A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) converts chemical energy from a fuel gas, such as hydrogen or methane, to electrical energy. Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) films are often used as electrolytes, in which only oxygen ions are carriers. In such cases, the open-circuit voltage (OCV = 1.15 V at 1073 K) is equal to the Nernst voltage (Vth = 1.15 V at 1073 K).
 Samaria-doped ceria (SDC) has higher ionic conductivity than YSZ. Therefore, SDC films are possible electrolyte candidates. However, when SDC electrolytes are used in SOFCs, the OCV at 1073 K is only 0.80 V. The voltage loss has been explained by Wagner's equation.
 Numerous subsequent models have been created based on Wagner's equation. The current-voltage relationship can be calculated with the cathode and anode polarization voltage losses using the Riess model [1]. Furthermore, Duncan and Wachsman created a nonlinear model [2]. This model can also be used to explain the equilibration process.
 According to the Riess model, the OCV should decrease during electrode degradation. However, experimentally, the OCV does not change during electrode degradation [3]. The change in the equilibration of thick SDC electrolytes in response to a change in the anode gas has never been explained using the model of Duncan and Wachsman. Experimentally, when a very thick (6.6 mm) SDC electrolyte is used, the OCV can reach 0.80 V in only 5 minutes [4]. According to Weppner, the corresponding delay in the electron diffusion current should be more than 2080 minutes [5].
 We proposed a current-independent anode voltage loss (0.35 V = 1.15 V- 0.80 V) [6]. Since we disproved the existence of large leakage currents in SDC electrolytes, our explanations seem to disregard and disprove Wagner's equation. However, we noted that the dismissal of the idea of large leakage currents in SDC electrolytes is only a side effect. When SDC electrolytes experience a large anode voltage loss (0.35 V), the leakage currents are very small. This phenomenon is called the "anode shielding effect" [7].
 The ionic activation energy (Ea) of SDC electrolytes is 0.7 eV (= 0.35 V ×2e). During ion hopping processes in SDC electrolytes, the work done by ions on the surrounding lattice structure is 0.7 eV. The ions should regain 0.7 eV after hopping. However, when there are many electrons in the hopping path, the hopping processes are very complex, and calculating the work loss is challenging [8].
 Jarzynski's equality is very useful for calculating the Gibbs energy loss at the nanoscale. One ion hopping process in SDC electrolytes is at the nanoscale. However, the number of oxygen ions in SDC electrolytes is on the order of 1021, which is near Avogadro's number. The number of oxygen ions that can participate in the hopping process is on the order of 1016 at 1073 K. Furthermore, the average frequency of the oxygen ions is 1013 Hz. Consequently, we are discussing an average Gibbs energy loss on the order of 1029 in one second. This means that our model is much more statistical as follows.
 Jarzynski's equality ⊇ Our model (OCV = Vth -Ea /2e) (1)
 Fortunately, the canonical ensemble for the ion hopping process follows Boltzmann's distribution, which is an exponential distribution and determined only by the temperature of the environment.
 We try to improve the compatibility between the current-independent constant voltage loss in Wagner's equation for SOFCs using SDC electrolytes and Jarzynski's equality.
 References:
 [1] I. Riess, J. Phys. Chem. Solids., 47(2), 129 (1986). doi: 10.1016/0022-3697(86)90121-6.
 [2] K. L. Duncan and E. D. Wachsman, J. Electrochem. Soc., 156, B1030 (2009). doi:
 10.1149/1.315851.
 [3] T. Miyashita, J. Mater. Sci., 41(10), 3183 (2006). doi: 10.1007/s10853-006-6371-8.
 [4] T. Miyashita, J. Electrochem. Soc., 164(11) 3190 (2017). doi: 10.1149/2.0251711jes
 [5] J. Liu and W. Weppner, Ionics, 5(1–2), 115 (1999). doi: 10.1007/BF02375914.
 [6] T. Miyashita, J. Mater. Sci., 40(22), 6027 (2005). doi: 10.1007/s10855-005-4560-2.
 [7] B. Dalslet, P. Blennow, P. V. Hendriksen, N. Bonanos, D. Lybye, and M. Mogensen, J. Solid State Electrochem., 10(8), 547 (2006). doi: 10.1007/s10008-006-0135-x.
 [8] T. Miyashita, Miyashita, ECSarXiv (2020) "Open-Circuit Voltage Anomalies in Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia and Samaria-Doped Ceria Bilayered Electrolytes",


The present invention relates to a traffic road net generation method using vehicle detection data, which uses vehicle detection data GPS and a wireless net signaling as calculation analysis data, and integrates the traditional electronic map road net data into traffic road net data suitable to traffic information application. The traffic road net generation method analyzes vehicle traveling paths, establishes a road segment traffic mode, combines the road segments with endpoints adjacent to each other, the endpoints are similar in height under a traffic mode, and generates traffic road net basic data through applying the geographic information system technology, the static analysis technology and a lot of collected vehicle detection data; and the traffic information collection technology, such as vehicle detectors, global positioning system floating vehicle detectors, and CFVDs, is used for reducing processed road net data, calculating road segment traffic information of various roads, increasing the system efficiency of the traffic information collection technology, and providing instant information for satisfying the demands of people on roads, based on the traffic road net generation method.


Abstract Background: Front-of-package (FOP) nutrition labelling has become a core component of policy recommendations to address the growing burden of diet-related non-communicable disease globally. The CODEX Committee on Food Labelling is in the process of establishing standardized criteria for the definition of "high-in" for use with FOP labels highlighting excessive amounts of fats, sugars and sodium in foods. Recently, as part of Health Canada's Healthy Eating Strategy, regulations requiring the mandatory display of high-in FOP symbols have been published. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which these symbols would appear on foods and beverages in the Canadian prepackaged food supply, both overall and by food category. Methods: Foods and beverages in the University of Toronto's Food Label Information Program database 2013 (n = 15,277) were assessed for the prevalence of products that would have to display a symbol based on criteria published in the draft Canadian regulations. The criteria include thresholds based on the % Daily Value (DV) for each nutrient, above which, products would be required to display a FOP symbol for that nutrient. Exemptions are provided for fruits and vegetables without added sodium, sugars, or saturated fats, non-flavoured whole or partly skimmed milk, eggs, sweetening agents (i.e. sugar, honey, syrups and molasses) and table salt. Results: 61.7% (n = 10,251) of products would be required to display at least one symbol. Of these, 52.3% (n = 5,358) would have a sodium symbol, 41.9% (n = 4,295) a saturated fats symbol and 41.0% (n = 4,207) a sugars symbol. Overall, 37% of products would display a symbol for more than one nutrient. The highest concentration of symbols were found on processed meats (93.8%), soups (93.0%), desserts (87.2%), sugars and sweets (82.3%), dairy (76.9%) and bakery products (71.0%). Discussion: This is the first study to evaluate the impact of proposed regulations for the mandatory display of FOP symbols on Canadian prepackaged foods. Findings identify a high concentration of symbols in categories contributing meaningfully to dietary sodium, sugars, and saturated fats intakes, but also in categories for which consumption is discouraged in national dietary guidelines (e.g. processed meats, desserts). The findings presented here will inform ongoing discussions on how best to optimize criteria underpinning the display of FOP "high-in" labels.


Objective This study was made to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of AIDS based on the surveillance results of the epidemic in Jinhua City from 1987 through 2005, providing a basis for the formulation of strategies for the prevention and control of AIDS. Methods Statistical analysis were performed on the data from AIDS surveillance and epidemiological management in Jinhua City. Results 94 HIV-infected cases were reported from 1987-2005 in Jinhua City with 14 AIDS patients included. Young adults were predominantly affected with the ratio of male to female being 2.92∶1. Intravenous drug use and sexual contact were the major routes of transmission, accounting for 46.80% and 39.36% respectively. 47.87% of all the infected received only elementary school education or even lower. Among the HIV-infected individuals,permanent residents accounted for 31.00% of all the infected with transmission through sexual activities constituting 79.31% and through HIV positive spouses/sexual partners 24.13%. Surveillance was done on 122 180 individuals from vulnerable population from 1987 to 2005,with positive HIV antibody found in 87 cases (positive rate 0.07%). Conclusion The AIDS epidemic trends in Jinhua City have developed from the introduction phase to the spreading phase. The epidemic is spreading from high-risk population to general population with family HIV transmissions having occurred. It is expected that HIV infections will increase substantially, so greater efforts need to be made to strengthen the prevention and control of the epidemic.


Federated learning (FL) has attracted more and more attention recently. The integration of FL and edge computing makes the edge system more efficient and intelligent. FL usually uses the server to actively select certain edge devices to participate in the global model training. However, the selected edge devices may be stragglers, or even crash during training. Meanwhile, the unselected idle edge devices cannot be fully utilized for training. Therefore, besides the widely studied communication efficiency and data heterogeneity issues in FL, we also take the above time efficiency into consideration, and propose a time-efficient asynchronous federated learning protocol, TEA-Fed, to solve these problems. With TEA-Fed, idle edge devices actively apply for training tasks and participate in model training asynchronously once assigned tasks. Considering that there may be a huge number of edge devices in edge computing, we introduce control parameters to limit the number of devices participating in training the identical model at the same time. Meanwhile, we also introduce caching mechanism and weighted averaging with respect to model staleness in the model aggregation step to reduce the adverse effects of model staleness and further improve the accuracy of the global model. Finally, the experimental results show that the protocol can accelerate the convergence of model training, improve the accuracy, and has robustness to heterogeneous data.


many compositions in this volume that explore relationships between humans and (nonhuman) animals, such as Beach's "A Hermit Thrush at Morn," Talma's Summer Sounds, Bond's Dreams of Flying, and the works by Emily Doolittle.18 Finally, recent scholarship on queer ecology could have added a new dimension to the intersections between Oliveros's sexuality and music.19 But these few quibbles are in no way meant to detract from the overall impact of this book: certainly, no single volume should be expected to represent or cover every aspect of any subject. Music and the Skillful Listener is an engrossing study of an important topic that scholars working in a broad array of fi elds— including American music, music and place, ecomusicology, ecocriticism, gender and music, and many more— will fi nd enriching and illuminating. One sign of a successful project is its potential for stimulating other research, and after fi nishing this book I envisioned it inspiring a number of other possible publications, including fulllength studies of African American composers and nature, modernist and atonal women composers and nature (a topic Melissa de Graaf has already begun to examine), nature and domestic compositions by nineteenthcentury women, and ecofeminism and music, to give just a few examples. Scholars pursuing research in these areas or in other related fi elds will fi nd this book an invaluable resource. Music and the Skillful Listener is the very fi rst publication in Indiana University Press's new series "Music, Nature, Place" (edited by Sabine Feisst and Denise Von Glahn); if this monograph is any indication of the quality of other forthcoming volumes, this will be an innovative and compelling series indeed.


