(L. MORRISON.) The following notes deal with various problems that have come to the notice of the writer in the course of his work during the past two years. These concern chiefly the Beech forest. Ochrocydus huttoni:— Material collected from living beech (Nothofagus solandri) near Oxford revealed the presence of an insect bearing a strong resemblance to the longhorn Prionoplus Reticularis (Huhu). The locality from which this material came was visited in January, 1932, and it was found that several -apparently sound, healthy trees were being seriously damaged. Affected trees showed large bore holes from which dust and frass were being ejected and forming prominent marks down the sides of the boles. Through the kindness of Mr. Montgomery an affected tree was felled and a portion brought to the School of Forestry where the insects concerned could be examined and studied. The damage proved to be the work of Ochrocydus huttoni, one of the two Prioninse listed for New Zealand, Although Ochrocydus bears a strong resemblance to Prionoplus, particularly in the larval and pupal stages, some doubt exists regarding the correctness of placing it in the subfamily Prioninae rather than in the Cerambycinae. References to 0. huttoni in the literature are extremely scanty. Hudson "Manual of N.Z..Insects," states "Closely allied to the above, (P. Reticularis) is 0. huttoni which may be at once known by its smaller size and plain elytra; it is very much scarcer than P. reticularis, but may occasionally be cut out of dead manuka trees in company with its larva." Although the adult can be readily recognised by those features referred to by Hudson, the larva and pupa are not so well known and little is known about the life-history. 0. huttoni has been recorded from several places in the North Island, mostly from the western portion of the Island. In the South Island it has been recorded from the Nelson area, Kaikoura, Waipara, and from Oxford in 1932. There seems to be considerable lack of information as to the types of trees attacked apart from beech and manuka. The Ochrocydus larva can be fairly easily distinguished from the Huhu grub by the heavily chitinized brown plates which cover the upper region of the thorax just behind the head, and by the appearance of the terminal segments of the body which are distinctly short, while those of the Huhu, particularly the last two, are comparatively long and


Background: Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) has been advocated as superior to conventional controlled analgesia with less risk to patients in cardiac surgery. In this double-blinded, randomized controlled trial, we tested whether the addition of Tramadol to morphine for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) resulted in improved analgesia efficacy and smaller morphine requirements compared with morphine PCA alone after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) surgery in adults. Methods: Seventy patients who were randomly allocated into two groups underwent anesthesia by Total IV anesthesia, midazolam, fentanyl and atracurim and, in end of surgery each group received morphine sulfat 0.2 mg/kg after arrived in ICU, morphin PCA was started with demand (bolus) dose 1mg, lockout interval 10 minutes. The Tramadol group after separated from cardiopulmonary bypass received an intra operative initial loading dose of Tramadol (1mg/kg) and a postoperative infusion of Tramadol at 0.2 mg• kg-1• h-1. The control group received an intra operative equivalent volume of normal saline and a postoperative saline infusion (placebo). The demographic data of both groups were the same. Post-operative data were recorded in the cardiac intensive care unit at 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 12 h and 24 h after extubation by the same anesthesiologist, who had no knowledge of the groups, and the side-effects were also evaluated. Results: Postoperatively, Tramadol was associated with improved subjective analgesic efficacy (P = 0.031) and there was significantly less PCA morphine use in the Tramadol group (P = 0.023). No differences between the groups were found with regard to nausea dizziness, itching, antiemetic use, sedation, or quality of recovery (all P > 0.05). Conclusions:We conclude that a Tramadol infusion combined with PCA morphine improves analgesia and reduces morphine requirements after cardiac surgery compared with morphine PCA alone.


We report three kinds of surface passivation for AlxInyAsSb APD, which are SiO2, SiO2 after sulfuration and SU8 2005 treatments. A good sidewall profile of mesas were etch by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) to 2.6μm depth. The order of dark current for device with SU8 passivation is less than -12 under the temperature of 100K. Dark current and photocurrent increase linearly with diameter of mesa. Also, the devices with different passivation methods produce photocurrent excited by incident power. The measurements are consistent with CV modeling and electric field simulations.


Abstract A copper-catalyzed O-methylation of carboxylic acids using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the methyl source is disclosed. This transformation exhibits a broad substrate scope and excellent functional group tolerance. Mechanistic studies indicate that a methyl radical is generated from dimethyl sulfoxide in the reaction process.


This article investigates neural and physiological correlates of simulator sickness (SS) through a controlled experiment conducted within a fully immersive dome projection system. Our goal is to establish a reliable, objective, and in situ measurable predictive indicator of SS. SS is a problem common to all types of visual simulators consisting of motion sickness‐like symptoms that may be experienced while and after being exposed to a dynamic, immersive visualization. It leads to ethical concerns and impaired validity of simulator‐based research. Due to the popularity of virtual reality devices, the number of people exposed to this problem is increasing and, therefore, it is crucial to find reliable predictors of this condition before any symptoms appear. Despite its relevance and the several theories about its origins, SS cannot yet be quantitatively modeled and predicted. Our results indicate that, while neural correlates did not materialize, physiological measures may be a solid early indicator of oncoming SS.


In current years, the traditional position of women have undergone some modification due to economic requirements, and some efforts were made to convey visibility and mainstreaming women's involvement to the overall growth and development of the social order. The State Government has taken initiatives to upliftment of economic stability of women. In light of the above dialogue and phenomenal of ongoing expansion of Sakhi Mandal Scheme, it is stated of economic point of view. Need to be reframed last one decade have seen a remarkable change in women's attitudes and thinking of economic empowerment has awakened from passivity to action in Kheda district. What has bought to change? This study analysis of the Sakhi Mandal programme to satisfy the various needs of urban and rural needy women of in Kheda district of Gujarat. The analysis of the data reveals that there is an entirety economic satisfaction with regards to working environment and Govt. policy for upliftment of economic empowerment of women.


In this paper, we discuss on reducing information systems from some aspects. Assuming that some classes are more important than the other in medical diagnosis, all the classes are divided into two groups by considering importance grades of classes. In reducing attributes, the accuracy measures of the important group should not be reduced, while those of the other group can be slightly reduced. Furthermore, introducing an order relation with regard to importance grades, the given information system is reformed so that predictive rules from reformed one are permissive for patients in medical diagnosis.


The type pf a personal name and the language system to which these names adhere to are two very significant components to determine the morphological pattern of a personal name. Arabic is a synthetic fusional language that allows morphological operations to be applied to the root itself as non-concatenative operations involved. This survey of morphology is precisely focused on the different ways of analyzing and describing the morphological patterns that Jordanian personal names follow through their formation process relying on the derivational and inflectional approaches. conventionally, we referred to the associations that make up various parts of lexeme as morphological patterns; thus, the current analysis revealed and identified the patterns in which Jordanian personal names fall including derivation processes; verbal nouns derived from trilateral, quadrilateral, and quinquiliteral verb roots, compounding, diminutivization, and reduplication; in addition to the inflectional processes including pluralization and personal names inflected for gender. It is quite obvious that Jordanian personal names could be morphologically classified as derived and inflected names besides each patterns involves a set of word's structure operations that mark a name as derivationally or inflectionally formulated.


Motivation
ALIGNSEC is a module within ANTHEPROT designed for the interactive display, edition and printing of large-scale multiple alignments integrating secondary structure predictions.

