of link formation in networks.


Finite-Element Ray Tracing by Yong-chun Liu The interesting acoustic modeling problems often push the practical limits of full-wave models. For instance, in acoustic tomography one needs to be able to predict the propagation of an acoustic pulse for successive realizations of 31) environments. For these types of problems ray methods continue to be attractive because of their speed. Unfortunately, existing codes are prone to a number of implementation difficulties which often degrade their accuracy. As a result most ray models are actually incapable of producing the ray theoretic result. We discuss a new method for implementing ray theory that uses a. finite-element formulation. This method is free of artifacts affecting standard ray models and provides excellent agreement with more computationally intensive fullwave models. FINITE-ELEMENT RAY TRACING


Objective To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of betadine solution irrigation of gastrointestinal tract for infection prevention during the procedure of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES). Methods Twelve female porcine were divided into control group ( n = 4) to receive lavage with 500 ml normal saline and experimental group (n = 8 ) to undergo lavage with 500 ml normal saline followed by 200 ml betadine solution. Fluid from gastrointestinal tract (5 ml) were collected before and after lavage, and after NOTES for culture. Endoscopy was performed 24 hours after NOTES to observe possible existence of inflammation, ulcer or bleeding. The animals were sacrificed 3 weeks after NOTES to explore intra-peritoneal adhesions, abscesses and other infections. Results One swine died of diaphragmatic injury and the other 11 animals successfully survived for 3 weeks. In trans-gastric approach, the average bacterial load of the fluid was 17.5 ×10^3 CFU/ml before lavage. In control group, the average bacterial load of the fluid was 2. 5 ×10^3 CFU/ml after lavage and 5.5×10^3 CFU/ml after NOTES, while those in experimental group were 0 CFU/ml and 7.5 CFU/ml, respectively. In trans-colonic approach, the average bacterial load of the fluid before lavage was 76. 2 ×10^3 CFU/ml. In control group, the average bacterial load of the fluid was 19.5×10^3CFU/ml after lavage and 21 ×10^3CFU/ml after NOTES, while those in experimental group were 2. 25 ×10^3 CFU/ml and 1 ×10^3 CFU/ml, respectively. No inflammation, ulcer or bleeding were observed by endoscopy at 24 hours after NOTES. More adhesion and abscess were found in the control group than in the experimental group. In experimental group with trans-colonic approach, only one case of adhesion was observed. Conclusion It is effective and feasible of using betadine solution irrigation of gastrointestinal tract in infection prevention during the procedure of NOTES. However, further clinical studies assessing the effectiveness and safety are still necessary.

Key words:
Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery;  Porcine;  Transgastric approach;  Transcolonic approach;  Betadine ;  Empirical study


The determination of Mo by the isotopic dilution method has been examined, using Mo99 as tracer. Reliable results have been obtained for quantities of 1 to 20 mg Mo, either by β-counting or by γ-counting.

The method has been applied to the determination of Mo in steel. When Cu is present, a correction should be made for the Cu content of the Mo precipitate.


ABSTRACT The dominant public discourse regarding the recruitment and retention of teachers is one that is often framed in terms such as 'crisis'. Data from the Department for Education, the National Audit Office and bodies such as the Education and Training Foundation highlight challenges in filling vacancies across each part of the education sector. This is particularly acute in subject areas relating to Science, Engineering and Technology (SET). This paper analyses discourses relating to teacher training amongst tri-service personnel in the English context. Sources from publications such as FE Week and CTP (Career Transition Partnership) are addressed. In doing so, the paper compares educational and military sources in order to examine how the representation of a civilian teaching career varies between the two. This is about adding to the wider societal narrative regarding the ways in which military to civilian transition can be aided by the reframing of skills and experience acquired during military service.


The present invention is to propose a container processing apparatus according to the microwave plasma, characterized by a container that was a conductive material rebeol ryusyeon is located within the cylindrical chamber 12, the apparatus has a radio wave induction device 15, and the induction device tunnel forms a chamber axis (A1) and substantially at right angles, the smallest size reaches to a rectangular window shape corresponding to the size into the chamber, the inner diameter of the chamber 12 of microwave to the microwave propagation along the chamber axis direction the resulting electromagnetic field in accordance with an aspect that indicates rebeol ryusyeon axis match is equal described mainly propagating in the chamber.