Because of inaccuracy of modeling and parameters me asur ment, the controlled systems are subjected by the inaccuracy inevitably and the control of uncert ain systems is studied by many researchers. Uncerta in nonlinear systems partial state variables control t echnique is developed, and applied to single pendul um systems. In order to make a certain state variable symptotically stable and adaptive parameters ident ify the uncertain parameters, using partial state stability theory and adaptive control method, two controller s and adaptive regulators are designed separately for two s ate variables and uncertain parameters. Our cont ollers can guarantee the uniformly ultimate boundedness of the solution of the closed-loop system, and make t he tracking error arbitrarily small for uncertain para meters. Numerical simulation results illustrate the  effectiveness of the proposed controllers and adapt ive regulators.


The present invention discloses a method of using a penetrometer rapid detection of the degree of compaction of the foundation soil, compaction detection involves technical field. Step of the present invention is: a step of randomly selecting 18 to 25 fill the construction site, selecting a region of the foundation soil to be detected, the sample to be detected to extract the laboratory compaction test sample was taken to make the maximum dry density; step two, use penetration resistance meter the a consistently be detected soil region foundation field detecting step into resistance values; step three, obtained penetrative resistance - dry density of a regression equation, the formula of the regression equations is: Y = aX + b ; wherein, Y is dry density × 10, X is the penetration resistance value, a, b is the regression coefficient; step four, the detection resistance value foundation soil penetration, the detected values obtained into penetrative resistance obtained in step three regression equations, draw dry density of the fill soil foundation construction site. Principles of the invention is simple, efficient and accurate test data, can accurately guide the construction site.


The rapid development of mobile communications has caused a higher demand of radio channel or carrier frequency due to additional mobile subscribers. With a limited frequency bandwidth allocated to mobile operators, good network planning is important to avoid congestion in the network. Some of the methods used to improve congestion in mobile networks is cell splitting and frequency reuse, but without good planning, such as assignment of frequencies to base station and coverage area, it will result in extra costs to mobile operators due to additional base stations being required. Two base stations, operating in the same carrier frequency, will interfere with each other subject to distance, transmission power and position of the antenna. The task of assignment carrier frequency to a base station with limited frequency resources is called the channel assignment problem (CAP) or the frequency assignment problem (FAP).The channel assignment problem can be defined as the assignment of radio channels to a base station in order to meet traffic demand without violating any interference constraints. In this paper, we will introduce a hyperheuristic approach to tackle this problem.


Based on the aircraft sounding data of the SHEBA (Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean) experiment in 1998, this paper analyzed the character and turbulent structure of MABL (Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer) over the Arctic Ocean during spring and summer. The results show that the MABL in the Arctic Ocean is prominently different from other areas. The MABL in spring is close to near-neutral stratification, but close to weak-stable stratification in summer. The MABL height in spring is higher than in summer. The MABL can be divided into four layers: the surface layer, the mixing layer under cloud, the cloud layer and the inversion layer. In spring, the intensity of turbulence has two maximum as the height rises, but decreases in summer. The momentum flux and sensible heat flux transport downward, but the latent heat flux transports upward.


Abstract. This article presents the results of histological and X-ray studies of bone condition, stability, and degree of osteointegration of implants with different microstructure of the surface during immediate and delayed implantation in the animal experiment. The results of the study did not reveal significant differences in the process of osteointegration during direct and delayed implantation. Data from histological and X-ray studies of direct implantation in fresh extraction holes are comparable to those obtained during delayed implantation and are not inferior to the traditional two-stage protocol. At the same time, a certain correlation between the type of surface of the implant and the time of its adaptation in different periods of the experiment was revealed. When using an implant with an innovative surface, HSTTM. The process of osteointegration is mor clear, and the bone wall of the hole is more compacted, which indicates an accelerated and successful process of osteointegration. Key words: X-ray diffraction, frequency resonance and histological analysis, fibrous capsule, collagen fibers, trabeculae, bone tissue, periotestometry osseointegration, stability.


ABSTRACT A study examined young children's emergent reading abilities through analysis of their assisted storybook interactions. Twelve storybooks were read tai 41 preschool children during .a two-week period preceding interviews. During the interviews, each child was asked to "read"\ a favorite storybook aloud to a stuffed animal and to the examiner. In 11 casesin which the child did not respond to this initial prompt, additional encouragements were given by the examiner, including'reading the story aloudwith the child. The videotaped. interviews were examined for features thought to be , 'related to knowledge about vTittenlanguage and reading. Preliminary analysis of the assisted storybook interactions indicated a variety of responses. Some children responded only nonverbally, for example, by pointing to the picture. In contrast, other children became very invo/ved'verbally, recreating the story with adult assistance. Storybook interactions also varied in the type of language the children used. The responses of some children reflected oral language, containing conversational characteristics, while others resembled written language and contained fragments of the exact wording of the' text. During further analysis of the assisted storybook interactions, esponses appeared to.fall into five categories:nonverbal, conversational, semantically equivalent, echo-like, and verbatim-like. (Exampleg of interactions are included in the text.) (HTH) r,


The sorption-enhanced steam reforming of glycerol (SESRG) is a sustainable approach to produce high-purity hydrogen in a single step by valorizing waste raw material. Fabricating Ni–CaO-based catal...


Background:About 20 000 people in Sweden suffer from Parkinson's disease. It is a chronical degenerative neurodisease which results in lack of dopamin. The motor symptoms is for example rigidity, t ...


This article addresses how Marxist economists have estimated the quantity of fixed and circulating capital advanced in the denominator of the rate of profit calculation. Generally, Marxist economists have used neoclassical fixed capital estimates of opportunity cost, as applied most notably, in the US system of national accounts. These Hulten and Wyckoff measures aggregate the lifetime revenues (both costs and profits) of fixed assets and so grossly over estimate the value of the fixed capital stock. This article applies the Internal Revenue Service Depreciable Assets less Depreciation for a more accurate estimate of the actual quantity of fixed capital advanced. Furthermore, it criticises the absence of a convincing measure of the rate of turnover of Marx's circuit of capital accumulation M . . . C . . . P . . . C' . . . M' in most rate of profit estimates. Developing the work of Bertrand and Fauqueur, this article demonstrates that the cash conversion cycle or net operating cycle mirrors Marx's circuit. This article applies the cash conversion cycle to Internal Revenue Service Total Corporations data 1964–2017 to estimate the rate of turnover. The article addresses the distinction between unproductive and productive output and develops an estimation of those respective quantities based on Internal Revenue Service data. It combines these elements together to estimate the US rate of profit from 1964 to 2017. It finds that the US rate of profit rose strongly, albeit with dramatic fluctuations, after 2001.


Anaerobic biodigestia can be an option for biological wastewater treatment, being configured as an important energy carrier able to provide both heat and / or electricity and efficient removal of organic pollutants. The system type adopted for wastewater treatment depends on the influent characteristics. During the anaerobic process a part of the organic matter changes into methane, and the other part is digested and reflected in the effluent. This paper keeps up the efficiency of anaerobic biological process carried out in a UASB reactor by processing the collected wastewater from a brewery, a juice factory and a distillery. Taking into account only the step of anaerobic biological treatment can not be obtained the effluent by the conditions imposed by NTPA 001/2005, so it is best combined anaerobic-aerobic treatment of wastewater from food industry.


It has been commonly recognized that training and education are success factors of advanced production automation systems. There are, however, only few answers to the questions of how to train personnel during implementation and change, how to educate trainers, or how to educate planners and managers.

As a part of the collaborating network of the IIASA CIM-Project, several case studies have been carried out in Finland, where design and training methods were assessed during the real implementation process and new training methods were used and tested as a part of the real design process. This paper presents the results of case studies assessing the training and psycho-sociological impacts of the information systems and it also provides practical guidelines and procedures for training problems. The paper gives a valuable insight into this important topic.


The is/ought argument will be briefly described. Then there will be a preamble covering a series of topics relevant to a consideration of the evolutionary origins of human behaviour. These will include survival and reproduction in the era of evolutionary adaptedness, shared genetic commonalities, and the origins of altruism. Then I will refer briefly to today's manifestations of the same behaviours. I will end with some comments on the special qualities of reciprocal altruism and suggest that up till now religion may have contributed a means by which it could be achieved, and may even be called upon to do so again. The Is/Ought Problem and evolutionary psychology In many parts of the world today evolutionary psychology is considered a dangerous and unwanted discipline. Some of you may have read a review in The Listener a month or so ago of a book called Sex at Dawn, by Christopher Ryan. A week later there was a letter from him, saying No, no, I'm not an evolutionary psychologist, when he clearly is. In some places neither he, nor anyone else can admit to it. If they do, they immediately become the target of angry colleagues hissing at them – "What about the is/ought problem?" What do they mean? They're accusing him (and all the rest of us) of committing the naturalistic fallacy, or rather, what might be considered a contemporary version of it, in which people argue, fallaciously, that because something is "natural", it must therefore be "good". But this is a straw man argument, fuelled by fear. Evolutionary psychologists are not arguing that because a particular behaviour has evolved over time, it must therefore be morally "good". Anything but! The point is that nature does not have a moral dimension, nor can one be derived from it.


