this way We may deplore many aspects of this matter, but the fact is that in many parts of the world there is widespread concern about the safety of our food. One can easily understand how this has come about. Not long ago we assumed that whatever we ate at home or elsewhere was safe and, on most occasions, enjoyable. Many now no longer believe that to be so. There are two sources of anxiety from which thoughtful people in many western countries are unable to escape. The first is our general concern over the destruction of both our local and the world environment. We have seen these concerns encapsulated in special organizations and given political expression in 'green' parties. The second reveals itself in more immediate and shifting outcries over danger from food contamination by chemical or pathological organisms, mainly from farm or domestic animals. Let me examine them a little more closely. The legacy of the last world war in Europe was acute anxiety over how to increase with the least possible delay the amount and variety of national food production. There was encouragement to develop and quickly use every scientific advance that increased animal and crop production. All is now changed. Research in agricultural science has been severely curtailed because we in Europe are embarrassed by food surpluses. Now, for example, there are dangers perceived in the increased nitrate concentrations in streams supplying our drinking water, which have resulted from the enthusiastic and officially supported use of fertilizers, and in pesticide residues in our foods. These are stated not to be at levels that can threaten human health, but strengthened legislation offers welcome safeguards. Organic farming has received a somewhat belated but substantial boost. Its high-priced products are apparently being bought by the newly enriched middle classes. No firm nutritional reason can be advanced for choosing 'organic' foods but it is obvious that this reversion to what are spoken of as 'traditional methods of agriculture' marginally contributes to the green revolution. What has to be said is that the massive increase in the quantity and variety of the food available in many countries in recent years has not been at the expense of nutritional safety. Our food is wholesome. This I say notwithstanding the outcry that is made from time to time in the press, TV and radio. Two recent examples from the UK vividly illustrate the sort of situation that so easily arises and should be met with firm, informed scepticism. The first was the media furore that greeted an ill-informed statement from a junior Government minister about the widespread contamination of eggs by Salmonella bacteria. Now it is a fact that episodes of illness and even occasional deaths from salmonellosis have been confirmed as having been due to the consumption of infected poultry products. It is known that very occasionally S. enteritidis can be found in an egg, although it is contaminated carcasses that are the most frequent mode of transmission. But, both eggs and poultry meat are safe to eat so long as they are properly cooked. Nevertheless, and this is the good side of the fuss, adequate Government funds were suddenly found to put into operation a nation-wide blood-testing scheme and destroy infected birds. The second recent media furore has been over the occurrence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in UK herds. The incubation period is a long one, as it is with other 'slow' viruses, and it is followed by neurological symptoms. There is a rare human disorder, Creutzfeldt-Iacob disease (CJD), that shows similar symptoms. There is absolutely no evidence that BSE is transmitted to humans. (The fact that scrapie-infected mutton has been in the human food chain for a century or more without any increase in the incidence of CJD supports the unlikelihood of there being any connection.) Even so, newspapers have carried this suggestion and sales of beef have been reduced. Once again, Government purse strings were suddenly loosened to support intensive research and farmers are being given full compensation when affected cattle are slaughtered.


In the above titled paper (ibid., vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 2424-2431, Jun. 09), there is a typo, and the following modification, presented here, is needed.


Vulnerability detection identifies defects in various commercial software. Because most vulnerability detection methods are based on the source code, they are not useful if the source code is unavailable. In this paper, we propose a binary vulnerability detection method and use our tool named BVD that extracts binary features with the help of an intermediate language and then detects the vulnerabilities using an embedding model. Sufficiently robust features allow the binaries compiled in cross-architecture to be compared. Consequently, a similarity evaluation provides more accurate results.


Software defects are the root causes that lead software unreliable,thus the reduction of software defects is the key way to improve software reliability.How to improve the software reliability using the defect data accumulated? In this paper,the definition of software defect pattern was addressed on the basis of the concept of software defect and pattern.Through analyzing the defect data accumulated,the classification of defect patterns was proposed.The defect patterns in software requirement analysis,design and coding phase were advanced.How to apply the defect patterns is elabo-rated in the process of software development and testing,which provides idea on how to improve software reliability utilizing defect data.


Coastal waters are transitional zones between limnic waters and marine systems characterised by a morphological diversity, but also by a considerable natural variability of abiotic and biotic parameters. In addition to this high natural variation, coastal waters are subjected to extremely high anthropogenic impacts. Since the early 1960s, nutrient influx has increased from the catchment area of the coastallagoons on the German Baltic Coast. For the shallow coastallagoon DarB Zingst Bodden Chain (DZBC) on the southern Baltic Sea, the highest external phosphorus input was between 200 t a-1 and 300 t a-1 in the 1970s (SELIG et al. 2006). The input ofphosphorus and nitrogen was reduced in the 1990s by rebuilding of the wastewater treatment plants (BEHRENDT et al. 1999). Despite the reduced external nutrient inputs, no decrease in eutrophication or primary production could be documented. One reason is the high accumulation of nutrients, especially o f phosphorus, in the sediments. The P-release from the sediment was between 360 and 480 t a-1 for the DZBC (ScHLUNGBAUM et al. 2001). Today, the interna! P-load is higher than the external P-input of the coastallagoon; therefore, after the reduction of external nutrient input, the P-release and P-binding at the sediment-water interface play the dominant role in sustaining the eutrophication of the shallow coastallagoons. This study describes the seasonal variation of dissolved and particulate phosphorus in a shallow coastal lagoon. The particulate phosphorus in the water body, sediment traps, surface sediment layers, and sediment were characterised by sequential fractionation techniques. The field studies were complemented by laboratory experiments to identify the size frationation of phosphorus-bearing particles by sedimentation and resuspension processes.


Preface. 1. General Discussion of Accounting/Statistical Standards. 2. Planning and Control of Sales. 3. Planning and Control of Marketing Expenses. 4. Planning and Control of Manufacturing Costs: Direct Material and Direct Labor. 5. Planning and Control of Manufacturing Costs: Manufacturing Expenses. 6. Planning and Control of Research and Development Expenses. 7. Planning and Control of General and Administrative Expenses. 8. Planning and Control of Cash and Short-Term Receivables. 9. Planning and Control of Receivables. 10. Planning and Control of Inventories. 11. Planning and Control of Plant and Equipment of Capital Assets. 12. Planning and Control of Liabilities. 13. Management of Shareholders' Equity. Index.


Competitive atmosphere of organizations is struggling against major challenges in the present decade. Due to increasingly developments in activity environments of organizations, rapid changes in markets, and promotion of competitiveness culture, it is felt the need using the patterns which not only have the ability of evaluating the current condition of the organization, recognizing the deeply-rooted issues and organizational harms (disadvantages), and identifying improvable areas, but also building an accurate basis in order to plan strategic planning. The present study aimed to investigate the possibility of eliminating franchise in selected Medical Centers under insurance contract in Social Security, and it is done in collaboration with managers and experts of healthcare managements of Social Security of Elam, Ardabil, South Khorasan province, Khuzestan, Semnan, Kurdistan, Kohkilooyeh and Boyer Ahmad cities, and Tehran. The results indicated that, in present conditions, the elimination of franchise cannot meet the interests of insurer. Because the management method of franchise as a major and efficient tool in the field of health economy reduces indiscriminate increase of unnecessary costs, therefore its elimination is not on the benefit of Healthcare Services providers of the country. Normal 0 false false false RU X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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Under the background of rapid development of social economy and continuous progress of scientific information technology, new energy-saving technologies and materials have been widely used in building HVAC design, and promoted the development of China's architectural HVAC design field. The application of new energy saving technology and materials in building HVAC design can effectively reduce the energy consumption of building HVAC design and achieve the effect of energy conservation and environmental protection.


Circle exchange transformations (CETs) and interval exchange transformations (IETs) form a fundamental class of objects studied in measurable dynamics, noted for their simple definition yet rich variety of behaviours (see [16]). They arise naturally in the study of polygonal billiards (see [1]), measured foliations (see [2, 9]) and flat surfaces (see [17, 18]). Moreover, transitive CETs arise in the study of surface flows, as a factor of the Poincaré return map to a transversally embedded circle. The much-studied orientation-preserving CETs codify the non-trivial recurrence of flows on orientable surfaces (see [3, 6]). Advancement in the understanding of flows on non-orientable surfaces, such as an answer for the open question about the C-density, r ≥ 2, of the Morse–Smale vector fields on non-orientable surfaces (see [5, 12]), requires study of the non-trivial recurrence in CETs that are not orientation-preserving, but rather reverse orientation on one or more subintervals, called "flips". Generically, exchange maps with flips have periodic points and so are not transitive (see [11]). Nevertheless, for every even n ≥ 4 there exist transitive CETs with flips defined on n subintervals (see [4, 10]). In this article we extend this result: we determine for which pairs (n, f) ∈ N there exists a transitive CET defined on n subintervals and having f flips. We look for the least number of subintervals and flips required for a CET to be transitive. As remarked by Keane [7], every CET with flips defined on two subintervals has a periodic point, and thus is not transitive. Thus we begin by looking at CETs defined on three subintervals. The examples presented in this paper then work as building blocks of transitive, uniquely ergodic CETs having arbitrary numbers of subintervals and flips.


