We report in this study that, in the presence of magnesium, bath application of micromolar concentrations of glycine have prominent effects on synaptic events and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) responses in neonatal but not in adult hippocampal slices. Intracellular recordings were made from 71 rat CA3 hippocampal neurons in neonatal slices. In keeping with our earlier study, during the first postnatal week, CA3 neurons exhibited giant depolarizing potentials (GDPs). These GDPs are mediated by y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting on type A GABA (GABAA) receptors and modulated presynaptically by NMDA receptors. In the majority of cells (18 out of 31), glycine (10-30 jiM) increased the frequency ofGDPs (from 0.14 to 0.29 Hz). This effect was mimicked by D-serine (10-20 ,.M) and blocked by the NMDA receptor antagonists D-(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (50 jIM) and DL2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoate (50 juM) and by the GABAA antagonist bicuculline (10 ,gM) but not by strychnine (1 jIM). Subthreshold concentrations of glycine (or D-serine) and NMDA, when given together, enhanced synaptic noise and the frequency of GDPs. In the presence of tetrodotoxin (1 jzM), glycine and D-serine (up to 50 jmM) did not modify the NMDAinduced inward currents in CA3 pyramidal cells. However the reduction of NMDA-mediated currents by 7-chlorokynurenate (10-20 jIM) was reversed by glycine and D-serine (100-200 jmM). In contrast, glycine (up to 100 jiM) had no effect on membrane potential, input resistance, or NMDA responses after postnatal day 10. It is concluded that GABA-mediated events are facilitated by glycine acting on presynaptically located NMDA receptors. In neonatal hippocampal slices, CA3 pyramidal neurons display spontaneous giant depolarizing potentials (GDPs). These are network-driven events that appear synchronously in a CA3 pyramidal cell population. GDPs are chloride dependent and are mediated by y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting on type A GABA (GABAA) receptors since they are blocked by bicuculline and reverse at the same polarity as GABA responses. GDPs disappear around the end of the first week of life, at a time when the reversal potential of GABA shifts to the hyperpolarizing level. These and other observations (1) suggest that the firing of GABAergic interneurons provides most of the excitatory drive that impinges on pyramidal cells in early postnatal life. GDPs are also presynaptically modulated by N-methylD-aspartate (NMDA) receptors since selective NMDA receptor antagonists and channel blockers reduce (or block) the frequency of GDPs (1). This observation is of particular interest in view of the important role played by NMDAmediated events in developmental plasticity (2-4). The NMDA receptor complex possesses an allosteric facilitatory site activated by submicromolar concentrations of glycine (5-7). This site is insensitive to strychnine (5) and therefore is distinct from the classical strychnine-sensitive site associated with a chloride channel and present mainly in hindbrain areas (8). The glycine allosteric site can be demonstrated in cultured neurons (5, 7) or oocyte preparations (9). We now report that in neonatal slices, but not after postnatal day 10 (P10), bath application of micromolar concentrations of glycine enhances the frequency of the GDPs and potentiates NMDA responses. These actions are clearly mediated by the allosteric site ofNMDA receptors present on GABAergic interneurons. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiments were performed on CA3 hippocampal neurons in slices obtained from 0to 18-day-old Wistar rats of both sexes (P0-P18; day 0 was taken as the day of birth). The methods for preparing and maintaining the slices have been extensively reported (1). Briefly, slices (600 ,um thick), kept completely submerged in a recording chamber, were superfused (2.5-3 ml/min at 340C) with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) of the following composition: 126mM NaCI, 3.5 mM KCI, 2 mM CaC12, 1.3 mM MgC12, 1.2 mM NaH2PO4, 25 mM NaHCO3, and 11 mM glucose (pH 7.3), gassed with 95% 02/5% CO2Intracellular recordings were made with glass micropipettes filled with 3 M KCI (resistance of 50-80 MfQ) or 2 M potassium methyl sulfate (resistance of 80-150 MfQ). Current was passed through the recording electrode by means of an Axoclamp-2A amplifier. Bridge balance was checked repeatedly during the experiments, and capacitative transients with the electrode tip outside the neuron were reduced to a minimum by negative capacity compensation. Membrane potential was estimated from the potential observed upon withdrawal of the electrode from the cell. Voltage clamp of the neuronal soma was accomplished by means of an Axoclamp-2A preamplifier, switching between voltage recording and current injection at 3-4 kHz (30% duty cycle). To ensure correct operation of the clamp, the voltage at the headstage amplifier was monitored on a separate oscilloscope. Signals were digitized and displayed on a digital oscilloscope and on a computer-driven chart recorder. Drugs were dissolved in ACSF and superfused by means of a three-way tap system. Drugs used were NMDA (CRB), GABA (Sigma), glycine (Sigma), D-serine and L-serine (gift of Abbreviations: NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate; GABA, y-aminobutyric acid; AP-5, D-(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate; AP-7, DL2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoate; TTX, tetrodotoxin; GDP, giant depolarizing potentials; Px, postnatal day x; LHP, large hyperpolarizing potential; ACSF, artificial cerebrospinal fluid. *Present address: Department of Preclirlical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence, V. le G. B. Morgagni 65, Firenze, 50134 Italy. 343 The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact. 344 Neurobiology: Gaiarsa et al. P. Ascher), D-(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (AP-5; CRB or Tocris), DL-2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoate (AP-7; gift of P. L. Herrling, Sandoz), strychnine (Sigma), tetrodotoxin (TTX; Sigma), bicuculline (Sigma), and 7-chlorokynurenate (gift of P. L. Herrling).


Debugging is still among the most common and costly of programming activities. One reason is that current debugging tools do not directly support the inquisitive nature of the activity. Interrogative Debugging is a new debugging paradigm in which programmers can ask why did and even why didn't questions directly about their program's runtime failures. The Whyline is a prototype Interrogative Debugging interface for the Alice programming environment that visualizes answers in terms of runtime events directly relevant to a programmer's question. Comparisons of identical debugging scenarios from user tests with and without the Whyline showed that the Whyline reduced debugging time by nearly a factor of 8, and helped programmers complete 40% more tasks.


Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analyses of axisymmetric circular-arc boattail nozzles operating off-design at transonic Mach numbers have been completed. These computations span the very difficult transonic flight regime with shock-induced separations and strong adverse pressure gradients. External afterbody and internal nozzle pressure distributions computed with the Wind code are compared with experimental data. A range of turbulence models were examined, including the Explicit Algebraic Stress model. Computations have been completed at freestream Mach numbers of 0.9 and 1.2, and nozzle pressure ratios (NPR) of 4 and 6. Calculations completed with variable time-stepping (steady-state) did not converge to a true steady-state solution. Calculations obtained using constant timestepping (timeaccurate) indicate less variations in flow properties compared with steady-state solutions. This failure to converge to a steady-state solution was the result of using variable time-stepping with large-scale separations present in the flow. Nevertheless, time-averaged boattail surface pressure coefficient and internal nozzle pressures show reasonable agreement with experimental data. The SST turbulence model demonstrates the best overall agreement with experimental data.


A simple, efficient method for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes and ketones has been developed. Using RuCl3/Et3N as catalyst, the oxidation of benzyl alcohol with oxygen could be achieved with 332 h−1 turnover frequency in the absence of solvent. The influence of versatile N-containing additives on the catalytic efficiency has been discussed. The presence of minor water would substantially promote the catalytic efficiency, and its role in catalysis has been investigated in detail. The insensitive Hammett correlations of the substituted benzyl alcohols, the normal substrate isotope effect (kH/kD = 3.5 at 335 K), and the linear relationship between O2 pressure and turnover frequency imply that the reoxidation of the Ru(III) hydride intermediate to the active species shares the rate-determining step with the hydride transfer in the catalytic cycle. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


This study proposes a redesign of asymmetric single-chamber microbial fuel cells (a-SCMFCs) with the goal of optimizing energy production. In the present work, the new approach is based on the introduction of a novel intermediate microfluidic septum (IMS) inside the electrolyte chamber. This IMS was designed as a relatively simple and inexpensive method to optimize both electrolyte flow and species transfer inside the devices. a-SCMFCs, featuring the IMS, are compared to control cells (IMS-less), when operated with sodium acetate as the carbon energy source. Performances of cells are evaluated in terms both of maximum output potential achieved, and energy recovery (Erec) as the ratio between the energy yield and the inner electrolyte volume. The a-SCMFCs with the novel IMS are demonstrated to enhance the energy recovery compared to control cells exhibiting Erec values of (37 ± 1) J/m3, which is one order of magnitude higher than that achieved by control cells (3.0 ± 0.3) J/m3. Concerning the maximum output potential, IMS cells achieve (2.8 ± 0.2) mV, compared to control cells at (0.68 ± 0.07) mV. Furthermore, by varying the sodium acetate concentration, the Erec and maximum potential output values change accordingly. By monitoring the activity of a-SCMFCs for over one year, the beneficial impact of the IMS on both the initial inoculation phase and the long-term stability of electrical performance are observed. These improvements support the effectiveness of IMS to allow the development of efficient biofilms, likely due to the reduction in oxygen cross-over towards the anode. Electrochemical characterizations confirm that the presence of the IMS impacts the diffusion processes inside the electrolytic chamber, supporting the hypothesis of a beneficial effect on oxygen cross-over.


The effect of out-of-plane impurities on the thermal Hall conductivity κ x y of in-plane marginal-Fermi-liquid (MFL) quasiparticles in high-T c cuprates is examined by following the work on electrical Hall conductivity σ x y by Varma and Abraham [Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 4652 (2001)]. It is shown that the effective Lorentz force exerted by these impurities is a weak function of energies of the MFL quasiparticles, resulting in nearly the same temperature dependence of κ x y /T and σ x y , indicative of obedience of the Wiedemann-Franz law. The inconsistency of the theoretical result with the experimental one is speculated to be the consequence of the different amounts of out-of-plane impurities in the two YBaCuO samples used for the κ x y and σ x y measurements.


Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, impact strength, bulk density and double-bond conversion are reported for a series of dimethacrylate-based networks in which the addition of styrene or/and divinylbenzene co-monomer leads to variations in the morphology and crosslink density. The glass transition region was very broad for DVB-rich networks and this was interpreted in terms of network heterogeneity. The mean size and the size distribution of free-volume holes were estimated via analyses of positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) measurements at 22 °C and were found to be inversely correlated with the bulk density and dependent on the network heterogeneity. The PALS free volume was raised for DVB-rich systems, due to the poor molecular packing in these highly crosslinked systems and because some regions in this heterogeneous network were in a rubbery state. The impact strength was found to be lower for the more highly crosslinked systems but was inversely correlated with the level of molecular mobility as measured by DMTA. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry


Objective:The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the extent of blood stasis and hypoxia-related proteins in the advanced gastrointestinal cancer patients.Method:We recruited46 patients with stage IV advanced gastrointestinal cancer,29 patients after radical resection of digestive tract tumor and 19 health adults as control between April 1,2012 and April 10,2013.Fasting venous blood were extracted in hospital the next day,and ELISA test were performed to examine the expression level of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),osteopont in(OPN) and carbonic anhydrase IX(CAIX).Result:The patients with advanced cancer,and postoperative cancer group peripheral blood level of VEGF and OPN,CAIX were significantly higher than that of healthy controls.Between advanced cancer group and postoperative cancer group,the former of VEGF and OPN,CAIX respectively was 1.27 times(P0.05),1.33 times(P0.05),1.48 times(P0.05) of the latter.In the advanced cancer group,the level of VEGF、CAIX in the severe blood stasis group were significantly higher than the mild group.The former respectively was 1.92 times(P 0.01),2.70 times(P0.01) of the latter.The extent of blood stasis and blood stasis symptoms degree were related to the level of VEGF and OPN,CAIX.The heavier degree of blood stasis,the higher level of anoxia related protein.Conclusion:The expression of hypoxia-related proteins increased gradually with the blood stasis degree in the advanced gastrointestinal cancer patients.


We present a novel method for massively parallel hierarchical scene processing on the GPU, which is based on sequential decomposition of the given hierarchical algorithm into small functional blocks. The computation is fully managed by the GPU using a specialized task pool which facilitates synchronization and communication of processing units. We present two applications of the proposed approach: construction of the bounding volume hierarchies and collision detection based on divide‐and‐conquer ray tracing. The results indicate that using our approach we achieve high utilization of the GPU even for complex hierarchical problems which pose a challenge for massive parallelization. The results indicate that using our approach we achieve high utilization of the GPU even for complex hierarchical problems which pose a challenge for massive parallelization.


An anaerobic pretreatment of tar-containing wastewater from gasification of biomass was studied in a upflow blanket filter(UBF) at ambient temperature of 16~36℃,and the suspended microbe in the UBF reactor was also analysed.Under stable processing condition ,the removal of COD was about 26 % in the UBF reactor with HRT of 66.9 h and OLR of 0.65~0.75 kg/m~3·d. The treatment efficiency of UBF was low , which showed that anaerobic treatment can do only as pretreatment and other treatment processes were needed to meet the requirements of water recycle use in the production.


The density functions representing electron pairs are extracted from two-electron density matrices by operating irreducible tensor operators in a two-electron spin space. Properties of these functions are examined, and the generalized Penney-Dirac bond orders are defined between atomic orbitals. Significance of the bond orders in chemical valence problems is discussed.


Based upon recent information of its members, and the reports of the Technical Committee on Slipperiness and Evenness for the World Road Congress in Prague (1971) and Mexico (1975) the state of the art in member countries has been given. A comparison of recommendations and specifications relating to the skid resistance properties of new and existing pavements is made. A growing awareness of the need for standards for new and existing pavements is established. For new pavements specifications dealing with materials are of great importance, in particular the polished stone value. The importance of systematic investigations of skid resistance of road networks is underlined, information on the practical approach in some countries and specifications of equipment is given. An overview of compositions and construction methods for both bituminous and cement concrete pavements with sufficient skid prevention properties is given. An economic choice out of the numerous techniques available for achieving sufficient skid resistance should be made with special regard to the possibility of the use of local materials, workmanship of contractors and experience of the highway engineer. For existing pavements techniques are described to restore the skidding properties. From the problems in skid prevention the item rolling noise has been selected as a compromise between skid resistance, thus safety, and noise generation, thus environment, has to be found. In conclusion can be derived that from research and experience, techniques have been made available generally, to offer pavements to the road user with an adequate skid resistance. In education and permanent formation this knowledge should be implemented. At the same time an economic evaluation of skid resistant road surfaces is obvious. Special problems as rolling noise, tolerable water layer thickness and its relation with road geometry need attention in future. /Author/


Abstract There is an extensive body of research concerning the second language (L2) acquisition of tense-aspect morphology in relation to an inherent aspectual property of verb predicates (Andersen and Shirai 1994, 1996; Shirai 2009). Specifically, it has been well documented that in an emergent use of tense-aspect morphology, L2 learners tend to use each tense-aspect form according to the inherent semantic aspectual property of verbs (Andersen and Shirai 1994, 1996). Although this phenomenon has been extensively attested in studies examining L2 learners' use of the simple past tense form, the progressive marker, and the present tense form (Andersen and Shirai 1994, 1996; Shirai 2004, 2009), relatively few studies have investigated the use of the English present perfect form in relation to the inherent semantic aspectual property of verbs. This is unfortunate in view of the unique aspectual characteristic the form exhibits (Leech 1970; McCord 1978; Smith 1991). In order to address this issue, the present study examines the L2 use of the present perfect form in relation to the inherent semantic aspectual property of verbs. A cloze test was administered to 29 Japanese learners of English. The results showed that learners associated the present perfect form with particular semantic aspectual properties of verbs, suggesting that L2 use of the present perfect form is constrained by such aspects. This study proposes multiple factors to account for this finding: perceptual saliency (Slobin 1985), cognitive processing principles, (Andersen 1993; Bybee 1985) and learners' prototype formation in the early use of tense-aspect morphology (Shirai and Andersen 1995).


The dissolution of gold in alkaline solutions containing cyanide ions is of great importante and its application in the MacArthur-Forrest process towards the end of the last century revolutionized the extraction of gold from its ores. Because of this, and its use in many industrial processes involving gold, it has been widely studied. What is known — and still unknown — about this reaction constitutes the main theme of this second instalment of a review of the anodic behaviour of gold.


Objective:To understand the physical development status of children aged 0~7 years old in the country of Pengzhou.Methods:The physical development status of children aged 0~7 years old in Tianpeng, Xijiao, Li'an, Aoping, Nanyang and Gexianshan town were surveyed by cluster sampling and random cluster sampling.the subjects consisted of 2 778 healthy children who were divided into 22 age groups, with 30~135 children in each group.Results:The five indexes of physical development increased with the age of children, the younger the children were,the faster they grew. Except partial age groups,there was significant difference in the five indexes between boys and girls (P0.05).The mean body weight and height of the children under 7 years old in Pengzhou were lower than those in the urban-rural areas from nine cities in China.Conclusion:Strengthened heath care of children, scientific ideas and feeding may improve the physical development status of children aged 0~7 years old in Pengzhou.


It is increasingly recognised that non-ischaemic and ischaemic myocardial involvement represent important drivers of cardiac diseases in people living with HIV (PLWH). Non-invasive measurements with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) directly inform on the type of myocardial damage.

 To screen for the prevalence and type of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in PLWH using stress CMR in a cohort with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

 This prospective cross-sectional study enrolled consecutive PLWH undergoing standardised evaluation for CVD using imaging. All participants underwent a standardised CMR protocol in a 3 Tesla scanner for function and volumes (cine), stress perfusion (regadenosone), scar (late gadolinium enhancement (LGE)), diffuse fibrosis (native T1-mapping) and oedema (native T2-mapping). Blood samples were additionally collected prior to CMR.

 141 participants were identified (n=32 in category C/AIDS). 16 patients had previously documented (n=23) myocardial diseases: myocarditis, n=1 non-obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), n=8 myocardial infarction, n=3 congestive heart failure, n=3, and arrhythmia, n=8. Mean value for hs-cTnT, CRP and NT-proBNP was 9±18ng/l, 0.3±0.6mg/l and 104±229ng/l. 14 subjects had impaired LV-EF (<50%) and 35 presented borderline LV-EF (50–55%). Myocardial LGE was present in 28 patients: non-ischemic pattern, n=16, ischemic pattern, n=11, and both patterns, n=1. Two patients had relevant inducible ischaemia, whereas a pattern of microvascular disease (MVD) was found in 26 patients. 72 subjects had diffuse fibrosis and 25 had active inflammation. Elevated native T1/T2 was significantly associated with low (<350/μl), current, and initial CD4-count (χ2=5.317, p=0.021; χ2=3.841, p=0.050), just as with category C/AIDS (χ2=4.949, p=0.026). Native T2 showed a significant correlation with initial CD4-count (r=−0.252, p=0.008) and current NT-proBNP (r=0.190, p=0.030), but not with other laboratory values.

 CMR in PLWH reveal high prevalence of cardiac involvement, which is predominantly non-ischaemic inflammatory in origin. MVD is a major presentation compared to relevant ischaemia due to epicardial CAD. Individual cardiovascular risk assessment in PLWH using CMR may bear a potential for personalised treatment.

 Type of funding source: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): The German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)


Abstract A method for the transition-metal-free direct C–H arylation of unactivated arenes is developed with aryl bromides as substrates and 8-hydroxyquinoline as an efficient promoter. A variety of biaryl compounds with structural diversity are obtained in moderate to high yields. Mechanistic studies reveal that the reaction proceeds via a homolytic aromatic substitution pathway.