Availability and implementation
The ALIGNSEC module is part of the ANTHEPROT package (http://antheprot-pbil.ibcp.fr) which can be used freely for academic users. It is running on Windows Operating systems. For commercial use, please contact the author.

Contact
email@example.com.


The effect of stress ratio on fatigue crack growth(FCG) behavior of Ti40 alloy was analyzed. A unified approach,developed by VASUDEVAN and SADANANDA was used. The approach is based on the realization that fatigue requires two load parameters for unambiguous description. They are two fracture mechanics parameters:the maximum stress intensity factor Kmax and the stress intensity amplitude △K. The results show that there are two mechanisms controlling the FCG behavior of Ti40 alloy. The curves of the two mechanisms in trajectory map are similar. They deviate to Kmax axial more strongly compared with other titanium alloy,which indicates that Ti40 alloy is more sensitive to environment.


Learning Objectives: Burnout syndrome (BOS) is well described in multiple healthcare professions. Data on its prevalence in advanced practice providers (nurse practitioners and physician assistants) is limited. We sought to assess the prevalence and factors associated with BOS among advanced practice providers (APPs) serving patient populations across the lifespan in both inpatient and outpatient settings within a single tertiary academic healthcare system in the United States. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of APPs employed by a single tertiary academic healthcare system in the U.S. using the online platform Qualtrics. APPs within this system serve patient populations across the lifespan in multiple inpatient and outpatient settings. Information on demographics, patient population served, and practice setting was collected. BOS was assessed using the full 22-question Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and categorized as high, moderate, or low in three domains of emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and personal accomplishment (PA). Themes assessed included patient population, practice setting, demographics, personal health habits, perceived work-life balance, and sleep quality. Results: One hundred fifty-two responses were received, comprising a 43.8% response rate. Of the respondents, 58.4% serve only adult patients, 28.2% care for patients across the lifespan, and 13.4% serve pediatric patients exclusively. Practice site was reported as outpatient by 49%, inpatient by 32.5%, and dual by 18.5%. High burnout scores were found across all the domains: 44.2% scored high in emotional exhaustion, 18.5% scored high in depersonalization, and 36.9% scored low in personal accomplishment. APPs who practice in inpatient settings, higher acuity areas within inpatient settings, and who serve exclusively adult populations had higher scores in one of the domains. Statistically significant relationships were found between high scores in one or more domains and perceived levels of work-life balance, perceived quality of sleep, and age of the APP. Conclusions: This study identified a high prevalence of burnout among APPs in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Perceived work-life imbalance and poorer perceived quality of sleep were related with higher scores in one or more domains of the MBI.


SUBTITLE: WITH NO SIGNS OF SHORT-TERM RECOVERY TO THE DEPRESSION IN DRY CARGO VOLUMES, WHAT ACTIONS ARE THE TERMINALS ON THE GREAT LAKES AND ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY PLANNING TO TAKE.


Significance
 This is helping to insulate them from immediate political pressures relating to the pandemic crisis, but their hopes for spurring long-term economic recovery depend greatly on whether there will be further waves of infection.


Most of the PPMs have been seen as asymptomatic parenchymal "coin" lesions, ranging in size from 0.4 to 6.5 cm with a mild preponderance in elderly women.[5] However, some can be endobronchial, multiple, or symptomatic due to chest pain or hemoptysis.[6] A majority of the PPMs have been benign and show varies histomorpholgy like their central nervous system (CNS) counterparts; usually psammoma bodies are commonly encountered.[5,6] Hence, a video‐assisted wedge resection is ideal for peripheral lesions, whereas lobectomy is suitable for lesions located in the central lung. No recurrences were observed in long‐term follow‐up of these patients with benign PPMs. Very infrequently, some tumors may show atypical features or may be overtly malignant with metastases.[5,6]


The function of digital circuits is usually accomplished by CPLD. The function of integrated analog circuits realized with CPLD is discussed. Two methods of controlling the pulse width of monostable trigger are studied. One is realizing monostable trigger with external RC , the other is controlling the pulse width with external signal. The experimental results show that controlling the pulse width of monostable trigger with CPLD on the basis of full digital ciruits effectively helps the realization of miniaturization of laser fuse circuit system and increases the reliability of the circuits.


Terms of trade volatility has a strong negative effect on growth in developing countries. In this paper, I show that the cross-country variance in productivity growth can be explained by differential rates of technology adoption due to differing terms of trade volatility. Intuitively, high price volatility in one sector of a developing economy leads to volatility throughout the economy. In the model presented here, prices of non-traded goods endogenously co-move with the terms of trade in response to changing demand. Entrepreneurs face the choice of whether to invest in a risky technological adoption in an environment of uncertain demand. In countries where demand risk is higher, fewer entrepreneurs are willing to take the additional technology adoption risk. A closed-form solution for prices allows us to compute a simplified case of the model; I conclude by showing that the solution to the simplified model also solves the more general model.


Band offsets of the metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) capacitor with HfLaTaO/HfSiO stacked dielectric were investigated and determined in this work. First, equivalent-oxide-thickness (EOT) of HfLaTaO/HfSiO stacked dielectric was demonstrated to be around 1.0 nm. Then, a typical flatband voltage (Vfb) versus EOT plot was used to extract the work function (Φm) of Ta deposited on HfLaTaO/HfSiO stacked structure. Furthermore, the Φm of the Ta gate electrode deposited on HfLaTaO/interfacial layer stacked dielectric was estimated to be 4.25 eV. Since the optical energy bandgap (Egopt) is one of the most important physical parameters, the Egopt of HfLaTaO dielectric was extracted from the HfLaTaO/quartz substrate structure by optical absorption measurements. The results suggest that the Egopt of 5.5 eV for HfLaTaO dielectric was determined by extrapolating a linear part of the curve to the intercept on the energy axis. Moreover, the Schottky barrier height (ΦB) was extracted from the analysis of the temperature de...


We report resistivity measurements of a CrAs single crystal in a wide temperature range, with the specific aim to assess the applicability of the Bloch-Grüneisen formula for electron-phonon resistivity. We find that the resistance reaches a residual value at and its temperature dependence cannot be fitted only with a suitable Bloch-Grüneisen formula in the whole temperature range, even though we are able to calculate a well-defined transport Debye temperature. The observed temperature-dependent resistivity seems to suggest a non–phonon-mediated superconducting pairing, supporting a magnetic fluctuation mechanism as the likely glue for the superconducting coupling.


Summary Administration of testosterone propionate above physiological levels inhibits body weight gain of normal and castrated young adult rats. Inhibition in the normal rat appears in doses above 25 μg/day and in castrated rats at above 100 μg/day. In the castrated rat inhibition is preceded by increase in rate of body weight gain. Food consumption of both normal and castrated rats varied with changes in body weight.