PURPOSE: An open type authentication method and system are provided to safely form a variety of social scenario than in a web by providing a web security protocol and a service provider structure supporting the same. CONSTITUTION: A consumer requests an issue of token for API use to a service provider(202). The service provider authenticates the consumer and issues a token(203). The consumer reconfigures a page of the user using URL(204). A user provides an encrypted form to the service provider(205). The service provider requests an approval of token to the owner(206). The owner transmits an approval result according to a response method included in the request(207). The service provider automatically switches the page of the user to the service page(208) for the consumer. The user reopens use of service(209). The consumer attempts use of resource using token(210). [Reference numerals] (200) Starting a service; (202) Requesting a token; (203) Providing the token; (204) Resetting a token based path; (205) Approving a user; (206) Requesting an owner approval; (207) Approving the owner; (208) Resetting a call-back path; (209) Restarting the service; (210) Using a resource; (AA) User; (BB) Third-party web service(consumer); (CC) Service provider; (DD) Owner


A novel MgO-type expansive agent was prepared using magnesium-rich minerals. The agent is used for concrete with a great deal of fly ashto compensate the shrinkage of dam concrete caused by temperature stress. The expansion of cement pastes autoclaved or cured in 40 ℃ water has been studied. The results show that the expansion will augment with the increasing quantity of expansive material and extending curing time. After 120 days, the trend of expansion will get gentle. The expansion performance of traditional MgO expansive agent is suppressed by increasing quantity of fly ash, and this will be improved by using novel MgO-type expansive agent.


3 Hoag, D. G. (1970). Ballistic missile guidance, Proc. 10th Annual Pugwash Sumposium, MIT Press. June, 1970. . , , 4 Wright, T. M. B., U.S. Patent No. 3430234; U.K. Patent No. 1084110, May, 196J. 5 Wright, T. M. B. (1974). The U.S. Navy MARISAT system as a basis for global navigation. (Paper delivered at the one-day meeting on Maritime Satellites held by the British Interplanetary Society in London, 18th April 1974.)


A potentially catastrophic feature of granular media is their variable capability to sustain external stresses. As the mechanical stability of any structure relies on this capability, it is important to have a thorough understanding when and why it weakens, and how it recovers. The transition from a solid-like response to a liquid-like one is fluidization; and jamming denotes increasingly often the reverse change. After a mud slide starts, after it fluidizes, jamming is when it stops again – at what stress and density, and whether the village downhill will be reached, are then questions of considerable interests. The two limiting states of the transition may be referred to as granular solid and uniform dense flow. In the first, the grains are deformed and at rest, with all energy being elastic. In the second, they jiggle, rattle, move macroscopic distances, and a significant portion of the energy is kinetic. The transition from the dominance of one energy to the other may be gradual or abrupt, and has two possible intermediate states: the uniform, ideally plastic critical state [1, 2], or shear band, the nonuniform path. A unified theory of these limiting and intermediate states does not as yet exist, though gsh (for granular solid hydrodynamics) seems close. It was originally constructed to account for granular solid and its elastoplastic motion. Here, we demonstrate its applicability to dense flow: gsh displays broad agreement with three existing theories on various aspects of dense flow, and accounts for the data of Savage and Sayed [3]. The first of the three existing theories is by Pouliquen et al. [4]. Starting from the insight that granular rheology in dense flows is controlled by a dimensionless parameter � u = p P (where u is the shear rate, P the pressure), they distilled two locally applicable constitutive relations from


The present invention, at least one non-responsive contrast enhancing entity and non-responsive attached to the contrast enhancing entity or mixed at least in one responsive contrast enhancing imaging agent having an entity does not exist naturally in the human body to the patient after administration an MRI imaging method for acquiring information about local physiochemical parameters. The use of such non-responsive contrast enhancing entity, the value of the physicochemical parameters can be obtained by acquiring only three images, whereby the method according to the invention is faster, motion or because they have low sensitivity to flow artifact, it is easier to apply to the clinical routine.


A system for controlling a vehicle, wherein the vehicle comprises a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PM synchronous motor) and a control unit. The control unit is configured to control the motor with a motor current. In the presence of a predetermined condition, the motor current has an increased winding loss and reduced torque ripple in relation to the optimal minimal motor current for winding loss.


The article explores the mechanism of the so-called "support zones" and its use in the Arctic zone of Russia to determine its role as the basis of Russian politics and a catalyst for economic growth in the Arctic regions. The conclusion is drawn on the promotion of the use of "support zones" to strengthen Russian positions in the Arctic at a new qualitative level.


in Olson's examination of the land-indigeneity topos. Since nationalistic discourse validates certain land uses, namely, "modern" cultivation, artful rhetoric enmeshes even natural resources. For our own field, this study calls for some re-visioning of rhetoric's domain. If we learn to read images as Olson does, we can engage more sustainedly with visual rhetoric, employing artwork not only as primary sources but also as the principal substrate of criticism. Indeed, reading symbols can enable us to read the formation of a nation's identity across eras. Pan-historiography, the method employed by Olson here and by Hawhee in Rhetoric in Tooth and Claw, merits consideration in research methods courses. Finally, as humanistic scholars, we should follow Olson's lead in digging up national commonplaces, holding them against the light of criticism, and revealing their cores and their consequences. Indeed, for any reader, Ecuador's commonplaces evince a timely moral. From colonial gestation to the 2008 constitution, Ecuadorian history exemplifies how, in ink, paint, and film, partisan rhetors obscure structural inequalities by foregrounding certain constituents as symbols of transcendent national identity. I hope that Constitutive Visions will inspire similar studies of nation-forming beyond the Global North, and if other scholars adhere to Olson's ethical considerations, our field will be well served by the sensitive, reflexive example she sets.


This article uses a pooled cross-section, time-series model to evaluate the effect of the 1977 Canadian firearms legislation on the provincial homicide rate between 1969 and 1989. This type of model was selected because of its ability to capture variation across space as well as time. The indices included in this model, measured at the provincial level, as independent variables are: unemployment rate, percentage Status Indian, percentage immigrant, percentage male youth, the clearance rate. The results are consistent with the findings of most previous studies that the 1977 Canadian firearms legislation did not have a significant effect on homicide rates. The strongest explanatory factors were percentage Status Indian and male youth.


Protein S and protein C deficiencies are commonly identified biochemical abnormalities associated with a hypercoagulable state; they result in an increased incidence of venous thromboembolism. We report the case of a pregnant woman with dual deficiencies of protein S and protein C, who encountered a venous thromboembolism 7 days postpartum despite of the use of danaparoid.


Nowadays, the process modeling and simulation exhibit notable importance, allowing the experimentation between di ff erent process designs and control configurations, as well as quality assurance and process optimization studies. In this sense, the equation-oriented approach, in which all the equations describing each sub-process are compiled into a single equation set, stands out as an advantageous approach. The current work focuses on the discussion of a developed tool, SLOTH, that is open-source and developed in Python computational language. The tool was applied in three di ff erent cases of study of industrial relevance, and the results obtained shown that the tool was able to solve the problems, obtaining values coherent with those presented in the literature, although some tasks required prohibitive computational times. Those aspects will be optimized in future versions of the tool, which is built collaboratively through the open-source nature of the project.


The digital switchover plan in the UK, expected to be completed in 2012, is capable of freeing up a total of about 240MHz TV bandwidth. This includes the license-exempt access to TV White Spaces (TVWS) as defined in IEEE 802.22 standards for Wireless Regional Area Network (WRAN). In this paper, a simulation model based on the existing keep-away region algorithm is established and verified to explore the potential TVWS resources with the Cognitive Radio technology at any given location in the UK. The proposed power control algorithm based on the maximum allowed transmission power is to replace the keep-away region algorithm and improve the availability of a cognitive radio (CR) operation. Finally, a comparison between these two algorithms is made in terms of system capacity.


Objective To screen the active components against anti influenza virus in Atraotydin. Methods The extracts were separated by supercritical CO2 fluid extraction(SFE-CO2),aqueous extraction and silica column chromatography.Madin-Darby Canine Kidney(MDCK) cell tissue culture was used to screen the effective ingredient with fluenza A virus and influenza B virus. Results Atractylon and the SFE-CO2 Atracylodes Lancea Rhizoma could kill influenza virus;Atractylodin and the water extract from Rhizoma Atractylodis had no effect on influenza virus. Conclusion Atractylon is effective ingredient for anti influenza virus in Atraotydin.


The situation and causes are discussed for the pollution from application of plastic film in agriculture. The countermeasures for control of this pollution are also put forward.


This deliverable deals with the modelling and analysis of interdependencies between critical infrastructures, focussing attention on two interdependent infrastructures studied in the context of CRUTIAL: the electric power infrastructure and the information infrastructures supporting management, control and maintenance functionality. The main objectives are: 1) investigate the main challenges to be addressed for the analysis and modelling of interdependencies, 2) review the modelling methodologies and tools that can be used to address these challenges and support the evaluation of the impact of interdependencies on the dependability and resilience of the service delivered to the users, and 3) present the preliminary directions investigated so far by the CRUTIAL consortium for describing and modelling interdependencies. Draft Partners contributions to the different sections 30/11/2006 V0 Draft First integrated version, ready for internal review by involved partners 18/12/2006 V1 Draft Second integrated version including comments received on first integrated version and additional improvements 24/12/2006 V2 Draft Third integrated version including comments received on second integrated version and additional improvements, distributed to all project members for final review.


Introduction and objectives: Changes in Systems of health monitoring and the need for safe and affordable services and also increased expect of receiving services with proper quality, have considered clinical competencies of health-related professions and also clinical competency is the one of the factors influencing satisfaction and patient safety. Hence it is necessary for nurses and their supervisors to improve and evaluate their clinical competency. That it requires identifying the influencing or clinical competency related factors. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate clinical competency and its related factors in nurses working at hospitals affiliated to Zahedan University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive analytic study, 231 nurses were selected randomly. Research samples were nurses who were in charge of direct care for patients in one of the clinical sections. The data collection instrument was a two-part questionnaire. The first part is related to the nurses' individual characteristics and the second part of clinical competency standard questionnaire (CIRN) includes 55 items. Data analysis using descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was performed by SPSS version 17. Results: Data collected showed that the majority stated that they have a high clinical competency (1.80), and also, in demographic variables there was a significant relationship between clinical competency, age and years of service. Conclusion: in accordance with the results of this study, nurses with the fewer age and years of service should be considered more carefully in order to increase clinical competency by proper training and capability enhancement.