Abstract The history of morris dancing in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is sometimes seen as following two paths: a theatrical tradition based on the creations of professional dancers; and a folk tradition embedded in local custom and tradition which owed nothing to professional performance. Evidence from contemporary newspapers of the activities of morris dancers from Bath, sword dancers from Cumbria, and other contemporary accounts reveals that the situation was more complex, with folk dancers appearing in professional performance spaces and consciously playing upon their origins. ********** Nearly twenty years ago Roy Judge illuminated the hitherto ignored evidence for morris dances in the theatre in the nineteenth century. (1) He distinguished three strands of 'theatrical' morris: the morris dance as an integral part of a play on the legitimate stage; as an interlude between such plays (a night's theatrical entertainment usually consisting of the main play, an interlude, and a light short play to close); and as an entertainment in the pleasure gardens. (2) He likewise discerned three kinds of dance: a comic or grotesque dance performed by men; a country dance performed by both sexes; and a more balletic dance often linked to maypole dances. (3) The same performers, and no doubt the same dances, might appear in each of these situations. Part of the story of the morris in the nineteenth century is the coming together of antiquarian and theatrical aspirations: a drawing together of 'high' and 'low' culture, leading to a quest for 'authenticity' and the seeking out of 'real' morris dancers. A fourth strand evident throughout the century is the appearance of dancers at high-class masquerades and fetes. At the Duchess of St Albans's wedding anniversary fete at Highgate in 1829, 'The dancers of Covent-garden Theatre traversed the grounds as Morrice dancers, and danced country dances, with garlands to the sound of pipe and tabor.' (4) Later that year, the Covent Garden Theatre produced a new comic opera, 'to be called The Night Before the Wedding, and the Wedding Night. --In Act I, a Morris Dance'. (5) Appearances at masquerades and fetes were not confined to professional performers. To arrive at a fancy-dress ball dressed as a morris dancer would often lead to a mention in the next day's press. So, in 1800, a Mrs Walker held a masked ball which 'attracted most of the Fashion in Town [...] The Masqueraders exerted themselves with the happiest effect [...] Mr. Sheridan, jun., and his partner, as Morris Dancers, figured away with much spirit and agility.' (6) Although Roy Judge looked only at the nineteenth century, these were strands that reached back into the eighteenth. In 1795, the king held a grand birthday fete at Frogmore, at which 'Byrne, of Covent-Garden Theatre, and a select company of morrice dancers, did much credit to their profession'; (7) and as early as 1771, 'At the Masquerade on Friday last, at Mrs. Cornelys's the principal masks were, a very clumsy, unmannerly Waggoner; two nimble, well-dressed Morris dancers, with bells &c.' (8) Clearly, a 'morris dancer' could be a person of either sex, and they could come in any number and entertain at the highest levels in society as dancers or merely as adopted characters. Looking further back through the eighteenth century, among the earliest references to performances outside the legitimate theatre are advertisements for performances in the lower-class theatre booths and pleasure gardens. In 1730: At the New Theatre in Goodman's Fields, this present Saturday, being the 21st Day of March, will be presented, A Play, call'd OROONOKO [...] With Singing by Miss Thornowets And SEVERAL Entertainments of Dancing, particularly The MOORISH DANCE By Mr. Burny, Mr. Sandham, Mr. Eaton, Miss Sandham, and Mrs. Thomas. (9) Of course, given the title, this may indeed be a 'Moorish' rather than a 'morris' dance, but it fits the pattern of later advertisements, with a mixed set of dancers. …


Pyrolysis of unfilled as well as Ti-metal-filled poly(siloxane) preceramic polymers, heated at 1350deg;C in N2, Ar, or NH3, was evaluated in terms of the effect of atmosphere on pyrolysis product chemistry. Pyrolysis of the unfilled poly(siloxane) in N2 or Ar resulted in the formation of a metastable, amorphous SiOxCy phase with a residual turbostratic carbon phase, with the evolution of CH4 and H2 as the main pyrolysis products. However, pyrolysis of the unfilled poly (siloxane) in NH3 resulted in a partial substitution of nitrogen from the atmosphere for network carbon to form a binary mixture of amorphous SiOxCy and SiOxNy phases. Pyrolysis of the Ti-filled poly(siloxane) in NH3 resulted in the reaction of the Ti particles with the atmosphere to form nearly stoichiometric TiN. In Ar, the Ti particles react with either gaseous hydrocarbon, i.e., CH4, or the carbon pyrolysis products of the poly(siloxane), to form slightly nonstoichiometric TiC along with a partial reduction of the SiOxCy matrix. Finally, in N2, the Ti particles react with both carbon from the poly(siloxane) and nitrogen from the atmosphere to form a solid solution of TiC and TiN.


MODELS of various sizes but having internal configurations as closely resembling as practically possible the mammalian ('straightened out') cochlea, were shown to perform a linear frequency analysis to a first approximation (Naftalin, 1967). These models had no basilar membrane but were equipped with agar-gel 'tectorial membranes' which could be fragmented into segments without loss of property: the gels sharpened the selectivity of the frequency analysis. Recently it became possible to repeat these experiments with improved signal generating and recording units. These in turn have led to improved modelling. This short communication reports current results.


Introduction: The current state of our nation's healthcare delivery system, including inefficiencies in healthcare delivery, health disparities, and wasteful costs, accentuates the call for responsive action. Interprofessional education and collaborative practice (IPECP) has emerged as an innovative strategy for addressing many of these inadequacies through the restructuring of healthcare delivery systems and health professions education within the United States. This project was a five-week long course in a clinic setting on interprofessional education (IPE) that supplied basic knowledge of the field of IPECP and offered opportunities to apply knowledge gained in an interprofessional, collaborative manner. The project question was: Will learners exhibit a measurable change in attitudes underpinning a clinic-based culture after exposure to an IPE intervention aimed at guiding and shaping collaborative practice? Methods: This was a systems change project that implemented and assessed a pilot IPECP program. The IPE intervention consisted of a course comprised of two face-to-face sessions and five online modules for 15 pre- and post-licensure learners. Objectives were defined, and mixed methods were used for measurement and assessment, including a pre- and post- test design. Results: Pre-licensure learners showed high levels of engagement in the learning activities; post-licensure learners failed to meet online engagement objectives. All course learners demonstrated a shift in readiness to engage in IPECP. Quantitative findings were consistent with the qualitative data generated. Discussion: Findings suggested the beginnings of a shift in attitudes underpinning organizational culture. Findings also revealed barriers to IP learning and practice, including participant attitudes related to professional identity, assumptions about teamwork, and notions about hierarchy.


Requirement analysis is one of the important stages in information system development process. The traditional system analysis approaches laying stress on system modeling sometimes can not completely reflect the multi-objectives,complexity and multiuser ideas of system requirements. The application of Checkland's Soft System Methodology(SSM) to the requirement analysis will help to wholly review the system requirements. Based on this idea,the paper puts forward a methodology to integrate SSM with the traditional techniques of requirement analysis,and illustrates it with an example,finally discusses its effects on ensuring the quality of analysis.


Purpose: Demonstrate separation of a bispecific mAb from related species generated during the assembly using the Thermo ScientificTM MAbPacTM HIC-20 column. Methods: Various chromatography methods including size exclusion chromatography (SEC), ionexchange chromatography (IEC) using pH gradient, reversed-phase (RP) chromatography and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) were investigated for the separation of four species that are generated during bispecific mAb assembly. For HIC, three different column chemistries were tested using ammonium sulfate and sodium phosphate mobile phases. Results: Among chromatography methods that were investigated, HIC using MAbPac HIC-20 column provided the best separation of all four species generated during the bispecific mAb assembly. INTRODUCTION Advancement of recombinant antibody technologies has enabled the development of many different types of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics such as antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) and bispecific mAbs.1 Bispecific mAbs have specificity towards two different antigens which may be utilized to recruit killer T cells to the tumor cell or antagonize two different tumor specific antigens simultaneously.2 Bispecific mAbs are engineered with two different mAbs that have different antigen binding sites. Therefore it is important to separate and monitor possible mis-assembled mAb biproducts that are produced during the process. Chromatographic separation of multiple species formed during assembly of a bispecific mAb could be challenging due to structural similarities between parental antibody domains and the desired bispecific mAb product. In this study, we have investigated various chromatography methods including size exclusion chromatography (SEC), ion-exchange chromatography (IEC), reversed-phase (RP) chromatography and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) to separate and analyze four related species that are generated during assembly of a bispecific mAb. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sample Preparation The bispecific mAb samples were donated by a biotech company. Columns MAbPac SEC-1, 5 μm, 4.0 300 mm (P/N 074696) MAbPac SCX-10, 10 μm, 4.6 250 mm (P/N 074625) MAbPac RP, 4 μm, 3.0 50 mm (P/N 088645) MAbPac HIC-10, 5 μm, 4.6 100 mm (P/N 088480) MAbPac HIC-20, 5 μm, 4.6 100 mm (P/N 088553) MAbPac HIC-Butyl, 5 μm, 4.6 100 mm (P/N 088558) Liquid Chromatography HPLC experiments were carried out using a Thermo ScientificTM DionexTM UltiMateTM 3000 BioRS system equipped with:  SR-3000 Solvent Rack (P/N 5035.9200)  LPG-3400RS Biocompatible Quaternary Rapid Separation Pump (P/N 5040.0036)  WPS-3000TBRS Biocompatible Rapid Separation Thermostatted Autosampler (P/N 5841.0020)  TCC-3000RS Rapid Separation Thermostatted Column Compartment (P/N 5730.0000)  VWD-3400RS Rapid Separation Variable Wavelength Detector (VWD) equipped with micro flow cell (P/N 5074.0010)  Chromatography was controlled by Thermo ScientificTM DionexTM ChromeleonTM Chromatography Data System. Chromatography Conditions Mobile phases are shown in Table 1. Flow rate, gradient and column temperature are shown on the right side of each figure. Figure 2. pH Gradient separation of four species generated during bispecific mAb assembly A+B A+D C+B C+D Δ[(A+B)-(C+B)] Δ[(C+D)-(A+B)] Δ[(A+D)-(C+D)] MAbPac SEC-1 11.79 11.87 11.78 11.86 0.01 0.07 0.01 MAbPac SCX-10, CX-1 pH Gradient Buffers 17.43 19.87 16.96 19.62 0.47 2.20 0.24 MAbPac RP 9.36 9.33 9.27 9.30 0.10 -0.06 0.02 MAbPac HIC-10 9.45 9.78 9.25 9.61 0.20 0.16 0.17 MAbPac HIC-20 (a) 11.94 13.02 11.35 12.58 0.59 0.64 0.44 MAbPac HIC-20 (b) 7.44 8.42 7.25 8.29 0.19 0.85 0.13 MAbPac HIC-Butyl 10.78 11.26 10.48 10.94 0.30 0.16 0.32 Table 2. Retention times and retention time differences of four species generated during bispecific mAb assembly on MAbPac columns IEC Analysis of Bispecific mAbs Using a Linear pH Gradient Method Next, IEC using CX-1 pH Gradient Buffers was evaluated for the separation of four bispecific mAb species. After running all samples from 0 to 100% Buffer B, the gradient was optimized to 25 to 55% B for maximum separation. The four species were separated into two groups. A+B and C+B eluted earlier with retention times of 17.42 and 16.96 and A+D and C+D were eluted later with retention times of 19.87 and 19.62. Domains B and D determined the retention behavior of these species. Julia Baek, Shanhua Lin, Xiaodong Liu, Thermo Fisher Scientific, 1228 Titan Way, Sunnyvale, CA, USA, 94085 Separation of Bispecific mAbs Using Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography (HIC) CONCLUSIONS For separations of structurally related species generated during assembly of bispecific mAbs, screening of multiple chromatographic methods including SEC, IEC, HIC, and RP, is necessary. Among chromatography methods that were investigated, HIC using MAbPac HIC-20 column provided baseline separation of all four species generated during the bispecific mAb assembly. REFERENCES 1.Kontermann, R. & Brinkmann, U. Drug Discovery Today 20, 838-847 (2015). 2.Kontermann, R. MAbs 4, 182–197 (2012). TRADEMARKS/LICENSING © 2016 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. All rights reserved. All trademarks are the property of Thermo Fisher Scientific and its subsidiaries. This information is not intended to encourage use of these products in any manner that might infringe the intellectual property rights of others. Column: MAbPac SEC-1, 5 μm Format: 4.0 300 mm Mobile phase: 50 mM sodium phosphate, 300 mM NaCl, pH 6.8 Temperature: 30 oC Flow rate: 0.2 mL/min Inj. volume: 2 μL Detection: UV (280 nm) Sample: A+B (0.87 mg/mL) A+D (1.40 mg/mL) C+B (1.72 mg/mL) C+D (1.00 mg/mL) 0 55


