Abstract Levenberg-Marquardt (abbr.L-M) method based iterative square root cubature Kalman filter (abbr. ISRCKFLM) inherits the numerical stability of square root Cubature Kalman filter and effectively suppresses the influence of the larger initial estimation error and the nonlinearity of the measurement equation on the state estimation in the nonlinear state estimation due to obtaining the optimal state and variance estimates using the latest measurement through L-M method. We apply the ISRCKFLM algorithm to the state estimation of maneuvering re-entry target tracking, the simulation results demonstrate that the ISRCKFLM algorithm has better accuracy of state estimation, comparable to Unscented Kalman filter and square root Cubature Kalman filter, according to estimation error analysis of the position, velocity, drag coefficient, turn coefficient and climbing force coefficient, and has fast convergence rate.


This letter reports a miniature flow sensor using a suspended composite membrane of graphene and silicon nitride containing an array of microscale through-holes. As a fluid flow passes through these microholes, the graphene layer of the composite membrane is stressed to change its electrical resistance due to the piezoresistive effect of graphene. The creation of the microholes in graphene allows for a wide dynamic range of the sensor from 5 to 56 m/s of air flow velocity. The sensor also exhibits an air flow rate sensitivity of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim 7\times 10^{ {-8}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (m/s)<sup>−1</sup>. [2018-0133]


A selective and efficient catalytic method was developed for the synthesis of new styryl-conjugated silyl-ferrocene materials. The use of an effective palladium catalytic system [Pd(η2-dba)(P(o-tolyl)3)2] (3) with a K3PO4 base solution allowed us to obtain new, reactive ferrocene olefins which can be used in various applications. In addition, using the stereo-control silylative coupling reaction we received unique new organosilicon trans-vinylene products with a built-in metallocene.


Chili is a popular spice crop in Nepal, a country with countless genetic diversity and a wider distribution covering areas from the tropics to the warm temperate regions. However, the exploitation of chili's genetic potential to improve yield has faced challenges by different factors. An analytical study on genetic diversity, production challenges, and marketing opportunities of chili was still lacking in Nepal. This study aims to provide information on chili diversity, its distribution, and uses in Nepal, discussing the potential role of chili in Nepalese agriculture. Mainly, the study is a desk review complemented with a field study. Total chili production increases with an increasing area under cultivation over the years. In 2021, chili production covered 23,083 ha, 13% higher than in 2020. Per capita chili consumption is estimated at 9.8 kg in 2021. Diversity in chili phenotypes grown in the study area of Nepal has been noted. On a nine-point scale, higher variations showed in fruit traits (5 ± 1.5), floral morphology (4 ± 0.8 distinct types of flowers), leaf size (3 ± 0.7), plant height (3 ± 0.8), and maturity (3 ± 0.8) among chili genotypes in the area studied. Insect pests (15.6%) and diseases (16.4%) emerged as the main problems in chili cultivation, followed by drought stress (14.8%) and a shortage of fertilizers (10.1%). Marketing-related issues shared 2.7% among the 12 main concerns, particularly farmers who suffered more from inadequate market information. In addition, estimates on seed requirements, seed sources, existing chili varieties, and market segments also gained focus. The need for demand-based action research to strengthen Nepalese chili production and marketing proves imperative to fulfill the growing domestic demand and export potential.


Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-βl) is crucially involved in regulating inflammatory events during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis. Despite accumulating evidence for local expression of TGF-β1 in the inflamed nervous system, uncertainty remains regarding its cellular source. We have investigated the temporospatial distribution of TGF-β1 gene expression in rat spinal cord during EAE. In actively induced EAE, in situ hybridization revealed strong expression of TGF-β1 in meningeal and perivascular mononuclear infiltrates at onset of the disease, continued expression in perivascular infiltrates and scattered mononuclear cells at maximal disease severity, and expression in scattered parenchymal cells during recovery. Double labeling studies revealed subpopulations of infiltrating T-cells to be the major source of TGF-β1 early in the disease, followed by macrophages at peak severity and microglial cells during the recovery phase of EAE. Astrocytes and neurons did not express TGF-β1. Quantification of mRNA by Northern blot analysis revealed that cellular expression of TGF-β1 by T-cells, macrophages, and microglia sums up to a long-lasting elevation of TGF-β1 mRNA extending well into the recovery phase. Our data indicate cellular diversity and suggest functional diversity of TGF-β1 gene expression during EAE. While TGF-β1 expressed early in the disease by T-cells may contribute to inflammatory lesion development, microglial cells may potentially contribute to recovery by expressing immunosuppressive TGF-β1 during remission.


Protection of intellectual property is to promote the useful information creation and spread,however,imbal- ance of intellectual property will lead to worsen the information ecosystem.If we have an ecological perspective on the protection of intellectual property,it will help us to realize a sustainable development in information ecosystem by clarif- ying the binary choice in intellectual property and constructing intellectual property protective mechanism with the sys- tems approach.


The present invention is provided with a travelable area detector for detecting an area through which a vehicle can travel, a travel controller for executing trajectory control by steering control and/or acceleration-deceleration control on the basis of a target trajectory produced so that the vehicle travels through a travelable area detected by the travelable area detector, and a controller for increasing the control precision of the steering control when trajectory control is executed by the travel controller and the acceleration-deceleration control is required so that the target trajectory is more closely followed than when acceleration-deceleration control is not required.


Protein S‐nitrosylation is a reversible post‐translational modification of protein cysteines that is increasingly being considered as a signal transduction mechanism. The "biotin switch" technique marked the beginning of the study of the S‐nitrosoproteome, based on the specific replacement of the labile S‐nitrosylation by a more stable biotinylation that allowed further detection and purification. However, its application for proteomic studies is limited by its relatively low sensitivity. Thus, typical proteomic experiments require high quantities of protein extracts, which precludes the use of this method in a number of biological settings. We have developed a "fluorescence switch" technique that, when coupled to 2‐DE proteomic methodologies, allows the detection and identification of S‐nitrosylated proteins by using limited amounts of starting material, thus significantly improving the sensitivity. We have applied this methodology to detect proteins that become S‐nitrosylated in endothelial cells when exposed to S‐nitroso‐L‐cysteine, a physiological S‐nitrosothiol, identifying already known S‐nitrosylation targets, as well as proteins that are novel targets. This "fluorescence switch" approach also allowed us to identify several proteins that are denitrosylated by thioredoxin in cytokine‐activated RAW264.7 (murine macrophage) cells. We believe that this method represents an improvement in order to approach the identification of S‐nitrosylated proteins in physiological conditions.


Senna alata is a weed species frequently found in pastures of the Amazonian region and whose leaves have medicinal properties. This study aimed to carry out a chemical prospecting and evaluation of the allelopathic activity of the compounds present in S. alata leaves. The plant material was dried, ground, and submitted to exhaustive extraction with water/methanol (3:7) solution. The crude extract obtained was fractioned by wet chromatography column. The purest fractions were submitted to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to determine their structures. To evaluate the effects of the isolated chemical substances, concentrations of 50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm were used in water/methanol solvents (3:7). The fractions were placed on Petri dishes and their effects were evaluated on seed germination and radicle and hypocotyl elongation of three pasture weeds: Mimosa pudica, Senna obtusifolia, and Senna alata itself. The compounds with allelopathic activity found in S. alata leaves belong to the flavonoid glycoside class, whose aromatic core is a kaempferol causing major inhibition on radicle elongation and germination of S. obtusifolia and M. pudica. The auto toxic effects of this compound are not very significant for seedling development and null for germination.


This paper examines how the competitive pressure in the product market affects the implied cost of equity capital. Using a large panel of US listed firms during the period 1998-2013, we show that an intensification of product market competition results in lower equity financing costs. We interpret our findings as supportive of the monitoring power of product market competition which alleviates a firm's agency problems, reducing thus the cost of equity capital. This result was subject to a battery of robustness tests, including the use of alternative proxies of product market competition and cost of equity estimates, alternative specifications of the cost of equity models, robustness to noise in analyst forecasts, and robustness to endogeneity. In additional analyses, we find the negative relation between competition and the cost of equity is more pronounced for firms with weak governance structures. Overall, the results lend strong support to the prediction that firms benefit from the external governance pressure provided by the product market, which is manifested in lower cost of equity.


Viral hemorrhagic disease of rabbits is an acute, highly contagious disease characterized by the phenomena of hemorrhagic diathesis in all organs, especially in the lungs and liver. The causative agent of viral haemorrhagic disease of rabbits is a virus of haemorrhagic disease of rabbits, belonging to the family Caliciviridae, genus Lagovirus. Currently, there are 4 genogroups of lagoviruses, two pathogenic: GI1 (GI1a-GI1d) and GI2, and two non-pathogenic: GI3 and GI4. The greatest danger to rabbits in the Russian Federation is posed by viruses of the GI1 genotype. The virulence of these viruses for rabbits is extremely high, the incubation period is 48-72 hours. Clinically, the disease is almost not manifested. Mortality can reach 100%. For the prevention of HBV in the Russian Federation, inactivated tissue vaccines are used, which are a suspension of the liver of rabbits infected with virulent strains of the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus. Currently, in veterinary practice, subunit recombinant vaccines based on virus proteins obtained in the baculovirus gene expression system are increasingly used. The authors obtained the recombinant VP60 virus of rabbit hemorrhagic disease of the GI1 genotype in the baculovirus gene expression system and studied its antigenic and immunogenic activity for rabbits. It was found that the recombinant capsid protein VP60 of the hemorrhagic disease virus, administered to rabbits at a dose of 50 pg, causes the synthesis of specific antibodies in animals, detected by enzyme immunoassay and in the hemagglutination inhibition reaction, and protects 80% of animals during control infection with the virulent strain «Voronezh-87» at a dose of 1000 LD 50. These data indicate the possibility of using this protein as a specific component of a subunit vaccine against rabbit hemorrhagic disease caused by strains of the GI1 gene group.