When wound into a spiral, a lambda/4 monopole is reduced to 1/16 lambda (or even smaller in its linear dimensions) while its resonant frequency of zero reactance remains approximately unchanged. The radiation resistance, however, is reduced from 40 ohms to around 15 ohms depending on the configuration of the spiral, and the size and shape of the handheld device as ground. Through a proper choice folding of the spiraled monopole, the 15 ohm (or other small radiation resistance) can be raised to a suitable 50 ohm with low ohmic loss, and with acceptable bandwidth (4.2%). This paper synthesizes such a folded-spiral monopole


This article aims to present the works of a lesser-known Polish writer – Ewa Łuskina, taking into consideration their feminist dimension. The conducted analysis shows that the decadent prose convention adopted by Łuskina helped her freely introduce not only an element of cruelty, but also that of murder. What is significant, however, is that the atrocities are primarily committed against the opposite gender.


The surface science-based approach to synthesising new organic materials on surfaces has gained considerable attention in recent years, owing to its success in facilitating the formation of novel 0D, 1D and 2D architectures. The primary mechanism used to date has been the catalytic transformation of small organic molecules through substrate-enabled reactions. In this Topical Review, we provide an overview of alternate approaches to controlling molecular reactions on surfaces. These approaches include light, electron and ion-initiated reactions, electrospray ionisation deposition-based techniques, collisions of neutral atoms and molecules, and superhydrogenation. We focus on the opportunities afforded by these alternative approaches, in particular where they may offer advantages in terms of selectivity, spatial control or scalability.


Several upgrades of the Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) system of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment are currently being implemented to ensure a highly performing muon system during the upcoming High Luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider which will have an increased integrated luminosity of 3000 fb−1. The expected experimental conditions in that period present a challenge for the entire CMS detection system. To extend the RPC coverage, an improved version of the already existing RPCs will be installed in the forward region of the 3rd and 4th endcap disks. The current overall status of this CMS RPC upgrade project is presented.


Children and adolescents with disabilities are an extremely heterogeneous group of diverse learners, each with unique learning strengths and needs. Often misunderstood and frequently less served by the counseling profession, these children and adolescents need counseling services just as much as, if not more than, other children (McDowell, Coven, & Eash, 1979). Federal legislation makes it imperative that all counselors who work with children and adolescents, even those not working within public school settings, be knowledgeable about the identification of and services for those with disabilities. In addition, all counselors have a professional and ethical responsibility to facilitate conditions that promote the full potential for all individuals, including exceptional groups (Baker, 1992; Holmgren, 1996; Maes, 1978; Seligman, 1985). As knowledge and experience are obtained for this population, counselors can serve children and their families more fully as intended by legal and professional guidelines. Most counselors will encounter in their practice children and adolescents with disabilities. According to the U.S. Department of Education (2000), approximately 9% of the school-age population is classified as having a federally recognized disability and, there-· fore, receiving special education and/or related services. This figure does not include gifted children, who also are significantly different from the norm and are in need of identification, curricular modifications, and counseling interventions (Silverman, 1993). Nor does it include students with disabilities who do not qualify for special education but may be eligible for other educational and counseling services. Despite the number of children and adolescents with disabilities, counseling professionals historically have had limited contact with this population for a variety of reasons. Some counselors lack confidence and training to serve these groups. Some are uncomfortable around people with disabilities. Others have incorrect information about or prejudices toward those with exceptional needs (Tucker, Shepard, & Hurst, 1986). In addition, because services to children and adolescents with disabilities are most often delivered by special education personnel within public schools, counselors may believe that their skills are not needed for these groups (Tarver Behring, Spagna, & Sullivan, 1998). Most counselors, however, do have many of the skills needed to work with these children and their


In this paper we consider the effects of top-quark compositeness on the electroweak parameters T^ and S^ and the ZbLbL coupling. We do so by using an effective field theory analysis to identify several promising patterns of mixing between standard-model-like and vector fermions, and then analyzing simple extensions of the standard model that realize those patterns. These models illustrate four ways in which an extended O(4) symmetry, which controls the size of radiative corrections to the observables discussed, may be broken. These models may also be viewed as highly deconstructed versions of five-dimensional gauge theories dual to various strongly interacting composite Higgs theories. We comment on how our results relate to extra-dimensional models previously considered, and we demonstrate that one pattern of O(4) breaking is phenomenologically favored. © 2011 American Physical Society.


Summary The angular distribution of straight-line tracks duo to high energy cosmic ray particles at sea level and their number per cm.2 per day at sea level and below an absorber (equivalent to 60 m. of water) have been investigated. Slow electron tracks are recorded at a rate of 104 per cm.2 per day in a 200 micron thickemulsion. The sensitivity of the emulsion to particles at minimum ionization does not change at low temperature (-80° C), although a decrease of 24 per cent was found for X-ray exposures at -80° C. as compared with room temperature. A number of pair formation tracks produced by a 25 MeV. synchrotron have been observed. In all cases but two, one particle (presumably the positron) stops in the emulsion before slowing down. Two examples of elastic collisions between particles at minimum ionization and electrons and the formation of a multiple star are discussed.


To measure the depth and diameter of through silicon vias simultaneously, a novel method based on spectral-domain interferometer and confocal microscope is proposed and realized. Most parts of the measurement system are constructed with optical fiber components for flexible configuration and easy alignment. According to the measurement results and performance evaluation, the mean values of the diameter and depth were 6.07 μm and 48.255 μm with the expanded uncertainties of 0.20 μm (k = 2) and 37 nm (k = 2), respectively.


A randomized prospective trial on the effect of the length of initial hospital stay (23 ± 4 days and 9 ± 3 days) in 61 consecutive children with newly diagnosed diabetes was carried out. Since the metabolic outcome was similar in the treatment groups for the first two years, we analyzed the adjustment and subjective well‐being of families to the diabetes after a two‐year follow‐up period. A semi‐structured interview by a psychologist who was blinded to the initial treatment length and medical history of the child showed that 74% of the families in the short‐term and 58% in the long‐term treatment groups had good overall psychosocial ability to function (ns); there were no unusual fears in 37% and 15% of the families (ns), respectively. After short‐term treatment, families needed slightly but not significantly less time to be confident about the management of diabetes in the family. These findings show that the short‐term initial hospital stay does not unfavorably affect the adjustment of the family to diabetes and should probably be preferred over the long‐term initial hospital stay.


A comprehensive scheme has been developed for the prediction of radiation from engine exhaust and its incidence on an arbitrarily located sensor. Existing codes have been modified for the simulation of flows inside nozzles and jets. A novel view factor computation scheme has been applied for the determination of the radiosities of the discrete panels of a diffuse and gray nozzle surface. The narrowband model has been used to model the radiation from the gas inside the nozzle and the nonhomogeneous jet. The gas radiation from the nozzle inclusive of nozzle surface radiosities have been used as boundary conditions on the jet radiation. Geometric modeling techniques have been developed to identify and isolate nozzle surface panels and gas columns of the nozzle and jet to determine the radiation signals incident on the sensor. The scheme has been validated for intensity and heat flux predictions, and some useful results of practical importance have been generated to establish its viability for infrared signature analysis of jets.


Previously under the oppressive governments of Stalin and his successors, Soviet Russia enjoyed no freedom of expression. Under Mikhail Gorbachev, Russia began a new movement commonly known as "Perestroika," a Russian word that literally translates to "restructuring." Perestroika ushered in a new era of hope and freedom and was heralded both domestically and internationally as an opportunity to change the oppressive policies of the past and establish new respects for the rights of the individual. The collapse of the


Denitrification using a starch-based biologically degradable polymer as the solid carbon source and biofilm support of the denitrifying microorganisms was studied in a packed bed reactor at low temperatures(8-10℃).The results can provide the technical parameters for process applications.At 8-10℃, the denitrification rate was 2.5-4.5 mg ·(L · h)-1 and the nitrate removal rate was below 20% for the nitrate concentrations of 60-80 mg · L-1 in the influent,resulting in considerable decreases the denitrification rate and the nitrite removal rate.For hydraulic loadings of 9-12 cm · h-1,the denitrification rate is directly related to the loading.At 10-15℃,the denitrification rate shows greater dependence on the temperature than that at normal temperature with a temperature constant,K=0.046.


Within the framework of the improvement actions of the face-to-face civil engineering program of the New Granada Military University, the challenge is to study the state of the curricular programmatic contents of the programs taught in Bogota in the same modality. In this sense, this degree work aims to provide the review of these programs and thus provide the basis for further study of these programs. The degree work consists of searching, compiling and comparing the programmatic contents managed by the universities that teach civil engineering in Bogota in the face-to-face modality with emphasis on the hydraulic area; In addition, a comparison is made with respect to the civil engineering that is dictated in the new Granada military university, with the purpose of objectively evaluating the programmatic contents. The emphasis of this degree work in this case are the subjects or courses of Hydrology, Aqueduct and Sewerage of the civil engineering programs offered in Bogota in the face-to-face modality. In total, 15 universities were consulted in the city of Bogota that provide the civil engineering degree in the classroom mode.


Bonding of large clusters by surface reactions can be modelled by Smoluchowski's coagulation equation with coagulation rates Kij=(ij)omega with omega =(d-1)/d in d-dimensional systems. It is shown that the cluster size distribution for large clusters well below the gelation transition has the form ck approximately k- theta xi k (k to infinity ) where theta =2 omega . Results are compared with those from lattice theories and from the Flory-Stockmayer theory. For the models Kij=1/2(imu jnu +inu jmu ) with mu , nu <1 one finds theta = mu + nu ; for Kij=ijomega +jiomega with -1<or= omega <1 one finds theta =1/2(1+ omega ) and for Kij=ij one has theta =5/2.