The effect of administration of daidzein (5. 0ppm) during late pregnancy on the immune function of sows and neonate piglets as well as on the levels of growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL)and somatostain (SS)in serum and colostrum of sows were studied. These results showed: 1 ) The concentration of antibody to swine fever virus vaccine and hemolysin in sow serum and colostrum were significantly enhanced, suggesting that both the systemic and mammary gland humoral immune functions in sows was notably enhanced. 2)The concentration of antibodies in neonate piglets from sows markdedly increased through colostrum absorption. 3) GH and PRL levels of sow serum and colostrum were strikingly enhanced, but the serum SS level was apparently lower than that of the control animals. It seems likely that the mechanism of daidzein regulated immune function is involved in decreasing the SS level, and increasing both the GH and PRL levels.


In reliability analysis of computer systems, models such as fault trees, Markov chains, and stochastic Petri nets (SPN) are built to evaluate or predict the reliability of the system. In general, the parameters in these models are usually obtained from field data, or by the data from systems with similar functionality, or even by guessing. In this paper, we address the parameter uncertainty problem. First, we review and classify three ways to describe the parameter uncertainty in the model: reliability bounds, confidence intervals, and probability distributions. Second, by utilizing the second-order approximation and the normal approximation, we propose an analytic method to derive the confidence interval of the system reliability from the confidence intervals of parameters in the transient solution of Markov models. Then, we study the Monte Carlo simulation method to derive the uncertainty in the system reliability, and use it to validate our proposed analytic method. Our effort makes the reliability prediction more realistic compared with the result without the uncertainty analysis.


In Europe 'a backlash against multiculturalism' is noted, often accompanied by the statement that this goes hand in hand with a 'shift towards integration.' These statements seem to proceed from the presupposition that it is crystal clear what these concepts mean and present them as embodying opposite realities. The following analysis will demonstrate that the relationship between these two concepts is actually rather intractable, which is inter alia related to their considerable conceptual fluidity and their substantive context specificness. The conceptual fluidity refers to the fact that these two concepts do not have just one meaning but that it means different things for different interlocutors, and have different connotations and implications in different countries.


We develop a new general equilibrium model of the market for higher education that captures the coexistence of public and private universities, the large degree of quality differentiation among them, and the tuition and admission policies that emerge from their competition for students. We use the model to examine the consequences of federal and state aid policies. We show that private colleges game the federal financial aid system, strategically increasing tuition to increase student aid, and using the proceeds to spend more on educational resources and to compete for high-ability students. Increases in federal aid have modest effects in increasing college attendance, with nearly half of the increased federal aid offset by reduced institutional aid and increased university educational expenditures. A reduction in state subsidies coupled with increases in tuition at public schools substantially reduces attendance at those universities, with mainly with poor students exiting, and with only moderate switching into private colleges. Dennis N. Epple Tepper School of Business Carnegie Mellon University Posner Hall, Room 257B Pittsburgh, PA 15213 and NBER email@example.com Richard Romano University of Florida Department of Economics Gainesville Florida 32611 firstname.lastname@example.com Sinan Sarpça Koç University Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sar yer 34450 stanbul Turkey email@example.com Holger Sieg Department of Economics University of Pennsylvania 3718 Locust Walk Philadelphia, PA 19104 and NBER email@example.com


Teaching international business has changed during the last decade because of the emphasis vlaced on elobal business bv the U.S. government and innova6ons incomputer iechnology. ~cademicians and practitioners have been working together in developing new teachine tools to imorove the wav we teach international business. ~ecentYdevelo~ments' in the areas-of computer databases, simulation eames and exDert svstems have added a different dimension to the busiiess curriculuh. The AACSB guidelines in incorporating international business practices into the business curriculum have also influenced the new teaching methods employed by colleges and universities in both undergraduate and graduate business education in the U.S.A.


