1. Preinvasive Disease of the Cervix, 2. Preinvasive Disease of the Vagina and Vulva, 3. Invasive Cervical Cancer, 4. Endometrial Hyperplasia/Estrogen Therapy, 5. Adenocarcinoma of the Uterus, 6. Sarcoma of the Uterus, 7. Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia, 8. Invasive Cancer of the Vulva, 9. Invasive Cancer of the Vagina and Urethra, 10. The Adnexal Mass and Early Ovarian Cancer, 11. Epithelial Ovarian Cancer, 12. Germ Cell, Stromal, and Other Ovarian Tumors, 13. Fallopian Tube Cancer, 14. Breast Diseases, 15. Colorectal and Bladder Cancer, 16. Cancer in Pregnancy, 17. Complications of Disease and Therapy, 18. Basic Principles of Chemotherapy, 19. Tumor Immunology, Host Defense Mechanisms, and Biologic Therapy, 20. Genes and Cancer, 21. Palliative Care and Quality of Life, Appendices C Blood Component Therapy, D Commonly Used Statistical Terms, E Suggested Recommendations for Routine Cancer Screening, F Nutritional Therapy, G Radiotherapy,


The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of three types of protein source in a basal diet during the prenatal and lactating periods on the cellular growth and development of organs in rate. Twenty four pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 187.718.5 g were fed ad libitum diets containing casein, soy protein, or corn gluten. The weight of organ and the contents of DAN, RNA, and protein of organs in pups were determined at 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after the birth. Dietary intake of rats during trimester of pregnancy and lactation were significantly higher in the rats fed case in containing diet than those of rats fed the corn gluten diet. Body weight of the progeny fed casein diet at birth and after 7 days were significantly higher than those of rats fed the corn gluten diet. The weight of brain, liver, and kidney of pups which fed corn gluten diet were significantly lower than those fed the casein diet. DNA contents in the brain of pups fed the casein and the soy protein were slightly higher than those fed the corn gluten diet. RNA and protein contents of the brain, and DNA, RNA and protein contents of the liver of the corn gluten treated group were significantly lower than those of the others.


Stormwater biofilters have been developed without consideration of their cold climate design and performance. Vegetation has been shown to play an important role in biofilter effectiveness. Due to ...


Study on endoparasites in wild pigs (Sus scrofa) interfering with agriculture, was carried out in areas adjoining the Western Ghats (Mudumalai tiger reserve, Anamalai tiger reserve) and Eastern Ghats (Sathyamangalam region) of Tamil Nadu state in India during November, 2013 to May, 2014. Ninety faecal samples in total (n=30 of Wild pigs, n=30 of Desi pigs and n=30 Cross bred pigs each of the study areas) were subjected to the parasitological examination using standard methods in wild pigs as well as in domestic pigs. Domestic pigs were involved to find the difference in the prevalence level between wild pigs and domestic pigs as there is a wide variation in their habitat. Prevalence of endoparasitic infections revealed the evidences of Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, Strongyles, Strongyloides sp. and mixed parasitic infections comprising of Ascaris sp. with Trichuris sp., in addition to Strongyles with Strongyloides sp. The overall positivity of internal parasitic prevalence in wild pigs, desi pigs and cross bred pigs pertaining to Mudumalai, Anamalai and Sathyamangalam were documented, and differences among their prevalence data indicated an over-dispersed helminth distribution. These results indicate that populations of wild pigs although living under optimal conditions, are heavily affected by a burden of parasitic disease and some parasites are likely to limit population growth via a high mortality of piglets and infections throughout the lifespan of adults.

 Key words: Wild pigs, domestic pig, endoparasites, prevalence.


Reentry flight is one of the most challenging parts in spaceflight missions. Before the actual flight, the vehicle has to be certified for safety of flight within its intended flight domain. This certification process, called reentry flight clearance, is based on accurate mathematical models of the vehicle and its environment. Current practice is to use model evaluations including a representative set of uncertainty parameter combinations in a Monte Carlo approach. The objective of the present paper is to evaluate the application of a promising new mathematical technique called interval analysis for reentry flight clearance. Whereas a Monte Carlo approach clears the vehicle only for a finite number of sets of uncertainty parameters, the new approach clears the vehicle within prespecified uncertainty parameter intervals. The new approach is applied to the reentry trajectory of the Delft Aerospace Reentry Test Demonstrator, a hypothetical ballistic reentry vehicle equipped with an attitude-stabilizing flight control system. As the clearance requirement, the stability of the system is chosen, which is evaluated using two different mathematical criteria: worst-case linear eigenvalue analysis and nonlinear Lyapunov analysis. The new approach, based on interval analysis, is applied in an evaluation of both criteria. Subsequently, Monte Carlo analysis was performed to verify the validity of these results.


Web Service Composition is nothing but grouping of single web services with diverse functionality together implement composite service. Web service composition plays vital role in implementation of service oriented architectures. To differentiate the non functionality of various web services Quality of service is used. Web service composition can be represented as follows Specification of WS - first user state goal of composition with some constraints that should get satisfied. WS selection – automatically selection of web services which fulfills the user requirement. Dynamic integration of web services at run time. Many researchers carried lot of work on composition of web services and on quality of service which significantly affects quality of the composition which incur some problems in overall optimality of QoS and finding composite service solution. In this paper we are using planning based approach, numerical and temporal features to convert automatically Qos aware composition. We proposed some logical and numerical optimization techniques to handle complex temporal problems. To achieve overall global QoS constraint we are implementing composite service graph. Web service composition based on transactional properties plays vital role in reliable execution.


The electric-pulse-induced resistance switching of the Au–La0.67Ca0.33MnO3(LCMO)-FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide) heterostructures was studied by electrochemical workstation. A distinct current-voltage characteristic of the device with pronounced reproducible nonlinearity, asymmetry, and hysteresis was observed at room temperature. The current-voltage characteristics suggest a Poole–Frenkel and space-charge-limited current type mechanism controlled by Au/LCMO interface traps. The resistance switching behavior shows obvious multilevel resistance switching. The present results suggest a possible application of Ag-LCMO-FTO system as multilevel memory devices.


A is attached to the inner periphery of the shaft hole of the housing, in the structure of the lip type seal mounted in the periphery the shaft hole slidably coming into close contact with the peripheral surface of the shaft inserted to the shaft hole, the shaft diameter is the same But even if the axial hole diameter is used for different mounting locations to enable the lip type seal having the same specifications. A lip type seal 1 via the cartridge 51 arranged on the outer peripheral side of the structure to be attached to the inner periphery of the shaft hole 72. Large with the cartridge 51 has an integral molded stepped shape and the large-diameter portion 54 via a step portion 53 to the small diameter cylinder portion 52, fitting the lip type seal 1 to the inner peripheral surface of the small diameter cylinder portion 52 fitted to the inner periphery of the shaft hole 72 at the outer peripheral surface of the cylindrical portion 54. The cartridge 51 at the time of its manufacture, are set to match the diameter of the large-diameter cylindrical portion 54 while being set the diameter of the small-diameter cylindrical portion 52 fixed to the shaft hole diameter of the mounting schedule. .FIELD 1


Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is widely distributed and endemic in India. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is supporting a nation-wide programme on epidemiology of FMD with one of the centers in CCS HAU Hisar for virus typing and sero monitoring studies in the state of Haryana. During the year April 2002 ‒ March 2003, a total of 46 FMD outbreaks were recorded in 11 of the 19 districts of Haryana. The sero-epidemiological studies conducted during 2002‒2003 on the organized farms are also presented.


In the frame of the conceptual design of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), the study of an advanced Electron Cyclotron Wave (ECW) system has been carried out.


In this work, we propose methods for automated detection of social structure from transcripts of conversations. There are two kinds of social structure that we focus on: (1) Identifying small groups of people who have close cooperation (2) Detecting high status individuals within a group. We tested our methods on transcripts of the HBO television show, "The Wire."Our methods were effective with an accuracy of more than 80%.


Saturday, 24 September 1910 As the rays of the setting sun reluctantly surrendered their hold on the day to the electric lights of the Komendantskoe airfield, naval Captain Lev Makarovich Matsievich climbed aboard his single-engine Farman biplane. Already exhausted from a long day's journeys above the St. Petersburg landscape, Matsievich was determined to best the Russian altitude record established only four days earlier by his friend and competitor B. V. Matyevich. Such records, as all those who gathered in attendance would testify, were never intended to last for long, yet the young pilot was resolved to secure his name (if only briefly) in the nation's record books. After hastily inspecting his craft for signs of wear, a habit to which he had accustomed himself in the course of the three-week competition, Matsievich slowly taxied his Farman onto the open grass plain of Komendantskoe field. Signaling to the judges' grandstand that he was ready to begin his ascent, Matsievich cautiously opened the throttle of his fifty-horsepower engine. Working to maintain control of the craft as it skipped and bounced along the uneven surface of the converted field, Matsievich carefully guided the nose of his plane skyward. At 5:53 P.M. he was airborne. For the thousands of spectators who gathered on the outskirts of the Russian capital to take part in the activities of the First All-Russian Festival of Aviation, the efforts of Matsievich and his fellow pilots were a cause for national celebration. For weeks aviation dominated the conversations of St. Petersburg's taverns, reading rooms and social clubs, while detailed reports of aeronautical events became a daily staple of the nation's press. As Russians looked skyward for a glimpse of the future, popular newspapers such as Russkoe slovo and Gazeta kopeika impressed upon their readers the vital significance of each new flight. Echoing the sentiments of their West European counterparts, contemporary Russians extolled their fliers as the pioneers of a new age of man. Hailing the advent of flight as a spiritual and cultural (as well


With COVID-19, many businesses have failed, while other industries and corporations have seen profits increase, and are likely to continue to do so post-pandemic, in line with the trend of the oversize economy. Coronavirus 2019 has caused a major economic shock, in addition to its tremendous impact on global health, pushing the biggest corporations towards an outburst of the new, basic drivers of global capitalism (Health; Energy; Food; Communication). That is, the pillars of global competition that start from an oversize management in order to fix the competitive landscapes of large corporations.