Background: this study was carried out on 12 – 15 year old Nigerian school children to measure and provide baseline data for the gonial angle. Study design: One hundred orthodonticaly untreated subjects were randomly selected by multistage sampling to participate in this study. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of the one hundred, 12-15 years old school children, were taken. Manual tracings of the cephalograms were done and the measurements were recorded, summarized and statistically analyzed. Result: The mean age of the population studied was 12.16years. There were 40 males (40%) and 60 females (60%). The gonial angle for males was found to be 128.04 0 ±3.69 0 while that for females was 128.67 0 ±4.99 0 No significant difference was noted in the mean value for males and females. (p 0 ± 5.05 0 . Conclusion No significant difference was noted in the values for males and females. Keywords: Gonion, Menton, Mandibular Plane, Gonial angle.


This paper aims at analyzing the management situation of English program for liberal arts in junior colleges in the Daejeon area and analyzing students attitudes toward the English program they took. For the study, four instructors and 425 college students from four junior colleges in Daejeon were given questionaires in order to get the data. The result revealed as follows: 1) Fifty one percent of the subjects were not satisfied (very unsatisfied and mostly unsatisfied) with the English class for liberal arts and the difference of the degree of satisfaction from each college students were significantly different. 2) The surveyed students whose majors were social studies, engineering, arts and physical education preferred English conversation (listening and speaking) class (30%) for their liberal arts, however, the students majoring in nursing and health preferred practical English for their majors. 3) Most of the students complained of big class sizes and wanted to divide the students into smaller groups. 4) The colleges don`t have effective management sytems of English program for liberal arts. The paper suggests that improved organization for the English program is required in order to arrange the budget and manpower for the effective management of the program. The big classes should be divided into smaller groups and the class division should be done based on the students levels. Various kinds of courses for English should be offered for the students to choose. The text should be well chosen or designed for the student-oriented and task-based lessons. The class should be more focused on improving students communicative ability.


This paper deals with the improvement of the transparency of a 1-DOF hybrid haptic device with the wide-ranged torque reflection. The hybrid haptic device presented in this study consists of an MR brake and a DC motor, thereby exerting the reflective torque by the combined outputs from two actuators. The MR brake, which has the passivity property for the safety in interaction and the stability in control, is used as the main source for the reflective torque of the haptic device. On the other hand, the DC motor, which is active in nature, is used just for compensating the back-driven torques in the haptic system or providing additional torques for obtaining the output larger than the capacity of the MR brake. Therefore, the proposed hybrid concept makes possible for the haptic device to display the wide-ranged torque reflection as well as the improved transparency, with still large workspace.


The invention relates to a TiAl intermetallic compound-based solid seif-lubricating composite material which comprises Ti3SiC2, Ti2AlC and C which are used as the ternary composite lubricating phase and TiC which is used as the reinforced phase, and a preparation method thereof. The TiAl intermetallic compound-based solid seif-lubricating composite material is characterized in that the material is prepared from Ti powder, Al powder, Cr powder, Nb powder, B powder and Ti3SiC2 powder, wherein the molar ratio of Ti, Al, Cr, Nb and B is 48:47:2:2:1 and the dosage of the Ti3SiC2 powder is 5-20wt.% of the total weight of the Ti powder, Al powder, Cr powder, Nb powder and B powder. The TiAl/Ti3SiC2-Ti2AlC-C/TiC intermetallic compound-based solid seif-lubricating composite material synthesized by the method is novel in component design (the intermetallic compound matrix, the composite lubricating phase and the reinforced phase), high in density, good in tribological properties, stable in technological parameters, fast and simple in preparation process and easy in operation and the method is suitable to be used to prepare the high performance TiAl intermetallic compound-based solid seif-lubricating composite material.


Study about Existence of Ethnic Law in community of Tengger, Sub-province Probolinggo, in the midst of social changes. This research is a kind of empirical/sociological law research, taking location in Ngadisari countryside District of Sukapura. Sub-Province Probolinggo. The research method is non-doctrinal social by micro internal interaction approach, with qualitative analysis. Reseach data in is the form of primary data and secondary data. The informant was selected purposively, that is who has direct information with research matter. Collecting of the data is performed by in depth interviewing. The interview was performed informally to get information/data appropriate with the need with interview guide. Analysis of the data is a kind of non-statistic qualitative Qualitative analysis is performed informally by theories to draw conclusion according to the research matter. The analysis show, it can be obtained a conclusion that the existence of ethnic law in Tengger community still remain preserved/do not degrade/change, and the present of social change element from outside is not yet able to touch and change ethnic law followed by Tengger ethnic community, so that till now still held firmly, be obeyed and remain exist in the life of Tengger community. Social values that form the background of existence ot ethnic law of Tengger community are. For example, oral culture, myth and mictical belief, relatives tradition and social integration. Those values become life guide of Tengger community to maintain existence of their ethnic law. Keyword : Ethnic Law, Social Change


Without computer Internet technology, there would be no modern educational technology. Thanks to the Internet and server terminals, education extends beyond the classroom. People use computers, tablets and even smart phones to search materials and communicate with teachers and students outside class. With the gradual popularization of Web2.0 technology, students can take the initiative to learn and build personal knowledge network. With research showing that 80 percent of knowledge is acquired outside the classroom, technology's contribution to education goes well beyond classroom projections and megaphones. Therefore, the integration of such technology in college education will be a major direction of future teaching. Based on this, this paper discusses the construction of college English mixed teaching mode based on modern educational technology and computer technology.


Context. On the sun, the magnetic field vector is measured routinely solely in the photosphere. By using these photospheric measurements as a boundary condition, we developed magnetohydrostatic (MHS) extrapolation to model the solar atmosphere. The model makes assumptions about the relative importance of magnetic and non-magnetic forces. While the solar corona is force-free, this is not the case with regard to the photosphere and chromosphere.
Aims. The model has previously been tested with an exact equilibria. Here we present a more challenging and more realistic test of our model with the radiative magnetohydrodynamic simulation of a solar flare.
Methods. By using the optimization method, the MHS model computes the magnetic field, plasma pressure and density self-consistently. The nonlinear force-free field (NLFFF) and gravity-stratified atmosphere along the field line are assumed as the initial conditions for optimization.
Results. Compared with the NLFFF, the MHS model provides an improved magnetic field not only in magnitude and direction, but also in magnetic connectivity. In addition, the MHS model is capable of recovering the main structure of plasma in the photosphere and chromosphere.


A density functional study is presented of the interstitial Zn$_i$, Ge$_i$, and N$_i$ in ZnGeN$_2$. Corrections to the band gap are included by means of the LDA+U method.
The Zn and Ge interstitials are both found to strongly prefer the larger octahedral site compared to the two types of tetrahedral sites.
The Zn interstitial is found to be a shallow double donor but has higher energy than previously studied antisite defects. It has a resonance in the conduction band which is Zn-$s$ like.
The Ge interstitial is an even higher energy of formation defect and also behaves as a shallow double donor but has also a deep level in the gap, corresponding to a Ge-$s$ orbital character while the Ge-$p$ forms a resonance in the conduction band.
The nitrogen interstitial forms a split-interstitial configuration, as also occurs in GaN. Its electronic levels can be related to that of a N$_2$ molecule. The defect levels in the gap correspond to the $\pi_g$-like lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the molecule, which here becomes filled with 3 electrons in the defect's neutral charge state. They are found to prefer a high-spin configuration in the $q=+1$ state.
The corresponding transition levels are obtained and show that this is an amphoteric trap level occurring in $+2$, $+1$, 0 and $-1$ charge states. The two possible sites for this split interstitial, on top of Zn or on top of Ge differ slightly in N$_2$ bond-length. While the N$_i$ defects have the lowest formation energy among the interstitials, it is still higher than that of the antisites.
Hence they are not expected to occur in sufficient concentration to affect the intrinsic Fermi level position. In particular, they do not contribute to the unintentional n-type background doping.


OBJECTIVE: This study examined supports and barriers to higher education and employment based on quantitative and qualitative reports of individuals diagnosed with mental illness who were enrolled in a program that addressed higher education and employment goals. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-eight adult participants with various mental health diagnoses. METHODS: A one-group posttest quantitative survey design and qualitative focus groups were used. RESULTS: The mean number of supports for higher education was 9.8 and for employment was 6.2. Quantitative supports with the highest endorsement rates reflected a combination of supports internal and external to the individual. The qualitative data reflected supports primarily external to the individual. The mean number of barriers for higher education was 4.8 and for employment was 4.25. Barriers common to both higher education and employment in the quantitative and qualitative data reflected internal barriers such as fears and anxieties, lost motivation and inability to concentrate. CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative and qualitative results demonstrate that substantial internal and external supports and barriers exist for individuals diagnosed with mental illness with goals of higher education and employment. Individuals would benefit from an approach that is customized and includes an evaluation of supports and barriers and internal and external resources to address them.


Due to the special features of the homomorphic filter, relying on its capabilities of selectively enhancing blurred images with poor contrast and nonuniform illumination, a study concerning the possibility of applying it to RGB (24-bit true color) images has been made. Moreover, the effects of different shapes for the linear filter employed by the process are discussed and illustrated using a classical high pass butterworth filter modified for more flexibility in the final enhancement. An image of poor quality in terms of blurring and nonuniform illumination was used to demonstrate the results of different stages of the filtering process. It is shown that homomorphic filtering is a viable tool for enhancing poor quality RGB images.