The production,applications and maket of permanent magnets of NdFeB alloy in China is reviewed.Currently,China ranks the first in the world in the production and sales of the magnets and enjoys bright prospects.In view of the existing problems,some good suggestions are proposed.


Abstract This research reports the first experimental cybernetic analysis of the visual manual feedback mechanism in human driving. Cybernetic concepts describe driving behaviour as a dynamic closed-loop feedback-regulated driver-vehicle-road tracking system. Three levels of sensory feedback, reactive, instrumental and operational, are suggested for the functional integration of human motor activities in vehicle operation. The dynamic operational feedback, registered as the spatial difference between the roadway and the positional as well as directional changes of the vehicle in motion, was the main concern of this study. Clear vision of the front and rear ends of an automobile was hypothesized to be a critical and essential factor in human vehicular control and guidance. Three experiments, on backing, parallel parking and forward driving, were designed with both clear and obstructed vision of operational feedback. Results confirmed the theoretical assumptions. The implications of the feedback concepts on...


The "Whose Crisis?" project is in response to a continually evolving global health pandemic, COVID-19. In this context, the dominant discourses have been generated in the Global North, overwhelmingly by a minority of wealthy and powerful authors, reflecting narrowly on a crisis that, while impacting the whole world, is experienced in vastly different ways. This article frames and contextualises data from this project through an introduction to the background, contexts, and methods of a project designed to reflect the lived experiences of, perspectives on, and responses to COVID-19 in vulnerable communities across sub-Saharan Africa. The project has been carried out by a large team of collaborators who prioritise the lived experiences, customs, and needs of the communities engaged through a culturally responsive and arts-based research approach. The article points to the methodological implications of arts-based research to explore plural perspectives in participatory ways, and the socio-political possibilities of amplifying the voices of under-represented and under-served communities in Africa, in terms of global health in a pandemic context.


Correspondence to Eue-Keun Choi, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea Tel: +82-2-2072-0688, Fax: +82-2-762-9662, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Copyrightc 2018 The Korean Association of Internal Medicine This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 2018 대한부정맥학회 심방세동 환자의 심박수 조절 지침


It is a remarkable feature of sociologists' contributions to occupational health and safety that whereas links are sometimes forged with social history or law or psychology, engagement with the theory and methods of economics generally remains severely off-limits. It was precisely for this reason that I recently made a deliberate attempt to incorporate a critique of the contribution from economics as part of a wider evaluation which included psychology, sociology and political economy (Nichols 1997: 69-80). To ignore economics was, in my view, inexcusable - inexcusable both because the views of economists increasingly inform social policy and because the free market/choice brand of economics contributes powerfully to the now world-wide dominance of the politics of laissez-faire. Dorman's Markets and Mortality is very much to be welcomed because it is written by an economist who himself has strong reservations about the postulates of 'choice', perfect competition and free market solutions and who, moreover, is perfectly well aware of the imperialist leanings of his subject. As he notes: 'Increasingly, articles in the American Political Science Review, the American Sociological Review, and other disciplinary flagships appear indistinguishable from their counterparts in the American Economic Review. . . . Distended from its half-absorbed con