Łódź is the largest Polish city in the zone of the main watershed of the country. The watershed zone offered a dense network of small streams, mostly belonging to the Ner River catchment. The use of the Ner River as a collector of industrial sewage caused the accumulation of high amounts of heavy metals in the river sediments and arable land, intensively fertilised with the waters of the Ner River for more than 40 years. Due to the continuation of irrigations in the river valley, water with a substantially lower degree of contamination with organic substance and biogens returns to Ner from the grassland complexes. The objective of the study is the determination whether improvement of water quality subject to circulation within the grassland complexes also concerns heavy metals. The study area covers grassland complexes in the middle section of the Ner River valley, between the weir in Charbice Górne and Jeżew. Due to the variability of acidic-alkaline and oxidation-reduction conditions caused by variable moisture of the soil containing high amounts of allochtonic (post-sewage) organic matter, the observed grassland complexes show liability in terms of retention and release of the analysed metals to Ner. In summer 2018 on the analysed grassland complexes, conditions favouring the emission of all studied metals occurred. This evidences what the discontinuation of irrigation of grassland complexes, previously irrigated with sewage from Łódź, can lead to. The comparison of sites located along the course of the Ner River also provides a complex image of changes in concentrations, with evident fluctuations of metal concentrations.


A synthetic method for the preparation of 6-aryl-1,4-dimethyl-9H-carbazoles involving a palladium catalyzed coupling reaction of 1,4-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-6-boronic acids and (hetero)aryl halides is described.


The present work aims to analyse the lightlike geometry of an indefinite Kaehler statistical manifold and develop properties based on the structure of Cauchy Riemann (CR)-lightlike submanifolds of the same.The results related to induced geometric objects corresponding to the dual connections in these submanifolds have been established. We also characterize the geodesicity and integrability of distributions of the tangent bundle in the CR lightlike submanifolds of the indefinite Kaehler statistical manifold. Further, some conditions on totally umbilical Cauchy Riemann-lightlike submanifolds have been derived.


The effect of hydroxyl phosphorylated of wheat starch on Chinese fresh white noodles was studied by recombining phosphorylated wheat starch with other flour components to prepare noodles. Though the morphology and crystalline pattern of phosphorylated wheat starches did not change significantly, the substitution of hydroxyls would weaken the binding between starch and water molecular and lead to a shift of water molecules from immobilized to less immobilized fraction in fresh noodles. The average particle size of phosphorylated starches increased with the degree of substitution increase, and the gluten network of the reconstituted flour noodles was similar to that of the original flour noodles when the size of phosphorylated starch was close to that of native starch. There was a significant correlation between starch swelling power, pasting properties and noodle texture. When hydroxyl groups were replaced by phosphate groups, the swelling power and RVA parameters of starch decreased, which further led to the reduction of noodle hardness, springiness, resilience, cohesiveness, and chewiness. The results indicated that hydroxyl phosphorylated of wheat starch had an important effect on water distribution and texture characteristics of fresh noodles.


The newly issued IFRIC 15 Agreements for the Construction of Real Estate are likely to cause Malaysian property developers to change their revenue recognition policy from a stage-of-completion basis (accelerated) to a completion basis (conservative). In the US, consistent with the approach taken by the Financial Accounting standards Board (FASB), Altomuro, Beatty and Weber (2005) found that reported earnings based on accelerated revenue recognition are value relevant. The subsequent elimination of this industry practice in the US by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has indeed caused a decline in earnings informativeness. In contrast, this study finds that reported earnings based on the existing accelerated revenue recognition policy are weak and are no better than operating cash flow in predicting the stock returns, market pricing and future operating cash flows of Malaysian property developers. At the same time, the planned new, more conservative revenue recognition policy based on a completion basis may not improve the decision usefulness of financial reporting among property developers, at least not in the short run. Rather, this shift in revenue recognition policy is expected to decrease accrual-based earnings management opportunities, and managers may begin to focus on managing real activities instead (Cohen, Dey, & Lys, 2008).


By using some properties of gamma function and psi function and the convolution theorem, a new proof of the following double inequality is given: For all natural number n, we have 1 √ π ( n + 4 π − 1 ) ≤ (2n− 1)!! (2n)!! < 1 √π(n + 1 4 ) , and the constants 4 π − 1 and 1 4 are the best possible.


Multi survey joint processing techniques of 3 D seismic data are widely applied as a particular suite of effective seismic techniques in China. As a result, a lot of remarkable results are achieved in recent years. This paper describes 5 key techniques involved in the joint processing and summarizes 4 kinds of geological applications.


The purpose of this paper is to explore what leadership theories are implicit in a coach approach. The authors begin by identifying organizational coaching trends to provide a framework for the exploration of several leadership theories. These leadership theories could inform coaching practice for executive, leadership and business coaches (Grodzki & Allen, 2005). The paper closes with a discussion of what comprises a coach approach.


The global viscous damping rate in MST has been studied experimentally[1]. In these experiments a biased electrode was applied to a steady RFP plasma with Θ ∼ 1.8. This causes a radial electric field Er, which in turn induces an increased toroidal velocity in the discharge that reaches a steady value. When the electrode is removed, the toroidal flow is damped with a characteristic time τsd ∼ 0.5 msec. The effective viscous diffusion (flow damping) coefficient was then estimated as ν⊥ ∼ (∆r) 2/τsd ≃ 50m /sec, where ∆r = 0.37 m is the radial extent of the core region. This estimate is several orders of magnitude larger than that implied by the standard collisional perpendicular viscosity, so that the viscosity in MST is anomalous. It is stated in Ref. [1] that ν⊥ is consistent with a theoretically derived viscosity driven by magnetic fluctuations[2],


The paper presents the issue of social transmission by Kazakh parents concerning disability, especially their knowledge of disability and content of conversations with their children. Diagnostic survey method, survey technique and the author's questionnaire with open-ended questions were used. The analysis of content of the written statements shows that the parental message in the inclusive group compared to the general population more strongly emphasizes the attitude of tolerance and nondiscrimination of the disabled peer. Research confirms the impact of social context on the knowledge, attitudes and the image of a person with a disability and these results are consistent with those of other authors.


Propionibacterium acnes has been described as an infrequent cause of periprosthetic joint infections, including those occurring at the knee [6-8], and has been found to be the most common etiologic agent in shoulder septic arthritis following rotator cuff repair [9] and arthroplasty [10]. However, P. acnes has only been described as an etiologic agent in native knee infection in a handful of cases [11-13]. The knee is the most common joint involved in septic arthritis [1,2]. Staphylococcus aureus is the usual etiologic agent of septic arthritis in developed countries. However, Streptococcus species, especially Streptococcus pyogenes, are also often isolated in cases of septic arthritis [1-5]. Gram-negative bacilli account for 10% 20% of cases and are more common in patients with a history of intravenous drug abuse, extremes of age, or immunodeficiency [4]. Abstract Case: A 63-year-old male presented complaining of right knee pain and swelling for 72 hours. Needle aspiration was performed, and P. acnes was isolated from anaerobic synovial fluid culture. The patient was treated with arthroscopic irrigation and lavage followed by intravenous Nafcillin for 6 weeks. At 1-week follow-up, a knee aspiration was performed for recurrent symptoms. All cultures obtained at that time were negative. At 6-week follow-up, the patient reported complete resolution of knee pain and knee effusion.


This study examined the effects of normative beliefs about aggression and peer attachment on traditional bullying, cyberbullying, and both types of victimization. Cyberbullying departs from traditional forms of bullying in that it is through forms of technology, such as the Internet, which increases situational anonymity. Eight hundred fifty students in Grades 6 through 8 completed a survey that assessed normative beliefs about aggression, peer attachment, and traditional bullying and cyberbullying behaviors, which suggested that students who are involved with traditional bullying are also involved in cyberbullying. Adolescents with higher normative beliefs about aggression are more likely to be traditional bullies, traditional victims, cyberbullies, and cybervictims. Additionally, peer attachment was found to be negatively associated with both types of bullying and victimization. Implications and future directions are discussed. Language: en


Objective To isolate the chemical constituents and elucidate their structures from the rhizome of Belamcanda chinensis(L.) DC.Methods The compounds from the ethanol extraction were isolated by silica gel,polyamide,Sephadex LH-20 and recrystallization,and their structures were identified by the spectral analysis and chemical evidence.Results Nine compounds were obtained and elucidated as:Irisfloretin(1),β-daucosterol(2),dichotomitin(3),irigenin(4),tectorigenin(5),β-sitosterol(6),apocynin(7),uridine(8),and cycloartanol(9).Conclusions Compounds 8 and 9 are isolated from the Belamcanda for the first time.


Cervical dystonia still presents a therapeutic challenge for neurologists and neurosurgeons both in its 'isolated' form, and also as a manifestation of generalised dystonia. Botulinum toxin has been firmly established as first-line treatment to be followed or complemented by surgery, either cervical rhizotomy or deep brain stimulation (DBS), predominantly of the globus pallidus internus. The pathophysiology of dystonia points to basal ganglia dysfunction. So why continue to perform destructive procedures such as rhizotomies rather than relegate such intervention to the intellectual scrap heap?