This paper points out that the library of higher vocational college should introduce and draw lesions from the new concept of the supermarket from three aspects of the architectural layout,service and management,implement people-based concept in the practical work,and provides the quality service for readers.


This book provides an overview of the current strategies and considerations regarding federal cloud computing. The Federal Government's current Information Technology (IT) environment is characterised by low asset utilisation, a fragmented demand for resources, duplicative systems, environments which are difficult to manage, and long procurement lead times. These inefficiencies negatively impact the Federal Government's ability to serve the American public. Cloud computing has the potential to play a major part in addressing these inefficiencies and improving government service delivery. The cloud computing model can significantly help agencies grappling with the need to provide highly reliable, innovative services quickly despite resource constraints.


This study aims to analyze the effect of role conflict influences on performance, organizational citizenship behavior, job satisfaction. The sample in this study amounted to 134 Bhabinkamtibmas police who used a questionnaire for data collection. The sampling technique using probability convenience sampling method. Data analysis techniques use simple linear regression. The results of this study indicate that: 1) role conflict has a positive influence on performance. 2) The existence of role conflict has a significant positive effect on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) of the Karanganyar Regional Police Bhabinkamtibmas 3) The existence of role conflict has a significant positive effect on job satisfaction of the Karanganyar Police Bhabinkamtibmas


This paper uses the critical approach to analyze two news stories which hold different stand points towards the death of Dr Kelly, who is a nuke expert. The two news items, which seem to be very objective, are analyzed primarily to show the way in which discourse is exploited by ideology. And in this way, the news relates to some sets of social, psychological, and cognitive interests of different classes it represents.


Objective To focus on the problems on digitalization of military sanatorium and bring forward countermeasures.Methods By analysis and discussion,the problems of development goals,service objects,service task,medical equipments and accommodation in digitalization were discovered.Results The basic method that the unified part should be constructed generally and the particular should be high-lighted was proposed,and the countermeasures for the creation of intelligent recuperation rooms,the establishment of control system before sanatorium,the recuperate people safe and position systems and digital emergency systems were put forward.Conclusion Digitalization can accelerate all-around development of sanatorium.


Abstract This article examines particularities of the communist gender policies towards sportswomen and men in early Yugoslav socialism. By situating Yugoslav gender history of sport in transnational perspective, it points to Soviet influences on the formation of sport policies in the early Yugoslav socialism. The article sheds a new light on how gender policies towards sports were articulated, and domesticated in Yugoslav practice. By paying close attention to how the Yugoslav communists imagined appropriate gender roles, whilst analysing the notions of gender they ascribed to sport activities, this article demonstrates that the Party not only excluded women from participating in certain sports, but that reproductive policies, the notions of gender, and the production of imagined bodies in which socialist masculinity was the key construct, crucially contributed to the gender regime in sports. The article emphasizes gender power relations ingrained into sport activities offered to young people, despite the fact that a large number of young women participated in sports for the first time.


Analysis projects may require writing many reports in several formats, such as PDF and RTF. Report management can become a substantial task when the number of reports is large. This paper describes a report management system developed to support clinical trials analysis in a small organization with limited resources. The system uses the ODS DOCUMENT destination, PROC DOCUMENT, and report metadata to decouple report content generation and rendering reports. The system supports fully programmatic combining and bookmarking of PDF output files, resulting in increased efficiency and quality. The principles are applicable to any analysis requiring large report sets and to other report output formats.


The invention discloses a Shaotangshang weinong shengji ointment and the preparing method thereof, prepared of the following Chinese medicinal drugs in the weight proportion: Rhizoma Coptidis, Baical Skullcap Root, weeping forsythia, Radix Arnebiae, Amur Corktree Bark, Liquorice Root, Dragon's Blood, Borneol, and Catechu Cutch 15i½30g eachu¼Giant Knotweed Rhizome, prepared Frankincense, Rhizoma Corydalis, prepared Myrrha, Mongolian Dandelion Herb, Rhubarb, Dahurian Angelica Root, and Tree Peony Bark 45i½60g eachu¼Chinese Angelica and Rehmannia Root 60i½90g eachu¼raw sesame oil 500i½3000gu¼and beeswax 225i½540g. And the preparing method: immersing these Chinese medicinal drugs but Dragon's Blood, Borneol, and Catechu Cutch in sesame oil for three days in the summer and for seven days in the spring, autumn and winter each; heating to boil at room temperature, then using slow fire to decoct until the Dahurian Angelica Root turns sallow; adding in beeswax and melting, and filtering out residues; before the filtrate solidifies, adding in the powdery Dragon's Blood, Borneol, and Catechu Cutch and uniformly blending, and 3-4 hours later, obtaining prunosus ointment; placing the pronosus ointment in a shady and cool and dry place and staying overnight, and obtaining the finished product after removing the fire poison.


We analyze the problem of zero-error communication through timing channels that can be interpreted as discrete-time queues with bounded waiting times. The channel model includes the following assumptions: 1) time is slotted; 2) at most N particles are sent in each time slot; 3) every particle is delayed in the channel for a number of slots chosen randomly from the set {0, 1, ... , K}; and 4) the particles are identical. It is shown that the zero-error capacity of this channel is log r, where r is the unique positive real root of the polynomial xK+1-xK-N. Capacity-achieving codes are explicitly constructed, and a linear-time decoding algorithm for these codes devised. In the particular case N = 1, K = 1, the capacity is equal to φ, where φ = (1 + √5)/2 is the golden ratio, and constructed codes give another interpretation of the Fibonacci sequence.


The photophysical properties of the chromophore-quencher complexes, fac-[(4,4'-R2bpy)Re'(CO) 3 (LA)] n + (4,4'-R 2 bpy = 4,4'-R 2 -2,2'-bipyridine, R = Me or t Bu, and LA = the quinone acceptor ligands, benz[g]-isoquinoline-5,10-dione (BIQD), 2-oxy-1,4-naphthoquinone anion (ONQ - ), ½ 2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone dianion (AFA 2 - ), or the pyridinium acceptor, 1-methyl-6-oxyquinoline (OQD)) in 1,2-dichloroethane are described. Following Re 1 → 4,4'-R 2 bpy metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excitation, intramolecular electron transfer leads to the transients, fac-[(4,4'-R 2 bpy)Re I I (CO) 3 (LA . - )] n + . They have been characterized by emission spectral fitting and transient absorption measurements and, for LA = OQD, by transient infrared measurements. As shown by analysis of excited-state emission, there is weak-to-moderate electronic coupling between the electron donor and acceptor sites in the transients with H D A varying from 153 cm - 1 for the BIQD complex to 3.9 cm - 1 for the OQD complex. The transients are redox-separated (RS) states with the electronic configurations dπ 5 π L A * 1 for BIQD or σ(Re-O) 1 π L A * 1 for ONQ - , AFA 2 - , and OQD. They are weak emitters and return to the ground state largely by nonradiative decay which occurs by back electron transfer (k E T ). Reasonable agreement has been reached between k E T and values calculated from kinetic parameters derived by emission spectral fitting and excited-state decay. The RS states for the AFA 2 - and OQD complexes are remarkably long-lived (r = 4 μs for LA = AFA 2 - in DCE at 296 K and 16 μs for LA = OQD in DCE at 296 K) due to orbital and spin restrictions on back electron transfer.


We define a k-th moment zenithal energy concentration measure for a polar cap region on the unit sphere. The optimal functions are obtained with the maximal local k-th moment zenithal measure (LMZM). Compared to the spherical Slepian function in the cap region and the optimal function with the minimal global k-th moment zenithal measure (GMZM), we show that: 1) as k increases, the tail of the function with LMZM decays more quickly; 2) the main lobe of the optimal function with LMZM moves as the maximum colatitude of the cap increases; while the spherical Slepian function does not change much and the function with GMZM is by definition invariant; and 3) LMZM has no obvious advantage over the spherical Slepian function and the GMZM optimal function in both the energy concentration and tail decay rate.


The main trends of development investment state policy should be selected in the difficult conditions of the functioning of economic systems on the basis of the tasks to improve the investment climate, the inflow of capital investments in the real sector of the economy, the formation of the multiplier effect in the future. The development of oil and gas industry has the status of key direction in the country as it provides the need of a large number of industries within the economy of the country, it provides of energy independence and it affects the well-being of the population. A review of the status of various factors, which provide the functioning of oil and gas industry, have a significant impact on the investments processes be conducted by the author. The circumstances, which require solutions by means of increasing the funding and (or) attracting the attention of legislature to achieve the goals. be revealed by the author. The various authors' approaches to the issue of the actual trends of investment policy development are presented in the article. As a result of article has made the conclusion about the develop a common integrated approach to the procedure of systematization, organization the work on the formation of investment policy on the federal and regional level.


RFID is a technology that continues to evolve, improve, and grow. The number of ways the technology can be used to help companies stay efficient increases in a highly competitive environment. For companies that are still looking for ways to improve their supply chain and their warehouse operations, RFID technology is something worth exploring. It can save companies time and money and can be an especially great technology to adopt for companies that are growing at a rapid pace. Case studies comparing large health care systems provider in Pittsburgh, PA with a large manufacturing company, Boeing, located Everett, WA were cited to highlight best business practices of RFID applications to the warehousing function.