The CD3ε cytoplasmic tail contains a conserved proline-rich sequence (PRS) that influences TCR–CD3 expression and signaling. Although the PRS can bind the SH3.1 domain of the cytosolic adapter Nck, whether the PRS is constitutively available for Nck binding or instead represents a cryptic motif that is exposed via conformational change upon TCR–CD3 engagement (CD3Δc) is currently unresolved. Furthermore, the extent to which a cis-acting CD3ε basic amino acid-rich stretch (BRS), with its unique phosphoinositide-binding capability, might impact PRS accessibility is not clear. In this study, we found that freshly harvested primary thymocytes expressed low to moderate basal levels of Nck-accessible PRS ("open-CD3"), although most TCR–CD3 complexes were inaccessible to Nck ("closed-CD3"). Ag presentation in vivo induced open-CD3, accounting for half of the basal level found in thymocytes from MHC+ mice. Additional stimulation with either anti-CD3 Abs or peptide–MHC ligands further elevated openCD3 above basal levels, consistent with a model wherein antigenic engagement induces maximum PRS exposure. We also found that the open-CD3 conformation induced by APCs outlasted the time of ligand occupancy, marking receptors that had been engaged. Finally, CD3ε BRS– phosphoinositide interactions played no role in either adoption of the initial closed-CD3 conformation or induction of open-CD3 by Ab stimulation. Thus, a basal level of open-CD3 is succeeded by a higher, induced level upon TCR–CD3 engagement, involving CD3Δc and prolonged accessibility of the CD3ε PRS to Nck. The TCR is a heterodimer composed of α and β subunits (or γ and δ in γδ T cells) that binds specifically to Ags in the form of peptides presented by MHC on the surfaces of APCs. Although the TCR lacks an intrinsic capacity to transduce signals to the cytoplasm, it is noncovalently associated with the CD3 complex, a group of four transmembrane proteins (CD3ε, γ, δ, and ζ). These proteins have long cytoplasmic tails that each contain one or multiple copies of the ITAM (1). TCR engagement by peptide–MHC (pMHC) ligands induces phosphorylation of CD3 ITAMs by src-family tyrosine kinases (1). However, prior Copyright © 2011 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. All rights reserved. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Diana Gil, Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 321 Guggenheim Building, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905. firstname.lastname@example.com. Disclosures The authors have no financial conflicts of interest. NIH Public Access Author Manuscript J Immunol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 October 28. Published in final edited form as: J Immunol. 2011 February 15; 186(4): . doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1003225. N IH PA Athor M anscript N IH PA Athor M anscript N IH PA Athor M anscript to ITAM phosphorylation, the precise mechanism(s) by which the TCR initially communicates the event of Ag recognition to the CD3 complex is incompletely understood (2). Among several nonexclusive models, conformational change of TCR–CD3 has been proposed as a mechanism that might confer Ag recognition (3, 4). Using a biochemical approach, it was reported that TCR engagement induced the exposure of what appeared to be a cryptic proline-rich sequence (PRS) in the CD3ε cytoplasmic tail, a sequence that can mediate the interaction of CD3ε with the SH3.1 domain of the cytoplasmic adapter protein Nck (5). At the time, PRS exposure was interpreted to result from a conformational change in CD3 (CD3Δc) because it occurred prior to and independent of ITAM phosphorylation. Subsequent studies showed that CD3Δc was inducible by either anti–TCR–CD3 Abs or cognate pMHC ligands, irrespective of whether thymocytes were stimulated with selection ligands or mature T cells were stimulated with antigenic ligands (6–8). In absence of comprehensive structural information, the PRS-accessible CD3 conformation was termed "open-CD3" and the PRS-inaccessible conformation "closed-CD3" (6). Using soluble ligands including pMHC tetramers, one study showed that the open and closed CD3 conformations were instantaneously reversible, open-CD3 being adopted upon ligation and reverting to closed-CD3 upon ligand dissociation (9). Originally implicated in synapse formation and T cell activation (5), the function of the CD3ε PRS has subsequently been studied in greater detail. Whereas initial studies using polyclonal retrogenic mice showed no apparent difference between PRS wild-type versus mutant-bearing T cells (10), retrogenic mice expressing mutant PRS associated with certain TCR clonotypes have shown this sequence is required to amplify signals from weak pMHC ligands (11). More recently, the use of transgenic mice has shown defects in responsiveness to weak TCR ligands and in the positive selection of thymocytes deficient for the PRS (12). In another study, where the induction of conformational change was isolated as a single variable