In their JNNP paper, Bergenheim et al 1 report their long-term outcomes for 61 …


Path planning algorithms for multiple robots have been needed and developed as the use of robots in industrial setting has been increased. The issue of multiple robots' path planning in many researches is to guarantee completeness and scalability. Recently, a couple of papers considered the issue by using the graph theory in roadmap representation. However, to move all robots to their goals with the results, it takes long time although they guarantee completeness and scalability. In this paper, we propose a path planning algorithm which can improve the weakness of existing algorithms by moving robots concurrently retaining the completeness and scalability. Thus, the proposed algorithm of this paper presents high work productivity in multiple robots' path planning.


A49 Introduction
 >Automated image analysis (AIA) systems for quantification of immunostained tissue could provide more accurate and sensitive results than manual scoring by a pathologist. Previously we have shown that AMACR expression in normal glands from patients subsequently diagnosed with prostate cancer was higher than those who did not. No difference was observed for AMACR expression in HGPIN glands. In this study, we hypothesize that the difference in AMACR expression between the two subsets of patients might be better quantified using AIA.
 >Materials and Methods
 >Prostatic needle biopsies from 44 patients with HGPIN were immunostained for AMACR. 21 patients (cases) showed cancer on a later biopsy and 22 (controls) had no cancer and at least 3 negative biopsies. Immunostained slides were digitally scanned using the ScanScope CS ® (Aperio Technologies, CA). Regions of interests were drawn within benign and HGPIN compartments and scored using 'Positive Pixel Count™' and 'Co-Localization' algorithms. Separate scores for benign and HGPIN glands were computed as the product of percent area positive and mean intensity of staining. Manual scoring was performed on an ordinal scale of 0-3 intensity by a single pathologist.
 >Results
 >For the normal compartment, the mean manual score per gland for the cases (0.29) was higher than that of the controls (0.21) [p Conclusions
 >The ability to discriminate HGPIN according to risk of subsequent cancer supports the hypothesis that AIA has enhanced sensitivity and biological validity. This method might provide improved measurements for research and clinical prediction.


Modelling of sensor signals is a key element in implementing the procedures for estimation and tracking, sensor data fusion, fault detection and diagnosis, etc. In many cases, using traditional approaches to solve this problem is impossible due to lack of prior information about the observed process or particular sensor characteristics. Starting only from the finite rate of change of the signal at the output of real sensors, the Weierstrass theorem assumes the existence of a polynomial that approximates the signal, but does not specify how to find it. The present work attempts to solve this problem by assuming that the approximating polynomial has to retain that information in the signal which would allow its Bayesian estimation. The described approach has been successfully applied to model a humidity sensor signal, but it can be used in other cases without any problem.


INTRODUCTION Gallium is well known for its ability to concentrate in cancerous and infected tissues. This ability allows gallium scans (employing 67Ga) to detect a variety of cancers and infections. Recently, antiproliferative mechanisms for gallium have been elucidated. Knowledge of these mechanisms has led to the development of a therapeutic gallium compound—gallium maltolate—that is designed to maximize efficacy and minimize potential adverse effects.  CHEMISTRY Gallium maltolate, tris(3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyronato)gallium, is a coordination complex consisting of a gallium atom surrounded by three maltolate ligands. Maltol is a naturally occurring compound that is commonly produced during the cooking of foods containing sugars: it is responsible for the aroma of cotton candy and contributes to the fragrance of cookies, cakes, and other baked goods. Maltol is also found in some fruits and is a widely used, FDA-approved food additive. Gallium maltolate is electrically neutral and moderately soluble in both water and lipids. It is stable over a pH range of approximately 5 through 8, a relatively large interval for a metal complex.


THE INFLUENCE OF THE INTRODUCTION of a health care delivery system on mortality due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in Campbell County, Tenn., was explored in this study. (Cardiovascular diseases include diseases of the heart (excluding rheumatic fever) -hypertensive heart and renal diseases, ischemic heart diseases, hypertension, cerebrovascular accidents, arteriosclerosis, and other diseaes of arteries, arterioles, and capillaries.)


A stabilized fiber-optic reference frequency distribution system has been fabricated and tested. The distribution system is designed to transmit a 100-MHz reference signal, which is generated by a hydrogen maser frequency standard, over a distance of 22 km. The goal is to maintain a stability of 1 part in 10/sup 17/ for 1000-s averaging times. The stabilizer circuitry reduced delay variations that result from the effect environmental changes, such as temperature, on the fiber. The distribution system was designed using a computer simulation program that allows the delays, bandwidths, gains and damping factors to be varied for optimum performance. A breadboard version of the stabilizer was fabricated and tested in an environmentally controlled test chamber. In preliminary tests, the stabilizer reduced phase variations caused by temperature changes of 20 degrees C by as much as 45 times.<<ETX>>


The degree of utilisation of both internal and external hedging techniques depends on the type of exposure that is hedged. Furthermore, the characteristics of the firms appear to explain the choice of hedging technique but the use of certain hedging techniques appears to be associated with increases in the variability of some accounting measures.


The causes for property strengthening of agricultural land transfer were analyzed,the necessity of relay on property law was discussed.It was indicated that private right safeguard is the main body,selection of taking account of public and private rights is the necessity for improving agricultural land transfer system.


Background

Multiple meta-analyses have reported inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are associated with an increased risk of diverse diseases, but the evidence quality remains unclear.
Objectives

We aimed to summarize and evaluate this existing evidence on the associations between IBD and a range of diseases a-crossed from meta-analyses.
Methods

PubMed, the Cochrane Library Database, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI Databases, Wanfang Databases and VIP Database were searched to obtain eligible literatures from inception to November 1, 2019. We appraised the methodological quality of the included meta-analyses using AMSTAR 2 tool, and evaluated the quality of evidence for each outcome using the GRADE approach.
Results

Nineteen articles covering associations between IBD and 28 types of health outcomes were included. The methodological quality of meta-analyses was rated moderate for 5.26%, low for 21.05%, and critically low for 73.68%. Overall, summary effect estimates were significant in 26 meta-analyses. The evidence quality was rated high for 3.57%, moderate for 21.43%, low for 28.57%, and very low for 46.43%. Evidence quality was high for association between IBD and an increased periodontitis risk (OR = 4.55; 95% CI, 3.00-6.19). Evidence quality was moderate for associations between IBD and an increased thyroid cancer risk (OR = 1.75; 95% CI, 1.48–2.07), myocardial infarction incidence (RR = 1.12; 95% CI, 1.05–1.21), preterm birth incidence (OR = 1.85; 95% CI, 1.67–2.05), stillbirth incidence (OR = 1.57; 95% CI, 1.03–2.38), gallstone disease prevalence (OR = 1.72; 95% CI, 1.40–2.12), and vitamin D deficiency prevalence (OR = 1.64; 95% CI, 1.30–2.08).
Conclusions

Though, associations between IBD and diverse diseases have been extensively studied, few of the reported associations have robust support. Further well-designed studies are essential to determine whether IBD increases the risk of other diseases.


It is important for engineering students to peer review each other's work during design projects. Based on the demonstrated value of peer reviews in engineering (e.g., the software industry), numerous industry experts have listed it at the top of the list of desirable engineering skills and practices. However, surprisingly, not many engineering courses in Canadian or even non-Canadian universities and colleges include peer review activities in their design courses. The author thus decided to apply peer reviews to the design project of a senior software engineering course. The purpose of this article is to present our experimental findings, lessons learned, possible challenges and recommendations that may be used to promote learning and also the usage of peer review activities in teaching other engineering courses. The results of our experiment show promising signs of using peer review in a design project.


The invention relates to a preparation method of LiPF2 and a lithium ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte containing the LiPF2. The preparation of the LiPF2 comprises the following steps: introducing a SeOF2 gas in an organic solvent containing LiPF6 for reacting, and crystallizing, filtering and drying a product after completing the reaction, thus obtaining a LiPF2 product. The LiPF2 product prepared by the invention is high in purity, pollution of other metal ions does not exist, the product purity is 99.0 percent or more, the content of free acid (HF) is 70 ppm or less, and the content of an insoluble matter is 130 ppm or less. According to the preparation method disclosed by the invention, product purification is simple, and the high-purity LiPF2 product can be obtained through conventional steps of crystallizing, filtering and drying in the field; a lithium ion battery containing the lithium ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte has good low-temperature performance and good rate performance.


Joseph Conrad offers some of the most notoriously contested writing on imperialism in nineteenth-century literature. In this article, I use two of his stories ("An Outpost of Progress" and Heart of Darkness) to argue that his critique of imperialism is as relevant today as it was in his own time. Conrad's critique of imperialism is twofold. First and most simply, he condemns it as an economically exploitative endeavor. Second, and more importantly, he rejects the "idealistic" claim often invoked to justify imperialism as the bearer of progress, enlightenment, and other supposedly universal liberal values. This second critique causes Conrad the most difficulty, largely because his rejection of idealism is only partial. I argue that the most controversial aspects of his work are manifestations of a philosophical struggle between universalistic idealism on the one hand, and relativistic skepticism on the other. In this, Conrad contends with a problem that historically has challenged both liberalism and its conservative critics alike. Moreover, it continues to challenge both perspectives today, particularly in the debate over so-called American imperialism.