1-[m-(trimethylsilyl)phenyl]-1-propyne polymerized with NbCl 5 to give a new, high molecular weight polymer in high yield. The polymer showed oxygen permeability higher than that of poly(1-phenyl-1-propyne).


The highly crystallized lepidocrocite nanosheets of TiO2 was synthesized by hydrothermal methods at low temperature by using dodecanediamine (DDA) as a surfactant. The above structural features of ...


Objective To study the analytical methods of the elements in the backing of insulation tapes of the same color.Method Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy(SEM/EDS) was used for determining the relative amounts of two main elements,Cl and Ca,in the backing,and SPSS software was used for statistical analysis.X-ray fluorescence(XRF) was used for detecting the trace elements.Results Through the SEM/EDS quantitative analysis by comparing the relative amounts of Cl and Ca,539 sample groups could be distinguished from the total 561 groups,and the discrimination rate was 96.1%.Based on the XRF qualitative analysis,34 brands of red insulation tapes were divided into 11 groups according to their different combinations of Mg、Al、Si、S、Ti、Sb、Ba、Pb.The total discrimination rate was 98.4% when combining these two methods.Conclusion SEM/EDS and XRF methods can be used to distinguish different brands of insulation tapes of the same color.


In many organisations, proponents of knowledge management struggle to gain its acceptance by senior management. The rhetorical question 'Is knowledge management tasked with: managing the knowledge that an organisation has; or managing the knowledge that an organisation needs?' is posed to knowledge management practitioners. The answer to the question lies in a theoretical model developed through a comprehensive review of literature covering the topics of strategic management, the resource based view of the firm and knowledge management. Through the identification of the nexus between strategic management and knowledge management, this research will provide knowledge management practitioners with justification for knowledge management initiatives. The aim of the research is to assist knowledge management proponents in their struggle to gain its acceptance by senior management.


Applying the dynamical coherent potential approximation (dynamical CPA) to a model of diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMSs), in which both random impurity distribution and thermal fluctuation of localized spins are taken into account, the spin-polarized band and the carrier spin polarization are calculated for various magnetizations. In order to clarify the role of impurity depth on the occurrence of ferromagnetism, three typical cases are investigated: (a) II-VI DMS, (b) deep impurity level, and (c) strong exchange interaction. The present study reveals that the impurity depth of magnetic ions strongly enhances the carrier spin polarization (CSP) and accordingly, leads to a high Curie temperature. This means that photoinduced ferromagnetism with high Curie temperature can be expected in a DMS with a deep impurity depth and strong exchange interaction.


The first idea about unsteady motion in the atmosphere seems to have been the vague notion of " Air Pockets"—areas or gaps, wherein the air just does not generate lift, and an aeroplane falls in consequence. It is astonishing how widely this view is still held. Those engaged in aviation soon learned that unsteady flight was due to turbulence and two sorts, friction and orographical, were quickly recognised. Friction turbulence, which affects only the lower layers of the atmosphere, can best be observed by watching a soaring sea-bird in a breeze. The friction of the water surface creates a velocity gradient or variation of windspeed with altitude, and the bird will probably be diving down-wind, and climbing into wind, with no effort— from the bird's point of view a fair approach to perpetual motion. However, the air is really a mass of tiny eddies where friction is at work and close observation of the bird's wings and feathers will show them to be constantly in motion as they yield to each puff.


Context. In the solar system, planets have a small inclination with respect to the equatorial plane of the Sun, but there is evidence that in extrasolar systems the inclination can be very high. This spin-orbit misalignment is unexpected, as planets form in a protoplanetary disc supposedly aligned with the stellar spin. It has been proposed that planet-planet interactions can lead to mutual inclinations during migration in the protoplanetary disc. However, the effect of the gas disc on inclined giant planets is still unknown. Aims. In this paper we investigate planet-disc interactions for planets above 1 MJup. We check the influence of three parameters: the inclination i, eccentricity e, and mass Mp of the planet. This analysis also aims at providing a general expression of the eccentricity and inclination damping exerted on the planet by the disc. Methods. We perform three-dimensional numerical simulations of protoplanetary discs with embedded high-mass planets on fixed orbits. We use the explicit/implicit hydrodynamical code NIRVANA in 3D with an isothermal equation of state. Results. We provide damping formulae for i and e as a function of i, e, and Mp that fit the numerical data. For highly inclined massive planets, the gap opening is reduced, and the damping of i occurs on time-scales of the order of 10−4 deg/year · Mdisc/(0.01 M ) with the damping of e on a smaller time-scale. While the inclination of low planetary masses (<5 MJup) is always damped, large planetary masses with large i can undergo a Kozai-cycle with the disc. These Kozai-cycles are damped through the disc in time. Eccentricity is generally damped, except for very massive planets (Mp ∼ 5 MJup) where eccentricity can increase for low inclinations. So the dynamics tends to a final state: planets end up in midplane and can then, over time, increase their eccentricity as a result of interactions with the disc. Conclusions. The interactions with the disc lead to damping of i and e after a scattering event of high-mass planets. If i is sufficiently reduced, the eccentricity can be pumped up because of interactions with the disc. If the planet is scattered to high inclination, it can undergo a Kozai-cycle with the disc that makes it hard to predict the exact movement of the planet and its orbital parameters at the dispersal of the disc.


SUMMARY AI (artificial intelligence) has grown at an overwhelming speed for the last decade, to the extent that it has become one of the mainstream tools that drive the advancements in science and technology. Mean- while, the paradigm of edge computing has emerged as one of the foremost areas in which applications using the AI technology are being most actively researched, due to its potential benefits and impact on today's widespread networked computing environments. In this paper, we evaluate two major entry-level o ff erings in the state-of-the-art edge device technology, which highlight increased computing power and specialized hardware support for AI applications. We perform a set of deep learning benchmarks on the devices to measure their performance. By comparing the performance with other GPU (graphics processing unit) accelerated systems in di ff erent platforms, we assess the computational capability of the modern edge devices featuring a significant amount of hardware parallelism.


Purpose
In a context of ecological transition, this study aims to explore and understand what fosters the participation of purchasing departments and identify the drivers and difficulties encountered during the development of eco-innovation within firms.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors adopt a qualitative methodology that provides tools to study complex phenomena. In-depth interviews with highly knowledgeable respondents from multi-sectoral organisations enable us to explore the eco-innovation process within firms.

Findings
From the perspectives of resource-based theory and stakeholder theory, the study contributes to the literature by investigating firms' internal resources and exploring further dimensions based on sustainable supply chain management and purchasing. Internal stakeholders (e.g. purchasing agents) and external stakeholders (e.g. suppliers) were identified with regard to the business eco-innovation activities of focal companies in relation to upstream stakeholders. The authors examine this complex phenomenon by raising certain intra- and inter-organisational factors, as well as more individual aspects, such as the sensitivity of the purchasing manager to ecological transition. Purchasing agents are involved in increasing the propensity of organisations to eco-innovate and, as internal stakeholders, appear to be influential in eco-innovation.

Research limitations/implications
Given the nascent state of eco-innovation practice and accessibility to primary data about ongoing efforts, this research could not consider all possible drivers.

Practical implications
This study presents an opportunity for purchasing managers to understand challenges more comprehensively to add value within the eco-innovation process. The results highlight recommendations for how best to undertake eco-innovation in upstream supply chains.