Increasing numbers of older people directly employ care workers to help them live independently at home using cash for care schemes or pay for the services of a worker using their own money.  Despite the longstanding nature of these arrangements, little is known about how these workers, their older employers or family carers employing these workers on behalf of an older person negotiate relationships with primary care professionals.  For example, what happens if community nurses express concerns about the quality of a worker's performance?  Who undertakes responsibility for training and supervising directly employed workers in tasks such as catheter care? While there are an increasing number of studies reporting on the experiences of those working as, or employing, these types of worker, very little is known about the triadic relationships between workers, people employing them, and other health professionals. The presentation will describe the early stages of a new exploratory study designed to explore working relationships between primary care and directly employed home care workers from the perspective of older people, family carers, primary care professionals and directly employed workers themselves.  The aim is to develop evidence based guidance and resources to enhance communication, and facilitate co-ordination of care between the older people receiving care and support and their family where applicable, directly employed care workers, and NHS professionals to promote the wellbeing of older people.  The presentation will highlight some of the methodological challenges in negotiating access to study participants and analysing data from different sources.


The SALL4 gene encodes a putative zinc finger transcription factor and is located on chromosome 20q13.13‐13.2. Mutations in SALL4 have been identified in patients with Okihiro syndrome, which is characterized by radial ray anomalies associated with a Duane anomaly. Here, we report an unusual family in which affected persons show an extremely variable phenotype consistent with either Okihiro syndrome, hemifacial microsomia, or isolated Duane anomaly. A novel nonsense mutation in the SALL4 gene was detected in all affected family members and obligate carriers. This mutation is located in exon 3, only 29 bp 5′ of the most 3′ intron, and would therefore be expected to escape the nonsense mediated mRNA decay pathway, which might explain the phenotypic variablity and mild degree of limb involvement. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


The refractive index sensitivity of a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensor is correlated to an enhanced local electromagnetic (EM) field originating from noble metal nanostructures. Here, we demonstrated that extensive EM field enhancement by a gold (Au) nanocone array (AuNCA) allowed highly sensitive and label-free detection of biomolecules in the visible wavelength spectrum. The AuNCA consisted of a polymer core and an Au shell, which was fabricated by using simple and inexpensive nanoimprint lithography. Under LSPR excitation, AuNCA absorbs visible light of a specific wavelength and extensively enhances the EM field near its surface. It was shown that AuNCA had high refractive index sensitivity (417.5 nm/RIU) because of the large distribution of the enhanced EM field, covering a large surface of the NCA. Moreover, in DNA hybridization detection, a very low limit of detection of 161 fM was achieved, and 1-base mismatch DNA was successfully discriminated by using AuNCA.


Moving mesh methods are becoming increasingly popular for several kinds of parabolic and hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs). In this paper, we develop a moving mesh method based on minimizing energy function with upwinding schemes and provide a moving mesh algorithm for time-dependent PDEs. Numerical experiments are carried out to demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed methods.


Measurement of the quality of biodiesel during the purification process is necessary to ensure biodiesel meets the required standards. Water and glycerol concentrate critical parameters of the quality of the final product of biodiesel. The impurities of biodiesel (water and glycerol) have a strong correlation with dielectric properties due to polarity changes. Measurement of electrical properties produces 14 dielectric parameters namely impedance (Z), Modulus Young (Y), Phase, Capacitation series (Cs), Parallel capacitance (Cp), Displacement (D), Series Inductance (Ls), Parallel Inductance (Lp), Electric charge (Q), Series Resistance (Rs), Conductance (G), Parallel Resistance (Rp), electric susceptibility (X) and induction field (B). Parameters selection are needed for the efficiency of determining the quality of biodiesel. The research objective is to predict the quality of biodiesel during the purification process using the selected dielectric parameter analysis. The process of selecting parameters uses feature selection (Relief) and quality classification using Support Vector Machine (SVM). The election results show the parameters related to the purity of biodiesel are parallel capacitance (Cp), series resistance (Rs), and impedance (Z) and parallel inductance (Lp) at weights greater than 0.05. Based on the test, the AUC (Area under ROC) value is 0.87, the accuracy is 0.94 for the quality that meets (YES) and that does not meet (NO) biodiesel quality requirements.


Simple Summary Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with RUNX1-RUNX1T1 is a heterogeneous disease entailing different prognoses. Patients with high-risk features can benefit from allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) or autologous HSCT. However, insufficient data about major risk factors, such as KIT mutations and measurable residual disease (MRD) status for relapse, make it difficult to clarify the benefit of each transplant strategy. Moreover, limited data are available to elucidate the exact prognostic impacts of different types of KIT mutations and optimal thresholds or time points for RUNX1–RUNX1T1 MRD assessment, particularly in the setting of HSCT. Given the lack of prospective study, the current retrospective study, including a large cohort of high-risk AML patients with RUNX1–RUNX1T1, firstly demonstrated the differentiated prognostic impact of D816V KIT mutation among various KIT mutations and clarified optimal time points and thresholds for RUNX1–RUNX1T1 MRD monitoring in the setting of HSCT. Abstract The prognostic significance of KIT mutations and optimal thresholds and time points of measurable residual disease (MRD) monitoring for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with RUNX1-RUNX1T1 remain controversial in the setting of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We retrospectively evaluated 166 high-risk patients who underwent allogeneic (Allo-HSCT, n = 112) or autologous HSCT (Auto-HSCT, n = 54). D816V KIT mutation, a subtype of exon 17 mutations, was significantly associated with post-transplant relapse and poor survival, while other types of mutations in exons 17 and 8 were not associated with post-transplant relapse. Pre- and post-transplant RUNX1–RUNX1T1 MRD assessments were useful for predicting post-transplant relapse and poor survival with a higher sensitivity at later time points. Survival analysis for each stratified group by D816V KIT mutation and pre-transplant RUNX1–RUNX1T1 MRD status demonstrated that Auto-HSCT was superior to Allo-HSCT in MRD-negative patients without D816V KIT mutation, while Allo-HSCT was superior to Auto-HSCT in MRD-negative patients with D816V KIT mutation. Very poor outcomes of pre-transplant MRD-positive patients with D816V KIT mutation suggested that this group should be treated in clinical trials. Risk stratification by both D816V KIT mutation and RUNX1–RUNX1T1 MRD status will provide a platform for decision-making or risk-adapted therapeutic approaches.


For radial plasma density profile measurements, Langmuir probes are usually used. In this paper, a Langmuir probe was located at 4 cm below a dielectric window and the measurement was performed at 25 mTorr of argon at various rf powers (13.56 MHz). We found that the radial plasma density distributions became asymmetric as the rf power increases. To investigate the cause of this asymmetric density distribution, we installed a floating probe that can measure plasma densities and the electron temperatures in real time on the chamber wall. At high rf powers, as the probe body went in, the plasma density measured by the floating probe decreased. This indicates that the entire plasma density is affected by the probe intrusion. It appears that the Langmuir probe passes through the skin layer and the probe body impedes the electron heating process in the skin layer. As a solution, a probe body shape to avoid this perturbation is presented.


ACKNOWLEGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor and committee chair, Dr. Xiaoyue Jiang. His advice, experience, and mentoring are reflected throughout this work. I am grateful to Dr. Jiang for his being a constant source of research ideas, insightful discussions, and inspiring words in times of need and for his meticulousness in academic research which will benefit my career forever. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to each of the members of my dissertation They raised questions, encouraged me, and provided their suggestions and comments that helped to improve the quality of this research. Acknowledgments and appreciation are also extended to all of the people that have


A comparison between Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID) and logistic regression analysis was performed for classification problems on bank direct marketing data. CHAID Performance Comparison and comparison with Logistic Regression (LR) performance were also conducted. Priority performance with two statistical measures was evaluated: classification accuracy and sensitivity in the presence of data containing categorical imbalances. Random over sampling (ROS) was then applied to deal with class balance problems to get better performance of CHAID analysis. Segmentation analysis was also performed using the CHAID approach to improve the performance of the analysis results. CHAID outperforms LR because of its advantages that it can be used to perform segmentation modeling. Direct marketers should pay attention to traits are Duration, Month, Contact, and Housing. To get a higher subscription, the bank must extend the call duration. Based on these results, the banking industry needs to prepare regulations related to human resources, infrastructure, costs, and government support to achieve higher subscriptions.JEL Classification  A10; C10; G21


Field experiments were conducted with sugarcane crop in sandy loam soil to study the effect of post bio-methanated sugar distillery effluent (PME) on soil properties and yield of sugarcane during 2003 - 2005. The PME was applied at different dilutions viz., 1:10T, 1:20T, 1:30T, 1:40T and 1:50T in four splits from 45th day after planting in 40 days interval. The PME along with irrigation water at different dilutions significantly increased the sugarcane yield and highest cane yield of 115, 117 and 121 tonnes ha-1 was recorded in 1:10T dilution treatment in the three experiments respectively. The results revealed that the pH of the soil is changed to near neutral and the changes observed on the EC of the soils are less significant. The organic carbon and available NPK content of the post harvest soil has significantly built up over the years in the PME applied plots when compared to the control. The 1:10T dilution treatment recorded the highest organic carbon and available NPK when compared to the other dilution treatments and the control. The applied PME has not only supplied and enriched the sugarcane soils with rich nutrients but has also substituted for 25 % of N and P fertilizers and 100 % of K fertilizer to sugarcane.