From the view of producing factors,needs,relative industries,enterprise strategy,the competitive environmental characteristics of Chinese wood pulp and paper making industry were qualitatively analyzed,and quantitative analysis on the products competitiveness were also made with the index of product exporting,international market occupation ratio,international trade price,average profit level and productivity.The proposals for promoting the competitiveness Chinese wood pulp and paper making industry were finally put forward.


Abstract During the past several years, the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) continental-scale experiments (CSEs) have started to develop regional hydroclimatological datasets and water and energy budget studies (WEBS). To provide some global background for these regional experiments, the authors describe vertically integrated global and regional water and energy budgets from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)–U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Reanalysis II (NCEPRII). It is shown that maintaining the NCEPRII close to observations requires some nudging to the short-range model forecast, and this nudging is an important component of analysis budgets. Still, to first order one can discern important hydroclimatological mechanisms in the reanalysis. For example, during summer, atmospheric water vapor, precipitation, evaporation, and surface and atmospheric radiative heating all increase, while the dry static energy convergence decreases almost everywhere over the land region...


Summary and Conclusions Mecamylamine produced the same cardiovascular and renal hemodynamic effects on dogs as have been previously observed with such autonomic blocking agents as hexamethonium and pento-linium. When given to patients with hypertension, it produced a consistent reduction in blood pressure which was most marked in the upright position. The effect was about equivalent when given orally as when given parenteral^ the average daily dose being approximately 19 mg. The onset of action ranged from 1/2 to 2 hours, and lasted 12 to 48 hours. The response was quite variable from patient to patient, but within the same patient, it was reproducible, thus minimizing one of the chief objections to ganglionic blocking agents for the treatment of hypertension.


Nonlinear wave propagation in multimode optical fibers will be introduced. Recent theoretical and experimental progress on intense pulse propagation in multimode fibers will be reviewed, with an emphasis on spatiotemporal aspects of the wave propagation.


This article looks at certain socioeconomic consequences of extreme hydrometeorological phenomena in the Polish Lowland, e.g. floods, droughts, hurricanes, heat and cold waves that have all become more intense in Poland over recent years. The particular focus is on the impact of extreme high temperature and severe cold events on socio-medical parameters such as mortality. The analysis is especially concerned with increased daily numbers of deaths in 3 large urban centers located in northeast Poland.


The present invention relates to a sodium bicarbonate, mixtures thereof or the like as novel cleaning devices to clean material, which is provided with a one-piece plastic blasting chamber (C). The blasting chamber located on a single plastic piece L-shaped member, the L-shaped plastic element comprising a support (S), a cleaning material supply means (A) and a chamber filter device (F) of the chamber. Blasting chamber (C) has a funnel-shaped bottom (Ct), a hinge designed to allow open access to the side wall (Co), with a transparent glass inspection window (Cf) and two for inserting gauntlet side by side holes (Cm).


Uranium monocarbide powder having a UC content of about 97% was produced by heating a mixture of UO/sub 2/ and carbon in a vacuum furnace at 1800 deg C. Uranium monocarbide pellets having a density of about 10 grams per cubic centimeter were prepared. A few experiments indicated that nitrogen contamination in the atmosphere probably aids sintering of UC. Small quantities of U/sub 3/Si/sub 2/ were produced by quenching U - Si melts from about 1700 deg C. (W.L.H.)


19 The mass concentration, chemical composition and sources of quasi-ultrafine (quasi20 UFP, PM0.25), accumulation (PM0.25-2.5) and coarse mode (PM2.5-10) particles were 21 determined in indoor and outdoor air at 39 schools in Barcelona (Spain). Quasi-UFP 22 mass concentrations measured (25.6 μg/m outdoors, 23.4 μg/m indoors) are 23 significantly higher than those reported in other studies, and characterised by higher 24 carbonaceous and mineral matter contents and a lower proportion of secondary 25 inorganic ions. Results suggest that quasi-UFPs in Barcelona are affected by local 26 sources in the schools, mainly human activity (e.g. organic material from textiles, etc.; 27 contributing 23-46% to total quasi-UFP mass) and playgrounds (in the form of mineral 28 matter, contributing about 9% to the quasi-UFP mass). The particle size distribution 29


A method of processing material for use in production of rock wool, comprises providing the material in finely divided form; mixing the finely divided material with a fibrous binding agent, and forming the mixture into Solid blocks. The resulting blocks (lacking fines) are in a form Suitable for use in the production of rock wool, and may be fed to a Smelting furnace, together with other ingredients as appropriate, for processing in conventional manner. In one preferred embodiment, the material is waste rock wool, Such as spent hydroponic growth medium or shot. By use of the invention, shot which has hitherto constituted a waste mate rial can be recycled and reused in the production of rock wool, thus obviating the waste disposal problem and improving the overall efficiency of the rock wool production process. The invention also covers the resulting Solid blockS and a method of producing rock wool using the blockS.


We study the metal-insulator transition and magnetic ordering in the Hubbard model using the particle-hole mapping. The analysis simplifies near the ferromagnetic limit. We find that the two dimensional(2D) Hubbard model has a charge excitation gap at half-filling for any finite U in this region on both the bipartite square lattice and the nonbipartite triangular lattice. In some cases, the system goes through a first-order phase transition to become a paramagnetic metal as $S_{z}$ is lowered. We also discuss the extension to the doped case. We find that in the large U limit, a single doped hole has a bandwidth of order of J rather than t at $S_{z}=0$.


Pipelines are the only way to transport oil, natural gas and other important liquid or gaseous raw materials quickly, safely and efficiently. However, the pipelines and their supply networks need to be permanently and automatically monitored in order to ensure safe production, environment and quality standards. Management information systems enable the acquired data to be used as the basis for company and investment decisions and for optimization of business management.


The increasing availability of high-resolution multi-spectral imagery as well as high density and accurate Dig ital Surface Models (DSMs) and Digital Terra...


Optimization and dynamic reliability analysis of the structural system are combined. A methodology of optimum design based total failure probability of the structural system with multi-degree freedom under stationary stochastic excitation is presented when minimum weight of the structure determined by design parameters is the objective function. According to the spectrum analysis theory, the statistical property of the response of structural system under stationary random excitation is analyzed. At the same time, Possion process model based on first passage failure is used to calculate the reliability of the structure, and the optimum design parameters are finally obtained through Hestenes-Powell (HP) method. The result of evaluated examples demonstrates that the method presented in this paper is effective.


Christianity has contributed for the survival and enduring influence of a moral,
social and legal view on marriage and private life whose foundations were laid in the pagan Roman world during the first centuries of our era and have lasted, with little
oscillations, up to the present. It became the role of Christianity, by becoming the official religion in the Roman world, to give universal status to a lifestyle that paganism had
merely proposed to Roman elites: the marriage with uniform, lasting and stateacknowledged juridical characteristics, the core family, countenance and celibacy are aspects that, having been effortlessly adopted by the Christian religious message, rapidly became dominant, pagan being as it was already eager for new proposals. St. Jerome's letters bear witness to this new mentality that, while sanctioning public intervention, be it political or religious, on the individual's private life, spreads countenance and celibacy as
a model.

Keywords: Christianity, Late Antiquity, monasticism, Bible, St. Jerome, countenance, marriage, private life.


Potters working in villages today are rapidly diminishing in number, so an adequate record of their craft practices must be made now if the contemporary ceramic record is to serve archaeologists who must perforce place emphasis on the detailed study and interpretation of the durable ceramic artifacts of past cultures. Today compulsory schooling as well as more economically attractive job opportunities in other trades have caused potential apprentices to reject the potters' craft of their fathers. The methods still used by contemporary village potters in the Mediterranean and Near Eastern countries, mostly older people, are now being recorded and published with increasing frequency. A sampling of such reports is appended to this summary. Talking with the potters and their families can provide some understanding of the traditional and economic pressures influencing the shapes they produce, the clays and fuels used, kiln maintenance, variations in production through the year, and the ways in which the fired wares are distributed. The variety and number of vessels in use in village households and the frequency with which they are replaced can also provide archaeologists with useful information. Cheap metal and plastic containers are supplanting ceramic wares, and their colorful encroachment in the village markets is worth checking annually as archaeologists return to their field headquarters. The consumer acceptance of these newer products is also a matter of archaeological interest.


This paper reviews the initial development of the design and operation of modern vertical and horizontal axis wind turbines, with the aim of comparing the development of the two types. Application in developing countries concentrates on the Savonius rotor. The review aims to record important early developments, including the years following the first oil crisis of 1973.


The control technique of ActiveX Automation is briefly introduced. A method of communication to Excel in AutoCAD by using Excel and ActiveX model was created. The working principle of reading and writing for Excel table and its implementation methods were provided.


This article comprises the second part of the author's analysis of the
current law of evidence and the search for balance between individual and
societal interests - the first part appears at (2001), 80 Can.Bar Rev. 433-480.


An essential capability in many applications, ranging from commercial, surveillance and defense, is to analyze the spectral content of intercepted microwave and millimeter-wave signals over a very wide bandwidth in real-time and with high resolution. A range of photonic schemes have been introduced for the real-time processing of wideband signals to overcome limitations of current conventional electronic frequency measurement approaches. Here, a novel microwave/millimeter-wave channelizer is presented based on a RF photonic front-end employing parametric wavelength multicasting and comb generation. This new technology enables a contiguous bank of channelized coherent I/Q IF signals covering extremely wide RF instantaneous bandwidth. High channel counts and wide RF instantaneous bandwidth are enabled by use of parametrically generated frequency-locked optical combs spanning >4 THz. Full field analysis capabilities of the coherent detection system are demonstrated by frequency domain analysis of 18 contiguous 1.2 GHz IF channels covering 15.5 GHz to 37.1 GHz input frequency range, and time and spectral domain analysis of a 75 GHz harmonically generated input signal. Sensitivity and dynamic range of the system are analyzed and discussed.