The paper presents an efficient second-order model for the parameter estimation of an induction motor by an extended Kalman filter, In comparison with the usual model, this discrete-time model offers many advantages for real-time identification and fault diagnostic of the induction motor: it remains stable and accurate for larger sampling periods, it offers a better linearity with respect to the estimated parameters and it reduces the computational cost of the extended Kalman filter. Simulations and experimental results show the great accuracy and the fast convergence of the parameter estimates, even for a sampling period as large as 20 ms.


The purpose of the study was to determine the process of implementing the e-learning system at MIN 1 Ogan Ilir and how to implement the evaluation of learning through e-learning. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection techniques include interviews, observation, and documentation. Data analysis techniques include data collection, data reduction, data presentation, conclusion drawing, and verification. The result of the research is that the implementation of learning evaluation through e-learning at MIN 1 Ogan Ilir succeeded in creating more efficient and flexible learning. This is based on indicators of the success of the e-learning system, one of which is that e-learning can overcome time constraints and is flexible. The benefit for the field of science in this research is as consideration for implementing an e-learning system in the evaluation of learning so that it is more effective and on target.


Introduction: Clinical significance of progressive right ventricular (RV) deformation in the evolution of left and right ventricular dysfunction is quite underinvestigated. Hypothesis: To investiga...


The invention relates to a high-efficiency overvoltage power supply LED driver, for solving the problems of large volume, high cost and low power factor which are caused by improvement of the efficiency of a conventional LED driver in the prior art. The driver comprises a voltage comparator, a first control switch, a second control switch, a third control switch, a fourth control switch, an energy storage capacitor and a logic control unit, wherein the voltage comparator is connected with the output end of a power supply source, the voltage comparator controls is in control connection with the second control switch, the first control switch is connected between the power supply source and a load, the load is connected with the second control switch and then is grounded, the energy storage capacitor is connected with the load through the third control switch, the four control switch is connected between the load and the energy storage capacitor, and the control logic unit respectively controls the first control switch, the third control switch and the fourth control switch. According to the invention, the high-efficiency overvoltage power supply LED driver employs such a structure that the energy storage capacitor and the load are connected in series for charging and are connected in parallel for discharging, and is smaller in volume, lower in cost, higher in power factor and also higher in lamp bead utilization rate.


The purpose of this study was to compare heart rate peak in obese (n=43) and normal weight (n=45) female youth. Heart rate (HR) peak was significantly lower (p<0.05) in the obese group as compared to the normal weight group (192.3±29.3, 203.4±27.6), and V02 (L min-) peak similar between groups (1.77±20.53, 1.97±0.60). Bivariate correlations for heart rate peak with body weight, percent fat, and body mass index yielded the following: -0.53, -0.54, and -0.57. These findings agree with the adult data indicating low HR peak in obese individuals. Further research is needed to explore physiologic factors that may lead to reduced HR peak in obese female youth.


Abstract Satellite altimeter SSH data in the Kuroshio Extension (KE) region gathered during the period January 1993 to December 2014 are analyzed using self-organizing map (SOM) analysis. Four spatial patterns (SOM1, SOM2, SOM3, and SOM4) are extracted, and the corresponding time series are used to characterize the variation of the sea level anomaly. Except in some individual months, SOM1 and SOM2 with single-branch jet structures appear alternately during the periods 1993–1998 and 2002–2011. However, during 1999–2001 and 2012–2014, SOM3 and SOM4 with double-branch jet structures are dominant. The sea level anomalies exhibit interannual variations, while the KE stream demonstrates decadal variation. For SOM1, the change in the KE path is less evident, although the KE jet is strong and narrow. For SOM2, the KE jet is weakened and widened and its jet axis moves towards the southwest. Compared with the SOM3, for SOM4 the trough and ridge in the upstream KE region are deeper in the northeast–southwest direction, and accompanied by a jet weakening and splitting. This study shows that SOM analysis is a useful approach for characterizing KE variability.


Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is gaining more and more popularity among different practitioners in academia, research centers and industries, due to all its claimed advantages, e.g. in terms of improved collaboration and communication between system developer teams, increased traceability, and possibility of reusing models. Different MBSE approaches and tools are in use since several years also at the German Aerospace Center (DLR), where research is addressed in multiple domains: aeronautics, space, energy, transport, security and digitalization. However, all the current MBSE initiatives at the DLR are focused within single domains, while an increased interoperability of MBSE approaches and tools across the different DLR domains would greatly improve engineering processes and knowledge of the whole DLR. The research described in this paper therefore addresses the recent activities performed to identity which MSBE approaches and tools are currently in use in the different research domains of the DLR. In this context, a great part of the MBSE competence spread among the entire organization is collected and assessed, showing that DLR is very active in MBSE‐related research performed in different domains.


The 1999 Hector Mine earthquake on the Lavic Lake fault produced a maximum right-lateral displacement of ∼5 m, but the long-term cumulative offset remains unresolved. To identify bedrock that has been offset by the fault, we produced a swath map from airborne hyperspectral imagery. High spatial and spectral resolution, along with a lack of significant vegetation cover helped us differentiate lithologic units and create a geologic map with supervised and unsupervised classifications. Supervised classifications over a small test site had an overall accuracy of 71 ± 1%, and some of the boundaries between units in our unsupervised classification correlate well with lithologic boundaries from a previously published geologic map that covers the same area. Our geologic fault swath map will help to resolve the total tectonic offset of bedrock along the Lavic Lake fault.


Introduction how to use this book improvements to this guide. Part 1: fruit and vegetable products cereal and pulse-based products baked goods snack foods honey, syrups and treacle sugar confectionery beverages vegetable oil milk and milk products meat and meat products fish and fish products packaging. Part 2 Directory: directory of equipment index of manufacturers index of equipment user questionnaire.


A significant rise in the risk of speech and language disorders was found among children born to mothers prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) during pregnancy, a study published in JAMA Psychiatry has found.

The prospective birth cohort study identified live births from 1996 to 2010 in a Finnish medical birth registry and found data on the mother's prescription drug purchases in a drug reimbursement register.1 The final study cohort of 56 340 infants was divided into three groups. The medicated …


A Logistics Performance Index (LPI) is often used as way to measure the efficiency of the logistics and its related activities of a particular country. Although LPI is known to be positively related to the national income level - the higher the LPI, higher the national income level and vice versa, LPI alone cannot predict the extent of the country's commitment to green logistics or green supply chain management. Since there is no known measure for the country's green logistics efficiency, we come up with a hybrid index combining both LPI and the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) which is periodically compiled by the World Bank. Unlike LPI, EPI has the significantly weaker association with the national income level than does LPI. In other words, EPI is not paralleled with LPI. That is to say, some countries may choose to increase their income level at the expense of the environment degradation. Given that active logistics and supply chain related activities can impact carbon footprints such as greenhouse gas emission, we investigate the inter-dynamics between logistics/supply chain management and environmental sustainability. To combine LPI with EPI to measure the extent of the country's commitment to green logistics/supply chain management, we propose a data envelopment analysis (DEA) that aims to generate the so-called green LPI by taking the LPI as an output and the EPI as an input. In this paper, we will examine to see if the green LPI is a good indicator of the country's efficiency in managing green logistics/supply chain activities and whether the goal of logistics/supply chain efficiency is in conflict with that of environmental quality improvement. In addition, this paper will examine whether the country's higher level of green logistics/supply chain activities can positively influence its competitiveness in the global marketplace.


The authors describe a straightforward approach to studying the motion of the sources of some Robinson-Trautman gravitational fields (1962) in linearised gravity. It involves expanding the Robinson-Trautman line-element about Minkowskian space-time in powers of a small parameter (the 'mass' of the source). They solve the linearised field equation in vacuo by first specifying the source world-line in the background Minkowskian space-time. Functions of integration are determined by the requirement that terms be excluded from the field (Riemann tensor) of the particle which are singular along null-rays emanating into the future from events on the source world-line in the background space-time. As an example they take the world-line to be the history of a uniformly accelerated particle. They show that the solution agrees with the exact solution of Levi-Civita to this problem, in the linear approximation.


Abstract This paper aims to analyze the process of deindustrialization of the Brazilian economy from a regional perspective. Since the mid-2000s there has been an intense debate about the process of deindustrialization in the Brazilian economy, obtaining significant advances in the causes, consequences and, especially, the emphasis given to the role of industry in the development of Brazil. However, the deindustrialization in the Brazilian economy is treated in a homogeneous way, so that the discussion in the regional perspective is practically disregarded. This paper attempts to reduce this debate gap in the sense that it develops concepts appropriate to the regional space and explains its causes.


The development of the times has brought the transition of the traditional era to modern. The existence of grocery stalls is synonymous with small businesses that provide consumers' daily needs at affordable prices.  The existence of modern retail that mushroomed like a large market caused competition to threaten the existence of traditional retail. More and more large markets are also taking advantage of the era of technology and social media so that they are involved as online markets. The onslaught of the times and the advancement of modern retail has caused grocery stalls that are friendly to the community to be threatened. Although it varies in order to meet the needs of the community, it certainly creates negative and positive sides, especially for grocery stalls so that it requires various strategies to survive and develop at this time.


The effect of early turnout on pasture quality and weight gain by beef cattle was assessed with 32 Hereford feeder cattle which were turned out on pasture on four separate dates in each of 2 yr in a randomized complete block design with two replications. In 1998, steers were allocated to four treatments numbered consecutively T1 to T4 according to turnout date: 6 May [110 growing degree days above 5°C (GDD)], 13 May (152 GDD), 20 May (195 GDD) and 27 May (255 GDD). Steers grazed separate 0.4-ha paddocks continuously for 28 d. In 1999, turnout dates were 11 May (124 GDD), 18 May (156 GDD), 26 May (226 GDD) and 2 June (304 GDD), with 0.6, 0.5, 0.4 and 0.3 ha of pasture allocated to each treatment (two steers, two heifers), respectively. Soil resistance to penetration, sward height, herbage mass and chemical composition, and animal liveweight gain were recorded. Early turnout did not increase soil compaction. Herbage mass at turnout for T1 to T4 was 532, 780, 1370 and 1299 kg dry matter (DM) ha-1, respective...