The revival of practical religion in Holland has been accompanied, especially during later years, by a revived interest in Reformed Theology. Though the Calvinistic doctrines had never entirely lost their hold upon that part of the people to whom religion was a reality, still they were not recognized in their historical significance. With a beautiful naiveté, the theological tenets of which religious experience attested the truth, were accepted and maintained as positive facts. But this phase has now passed and the time arrived when theology, only kept alive by the inward power of the truth, awakes to the full consciousness of its antecedents and its future calling. That the influence of the old Calvinism is here reasserting itself admits of no doubt. There is a historical continuity between the movement of the present day and the past. This very recognition of the intellectual factor is distinctive of Calvinism. It is characteristic of this historical tendency also, that it has manifested itself in a renewed study of the old systems of Reformed theology, a sort of theological renaissance. The thread of development is taken up where it broke off. A thorough review of the work which the fathers did constitutes the basis of what the men of to-day are striving for.


We demonstrate a thermal emitter with spatial and dynamic tunability by using phase-transition material vanadium dioxide. Emissivity varies from 0.19 to 0.91 during the insulator-to-metal transition. Multi-level spatial control of thermal emission is also demonstrated.


It is necessary to correct one of the scaling exponents in the original article, for the case of irregularly shaped clusters and C = 1 (incommensurate lattice parameter, commensurate angle). In Sec. V, the exponent for this case was derived from a sum over a number of regularly shaped particles. This approach, however, results not in the exact value of the exponent, but in an upper bound. The friction in this case thus scales with contact area not necessarily with exponent 3/4, but with an exponent that lies between 3/4 and 1/4 (the value for C = 0). This does not affect the exponents for any of the other cases of commensurability or crystal shapes.


The paper carries on the force analysis of the crankshaft in the emulsion pump and establishes its strength and rigidity models and the dynamic model: analyzes the structural sensitivity and establishes the mathematic model for the dynamic optimum design, which takes the torsion amplitude as the objective function and the main shaft diameter; the crank diameter, the crankpin length and so on as the design variables; advances the optimum design for reducing the crankshaft torsion amplitude and acquiring the best design effects.


A three layers finite element model for repairing cracked metallic panel with composite patch bonded is set up.With the analysis of stress intensity factor near the crack tip of the cracked metallic panel,the influence of residual thermal stress on repairing cracked metallic panel with composite patch bonded is investigated.The conclusion is drawn in this paper that the residual thermo-stress on the single-repaired system is smaller than the double-repaired system.The influence of residual thermo-stress on the single-repaired system varies from the different ratio of crack length to the width of a cracked panel.The bigger the coefficient of thermal expansion of patch to panel is,the more the influence of residual thermo-stress on the repaired system.


AbstractThe regional coupled climate–chemistry/aerosol model (RegCM3) is used to investigate the difference in the spatial distribution of aerosol optical depth (AOD) between a strong summer monsoon year (SSMY; July 2003) and a weak summer monsoon year (WSMY; July 2002) under the actual- and same-emission scenarios. It is shown that the intensity of the Asian summer monsoon is primarily responsible for the AOD spatial distribution anomaly in midsummer over East Asia. Specifically, the AOD over southern China, upwind of the Asian summer monsoon, is greater in WSMY than in SSMY, but the opposite is observed for the AOD downwind over northern China and the Korean Peninsula. The AOD spatial distribution patterns simulated on the basis of the actual emission inventories for the SSMY and WSMY do not substantially differ from their counterparts that are based on the same emission inventory, confirming that the monsoon circulation, rather than local emissions or dry and wet deposition processes, is the predominan...


Small-scale fisheries dominate the fishing industry in Indonesia, and more than 90% of Indonesia's fishing vessel is estimated to be less than 30 GT. Small-scale fisheries issues could vary by region in Indonesia, based on their characteristics, so the government requires different and effective fisheries development programs and initiatives. Sibolga, North Sumatera, is a fisheries centre in Indonesia where small-scale fishers and industrial fishing vessels co-exist in the same port. For instance, the issues and management strategies addressed have to be approached in several different ways to develop sustainability. The purpose of this research is to examine the management of small-scale fisheries and their issues in the study area. The study was carried out in 2019. Primary and secondary data were used for this analysis. The analysis of data used a qualitative approach. Social and structural aspects should be discussed in the management of small-scale fisheries. Regulations are expected to raise the economic rents of small-scale fishing activities and, on the other hand, to apply a resource tax to small-scale fishermen adapted to current social and institutional conditions.


Pipeline blockage caused by hydrates and wax in subsea pipelines is a major hazard for flow assurance in the petroleum industry. When hydrates and wax coexist in a flow system, the plugging risk is more severe. The effects of wax on hydrate formation, agglomeration process, flow properties, and plugging mechanisms were studied in a high-pressure flow loop using water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion systems. The flow properties of the system with the presence of wax were entirely different from those of the system without wax under the same experimental conditions. Three types of plugging were observed in the flow loop: rapid plugging, transition plugging, and gradual plugging. The interaction relationships between wax crystals, water droplets, and hydrate particles and the formation of wax–hydrate aggregates were proposed based on the particle video measurement (PVM) probe observation and the analysis of the fluid viscosity. The mechanisms of different plugging scenarios were presented, which were highly correlated...


Preamble Taxation does not escape the effects of inflation. It too is distorted by the fall in value of the national currency. No problem would arise where a tax is applied to a simple base at a single rate, with no exemptions or allowances and without a significant time lag. This is however a rare case. Certainly so far as the British direct tax system is concerned there are usually multiple rates, thresholds and other allowances and, particularly in capital taxation, there may be significant gaps in time between the date of the imposition of the tax and the time when the tax becomes payable. For example the new rates of capital transfer tax announced on 26 October 1977 would apply to the estate of a person who dies in 1978, 1998 or in the next century or would do so but for the inevitable review which will be required mainly because of inflation arising between 1977 and the date of death. If this were not adjusted the heirs of the deceased would manifestly be required to pay more capital transfer tax than the Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1977 intended them to pay. A simple example will illustrate this.


Bringing a new tool to the arsenal of medications to treat type 2 diabetes, FDA recently approved the only once-weekly injectable pen for adults with type 2 diabetes—exenatide extended-release for injectable suspension (AstraZeneca, Bydureon Pen).


The relationship of socio-economic status (SES) and SES inequality to student achievement was explored using the 2009 PISA data for 65 countries. Student, school, and country level data were analyzed.  School level SES emerged as the strongest predictor of student achievement (even more important than the students' own SES).  When controlling for student SES, school SES, and school SES inequality, the SES inequality of the countries was more related to achievement than the mean SES of the countries. Among the higher SES countries, the relatively low SES and high SES inequality of the United States was more related to achievement. The educational policy implications from the findings were clear. Economics, in terms of SES and inequality, are related to student achievement. The SES of students and schools, and the SES inequality of a country provide a context for learning that needs further exploration and consideration by policymakers.


We study a robust portfolio optimization problem under model uncertainty for an investor with logarithmic or power utility. The uncertainty is specified by a set of possible Lévy triplets, that is, possible instantaneous drift, volatility, and jump characteristics of the price process. We show that an optimal investment strategy exists and compute it in semi‐closed form. Moreover, we provide a saddle point analysis describing a worst‐case model.