Four novel A-B condensation monomers containing an amine and a carboxylic acid function are described, along with their polymerization to give main chain aromatic poly(amide urea)s. The monomers, and the polymer structural unit, are N,N′-diphenylurea derivatives. When comparing wholly aromatic polyamides, or aramids, with the poly(amide urea)s described herein, we find that the chemical resistance to hydrolysis of the later polymers increases and their thermal resistance is diminished due to the main chain urea groups, whereas their water uptake is not greatly modified. The most striking result of the new poly(amide urea)s is their outstanding mechanical resistance: their Young's modulus rises as high as 5.5 GPa and their tensile strengths as high as 170 MPa for unoriented films prepared at laboratory scale by casting. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5398–5407, 2007


This article explores the historical roots of Ernest Boyer's impact on Christian higher education in the United States. Boyer's stints as a student at two Christian colleges (Messiah College in Pennsylvania and Greenville College in Illinois) and his first faculty and administrative posts at Upland College in California were significant influences in the development of his vision for the Christian college—a vision that led to greater legitimacy and credibility in the landscape of American higher education. Ernest Boyer's innovative, yet historic understanding of the distinctives of Christian higher education contributed to the successful accreditation process of nearly one hundred small, private institutions.


Charge-compensated or "super-junction" MOSFETs exhibit low on-state resistances and low switching losses. However, the reverse recovery behaviour of their intrinsic diodes and their output capacitance characteristics make their deployment as synchronous rectifiers challenging. To address these issues, a combination of techniques is investigated and evaluated in a fan-less 400V, 1.5kW BLDC machine drive inverter switching at 20kHz.


Three-dimensional (3D) x-ray microscopy by ptychographic tomography requires elaborate numerical reconstructions. We describe a coupled ptychography-tomography reconstruction algorithm and apply it to an experimental ptychographic x-ray computed tomography data set of a catalyst particle. Compared to the traditional sequential algorithm, in which ptychographic projections are reconstructed to serve as input for subsequent tomographic reconstruction, the coupled ptychography-tomography algorithm reconstructs the 3D volume with higher spatial resolution over a larger field of view. Coupling the data from different projections improves the overall reconstruction, and the ptychographic sampling in individual projections can be coarsened beyond the point of overlap between neighboring scan points, still leading to stable reconstructions.


This research uses a wireless telemetry system to measure temperature, humidity, and air pressure, equipped with data recorder, the measurement results can be displayed on LCD screen. Wireless telemetry system divided into two parts: transmitter and receiver. Transmitter unit consists of sensor SHT11, sensor BMP280, ATmega328P microcontroller, RTC, SD Card and RF transmitter module. The receiver unit consists of RF receiver and data processor by the acquisition section which is complemented with data recorder database. The result of the research shows that measuring devices performed well in full outdoor testing without hindrance on maximum distance of 200 m, with the fastest time is 2 seconds of receiving data. In semioutdoor testing with walls hitch, known the maximum distance is 100 m, with the fastest time for receiving data at 2 seconds. Temperature correlation value of R2 = 0.973, humidity of R2 = 0.875, and the air pressure of R2 = 0.924, it shows strong correlation between the standard tool to tool design with straight lines are linear.


aniel Starobin, a 43-year-old Philadelphia guitarist, producer and songwriter, died on January 13, 199 1 following heart surgery. A graduate D. Starobin of Boston's Berklee College of Music, he created Sweet Stavin' Chain, a 10-piece blues-rock band based in Philadelphia in the early 70s. The group performed nationally and released an album on Atlantic's Cotillion label. In 1977 he opened the 24-track Starr Recording and was the studio's president until he returned to college to major in psychology. Starr Recording was one of the recording studios that conducted the Recording Institute of America courses. In 1987 he graduated Summa Cum Laude with Honors from Temple University and delivered the Valedictory address. A member of the Audio Engineering Society, SPARS and the Philadelphia Folksong Society, he remained active in the music industry while maintaining a private counseling practice in Ardmore, PA. At the time of his death he was nearing con~pletion of an album of his songs and was working on his thesis for a Master's Degree in group therapy from Hahneman University in Philadelphia. He is survived by his parents in Elkins Park, PA, brothers David of Brigantine, NJ, Jeremy of Blue Bell, PA, Matthew of Bronxville, NY and sister Naomi of Norwalk, CT.


The results of linear microwave transmission measurements on superconducting tin films are presented. The effects of residual reactances are noted and a comparison is made with calculations based on the BCS theory. Residual reactances are found to have a substantial effect on the nonlinear transmission measurements. They allow a clear separation of regions where superelectron depairing and ``domain growth'' dominate. Linear transmission measurements in the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field suggest the ``domain growth'' is the result of fluxon penetration.


In a late meeting at the Obstetric Society of Edinburgh, I adduced the main part of the following observations in regard to the general aspects of this difficult therapeutic question. Although originally forming part of the discussion of a communication by Professor Simpson, I am induced to publish them now by the pressing interest and importance of the question at this time. The point of greatest weight to insist upon first of all, is the difficulty of arriving logically at conclusions on this subject having even moderately good claims for acceptance. " The impossibility in these inquiries of commanding all the conditions of any experiment, or continued observation, so as to leave out one after another of those conditions in each repetition of the observation, and have an instantia crucis as to any one of them on the result." In applying the numerical, along with other methods of inquiry, to such therapeutic questions, " The probability is, that the efficacy of the measures under observation will be overrated, because the desired result is the positive one of the recovery of patients (not negative, as in questions of etiology, having for their practical end the prevention of disease); we know that in almost every case, various causes besides that under trial have contributed to that result; in acute cases, especially, the salutary provisions of nature for the decline of diseases, or, as we may very often more correctly


Compartment syndrome represents a potentially devastating surgical emergency that requires prompt recognition and definitive treatment. Early fasciotomy is essential to maximize the opportunity of a good outcome. The complications of compartment syndrome are often quite severe and include neuropathy, rhabdomyolysis (and its sequelae), and limb loss. The most common causes are typically related to trauma (orthopedic injury, crush injury, severe burns), vascular insult, or external restriction of the compartment, as in the case of an ill-fitted orthopedic cast.1


The paper considers applicability of the operation research methods through the case of linear programming. The authors present new proposals as to their practical application.


Main problem faced by Voice over IP service is the level of delay and packet loss yielded. Queue delay that happened when packet enter router interface have a big effect in real-time communications like Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). First In First Out (FIFO) Queue System does not own arrangement to traffic passing through it, all packets assumed equal. If VOIP packets queue up together with data packet at this system hence the delay yielded will be very big. A correct queue method needed to improve network delay characteristic and improve Quality of Service (QOS) of VoIP. One QOS management method on VoIP which can be used is CBQ (Class Based Queuing) queue method. CBQ represent scheduling mechanism providing link-sharing among classes using same physical link. This is the method enable division of bandwidth allocation from router output port as according to traffic type and priority. In the event of congestion, traffic with high priority will accept minimum bandwidth allocations as which have previous reservation. At the simulated scenario and network topology, CBQ queue method able to meet the requirement of maximum delay according to ITU recommendation G.114. Based on calculation conversion R factor value to MOS by using E-Model, CBQ can assign MOS value more than 4 (four), meaning its value is good. So that VoIP service is competent to be implemented. Keyword: Bandwidth, CBQ, FIFO, link-sharing, MOS


Face recognition system is a computer application for automatically identifying a person from still image or video source. A modern face recognition pipeline consists of four stages: detect face part, face alignment, representation of facial image, and recognition or classification. Though there is a lot of research going on the field of face recognition, achieving high recognition accuracy is still a challenging task for current approaches due to variations in the face images [1]. Recently, deep convolution neural networks set a new trend in the field of face recognition by improving state of art performance [4]. This project addresses deep convolution neural network based face recognition system using OpenFace tool and performance analysis of the system based on pose, illumination variations in the image, and changing size of training dataset. We use histogram of oriented gradients for face detection, aligning faces based on face landmark estimation algorithm and support vector machine for classification. Keywords— Face representation, face detection, face recognition, training, testing.


The aim of this study is finding and analyzing the impact of motivation and  work discipline on employee performance. This study uses the descriptive analysis and verification analysis with 35 respondents. In addition, this study uses path analysis. The result shows that motivation is adequate, the result of work discipline is acceptable, and employee performance is decent. The direct and indirect effect of motivation on performance is 0,369. The direct and indirect effect of work discipline on performance is 0,362. The entire effect is 0,731. Coefficient determination is 73.1% and the rest is 26.9% from the other variables that have effect on employee performance but they were not analyzed on this study. Keywords : motivation, work discipline , employee performance. DOI  10.5281/zenodo.3522800


We present two main theorems along the lines of Lyapunov's second method that guarantee asymptotic state consensus in multi-agent systems of agents in R^m with switching interconnection topologies. The two theorems complement each other in the sense that the first one is formulated in terms of the states of the agents in the multi-agent system, whereas the second one is formulated in terms of the pairwise states for each pair of agents in the multi-agent system. In the first theorem, under the assumption that the interconnection topology is uniformly strongly connected and the agents are contained in a compact set, a strong form of attractiveness of the consensus set is assured. In the second theorem, under the weaker assumption that the interconnection topology is uniformly quasi strongly connected, the consensus set is guaranteed to be uniformly asymptotically stable.