In recent years, the effects of spatial structure and social diversity on the evolution of cooperation have been attracted great attention. Both of them have been verified to play a nontrivial role in the emergence and maintenance of cooperation among selfish individuals. And most previous evolutionary game dynamics are based on pairwise interactions. However, interactions can often take place within groups of people in many real situations and cannot be described simply by dyads. While the dynamics of evolutionary games in systems with higher-order interactions have not yet been explored as deserved. In this paper, we introduce heterogeneous multiplication factors into the spatial public goods game to investigate the cooperative behaviors on the hypergraphs. In addition to the original model in which all groups have the same multiplication factor, three types of heterogeneous multiplication factor distributions including uniform, exponential and power-law distributions are considered. The numerical simulation results show that, the increase of the order $g$ of the uniform random hypergraphs is conducive to the emergence and prosperity of the individuals' cooperative behavior no matter what types of the distributions are. Furthermore, compared with the results of the original spatial public goods games on hypergraphs, the heterogeneous multiplication factors following three different distributions can remarkably promote the evolution of cooperation. In particular, for most ranges of the average rescaling multiplication factor $r_0$, the highest cooperation level can be obtained under the power-law distribution, while the uniform distribution induces to the lowest enhancement. We provide an explanation through investigating the number of cooperators in each group. In addition, to probe into the essence that influences the survival of cooperative behaviors, we have studied the time series of the fraction of groups with different numbers of cooperators. Besides, we also study the impact of the number of hyperlinks on the evolution of cooperation. We find that the results are robust against the number of hyperlinks $L$, and the emergence of cooperative behaviors in public goods games on hypergraphs is hindered with increasing of $L$. To some extent, these results are helpful for better understanding the evolutionary dynamics of the spatial public goods games on hypergraphs with social diversity.


This article argues that current contest competition in extemporaneous speaking and oratory contradicts classroom instruction and should be modified to coincide with it.


In a PSK heterodyne optical communication system, the FM noise of the transmitter and local oscillator degrades the bit-error rate (BER). A theory is presented giving the BER of such a system considering the FM-noise effect. To verify the theory, BER measurement is performed using a simulation model of the PSK heterodyne system.


We search for signatures of high-frequency oscillations in the upper solar photosphere and low chromosphere in the context of acoustic heating of outer stellar atmospheres. We use ultraviolet image sequences of a quiet center-disk area from the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE) mission which were taken with strict cadence regularity. The latter permits more reliable high-frequency diagnosis than in earlier work. Spatial Fourier power maps, spatially averaged coherence and phase-difference spectra, and spatio-temporal (kh, f ) decompositions all contain high-frequency features that at first sight seem of considerable intrinsic interest but actually are more likely to represent artifacts of different nature. Spatially averaged phase difference measurement provides the most sensitive diagnostic and indicates the presence of acoustic modulation up to f ≈ 20 mHz (periods down to 50 s) in internetwork areas.


Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women, surpassed only by lung cancer. [1] Current clinical therapies target the estrogen receptor (ER) and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) to reduce cancer-cell proliferation. These methods are often used in conjunction with surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation in efforts to eradicate the disease. However, 25 % of patients face tumor recurrence and resistance within 5 years after treatment. [2] Ideally, the initial treatment would supply a robust, broad-spectrum therapy to eliminate all cancer


The effects of different surface modifications on the adhesion of copper to a liquid-crystalline polymer (LCP) were investigated with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, contact-angle measurements, and pull tests. High pull-strength values were achieved when copper was sputter-deposited onto plasma and reactive-ion-etching (RIE)-pretreated LCP surfaces. The values were comparable to the reference pull strengths obtained with laminated copper on the LCP. The adhesion was relatively insensitive to the employed feed gas in the pretreatments. The surface characterizations revealed that for RIE and plasma treatments, the enhanced adhesion was attributable to the synergistic effects of the increased surface roughness and polar component of the surface free energy of the polymer. However, if the electroless copper deposition was performed on RIE- or plasma-treated surfaces, very poor adhesion was measured. Good adhesion between the LCP substrate and electrolessly deposited copper was achieved only in the case of wet-chemical surface roughening as a result of the creation of a sufficient number of mechanical interlocking sites, together with a significant loss of oxygen functionalities, on the surface.


nnnnn . TARGETED screening for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was implemented in Switzerland at the beginning of 1999 on three categories of adult cattle: fallen stock, cattle subject to emergency slaughter and routinely slaughtered cattle (Doherr and others 1999, 2001). Switzerland has a total population of approximately 1-68 million cattle, including 0-8 million adult female cattle (over 24 months old) for breeding and dairy production. In total, over 38,000 adult female cattle leaving the population were examined between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2000. Due to an increase in voluntary testing, over 32,000 samples were examined between January 1, 2001 and March 31, 2001. The objective of this short communication is to describe trends in the prevalence of cases detected since targeted screening began. In 1999, 25 targeted screening cases were detected by the Prionics Western blot, and six were detected in 2000. Between January 1, 2001 and March 31, 2001, an additional four screened cases were confirmed as being BSE. The odds of detecting a BSE case in 1999 and in 2000 were at least 40 times higher in the risk categories of emergency slaughtered cattle and fallen stock, when compared with the odds of detecting a BSE case by the reporting of clinical suspects (Table 1). This increase in odds is thought to be a combined effect of the higher prevalence of detectable cases, mainly in the fallen stock and emergency slaughter cohorts, and the higher sensitivity of the diagnostic screening test when compared with the clinical detection and reporting of BSE suspects in the field. Linear regression analysis assessing the change in monthly targeted screening prevalence (all categories combined) over


We develop a new coarse‐scale continuum formulation hereafter referred to as computational continua. By this approach, the coarse‐scale governing equations are stated on a so‐called computational continua domain consisting of disjoint union of computational unit cells, positions of which are determined to reproduce the weak form of the governing equations on the fine scale. The label 'computational' is conceived from both theoretical and computational considerations. From a theoretical point of view, the computational continua is endowed with fine‐scale details; it introduces no scale separation; and makes no assumption about infinitesimality of the fine‐scale structure. From computational point of view, the computational continua does not require higher‐order continuity; introduces no new degrees‐of‐freedom; and is free of higher‐order boundary conditions. The proposed continuum description features two building blocks: the nonlocal quadrature scheme and the coarse‐scale stress function. The nonlocal quadrature scheme, which replaces the classical Gauss (local) quadrature, allows for nonlocal interactions to extend over finite neighborhoods and thus introduces nonlocality into the two‐scale integrals employed in various homogenization theories. The coarse‐scale stress function, which replaces the classical notion of coarse‐scale stress being the average of fine‐scale stresses, is constructed to express the governing equations in terms of coarse‐scale fields only. Perhaps the most interesting finding of the present manuscript is that the coarse‐scale continuum description that is consistent with an underlying fine‐scale description depends on both the coarse‐scale discretization and fine‐scale details. As a prelude to introducing the computational continua framework, we unveil the relation between the generalized continua and higher‐order mathematical homogenization theory and point out to their limitations. This serves as motivation to the main part of the manuscript, which is the computational continua formulation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


No accepted fluid theory exists for power extraction from unpressurized confined flow. The absence of a valid model to determine baseline uniform power extraction in confined flows creates difficulties in characterizing the coefficient of power. Currently, the primary body of research has been limited to Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbines (DAWTs) and passive fluid accelerators. Fluid power is proportional to the cube of velocity; therefore, passive acceleration is a promising path to effective renewable energy. Hypothetical models and experiments for passive accelerators yield low ideal power limits and poor performance, respectively. We show that these results derive from the misapplication of Betz's Law and lack of a general theory for confined flow extraction. Experimental performance is due to the low efficiency of DAWTs and prior hypotheses exhibit high predictive error and continuity violations. A fluid model that accurately predicts available data and new experimental data, showing disk specific maximum CP for the confined channel at 38% of power available to disk, is presented. This is significantly lower than the 59% Betz freestream limit yielded by hypothetical models when the area ratio equals one. Experiments and their results are presented with non-DAWT accelerators, where new experimental results exceed CP limits predicted previously and correlate with the proposed predictive model.


We investigated the effect of calcium carbonate on the oral bioavailability of gemifloxacin. Gemifloxacin was administered alone, 2 h before, simultaneously, or 2 h after calcium carbonate in 16 volunteers. Data for 320 mg of gemifloxacin alone were as follows: maximum concentration of drug in serum ( C max ),13 (cid:1) g/ml; half-life, 7.33 h; and area under the concentration-time curve from 0 h toinfinity (AUC (cid:2) ), 6.79 (cid:1) g (cid:1) h/ml. Only simultaneous coadministration of calcium carbonate reduced C max ( (cid:3) 17%) and AUC (cid:2) ( (cid:3) 21%) significantly. Gemifloxacin is a new fluoroquinolone with a broad spec-trum activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Plasma samples were analyzed following protein precipitation with acetonitrile. The urine sam- ples were prepared for analysis by dilution and analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, using positive-ion spray ionization. The lower limits of quantification for each of the assays for gemifloxacin in plasma and urine were each 0.01 (cid:3) g/ml using a 50- (cid:3) l aliquot. The intra-assay and interassay coefficients of variation for determination of plasma and urine were less than 10%. Pharmacokinetic calculations. Plasma concentration data were analyzed by standard noncompartmental methods using the software program WinNonlin- Professional Edition (version 2.1). The primary pharmacokinetic parameters to determine the effect of calcium carbonate on the bioavailability of gemifloxacin were the maximal concentration in plasma ( C max ) and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC (cid:4) ). Primary parameters were log e -transformed and compared by analysis of variance using the factor sequence, subject nested within sequence, period, and regimen. The point estimates and adjusted 95% confidence intervals for the difference between the regimens (B-A, C-A, and D-A) were constructed using the residual variance from the model, and the appropriate adjustments were made for the three multiple comparisons using Dunnett's procedure (4). The overall significance level was maintained at 5%. The point and interval estimates on the log scale were then back-transformed to obtain the estimates of the ratios (B:A, C:A, and D:A). Within subject coefficient of variation for AUC (cid:4) and C max were calculated based on the log e -normal distribution.