Different frequency spectral feature sub-sets of mill shell vibration and acoustical signals contain different information for modeling parameters of mill load. Selective ensemble modeling based on manipulate training samples can improve generalization performance of soft sensor model. Based on the former studies, we proposed a new dual layer selective ensemble learning strategy. At first, vibration and acoustical frequency spectral feature sub-sets are extracted and selected by the methods in literature [15]. Then, selective ensemble modeling method based on genetic algorithm and kernel partial least squares (GASEN-KPLS) is used to construct the first layer selective ensemble model for every feature sub-set. Finally, brand and band (BB) and adaptive weighting fusion (AWF) algorithm is use to select and combine the outputs of the first layer models to construct the second layer selective ensemble model. Results indicate that the proposed approach can perform reasonably well on estimate mill load parameters of a laboratory ball mill grinding process.


The automation industry is undergoing many changes. The fourth industrial revolution (Industrie 4.0) is the answer to changing markets and increasing quality requirements. Customers demand individualized products and smaller lot sizes. This requires the end-to-end digitalization of manufacturing processes and raises the need for system architectures for next-generation automation systems. Within the context of the national reference project BaSys 4, we researched a service-based architecture for the automation domain and integrated it with ongoing standardization activities. Service-oriented Architecture (SoA) is a proven architecture pattern from the domain of IT systems. It propagates reusable services that are orchestrated to create scalable applications. Our SoA is based on the concept of asset administration shells that realize digital twins, which are digital representations of production assets with unified interfaces that enable access to asset services and data. We explain and discuss realization concepts for digital twins, and illustrate our experiences with the transfer of the service-based architecture principle to the automation industry within the context of selected Industrie 4.0 use cases. We highlight solution approaches for the efficient realization of lot size 1 production as well as for creating digital twins of production assets, and discuss levels of Industrie 4.0 maturity.


The thermal conductivity of poly(trimethylene terephthalate-block-poly(tetramethylene oxide) copolymer (PTT-PTMO)–based nanocomposites filled with the hybrid system of nanofillers, including single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) is studied. At the same loading, SWCNT provided greater thermal conductivity enhancement when added to thermoplastic elastomer matrix when compared to GNP. Moreover, SEM images showed that SWCNT and GNP were well dispersed in PTT-PTMO, suggesting that in situ polymerization is a highly efficient method for preparing hybrid nanocomposites with low loading of carbon nanofillers. To further improve thermal conductivity of PTT-PTMO–based nanocomposites, a hybrid SWCNT/GNP was used. When the ratio of SWCNT to GNP was 5:1, i.e. 0.5 wt% of SWCNT and 0.1 wt% of GNP, the PTT-PTMO–based nanocomposites exhibited the highest thermal conductivity of 0.30 W/m·K, higher than that filled with SWCNT and GNP alone. This suggests that the combination of two types of nanofillers, which differ in shape, allows obtaining the synergistic effect for the thermal conductivity enhancement of PTT-PTMO.


The tire valve structure and the semi-finished materials forming characteristics of high efficiency diesel engine have been analyzed.Aiming at the hydraulic system of 160kN electric upsetter for large-scale tire valve semi-finished materials of diesel engine for ship,the composition,the principle of design and the control characteristics of hydraulic control system have been explained.The adjusting method and protection measure of electric upsetting process which satisfy tire valve of the different model uprated engine have been analyzed.


Throughout recent years, various sequential Monte Carlo methods, i.e. particle filters, have been widely applied to various applications involving the evaluation of the generally intractable stochastic discrete-time filter. Although convergence results exist for finite-time intervals, a stronger form of convergence, namely, uniform convergence, is required for bounding the error on an infinite-time interval. In this paper we prove easily verifiable conditions for the filter applications that are sufficient for the uniform convergence of certain particle filters. Essentially, the conditions require the observations to be accurate enough. No mixing or ergodicity conditions are imposed on the signal process.


Cerebral folate deficiency (CFD) is a severe neurometabolic encephalopathy including psychomotor retardation, autistic-like behaviour, decelerated head growth, ataxia, hypotonia, spasticity, dyskinesia and early onset epilepsy. It is typically associated with low levels of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5MTHF) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and normal systemic folate metabolism. To date, two aetiologies of primary CFD have been described (mutations in Folate receptor 1 [FOLR1] gene and production of folate receptor blocking ⁄ binding autoantibodies), while secondary CFDs have been coupled with several genetic and acqu ired disorders (1–3). We report on a 6.5-year-old boy with a new clinical variant of CFD. This boy was born after an uneventful pregnancy and delivery from two nonconsanguineous parents coming from Southern Italy. His two younger brothers were normal. At birth, weight, length and head circumference were normal (3.9 kg, 53 and 36 cm, respectively). His early psychomotor development was unremarkable until 6 months of age, when failure to thrive, a slowing down of head growth and a progressive developmental delay were observed. The child was able to walk unsupported at the age of 3 years, but both communication skills and language remained severely retarded. As the age of 5 years, he has suffered from recurrent fierce and compulsive self-injurious behaviour (SIB) (rapid and stereotyped head hitting with hands or foot), which was triggered by selective but inconsistent environmental changes or somewhat frustrating experiences. On examination, at the age of 6 years ⁄ 8 months, he showed: microcephaly (head circumference 49.5 cm; <3rd percentile), delayed growth (weight 16 kg, <3rd percentile; length 110 cm, <10th percentile), ligamentous laxity and mild muscular hypotrophy and hypotonia. He was severely intellectually disabled, and his finalistic activity was restricted to SIBs. Nevertheless, his social responsiveness and language comprehension were relatively preserved and were not compatible with the diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorder. Brain MRI showed a thin left hippocampal cortex, while brain H-MRS was normal. We failed to demonstrate any other known cause of primary or secondary CFD. Peripheral folate deficiency and dihydrofolate reductase deficiency associated with CFD were excluded because of normal blood folate concentration and lack of megaloblastic anaemia ⁄ pancytopenia. Diseases such as Lesch-Nyhan, Rett, X-Fragile, Smith-Magenis and GLUT1 deficiency syndromes, as well as any other disease compatible with the patient's phenotype, were each excluded by specific molecular and ⁄ or metabolic testing. Array-CGH (Agilent 44 k, 100 kb resolution) was normal. CSF examination of the latest fractions of the sample collected by lumbar puncture revealed undetectable 5-methylenetetrahydrofolate (5MHTF), increased biopterin (16.3 lg ⁄ L, r.v. 2.4–7.1), normal neopterin, and mildly increased 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (HIAA) (228 nmol ⁄ L, r.v. 68–220) and homovanillic acid (HVA) (665 nmol ⁄ L, r.v. 137–582). CSF and blood amino acids, blood homocysteine and folate, and urine pterins were all normal. Dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) enzyme activity in red blood cells was normal. No pathogenic mutations were found in methyltetrahydrofolate reductase or in FOLR1 genes sequencing, and negative FOLR1 blocking ⁄ binding autoantibodies were assayed. Calcium folinate pentahydrate treatment (15 mg twice in a week) was carried out for 3 months leading to raised CSF 5MHTF values [35 nmol ⁄ L (r.v. 41–117)], while biopterin kept markedly increased (16.4 lg ⁄ L; r.v. 2.4–7.1) and biogenic amines remained slightly above average (5-HIAA 288 nmol ⁄ L, r.v. 68–220; HVA 698 nmol ⁄ L, r.v. 137–582). CSF amino acids were again normal. No obvious clinical improvement occurred under folate supplementation. SIB proved to be resistant to several symptomatic treatments (trazodone, quetiapine, naltrexone), while it further worsened under risperidone, according with previously reported cases in which this medicament was associated with folinic acid (4). Developmental delay, mental disability, acquired microcephaly, severe SIB and undetectable 5MTHF in CSF with a remarkable increase in biopterin are, respectively, the clinical and biochemical hallmarks of the new variant of CFD that we highlighted in our patient. Epilepsy and autistic-like features are notably absent in this context. No similar patterns have been previously reported. The increase in CSF biopterin suggests DHPR or sepiapterin reductase deficiency. These conditions result in CSF 5-HIAA and ⁄ or HVA decrease, which, on the contrary, were increased in our case, and hyperphenylalaninemia (DHPR deficiency), that was not found in our patient (5). The pattern of biochemical alterations in our case would suggest a dysregulation in biogenic amine homoeostasis, whose link with the severe folate depletion, if any, remains unexplained. Monoaminergic dysregulation is common in disorders presenting SIB, and the potential role of dopaminergic limbic circuitry in the pathogenesis of SIB has been recently underscored (6). In our case, folate supplementation nearly restored CSF folate pool with no aftermath neither on biopterin or biogenic amine concentrations nor in SIB.