Originality/value
The study provides new insights into the constituent resources needed for purchasing participation during eco-innovation to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. This paper is an initial attempt at research in the area.


The invention discloses a common report list assembly. The common report list assembly is characterized by comprising a tool module, a core module, a persistence module and a virtual file module, wherein the tool module comprises a global variable unit and a style management unit, the global variable unit is used for bearing all public variables and memory cache data needed by the assembly, and the style management unit is used for supporting style conversion of list pages; the core module comprises a control creating unit, an analyzing unit, an image creating unit, and a core distribution unit, the control creating unit is in charge of creating pull-down text controls on the pages, the analyzing unit is used for analyzing AJAX requests and page requests of the assembly initiated by a client browser, the image creating unit is in charge of generating image elements in the pages, and the core distribution unit is used for managing the requests initiated by the client browser in an unified way and sending the requests to other modules. According to the common report list assembly, problems of low development speed, complicated development and the like of the background portal list pages and report pages are solved.


Stability of continuous-time and sampled-data LADRC is investigated with classical control approach. For the second-order uncertain LTI plant, the LADRC is described as an interconnection structure. Then sufficient conditions to guarantee continuous-time and sampled-data LADRC stabilizing the plant are proved respectively, while in proving the main theoretical tool is Nyquist diagram. With these results, a continuous-time controller designed with bandwidth tuning approach can be used as sampled-data controller after Euler approximation with a small sampling period.


In this paper we will be examining and analyzing the white matter structure of pre-teens and adolescent individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as collected through diffusion tensor imaging and developed with tractography. Given the pivotal nature of axon tracts on coordinating communication among brain regions (Fields, 2008), and the inherent network-like structure of these tracts, we believe that network and graph analysis may provide greater insight and understanding on the relationship between ASD and white matter structure. More specifically, we will be examining the neural networks of 52 subjects with ASD and 43 under typical development (TD) as unique, weighted, undirected graphs, with nodes being brain regions and edges being the existence and number of neural connections between these regions. Our initial focus is on understanding various features of these regions and their interconnections, including centrality and clustering. Our ultimate goal is to highlight any significant differences between the two subject groups and tie our results back to current medical knowledge on the relationship between ASD and white matter structure in the brain.


Background: Patients with chronic liver disease should undergo screening endoscopy, but this approach places a heavy burden upon endoscopy units along with other limitations. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of multi-detector computed tomography scan in detecting esophageal varices taking endoscopy as gold standard.Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was done from 1st Jan 2018 to 31st Dec 2018 at Department of Radiology, PIMS Hospital Islamabad. A total of 180 patients of both gender with chronic liver disease for at least 12 months were included in this study with an age range of 25-65 years. Patients with active gastrointestinal hemorrhage, hypersensitivity to iodinated contrast agent, chronic renal failure, claustrophobic and pregnant females were excluded. All the patients underwent endoscopy and computed tomography of lower chest and the upper abdomen before and after intravenous contrast administration. Multi detector computed tomography (MDCT) scan findings for esophageal varices were compared with endoscopy findings.Results: In MDCT positive patients (n=102), 98 were true positive and 04 were false positive. Among 78 MDCT negative patients, 07 were false negative, whereas 71 were true negative. Overall sensitivity and specificity were 93.33%, and 94.67% respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 96.08% and 91.03% respectively, while diagnostic accuracy of MDCT in detecting esophageal varices in chronic liver disease patients was 93.89%, taking endoscopy as gold standard.Conclusions: Multi-detector computed tomography scan is a highly sensitive and accurate non-invasive modality for detecting esophageal varices in chronic liver disease patients.Key words: Accuracy, Chronic liver disease, Esophageal varices, Multi-detector computed tomography


universities. Indeed, it was the successful resistance of this group to the increasingly desperate demands of mainline German philosophy to oust the burgeoning cuckoo of psychology from its cosy university nest which in the end preserved the subject long enough for it to achieve its largely independent status in the 1920s, even during times of hyperinflation and mass unemployment. Geuter also charts with equal care (and with copious statistics) the rise of psychology over this period in the powerful technical sector of education, a rise which had crucially been tied up with the perceived success of German psychology in the


Background: Due to high heterogeneity and risk of bias (RoB) in previously published meta-analysis, a concrete conclusion on the efficacy of baricitinib in reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients was unable to form. Methods: Search engines PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect and other sources like preprints and reference lists were searched with appropriate keywords. The included evidence was graded with GRADEpro. The RoB, heterogeneity and meta-analysis were studied through RevMan 5.4.1 software. The heterogeneity was evaluated based on the generated p-value or I2 test. Results: Eight (8) RCTs were included in current analysis. Five studies had low RoB. Based on grading the evidence, the inclusion and exclusion of high RoB articles led to moderate and high certainty of evidence, respectively. Based on 8 RCTs (with high RoB), baricitinib statistically significantly reduced mortality where the risk ratio (RR) = 0.84 [95% CI: 0.76 to 0.92; p = 0.0002; I2 = 23%; p = 0.25]. The heterogeneity was insignificant but the RoB was high. We did subgroup analysis of low and high RoB articles and found out baricitinib statistically significantly reduced mortality with the RR = 0.68 [95% CI: 0.56 to 0.82; p < 0.0001; I2 = 0%; p = 0.85] and RR = 0.89 [95% CI: 0.80 to 0.99; p = 0.04; I2 = 0%; p = 0.43], respectively. The heterogeneity was 0% with insignificant p-values in both subgroup analyses. The percentage of mortality reduction was 31.31% and 7.79%, respectively whereas it was 13.95% in main group analysis. Conclusion: With the presence of optimal sample size of 3944 from 5 low RoB studies which represents a minimum of 300 million population of people and with 0% of heterogeneity, the effectiveness of baricitinib in reducing the mortality in COVID-19 patients is concretely proven.


The thesis writers have made a survey of relevance between phonetic self-concept and English learning among 44 ethnic-minority students through questionnaire and English phonetic test etc.The finding has indicated that there is no relevance between their English-phonetic self-concept and actual pronouncing performance as well as learning result but higher relevance between phonetic self-concept and that of English as a whole,causing their anxiety in class.Besides,actual pronouncing performance can foretell their English scores with greater relevance.


High-Frequency Acoustic Recording Packages (HARPs) continuously monitored delphinids at five sites in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico during and after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Surface oil reached two sites, while the three unexposed sites functioned as "controls." Presence of dolphin vocalizations (clicks, whistles, and burst pulses) was documented at exposed and unexposed sites over the course of a year following the oil spill. These sites are within the known habitat ranges of 11 species of delphinids. Broadband towed array recordings with visual identifications were used to determine species-specific vocalization characteristics, which were then compared with autonomously recorded vocalizations. Two species have distinctive vocalizations that match between towed array and autonomous recordings. At least four more unique vocalization patterns were detected autonomously, which may be species-specific. Both clicks and whistles were explored for identifying features. The data provide a comparative ...


The brainstem dorsal column nuclei (DCN) process sensory information arising from the body before it reaches the brain and becomes conscious. Despite significant investigations into sensory coding in peripheral nerves and the somatosensory cortex, little is known about how sensory information arising from the periphery is represented in the DCN. Following stimulation of hind‐limb nerves, we mapped and characterised the evoked electrical signatures across the DCN surface. We show that evoked responses recorded from the DCN surface are highly reproducible and are unique to nerves carrying specific sensory information.


Pe rf o rm a n c e R e s e a r c h 1 6 ( 2 ) , p p . 1 6 2 7 © Ta y l o r & F ra n c i s L td 2 01 1 D O I : 1 0 . 1 0 8 0 / 1 3 5 2 8 1 6 5 . 2 0 1 1 . 5 7 8 7 2 4 This essay attempts to illustrate how reexamining theoretical concepts in an international context alters their viability. How can comparativist studies challenge our ways of thinking about key ideas in performance research and enrich our understanding of the global situation in which we live? I wanted to select and investigate an area that might be pertinent to our discipline no matter what place in the world we might turn. Thus the focus here on the concept of the public sphere. For performance scholars, the necessity of developing an international analysis of the concept of the public sphere seems clear because performance often claims to play an important role in such a sphere, especially within the context of globalization. However, the problems of understanding what the key components are and what constitutes the relationship between global, national and local versions of a/the public raise considerable challenges. An earlier version of this paper was written for an ongoing collaboration we at University of Warwick are having with Indian colleagues at Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi; thus the most developed aspects of my ideas come from Indian scholars.1 Of course, the very choice of topic already threw up considerable problems: One of the key research questions we formulated with our JNU colleagues has been stated as follows in our original partnership documents: 'How to engage comparatively East/West without ignoring, on the one hand, or reifying, on the other, the colonial/ postcolonial histories of our nations?' I became immediately aware that even the concept 'the Public Sphere' conjured up a European term, clearly associated with a theorization of the rise of civic culture and bourgeois behaviour during the Enlightenment period. This term came to scholarly prominence through the work of Jürgen Habermas, whose influential study The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An inquiry into a category of bourgeois society appeared in German in 1962 and in English in 1989. If considered as a historical study rather than a philosophical treatise, this book gives an account of new forms of communicative deliberation that emerged in England in the 1700s and on the European continent over the next century, with the French Revolution seen as the culmination of the emergence of the public sphere. However, as a philosophical treatise, Habermas generalizes this Western, European history into a universal theory of the public sphere that performs the customary imposition of a European interpretation on a much larger and heterogeneous field. However, some Indian scholars also cite Habermas as a point of departure for their discussions, and the ramifications of global changes for the transformation of the Indian public sphere concern those scholars as much as they do someone like me, an American citizen living 'abroad', for whom United States global behaviour has given rise to such phrases as the 'Disneyfication' or 'McDonaldization' of culture. Habermas himself, in the years since this Rethinking the Public Sphere for a Global Age


This study investigates the climatology of the monsoon break following the onset of the summer rainy season over Luzon Island (120–122.5°E, 13–22°N) in the Philippines from 1979–2017. The first post‐onset monsoon break is remarkable in stations located over the north and central Luzon Island and occurs climatologically in early June. Composite analysis of the large‐scale circulation features during the monsoon break period shows that this break is associated with the westward extension of the western North Pacific Subtropical High (WNPSH), which weakened the monsoon southwesterlies and induced enhanced low‐level divergence over Luzon Island. The westward extension of the WNPSH may be facilitated by the phase change of the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO). About 59% (23/39) of the monsoon break cases occurred when suppressed convection, associated with the dry phases of the BSISO, is apparent over the western North Pacific. This suppressed convection favours the westward expansion of the WNPSH.