Individuals living with hypertension are predisposed to higher risk of stroke, kidney diseases and heart failure. Approximately 9.4 million people worldwide die from complications related to hypertension every year. Hypertension is often known as the silent killer because many people do not develop any symptoms until they get very sick. Early screening is particularly important for better treatment outcomes yet it remains a challenge in many countries. Worldwide, approximately 50% of people are living with undiagnosed hypertension. In Rwanda, the rate of undiagnosed hypertension is unknown, and so are the associated risk factors in rural communities. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to determine the rate and risk factors of undiagnosed hypertension among adults in a rural community in Rwanda.  The proportion of people having undiagnosed hypertension was found to be high. Out of 155 study participants, 41.9% had undiagnosed hypertension, with slightly more men having hypertension (52.3%) than women (47.7%). More than 98% of respondents either did not know or knew wrong information about hypertension, and only 3% knew they should have regular checkups with physicians. Age (p=0.027) and alcohol consumption (p=0.014) were found to be statistically significantly associated with hypertension. Smoking and exercise were not found to be risk factors as most Rwandans living in the rural areas are physically active.  Programs to promote hypertension awareness, encourage regular physical checkups, and reduce alcohol consumption are needed to improve diagnosis and control of hypertension in Rwanda. Community programs offering free regular blood pressure checks may also be helpful in identifying early hypertension. Larger scale studies of this kind should be conducted to understand whether results can be generalized to other areas of Rwanda.


To clarify those elements affecting farmer workers' consumption is of great importance to expanding domestic demand and enhancing the farmer worker's conversion to the citizen.According to the data from 1,860 samples to investigate the status quo of consumption of farmer workers from the 28 provinces and regions across the Country,farmer workers' consumption is bound by three conditions,economic,social and personal.Farmer workers' wages as an primary economic condition affect their current expense.The system of compulsory children education,the system of housing insurance and the system of medicine insurance as social binding conditions add to uncertainty of their expected expenditure and preventive deposits.Moreover,their jobs,marriages and mode of integrate family immigration,which make the characteristics of farmer workers as "the third-element" consumers different from either citizens or farmers,all these sociological features help to stimulate their demand for consumption.To promote farmer workers' ability of consumption,government should raise the level of income of farmer workers as a whole,energetically establish and perfect the system of public service including farmer workers and introduce some new mechanisms to the existing household-identity-d of consumption.


A case of Peritoneal mesothelioma (PM) in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University was collected and analyzed on the basis of diagnosis, physical examination and treatment. Misdiagnosis of PM is very common since it is a rare disease. So this paper aims to enhance the doctors' awareness of peritoneal mesothelioma during clinical practice.


The last thirty years have brought a major reorientation in historians' thinking on the origins of modernity. Earlier histories portrayed the Western European industrial revolution as a unique phenomenon with no precursors. Now economic and social historians generally agree that spurts of economic growth, even rapid and intensive growth, occurred in non-European societies. Scholars now see the European breakthrough to modernity as the last decisive development in a long series of advances that stretch far back in time and cover much of Eurasia. A new image of world history has emerged, often associated with the trends known as "postcolonialism" and "multiculturalism"—although the important research was done well before these fashions caught on, and they have added little of value to it. This article will discuss a number of historians and historically-minded social scientists writing during the last decade or so who have tried to replace "Eurocentricism" with alternative patterns of world history that give larger recognition to the contributions of non-Western cultures.


Welfare reform has been central to UK policymaking since the election of a Conservative-led government in 2010. The welfare reforms apply across the whole of the country, but their impacts vary profoundly from place to place – a consequence that government seems largely to have ignored. The measures introduced are targeted at working age people which leads to a disproportionate impact on areas with weaker local labour markets. This chapter draws on a range of official statistics, including local area claimant data, to document the financial losses in different parts of the country. It concludes that although the overall financial loss to claimants proved less than originally anticipated it remains very large, even before the implementation of Universal Credit and the post-2015 benefit changes, and that one of the main impacts of welfare reform is to hit the poorest places hardest.


Background: Empowerment is a key goal in anti-violence programs against women that can empower women against violence in a variety of situations and minimize its negative consequences. Therefore, the present study was conducted to identify the dimensions of women's empowerment in prevention of domestic violence (PDV) in Iranian women.Methods: In this qualitative study, an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design was used and conventional content analysis was carried out. Thirty-one participants (fifteen professionals and sixteen married women) were selected by purposeful sampling. Data were gathered through 21 individual semi-constructed interviews and two five-person focus group discussions in 2019. Guba and Lincoln's criteria for establishing trustworthiness were explored.Results: After the data analysis, multiple revisions and merging of 892 primary codes based on similarity were led to the extraction of 18 sub-categories. Then, five main-categories were identified as dimensions of women's empowerment in PDV, which were: marital social skills, knowledge, perceptions & self-evaluations, agency in family finance and economic independence, spiritual health, and access to resources.Conclusion: The results of this study provide a comprehensive view of the dimensions of women's empowerment in PDV in Iran. Participants cited the marital skills, knowledge, perceptions and self-evaluation as most important dimensions in facilitating women's empowerment to deal effectively with domestic violence. These findings can be used as a basis for planning interventions to reduce violence against women.


In order to make measurements of the gluon spin or helicity distribution in the proton or the gluon spin average distribution in nuclei, both a barrel and an endcap electromagnetic calorimeter must be added to the STAR baseline detector. Information on the gluon will be obtained in inclusive direct-{gamma} + jet and jet + jet production. In order to be sensitive to the proper gluon kinematic regions, either the direct-{gamma} or the jet must be in the endcap electromagnetic calorimeter (EMC). However, the endcap EMC is not large enough to completely contain the jets, so that the barrel EMC is also needed. This note describes a conceptual design for the STAR endcap EMC. Constraints are imposed by the space available between the end of the time projection chamber (TPC) and the inside of the magnet pole tip iron. Severe constraints also occur near {vert_bar}{eta}{vert_bar} = 1, where the barrel and endcap EMC`s meet. Cables from detectors inside the EMC, including those from the TPC, will exit from STAR near {vert_bar}{eta}{vert_bar} = 1. The constraints in this region have not yet been seriously studied since no decision on the detailed routing of these cables was available at the time this workmore » was being done. This report includes details of the conceptual design, analytical and finite element calculations of stresses in various structural members for the endcap EMC, and a preliminary cost estimate.« less


AbstractThe present paper poses an often overlooked question and weighs possible answers: Does the word in Josh 2:1 qualify the mission of the spies sent to Jericho, or is it meant to inform the reader that Joshua kept that mission a secret from the Israelites?


After a preliminary survey with the electron microscope of various preparations of colloidal gold, a study was made of the process of nucleation and growth in gold colloids. It was shown that nucleating agents may be identified with reducing agents which form a mixed polymer with chlorauric ion before the reduction to the nucleus takes place. It was also shown that the law of growth is exponential. The average size, the deviation from the average size and the character of the particle size distribution curve are determined by the amount of gold, the nucleation process and the law of growth.


Objective To screen the proteins interacting with human cytomegalovirus(HCMV)UL141 encoded protein in human fetus brain cDNA Library,so as to improve the further biological function study of HCMV UL141,and provide a foundation for revealing the pathogenic mechanism of HCMV infection.Methods The DNA fragment of HCMV UL141 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction,and cloned into yeast expressing vector pGBKT7 to construct the vector pGBKT7-UL141. Then the recombinant plasmid pGBKT7 UL141 was transformed into the yeast AH109 competentcell.The transformed yeast cells were seeded on nutrient deficiency medium-Trp,and then human fetus brain cDNA library plasmid was also transformed into the yeast cell AH109 containing the pGBKT7-UL141 plasmid.The yeast cells were plated on nutrient deficiency medium Ade/ His/ Leu/ Trp. Blue positive clones were selected by chromogenic reaction,and the corresponding yeast plasmids was extracted and transformed into E.coli for verification. Finally,positive clones were sequenced and analyzed by bioinformatic methods.ResultsThe bait plasmid pGBKT7-UL141 was constructed successfully. Sequencing and basic local alignment search tool(BLAST)analysis showed that there are 6 clones interacting with UL141 encoded protein,of which one clone showed highly homogous with human chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 3(CHD3).Conclusion CHD3 is one of the interaction proteins related to HCMV UL141 in human fetus brain cDNA library,which suggested that UL141 protein may be associated with the immune evasion of the HCMV,interfering with normal cell growth and differentiation.


A total number of 364 pedigreed pullets at sexual maturity was used randomly which contained 90 Mandarah (MN), 84 Golden Montazah (GM), 96 Silver Montazah (SM) and 94 Matrouh (MT) to study the genetic parameters of egg laying performance in four consecutive months in each strain. Results obtained are summarized as follows: 1-Matrouh hence, they had lighter average body weight compared to other strains at this age. Matrouh strains respect average first and in the first were 2-Matrouh strain surpassed 3-Percentages of variance components showed that maternal and sex-linked effects are considered important factors in determining traits of egg laying performance in these strains. 4-In general, traits of laying performance had relatively higher heritability estimates, which suggest that rapid improvement of egg production in these strains could be reached by within family selection. 5-Genetic and phenotypic correlations among total egg number and each of age at sexual maturity, body weight at sexual maturity, weight of first eggs and number of days in which the first 10 eggs were laid in all strains indicated that, when the pullet reached its sexual maturity at an early, it could have the ability to produce more number of eggs. Moreover, first egg weight and number of days in which the first 10 eggs were laid would be decreased. 6-Genetic correlations among total egg number and average egg mass indicated that genes which affect total egg number may, also, affect egg mass.


Objective Retrospective clinical analysis of primary surgical operation in the treatment of lower limb accompanied by chronic leg ulcer were adopted in this study. Methods\ From September 1990 to June 1998, there were 31 males and 20 females, aged 68 years in average,the area of ulcer varied from 5 cm×3 cm to 22 cm× 11 cm. The ligation and strip of saphenous vein, debridement and free skin flap grafting were finished in primary operation. Results The skin flaps were survived completely in 50 cases, only 1 case was necrosis partially and healed after changing dressing. Forty two cases were followed up for 16 months to 9 years(66 months in average), the varicosis and ulcer were healed in 39 cases and only 3 relapsed in ulceration.Conclusion Primary surgical operation in the treatment of varicosis of lower limb accompanied by chronic ulcer is practicable in clinic. The curative efficacy is satisfactory and the operative manipulation is simple.