The increasing awareness of the risk of skin cancer with the sun exposure requires that sunscreen products be approximately tested and labeled. Although there exists information on the possible photon‐induced reaction such as photoirritation and photosensitization produced by sunscreen creams containing synthetic photo‐protective chemicals. Effect of sunscreen cream depends upon sun protection factor (SPF) value and substantivity. In addition due to high cost and time consumption of in vivo SPF determination methodologies, in vitro SPF determination is gaining more importance. The aim of present study was to formulate a sunscreen cream containing essential oil of Ocimum basilicum Linn. as an active ingredient and evaluate experimental method for in vitro SPF determination.


The paper presents RoboNav, a cost-effective and accurate decimeter-grade navigation system that can be used for deployment in the field of autonomous agricultural robots. The novelty of the system is the reliance on a dual GPS configuration based on two u-blox modules that work in conjunction with three low-cost inertial sensors within a Gaussian Sum Filter able to combine multiple Extended Kalman filters dealing with IMU bias and GPS signal loss. The system provides estimation of both position and heading with high precision and robustness, at a significantly lower cost than existing equivalent navigation systems. RoboNav is validated in a commercial vineyard by performing experimental tests using an all-terrain tracked robot commanded to follow a series of GPS waypoints, trying to minimize the crosstrack error and showing average errors on the order of 0.2 m and 0.2∘ for the measurement of position and yaw angle, respectively.


Disclosed is a power distribution system having a DC-DC converter which outputs DC power after converting the DC power outputted from a DC power source to a desired voltage level. The DC-DC converter is controlled so as to operate only when the input voltage is in a desired range.


Court-annexed arbitration is a form of nonbinding mandatory alternative dispute resolution (ADR) where parties are required to submit to arbitration before seeking a trial de novo in a court of law. However, court-annexed arbitration programs often have "penalty provisions," the purpose of which is to dissuade litigants from actually seeking a trial de novo. Without penalty provisions, litigants would have little incentive to take court-annexed arbitration programs seriously. The problem is that some penalty provisions might go too far in dissuading litigants, and therefore unconstitutionally impair the right to a jury trial. Legislators or judges designing the rules for court-annexed arbitration have to walk a tightrope when it comes to penalty provisions. A designer wants the penalty provision to be effective at deterring litigants from automatically appealing arbitration decisions. At the same time, the designer must make sure the penalty provision is not too effective. If the penalty provision goes too far in deterring litigants, it may make the right of a jury trial "practically unavailable" and therefore risk a court finding it unconstitutional. Nevada's court-annexed arbitration program and its unique penalty provisions arguably burden the right to a jury trial more than any other program in


Prostaglandins of the E series suppress a variety of neutrophil functions, such as superoxide production by a mechanism that involves increases in cAMP formation ( Hecker et al, 1990; Ney & Schror, 1991 ). However, the coupling between cAMP and neutrophil modulation has not been analysed pharmacologically, either to verify whether the two functional responses are mediated by the same receptor, or to determine the quantitative relationship between them. In this study we have used PGE2 and some other EP receptor agonists to define this relationship. Human neutrophils were isolated from venous blood by centrifugation with Polymorphprep ( Nycomed ). Neutrophils ( 106 cells ml-') were preincubated ( 370C ) with cytochalasin B ( 5g ml-' ) and prostanoids or vehicle ( < 0.25% ethanol ) for 5 min in phosphate buffered saline ( containing 0.9mM CaCl2, 0.5mM MgCl2 and 1 1mM glucose ) prior to stimulation with FMLP ( submaximal concentration, 10-7M ) for 5 min at 370C. Superoxide production was measured as the reduction of cytochrome C ( 0.08mM, A550nm). The cAMP generation was determined from 2x107 cells ml-' pretreated for 5 min with isobutylmethyc xanthine ( 5OOjM ) and stimulated for 5 min with the EP receptor agonists or vehicle ( < 0.25% ethanol ). After addition of perchloric acid ( 5 % final concentration, 40C) and centrifugation ( 30s at 10,000g ) cAMP was extracted using tri-n-octylamine/Freon, In endothelial and other cells, a constitutive cyclo-oxygenase (COX-1) metabolizes arachidonic acid (AA) to the prostaglandin (PG) endoperoxides PGG2 and PGH2. Prostacyclin (PGI2) synthase then converts PGH2 to PGI2. Lipopolysacharide (LPS) induces human monocytes to express a different isoform of cyclo-oxygenase (COX-2). This induction of COX-2 by LPS requires protein biosynthesis and is prevented by dexamethasone (Fu et al., 1990). Its induction is likely to account for PG release in inflammation. The inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase by aspirin and other non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) is the basis for their therapeutic activity and shared side effects (Vane, 1971). Here we investigate the relative potencies of aspirin, ibuprofen and sodium salicylate as inhibitors of the conversion of AA to PGI2 in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAE; COX-1 activity) and LPS-stimulated J774 macrophages (COX-2 activity). J774 cells were cultured to confluence in 96-well plates and incubated with LPS (1 mg/ml) for 10-12 h. Subsequently, the culture medium was removed and fresh medium containing aspirin, ibuprofen or sodium salicylate Reduced peripheral nerve conduction velocity in streptozotocin-diabetic rats depends on diminished endoneurial blood flow (Cameron et al., 1991a). Sciatic nerve epi/perineurial vessel prostacyclin synthesis is impaired by reduced substrate availability in diabetes, and there is a deficit in nitric oxide mediated endothelium-dependent relaxation. Prostacyclin production and nerve function may be restored by o-6 essential fatty acid treatment (Cameron et al., 1991b). Aldose reductase inhibitors also improve nerve function and endothelium-dependent relaxation (Cameron & Cotter, 1992). Thus, it is plausible that endothelial abnormalities contribute to the aetiology of diabetic neuropathy because of diminished perfusion due to deficits in prostacyclin and NO synthesis. To test whether this hypothesis could result in conduction deficits in the absence of diabetes, groups of mature male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with flurbiprofen (5 mg kg-' day-' p.o.), L-NG-nitro-arginine (NOARG) (5 or 25 mg kg-' day-' p.o.), or were given combined treatment for 2 months. In vivo measurements (1-1.5 g kg-' urethane anaesthesia i.p.) revealed the following sciatic motor conduction velocity deficits compared to age-matched rats (n=10): 5.5±1.3% (mean ± s.e. mean) for flurbiprofen (n=10) (Analysis of variance and Bonferroni-corrected Student's t-test, P < 0.01), 6.0±1.1% (P < 0.001) for low-dose NOARG (n=10), 16.9±0.4% (P M.A. & Robertson S. (1991b) Diabetes 40, 532-539. Cameron N.E. & M.A. (1992) Diabetologia 35, 1011-1019. Nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin (PGI2) are released from endothelial cells when intracellular calcium is elevated, for instance, by receptor activation. NO and PGI2 are formed respectively by constitutive isoforms of NO synthase (NOSI) and cyclooxygenase (COXI). In addition cytokines and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induce the synthesis of a different isoform of NO synthase (NOS2) and cyclooxygenase (COX2). Cells which contain NOS2 release greater amounts of NO than constantly stimulated endothelial cells. Here we have studied the time-course of induction of NOS2 and COX2 in a macrophage cell line and investigated whether NO released endogenously influences the release of PGI2 or vice versa. J774 macrophages were cultured in 96-well plates to 80-900/o confluence. All drugs were dissolved in distilled water and sterilized by filtration through a 0.2 1 filter. To induce NOS2 and COX2, cells were incubated with LPS (1 jig/ml) for 1-24 h. The release of NO was measured by the accumulation of nitrite in the culture medium, using the Griess reaction adapted for a 96-well plate reader (Gross et al., 1991). The release of PGI2 was measured by radioimmunoassay for 6-keto prostaglandin Fia (6-keto PGFia). LPS caused a time-dependent increase in the accumulation of both nitrite and 6-keto PGFia in the culture medium. The release of PGE1, PGE2 and PGI2 have been shown to possess pro-inflammatory effects in the skin (Williams, 1979). This action is believed to be due to the vasodilatory capacity of these substances. Alone, the PG's produce little oedema but when given in combination with agents which increase venular permeability, they have been shown to have a strong synergistic effect. We now report that this effect is stimulus-dependent. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important mediator in the control of microvascular tone (Moncada al, 1991, et al, 1992). Oedema formation, a feature of inflammation, is dependent on the synergism between mediators which alter blood flow and mediators which increase vascular permeability (Williams and Peck, 1977). Leukocyte accumulation is also modulated by changes in blood flow Issekutz, 1981). In this study, we have investigated the role of endogenous NO on oedema formation and leukocyte accumulation induced by different inflammatory mediators in guinea pig skin. Accumulation of ...1n-labelled leukocytes (eosinophils and neutrophils) and 11I-human serum albumin leakage in response to intade (i.d.) injection of inflammatory agents were measured over 2 hours in guinea pig skin as previously described (Teixeira et al, 1992). Cell accumulation was expressed as ` 'In-labelled leukocytes per skin site and oedema formation as 1d of plasma per skin site. Blood flow was analysed by a laser doppler flow meter system (Perimed, Sweden) before and 10 minutes after the i.d. injections. Blood flow results were expressed as % increase (+) or decrease (-) from baseline. Oedema formation induced by bradykinin (Bk, 101°moles/site) was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the NO synthesis inhibitor S-Nitro-L-Arginine-Methyl-Ester (L-NAME). For example, a dose of 10r moles/site of L-NAME inhibited Bk-induced oedema formation by 56.1 ± 3.1% (n=4), whereas a dose of 101 moles/site gave an inhibition of 89.3 ± 6.0% (n=4). L-arginine (L-arg, dose 100 times ihat of L-NAME) only partially reversed this effect, but both prostaglandin E, (PGE,, 3 x l0'1%moles/site) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 107moles/site) totally reversed the inhibition caused by 104 moles/site of L-NAME (Bk, 30.9 ± 1.8 il; Bk+L-NAME, 17.2 ± 0.6; Bk+L-NAME+PGE,, 30.6 ± 3.8; Bk+L-NAME+SNP, 33.2± 2.6; n= 7). L-NAME also dose-dependently inhibited oedema formation (up to 73.2%), eosinophil accumulation (up to 46.8%) and neutrophil accumulation (up to 34.0%) induced by zymozan-activated plasma (ZAP 30% in saline). PGE, and NPS also reversed the inhibition of ZAP-induced oedema formation or neutrophil accumulation by L-NAME (10' moles/site). However, only NPS was able to reverse the inhibition of ZAP-induced eosinophil accumulation (ZAP+saline, 12813 ± 741 "'In-labelled eosinophils/site; ZAP+L-NAME, 6814 ± 574; ZAP+L-NAME+SNP, 15051 ± 1308; ZAP+L-NAME+PGE1, 9539 ± 539; n=4). Blood flow experiments showed that L-NAME inhibited basal blood flow by 47.34 ± 6.74% (n=6). PGE, or NPS also reversed this effect (PGE1+L-NAME, +0.68 ± 14.50% basal flow; SNP+L-NAME, -2.86 ± 9.53%). Bk did not cause an increase of blood flow above baseline. These results demonstrate the flow dependence of cell accumulation in guinea pig skin and suggest an important role for basal NO producdon in the control of microvascular tone in this species. Nitrovasodilators (the organic nitrates, nitrites and nitroprusside) are regarded as arterial- and venodilators, whose actions in smooth muscle (the liberation of nitric oxide, activation of guanylate cyclase and accumulation of cyclic GMP) are identical to those of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). 60-80% of blood volume resides in the venous system: 25-50% of this in veins of < 1mm diameter. Pooling in these veins might therefore contribute substantially to the haemodynamic effects, including orthostatic hypotension, seen clinically with nitrate administration. Our aim was to study the dilator effects of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), sodium nitrite (SNI), sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and the endothelium-dependent relaxants, acetyl choline (ACh), pilocarpine (PC), bradykinin (BK) and the calcium ionophore, A23187 in isolated small veins. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (270-450g) were anaesthetized by ketamine and xylazine. 1-2mm long segments were excised from jejunal mesenteric veins accompanying the 3rd and 4th order arteries, placed in oxygenated physiological salt solution (PSS) at 370C, pH 7.4, containing indomethacin 491tm, and cannulated in a small vessel arteriograph (Living Systems Instrumentation, Burlington, V