: The aim of this paper is the evaluation of an existing parallel, linear equation solver to solve large-scale, sparse, non-symmetric systems of linear equations as a part of the finite element software. Traditional finite element solvers run in a serial mode and are limited by available resources. The parallel approach allows to take an advantage of the distributed memory to forming large system matrices and multiple processing units to achieve significant speedups. In this paper, we study differences between the sequential and parallel solu-tions. Parallel approach contributing shared and distributed memory is represented by SuperLU DIST solver. SuperLU DIST is primary based on distributed memory model with using Message Passing Interface. SuperLU DIST can be also used as the hybrid parallel model combining shared memory model or with graphical computing units. The performance of parallel solvers is tested on problems from solid mechanics. The two type of benchmark problems discuss in this paper and computations of this problems are based on OOFEM which is a free finite element code with object oriented architecture for solving mechanical, transport and fluid mechanics problems that operates on various platform. The efficiency of hybrid SuperLU solver is com pared to the efficiency of pure shared memory SuperLU solver and to distributed memory solver in PETSc.


Latent TB infections are a result of the disease's ability to evade host immune defenses and remain in a quiescent asymptomatic state. Clonal expansion of T-cells within granulomas of individuals with active and latent TB provides an opportunity to determine the antigens capable of promoting an adaptive immune response within a human subject. Using sequence information from T-cells of patients with Latent Tuberculosis, T cell receptor (TCR) variable region inserts were designed. The objective of this work is to utilize Golden Gate cloning of the compiled TCR sequences to create a repertoire of specific TCRs for eventual expression using retroviral vectors.


The design and implementation of the Commonwealth government's intervention into Northern Territory Indigenous communities and the Queensland government's welfare reform trials in Cape York have been presented as radical departures from previous policies by federal and Queensland governments respectively. This article critically examines these claims by reference to past protectionist and assimilationist policies. It examines the ideology underpinning the federal intervention and considers the legislation implementing the intervention in terms of what it effects (and, with respect to the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth), what it undoes) as well as the unsatisfactory manner in which it was sped into law. It is argued that the intervention neither addresses new issues in Indigenous welfare, nor does it operate - conceptually - in a radically different manner to previous Indigenous welfare policies. The article then carefully examines certain aspects of the intervention - governance, medical examinations, prohibitions on pornography and alcohol, housing and land reforms, and social welfare payments - concluding that there are worrying commonalities on many levels between the intervention and past protectionist and assimilationist policies. The article concludes by suggesting that the Australian government appears to have learnt very little from past failed policies, and that any continuation of the intervention must be evidence-based and adapted to the true needs of Indigenous Australians.


Nanocrystalline CaWO4 has attracted particular interest because of its practical applications, such as laser host materials in quantum electronics and scintillators in medical devices [1–6]. It has been reported that CaWO4 of scheelite-like structures is an excellent blue-emitting phosphor by their radiation of ultraviolet (UV) light [7]. Also, CaWO4 has shown considerable promise as a fiber-matrix interlayer in oxide ceramic composites [8]. The lower dielectric constant and low loss make nanostructured CaWO4 a promising candidate for applications as a low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC), substrate, and electronic packaging material [9]. Pullar et al. explained the microwave dielectric properties of AWO4 (A = Mg, Zn, Ni and Co) compounds with extrinsic parameter, such as density [10]. Sreedevi et al. reported that Ag2WO4 nanoparticles can be a promising material for the high dielectric constant gate in Si-based complementary metal oxide semiconducting devices [11]. The influence of processing methods on the characteristics of CdWO4 powders and the related microwave dielectric properties were reported by Bao-Chun Guo et al. [12]. The study of dielectric properties of samples as a function of temperature and frequency may help in identifying their potential applications [13]. The characterization of dielectric behavior is very important not only to the theory of the polarization mechanism but also from an application point of view, where knowledge of the temperature and the frequency dependence of dielectric constant are very important. The relative dielectric constant of the material determines its ability to store electrostatic energy. Dielectric studies of CaWO4 nanoparticles are incomplete and need further investigation. In the present work, we synthesized CaWO4 nanoparticles by chemical precipitation followed by calcination. The samples were then characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The frequency and temperature dependence of dielectric properties of sintered pellets made out of the products were then investigated.


A vehicle-mounted electronic product power supply pulse automated test system comprises a programmable power supply, a loader, a general series bus and controller local area network bus communicator and a computer, wherein the general series bus and controller local area network bus communicator is connected with the computer and a controller local area network bus, the loader is connected to the controller local area network bus, the current output end of the programmable power supply is connected with the loader, and the control end and the feedback current signal output end of the programmable power supply are connected with the computer. Test pulses are loaded to the programmable power supply once through the computer and CAN communication is synchronized. After operation of any one test pulse is completed, whether fed back static current is within a set value range is judged, and the next pulse continues to be loaded when the static current is within the set value range. The vehicle-mounted electronic product power supply pulse automated test system achieves automatic loading of the test pluses and automatic synchronization of CAN communication, improves test efficiency, and saves test tools and manpower cost.


ABSTRACT Although the number of international students in Canadian colleges has been increasing rapidly, colleges' internationalization activities have received less attention than those of universities. This article examined how Canadian colleges discuss international students in their official internationalization strategy documents. Conducting critical content analysis of the internationalization strategies of 11 colleges from five provinces in Canada, we found that internationalization strategies focus on four major themes: recruitment, student services, intercultural awareness and post-graduation transitions. We drew on concepts from both resource dependency theory and neo-institutional theory to explain the combination of both revenue generation and commitments to diversity as key themes in the documents. Ultimately, we argue that colleges justify their focus on international student recruitment by framing international students as promoting the development of intercultural awareness and global competences of domestic students, which are framed as increasingly necessary for their labor market success. Meanwhile, the aspirations and goals of international students themselves seem to be an after-thought. We conclude with a call to center the goals of international students as a starting point for creating more responsive institutions.


We shall restrict our consideration primarily to the biological dangers. The only chemical dangers that we shall consider are those which result from paper production. Chemical damage from the inks and colouring in books has no special features in tropical and sub-tropical conditions; it is not very frequent; so that to consider it separately would not contribute very much to my theme. Chemical damage from air-pollution does not represent a problem that is typical of tropical and sub-tropical climates; rather the contrary, for the areas of industrial concentration, where this danger exists, lie primarily still in the moderate climate zones of our world. According to the present state of knowledge, paper must be kept cool and dry if it is to remain usable over long periods. Dryness impedes microbiological infestation, coolness impedes rapid chemical decomposition. Various atmospheric levels are given in the technical literature: different levels for different kinds of paper. Old, animal or heavily surface sized paper can at 70% RH take up sufficient water to support the growth of mould spores (which are present everywhere in the air) at a temperature of 25° or 26° C. Modern, industrially produced paper will not grow mould even at these atmospheric levels, but it is much more subject to chemical


The European Union is being dragged deeper into another systemic crisis, largely caused by itself. The EU usually saved face from the crises and got stronger, modernized, with broader powers vested by the Member States. Now the situation is different. The EU has hedged its bets. Using the tools of "deliberative" democracy, it held a Conference on the future of Europe, which is discussed in detail in this article. It was organized in a modern network format. Owing to it, the EU leadership was able to involve tens of thousands of people and all segments of society in the discussion of implementing the European project and deepening integration. According to their plan, such an impressive representativeness legitimizes in advance the widest range of recommendations approved by the Conference. Given these recommendations, the European Parliament, the EU Council and the European Commission can now draw any recipes for revitalizing what they are already doing, tightening their course and renewing the EU. They got a free hand, which they counted on: it will be difficult for opponents of reforms to go against the mandate of voters. Some of the measures proposed by the Conference have already been taken up by the EU institutions. Some may require amendments to the founding agreements of the integration bloc and the convening of a convention. The result could be a profound transformation in the way the EU is organized and functions. However, Brussels' plans seem to fall far from reality, contradict the interests of other world players and promotion of equal international cooperation and multilateralism.


The development of industrial kilns for high-temperature processes requires the teamwork of different experts. Engineers as well as technicians on the fields of (machine) construction, electrical and chemical engineering or moterials science and processes are necessary for the development of customer-designed high-temperature kilns. In order to give on idea of the variely of such kilns some applications of R&D and production are briefly described. Each of the introduced kilns is unique in itself, manufactured in close cooperation with the customer. GERO Hochtemperaturofen GmbH, Germany, specialises in high-temperature processes that require defined firing atmosphere, ranging from ultra-high vacuum up to the application of reactive gases.


We summarise the properties and the fundamental mathematical results associated with basic models which describe coagulation and fragmentation processes in a deterministic manner and in which cluster size is a discrete quantity (an integer multiple of some basic unit size). In particular, we discuss Smoluchowski's equation for aggregation, the Becker-Doring model of simultaneous aggregation and fragmentation, and more general models involving coagulation and fragmentation.