This paper investigates the adoption of LC-VCO to replace ring VCO for ultra-low-voltage sub-picosecond jitter clock generation in future 0.5-V LSI and power aware LSI. A 0.5-V LC-VCO using E-TSPC frequency divider with forward body bias technique is proposed and implemented. Significant performances, in terms of 0.6-ps jitter, 50MHz-to-6.4GHz frequency tuning range with 2 bands and sub-lmW PDC, have been achieved in the measurement results.


The laying of smaller replacement eggs has been described as a time-saving adaptation because chicks generally grow faster once hatched than inside the egg. However, chicks hatched from smaller eggs have, potentially, lower survival. Consequently, the smaller replacement egg represents a benefit to the female in terms of preserving its own condition at a cost to their offspring. We test these ideas by measuring adult mass changes and plasma lipid concentration changes in male and female Brunnich's guillemots Uria lomvia breeding on Coats Island, Nunavut. Though males lost more mass than females, these differences were not significant. Between laying the first and replacement egg, plasma fatty acid concentrations declined in females and increased in males, suggesting that females mobilise less lipid to preserve their condition after laying the replacement egg. In females, plasma lipid concentrations of the dominant fatty acids found in the eggs (16:0 and 18:1) declined between the laying of first and replacement eggs while plasma concentrations of 20:1 increased in both males and females. We compared the fatty acid signatures of first and replacement egg to look for evidence of differences between the lipid sources for their production. Principal component and discriminant function analyses showed that the fatty acid signatures of replacement eggs were closer to the signatures of the local prey than those of first eggs. We suggest that females rely on local sources of energy to a greater degree for the production of the replacement egg than the first egg, but that endogenous reserves of certain nutrients are important for the production of both eggs.


More than 100,000 U.S. children are disabled by cerebral palsy (CP). Over the past two decades, CP has increased in prevalence by 18%, from 1.7 to 2 one-year survivors per 1,000 births.

![Figure][1]

Dr. Murphy

Providing a primary care medical home for children and youth with CP


Telehealth technology, especially Telehealth Electrocardiograph (ECG), is currently developing. Along with the development of Telehealth ECG, data transmission security on the system becomes very important due to the high level of sensitivity and confidentiality of health data. ECG data encryption approach based on digital image encryption schemes is chosen because it produces a high degree of difference with initial data and low computational complexity levels. This is based on the assumption that parts of ECG data signals have a high degree of correlation. We proposed two digital image encryption schemes, such as the bit-plane scrambling and Double Chaotic S-box, on ECG data. The Double Chaotic S-box encryption scheme proves to be superior to the bit-plane scrambling encryption scheme in the aspect of execution time and keyspace. Having a pretty large keyspace of 2268 and compared to the baseline encryption method, namely SIT, which needs 343.93s to encrypt, the Double Chaotic S-box method needs the only 1.45s to encrypt. This result shows that the proposed method enormous potential as a fast ECG encryption scheme with a high-security level.


This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of complex enzyme on growth performance and nutrients digestibility in weaned piglets.Two hundreds crossbred(Duroc × Youkshire × Landrace)weaned pigs of 28-day old were randomly allotted to 4 groups with 5 replicates per group and 10 piglets per replicate.Four diets were used in this experiment: groupⅠcorn-soybean meal diet as positive control diet,groupⅡ corn-soybean meal-wheat diet as negative control diet,group Ⅲ low-energy and low-phosphorus diet,and group Ⅳ diet with complex-enzyme 500 g/t based on groupⅢ.The results showed as follow: supplementation of complex enzyme to group Ⅲ,the diarrhea index and diarrhea rate were significantly decreased(P0.01)and digestibility of GE,Ca and P in diet were significantly increased(P0.05),no significant difference in ADG,ADFI and F/G were detected(P0.05).The results suggested that supplementation of complex enzyme to low-energy and low-phosphorus diet improves digestibility of nutrients and decreases diarrhea in piglets.


Electron beam inspection (EBI) of wafers has been widely shown to be a powerful tool for random defectivity on wafers, particularly for sub-surface electrical defects that cannot be seen by optical tools. Some types of systematic defects, such as subtle under- or over-etch of contacts, can be difficult to catch using traditional die-die or cell-cell comparison because all contacts may be similarly affected. In this paper we investigated methods for catching systematic process defects using EBI. We used a design of experiment where different dies on the same wafer were etched using a total of 4 different etch parameters. The dies were selected by using multiple resist coat, pattern, and etch steps at a single contact layer. A total of 3 wafers were given the same process treatment. Following the etch steps, one wafer continued through the fabrication process to final test, one wafer was inspected using an eS31 electron beam wafer inspection tool, while the third wafer was held in reserve. The initial inspection did not show any significant difference in defectivity between the dies, although final bit test did show pseudo-systematic defectivity depending on etch process condition. The wafer was then inspected on an eS32 tool using a special e-beam preconditioning step to enhance the contrast of subtle under-etched contacts. In this case, we were able to pick out a defectivity corresponding the etch condition of each die. The in-process defectivity found by the electron beam inspection tool matched well with the end-of-line bit failure map. In summary, subtle systematic etch process variations were detected by varying the etch process parameters across a single wafer, and tuning the electron beam inspection sensitivity to maximize contrast for subtle etch variations. Such techniques can be a powerful tool for optimization of etch process recipes to minimize wafer electrical defectivity.


Purpose: To evaluate clinical results of AT-45. Methods: In a prospective study, 24 eyes of 21 patients had phacoemulsification and AT-45 implantation. Clinical data included distance visual acuity, near visual acuity, complication, during the 6-months follow-up period. Results: Result analysis was performed with 22 eyes of 19 patients, except 2 complicated eyes. 6-months after operation, 22 eyes (100%) and 19 eyes (86.4%) were achieved best corrected visual acuity 20/25 and 20/20 or better respectively. 21 eyes (95.4%) and 7 eyes (31.8%) were achieved best distance corrected near visual acuity 20/40 and 20/25 or better respectively. Posterior capsular opacity was developed in 5 eyes (22.7%) and posterior synechia was developed in 1 eye (4.5%). Conclusions: Clinical result of cataract surgery with AT-45 was relatively satisfactory. Long term follow-up is recommended.


The present invention relates to a method for the construction of underground structures by applying the structure as the structure of a steel pipe of steel forming the steel tube loop constructed for the construction of underground structures, with a steel tube having a multi-purpose coupling tube a solid steel pipe loop only it can be formed as it is possible to prevent the ground water, etc. from entering into the steel pipe loop. Steel pipe for the loop is made of the binding jidoe tube main steel tube constituting the body of the steel pipe loop and is attached to the outer surface side of the main steel pipe by connecting the main steel pipe in parallel so as to form a steel pipe loop; Adjacent the main loop direction on the end surface of the steel pipe for steel pipe, the coupling grooves coupling pipe part of the pipe for the adjacent loop is inserted is formed; The coupling tube is composed of the insertion portion through the coupling grooves formed in the steel pipe of the main pipe for the other direction of the adjacent loop is inserted into the steel pipe of the main pipe for the other direction of the adjacent loop, which faces the exposed portion of the external earth and sand; It characterized in that a plurality of multifunctional holes in a longitudinal direction of the exposed portion the coupling tube is formed.


This article considers the problems Russia faces in developing its own innovation production. The features of Russia's innovation system functioning in modern economic conditions are analysed. Relying on the scientific and innovation potential, there are ways to develop our country's innovation potential in the face of sanctions.


This project concerns the use of performance measurement in the nonprofit sector, including the growing use of this tool to increase program function, enhance decision-making, and compare organizations. It explores the implementation and modification of a small nonprofit agency's performance measurement system and includes the design and implementation of additional tools. Key staff members of the nonprofit were interviewed about their experiences regarding measurement of a federal grant, and 22 program participants completed a survey of medium-term outcomes. The data suggest several changes to enhance program delivery and increase word of mouth referrals. The present researcher designed a logic model, program dashboard, survey, and phone survey to add to the nonprofit's existing data collection tools.


The article discusses ways to maintain a microclimate in greenhouse complexes. It is the most important task for growing various crops. The required temperature regime in the greenhouse is maintained according to weather conditions using a water heating system. The article presents an analysis of methods for regulating the consumption of thermal energy to identify the advantages and disadvantages of each of them. The review of tendencies in the field of regulation of heat consumption is carried out. The main direction of modernization of the modern system of regulation of heat energy consumption has been formed and considered.


This study examined the effectiveness of detailed and nondetailed information for encouraging cancer patients to discuss clinical trials with their physicians. We hypothesized that detailed messages would lead to greater understanding of clinical trials and increased intentions and likelihood of broaching the topic with a physician, especially among individuals high in need for cognition (NFC). Participants (448 cancer patients) (a) completed a baseline assessment of understanding and intentions, (b) received either detailed or nondetailed messages, and (c) completed follow-up assessments at Weeks 1 and 6. The detailed messages led to greater intentions to discuss clinical trials than nondetailed messages among low-NFC participants. High-NFC participants' understanding, intentions, and behavior were not differentially affected by the detailed message. 1 Research reported in this article was funded by a research grant (R01-CA68427) and a contract (NO2-CO-01002-75) from the National Cancer Institute. The research was conducted as a partnership between the National Cancer Institute's Cancer Information Service (CIS) Research Program and Yale University. Staff from the CIS were involved in developing, implementing, and monitoring the administration of the screening survey. The intervention materials were created in collaboration with the CIS. Sincere thanks to the CIS New England office for attending study-related training seminars and for their help in data collection. 2 Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Amy Latimer, School of


A renormalisation group approach for the self-avoiding walk is developed. The approach enables the calculation of the exponent nu directly, without reference to the n-component spin model. The cluster approximation is used and nu =0.70 for the triangular lattice is obtained.