With the energy reduction become more and more popular, power company need to build AMR system to improve energy efficiency. Many AMR systems around the world have used PLC as communication channel and it's the same in China. BPL technology has become more mature, and it's reliability, stability and practicality has been verified in a number of field trial which shows great potential in the future market. This paper introduces the status of AMR in China at first, and shows two typical application cases of AMR system based on BPL, and also describes the perspective of this solution. The use of BPL technology in AMR system laid the foundation of smart grid in the future.


This paper proposes several controllers for Networked control system to provide robustness against the challenges of NCS, namely varying time-delays. To avoid the system instability due to delays in the NCS, intelligent control techniques such as fuzzy logic control, artificial neural network based control are used except conventional controllers for second and third order process models. A comprehensive comparative study is carried out for the performance of all conventional, intelligent fuzzy and neural network controllers on the basis of certain performance indices.


Recently, impacts and damages of extreme climate change have already affected on worldwide. Thus adaptation and action plan are essential concepts in minimizing the impacts of climate change. In order to introduce climate change adaptation decision-making measure, the need for high-quality and integrated information system within adaptation policy has increased enormously. However, most 기후변화 적응 정보 통합지원 체계구축 및 정책적 활용방안* 김근한 . 이명진** . 전성우 . 박송미 . 이은진 Development and Policy Applications of Integrated Information System for Climate Change Adaptation KIM, Geunhan, LEE, Moung-Jin**, JEON, Seong-Woo, Park, Songmi, Lee, Eunjin 1) 한국환경정책·평가연구원(Korea Environment Institute)⋅서울시립대학교 공간정보공학과(Dept. of Geo-Informatics, University of Seoul) 2) 한국환경정책·평가연구원(Korea Environment Institute) 제출: 2103년 5월 21일 수정: 2013년 8월 2일 승인: 2013년 9월 9일 * 본 연구는 환경부 사업으로서 한국환경정책·평가연구원(KEI)에서 수행된 '기후변화 적응 정보 통합지원 체계구축에 관한 연구' 과제의 지원에 의하여 이루어진 것임. ** 교신저자: firstname.lastname@example.com 김근한 . 이명진 . 전성우 . 박송미 . 이은진 4 of adaptation information is based on different sources and various backgrounds. Currently, domestic climate change information is disseminated from about 132 internet sites and most of them are limited to general information of climate change, rather than information that are based on scientific evidence. Also, there are some difficulties in updating new resources. Reliable climate change information is provided from different agencies, which makes users difficult to locate right information they need. As a progress to overcome the limitations of these problems, we carried out a feasibility research on integrated information system for climate change adaptation. For the objectives, our solutions are as follows. First, we analyzed definition of climate change adaptation and climate change adaptation information. Second, we suggested integrating the information system for adaptation and phased implementation plan for establishing integrated information system for climate change. Finally, we verified the establishment of integrated support system based on policy applications of integrated information system. This system will provide an integrated climate change information and be a very useful tool to support the decision making process of effective climate change adaptation policies. ❙Keywords❙ Climate Change Adaptation, Climate Change Adaptation Informaion, Integrated Information System, Policy Applications


Background and objectives: Candida albicans is a normal flora in skin and mucosa and is not pathogen in normal individuals.The main defence against yeasts ,particulary Candida, is phagocytes, but phagocytesis and opsonization are reduced in thalassemia . the aim of this study was the determination of the frequency of Candida albicans and its species in the oral cavity of patients with major thalassemia and normal individuals. Material and Methods: This descriptive –analytic study was Conducted on 52 patients with major thalassemia and 104 normal individuals in Hamadan,2009. The specimens from oral cavity of the patients and control group were taken by sterile swab and then the direct exam and culture of all specimens were done Results: The Candida species in patients with thalassemia are Candida albicans (32.7%), tropicalis (13.5%) glaberata(10.5%), guilliermondii (10.9%) and Krusei(10.9%). In normal individuals,the frequency is 17.3%for albicans, 3.8% For tropicalis ,1% for glaberata and 1%for kefyr.Fifty-nine percent of the subjects undergone splenctomy and 23% of those with heathy Spleen have Candida in their oral cavity, this differene is statistically meaningful. Conclusion:The results show that suffering from thalassemia and spleenectomy can increase the possibitity of oral infection by Candida species.


Particulate emission from diesel engines is one of the most important pollutants in urban areas. As a result, particulate emission control from urban bus diesel engines using particle filter technology is being evaluated at several locations in the US. A project entitled "Clean Diesel Demonstration Program" has been initiated by NY City Transit under the supervision of NY State DEC and with active participation from several industrial partners. Under this program, several NY City transit buses with DDC Series 50 engines have been equipped with continuously regenerating diesel particulate filter system and are operating with ultra low sulfur diesel ( 90% reductions in CO, HC and PM with the particulate filter. In addition, >99% reductions in Carbonyls and up to 80% PAH and 94% NO2-PAH destructions were also achieved.


For manufacturing companies it is important to have an efficient developing process. With the high-performance computer of today, FE-analyses have become an important tool in this process. The great advantage with this computer-based developing is that without having produced any prototypes or manufacturing tools the product can still be analysed. Producing prototypes are often very expensive and is delaying the developing process. Alfa Laval Lund AB is interested to continuously get a more efficient developing process and therefore increase their use of FE-analyses. Instead of designing by formulas, Alfa Laval Lund AB now wants to use FE-models to a larger extent. The reason for this is to achieve a description of the reality for the plate heat exchanger (PHE) in the best possible way and thereby to be able to minimise the dimensions of the pressure carrying components. In this project the reaction forces from the rubber gasket in the PHE is the component to be analysed. This project is the initial step in the creation of a gasket table that will be used for the designing of PHE. Experimental tests have been performed at Alfa Laval Lund AB and at Lund University, Faculty of Engineering (LTH), to obtain the gasket forces for a compression process. The test specimens were cut out pieces from a PHE, including two plates and a rubber gasket. The purpose of this project was to create a theoretical model in the commercial Finite element program ANSYS, which describes the gasket forces in a realistic way compared to the experimental tests. To secure that this model was reliable, two different gasket geometries and material types were used. The FE-model shows a good comparison to the tests up to a certain level of deformation. When the plates are enclosing the gasket, the FE-model becomes much stiffer than the tests. The reason for this behaviour can be addressed to the material parameters, which might not fully represent the compression process. This indicates that the model at hand is relatively good and useful. The test specimen had a periodic symmetry, which made it possible to use symmetry conditions for the FE-model. In order to further reduce analyse time, an even smaller model was tested in ANSYS. As the boundary conditions for this model were difficult to find, a combination of different boundary conditions had to be analysed. In the range for which the FE-model represented the tests, the smaller model also showed good comparison, which makes the use of this smaller model a good indicator of the behaviour of the forces.