It is shown that a sufficient condition for the likelihood function of a zero-mean Gaussian random vector with covariance R from some class of covariances R to be unbounded above over the set of positive-definite matrices in R is that some singular R/sub o/ exists in R whose range space contains the data. The results obtained imply that, for the spectrum estimation problem in which R is the class of Toeplitz covariances and only one long observation vector is available, by constraining the maximum-likelihood estimation problem to the class of Toeplitz matrices with nonnegative definite circulant extensions, a positive-definite solution is guaranteed to exist. >


The article discusses current approaches to predicting public health indicators in Russia and different countries of the world community. The theoretical basis for such an analysis included scientific publications, statistical indicators, and data from various news agencies. The authors used such methods as comparative analysis, experience study and generalization, and bibliographic method. Considering current demographic trends, the results of this study are particularly significant, which can be used by health authorities in the development and formation of new programs and guidelines at the regional level.


To study the cooking property of the Motuo stone casserole of Tibet,the chemical composition,the metal elements released during cooking and the change of amino acid composition of the food after cooking were analyzed.The experiments showed that the chemical compositions of the Motuo stone casserole and the traditional Sha-Pot are almost the same,but the proportion of each component is different.In addition,Cr,Cl,Ni,S,P are only found in the Motuo stone casserole.The experiments showed that the soup prepared by Motuo stone casserole contained higher concentration of essential metal ions.The experiments also showed that the Motuo stone casserole can help protein hydrolysis,which lead to the increment of the concentration of amino acids,in particular,the concentration of the essential amino acids which have greater nutritional value.In conclusion,Tibet Motuo stone casserole has good application value due to its unique cooking property.


A hybrid vehicle has a powershift transmission having two input clutches 40, 45 wherein a method of performing a gearshift from a current gear to a target gear comprises in step 100 disengaging one clutch 40, in step 102 releasing a drive connection between the current gear and an output 24, in step 104 opening the other clutch 45, in step 116, for example, disengaging fifth gear and engaging third gear, in step 118 use an electric machine 22 (e.g. ERAD) to produce torque at the output 24, in step 126 torque transfer from the electric machine 22 to the clutch 45 occurs and in step 130 the clutch 45 is fully engaged. An integrated starter/generator (CISG) (18, fig 1) may be provided and the electric machine 22 may be an electric rear wheel axle which provides torque and regenerative recovery of kinetic energy through braking.


Slow light in SOI Slotted Photonic Crystal Waveguides (SPCW) infiltrated by a refractive liquid are investigated. By employing an interferometric technique similar to Optical Coherent Tomography (OCT), we report a group velocity lower than c/20 over a 1 mm-long SPCW. From the OCT measurements, we also infer moderate propagation losses. In the fast light regime (nG <10) propagation loss is about 15 dB.cm-1. Moreover, the coupling to slow modes is efficient. These results show that infiltrated slow light SPCW are a promising route to silicon organic hybrid photonics.


In December 2019, an increasing number of cases of novel coronavirus (2019nCoV) that were linked to seafood wholesale market have identified in Wuhan, China. Taxonomist declared 2019-nCoV as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease termed as COVID-19. Importantly, there is no approved drugs or vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Current review is related to address treatment option for COVID-19. Interferon-β have shown significant activity against previous outbreak of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Faced with an ongoing pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 and lack of effective treatment options, identifying compounds with antiviral activity has become a high priority. Efficacy of these treatments is still unclear. Therefore, final analysis is important to develop better treatment strategies for ongoing pandemic. Antiviral agents and interferon-β against coronavirus In late December 2019, a cluster of patients with pneumonia of unknown etiology were identified in Wuhan, Hubei province, China that were epidemiologically linked to a seafood wholesale market.1 The pathogen has been recognized as a novel-coronavirus (2019-nCoV), later taxonomist declared as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that cause the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).2,3 As of May 02, 2020, the ongoing pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 infection has led to 32,67184 laboratory confirmed cases and 2,29971 deaths across the globe.4 Up to date, neither vaccine nor specific antiviral agent is developed for coronavirus infection, so it is a major issue for scientist to find effective antiviral agent to treat this infection. Scientists are struggling to find antiviral agent to treat this disease. Trials thus far has revealed on some agent including, traditional Chinese medicines, natural products, chloroquine phosphate, ribavirin, arbidol, lopinavir/ritonavir and interferon α that demonstrated preliminary efficacy against SARS-CoV.5 Scientific attention is required towards specific antiviral agent against COVID-19. A literature search was performed using database PubMed and Google scholar on previous studies especially studies conducted on previous outbreak of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Search term included SARSCoV treatment with interferon-β, MERSCoV treatment with interferon-β, effect of interferon-β on SARS-CoV and, MERSCoV and antiviral activity of interferon-β on SARS-CoV-2. Case reports, letters and duplicate publication were excluded. We mainly focus on original article that specific to our aims of interest were included. Finally 10 studies were cited that subject to interpretation in current context that are mentioned. There is relevant information regarding antiviral agent from the previous 2002-03 outbreak of SARS-CoV in China and 2012 outbreak of MERS in Saudi Arabia. In these studies interferon-β were potent inhibitors that show in-vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 500 IU/mL.6 Interferonβ showed Strong anti-MERS-CoV activity with an IC50 value of 1.37 U mL–1 and IC90 value of 38.8 U mL–1. This result provides strong support for the usage of Interferon-β against SARS-CoV.7 On the basis of these information it is acknowledged that Interferon-β may be a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus-2 replication. Interferons-β have broad spectrum antiviral efficacy against Ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses, which act by mediating adaptive immune response with induction of an antiviral response.8 IFNs play a major role in patients with various respiratory infection due to their immunomodulatory properties. The role of Interferons in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis have significant. Interferon decrease messenger RNA levels of pro-fibrotic cytokines transforming growth factor (TGF-β1), so reduced expression of TGF-β1 cause reduction in amount of fibrosis.9 Interferons-β production leads to induction of interferon stimulated genes which encode for a various antiviral activity.10 Clinically Interferons-β have been approved for use in the therapy of hepatitis B and hepatitis C viral infections. Additionally interferons-β are currently assessed in a clinical trial to treat MERS coronavirus and therefore it is suggested for the treatment of COVID-19.11 Other coronaviruses MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV are closely related to SARSCoV-2 that showing similar properties but some variation in their pathology, epidemiology and some of their proteins.12 Interferons-I therapy has been studied against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. IFNβ1a or IFN-β1b are the most potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Administration of Interferons-β have protective activity in the lung by regulating cluster of differentiation-73 (CD-73) in lung endothelial cells with maintenance of endothelial barrier function and secretion of anti-inflammatory adenosine.11 IFN-β exhibit strong efficacy, with EC50 value of 1.37 to 17 IU/mL against MERS-CoV replication. Similarly to lopinavir/ritonavir, clinical improvements with Interferons-β were observed in MERS-CoV infection.13 Further studies should be performed to clarify the potential clinical benefit of prescribing Interferons-β for coronavirus infections. Still, the efficacy of these therapy is still unknown against SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, additional studies are needed to clarify the potential clinical benefit of IFN-β against COVID-19. Geriatric Care 2020; volume 6:9093 Correspondence: Faiz Ul Haq, Department of Microbiology University of Health Sciences Lahore; Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology University of Swat, Pakistan. Tel.: +923155747346. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