After nearly half a century of development,microbial enhanced oil recovery technology has been a great progress,field trials and studies have shown that microbial enhanced oil recovery technology to better fit a certain type of reservoir,and easy to operate,lower cost of strata environmental pollution,and has broad applica tion prospects,has been widespread concern at home and abroad.Organic chlorine content of oilfield chemicals is an important factor to affect the microbial metabolism,how to play the role of chemical agent,microbial enhanced oil recovery process and minimize its negative effects,is an important part of the microbial enhanced oil recovery technology.Therefore,from the source to eliminate or reduce chlorine very important,this paper discusses the method for determination of chlorine oilfield chemicals,microbial enhanced oil recovery,oil field chemicals,organ ic chlorine content of microbial enhanced oil recovery,industry peers.the help.


Problem definition: We compare two types of contracts that can govern business partnerships: indefinitely binding agreements (IBAs), wherein partners are bound together in a relationship of indefin...


Abstract : see report The collapse of the Soviet Union has stripped the Castro regime in Cuba of its political, economic and military underpinnings. Castro has assumed a very hard line and insists he will not abandon Communism, but in view of his mounting economic problems, many now wonder whether he can survive. The United States has a multitude of interests in Cuba ranging from vital national security concerns to lesser matters such as political/ideological conflicts, human rights, immigration, and narcotics. Three basic approaches have been suggested for U.S. policy: increase the pressure; maintain the status quo; and engage in a dialogue. A careful analysis of the situation in Cuba indicates that only by promoting the peaceful transition to a democratic successor government in Cuba can U.S. long-range interests be served. An interest-based policy would have a pro- active strategy employing the full range of the instruments of statecraft to secure the political opening needed for such an outcome.


To investigate the effects of paper sludge, by-products of paper manufactory, on the chemical properties of paddy soil and growth of paddy rice, paper sludges were applied to the pots at the rates of 300, 600, 900 and 1,200㎏/l0a which were either pread-justed C/N ratio to 30 : 1 or not adjusted. The effects were compared with those of control. Seasonal variations of various forms of soil organic nitrogen, the mineralization of organic nitrogen and the contents of soil minerals were analyzed. The results were summarized as follows: 1) The contents of soil organic nitrogen, especially amino sugar-N and amino acid-N, organic matter, CEC and available were increased by application of paper sludge compared with that of control. 2) The mineralizations of organic nitrogen after 6 weeks of incubation at were 12. 2, 12.6, 15.1, 9.7 and in the control, 300㎏/l0a sludge treatment, 300㎏/l0a sludge treatment(C/N ratio adjusted), 600㎏/l0a sludge treatment and 600㎏/l0a sludge treatment(C/N ratio adjusted), respectively. 3) Cu and Pb contents in the soil were in the range of and ppm, respectively. Cr and Cu in the soil were not detected at all. There were no differences in the contents of all the heavy metals among all the treatments in the soil.


The interlayer exchange coupling has been investigated in epitaxial Fe(20 A)/Cr/Fe(20 A)/Ag/GaAs(100) structures that contain a wedge‐shaped (0–40 A) Cr layer. Longitudinal and polar magneto‐optical Kerr‐effect (MOKE) and Brillouin light‐scattering measurements have been combined to determine values for the relevant anisotropy constants and both the bilinear and biquadratic coupling strengths. The phase and period of the oscillations in the interlayer coupling are found to agree well with those reported by other researchers while the total coupling strength is found to be reduced. This reduction is presumably due to the presence of structural imperfections in our samples, and our results may therefore be of use in testing some of the recently proposed extrinsic biquadratic coupling mechanisms. Specifically, we find that for the Cr thicknesses studied the biquadratic coupling strength in our samples varies as d−1.4Cr where dCr is the thickness of the Cr layer. We also present results that show how the ultr...


The reuse of sewage water treatment is becoming a priority, especially in arid regions, where water is scarce. However, there is increasing concern about the presence of emerging micropollutants refractory to the conventional treatments in wastewater treatment plants. Solar TiO2 heterogeneous photocatalysis provides a valuable alternative for the simultaneous oxidation of chemical and inactivation of microorganisms. However, the variability of solar irradiance hinders the study of the process under controlled ultraviolet (UV) irradiance. This work reports the development of an innovative solar simulator and its validation against the use of natural sunlight in photocatalytic disinfection applications with simultaneous removal of emerging contaminants. The significant impact of osmotic and mechanical stress on the viability of E. coli bacteria was confirmed. UV irradiance and total-to-illuminated volume ratio showed no impact on the dependence of the bacteria inactivation kinetics on the energy accumulated...


This paper examines a three-phase grid-connected photovoltaic inverter using LCL technology. Circuit for a full-bridge inverter with three phases and a filter of type LCL are used, and the control strategy consisting of two closed-loop loops is used to remove the effects caused by harmonics on the system. Finally, the simulation and analysis are carried out by MATLAB software to express the possibility of inverter system operation in a more intuitive way, such as a waveform diagram, to verify the rationality of the paper.


Abstract This article sheds new light on the economic globalization in Europe and Asia from the late nineteenth to the early twentieth centuries, with a special focus on the role of bilateral commercial treaties and import tariffs. Countries concluded a number of treaties in those days, and they came to form an extensive 'conventional-tariff network'. This mechanism contributed to the stabilization of international economic-political space by facilitating reciprocal tariff concessions. The extent of this conventional-tariff network was both temporally and geographically larger than has been assumed. First, as the recent scholarship has shown, the network, which emerged in the 1860s, survived the political turbulence of the 1890s and spanned Central European countries such as Germany and Italy by the early 1910s. Second, the network spread outside Europe and reached East Asia by the 1910s, when Japan renegotiated its commercial treaties and became a new member of the network. The network embodied so strong a mechanism of self-maintenance based on the coordination of economic interests that it was resilient to a major political shock such as the First World War. While the tariff systems in Europe and in East Asia around 1900 have been separately discussed in the literature, this paper focuses on the treaty partnership between these two areas to show how the mechanism of the conventional-tariff network enabled the countries to cooperate for mutual concessions on international trade.


The amyloid precursor protein is cleaved within its ectodomain by β-amyloid-converting enzyme (BACE) yielding C99, which is further cleaved by γ-secretase within its putative transmembrane domain (TMD). Because it is difficult to envisage how a protease may cleave within the membrane, alternative mechanisms have been proposed for γ-cleavage in which the TMD is shorter than predicted or positioned such that the γ-cleavage site is accessible to cytosolic proteases. Here, we have biochemically determined the length of the TMD of C99 in microsomal membranes. Using a single cysteine mutagenesis scan of C99 combined with cysteine modification with a membrane-impermeable labeling reagent, we identified which residues are accessible to modification and thus located outside of the membrane. We find that in endoplasmic reticulum-derived microsomes the TMD of C99 consists of 12 residues that span from residues 37 to 48, which is N- and C-terminally shorter than predicted. Thus, the γ-cleavage sites are positioned around the middle of the lipid bilayer and are unlikely to be accessible to cytosolic proteases. Moreover, the center of the TMD is positioned at the γ-cleavage site at residue 42. Our data are consistent with a model in which γ-secretase is a membrane protein that cleaves at the center of the membrane.


Bhavana (Levigation) is a pharmaceutical process, which is preferably useful to nullify the unwanted effects of drugs and to potentiate the drug action by transforming the physical and chemical changes. In this process herbal powders are triturated along with herbal juice, decoction, or any organic liquid media till complete absorption of liquid with trituration process. This article is going to throw light on potentiation, synergistic action, increase in shelf life, and dose reduction of Nisha-Amalaki Yoga. In pharmaceutical process of Nisha-Amalaki Yoga,3 Bhavana of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. fruit juice was given to the powder of Curcuma longa L., until complete absorption of juice and dried under sunlight. Due to wet milling techniques, beneficial physicochemcal parameters changed in finished product. Weight of Choorna increased in successive manner indicating accumulation of solid particles of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. juice in Curcuma longa L. powder. Various organoleptic changes such as change of taste, change of color are also noticed. Continuous wet trituration with pressure reduced the particle size (60 to 85 mesh size) and made it compatible. GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) analysis revealed the presence of the major compounds such as1,1-Difluoro-Tetramethylcyclopropane (1.52%), AR-Tumerone (35.11%), 7- Curlone (55.30%) and Iso-aromadendrene epoxide/Iso-pinocarveol (8.07%). These compounds possess antidiabetic property which will be useful for upcoming clinical trial on prediabetes.


The subjects of this master thesis were the accounting and tax conditions of the non-profit organizations in Czech and Slovak Republic. The aim of the thesis is to point out some possible similarities and differences in accounting, taxes as well as in the legal and financial aspects of the non-profit organizations established in Czech and Slovak Republic, by describing and comparing the approaches of the chosen countries to the given issues. The second part touches upon the findings of the theoretical section and examines the relevant concepts in a selected non-profit entity, more specifically, a foundation.


The lowest odd parity levels of neutral tungsten belong to the configurations 5d46s6p, 5d36s26p and 5d56p with important effects of LS coupling breakdown and configuration interaction that prevented so far attributions to multiplets simply from measured intensities and Landé factors. The parametric (Racah–Slater) method, supported by ab initio evaluations of radial parameters (HFR method of Cowan), leads to the description of 215 energy levels with a mean error of 131 cm−1. Only two levels were missing below 43 000 cm−1 and they have been located at 29 823.09 cm−1 (J = 0) and 37 451.33 cm−1 (J = 6).


In India, vegetable oils are the main sources of dietary fat. The country has a wide range of edible oil sources namely, groundnut, mustard, rapeseed, coconut, sunflower and sesame.


The condition of the rigid shear connector of composite beams hardly exists in practice and interface slip is common due to the elastic shear connector. However, the rigid connector is often assumed in the design. What relationships for slip-induced effects? Is it small enough to be neglected? The classical differential equation is used to calcultae slip effects exactly. Results show that the slip-induced deflection is above 20% and the risk of crack must be considered for the bottom of concrete slab in midspan.