The purpose of this investigation was to determine the eff ect of physician patient-centeredness on patient trust across randomly selected groups of patients from an inner city medical practice serving a preponderance of minority and socioeconomically-disadvantaged patients. METHODS: A two-factor multigroup structural equation modeling design was employed, with randomly selected test (N = 300) and cross-validation (N = 300) samples of medical practice patients. Equality constraints were established to test the invariance of eff ects across groups. The model was compared to its unconstrained counterpart to further test its trustworthiness. An additional 5,000 nonparametric bootstrapped samples for each group were generated to further cross-validate and assess the stability of eff ect estimates. RESULTS: The model fi t well. Physician patient-centeredness signifi cantly infl uenced patient trust, explaining 82 percent of its variability. When physician patient-centeredness increased by one unit, the predicted value for patient trust increased by 1.043 units (.903 standardized). Patient-centered physician behaviors increased patients' confi dence in and likelihood


In recent years, with the deepening of product's homogeneity, service competition is becoming focus of competition between enterprises. And innovation resource is essence of improving service competition. In this paper, the related literature is reviewed and analyzed from the perspective of service-oriented enterprise competition, on the basis of this, the theoretical relation between innovation resource and innovation performance is built. Meanwhile using quality research method and questionnaire method analyze and test the relation. The empirical results indicate that the two innovation resources have closely related to innovation performance. And the result provides quantitative decision-making basis for service-oriented enterprise.


We investigate an auto-regressive formulation for the problem of smoothing time-series by manipulating the inherent objective function of the traditional moving mean smoothers. Not only the auto-regressive smoothers enforce a higher degree of smoothing, they are just as efficient as the traditional moving means and can be optimized accordingly with respect to the input dataset. Interestingly, the auto-regressive models result in moving means with exponentially tapered windows.


Listeria monocytogenes, a foodborne pathogen, is considered as one of the major problems in food safety. With strong safety regulations, a monitoring measure is essential for protecting the health and safety of consumers. Thus, a reliable monitoring method is required. In this study, a rapid assay based on a combination of helicase dependent amplification (HDA) and DNA signal detection via nucleic acid hybridization in blue silver nanoplates (AgNPls) was established. The assay started directly after short term enrichment in terrific broth using cotton ball swapping technique on seafood surface. A HDA amplification of hly gene of L. monocytogenes at 65 °C allowed DNA signals to be increased, whereas the rendered DNA products were detected via nucleic acid hybridization with an oligonucleotide probe in AgNPls solution. The positive specimens induced blue silver nanoplates' aggregation resulting in pale gray change to colorless, while the negative specimens showed the blue color of non-aggregated nanoplates. The method had a detection limit at 100 copies of L. monocytogenes DNA per 50 g of sample. This method was rapid, simple, did not require laboratory facilities and was suitable for field food safety monitoring.


From a quantum information point of view we study the entropy squeezing of a two-level atom interacting with two modes with intensity-dependent coupling. The Hamiltonian we consider consists of all acceptable forms of nonlinearities. A definition of squeezing is presented for this system, based on information theory. The utility of the definition is illustrated by examining squeezing in the information entropy of a two-level atom in the presence of a nonlinear medium. We examine the influence of the nonlinear interaction, the atomic coherence and the detuning parameter on the properties of the entropy and squeezing of the atomic variables. It is shown that features of the quantum entropy are influenced significantly by the kinds of intensity-dependent atom-field coupling and the nonlinearities of the two-mode fields.


In the article shows the need to transform rela- tions between the state and the individual for the full functioning of european-style medicine. At the same time, a person is aware of himself as an active participant in these relations. It is emphasized that these processes are natural consequences of so- cial development. This topic needs further scientific study for completely prosaic reasons. Because we do not set ourselves the goal of forming a negative image of the functioning of the soviet medical sys- tem in any way. On the contrary, such a system was very successful and gave good social results for its time, because any social phenomenon is a product of its epoch. Now we are only pointing out the scale of social transformations that soci- ety is already beginning to face. Undoubtedly, the medical field in Ukraine will undergo unprecedented transformations in the near future. These changes will be incompatible with old ideas about the role and place of a person in social life. However, they are fully compatible with Ukraine's euro-atlantic aspirations. The main reasons for public distrust of the objec- tive necessity of introducing grandiose innovations in the medical field are also shown. The possibility of overcoming this mistrust lies in certain changes in the social activity of individual members of society.Openness and transparency – which in practice mean full awareness of the public about the activities of the medical field and the opportunity to actively influence its functioning – should contribute to the emergence of trust in the state apparatus on the path of reform.Both participants in the "state-person" relationship are active and, at the same time, responsible to each other. A person ceases to be «dependent» on the state in the soviet sense of the word. This circum- stance can ultimately lead us to one more useful con- sequence, namely, to a new qualitative understand- ing of the state. At least in the medical field, with a positive experience of reform, society will stop per- ceiving the state only as a certain administrative ap- paratus. If earlier the role of the state was to "force" and "give", now it is to "develop" and "facilitate".


Interstellar objects (ISOs) are fascinating and under-explored celestial objects, providing physical laboratories to understand the formation of our solar system and probe the composition and properties of material formed in exoplanetary systems. In this work, we investigate approaches to designing successful flyby missions to ISOs. We have generated trajec-tories to a series of synthetic representative ISOs, simulating a ground campaign to observe the target and resolve its state, and determining the cruise and close approach Δ$V$ required for the encounter. We have developed novel deep learning-driven guidance and control algorithms to enable an accurate flyby of an ISO traveling at velocities over 60 km/s. In this paper, we discuss the accessibility of and mission design to ISOs with varying characteristics, including analysis of state covariance estimation over the course of cruise, handoffs from traditional navigation approaches to novel autonomous navigation for fast flyby regimes, and overall recommendations about preparing for the future in situ exploration of these targets


A virtual prototype was established in ADAMS software environment in terms of the geometrical model of the tripod sliding universal joint set up with CAD software of Pro/Engineer. Dynamic properties thereof were then observed and the load curves of the main elements were obtained under practical operating conditions. The gained results are important reference data for the structure design and optimization thereof.


Abstract The aerodynamic design optimisation of a Micro Air Vehicle (MAV) wing is performed to obtain the optimal anti-symmetric wing twist distribution for the roll control of the MAV's wing instead of using conventional ailerons. This twist distribution should produce minimum induced drag and achieve a better roll response. The implementation of several anti-symmetric load distributions such as the half lemniscates and the Horten distributions is studied leading to an initial solution for the optimal distribution that could achieve better roll requirements. Multhopp's method based on Prandtl's classical lifting line theory is used for the determination of the spanwise load distribution required during the optimisation process. The optimisation process is based on the modified feasible directions gradient based optimisation algorithm implemented in the optimisation system, VisualDOC, given by Dr. Garret Vanderplaats. The proposed optimisation process is applied to the 'BARQ'developed MAV which has successful flight in July 2009.


The study aimed to evaluate the radial profile and the uniformity of water distribution of sprinkler manufactured by the company NaanDanJain, model 427 1/2"M and nozzle with 2.8 mm of internal diameter, operating at pressures of 150, 200, 300 and 400 kPa and five positions of the deflector (0, 20, 50, 80 and 100%). For the determination of the parameters evaluated, the grid method was used and with the help of computer application CATCH 3D, overlapping layers of water depths was calculated with ten spacing. The results show that the deflector adjustment influences the radius of wetness and the distribution profile while the uniformity of water application showed as an important mechanism, since it permits different behavior for the sprinkler, ensuring wide track of utilization of the equipment.


This article aims to present and discuss the main theses defended by the Associationistes, a founding school of social and cooperative economics in France. These theorists (Louis Blanc, Auguste Ott, Philippe Buchez) develop a criticism of the functioning of their society, starting from a reflexion on the foundations of the classical political economy. Today, their thought is topical on three levels : concerning the methodology of political economy with the oft discussed separation between positive and normative science ; on the right to work by association and the question of the collective ownership ; and finally on the nature of the social regulation of the market.


This paper proposes a multimedia retrival query lanfuage SQL/MR(SQL/Mulitmedia Reteival) to presrnt query results including multimeadia data temporal-spatially for retrival-oriented multimedia applications.Es-pecially, we describe the syntax of SQL/MR, query examples, and algorithms to process the temporai-spatial layout tags. SQL/MR extends the SELECT clause of SQL to eliminate time-comsuming authoring efforts for every query retrieval. SQL/MR can the utilized in relational DBMSs, which store multimedia data separately in minomedia type fields.


To explore the relationship between serum cytokine and infectious mononucleosis (IM),the levels of serum TNF-αand IL-18 in patients with infectious mononucleosis and healthy control were measured by RIA and ELISA respectively at various time point of attack and restoration stage.The results showed that the levels of serum TNF-αand IL-18 in patients with IM were significantly higher than that in control(P0.01).The serum levels of TNF-αand IL-18 in patients at attack stage were significantly higher than that of at restoration stage (P0.01).The levels of serum cytokine were correlated with the state of illness.The serum cytokine TNF-αand IL-18 may be regarded as index to reflect the state of immunity and prog- nosis of patients with IM.


SUMMARY The relative Importance of the various causes of preweaning mortality in the pig was determined from the results of autopsy and laboratory examinations on 718 animals. Conditions associated with parturition accounted for 25.1% of the losses, while physical factors (33.0%), starvation (12.8%) and septicaemia (10.9%) were the most common causes of death in piglets which were born alive. In contrast enteric diseases, viral infections, genetic conditions and various miscellaneous diseases played a relatively minor part.