The 19th century regulation of commercial sex
was a nearly all European municipal initiative. The city
of Brussels offers a classic example as well as extensive source material, which has made it possible to
trace the history of the closed "system" of prostitution
installed by regulation, from its beginnings in 1844 to
its defacto downfall in 1877. A comprehensive view is
given of its daily reality and of the identity of the
people involved (prostitutes and brothel - keepers). The
conclusion is that the implementation of this policy has
never lived up to its high standards.


The introduction of Mexico into the international trademark arena may significantly influence the future of the North American Free Trade Agreement ("NAFTA"). NAFTA established a reliable and efficient system for trademark registration and protection. This system not only protects owners of trademarks, but also helps consumers identify and purchase goods or services that meet their needs.Despite its membership in NAFTA, Mexico is in the process of internationalizing its Intellectual Property protections. It is evident that among countries, economic improvement is generally the main motivation to form Free Trade Agreements, and Mexico's case is no different. Mexico has pursued an aggressive strategy of bilateral and regional agreements related to intellectual property protection. However, it seems that Mexico's strategy of bilateral agreements is also intended to decrease its reliance on the United States as a trading partner. This decrease in reliance will likely significantly influence the future of NAFTA.


And energy has the potential to completely change the way the world receives electricity. The technology is both clean and green. Generating electricity from wind energy will enable utilities to purchase less power from conventional fossil fuel based sources. After construction, wind projects produce no carbon emissions. However, the wind energy industry faces significant barriers to market entry in the Unites States, including local community opposition, environmental opposition, permitting difficulties, and ever-changing incentive structures. These factors have created a * Veery Maxwell, a third year law student at UC Hastings, is interested in cleantech solutions to climate change. She would like to thank Professor Takacs and the WestNorthwest team for their support. West Northwest, Vol. 18, No. 2, Summer 2012 324 relatively unfriendly atmosphere for wind energy development in the United States. In order for wind energy to become viable, the federal government must make efforts to reduce these hurdles by changing the regulatory framework for the wind energy industry.


Reports describing the ease with which a number of workers 1 have cultivated E. histolytica have led me to attempt its culture. Following the method described by Boeck and Drbohlav, 2 material obtained from 19 patients with proved E. histolytica infection was inoculated into their L. E. S. medium. The material obtained from 15 patients showed vegetative forms of ameba only; from 2 patients encysted forms of ameba only; and from 2 patients both encysted and vegetative forms of ameba. The results of these inoculations are embodied in the following table: Treatment of the ameba containing material with refrigeration, with acid, and with alkali, was done in an attempt to enhance their resistance and to cause them to encyst. In the few instances tried, the treatment proved to be of no value. Five tubes of media as a minimum were inoculated in each attempt to cultivate ameba from a given patient. Where amebic growth occurred, it was found in at least 2 of the tubes inoculated. The initial pH of the media varies between 6.8 and 7. The average pH at the end of 24 hours incubation from the cultures from 5 patients was 6.4; at 48 hours 5.6. A pH value of less than 5.4 was never encountered. Protozoal life could not be demonstrated at a pH of less than 6.2. Reinforcement of the buffer value of the serum by the addition of dibasic sodium phosphate did not materially affect the hydrogen ion concentration. The addition of washed human red cells showed no effect on the growth of the ameba or the reaction of the media. The addition of calculated amounts of alkali at short intervals, in the cultures from 2 patients maintained the pH only temporarily but did not affect the growth of the ameba.


In this work, seven wings inspired from insects' wings, including those inspired by the bumblebee, cicada, cranefly, fruitfly, hawkmoth, honeybee, and twisted parasite, are patterned and analyzed in FlapSim software in forward and hovering flight modes for two scenarios, namely, similar wingspan (20 cm) and wing surface (0.005 m2). Considering their similar kinematics, the time histories of the aerodynamic forces of lift, thrust, and required mechanical power of the inspired wings are calculated, shown, and compared for both scenarios. The results obtained from FlapSim show that wing shape strongly impacts the performance and aerodynamic characteristics of the chosen seven wings. To study the effects of different geometrical and physical factors including flapping frequency, elevation amplitude, pronation amplitude, stroke-plane angle, flight speed, wing material, and wingspan, several analyses are carried out on the honeybee-inspired shape, which had a 20 cm wingspan. This study can be used to evaluate the efficiency of different bio-inspired wing shapes and may provide a guideline for comparing the performance of flapping wing nano air vehicles with forward flight and hovering capabilities.


In this paper we consider two-dimensional, stratified, steady water waves propagating over an impermeable flat bed and with a free surface. The motion is assumed to be driven by capillarity (that is, surface tension) on the surface and a gravitational force acting on the body of the fluid. We prove the existence of global continua of classical solutions that are periodic and traveling. This is accomplished by globally continuing the curves of small-amplitude solutions obtained by the author in [25]. We do this in two ways: first, by means of a degree theoretic theorem in the spirit of Rabinowitz, and second via the analytic continuation method of Dancer.


Findings reported by Fillebeen et al . on the differences in heme iron absorption between mice and man underline the variation in the iron metabolic pathways involved in these two species and the extent to which they may influence iron absorption and body iron stores.[1][1] However, the rate of iron


This paper describes the development of mass-production technology for membrane-electrode assemblies (MEA) with a radical capturing layer and verifies its performance. Some of the authors of this paper previously developed an MEA with a radical capturing layer along the boundaries between the electrode catalyst layer and the polymer membrane to realize an endurance time of 20,000 h in accelerated daily start and daily stop (DSS) deterioration tests. Commercialization of these MEAs requires a production technology that suits mass production lines and provides reasonable cost performance. After developing a water-based slurry and selecting a gas diffusion layer (GDL), a catalyst layer forming technology uses a rotary screen method for electrode formation. Studies confirmed continuous formation of the catalyst layer, obtaining an anode/cathode thickness of 55 μm (+10/−20)/50 μm (+10/−20) by optimizing the opening ratio and thickness of the screen plate. A layer-forming technology developed for the radical capturing layer uses a two-fluid spraying method. Continuous formation of an 8-μm-thick (±3 μm) radical capturing layer proved feasible by determining the appropriate slurry viscosity, spray head selection, and optimization of spraying conditions.© 2011 ASME


PURPOSE
To describe the clinical features, histopathology, surgical management and possible etiopathogenesis of corneoscleral epithelial cysts.

METHODS
Three patients with corneoscleral epithelial cysts underwent surgical ablation of the cysts. Material obtained during surgery was subjected to histopathologic analysis.

RESULTS
At last follow-up (mean, 6.3 months), none of the cysts had recurred. All patients had improved visual acuity. Histopathology revealed the occurrence of glandular elements suggestive of lacrimal tissue in one of the cysts.

CONCLUSION
The presence of ectopic lacrimal tissue suggests a developmental etiology for such cysts. Marsupialization of the scleral portion of the cyst and chemical ablation of the lining epithelium of the corneal cyst with 20% trichloroacetic acid appears to be a safe and effective technique in the surgical management of corneoscleral epithelial cysts.


Today, Tamil Studies obtained evolution in multiple fields. These fields are mentioned in multiple departmental researchers and approaches. Narratology is a detailed explainary studies on Novels. This approach is already exists in 21st century onwards in developed countries. Similarly this approach is also followed by K.Panchangam and P.Maruthanayagam in Tamil. For example, Aatruppadai, Epic Literatures (Cillappathikaram, Manimekalai) and Ballads. Cirupaanaatruppadai is one of the Aatruppadai having 269 lines. It mentioned about Moovendar regime, Seven Chieftains Grants and Nalliyakkodan etc., Our aim is to use the Narratology Based Approach in Cirupaanaatruppadai.


Cultural identity and creativity in diversity rise up as dominant issues in international development agenda. Identity is an important element of a nation to show who the citizens really are in the era of globalization. The existence of an urban kampong is often marginalized due to 'bad' infrastructure and social conditions. But a kampong as the residence of common people in the city center is also recognized as a successful place in reflecting human values. Kauman is a kampong where people live around the city's great mosque and demonstrate characters of a devout Muslim community in the Javanese traditional city. In Semarang Kauman is a pioneer of a city characterized by the social life of non-elite class, coastal Islamic culture, and trading activities. The role as a spiritual-religious area has been continually attached to Kauman since the Mataram Kingdom's era to the present despite different improvisation of developments. At this moment Kauman seems to experience the effects of Johar Market burning in 2016. As a kampong with stories of the history of the city's development, Kauman has many local cultures that potentially become a city identity. However, the condition of infrastructure and socio-cultural aspect appears to be in degradation due to aging and modernization-capitalization pressure from its surroundings. This research aims to explore the spatial phenomenon influenced by socio-religious aspect that makes Kauman able to survive with the identity of a 'religious spiritual' place. This research employed ethnographic methods. The results showed that socio-religious values influenced community's everyday life and encouraged the community participation in the making of place.


The biovector transport of heavy metals and other contaminants in polar areas has been widely recognized, but its role in the movement of heavy metals from marine to terrestrial ecosystems in low latitudes remains less studied. In this study, we analyzed the temporal and spatial distributions of heavy metals Hg, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Se in a tropic coral reef island, Dongdao Island, South China Sea. The results indicated that seabird droppings are the major source of elements P, Hg, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Se in the surface soils and lake sediments. The concentrations of Hg, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Se in the historical booby droppings over the past millennium were calculated and the results suggested that these heavy metals have been rapidly increasing since AD 1800, the time of the Industrial Revolution. Except Cd, the contamination levels of heavy metals in the soils and sediments of Dongdao Island are presently low; however the current 50000 red-footed boobies are generating more droppings and aggravating the heavy metal pollution on the island. These seabirds are not polluters per se; they are just inadvertent vectors of the pollutants that are released to the environment by human activities.