and PRS exposure was monitored as evidence of CD3Δc, both open-CD3 and receptor aggregation were shown to be required for optimal T cell signaling (9). Taken together, the PRS is thought to play an important role in TCR–CD3 receptor biology by functioning in concert with other signaling sequences and mechanisms that collectively respond to antigenic engagement. However, some recent work has called into question several critical elements of the conformational model described above. One group reported that in C57BL/6 (B6) wild-type (WT) thymocytes, the CD3ε PRS seemed constitutively exposed, and anti-CD3 stimulation did not significantly increase open-CD3 (12). PRS deficiency was shown to correlate with increased TCR–CD3 expression, implying that the PRS controls constitutive expression of the receptor in double-positive (DP) thymocytes. Independent work has since corroborated the role of the CD3ε PRS in regulating TCR–CD3 ubiquitylation and expression in DP thymocytes while additionally demonstrating PRS activity in promoting proliferation of double-negative thymocytes (13–16). Considering all studies together, it is currently not clear whether the initial interpretation that CD3Δc is required to induce PRS accessibility is correct, whether thymocytes are unique by expressing the PRS in a constitutively accessible conformation, or whether differences in experimental systems account for the discrepant observations (17). Because it is agreed that the CD3ε PRS is functionally relevant to TCR– CD3 expression and the efficiency of thymic development, the issue of whether this sequence is constitutively versus inducibly accessible to Nck is currently considered a significant outstanding question in the field of TCR triggering (2). A second recently described cytoplasmic motif of CD3ε may also be implicated in TCR signaling, possibly involving CD3Δc. A basic amino acid-rich stretch (BRS) in the de la Cruz et al. Page 2 J Immunol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 October 28. N IH PA Athor M anscript N IH PA Athor M anscript N IH PA Athor M anscript juxtamembrane region of the CD3ε cytoplasmic tail can mediate interaction with select phosphoinositides that are present at different locations in the cell including the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane (18, 19). One study showed that upon membrane interaction, the tyrosines of the CD3ε ITAM were bound to the nonpolar phase of the lipid bilayer, inaccessible to src kinases (18). Because the capacity to interact with phospholipids is shared with CD3ζ (20, 21), it has been proposed that TCR engagement might result in the release of membrane-sequestered CD3 ITAMs from the lipid bilayer to facilitate their phosphorylation (2, 18, 22, 23). Two possibilities have been suggested that might achieve this: i) mobilization of engaged TCR–CD3 to a different, non-CD3-binding lipid microenvironment (18, 22) or ii) CD3 conformational change to move CD3 tails from the membrane to the cytoplasm (2, 23). Because open-CD3 has been proposed to result from such a conformational change, perhaps the CD3ε BRS, by interacting with the plasma membrane, may be required to conceal the PRS in the absence of receptor engagement. In the current work, we have focused on clarifying the extent to which PRS accessibility to Nck is influenced by constitutive expression, TCR–CD3 engagement, and the CD3ε BRS motif. Several different experimental systems have been used to resolve these issues and provide explanations, where possible, as to the reasons why some previous data appeared to conflict. This work now allows both previous and new results to be resolved into an updated model of how TCR–CD3 and pMHC ligands together control CD3Δc and PRS accessibility to Nck. We propose that this model contributes to our understanding of the initial Ag recognition events associated with TCR triggering. Materials and Methods DNA constructs and mice The construct pGEX-4T1-GST-SH3.1α (SH3.1 derived from human Nck-α) was kindly provided by Dr. R. Geha (Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA). B6 mice were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory. B6 mice deficient for MHC class II βchain and β2-micro-globulin (Abb−/− β2m−/−) were purchased from Taconic. Mice transgenic for CD3ε BRS WT or CD3ε BRS-Substitute have been previously described (19), having been bred to the CD3ε−/− background (24). OT-I Rag−/− β2m−/− mice were kindly provided by Terry Potter (National Jewish Health, Denver, CO). All mice were used between 6 and 12 wk of age. Mouse procedures were approved by the Mayo Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and are consistent with National Institutes of Health guidelines for the care and use of animals. Abs and other reagents The mAb anti-CD3ζ (H146) was kindly provided by Ed Palmer (University Hospital-Basel, Basel, Switzerland). The rabbit serum anti-MHC class I (α-P8) was kindly provided by Hidde L. Ploegh (Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA). The