Drawing on Levinas, the author seeks to explore the question of being and responsibility, as a relation between ontology and ethics, from the perspective of a meta-position that would enable a critique of the classical West European ontological tradition with its strongly cosmocentric, anthropocentric, and egocentric character. The main purpose of the paper is to examine whether there is in West European thought a possibility to found the ethics of responsibility on overcoming the ontology of being. More precisely, the author seeks to show that in contemporary Western philosophy the significance and validity of the classical ontological principle are declining when it gets separated from the ethos of philosophy itself. Moreover, a gradual shift from the impersonal being to the ontology of the personality takes place. This ontology of the personality is grounded in the Other. It withdraws from the game of consciousness which represents being. The personality thus understood, in Levinas' words, carries within itself vested responsibility, because in the personality there lie the infinite and transcendence.


Broadside ballads were simple paper sheets, printed on one side only, usually containing popular songs of the day, but could also relate dramatic news flashes such as fires and accidents, sensational crimes, executions or even entirely spurious stories concocted to rouse interest and attract a few pennies. Decorated with crude woodcuts and often plagued by careless typesetting they were cheap products sold for a penny or even halfpenny a sheet. They are typified as literature for the lower class and, although they are treated generally as an urban product sold on city streets, they also circulated extensively in the countryside, as will be shown below.


Current South African government policies have obliged tertiary institutions to deal constructively with the needs of under-prepared incoming students (Department of Education 1997: 22). Access to tertiary education is currently more flexible than previously and is spurred by government grants and student loans. More students who do not meet the basic admission requirements are currently entering universities by means of bridging and extended programmes. The onus is on tertiary institutions to develop the skills of such students by means of academic development programmes (Yeld 2001: 6). Without the necessary language proficiency, these students remain at risk (Daly and Brown 2007: 2).


We investigate the sensitivity of an ion sensor in determining the temperature of an atomic Fermi gas. Our study extends to charged impurities the proposal by M. T. Mitchison et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 125 , 080402 (2020), where atomic neutral impurities were used as an in situ thermometer of the quantum gas. We find that the long-range character of the atom-ion interaction enhances the thermometer's sensitivity for certain system parameters. In addition, we investigate the impact of the ion quantum motional state on the sensitivity by assuming that it is confined in a harmonic trap. We observe that the temperature sensitivity of the ion is noticeably influenced by its spatial extension, making the latter a versatile tool to be manipulated for improving the thermometer performance. We finally discuss our findings in the context of current experimental atom-ion mixtures.


The energy spectrum of an electron in a magnetic field is considered in the case in which its trajectory in k-space (i.e., the intersection of the Fermi surface by a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field) is an open periodic. In this case, equidistant or quasiequidistant discontinuities appear in the continuous spectrum. The distance between them is of the same order as that between levels in a discrete spectrum (~ xi /sup 2/) while the width, which is usually exponentially small or of order xi /sup 4/, may be of the order of xi / sup 3/ or xi /sup 2/ in individual cases. The results that are obtained are applied to the theory of the de Haas-van Alphen effect. (auth)


An Image Feature Inverted Indexing(FII) method is proposed. Based on this method, a prototype of Content-Based Image Retrieval Engine named Eva is implemented. It extracts shape and texture feature from user's pictures, retrieves similar pictures with FII method. The efficiency of FII is also analyzed.


This Casenote/Comment is brought to you for free and open access by TU Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Tulsa Law Review by an authorized editor of TU Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact email@example.com. Recommended Citation James N. Palik, Insurance: New Definitions and Guidelines Regarding Medical Questions in Life Insurance Applications, 4 Tulsa L. J. 276 (2013).


Resume Every year, there are more and more cars on the roads that cause pollution. To reduce it, conventional vehicles have started to be replaced by electric and hybrid vehicles. Therefore, the average fuel/energy consumption of electric, hybrid, spark ignition and self-ignition vehicles over a test distance of 100 km was investigated. The test results were then compared to the manufacturer's data and the average difference between the manufacturer's data and the test data is shown. The largest average difference in fuel consumption between the manufacturer's data and the test data was observed for hybrid vehicles (over 230 %) and the smallest for electric vehicles (less than 10 %) and spark ignition vehicles (almost 18 %). Considering costs, the largest difference between manufacturer's data and test data is observed, as in the previous case, in electric vehicles (0.25 €) and the largest in hybrid vehicles (almost 6 € per 100 kilometers driven). Article info Received 30 June 2021 Accepted 3 November 2021 Online 12 January 2022


Internet-of-Things (IoT) becomes one of the most promising future paradigms, which foresees enormous amounts of interoperable things and heterogeneous services. The goal of IoT is to enable all things connected and brings all kinds information and services to people. However, such a great deal of information may lead to cognitive overload or restrain in productivity of people. Thus, it is a necessity to build intelligent mechanisms to assist people in accessing the information or services they needed in a proactive manner. Most of previous related mechanisms are built on well-defined web services and lack of consideration of constrained resources. This paper suggests a services composition method by adapting a hierarchical model, which is a graph-based model composed of four layers: Context Layer, Event Layer, Service Layer and Device Layer. With a such multi-layer graph, service composition can be achieved by the iteration of layer by layer. Then, to evaluate the effectiveness of this proposed hierarchical model, a real-life emergency response dataset is applied and the experimental results are composed with the general probabilistic method and indicate that the proposed method is help for compositing multiple services while considering given context and constrained resources.


Aqueous foams are unstable and age by drainage and coarsening. Today, these effects are well described, as also their impact on foam properties. In that respect, the foam viscoelastic properties evolve in time as a consequence of coarsening which tends to increase the mean bubble size. Here, we investigate the reverse coupling, and study if and how the continuous flow of a foam can impact its dynamics of coarsening. We introduce a new protocol where brief oscillatory measurements are inserted during a constant steady shear, allowing us to monitor the relative variation of the bubble size with time (obtained from the one of the elastic modulus G′) as a function of the applied shear rate. It turns out that the coarsening rate is strongly impacted by the applied shear: this rate is continuously reduced above a critical shear rate, which itself decreases with the bubble size. This coarsening-rate reduction is interpreted as the result of out-of-equilibrium and shear-dependent film thicknesses, being higher than at rest. The critical shear rate, above which films are dynamically sustained at higher thickness than at equilibrium, emerges from the competition between the rate of rearrangements and the time required to drain the thick film created during the rearrangement. We thus report here a first experimental proof and measurements of out-of-equilibrium film thicknesses within a sheared foam, and of the impact this has on coarsening.


The aim of this study was to define and compare the distributions of five trace elements (essential: Cu, Fe, Se, Zn ; non-essential: Cd) among cytosolic biomolecules of different molecular masses isolated from livers of European chub (Squalius cephalus) and brown trout (Salmo trutta). These two fish species are often applied as bioindicators of environmental contamination in different types of fluvial ecosystems. European chub were sampled in the lowland river Sutla and brown trout in the karstic river Krka in Croatia, in autumn seasons of 2009 and 2015, respectively. To obtain the elemental profiles, metals bound to cytosolic biomolecules were separated by size exclusion high performance-liquid chromatography and subsequently analysed by high resolution-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Obtained profiles indicated certain differences between two species. Both Cd and Cu were associated to metallothioneins in both species, but only in trout their binding to high molecular mass biomolecules (>100 kDa) was evident. Binding of Fe and Se to certain very low molecular mass biomolecules (<10 kDa) was observed only in trout, whereas distribution profiles of Zn were comparable in both studied species. The results of this study provide the possibility for better understanding of metal/metalloid fate in the cells.


A new microstrip lowpass filter with compact size and ultra-wide stopband using T-shaped resonator is proposed. To make smaller the circuit size of the filter, cursive transmission line is also suggested. Moreover, exact equation of most important transmission zero is calculated based on LC equivalent circuit and transformation function. A demonstration filter with 3 dB cut-off frequency at 1.02 has been designed, fabricated, and measured. Results show that a relative stopband band width of 166.3% (referred to suppression degree of 20 dB) is achieved while obtaining high figure of merit of 46 274.


This retrospective cohort study investigated the incidence and risk factors of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) after 1 year of first-documented myocardial infarctions (MIs) in a multi-ethnic Asian population. Secondary MACE were observed in 231 (14.3%) individuals, including 92 (5.7%) cardiovascular-related deaths. Both histories of hypertension and diabetes were associated with secondary MACE after adjustment for age, sex, and ethnicity (HR 1.60 [95%CI 1.22–2.12] and 1.46 [95%CI 1.09–1.97], respectively). With further adjustments for traditional risk factors, individuals with conduction disturbances demonstrated higher risks of MACE: new left-bundle branch block (HR 2.86 [95%CI 1.15–6.55]), right-bundle branch block (HR 2.09 [95%CI 1.02–4.29]), and second-degree heart block (HR 2.45 [95%CI 0.59–10.16]). These associations were broadly similar across different age, sex, and ethnicity groups, although somewhat greater for history of hypertension and BMI among women versus men, for HbA1c control in individuals aged >50 years, and for LVEF ≤ 40% in those with Indian versus Chinese or Bumiputera ethnicities. Several traditional and cardiac risk factors are associated with a higher risk of secondary major adverse cardiovascular events. In addition to hypertension and diabetes, the identification of conduction disturbances in individuals with first-onset MI may be useful for the risk stratification of high-risk individuals.