tag=1 data=How a mate of the rich and powerful fell from grace. by Ali Cromie

tag=2 data=Cromie, Ali

tag=3 data=Business Review Weekly,

tag=6 data=27 September 1991

tag=7 data=44-50.

tag=8 data=BIOGRAPHIES

tag=10 data=At the peak of his career Warren Anderson was planning projects worth billions of dollars. Then the property market collapsed, and the big-league developer has had to struggle. These days he is spending more time in Indonesia wooing financiers.

tag=11 data=1991/3/12

tag=12 data=91/1011

tag=13 data=CAB

tag=32 data=ANDERSON, WARREN


Multi-sensor fusion of data from maritime surveillance assets provides a consolidated surveillance picture that provides a basis for downstream semi-automated anomaly-detection algorithms. The fusion approach that we pursue in this paper leverages technology previously developed at NURC for undersea surveillance. We provide illustrations of the potential of these techniques with data from recent at-sea experimentation.


In the course of investigations of electronic processes on laser excited semiconductor surfaces cleaved in ultrahigh vacuum, we have discovered the accumulation of Ga islands on GaAs (110) induced by laser pulse fluences far below those previously reported for irreversible surface modification.1 We have characterized these islands by core and valence photoelectron spectroscopy and by scanning electron microscopy. The photoemission spectra show a satellite of lower binding energy in the Ga 3d spectra which grows along with a metallic edge in the band gap. Because the Ga islands can be produced at fluences as low as 1 mJ/cm2, for which the lattice temperature rise is insignificant, as described below, it is evident that a photochemical decomposition of the GaAs surface is occurring.


Objective:To study if prenatal exposure to sidestream cigarette smoke influences the expres-sion of surfactant protein A(SP-A)and surfactant protein B(SP-B)mRNAs in the lung of rat pups.Meth-ods:Sprague-Dawley rats on pregnant day1,8and15were exposed to sidestream cigarette smoke in a whole-body exposure chamber for2h each day.The pups were delivered by cesarean section on the20th day of gestation.Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)was used to evaluate relative amount of SP-A and SP-B mRNAs expression.Results:The relative amount of SP-A and SP-B mRNAs in the lung of rat pups did not show any significant difference between the control and smoke-exposed groups at any exposure point.Conclusions:The results indicate that prenatal exposure to sidestream smoke does not in-fluence the expression of SP-A and SP-B mRNAs.


Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of worldwide significance in human being and many animals. This zoonotic disease causes infection in cats and other pet animals and human's health. This study have been performed for detection of sero and evaluation of sero Microscopic Agglutination Test (M groups (31 household cats and 40 stray cats) were collected. Specimens were examined through M.A.T, against antigens of serovars: canicola, grippotyphosa, icterohaemorrhagiae, pomona, hardjo, autumnalis, ballum. Leptospira pomuna. The antibody titer was not observed against more than one serovar in any cats. Among the household cats, 6 of them showed suspicious titer (+2), whi grippotyphosa serovar and one cat against hardjo serovar. Among the stray cats 6 of them showed suspicious titer (+2), exactly same as household group. With attention to the lack of regular and annual vaccination of household an are accurate. Fortunately, infection percentage at Tabriz is low in contrast of other part of Iran. It seems that lack of suitable conditions and climates for growing of these organisms i important preventive mechanism or Leptospirosis in cats is initially rare and appears to be mild although very little is known about the disease in this species.


Growing importance in corporate environmental reporting has undermined the metrics for its examination. Any such metrics are useful in measuring the effectiveness of reports. The main aim of the study in this paper is to examine and analyze the corporate environmental reports (N=539) using data mining approach. The assessment technique implemented in this study is in line with Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) disclosures. Our findings show that the data mining approach is a reliable and robust measurement. Further findings suggest that reports addressing the criteria differ from the nature of business. The study reveals the growing importance of addressing the various stakeholder groups, industrial base approach and organizational strategies in sustainable reporting.


AbstractFreshwater runoff to fjords with marine-terminating glaciers along the Greenland Ice Sheet margin has an impact on fjord circulation and potentially ice sheet mass balance through increasing heat transport to the glacier front. Here, the authors use the high-resolution (5.5 km) HIRHAM5 regional climate model, allowing high detail in topography and surface types, to estimate freshwater input to Godthabsfjord in southwest Greenland. Model output is compared to hydrometeorological observations and, while simulated daily variability in temperature and downwelling radiation shows high correlation with observations (typically >0.9), there are biases that impact the results. In particular, overestimated albedo leads to underestimation of melt and runoff at low elevations.In the model simulation (1991–2012), the ice sheet experiences increasing energy input from the surface turbulent heat flux (up to elevations of 2000 m) and shortwave radiation (at all elevations). Southerly wind anomalies and declining ...


Hard anodic oxidation film was prepared on the surfaces of the aluminum alloy parts of a reciprocating piston-type oxygen compressor to increase the wear resistance and prolong the service life. The factors affecting the properties of the anodic oxidation film were analyzed using statistics method, and the methods for the measurement of the thickness and microhardness of the anodic oxidation film were established. As the results, it was feasible to acquire reliable data for the study of novel anodic oxidation process for aluminum alloys.


Objective To investigate protective effects of ulinastatin(UTI)on the patients under- going perioperative controlled hypotension(CH).Methods 40 patients of elective surgery with ASA gradeⅡ-Ⅲunder CH were divided into two groups:UTI group(n=20),receiving ulinastatin[200,000 U in 20 mL physiological salt solution by intravenous infusion(about 10 min)before CH,and an addition of the same dosage to the patients undergoing CH more than 4 hours]and control group(n=20),not receiviag uli- nastatin.β-glucuronidase(β-GCD),granalocyte elastase(Gel),fibronectin(Fn),inflammatory cytokines and the indexes of renal and hepatic function were measured before and after CH respectively.Results Af- ter CH,the levels of Gel,β-GCD,IL-6,IL-8,TNF-α,AST,ALT,u-γ-GTP,u-NAG and u- RBP were all obviously lower in UTI group than in control group respectively(all P<0.05),while the level of Fn was obviously higher in UTI group than in control group(P<0.05).Conclusions Ulinastatin in the patients undergoing penoperative CH can provide effective protection for the organism by inhibitingβ-GCD activity,Gel and inflammatory cytokines levels and increasing Fn level.