Despite the literature reporting a high complication rate tension band wiring remains a common technique for the fixation of olecranon fractures. In our unit 44 patients who underwent tension band wiring of olecranon fractures between May 1998 and May 2002 were reviewed specifically with regards factors that might be responsible for a poor outcome. The patient's age at the time of injury, mode of injury and fracture configuration were recorded. In addition the adequacy of reduction was assessed and the position of the k-wires (parallel/non-parrallel, anterior cortex fixing/intramedullary) length of wire beyond the fracture line and number of circlage wire twists noted. All patients had a minimum follow-up of 12 months. 22 patients (50%) had complications following the index procedure of which 8 had wire back out, 7 had pain and discomfort requiring removal of the metalwork and 4 had wound infections. Fixation of the radius occurred in 1 patient and 2 patients developed a non-union. In all further surgery was needed in 18 patients (41%). No common features were identified in patients developing complications and in particular no statistical difference was found when k-wire position (P=0.35) length of k-wire beyond the fracture line (P=0.34) and number of circlage wire twists (P=0.33) were analysed. Using Kaplan-Meier analysis the patients who required wire removal were likely to undergo their surgery within 6 months of fracture fixation. The high complication rate begs the question: Is this an appropriate modern method of fracture fixation?


We describe 2 patients injured in the maxillofacial region while using a power lawn mower (lawn mower). One patient was a 82-year-old man who accidentally fell while using a lawn mower and collided with the edge of a lawn mower operated by a fellow worker. The upper lip, cheek, neck, and shoulder were severely cut, and the mandible was fractured. The other patient was a 56-year-old woman in whom a fragment of the broken edge of a lawn mower operated by herself stuck the upper lip. The fragment was not noticed, and a tumor developed 2 months later. The tumor containing the fragment was excised.


With the proliferation of computer technology in almost every sphere of life such as e- government, health care and services sector, there is an increased reliance on digital data. More recently, satellite and remote sensing data has gained importance owning to its applications in real time decisions for GIS, military and strategic needs, and, surveillance and security systems. However, real time access to the digital repositories most of which are web based is plagued by various management and dissemination issues. In data intensive domains such as scientific computations, bioinformatics and e-commerce, replication and provenance have been used successfully for improved performance of data sources by handling the issues of availability, discovery, reliability, authenticity and consistency. In this paper we argue that remote sensing data dissemination and management share common issues and problems with the data intensive domains mentioned above. We also suggest that replication and provenance techniques offer a promising solution to remove the bottleneck of data dissemination and management for real time decision making based on remote sensing data. (Journal of American Science 2010;6(7):188-198). (ISSN: 1545- 1003).


ABSTRACT Direct experience of social difference is crucial if lower levels of prejudice and greater social cohesion are to be achieved in our cities. Despite their key role of connecting places and people, transport infrastructures have scarcely been assessed as facilitators of encounters with social difference. Furthermore, urban contexts are progressively more complex due to the increasing relevance of transport multimodality along with the unequal degree of access to different transport modes. Building upon network analysis and consolidated accessibility measures, this study presents multi-accessibility as a concept and quantitative instrument to evaluate the potential encounter of difference in city spaces opened up by multimodal transport infrastructures. Multi-accessibility is also presented as a relevant and complementary policy avenue to enhancing social cohesion through transport planning and land use policies in the future. Two planning scenarios for the case of the Madrid metropolitan area illustrate the application, utility and interpretability of the instrument.


This paper contains a comprehensive study of the evolution of views on the legal security of the individual, society and the state in the general social and legal aspects. As a result of the study, the main approaches to understanding security are systematized and define it in space; concerning the national interests of the population of a particular state; concerning military threats; concerning the sovereignty of the state; the legal content of this concept, the principles of ensuring personal, public and national (state) security at the international level are revealed.


Abstract Many operationalization approaches were proposed to identify frailty in older adults. The common use of Fried's original criteria or other cut-offs based on cohort distribution may not apply in every cohort leading to potential bias in the identification of frail individuals. We thus aimed to apply different Fried's phenotypic frailty operationalization approaches in the Quebec NuAge cohort of generally healthy community-dwelling older adults (n=1,753; aged 67-84 years), and longitudinally compare prevalence, incidence and predictive strength on outcomes, such as functional autonomy, falls, hospitalization and mortality. Significant variability in prevalence, classification agreement and predictive strengths were observed between approaches, notably using different types of distribution cut-offs, variables, or ways to handle missing data. This strategy helped us to prioritize a specific Fried's phenotypic frailty operationalization in NuAge, which could then be used in secondary research projects aiming to study determinants of Fried's phenotypic frailty and its role in health outcomes.