Currently, senz° is directed linked with wind-proof umbrellas in the customers' mind. Therefore, there is a need to change the image of senz° from a product focused company to a lifestyle brand, using the laptop sleeve launch and its market positioning as a case study. However, it was needed to optimize the product first since it is not finished yet. On the other hand, based on a previous research potential customers see the laptop sleeve as a "cool" product when someone wears it, however they do not see themselves using it yet. This means that there is still a boundary to be crossed unlike the umbrella which is in its mainstream market. Therefore it is highly important to design a communication strategy that clearly shows the added value of the product aligned with the communication of the brand, in order to assuage customers´ doubt involved in product adoption. This project addressesed the problem that senz° is facing right now, from two different angles. First, the need of a roadmap strategy for the company aligned with its new vision to become a lifestyle brand, considering a laptop sleeve as starting point. Second, the need of a strategy to create an emotional attachment to the brand, products and customer, by exploring the role of social media. This research showed that the most logical step to become a lifestyle brand would be to turn into an iconic brand and then a lifestyle brand Positioning the brand within the context of commuting by using the 2 steps proposed here, will create value for senzo in four ways mainly as Aaker & Keller (2012) would argue. First, it will provide extension options for senzo in the future and therefore it will increase its leverage potential. Therefore senzo will be able to launch new accesories for commuters without harming the core brand. Second, it will improve brand memorability since a coherent brand identity and position will be easier to remember than the current personality of senzo brand. Hence it is very important to be consist across different touchpoints of the brand. Due the variety of channels in which the customer will have contact with the brand, senzo will come to customers minds first than the brands that have fewer touchpoints. Third, it will provide meaning and focus to the company. When the brand strategy is clear, all senzo employees will know how to align their actions in terms of a central strategy. Moreover, a strong brand identity and position could also create a sense of pride that motivates employees and even suppliers, far beyond short-term financial performance goals. Finally, future senzo products, including the laptop sleeve will use the brand as a competitive advantage that creates a high entry barrier for competitors. Therefore, the brand equity will most likely increase. As a result, a strong brand asset will be the basis of a business with a real competitive advantage. The core of the iconic brand will be to develop a vision of the ultimate identity that the brand will possess, and the product lines that the brand will support. On the other hand, community affiliation is changed from a pasive role to an active role (Fournier & Lee, 2009). This means that the content that is on senzo social media channels is not just created by the brand itself and hopefully seen by customers, but is co-created between customers and the brand instead. As a result, brand awareness will be created and at the same time customers will engage on emotional levels with senzo since they will own the content by being the storytellers themselves. This is certainly a starting point of creating a community around the brand which it becomes a value driver in the third year of the roadmap in order to become an iconic brand.


Aircrafts has performed Three Level Maintenance for a long time, and exposed many problems, such as maintenance system couldn't fit the aircraft self's technologies and logistical support demands, and led to the increasing of support costs. Based on it, we research the parts of key technologies on the Two Level Maintenance for modern aircraft, including support process model, simulation calculation and prediction analyses, find some useful results. The result of study is beneficial to simplified maintenance system of modern aircraft and realizing Two Level Maintenance System.


Understanding the processes controlling the natural variability of sea ice in the Arctic, one of the most dynamic components of the climate system, can help to constrain the effects of future climate change in this highly sensitive area. For the first time, a detailed multi-proxy study was carried out to reconstruct past sea-ice variability off eastern North Greenland. This area is strongly influenced by cold surface waters and drift ice transported via East Greenland Current, meltwater pulses from the outlet glaciers of the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream, the build-up of landfast ice, and the formation of the Northeast Water Polynya. For our study, we have used well-dated sedimentary sections of Kastenlot Core PS93/025 and Gravity Core PS100/270. These sites are ideally suited to identify and disentangle the driving mechanisms of sea-ice distribution in the western Fram Strait. As proxies for the reconstruction of sea-ice cover we have used the sea-ice proxy IP25, a highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) monoene with 25 carbon atoms, in combination with specific open-water phytoplankton and terrestrial higher land plant biomarkers as well as specific microfossils (e.g., diatoms). Based on these high-resolution data sets we are able to reconstruct sea-ice variability, primary productivity, terrigenous input and seasonal formation of the NEW Polynya that evolved during the Holocene at the eastern North Greenland shelf.

The presence of IP25 throughout the core PS93/025 confirms that there has been seasonal sea ice in the area during the entire Holocene time interval. Our biomarker proxies indicate relatively rapid changes in sea-ice conditions at ~9 ka and ~1 ka, i.e., sea-ice conditions progressed through three major stages over the course of the Holocene. During the early Holocene we recorded a reduced, but variable sea-ice cover. Between about 9.3 and 5.5 ka, sea-ice coverage increased towards seasonal conditions. Based on terrigenous biomarkers and IRD we assume a stronger regional than local sea-ice signal at core site PS93/025, due to the high influence of drift ice transported from the central Arctic Ocean along the eastern North Greenland shelf. During the late Holocene, especially during the last 1 ka, our records reflect the seasonal formation of the NEW Polynya leading to stable sea-ice edge conditions and a fully developed polynya situation. Probably, cyclic changes in the solar activity acted as trigger for the short-term variability in sea-ice cover during Holocene times.


Abstract This case study reports on critical aspects of utilizing over one million dollars in emergency funding during a two-year library closure. It also discusses the impact of federal emergency funding on the operations of an academic library during the COVID-19 pandemic and the implications for including financial priorities in disaster preparedness plans. Little research exists regarding libraries' response to emergency funding. One of the advantages of examining the impact of the pandemic on library responses is the ability to create a plan for future disasters and emergency funding for collection development.


The competitive projects of metropolital architectures for Omsk city that demonstrated the search of a «big style» in neoclassicism school are analyzed in the article. Its observed that in modern buildings look some elements of historical styles appear, and architectural planning promotes in the retrospective sear clung case. Thus, the pre revolution memorial, and remained unrealized projects could become the examples the modern architectural language to form.


Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the widely rampant infectious diseases worldwide. Healthcare workers (HCWs) such as Medical students and nurses are continuously exposed to this air-borne infection in hospitals and are vulnerable to the infection. Overcrowding at workplace, inadequate ventilation, lack of personal protective measures, improper eating habits, etc., further make the HCWs more susceptible to TB. Objectives: Study of sociodemographic profile of resident doctors and nurses; study of factors for occurrence of TB among HCWs in a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: Case-control study conducted. Questionnaire used to collect data. Comparison was made between the TB cases and controls among HCWs to identify the epidemiological determinants of TB and derive preventive measures for the same. Results: By Chi-Square test, regularity of breakfast P < 0.001; BMI P – 0.001; total duration of exposure to TB patients P – 0.013; screening for TB P – 0.014; adequacy of sleep P – 0.029; adequacy of protein intake P – 0.035 were found to have a significant association with the occurrence of TB. Conclusion: Having regular meals at appropriate times, nutritional status, duration of exposure to TB patients, history of screening being done or not were found to have a significant association with the occurrence of TB.


A disposable light exposure detector kit has been developed by UV curing of a hydrogel material. The devised light exposure detector kit consisted of light sensitive structures, bottom plate, character sheet and sticky back plate. A light exposure detector kit has a serial light sensitive structures that contain various light sensitive dyes such as rhodamine and fluorescein. The light sensitive structure composed of UV curable hydrogel polymer material as a supporing material and photosensitive dye in a certain concentration. The fabrication procedure of the ligh exposure detector kit is very simple and fast due to UV curing procedure of a photopolymerizable hydrogel material such as poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (PEGMEA) and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) with a photosensitive dye. By the proposed fabrication method, various size and shape of a light exposure detector kit could be fabricated using a flexible elastomer mold. Due to a fast and inexpensive fabrication method, the light exposure detector kit could be use a single use for various industrial applications. According to light irradation, the light sensitive structure on a light exposure detector kit could be lose its color by decomposition of a photosensitive dye chemical in the structure. Thus the amount of the exposed light on a substrate could easily be recognised by changing color or transparency of the structure.


The He I photoelectron spectra of certain MeEHal2 and Me2EHal compounds (E = (N), P, As, Sb; Hal = (F), Cl, Br, J; Me = CH3) are interpreted in terms of a "composite molecule" approach derived for C3vCs systems. Although an "internal standard" is missing here, substituent group-orbitals (nHal, C—H) may be classified with respect to their orientations in space (R, V, T). Ionisation energies are assigned according to this assumption. PE data of the isoelectronic EMe3/EHal3 compounds and of related molecules (Me2EH, MePH2, CF3PBr2) as well as EHMO calculations with partial inclusion of spin orbit coupling are used to confirm the assignments given for Me2EHal/MeEHal2 series. Correlations between PE ionisation energies (e.g. nE (IE)) and molecular or atomic properties are critically revised and discussed.


Soil liquefaction is a phenomenon that can occur when soil loses strength and behaves like a liquid during an earthquake. A site investigation is essential for determining a site's susceptibility to liquefaction, and these investigations frequently generate project-specific geotechnical reports. However, many of these reports are frequently stored unused after construction projects are completed. This study suggests that when these unused reports are consolidated and integrated, they can provide valuable information for identifying potential challenges, such as liquefaction. The study evaluates the susceptibility of liquefaction by considering several geotechnical factors modeled by machine learning algorithms. The study estimated site-specific characteristics, such as ground elevation, groundwater table elevation, SPT N-value, soil type, and fines content. Using a calibrated model represented by an equation, the investigation determined several soil properties, including the unit weight and peak ground acceleration (PGA). The study estimated PGA using a linear model, which revealed a significant positive correlation (R2 = 0.89) between PGA, earthquake magnitude, and distance from the seismic source. On the Marikina West Valley Fault, the study also assessed the liquefaction hazard for an anticipated 7.5 M and delineated a map that was validated by prior studies.