We work towards a system which can assist dactyloscopic examiners in assessing the quality and decision value of a fingerprint image and eventually a fingermark. However when quality assessment tasks of datyloscopic examiners are replaced by automatic quality assessment then we need to ensure that the automatic measurement is in agreement with the examiner opinion. Under the assumption of such agreement, we can predict the examiner opinion. We propose a method for determining the examiner agreement on ordinal scales and show that there is a high level of agreement between examiners assessing the ground truth quality of fingerprints. With ground truth quality information on 749 fingerprints and using 10-fold cross validation we construct models using Support Vector Machines and Proportional Odds Logistic Regression which predicts median examiner quality assessments 35% better than when using the prior class distribution.


Christy Ford Chapin's position paper gave me a great deal to think about regarding both my own scholarship and my personal experience as a historian. I agree wholeheartedly with her call for more crosstalk between the New History of Capitalism (NHC) and the history of health and health care. Not only have scholars under that umbrella explored topics with obvious relevance to BHM readers—I think here of Michael Zakim's work on "desk diseases" and Edward Baptist's reinterpretation of the physical brutality of American slavery—but also their interest in processes such as "commodification," and "financialization" overlaps with our field.1 While seconding Chapin's call for engagement with the NHC, I want to raise some questions about how we frame that encounter that I hope will be useful to the BHM readership. As Chapin notes, the origins of the NHC are usually linked to recessions, first the Silicon Valley bust of 2002–3 and then the Great Recession of 2008.2 Complicated phenomena such as mortgage-backed securities and credit default swaps inspired historians to "pop the hood and look inside" the inner workings of modern capitalism, as Steven Mihm put it in 2014.3 The result has been a diverse array of works now loosely associated with the NHC. As reviews of the field observe, it has yet to crystallize around a single methodology or set of arguments and likely never will. In part, that reflects a deliberate move on its practitioners' part to resist


that may afford altered WTA antigens with the capacity for immunoevasion. Surprisingly, this search revealed three S. aureus prophages that encode a putative WTA β -GlcNAc transferase (TarP) that is 27% identical to the β -GlcNAc transferase TarS, which was also present in the genomes. With a putative β -GlcNAc glycosyltransferase identified, Gerlach et al. moved to validate its function in several important interactions. When tarP was expressed in different WTA glycosylation-deficient S. aureus mutants, it was able to restore susceptibility to siphophage infection and full oxacillin resistance, both of which require WTA GlcNAcylation. Notably, an extensive analysis of 90 clinical isolates of MRSA CC5 and CC398 revealed a dramatic difference in podophage susceptibility between tarP-containing and tarP-lacking strains. Only tarP-containing strains


In multi-timestep Optimal Power Flow (OPF) formulations, constraints that are time-dependent such as generator ramp limits and specifically energy storage constraints may cause the Jacobian matrix to become singular as the problem iterates towards the optimal solution. The particular case of this singularity happens when the gradients of the binding intertemporal constraints are linearly dependent. Methods such as using a Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse or modifying the models used in the optimization are discussed along with novel methods developed in this paper that avoid the singular Jacobian by exploiting the specific structure of the problem and constraints.


Anthrax is an acute disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. This bacteria can form dormant endospores. When spores are inhaled, ingested, or come into contact with a skin lesion on a host, they may become reactivated multiply and rapidly. B. anthracis bacterial spores are soil-borne. Because of their long lifespan, spores are present globally and remain at the burial sites of animals killed by anthrax for many decades. Diseased animals can spread anthrax to humans, either by direct contact or by consumption of a diseased animal's flesh. The most frequent clinical type of anthrax is cutaneous anthrax. It presents as a boil-like skin lesion that eventually forms an ulcer with a black center (eschar). Cutaneous anthrax form often within the site of spore penetration between two and five days after exposure. Until the 20 th century, anthrax infections killed thousands of animals and people worldwide each year. Animal vaccination programs and antibiotic therapy were decreased the number of deaths. But, anthrax is still a problem in less developed countries. It has been reported that the incidence of disease has decreased in Turkey. However, we present here in three cases of cutaneous anthrax admitted to the emergency department of our hospital within a week.


Abstract: Health literacy is a concept that is frequently applied to the patient's ability to find and comprehend health information. However, recent literature has included the skill of the health professional and the accessibility of health resources as important factors in the level of health literacy achieved by individuals and populations. In 2014 a qualitative study undertaken in Aotearoa New Zealand, investigated the context of health literacy for Māori in a palliative care setting (Māori are the indigenous people of Aotearoa New Zealand). The study included the experiences of patients, whānau (families), and health professionals. Method: Individual semi-structured interviews were held with 21 patients, whānau and six key informants: a medical specialist, a service leader involved in developing culturally specific responses to patients, two Māori service managers, and two Māori health team leaders. Focus groups were held with a total of 54 health professionals providing palliative care services. Data analysis: A thematic analysis was undertaken using a general inductive approach. The trustworthiness and reliability of the analysis was supported by sharing analysis of the transcripts among the research team. Member checking or respondent validation was used in seeking confirmation of the interim findings at five hui (meetings) with the research communities involved. Findings: This study found that the shock and grief that attends a life-limiting illness made hearing and processing health information very difficult for patients and whānau. Further, 'hard conversations' about moving from active treatment to palliative care were often avoided by health professionals, leaving patients and whānau distressed and confused about their choices and prognosis. Finally, poor cultural health literacy on the part of organisations has likely impacted on late access to or avoidance of palliative care for Māori.


In this paper, robust fault detection (FD) problems for time-delay LTI systems with unknown inputs are studied. This paper is proposed to evaluate the robustness as well as sensitivity of residual signals to the unknown inputs as well as to the faults in terms of L2. First, the weighting matrix is selected for an appropriate design of filter, then fault detection filter design with Lyapunov-Krasovskii function (LKF) is designed with time delay. The main results include the detailed derivation of these steps followed by its implementation on an open-loop time-delay system for chemical reactor example.


The invention relates to a transmission method and a system for subframe identification information, belonging to the field of communication. The method comprises the following steps: a transmitting end transmits the subframe identification information to an R10 receiving end in a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) configured for transmitting a multicast broadcast single-frequency network (MBSFN) subframe of a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) for the R10 receiving end, wherein the subframe identification information is used for indicating that the MBSFN subframe is a multicast MBSFN subframe for transmitting PDSCH of the R10 receiving end. With a technical scheme of the invention, aim of an indication subframe can be effectively implemented, rapidity of indication information can be satisfied, and by adopting the method, the system is suitable for transmitting the indication information without increasing complexity of the receiving end.


With the development of urban metro transportation,the coupling of different metro traffic routes is higher and higher,and the transferring among different routes is more frequent to passengers.For the metro traffic routes belonging to different companies,an income distribution system to ensure fair division is demanded urgently.This paper proposes an approach named as optimal path method for the income distribution.Appling analytic hierarchy process(AHP) to solve this problem,a corresponding distribution model and algorithms are proposed.The approach has some important features,such as fairness,simple,and easy to implement.


The concept of adult awareness has important significance in the field of adolescent mental health education.It can measure the level of adolescent mental maturity and explain various psychological problems.Individual level on adult awareness is a psychological standard that one becomes an adult.Its acquisition is a necessary road for the young people to form sound personality.The content of adult awareness pose a stereo system by three layers and four vertical lines.


Self-powered photodetectors with a broadband response have attracted great attention due to their potential applications in sensing, imaging, communication, and spectroscopy. Specifically, those with the detection wavelength range covering mid-infrared at room temperature are very challenging and highly desired. Here, the photoresponse of self-powered SmB6 photodetectors is demonstrated through the spatially resolved photocurrent mapping. The photocurrent originates from the interface between the SmB6 and Au electrodes due to the charge separation by built-in electric fields at the interface. It exhibits a stable photoresponse over broadband wavelengths ranging from 488 nm to 10.6 μm at room-temperature. Our results suggest that the chemical vapor deposition grown SmB6 nanowires could be promising candidates for future broadband self-powered detectors and pave the way toward SmB6-based optoelectronic applications.Self-powered photodetectors with a broadband response have attracted great attention due to their potential applications in sensing, imaging, communication, and spectroscopy. Specifically, those with the detection wavelength range covering mid-infrared at room temperature are very challenging and highly desired. Here, the photoresponse of self-powered SmB6 photodetectors is demonstrated through the spatially resolved photocurrent mapping. The photocurrent originates from the interface between the SmB6 and Au electrodes due to the charge separation by built-in electric fields at the interface. It exhibits a stable photoresponse over broadband wavelengths ranging from 488 nm to 10.6 μm at room-temperature. Our results suggest that the chemical vapor deposition grown SmB6 nanowires could be promising candidates for future broadband self-powered detectors and pave the way toward SmB6-based optoelectronic applications.


Due to the limited environments of radio frequency resources, the frequency assignment problem (FAP) is a crucial issue. We especially focus on the system that requires re-assignment of the frequencies often, so that the operation time is a limited resource as well as the radio resource. The FAP is closely related to the graph coloring problem, which is NP-hard problem. In this paper, we investigate a frequency assignment problem from a graph theory perspective for those limited system. We propose an effective algorithm based on the graph coloring theory and randomization incorporation into greedy heuristics. Main concern of the frequency assignments to clustered nodes is to reduce the number of used frequencies and the range. This paper has its another novelty in considering realistic interference constraints by considering net filter discrimination and measurement data from the field. Performance analysis is done by synthetic and measured data, and we observe a significant improvements by employing proposed algorithms in both cases.