Excessive mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) stimulation induces neurohumoral excitation and cardiac and vascular fibrosis. In heart failure (HF) rats, with excessive neurohumoral drive, central infus...


Studies on snail communities in nine dam reservoirs in Upper Silesia were carried out in two periods: 1980–90 and 1995–2004. The observed changes referred to domination patterns. There was found that after introduction of two alien gastropods Physella acuta and Potamopyrgus antipodarum they became the dominants in four reservoirs by the simultaneous percentage decrease of earlier native dominants. The species density decreased in second study period in five reservoirs, mainly in effect of alien species invasion, but in some cases in consequence of various human interventions. Taking into account the whole collection the commonest species in the first study period were Radix peregra and Planorbis planorbis, while Radix peregra, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, and Physella acuta in the second. Inexplicable is however the mass occurrence of Valvata piscinalis in Żywiecki dam reservoir, because in whole Soutern Poland it is one of rarest snail species both in rivers and stagnant water bodies.


Earthquake is a major concern in high seismic areas. Reinforced concrete multi storey buildings are subjected to most dangerous earthquakes. It was found that main reason for failure of RC building is,irregularity in its plan dimension and its lateral force resisting system. The structure which lies in seismic zones is to be specially designed. In this paper an analytical study is made to find response of different regular and irregular structures located in severe zone. Analysis has been made by taking 10 storey building by static and dynamic methods using ETABS. The factors which influence the earthquake resistance in a structure is shear wall, strong column, base isolation and use of dampers. The effects of torsion on buildings are investigated for both symmetric and asymmetric building. Study also shows that there is increase in shear, in columns and the columns at outer frame need some special attention for both the structure, especially for asymmetric building .The results showed that it was important to select a suitable criteria for asymmetric building rather than symmetric building and displacement was also found to be more for asymmetric type of building.


Example discloses a method and a base station to adjust the length of one kind of a timer, the method of the present invention comprising: detecting the number of user equipment UE in the access cell exceeds a predetermined threshold number; when the number of the access of a UE exceeds the pre- when the duration set threshold number, the timer of the RLC increase the preset increment. Embodiments of the present invention can avoid waste of radio resources, reducing the risk of dropped calls UE.


The paper draws on the extensive findings of the EDUMIGROM research project, and it focuses on the ways and sense in which school performance (and more generally attitudes to school and to the idea and imperative of education) intervenes in the identity formation process among ethnic minority youth. The presentation consists of three parts. First, relevant general findings of the project on this issue will be presented in a sketchy comparative perspective. Second, the case of the Czech Roma and the image of Roma-Romanticism will be given as a concrete example of the issue. And the presentation will be concluded by a reflection on ethical dilemmas brought up by particular kinds of general sociological explanations of similar issues. Conceptually, the paper is based on two distinctions: between ethnic identity and minority identity, and between ethnicity and ethnic culture. This also means that ethnicized self-image and minority self-perception are taken into account in particular, although among the youth that we have researched there certainly is much more at work than just these two cultural representations when it comes to personal and collective self-identification. As the title of the paper suggests, the analytical focus will be on the impact of cultural representations to action/performance. Yet it will also be demonstrated that according one of the two poles – ethnic/minority self-image on the one hand or school performance/education experience on the other – the ontological status of a primary cause or an independent variable in this relationship would easily lead to empirical inconsistencies and ethical troubles.


The notion of natural "occult" is usually viewed by modern scholars as a tautological way of dealing with phenomena for which there was no current explanation. Consider how Molière mocks scholastic medicine in the "Intermède" of Le malade imaginaire when he gives the Bachelierus a silly answer to the question of why opium makes one sleep: "quia est in eo virtus dormitiva / Cujus est natura / Sensus assoupire." Opium makes one sleep because it has a sleep-inducing power; its nature is to make "the senses drowsy." The words of Molière's Bachelierus are strikingly similar to what Augustine writes in the City of God (21, 7) concerning natural things that are endowed with extraordinary properties: "So for the other cases, irksome to rehearse, in which an unusual power seems to be present contrary to nature, yet no other explanation is given except to say such is their nature. No doubt their explanation is short, and still it answers enough." Obviously, however, the very meaning of Augustine's statement is just the opposite of Molière's. In Augustine's view, the answer is "short," because the real and only cause is God himself; nature is only an illusory cause. For Molière, the Bachelierus's answer is inane, because it seems to give a scientific explanation but in fact says nothing and certainly does not look for the true natural causes. But between Augustine and Molière there was scholastic science, in which the virtus occulta was not a mere tautological statement but a real explanation based on a coherent conception of nature.