In this work, we studied the optical bistability of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) under nonlinear regime, considering three increasing and decreasing profiles of nonlinearity: linear, quadratic and exp...


An updated checklist of 69 species from 26 genera and 4 subfamilies of Vespidae from Arunachal Pradesh is provided in this study. Four species, viz . Eumenes macrops de Saussure, Polistes ( Polistella ) adustus Bingham, Polistes ( Polistella ) rubellus Gusenleitner, and Vespula germanica (Fabricius), are documented for the first time from Arunachal Pradesh.


103 Abstract—This work presents a study on the performance of custom design laptop's cooling system. Differ from existing external cooling solution for laptop which blows slowly ambient air to the laptop's ventilation, this system lowers the ambient air temperature then blows it into the laptop's cooling box and increase its internal air pressure. The internal pressure then used to force the extra air flow into the laptop's ventilation port and into the laptop's internal cooling system. Several tests has been conduct in order to prove the reliability of the design system. The data obtained from the test are analyzed by using numerical method which the new cooling method is giving significant cooling. The cooling system demonstrated the liquid cooled air blower system gives up to 8 percent cooler than stock cooling system and 5 percent cooler when compared with existing on market cooling pad when the CPUs are in continuous stress test.


A DAlambert formula analogue for wave equation on the compact geometrical graph with generalized smooth transmission conditions is being proved.


The terms access control and conditional access may not be familiar to many telecommunications professionals unless they work within the broadcasting industry or, perhaps, they are domestic subscribers to satellite or cable television. Traditionally, conditional access has referred to the means of allowing viewers of subscription television to access only those services which are authorised to them. With the emergence of new digital technologies and the convergence of telecommunications and broadcasting, conditional access and, more generally, access control, will increase in importance as a means of controlling subscriber access to an increasingly wide range of services. This paper describes these technologies and shows the fundamental architectural features that sets access control apart from traditional telecoms networks. (6 pages)


A taxonomy of cryptographic protocol attacks is helpful for cryptographic protocol analysis. There are taxonomies of cryptographic protocol awss5, 9] and a taxonomy of replay attacks in terms of message origin and destinationn25]. This paper presents an attack taxonomy based on an intruder's objectives when launching attacks and the roles s/he plays. Understanding an intruder's possible behavior and the roles s/he plays can beneet BAN-logic 4] as well as state machine-based cryptographic analysis approaches by allowing them to identify weakness and possible attacks on cryptographic protocols more eeciently. This paper also proposes several protocol design guidelines derived from the authors' observations while the taxonomy was exercised.


Once wireless charging lanes are commercialized, vehicles can be charged during the dispatch process, which is of great value to the electrification of one-way car-sharing fleet. In the city road network occupied with wireless charging lanes, service order arrangement of a car tends to select stations to make full use of the dispatch process for charging and improve the efficiency of vehicle circulation. The combination of wireless charging lanes and site charging provides a new perspective for service decision-making: scheduling from different alternative sites to sites lack of cars causes different power consumption or increase, charging costs, and travel time. Decision makers need to weigh these factors in order to get more profit, which puts forward new requirements for the service connection and dispatch of one-way shared cars.


In this article I examine the gap that exists between an individual's self-identity in a given situation and the later appropriation of that identity in any political programme aimed at changing similar situations. I will argue that an individual's performance of the self constitutes the first stage in the transition from a 'self' to an 'identity' as represented in narrative accounts constructed by, for example, historians. To better understand this transition, I discuss briefly the levels involved using the example of Jean-Paul Sartre's biography of Gustave Flaubert. The account serves as an extreme illustration of a performance of self. In it, Sartre demonstrates how Flaubert's consciousness of others leads him away from authentic actions. Even at this early stage in his socialization, Flaubert is, Sartre argues, already 'inhabited by the imperatives he has given to himself as other'. The further appropriation of a self-presentation for purposes of identity politics – as carried out by some biographers, for example – brings with it another, expressly ethical (as opposed to epistemological), question. Similarly to the conflict existing in a subject's narration of his or her identity, I argue that there is an inherent conflict regarding authentic representation within narrative accounts. From this vantage, the concept of identity – in the hands of identity politics – presents us not with a tool for understanding past agents or even past communities but rather a means to reflect on our communal present. Yet this begs the question: How can use of the concept of identity be justified in emancipatory politics? What value can a re-presented identity have in possible emancipatory struggles if it is so clearly removed from the self-image of the subject described? And further, if this value is derived from the use that the constructed identity can be put to, does it not encourage us to abandon to-truthness and opt for a pure presentism in evaluating representations?


One of the goals of every family is having a home for their own. Low cost housing for low income level family is an important sector for every country. In our developing country, need to provide improved housing and related community facilities in both urban and rural areas, especially for low to middle income groups. The study reveals that factors in determining a quality low-cost housing arranged in descending degrees of importance are house safety, provision of public amenities, etc. This study aims to provide minimal essential shelter for low-income people, to upgrade the life style of Myanmar low-income people with the systematic planning of living, to use local materials and simple technology to own a low-cost house in simple way, to provide good environmental infrastructure with healthy harmonious housing to meet the urban health challenges.


Eucalyptus saligna is one of the exotic tree species in Ethiopia. Small scale farmers in Ethiopia plants Eucalyptus saligna widely compared to other tree species. The major objective of the study was to assess the reasons for the expansion of on-farm plantation of Eucalyptus saligna and its associated nutrient export in Gambo watershed, Arsi Zone Oromia region, Ethiopia. Three Kebeles (Ashoka, Gambiltu and Lepis) were selected purposively from the Gambo watershed. Formal survey was carried out on a total of 117 HHs selected by random sampling procedure. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected through key informant interview, focus group discussion, and household survey, respectively. For nutrient analysis, representative samples from each tree segment (leaf, branch and stem) of different age categories were taken, and diameter at breast height and height were collected from the nine 10*10 m 2 sample plots for aboveground biomass. The results revealed that the main reasons for increased on farm plantation of Eucalyptus saligna were for construction material, income generation, fuel wood, to drain marsh land and for soil and water conservation. The stem of Eucalyptus saligna contains high amount of aboveground biomass. The macro-nutrient concentrations (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) in above-ground tree biomass showed significant differences between tree components. The nutrient concentrations were highest in foliage, while the lowest concentrations obtained in steam and branch tree parts. Harvesting the biomass of whole trees may have a considerable impact on the nutrient export. Therefore, maintaining the aboveground litter fall on the site would minimize nutrient removal.


The authors consider a linear time-invariant finite-dimensional system dx/dt=Ax+Bu with multi-input u in which the matrices A and B are in canonical controller form. It is assumed that the system is controllable and B has rank m. The authors study the Lyapunov equation PA+A/sup T/P+Q=0 with Q>0 and investigate the properties that P must satisfy in order that the canonical controller matrix A be Hurwitz. They show that it is necessary and sufficient that B/sup T/PB>0 and that the determinant of B/sup T/PW be Hurwitz, where W is a block diagonal matrix. This result has application in designing robust controllers for linear uncertain systems.<<ETX>>


The utility model provides an integral net structure for connecting box shape houses, which comprises prefabricated components for various wall plates, and double rows of steel bars, wherein, the double-row steel bars are arranged in each of face walls; each rows of the steel bars are made into a net by that a plurality of transverse and vertical steel bars are connected. The utility model is characterized in that connecting surfaces are arranged on the prefabricated components, one of the connecting surface which is butted with the prefabricated components forms a hollow zone for pouring concrete, the transverse and the vertical steel bars are all extended out from the connecting surfaces, the transverse and the vertical steel bars are respectively formed an annular shape by connecting, and the annular shapes are crosswise arranged; horizontal ring sleeves or vertical ring sleeves are assembled in the hollow zone, inserting bars are inserted into the ring sleeves, and the integral net structure of the steel bars in houses are assembled by that the double-row steel bars in each face walls are connected by the inserting bars of the ring sleeves. The utility model can enhance the integral rigidity and the vibration strength of the houses.


Abstract. So far most protein denaturation studies are done by spectroscopy methods. This study is for review of structural and functional of protein three dimensional. With all the precision with which these methods have many limitations. So find a way such as electrochemical methods to follow changes in protein structure can be useful. This paper has been examines the impact of denaturation material, such as urea and SDS on the structure of cytochrome c, While cytochrome c which has a metalloproteinase which is a redox property and the results of the method vltamtry have been compared by spectrometry method. All chemicals and salt was prepared from Merck Co. Electrochemical Measurement was by potential acetate/Galvan acetate device. Cytochrome c was used in 20 mM phosphate buffer with pH=7/0. All spectra related to natural and denatured proteins by denaturation material were recorded by spectrophotometer Cary 50 in range 700-200 nm. CD spectra recorded by spectrophotometry model AVIV-215. Structure of the protein has been insecurity in the 5-8 M urea; this insecurity cans the range of 3-9/5 M in spectrum device. Cytochrome c was active structure in high concentration (26 mM) of SDS. 20 mM of SDS is sufficient for insecurity of 0/5 mM of cytochrome c. In this study it was found that Vltamtry are independent method for detect protein structural changes. And proved, Vltamtry method is more sensitive to small changes in protein structure compared with the methods of spectroscopy.