Cu-Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalysts for dimethyl ether steam reforming(DME SR) were prepared by the deposition precipitation method(DP) and incipient wet impregnation method(IM),respectively.Effects of the preparation methods on the catalytic performances were investigated by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET),NH3 temperature-programmed desorption(NH3-TPD),H2 temperatureprogrammed reduction(H2-TPR) and X-ray diffraction(XRD).The results showed that the DP method was superior to the IM method for the catalyst prepared by DP method had stronger surface acidity and the better copper dispersion.The catalysts prepared by the DP method had better activity and stability.


Analyzing the effect of variations in the parameters of an optimization model is often as important as actually obtaining a fixed point optimal solution. In the context of control, where information is continuously updated through sensors and measurements, being able to re-optimize, fast, reliably and robustly, is indeed essential. For the first time a complete theory, multi-parametric programming, for the full characterization of the effect of uncertainty and variability in optimization programs has become available, based on which the complete road-map of the optimal solutions, as a function of varying parameters, can be obtained. Also for the first time, a complete theory for the derivation of explicit control solutions in model-based on-line optimization applications has been proposed, based on which advanced model-based controllers can be developed, tested and validated prior to any real on-line implementation. These novel and exciting developments are described in detail in these two excellent book volumes. The two volumes, which are part of a book series in process systems engineering (by Wiley-VCH) that the authors are editing, is based on the authors' original and pioneering work at the Centre for Process Systems Engineering at Imperial College in London. The theory, algorithms and applications of multi-parametric programming is the subject of Volume 1. For major classes of optimization programs, involving a linear, nonlinear or mixed continuous and integer optimization model, an objective function, a set of constraints, and in which a number of parameters vary between lower and upper bounds, the theory of multi-parametric programming results in explicit analytical, exact or approximate, expressions of the objective function and the optimization variables as a function of the varying parameters, and the corresponding regions (in the space of parameters) where these expressions are valid. Volume 1 starts with theory and algorithms for multi-parametric linear and quadratic programs and more complexity is systematically introduced in subsequent chapters. In particular, multiparametric convex nonlinear programs, mixed-integer linear, mixed-integer quadratic, mixed


Background: Private non-allopathic practitioners are often the first point of medical care for low-income populations in India, and likely encounter a sizeable number of tobacco-users. While there is evidence that physicians' advice for tobacco cessation enhances quit rates among tobacco users, little is known about tobaccocessation knowledge, attitudes and practices of private nonallopathic practitioners.


The adsorption of diethyldithiophosphate (DTP) from its aqueous solutions has been studied on cuprous sulphide (chalcocite) surfaces by measuring the characteristic changes in the positions and relative integrated intensities of C 1s, P 2p, S 2p, O 1s and Cu 2p3/2 XPS lines and by observing the changes in the in situ internal reflection IR (infrared) spectra at various stages of adsorption. A multistage model is suggested for DTP adsorption on a freshly formed chalcocite surface. During adsorption components preadsorbed on the surface are removed. The DTP ions are initially distributed on the surface without any special orientation but later form islands. The degree of orientation increases with coverage and later, a well oriented close packed monolayer is found. When the adsorption continues beyond this stage the additionally deposited molecules form a randomly oriented layer on the close packed oriented monomolecular layer.


This paper carries out analysis and comparison of the strong and weak points of free space laser communications and microwave communications, describes the key technologies of free-space laser communication system, and introduces the status quo and developing tendency in the field of free-space laser communication in several main countries.


Introduction: Functional abdominal symptoms are very common and account for nearly two million primary care consultations in Britain every year and produce significant morbidity. The aims of this study were to evaluate the impact of two self-help interventions on consultation rates and symptom severity in patients with a primary care diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome. Methods: A total of 420 patients from 54 primary care centres were randomised either to receive self-help information in the form of a guidebook or the guidebook plus a "self-help" group meeting or to be in a control group receiving neither intervention. Data were collected using questionnaires and primary care records. Results: At one year, patients in the guidebook group had a 60% reduction in primary care consultations (p<0.001) and a reduction in perceived symptom severity (p<0.001) compared with controls. Allocation to the self-help group conferred no additional benefit. Actual symptom scores did not change significantly in any group. Costs per patient were reduced by £73 (confidence interval £43, £103) or 40% per year. Conclusion: Introduction of a self-help guidebook results in a reduction in primary care consultations, a perceived reduction in symptoms, and significant health service savings. This suggests that patients attending their primary care physician with functional abdominal symptoms should be offered self-help information as part of their management.


Recent studies have revealed that the prevalence of Wolbachia in arthropods is attributable not only to its vertical transmission, but also to its horizontal transfer. Horizontal transmission of Wolbachia in the host/parasite community was assessed between the honeybee subspecies Apis mellifera carnica and its ectoparasite Varroa destructor, because Wolbachia has been implicated in reproductive alterations in many insects. We frrst report the vectorial horizontal transmission of Wolbachia in these host/parasite community, detected by diagnostic PCR amplification of the 168 rDNA genes followed by direct sequencing. Identical sequences were found in these host/parasite communities suggesting horizontal transmission of Wolbachia. Interestingly, the infected bees may transmit Wolbachia transovarially making it abundant worldwide.


The emission spectrum of PN has been rephotographed at high resolution in the spectral region 2200 to 3100 A. The bands analyzed involve ν′ = 0–10 to ν″ = 0–11 transitions of the A1Π–X1Σ+ system of which only a few of the strongest bands have previously been reported at low and medium resolution. From a rotational analysis of the spectrum, new perturbations in the ν′ = 0, 2, 3, and 7 levels of they'll have been observed. A deperturbation study of these levels as well as a previously reported perturbation in the ν′ = 1 identify the perturbing states as 3Δ perturbing A1Π, ν = 0 and 3Σ− perturbing A1Π, ν = 2 and 3; both states arising from the 1π42π37σ23π configuration. Molecular constants for the perturbing states are obtained in addition to improved molecular constants for the A1Π state.


WT5BZ]The implication of karst is evolutive, which develops from decription of surface appearances of a region,geographical names, scientific terms, being a branch of discipline, finally to expression of an eco environment related to human exploitation, represented in classical karst areas.The four development stages of the implication of karst can be divided into: (1) before the 18th century karst is a geograhpical name representing the presenting stony, waterless and forestless landscapes like a desert, and this is its original meaning. (2)from the 19th century to the early 20th century, karst is a type of scientific term which reflects a type of superficical and underground topography and a developing process. Karst also began to become a branch of geo sciences, and the traditional contents of karst study began to appear. (3) From the first 50 years of the 20th century to the 1970's special man land relations were recognized. (4) since the 1960's, the nature of karst ecosystem has been further studied, intrinsic mechanisms of special ecosystem have been found out, and karst has also been used as a name expressing vulnerable and self destructive ecosystems. Karst system which we live in and care for is a social, economic and natural system. This idea is the most important in the karst implications and provides a theoretical base and some practical examples for karst environmental caring.The problems of environment and development in karst areas come from the compatibility or conflict between human needs and karst resource systems. The environmental problems in karst area can be divided into three kinds: periods of delveopment of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry; periods related to development of traditional industry and periods of development of modern industry and city groups. All of these problems are dynamic. The realization of karst environment caring depends on the human ablility to make natural karst systems into a social economic natural system in which the multi values, aesthetic, economic,ecological and scientific karst systems are rationally used. The history of classical karst landscapes is an explaiming.