Introduction, Ian M. Morrison biochemistry of plant lipids, J.L. Harwood and G. Griffiths genes encoding seed globulins in legumes, W.G. Rerie, et al plant cell bioreactors, P.D.G. Wilson and M.J.C. Rhodes tannins - biochemistry and nutritional properties, I. Muller-Harvey and A.B. McAllan gelling agents (pectins) from plants for the food industry, W. Pilnik and A.G.J. Voragen.


A study to use alfalfa as pioneer plant to improve virgin soil at North-West Junggar Basin was carried out. The results showed that both physics and chemistry characters of the soil were changed greatly. The soil aggregate structure apparently improved, soil porosity and organic matter as well as soil water holding capacity were all increased greatly, soil PH value decreased greatly. It was concluded that planting alfalfa at desert area with infertile soil has profound effects in terms of ecological and economical returns.


A quantitative measure of the delocalization of electrons from the region inside a sphere of radius R centered on a nucleus to the region exterior to this sphere is the atom delocalization index A(R). A(R) is defined by the double integral of the point-point sharing index I(ζ;ζ') over two distinct volumes: ζ over the interior of a sphere of radius R, and ζ' over the remaining space. This index, as a function of R, has a remarkable shell-like structure with the values of the maxima being close to the number of electrons traditionally assigned to a particular shell times 0.25. The origin of these almost "magic" numbers and the reasons for deviations of these numbers from the simple rule is discussed in terms of simple models of the electronic structure of some light atoms. Results from numerical computations of electronic structure are presented for the atoms Li, Be, Al, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn, Zn, and Au. The distinct shell-like structure of A(R) persists even to the heaviest of these. For atoms with zero total orbital angular momentum, the delocalization index can be split into a sum of noninterfering terms of different single particle angular momenta. These contributions also have distinctive shell-like structures. The maxima of the different angular momentum contributions do not always coincide. A similar decomposition also holds for spin "up" and "down" contributions. The shell-like structure allows for the identification of the spatial region in which the valence electrons lie. The angular momentum contributions can be used to identify the nature of the valence regions. The invariance of the core electron regions and the changes in the valence regions upon bond formation are illustrated by the calculation of the delocalization index for the heavy atoms in CH 4 , NH 3 , H 2 O, and SiH 4 . The identification of the spatial location of the valence regions should aid choosing the location of fixed points when analyzing the behavior of electrons using sharing amplitudes.


Restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core symptom and an early marker of autism. Current research and intervention for RRB heavily rely on professional experience and effort. Guided Play is a technology that uses instrumented games and toys as a platform to understand children's play behavior and facilitate behavioral intervention during play. This paper presents the design and implementation of a prototype based on the technology, as well as an evaluation on 6 children with autism. The results show that children with RRBs in physical world activities also exhibit similar patterns in a similar digital activity, and that digital coaching can reduce RRBs by expanding children's play skill repertoire and promoting symbolic play.


Increasing costs of wafer processing, particularly for lithographic processes, have made it increasingly difficult to achieve simultaneous reductions in cost-per-function and area per device. Multiple patterning techniques have made possible the fabrication of circuit layouts below the resolution limit of single optical exposures but have led to significant increases in the costs of patterning. Innovative techniques, such as self-aligned double patterning (SADP) have enabled good device performance when using less expensive patterning equipment. Other innovations have directly reduced the cost of manufacturing. A number of technical challenges must be overcome to enable a return to single-exposure patterning using short wavelength optical techniques, such as EUV patterning.