In the southern part of the Siberian platform (Irkutsk amphitheater), the reservoir properties of the rocks of the Mot, Usol, B el'sk, and Angara formations of the Lower Cambrian have been studied in detail. The Ushakov formation, the oldest of the Lower Cambrian, has been investigated inadequately. The rocks of the Bulay formation ar e of no interest because of their massive natu re. Studies of the reservoir properties in the Irkutsk amphitheater ha ve been as follows: 1951-55 Ya. K. Pisarchik; 1954 L. F. Kina sh; 1952-58 K. M. Borisova, and others; 1955-58 A. V. Il'yukhina; 1956-58 L. P. Gmid and V. N. Kalacheva; 1959-63 Ye. N. Meshcherskaya and others. On a basis of porosity and permeability the section of the Ushako v formation can be divided into two parts: lower (siltstones, argillites, sandstones) with very low porosity, and upper (sandstones) with somewhat higher porosity. The porosity of the siltstones and argillites of the lower pa rt are 0.25 to 3.5% and the sa ndstones from 0.85 to 4.7%. The sandstones of the upper part of the Ushakov formation (B okan horizon) have medium values of porosity, 4.7 to 8.4%; however, in the south parts of the Bel'sko-Okin and Angara uplifts (Tyret, Kutulik, Osin, and Parfenov structures) thei r porosity increases to 10-14%. This horizon yielded 1500 m 3 per day of gas during testing. The permeability of the rocks of both the lower and upper parts of the Ushakov formation is very low. They are either impermeable, or values for individual samples range from 1.5 to 1.75 md (Kutulik structure). The Mot formation is divided on the basis of lithology into three sub-formations: lower - sa ndy-silty; middle - sandy-siltydolomitic; and upper - dolomitic. The highest values of porosity in the upper are 0.2 to 4.4%, rarely up to 7-17%; in th e middle the range is 0.4 to 5% with some up to 6-8%. Permeability of the rocks of the upper and middle Mot is practically zero. However, sandstones of the middle Mot in the Bel'sk deep well have a porosity of 18.2 md and an open porosity of 8.14%. The most favorable rocks with respect to reservoir properties ar e the weakly cemented sandstones of the lower Mot. These are gray, dark gray, brownish, red-brown, quartz and feldspathic-quar tz, inequigranular (fine-grained to gravely), partly clayey an d silty with beds of shale and argillite. Thickness ranges from 80 to 180 m. In the section of the sub-formation are distinguished three hori zons with greater porosity and permeability: Parfenov, Markovo, and Bezymyan. These horizons are friable, weakly cemented sandstones in the upper (first horizon) and lower (second and third horizons) parts of the sub-formation. The Parfenov horizon, which yielded a flow of gas at 500,000 m 3 per day in the Parfenov area in 1957, occurs at the top of the lower Mot. The Markovo horizon, which consists of two sandstone strata separated by an argillite occurs 30-60 m from the base o f the sub-formation; this horizon yielded a flow of 80 m 3 per day of oil and 300,000 m 3 per day of gas in 1963. The Bezymyan horizon, which is also comprised of two sandstones in some wells, occurs at the base of the lower Mot. This unit is reduced in thickness toward the crest of some structur es due to pinch-out of its lower part. The horizons of friable and weakly cemented sandstones are traced over the vast area of the Irkutsk amphitheater, gradually changing in thickness and in values of po rosity and permeability with distance from the Sayan and Baikal mountains toward the central part of the platform. Some variation in thickness of the horizons is observed on structures of the first, second, th ird, and fourth orders. The thickness variation is as follows: Parfenov, 6-52 m; Markovo, 5-20 m; Bezymyan, 5-16 m. Quartz and quartzo-feldspathic sandstones of the Lower Mot on the southwest border of the Sayan depression, the south end of the Bel' sko-Okin uplift, and the Markovo swell (near the Baikal mountains) are well sorted, the grains are rounded, and a limi ted amount of clayey cement is included. These same sandstones in the south part of the Nukutsko-Zayar depression, Angara, and Bozhekhan uplifts (regions far from the Sayan and Baikal mounta ins) are characterized by unsorted clastic material, angularity of detritus, and high percent of clayey, clay ey-chlorite, clayey-micaceous. and siliceous pore and contact cement. Feldspar is the predominant constituent of some rocks.


Memory disaggregation has attracted great attention recently due to its benefits in resource utilization efficiency, isolation of failures, and easier reconfiguration of memory hardware. However, applications running on a system with disaggregated memory are expected to suffer from performance degradation due to increased remote memory access latency and network contention. The performance gap is meant to be bridged using DRAM caches on the processor side, which would filter out most of the network traffic.This work examines the overheads of the disaggregated memory abstraction. By experimenting with both micro-benchmarks and production applications, we observe severe degradation in memory access latency and potential bottlenecks within the OS kernel. These bottlenecks could potentially be avoided through low-level optimizations in memory management tailored for memory disaggregation.


Collaboration among community organizations is considered an important strategy for addressing the challenges posed by complex problems and turbulent environments. Indeed, there has been a proliferation of research on factors influencing the formation of interorganizational relationships (IORs), including a marked emphasis on transaction costs, resource dependence, and strategic choice. Far less attention has been focused on interest convergence, communal will, and mutuality, all of which are central to Wilkinson's social field theory. A pilot study (n = 30) was conducted to explore community development practitioners' views concerning the involvement of field-theoretic processes in community-oriented IORs. Participants rated a series of Likert-format statements based on an interactional approach to emergent IORs among local development agencies. Non-parametric Mokken analysis of the item responses identified six hierarchically ordered scales reflecting core tenets of social field theory. This research was undertaken to advance contemporary methods of investigating field-interactional interpretations of community and organizational development.


ALTHOUGH ASPIRIN IS EFFECtive in the prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with symptomatic coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, its effect in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) is uncertain. In the largest investigation to date, the Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration (ATC) meta-analysis of 135 000 high-risk patients from 287 clinical trials demonstrated a reduction in myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and death with antiplatelet therapy in all patients with symptomatic cardiovascular disease. In the subset of 42 PAD trials, which included 9214 patients and studied multiple antiplatelet agents compared with placebo, antiplatelet therapy was associated with a significant 23% reduction in cardiovascular events. However, nearly two-thirds of the PAD trials evaluated antiplatelet agents other than aspirin. It is possible that the overall benefit of antiplatelet therapy in PAD may have been driven by therapeutic regimens other than aspirin. The uncertainty about the benefit of aspirin in PAD was further raised by a meta-analysis of