Relevance is a key concept nowadays. We need to search for relevant information but we do not want to spend much of our time doing it. Most times it is hard to choose what is worth looking at. To help it, this paper proposes a framework that uses ontologies to suggest relevant topics. This framework is based on a cognitive theory called Relevance Theory [4]. In this particular case, we used a domain ontology to represent a proficiency test context and an application ontology to represent the relevance method. A proof of concept was conducted in order to demonstrate the validity of the framework. Some preliminary results point that the suggestion made from the system took to slightly more focused learning paths.


Daylight saving time in Australia has a long and chequered history. This is largely because the responsibility for the setting of time zones has remained with state and territory authorities. Commonwealth power over weights and measures in the Constitution extends to the measurement of time, but whether it has power to legislate about time zones is not free from doubt.


This chapter gives an overview of a significant number of German art fraud cases throughout history. It discusses the most popular cases in more depth to determine why they received such prominent public attention. The two most popular cases are the rather recent Beltracchi Case and the 1980s scandal of Hitler's forged diaries. The question is what makes such cases appear and reappear in the media and whether this has in any way influenced the art market (buyers, experts, galleries, museums, etc.) or the criminal justice system in its approach to preventing, detecting, investigating, and prosecuting art fraud. The chapter concludes by providing a discussion of the "popular" and "forgotten" cases in comparative perspective to determine how the portrayal in the media and ensuing public attention can potentially help or hinder the fight against art fraud. Keywords: Beltracchi case; criminal justice system; German art fraud; Hitler's forged diaries


The antioxidant level and nutrients in sixteen small indigenous fish species (SIS) of Bangladesh; eight marine and eight freshwater were measured by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and 2, 2-Diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazil, 95% (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. The IC 50 determined by DPPH varied from 327.04±0.06 µg/ml to 1888.21±0.10 µg/ml of wet weight. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in Heteropneustes fossilis followed by Mystus gulio, Hemirhamphus gaimardi, Mystus vittatus, Megalaspis cordyla, Silonia silondia, Colisa fasciatus, Amblypharyngodon mola, Oxygaster phulo, Gobioides anguillaris, Chela laubuca, Plotosus canius, Channa orientalis, Mugil cephalus, Coilia dussumieri and Tetraodon cutcutia. The protein and lipid contents of the selected SIS ranged between 21.43 to 8.59%, and 7.22 to 1.75%, respectively. The study suggests the presence of potent antioxidant and appreciable amount of nutrients in selected fish samples. The top four potential SIS species consist of appreciable amount of protein and antioxidant are Mystus gulio, Silonia silondia, Heteropneustes fossilis and Colisa fasciatus.


Abstract A new approach for a one-dimensional organic conductor with a chemically bonded backbone is presented. The proposed compounds consist of a linear arrangement of transition metal atoms, e.g. Fe, Co, bridged by linear bidentate π-electron containing ligands, e.g. pyrazine, 4,4'-bipyridine, and 1,4-diisocyanobenzene. This structure is stabilized by the tetradentate planar phthalocyanine molecule complexing each octahedrally coordinated central atom in its equatorial plane. The synthesis and characterization of the monomeric, dimeric and polymeric compounds PcML/PcML2, PcM-L-PcM and [PcML]n are described and a comparison of their electrical conductivity as a function of their structural features is given in detail. The electrical conduction of the monomeric units increases after polymerisation by a factor of 107 without doping. In the second part soluble tetrasubstituted phthalocyaninato(IVB)-metalloxanes are described and the effect of homogeneous and heterogeneous iodination on conductivity is disc...


A new method was put forward to measure the total N by hyperspectra technology.148 fir soil samples were collected using a FieldSpec 3 spectrometer.All samples were divided randomly into 2 groups,one group with 100 samples used as calibrated set,and the other with 48 samples used as validated set.The original spectra were pretreated by different methods,and then the PLS model was established with the spectra in the range of 350-2350 nm to compare the different pretreated methods.It was found that the background information and noise of the spectra could be eliminated by the method of wavelet denoising combined with multiplicative scatter correction effectively,with the calibration R-square(C-R2) Prediction R-square(P-R2) 0.891 and 0.885,respectively.In order to optimize the result,the pretreated spectra were analyzed using the principal component analysis(PCA),and the top 4 principal components were used as the input variables for the least square support vector regression(LS-SVR) model.The C-R2and P-R2 of LS-SVR model increased to 0.921 and 0.917,respectively,higher than those of PLS model,which indicated LS-SVR algorithm was more accurate.The result showed that it is feasible to estimate the nitrogen content of fir soil with hyperspectra technology,and the estimation model can be improved by the pretreatment method of wavelet denoising combined with multiplicative scatter correction and the modeling algorithm of LS-SVR.


Advances in complex disorders frequently occur when a research endeavor settles at the interface of seemingly disparate disciplines. The conceptual leaps achieved in hybrid fields, such as neuroimmunology or microbial immunophysiology, are testimony to the importance of thinking beyond the traditional confines of any research field. Modern technology has also expanded the scope of questions that can be asked by curious investigators from different backgrounds. This sharing of minds has been well illustrated in the study of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), in which there is increasing acceptance of the importance of gene–environment interactions, and particularly host–flora dialogue in the gut. Exploring the cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning such interactions has already provided a glimpse of exciting future therapeutic strategies. Different aspects of the bacterial flora within the gut have been examined in several comprehensive reviews that include reference to earlier work. Therefore, in this overview of host–flora interactions, emerging concepts, trends, and controversies will be highlighted.


A new indole alkaloid (1) was isolated from the tunicate Dendrodoa grossularia. The structure was determined by spectroscopic means, particularly extensive 1D and 2D NMR studies and chemical transformation. X-Ray crystallographic analysis of 2, obtained from 1 by treatment with Ac 2 O-pyridine, unambiguously provided the structure and the relative stereochemistry at C-5' of compound 2, and hence of 1.


Provided is an optical port state determination method. The method comprises: acquiring an average optical power performance value of an optical port in a designated time period; acquiring a current optical power performance value of the optical port; and determining, according to the average optical power performance value and the current optical power performance value, whether an optical port state is normal. The above technical solution utilizes a fluctuation characteristic of the optical power performance value of the optical port and determines whether a current performance value deteriorates by using the average optical power performance value of the optical port over a past time period so as to determine the optical port state. Compared with the related prior art, the invention can quickly calculate and display optical power deterioration states of all network elements in a management network without having to manually maintain performance thresholds of different optical ports, thereby quickly and accurately locating an optical port experiencing optical power deterioration in a current network, and increasing an efficiency of an optical port state determination method.


The article analyzes the characteristic and the process of the action technical ability, explains the factors which influence disable and sick children to study the action technical ability.After that the essay introduces the training methods in blind children's goalball,jump broad,dumb and deaf children's basketball.At the same time this thesis discusses that learning and training action technical ability can take good effect in disable and sick children's mental state quality.


In this work, sol-gel spin coating technique was utilised to coat ZnO thin films on glass substrates. During the intermediate 3 minutes baking process, either hotplate or convection oven was employed to bake the samples. The temperature for the baking process was varied from 150°C to 300°C for both instruments. Avantes Optical Spectrophotometer was used to characterise the optical property. The optical transmittances of hotplate-baked and oven-baked samples showed different trends with increasing baking temperatures, ranging from below 50% transmittance to over 90% transmittance in the visible range of wavelength. The difference in baking mechanisms using hotplate and convection oven will be discussed in this paper.


In this article, we demonstrate the design concept and experimental realization of a dual reconfigurable printed antenna. A single coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed printed monopole antenna can provide a reconfigurable ultrawideband (UWB)-notched or narrow-band (NB) response, depending on the status of the switches and the position of the split ring resonators (SRRs) in the CPW feed region of the antenna. The rectilinear movement of the superstrate, printed with various pairs of SRRs of differing dimensions, loaded in the feed region of the antenna, provides the reconfigurable functionalities. The position of the superstrate is controlled by a commercial servo motor programmed by a microcontroller. The antenna, along with the additional accessories required to actuate the mechanical movement, are fabricated and characterized using impedance and radiation pattern measurements. The measured results for both reconfigurable cases provide a good correspondence with the simulated results and the theoretical estimation. The proposed antenna can be used as a reconfigurable communicating antenna module of the cognitive radio (CR) system.


The changing social views of fatigue and sleepiness have contributed to the medicalizing lack of sleep. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.


Power fluctuation caused by the movement of the receiver has always been a difficult problem for the development of dynamic wireless charging of electric vehicles (EVs). A segmented dynamic wireless charging system (DWCS) based on double transmitting coils and T-type compensation network is presented in this paper to restrain the power fluctuation. Cross-coupling effects are removed by adding switches in series with the transmitting coils. A genetic algorithm based multiobject optimization for the power fluctuation factor (PFF) and the reactive component is used to design the parameters of the T-type network. Simulations show that the optimization of the T-type network is not limited to a certain structure of the transmitter and receiver coils but can minimize the PFF for different values of the gap between the transmitting coils. Experiments for separated and overlapped transmitting coils show that the proposed double-transmitting-coil power supply scheme T-type network can maintain the power fluctuation less than 6% of the average output power with the dc–dc efficiency above 85%.


Today's business is strongly connected with the idea of electronic commerce. E-commerce is changing the way businesses interact with consumers, as well as the way they interact with each other. In order for the next era of e-commerce -enabling automatic business interactionto be realized, not only the e-services approach has to be adopted but also the vision of Semantic Web Services has to be considered. In this text, I intend to conceptually compare the most significant Semantic Web Services initiatives; the OWL-S Semantic Markup for Web Services, the Web Service Modeling Ontology (WSMO) and the METEOR-S Web Service Annotation Framework, considering the discovery, interoperation, composition and invocation lifecycle stages involved in business interactions.