Why do new EU democracies engage in multilateralism? The dominant explanation proposes that new democracies use international treaties to lock in domestic reforms. This article offers a novel explanation as to why new EU democracies participate in multilateral treaties. We argue that ratifying a treaty serves three external signaling purposes (recognition concerns, increasing strategic autonomy, and pleasing the European Union). We test our argument through a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods. First, we apply event history analysis. Drawing on a new ratification data set comprising 76 multilateral treaties, we illustrate the prominent role of new EU democracies in multilateralism as compared to other new democracies. Second, to assess the importance of external signaling in the decision to ratify multilateral treaties, we examine parliamentary ratification debates in selected Central and Eastern European countries. Third, we compare parliamentary discussions across European and non-European new democracies to demonstrate the different motives driving their approaches toward multilateralism.


There are few studies on hearing impaired students' experiences at the higher education level. The purpose of this study was to uncover differential factors which may facilitate such students' access to higher education and those that hinder their entrance and permanence in university studies. Two questionnaires were applied: Group A - university students and B1 - high school students; B2 - other education levels. For Group A the results showed that the facilitating factors were: previous success in school, family support and helpful teachers. The difficulties they reported were factors which corresponded to the absence of the facilitating factors mentioned: lack of success during school years and no support from teachers. Favorable factors for those enrolled in college or university were the support of classmates and family, as well as close attention from teachers' attention. Hindering factors included lack of attention by teachers and absence of guidance by health professionals. The results obtained with Group B showed that subjects wanted to enroll in higher education, but only a few attempted undergoing entrances examinations (vestibular), due to financial issues, fear of doing poorly on the exams and fear of not being able to keep up with the course load. In Group B2 the intention of going to college is rated lower when compared to Group B1. These subjects believed that the aspects related to schooling (scholastic achievement, teacher support, access to technology) are pertinent, and that family support can be helpful, however they recognize their own educational challenges and they understand that lack of teacher support can be a hindrance. As a conclusion, specialized institutions do not seem to be prepared to enroll university students with hearing impairments. Subjects from theB1 and B2 Groups showed that the main impediments they faced were of financial order and because of their previous underachievement in school.


I I] As a service to our readers, SIGSIM has reached an agreement to reprint reviews of books and papers on simulation and modeling that originally appeared in ACM Computing Reviews. CR is a monthly journal that publishes critical reviews on a broad range of computing subjects including simulation and modeling. As an ACM mem~r, you can subscribe to CR by writing to ACM Headquarters. A message-based approach to discrete-event simulatioe. The authors clearly state their goals as (I) developing a message-based approach to discrete-event simulation, (2) showing that the addition of a small language fragment permits general purpose languages (GPLs) such as FOR-TR.A.N and Pascal to join a "'class of simulation languages ," and (3) giving an example of such a language, MAY, derived from FORTRAN. With the intent of accomplishing these goals, the authors explain the concept of message-based simulation and their design philosophy, note the constraints needed using some examples, and describe an implementation in MAY. This paper is disappointing. Kristen Nygaard (co-developer of SIMULA with O. J. Dahl) once remarked to me that "only the people who used SIMULA for simulation applications really understood the power of the language." In a larger context his criticism was directed more broadly at the softy, arc enginering community that rushed to embrace SIMULA as the first language implementing the abstract data type concept while ignoring equally important characteristics and capabilities. The software engineering community continues to ignore the simulation programming language (SPL) and model representation developments; otherwise, this paper would not have been published. This paper contains (I) conceptual misunderstandingsmSIMULA does provide message-passing but not in the explicit form preferred by the authors; (2) incorrect statements~a SIMULA object does not cease to exist when no references to it remain if it has not exhausted its operations (s~ [I], pp. 48-49); and (3) undefined terminologym'a small programming language fragment" is the crux of the transformation of GPLs to special class SPLs, but a general definition of a fragment is never given. Yet the most serious deficiencies of the paper lie in the ignorance of key issues that supposedly motivate the message based approach: (1) The authors' entity offers nothing beyond the SIMULA process. The generalization of entity to encompass both resources and processes is borrowed directly from the SIMSCRIPT II permanent and temporary entities. (Note that even the terminology is the same.) (2) The wait-umil (Boolean) construct has been a …


Active traffic management—widely deployed for decades in Europe but in its infancy in the United States—maximizes the effectiveness and efficiency of the facility, and increases throughput and safety through integrated systems with new technology, including the automation of dynamic deployment to optimize performance quickly. In a previous UTCM project (TRID Online Accession #01364063) the principal investigator completed a beta version of an Active Management Screening Tool (AMST) for use by agencies in their congestion management process. The purpose of the AMST is to help agencies better assess the potential of active management strategies for their region. It is structured to provide beneficial information and guidance related to active management strategies in all areas and levels of transportation planning. Active management strategies included in the tool are: high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes, high occupancy toll (HOT) lanes; express toll lanes; non-tolled express lanes; exclusive/dedicated truck lanes; exclusive transitways; temporary shoulder use; speed harmonization; queue warning; dynamic rerouting and traveler information; ramp metering; dynamic merge control; and automated enforcement. This project enhanced the AMST with recent and emerging research and domestic experiences to make it a more robust product. The project also enhanced the website developed in the previous UTCM project to incorporate recent development and changes in the newly formed Active Transportation and Demand Management program within the Federal Highway Administration. Furthermore, by reaching out to practitioners across the country regarding the availability of the AMST, this project can have a positive impact on transportation networks by providing a tool to assess appropriate active management strategies for a region.


Since 1977, the Sri Lankan government has implemented a package of structural reforms to encourage a more export-oriented development strategy. International trade has been recognised as an important component of economic growth and hence integral to the reform process. Consequently, the manufacturing sector has secured a more stable position in the economy than the agricultural sector. The ratio of exports to GDP has improved considerably as a result of the economic reforms (Table 1). As the economy has become more trade oriented, Sri Lanka has actively sought access to international markets for its newly developed manufactured products, and has shifted its market orientation from the United Kingdom towards the North American and Middle Eastern markets. At the same time, it has expanded its Asian markets and participated in regional forums such as the Bangkok Agreement, the Asian Clearing Union (ACU) and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). The latter was formed in 1985 with representation from Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. In 1993, the South Asian Preferential Trading Arrangement (SAPTA) was established under the umbrella of SAARC (Mukherji 1998). Unlike some other SAARC members, Sri Lanka has implemented a series of unilateral tariff reductions and has significantly reduced many non-tariff barriers (see Athukorala and Kelegama 1998; Bandara and McGillivray 1998; Panagariya 1999; Kelegama 1999). Although SAARC was formed well over a decade ago, progress towards trade reforms and regional cooperation between member countries has been slow.


Convention between canada and finland for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income. Helsinki, 28 may 1990 [united nations, treaty series, vol. 1695, i-29217.]


This paper deals with the question of the conflict of constitutional rights with regard to basic rights. Two extreme accounts are outlined: the subsumptive approach and the particularistic approach, that embody two main conceptions of practical rationality. Between the two approaches there is room for a range of options, two of which are examined: the proportionalist approach, which conserves the scope of rights restricting their stringency, and the specificationist approach, which preserves the stringency of rights restricting their scope. I will present arguments in defence of the latter.


We achieve the general solution and the generalized Hyers-Ulam-Rassias and Ulam-Gavruta-Rassias stabilities for quadratic functional equations where are nonzero fixed integers with , and for fixed integers with and .


The invention relates to the technical field of waste heat recovery, and particularly relates to an exhausted steam waste heat recovery system for a steam turbine. The exhausted steam waste heat recovery system for the steam turbine comprises the steam turbine, a direct air-cooling unit, a boiler air heater, a drainage tank, a drainage pump and a steam exhaust device, wherein the steam turbine is communicated with the direct air-cooling unit and the boiler air heater respectively; one path of exhausted steam of the steam turbine is exhausted to the boiler air heater, on one hand, the exhausted steam pressure of the direct air-cooling unit is reduced, and the economical efficiency of the steam turbine is improved, and on the other hand, the boiler air heater is capable of increasing the temperature of the outlet of the boiler air heater, and then increasing the temperature of air entering an air preheater, and the wall temperature of the air preheater is increased, so that low-temperature corrosion can be prevented; meanwhile, the boiler air heater, the drainage tank, the drainage pump unit and the steam exhaust device are sequentially connected, and the condensed water condensed from the boiler air heater is recovered into the steam exhaust device after passing through the drainage tank and the drainage pump unit, thus ensuring backwater circulation, and the dynamic balance of the whole boiler power generation system.


On the basis of a representation in terms of photon-number states we derive an analytically solvable set of ordinary differential equations for the matrix elements of the density operator belonging to the Jaynes-Cummings model. We allow for atomic detuning, spontaneous emission, and cavity damping, but we do not take into account the presence of thermal photons. The exact results are employed to perform a careful investigation of the evolution in time of atomic inversion and von Neumann entropy. A factorization of the initial density operator is assumed, with the privileged field mode being in a coherent state. We invoke the mathematical notion of maximum variation of a function to construct a measure for entropy fluctuations. In the undamped case the measure is found to increase during the first few revivals of Rabi oscillations. Hence, the influence of the surroundings on the atom does not decrease monotonically from time zero onwards. A further non-Markovian feature of the dynamics is given by the strong dependence of our measure on the initial atomic state, even for times at which damping brings about irreversible decay. For weak damping and high initial energy density the atomic evolution exhibits a crossover between quasireversible revival dynamics and irreversible Markovian decay. During this stage the state of maximum entropy acts as an attractor for the trajectories in atomic phase space. Subsequently, all trajectories follow a unique route to the atomic ground state, for which the off-diagonals of the atomic density matrix equal zero. From our entropy studies one learns what kind of difficulties must be overcome in establishing formulae for entropy production, the use of which is not limited to semigroup-induced dynamics.