Statistical arbitrage strategies have always been popular since the advent of algorithmic trading. In particular, Exchange traded fund (E.T.F.) arbitrage has attracted much attention. Trading houses have tried to replicate ETF arbitrage to other stocks. Thus, the objective is to be able to develop a long term pricing relationship between stocks and profit from their divergence from this relationship. In this paper, we have developed a feasible trading strategy on this concept. Artificial neural networks have been deployed to model the pricing relationship between elements in a sector. All prices have been considered at the same instant, thereby allowing us to make trading decisions in accordance with our predictions. Supervised learning algorithms have been used to train the network. INTRODUCTION Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) have been shown to be an efficient tool for non-parametric modeling of data in a variety of different contexts where the output is a non-linear function of the inputs. These include business forecasting, credit scoring, bond rating, business failure prediction, pattern recognition and image processing. Furthermore, in the field of finance and stock price prediction, some work has been undertaken to model stock prices using ANN. Yet, there doesn't exist any feasible statistically profitable strategy that tends to employ ANN efficiently. The price of a stock is influenced by: 1. Company news – Any news pertaining to the company being studied. 2. Macro-economic news – Any news pertaining to the broader section of the stock market. Company specific news is significantly lower in frequency than macroeconomic news and thus its important point to automatically profit from macro-economic news. We would like to do this algorithmically owing to the large volume of information involved. Stock price prediction, market sentiment analysis and arbitrage are the commonly applied concepts in development of a trading strategy. Artificial Neural Networks for Forecasting Stock Price 2008 Page 3 of 15 The major problem with stock price prediction is accounting for the vast volume of information affecting stock prices. As George Soros put it in 1987: One of the major problems faced in modeling financial market movements is the fact that information comes in from a very large number of sources. Keeping this in mind, this study discounts all non-specific news by its impact on other stocks in the same sector. It is assumed that in the absence of company specific news, there exists pricing relationships between elements in a sector. Further stock prices conform to a pricing relationship that can be 'learnt' from its historical data. Thus, basically the neural network will model a response relationship amongst elements from a sector. We have studied two sectors, the Indian Construction sector and the U.S. technology sector. Data from different time periods and different nature has been used in the study. While intraday data for October 1, 2004 has been used in training and testing the neural network associated with Yahoo (U.S. technology sector), end of day data from July 24 '07– 4 November '08 has been employed for Unitech (Indian construction company). ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS In recent years some work has been reported on the use of ANNs for analysis of financial markets. In what follows we provide a very brief introduction to ANNs following Stern (1996). The three essential features of ANN are basic computing elements referred to as neurons, the network architecture describing the connections between the neurons and the training algorithm used to find values of the network parameters for performing a particular task. Each neuron performs a simple calculation, a scalar function of a scalar input. Suppose we label the neurons with positive integers and denote the input to the k neuron as ik and the output from the k neuron as ok. Then ok = fk(ik) where f(.) is a specified function that is typically monotone but otherwise arbitrary. The neurons are connected to each other in the sense that the output from one unit can serve as part of the input to another. There is a weight associated with each connection; the weight from unit j to unit k is denoted as wjk. Let N(k) denote the set of units that are connected to unit k. The input to unit k is then ik = ∑jєN(k)wjkoj. Network architecture refers to the organisation of the neurons and the types of connections permitted. In the multilayer feed forward network, the type used in this article, neurons are organised in a series of layers. Information flows only in one direction; units receive information only from units in higher layers of the network. Artificial Neural Networks for Forecasting Stock Price 2008 Page 4 of 15 ANN can be 'trained' to perform a specific task by adjusting these weights. The weights are continually adjusted by comparing the output of the network with the target until the output of the network 'matches' the target in the sense that the error function measuring the difference between the target and the output is minimised. Many pairs of input and output are used to train the network and this mode of adjustment is called 'supervised' learning. There are several approaches for minimisation of the error function including standard optimisation techniques like conjugate gradient and Newton-type methods. However, the most popular algorithm in this context is the backpropagation algorithm of Rumelhart et al. (1986). The algorithm is extremely simple to program but tends to converge slowly. Training of a network can take two forms: 'incremental' or 'batch'. In case of incremental training, individual pairs are fed one at a time to the network. Output is compared with the target for each input and adjustments of the weights are made using a training algorithm, most often the backpropagation algorithm. The next pair is then fed to the network after making the adjustment for the previous pair and the same process is repeated. Incremental training is sometimes referred to as 'on line' or 'adaptive' training. In case of batch training, all the pairs of input and output are fed to the network at the initial stage and the weights are adjusted. In case of unsupervised learning, outputs for a given set of inputs are not available. Unsupervised learning is mostly used for networks that perform clustering and pattern recognition. Cheng and Titterington (1994) provide a comprehensive review of ANNs from a statistical perspective. A well-trained ANN can exploit the underlying non-linear relationships that drive security prices. Further, the networks can be retrained using newer data. Thus, a network can adapt to new information as it comes. This makes ANNs a very promising tool for security price modelling. The vast increase in computing power has made modelling of complex systems relatively easy and less time consuming than it was in the past. LITERATURE REVIEW ANNs are being used in various fields of application including business forecasting, credit scoring, bond rating, business failure prediction, medicine, pattern recognition, image processing, speech processing, computer vision and control systems. In the context of financial forecasting, Kuan and Liu (1995) discuss forecasting of foreign exchange rates using ANNs. They show that a properly designed ANN has lower out-of-sample mean squared prediction error relative to the random walk model. Jasic and Wood (2004) discuss the profitability of trading signals generated from the out-of-sample short-term predictions for daily returns of S&P 500, DAX, TOPIX and FTSE stock market indices evaluated over the period 1965–99. The out-of sample prediction performance of neural networks is compared against a benchmark linear autoregressive model. They find that the buy and sell signals derived from neural network predictions are significantly different from unconditional one-day mean return and are likely to Artificial Neural Networks for Forecasting Stock Price 2008 Page 5 of 15 provide significant net profits for reasonable decision rules and transaction cost assumptions. Cao et al. (2005) provide a comparison between the Fama and French model and the ANN model in the context of prediction of the Chinese stock market. They report that ANNs outperform the linear models from financial forecasting literature in terms of its predictive power. Tkacz (2001) provides an interesting study regarding the use of leading indicator neural network models for forecasting Canadian GDP growth. It is reported that the neural network models yield statistically lower forecast errors for the year-over year growth rate of real GDP relative to linear and univariate models. Huang et al. (2004) report a comparative study of application of Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Backpropagation Neural Networks (BNN) for an analysis of corporate credit ratings. They report that the performances of SVM and BNN in this problem were comparable and both these models achieved about 80 per cent prediction accuracy. Pendharkar (2005) discusses the application of ANNs for the bankruptcy prediction problem. It is reported that ANNs perform better than the statistical discriminant analysis both for training and hold-out samples. HYPOTHESIS We hypothesize that stock prices move in a complex fashion, yet this pattern can be 'learnt' over the short term using technical tools like ANN. Learnt on historical data, and in between periods of company specific news, ANN's can be deployed to produce a feasible trading strategy. Further, a strategy mirroring index arbitrage can be developed based on the ANN, which will statistically yield profits. TIME SERIES ECONOMETRICS VERSUS NEURAL NETWORKS Time series forecasting analyzes past data and projects estimates of future data values. Basically, this method attempts to model a nonlinear function by a recurrence relation derived from past values. The recurrence relation can then be used to predict new values in the time se


We present a macroprogramming framework called MacroLab that offers a vector programming abstraction similar to Matlab for Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs). The user writes a single program for the entire network using Matlab-like operations such as addition, find, and max. The framework executes these operations across the network in a distributed fashion, a centralized fashion, or something between the two - whichever is most efficient for the target deployment. We call this approach deployment-specific code decomposition (DSCD). MacroLab programs can be executed on mote-class hardware such as the Telos [24] motes. Our results indicate that MacroLab introduces almost no additional overhead in terms of message cost, power consumption, memory footprint, or CPU cycles over TinyOS
 programs.


The electromagnetic signal′s transmission characteristic between the electrodes of HRG sensing device has been tested and analyzed in this paper.The results show that there exists strong direct signal transmission between the sensing device′s drive electrodes and pick-off electrodes.It relates to the interior structure of the sensing device and the technique and has disadvantageous effect on the control system of HRG.


Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the developments in the chemistry of isoxazoles. The developments in this field include further application of the cycloaddition of nitrile oxides in the synthesis of isoxazoles, the use of isoxazolium salts in peptide synthesis, syntheses involving the products of reductive cleavage of isoxazoles as intermediates, and annelation reactions via deprotonation of alkylisoxazoles. The synthetic routes to isoxazoles may be classified according to the number of isoxazole ring atoms in each component synthon, the type of ring atom in each component, and the chemical class to which each component belongs. The various reactions of isoxazoles are also discussed. These include reactions with electrophiles, reactions of isoxazoles and isoxazolium salts with nucleophiles, and special reactions of side chains on isoxazoles. The physicochemical studies on isoxazoles are discussed. These include theoretical and structural studies, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and prototropic tautomerism of isoxazole derivatives. Various biologically active isoxazoles are tabulated.


Each of the major classes of clinically useful antibiotics can cause neph rotoxicity. Major differences exist among classes, and these are reviewed with regard to the frequency of occurrence of nephrotoxicity, the direct or indirect toxic effects of the drugs, their site(s) of action within the kidney, current views of their pathophysiological effects and observations which provide clues to the biochemical mechanisms underlying their adverse effects on kidney structure and function. Even for a single abnormal kidney function, such as non-oliguric reduction of glomerular filtration rate by gentamicin, the physiological and biochemical mechanisms may be com plex. In no instance has the biochemical mechanism underlying antibioticinduced nephrotoxicity been definitely established.


The kinetics of swelling and the sorption performance were observed for the polymer compositions with interpenetrating polymer networks made up of polyurethane and unsaturated polyester during their exposure to chlorobenzene at 25°C. It was found that the rates for solvent transport and solvent absorption processes were controlled by the chemical composition of the formulation studied. On the basis of the observed swelling process, parameters could be assessed which were specific for the mass transfer process, i.e., diffusion coefficient, sorption coefficient, and permeability coefficient. Moreover, an attempt was made to evaluate structural parameters that describe topology of the obtained networks. It was found that the increasing share of polyurethane in the composition reduced crosslinking density in the polyester network that resulted in faster diffusion of the solvent and higher sorption capacity for the solvent. The higher the styrene content in the composition, the higher the crosslinking density in the system, and hence the diffusion of solvent and its sorption inside the polymer network was much more difficult. In the scanning electron microscope analysis of samples, which had been subjected to swelling, no leaching was observed for any phase present in the system, despite phase separation for both the components. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3511–3519, 2006


Treated Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is the effluent of POME-based biogas production process. This liquid is potential as a raw material of liquid organic fertilizer, but the potassium content should be upgraded. Ash of empty palm fruit bunches (EPFB-a) which is locally available in huge amount is an attractive source of potassium. Potassium enrichment of treated POME was performed by contacting this liquid with EPFB-a in a fixed bed contactor. This research studied the effects of treated POME flow rate and height of EPFB-a bed on potassium mass transfer coefficient from solid to liquid phase in the contactor. Treated POME and EPFB-a were obtained from a crude palm oil mill in Rantau Sakti Village, Tambusai Utara Sub-district, Rokan Hulu Regency of Riau Province. The treated POME flow rates were set at 3.72; 3.36; and 2.52 L/min. EPFB-a bed height were fixed at 0.03, 0.06, and 0.09 m. The performance of this fixed bed contactor was evaluated based on extracted potassium content.


The short-term memory of psychological mechanism associated with languages plays an important role in college English listening teaching.In this article,we analyzes the position and role of short-term memory in the listening teaching theoretically.Based on our practice,we also introduced several methods about how to improve short-term memory capacity in English listening teaching.


Analyses of the effects of x rays on optical components consisting of a metal reflecting layer, a beryllium heat sink, and a fused silica substrate were done using the computer code xrth. These are compared with calculations for components lacking the beryllium layer. Our analyses show that the addition of the beryllium significantly hardens the system against x rays. The mechanisms for this increased hardness are elucidated by time‐dependent temperature and enthalpy plots. The relative effectiveness of beryllium and diamondlike carbon heat sinks is explored. Complex designs which incorporate reflection‐enhancing dielectric stacks are also discussed. Some comparisons with experiments are given.


1. Introduction 2. Domicile and other personal connecting factors 3. Civil jurisdiction 4. Foreign judgments 5. Contractual obligations 6. Non-contractual obligations 7. Arbitration 8. Marriage 9. Matrimonial causes 10. Children 11. Property 12. The choice of law process revisited INDEX