To date, 24 spider families have been identified on Reunion Island. But published data on spider fauna mainly concerned natural habitats and highlands. Studies of predatory arthropods in agroecosystems provided the opportunity to conduct a thorough investigation of spider diversity. Seven species and families of spiders are newly recorded for Reunion Island: Creugas gulosus Thorell, 1878 (Corinnidae), Oedignatha scrobiculata Thorell, 1881 (Liocranidae), Ero aphana (Walckenaer, 1802) (Mimetidae), Palicanus caudatus Thorell, 1897 (Miturgidae), Oecobius marathaus Tikader, 1962 (Oecobiidae) and Orthobula impressa Simon, 1897 (Phrurolithidae) and Tropizodium peregrinum Jocque & Churchill, 2005 (Zodariidae). (Resume d'auteur)


Abstract A curious image appeared amid the celebrations of the beatification of Jesuit founder Ignatius Loyola (c.1491–1556), in Seville, Spain, in February 1610. The different saintly founders of religious orders were represented as signs of the zodiac. Although no physical specimen survives, we can learn about the convergence of the secular with sacred imagery in early modern Catholicism. This representation is an example of typology, wherein varying registers, in this case, visual ones, are applied simultaneously to tie together disparate ideas and symbols. Although usually employed to contrast the Old and New Testament, typology had other uses in Catholicism as seen in Seville. This article thus helps one understand a different and more mundane imagining of early modern saints with the aid of representations of the zodiac, which has not yet been the subject of detailed study. This article attempts to rectify oversights in the scholarship with a case study involving the Society of Jesus and its founder, Ignatius, in Seville and the implementation of a typological representation produced for the beatification of Ignatius. This likeness sought to draw connections between religious and secular iconographies in order to articulate aspects of twelve founders from disparate periods in Christian history.


AbstractWorkflow systemsare catching on rapidly due to the successof many workflow-basedinnovations inpractice. Streamlining or even redesigning workflows in the primary business is observed to be effectivein organisations that have problems coordinating work. In order to learn how and why workflowmanagement systems are built, twelve organisations that use workflow systems have been analysed.The observations done in this project have led to the definition of terms, a modelling technique andknowledge about the innovation process of implementing automated workflow. This paper is interestingfor methodologists who want to learn how workflow analysis ca n be done, for managers who want tolearn what workflow means in practice, and for researchers to learn which practical problems requireresearch attention.Keywords: workflow support systems, business process re-engineering, collaborative work systems,field study.ISRL categories: DD0402, HA12, AI0108. 1 Introduction In order to evaluate the practical significance of workflow, a project under the name of WA-12 was set upduringthesummerof 1993. Twelve organisationswithactual workflowexperience werefoundtocooperatein this empirical research project. The purpose of the research project was to learn about the way in whichworkflow projects differ from other projects and to learn fro m the analysis and design processes that arecarried out during the innovation. The ultimate goal is to develop an empirical basis upon which a methodfor workflow analysis and design can be built.Workflowmanagement deals withthecoordinationofproducti veworkin abusiness process. Theworkflowparadigm is characterised by:


The coordinated music with known sound tubes do not usually done through the assignment of the / visible under normal light conditions in the light colors of the respective tubes to the respective tones, they are therefore under black light, dusk and especially in the dark for a coordinated music, especially in larger groups, reliably usable. The new versions of this problem is resolved. This is achieved in that the sound tubes made of fluorescent and / or self-luminous materials are manufactured and / or be actively illuminated from the inside. Under control of the radio or Wi-Fi, wireless DMX, Bluetooth, infrared, acoustic, the conducting of a very large number of "musicians" (z. B. viewers of sports events) in low light conditions is possible.


Evaluation of the rule of law index is a need for the development itself,and also is the important means to promote the rule of law in China.Evaluation of the rule of law index mainly includes the system,the value,and the comprehensiveness.Different understanding of the concept of the rule of law results in different indicators systems.Delphi method is a common method for the setting of indicators of the rule of law and indicators weight,but it has some limitations.There exist positive and negative attitudes toward whether the rule of law index quantitative analysis can really represent the local level of the rule of law development.Localization of the rule of law index can not copy the international standards.It should consider the environment of growth of the rule and the social transformation.Rethinking of the evaluation theory of the rule of law index indicates that it is necessary to completely understand the rule of law index evaluation and its limits,to explore the localization pattern for the establishment of the rule of law index,to establish theories according to the empirical studies of the real situation and problems,to pay attention to regional research of the rule of law index,to strengthen the research of the categories of the rule of law index,and to highlight the empirical research of the rule of law index.


Food security encourages the right to land as well as access to food for all, with urban agriculture as a solution to urban and peri-urban populations in promoting this policy. However, this environment presents weaknesses, and the deficit scenario of the brazilian basic sanitation and the insertion of a crop in this environment generates risks, implying in sanitary issues where an approach is needed that focuses and guarantees food security. The objective of this study is to analyze the context of urban agriculture and food security, facing the scenario of national urban basic sanitation. The dissertation presents an adapted integrative review being developed through a descriptive, exploratory and observational study. The study draws a relationship between the stimuli to urban productions, their socio-political implications and their structuring needs, highlighting the impacts that precarious sanitation can present, its risks and its influence on a crop developed under this scenario.


In this paper it is shown that a simple functional form of ω(ϕ) in a generalized scalar–tensor theory can drive the present cosmic acceleration without any quintessence field or the cosmological constant Λ. Furthermore, it ensures a smooth transition from a decelerated to an accelerated phase of expansion in the matter-dominated regime.


Objective
To explore the effects of family supervisors on prognosis and compliance among the aged with type 2 diabetes.

Methods
From June 2017 to June 2018, we selected 170 elderly patients with type 2 diabetes at Xindu People's Hospital of Chengdu City by convenient sampling. All of patients were divided into experimental group and control group with the method of the random number table, 85 cases in each group. Control group carried out routine health education. On the basis of that, experimental group recommended a family supervisor manage and control patient. One year after intervention, we compared the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) , glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) , 2-hour postprandial glucose (2 h PG) , nursing compliance with the questionnaire and quality of life with the MOS item short from health survey (SF-36) of patients between two groups.

Results
There was no patient loss to follow-up between two groups within a year after intervention. After intervention, the FPG, 2 h PG and HbA1c of experimental group were (5.0±0.8) mmol, (11.2±1.3) mmol and (6.1±0.6) % respectively lower than those of control group with statistical differences (P<0.05) . After intervention, the compliance cases of experimental group were higher than control group , the differences were statistical significant (P<0.05) . The scores of overall health of patients of experimental group and control group were (85.3±12.1) and (80.4±9.4) with a statistical difference (P<0.05) .

Conclusions
Family supervisor can improve glucose levels of elderly patients with type 2 diabetes , treatment compliance and patients' quality of life which is worthy of being practiced.

Key words:
Diabetes mellitus, type 2; Aged; Family supervisor; Prognosis; Compliance


The chemical reactivity of uranium was investigated across estuarine gradients from two of the world's largest river systems: the Amazon and Mississippi. Concentrations of dissolved (<0.45 μm) uranium (U) were measured in surface waters of the Amazon shelf during rising (March 1990), flood (June 1990) and low (November 1991) discharge regimes. The dissolved U content was also examined in surface waters collected across estuarine gradients of the Mississippi outflow region during April 1992, August 1993, and November (1993). All water samples were analyzed for U by isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In Amazon shelf surface waters uranium increased nonconservatively from about 0.01 μg I−1 at the river's mouth to over 3 μg I−1 at the distal site, irrespective of river discharge stage. Observed large-scale U removal at salinities generally less than 15 implies a) that riverine dissolved U was extensively adsorbed by freshly-precipitated hydrous metal oxides (e.g., FeOOH, MnO2) as a result of flocculation and aggregation, and b) that energetic resuspension and reworking of shelf sediments and fluid muds on the Amazon shelf released a chemically reactive particle/colloid to the water column which can further scavenge dissolved U across much of the estuarine gradient. In contrast, the estuarine chemistry of U is inconclusive within surface waters of the Mississippi shelf-break region. U behavior is most likely controlled less by traditional sorption and/or desorption reactions involving metal oxides or colloids than by the river's variable discharge regime (e.g., water parcel residence time during estuarine mixing, nature of particulates, sediment storage and resuspension in, the confined lower river), and plume dispersal. Mixing of the thin freshwater lens into ambient seawater is largely defined by wind-driven rather than physical processes. As a consequence, in the Mississippi outflow region uranium predominantly displays conservative behavior; removal is evident only during anomalous river discharge regimes. 'Products-approach' mixing experiments conducted during the Flood of 1993 suggest the importance of small particles and/or colloids in defining a depleted U versus salinity distribution.


The mackerel icefish Champsocephalus gunnari Lonnberg is an important component of the ecosystem at South Georgia. Its diet is dominated by Antarctic krill Euphausia superba; in turn, it is also an important prey of a number of upper trophic level predators, as well as being the target of commercial fisheries. Data on the frequency and size structure of mackerel icefish in the diet of Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella and gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua from 1991 to 2002 were used to examine trophic interactions involving this species and to evaluate the potential impact of predators on its population. Mackerel icefish occurred in 10 to 20% of scats from Antarctic fur seals and comprised 48% of the diet by mass of gentoo penguins. The contribution of mackerel icefish to the diet of predators was in inverse proportion to the contribution of Antarctic krill. The length- frequency distributions of mackerel icefish indicated a dominant mode at 130 to 180 mm total length (the 1+ age class), with apparent strong cohorts entering the population in 1993, 1996, 1999 and 2001. Extrapolation of diet data to produce a consumption estimate for the South Georgia population of Antarctic fur seals and gentoo penguins suggests that scientific trawl surveys may underestimate the standing stock of mackerel icefish by 1 order of magnitude. Changes in the South Georgia ecosystem over the past 2 decades may have increased the level of consumption of mackerel icefish by predators, providing a potential ecosystem-based explanation for the lack of a recovery to the pre- exploitation population size.