Flavor is one of the most important factors for determining wine characteristics and quality. Flavor pattern of wines(brewed from America, France, Italy, Chile, and Australia) was analyzed by the electronic nose that is equipped with 12 metal oxide sensors. In the results, the flavor pattern of wines was discriminated according to their origins by the principal component analysis(PCA). Each proportion of the first principal component score in the PCA plot was 94.79%(America), 73.62%(France), 99.06%(Italy), 96.74%(Chile), and 96.53%(Australia), respectively. Consequently, the imported wines could be practically differentiated into one from the other origins by volatile properties, suggesting that electronic nose could be successfully used for easy screening and quality evaluation of wines.


We present a new software generator model for the construction of network applications. Our model is called Communicating Timed Attribute Grammars (CTAG) model, which is an extension of attribute grammars. Our CTAG model allows us to describe dynamic behavior of network applications. We represent one application program by an attributed tree. Communication between application programs is achieved by the exchange of attribute values between connected attributed trees. Traditionally network applications are constructed by procedural programming languages, but it is not easy to produce the whole codes of network application programs. Our CTAG model allows us to construct network applications based on a set of simple computing rules instead of using complex knowledge of existing function libraries and class hierarchies. We give examples of constructing a chat system and a POP client system using our CTAG model. We give comparisons of our method with previous approaches.


The organizational and operational company purposes of the debtor company terminate in liquidation proceedings. In addition, the nonfinancial sustainability elements vanish in a piecemeal selling. Through a selling as a going concern, the operational company purpose and sustainability elements may be transferred to a byer company. In restructuring proceedings, both the organizational and operational company purposes remain, but the shareholder primacy shifts to a creditor priority. When choosing between liquidation and restructuring proceedings, there are two tests: the viability test and the best-interests-of-creditors test. In these tests, all obligatory non-financial sustainability elements, such as environmental requirements laid down in the law, must be considered. Voluntary non-financial sustainability investments for implementing the company operational purpose are allowed also during the restructuring plan if they benefit the creditors.


This paper shows completely that microscale approach is feasible and excellent in polymer chemistry experiments,through the contrast of microscale and common approach for VAc solution polymerization.


Earth's magnetosphere, beyond protecting the ozone layer, is a natural phenomena which allows to study the interaction between charged particles from solar activity and electromagnetic fields. In this paper we studied trajectories of charged particles interacting with a constant dipole magnetic field as first approach of the Earth's magnetosphere using different initial conditions. As a result of this interaction there is a formation of well defined radiation regions by a confinement of charged particles around the lines of the magnetic field. These regions, called Van Allen radiation belts, are described by classical electrodynamics and appear naturally in the numerical modeling done in this work.


Introduction: Determining the severity of acute bronchiolitis in children is important for the clinical management of the disease. Therefore, we aimed to reveal their prognostic importance by examining cardiac markers in our patients with acute bronchiolitis.
Materials and Methods: We conducted a single-center retrospective, observational study with children with acute bronchiolitis between 1 month and 2 years of age, between December 2020 and December 2021, who were covid-19 PCR test negative and had no covid-19 contact. We scanned demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters from medical records.
Results: A total of 45 (44% female) children with acute bronchiolitis, a median (IQR) age of 5 (5) months were included in the study. There were 7 (16%) mild bronchiolitis, 23 (51%) moderate and 15 (33%) severe bronchiolitis patients. The cutoff point of Nt-proBNP to be ≥1025 ng/L to predict severe bronchiolitis with a sensitivity of 71% and a specificity of 80 % at admission in children with acute bronchiolitis.
Conclusion: We think that the threshold value for Nt-proBNP in the study can be used to identify patients with severe bronchiolitis in the early period and to reduce mortality and morbidity by earlier intervention.


In the wide range of vernacular architecture in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Bosnian chardaklia house is one of those achievements that with its spatial organization, materialization and external appearance most vividly reflects the nature of Bosnian people, the nature of his family and worldview. This house is an objectified history of man and his family, at the same time as modern a museum whose content testifies to the past and predicts the future. The Bosnian chardaklia house, especially the one realized in the area of Central Bosnia, stands out by the fact that its disposition at the time of the original construction perceives the future, sometimes four generations of the human generation that follow each other. It is a building designed in the way of the functioning of a living organism, so by its nature it is an example of understanding flexibility in architecture and the forerunner of modern understanding of bioclimatic, that is, sustainable architecture.The Abazovic family house is located in the Donja Koprivna village, about 6 km away from the center of Cazin (geographical coordinates: 44º59'32.13''N, 15º58' 48.15'' E, Elevation: 396 m). The house was built (1937) by Bajram Abazovic (1892-?), a native of Buzim, who was appointed local imam in Donja Koprivna.It is interesting that this house was "transferred" from the Hodzici village near Krzalic, where it was built and used for several years.


The research of natural compounds that may help to control the schistosomiasis are statedin the Strategic Plan of the World Health Organization and, the Oswaldo Cruz Institute is a pioneer on the studies with the Euphorbia milii var. hislopii latex as molluscicide. The present work aimed to study the effects that Schistosoma mansoni cercariae exposed to a sublethal concentration the latex induced in the development and parasite dynamics of adults under experimental conditions. The recovery rate of adult worms and the number of eggs laid by the females were evaluated. The changes in the tegument were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The differences in the protein expression of adults were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis and its identification was performed using a MALDI TOF-TOF. In addition, the elemental composition of the latex, control and exposed groups were evaluated by SEM, associated with an Energy Dispersive Detector. After the exposure, a reduction in the development of males and females parasites in 71.7% and 74.4%, respectively, were observed. Ecological factors such as infection rate, sex ratio and reproductive activity were significantly altered. The tegument of adults had morphological changes, being observed for the first time the complete absence of spines in the gynaecophoric channel
The latex presented a composition of 12 chemical elements including Al, Pt, Hg and Rh; the tegument of males from treated group, Na, K and Mg differed statistically to controls. The proteomic analysis of adult males detected 26 differentially expressed spots, seven proteins were identified and manually and statistically validated (Actin, Troponin T, Tropomyosin, Paramyosin, hsp70, 14-3-3 epsilon and Aldehyde dehydrogenase). The drastic changes in the proteomic profile on parasites from exposed cercariae to E. milii latex may have induced significant muscle weakness in the body of adult males of S. mansoni, with the consequent reduction in reproductive activity and parasite load as observed in this study. This study carries a new vision for the control of schistosomiasis in endemic areas using natural products to reduce the parasite load in the definitive host. This indirect therapy is low costs, ecological, efficient and may help in the future the control in association with anthelmintic therapy currently recommended by WHO, using the Euphorbia milii latex as molluscicidal but also as schistosomostatic.


The paper numerically and experimentally investigates the behavior of the boundary layer development and heat transfer along the suction and pressure surfaces of a highly loaded turbine blade with separation. To evaluate and compare the predictive capability of different numerical methods, Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes based solvers (RANS), Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes equation (URANS) as well as Large Eddy Simulation (LES) are used. The results of each individual numerical method are compared with the measurements. For this purpose, extensive boundary layer and heat transfer measurements were performed in the unsteady boundary layer cascade facility of the Turbomachinery Performance and Flow Research Laboratory (TPFL) of Texas A&M University. Aerodynamics experiments include measuring the onset of the boundary, its transition, separation and re-attachment using miniature hot wire probes. Heat transfer measurements along the suction and pressure surfaces were conducted utilizing a specially designed heat transfer blade that was instrumented with liquid crystal coating. Comparisons of the experimental and numerical results detail differences in predictive capabilities of the RANS based solvers and LES.Copyright © 2014 by ASME


In this work we develop two statistical estimation methods of maximum a posterior probability (MAP) and cumulative distribution function equalization (CDFE) for the speech spectral component estimation approaches with the application in the noise suppression filters. In contrast to the histogram equalization approach, the CDFE is developed here based on speech and noise spectral modeling, which is also used in the MAP approach. Both of the conventional Gaussian and general gamma modeling of speech and noise spectral are investigated in this work. For the CDF estimation, we develop a flexible method for the non-Gaussian distribution by using the characteristic function. The advantage of proposed methods is that yields a flexible solution of the speech spectral estimation problem in general case of speech and noise modeling, which should be determined for each particular condition. Finally the systems of noise suppressed filters based on CDFE, MAP and MMSE are investigated via an experimental evaluation on the SNR improvement measurements. The performances of MAP and CDFE based systems are shown to be at least comparable or exceeded the conventional MMSE based in both the cases of Gaussian and gamma modeling. In the hearing test, the CDFE based system products a less musical noise level compared to the MAP and MMSE methods. . . .


Based on the viscoelastic damage theory, finite element analysis of asphalt concrete pavement with surface crack is made, radius of damage section and changing length of crack with load time and changing temperature are computed, distribution of damage and crack section is obtained, damage evolvement and crack growing process with load time and changing temperature are proposed. The comparison between the composite theory computing result and testing result is made and effective module of asphalt concrete containing fiber is proposed. Fatigue life of pavement with surface crack is computed by viscoelastic damage mechanics. Results show that fatigue span of pavement increase and possess very high economic value.