The basic formula of cluster formula [MoTi14]Mo1 in Ti-Mo binary alloys was determined using the clusterplus-glue-atom-model,then a general cluster formula [(Mo,Sn)(Ti,Zr)14]Nb1 was finally formed according to the mixing enthalpies between alloying elements Sn,Zr,Nb and the matrix Ti.The designed alloys were prepared into d 6 mm rods by copper mould suction cast method,and then solution-treated at 950 ℃ for 2 h followed by water-quenching.The structures of alloys were characterized,and the tensile mechanical properties were measured.The experimental results show that the ternary alloys by Sn,Zr and Nb substituting for Mo in cluster center or shell exhibit a BCC β-Ti structure and have lower elastic modulus.A multi-component alloy with the lowest elastic modulus as well as low Nb content is gained at the composition of [(Mo0.5Sn0.5)(Ti13Zr)]Nb1(Ti68.1Mo5.2Sn6.5Nb10.2Zr10.0,mass fraction,%),where a combination of Mo and Sn forms the cluster center Mo0.5Sn0.5,Nb serves as the glue atom,and partial Zr substitutes for Ti in the cluster shell.Its characteristic mechanical parameters are elastic modulus E of 43 GPa,tensile strength σb of 569 MPa and strain e of 5.6%,respectively.


Abstract A pair of new diastereoisomeric flavan, containing an additional phenylpropanoid (C6–C3) unit in the molecule, has been isolated from the leaves of Ilex centrochinensis. Their structures were identified by extensive spectral analysis and comparison with the data of known analogues.


The microbial fermentation is critical to the quality of Puer tea,so studies on microbial community,quantity and effect during the fermentation of Puer tea has important significance.A summary on the research methods of microbiology,growth characteristics of various microbes,their population distribution and quantity changing,effects on the quality of Puer tea as well as its application during the fermentation of Puer tea was given.The study makes a contribution to the study of Puer tea fermentation and its development as an industry.


THIS short volume (only 75 pages of text) is one of a series on National Planning designed to provide a broad picture of the complexities of guided social change in various countries at the present time. The General Editor of the Series, Mr. Bertram M. Gross, writes a prefatory comment (15 pp.) entitled: The Gamesmanship of National Planning. Professor Burke is, of course, well known for his book l^ocal Government and Politics in Uganda and other valuable contributions relating to East Africa. Against this background the present volume is disappointing, probably because he has to deal with economic as well as political and administrative matters. The book is divided into four chapters of unequal size: The Setting for Planning (pp. 1-8); Engagement—To Plan is Not to Plan (pp. 9—25); The Wartime Crisis and the Genesis of Planning (pp. 26-39); Planned Disengagement—Politics and Planning (pp. 4075). The first chapter consists of a few references to the history and geography of Tanganyika; the nature and purpose of planning; and comments on the extent to which the ' people ' should be involved with the planning process. I believe the purpose of the second chapter is to explain why development was so slight in the years before the Second World War and what the British were trying to do in that period. It has some useful material relating to the strains on the budget of foreign borrowing during the inter-war years and the extent to which development was held back by the world slump. It also stresses how inadequate for any positive function was the scale of administration that was considered adequate. All in all, however, the chapter is most unsatisfactory. The author does not show that he is familiar with the available documentary and other material relating to the history of Tanganyika during the inter-war years or with the vast mass of literature on development economics; and yet he makes judgements concerning the process of economic development in Tanganyika during this period. The third chapter considers the significance of the 1940 Colonial Development and Welfare Act, the Closer Union controversies, and the Groundnuts affair.


The IBM SanFranciscoTM initiative has established a tools strategy to address the complexities of framework development, including repetitive coding tasks, consistent coding style, and an overall compliance with the framework implementation. To address these complexities, the strategy includes an evolutionary approach to cross-tool and cross-tool-provider integration, the ability to address the needs of multiple development audiences, and the existence of multiple development scenarios. Rose SF Bridge, from METEX Systems Inc., implements the principles of this strategy with its integrated set of tools for SanFrancisco application development. This tool set helps application and framework developers to extend the SanFrancisco framework in conjunction with tools for visual modeling and JavaTM development.


This article analyzes the current state of integrative psychotherapy with respect to various levels of integration. Three core concepts from transactional analysis are proposed as metamodels for th...


Surface soil samples from several localized areas within a few meters of parent plants. were analyzed for pollen and compared using an ordination analy- Many crime scenes (e.g., the break and entry point of a building sis. The aim was to objectively establish the forensic value of using or a rape scene under a tree) are typically restricted to only a few soil samples to link people or objects to crime scenes. This was done by determining the degree to which pollen assemblages of square meters, i.e., they are "localized areas." These areas will have surface soil samples from within the same localized area differ, and a particular combination of plant species comprising the local and the degree to which the pollen assemblage of a surface soil sample surrounding vegetation that produces a particular pollen combina- from within a localized area differs from distant localized areas of tion or "assemblage" in their soil. Corresponding assemblages of similar vegetation type. Samples from within the same localized pollen types found in soil samples, especially those containing rare area (the control site) showed a high degree of similarity, suggesting that pollen assemblages of surface soil samples from within a local- (insect-pollinated) types, may therefore very strongly suggest that ized area are homogeneous. Results also showed that localized areas the samples are from the same source (8). A suspect may thus be of similar vegetation type, even within the same geographic region, associated with a crime scene by pollen evidence. However, Bryant have significantly different pollen assemblages. et al. (4) stated that although pollen assemblages from different areas are "unique in their own way," the use of complex mathematical cal-


Ceramic samples of Sr2-xGdxFeMoO6(x=0,0.05,0.1,0.15,0.2) are prepared by standard solid-state reaction.The X-ray diffraction pattern shows that all the samples are in single phase.Positron annihilation lifetime in Sr2-xGdxFeMoO6 is sensitive to the doping content.The size and the number of structural defects in these samples change with different doping content.Detailed analysis suggests that the anti-site defects,structural defects,and separated GdFeO3 or GdMoO3 domains are important reasons for resistivity.


The mid-sized southern city of Greensboro, North Carolina has not been spared from the crisis in policing gripping the United States. The city has a history of racial conflict and violence involving the police, most notably the 1979 Massacre where five anti-Klan protestors were killed by Neo-Nazi and Klan members. It is also the site of renowned movements for social justice; in 1961, four North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University freshmen sparked the Sit-In movement, and in 2005, the first Truth and Reconciliation Commission in the United States, which addressed the Massacre, took place in Greensboro. Through partnerships with activists, police, and other community members, the Justice and Policy Studies Department (JPS) at Guilford College works to strengthen police-community relations in Greensboro. The Quaker peace testimony, which calls for "taking away the occasion for violence," inspires and guides these efforts. This article explores the ways that JPS and its community partners prepare students to take away the occasion for violence in policing and the criminal justice system. Guilford's president, two JPS professors, a Deputy Chief of the Greensboro Police Department and a community organizer with the Beloved Community Center share their insights regarding this critical topic.


Ten media, commonly used for the detection and isolation of streptococci of sanitary significance in water, dairy and other food products, were compared to establish a plating medium for the enumeration of enterococci in dairy products. To make all media suitable for comparison by the agar plate method, agar was added to those media which initially were recommended for use as broths. Criteria used in selecting the medium were high recovery, selectivity but not undue inhibition of enterococci and ease in obtaining and interpreting results. The recovery data of three different platings of enterococcus cultures were statistically analyzed. In this manner, one medium was eliminated on the basis of low recovery. Six of the remaining nine media were eliminated because they permitted the growth of non-enterococcus cultures. Two of the three media then remaining were eliminated because they allowed one S. bovis culture to grow. In addition, these media showed considerable variation in size and color of enterococc...


An understanding of normal bladder function provides a basis for the interpretation of disturbances of micturition, notably where they are caused by trauma. Knowledge of the underlying mechanisms can contribute significantly to diagnosis, prognosis and treatment although it remains true that both bladder physiology and its disturbances are incompletely understood. This paper aims to provide a reasonably concise survey of the relevant physiology and pharmacology and its implications for those dealing with urological abnormalities.


Many ethnic communities in the United Sates have founded community schools to perpetuate in their new land their cultural "roots", their own languages and their values. The Portuguese community in the United States is not exception and founded their first school almost one hundred years ago to promote the language and the culture of their ancestors. The purpose of this qualitative study, multiple case work, is to analyze the perceptions of six school community leaders about the context of the Portuguese community schools in the United States namely on the problems they face today, the type of leadership of the schools and the reasons of parents to place their children attending those schools. The narratives of the six leaders interviewed are consistent with common conclusions specifically that the schools face many problems nowadays related with lower enrollments and finances, lack of coordination, poor communication and collaboration among the Portuguese community schools although they benefit from a voluntary, dynamic and democratic type of leadership. These community schools are essential for the Portuguese communities in the United States. They represent the culture, the history and the special "link" to Portugal. For those reasons, these schools should be cared for and recognized by their efforts, leaderships and perpetuation of the national identity and values of our ancestors. It's extremely important that these community schools be supported and cared for because they provide an important service to the Portuguese communities and to its students


Artist and art subject file collections contain important primary source ephemera for art historical research—but what happens when the ephemera are online? The National Museum of Women in the Arts has been web archiving art-related online ephemera using the Internet Archive's Archive-It since November 2011. This case study presents the considerations and challenges of archiving such types of material and provides a foundation for arts institutions to begin more collaborative web archiving.