Jacobian if k is a field of characteristic zero and A ---> A is a polynomial map Jacobian determinant is a non-zero constant, o has a polynomial inverse. A conjecture, the "real Jacobian conjecture", if k and the Jacobian determinant of o is non-vanishing, o is a global homeomorphism on I 2. This by S. to by the following counter-example:


This paper identifies and examines problems with implementing a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) in the Department of Defense (DOD). Some of these issues, such as certificate revocation list (CRL) distribution and technological immaturity have been noted in official DOD documentation and other studies without solution. Others such as directory management and operations in a tactical environment have been examined elsewhere. Here the problems of e-mail encryption and access control are discussed. Several solutions to these problems such as policy changes and PKI architecture modification are suggested. Yet the overall conclusion is that DOD PKI in its planned configuration will not achieve its operational objectives and may introduce security vulnerabilities and bureaucratic confusion where none existed before. Abstract This paper identifies and examines problems with implementing a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) in the Department of Defense (DOD). Some of these issues, such as certificate revocation list (CRL) distribution and technological immaturity have been noted in official DOD documentation and other studies without solution. Others such as directory management and operations in a tactical environment have been examined elsewhere. Here the problems of e-mail encryption and access control are discussed. Several solutions to these problems such as policy changes and PKI architecture modification are suggested. Yet the overall conclusion is that DOD PKI in its planned configuration will not achieve its operational objectives and may introduce security vulnerabilities and bureaucratic confusion where none existed before.


Purpose
The leakage problem caused by machining error, assembly error, wearing and thermal deformation has been the main factor hindering the development of scroll compressor. This paper aims to investigate the lubrication characteristics of radial clearance and further optimize the radial clearance, which can reduce the leakage in the tangential direction of the working chamber.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper establishes a model of radial clearance oil film lubrication in scroll compressor. And, the method to solve the Reynolds and energy equations is presented, as well as the dimensionless and discretization by finite element difference method. To verify the established model, performance experiment of scroll compressor for electric vehicle air conditioning system is also carried out.

Findings
Based on the presented model, the temperature field and distribution of the oil film in the radial clearance are analyzed. And the influence of the structural parameter on the radial clearance is further discussed. The optimum radial clearance could be achieved at β = 40°–42°, where the orbiting scroll is in the state of rotary balance. And, the simulation results coincide well with the experimental results.

Originality/value
This work provides an effective model to evaluate the lubrication characteristics of radial clearance in scroll compressor, which can provide guidance for the design of scroll compressor.


Taking the flood-drainage culvert in Chongqing as example,the paper adopts the ANSYS simulation and forecasts the arch culvert structure,the displacement of bearing stratum,the stresses and the distribution of the plastic areas with various thicknesses,and concludes some good results,so as to provide the theoretical reference for identifying the final filled soil's thickness.


Background: Reports linking high pancreatic enzyme dosages with bowel stricturing in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) led us to review our policy for pancreatic enzyme supplementation. Methods: Twenty-five prepubertal children with CF, aged 3–10 years, underwent a programme of pancreatin reduction. They were encouraged to decrease their enzyme intake by matching their pancreatin dose more closely to fat intake. Patients were reviewed at regular intervals by a paediatric dietician who promoted nutrition aiming for an energy intake of 120–150% of the estimated average requirement (EAR) and > 120% of the upper reference nutrient intake (URNI) for protein. Growth during the 12 months prior to enzyme restriction was compared with the subsequent year's growth. Results: The initial mean pancreatin dose of 26 446 uLipase kg−1 day−1 (range 7305–53 088) was reduced to 12 583 uLipase kg−1 day−1 (range 4705–32 051). Growth was sustained on the lower enzyme dose (mean height velocity: 5.75±1.1 cm yr−1 vs. 6.12±1.4 cm yr−1, P> 0.05). There was a small but significant improvement in mean weight gain post pancreatin reduction (3.14±1.5 kg yr−1) compared with the preceding year (2.12±1.1 kg yr−1, P< 0.01). Nutritional analysis, including a 3-day food diary and measurement of nutritional indices, showed that energy, protein and micronutrient intakes were maintained. Children were not forced to alter their intake of dietary fat by the reduction in pancreatin dose.Conclusions: A substantial reduction in pancreatin dosage can be achieved without an adverse effect on either growth or nutrition.


Artificial photosynthesis is considered as one of the most promising strategies for solar-to-fuel conversion through sunlight-driven water splitting and CO2 reduction. This tutorial describes recent developments in the use of metal quaterpyridine complexes as electrocatalyts and photocatalysts for artificial photosynthesis.


In the present study, we have synthesized copper/copper‐oxide nanoparticles by laser ablation of copper metal in aqueous solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The focused output of 1064 nm wavelength of pulsed Nd:YAG laser is used for ablation. The synthesized nanoparticles are characterized by UV‐visible absorption, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy techniques. The synthesis of copper/copper oxide nanoparticles are confirmed by XRD and Raman studies. The possible mechanism of nanoparticle formation is also discussed.


An aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC), usually considered a reactive lesion of bone rather than a cyst or true neoplasm, is believed to represent an exaggerated, localized, proliferative response of vascular tissue in bone. The case described here is of a 40-year-old female patient presenting with gradually increasing bilateral mandibular swelling of more than 1 year duration. The radiographic and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images showed bilateral, multilocular expansile radiolucent lesions in the mandible in the premolar-molar region. On considering the blood aspirate obtained and the histopathologic findings, the patient was diagnosed with bilateral aneurysmal bone cysts in the mandible, with probable pre-existing bone lesion.


The data transmission process in cyber-physical system (CFS) with wireless communication channels between cyber-physical objects (CFO) is studied in the article. In the presence of obstacles (mechanical and electromagnetic),zero direct visibility or exceeding the allowable distance between CFO (Wi-Fi communication modules of unmanned vehicles – UMV – and/or mobile devices) that need to share data, it is necessary to take measures to restore broken communication line or to stabilization of the data transmission rate. The method for regularly radio situation overriding in CFS coverage area is proposed. The stability of wireless communication is achieved by changing energy and frequency characteristics of the communication line between CFO, as well as through the use of intermediate CFO as the signal transmitters. An algorithm for performing the specified settings depending on the model of used cyber-physical components, the distance between CFO and the delay of time interval is described. The full-scale experiment in the field using real hardware and software and with the presence of electromagnetic interference has been recreated to verify the algorithm. It is shown that for certain set of initial parameters, reducing a Wi-Fi module maximum power by 50 % improves the quality of communication in almost 8 times. Assessment of changes in the data transmission rate depending on the number of retransmissions is conducted. The stability performances of data transmission rate up to 90 %are improved by transition of communication line to another frequency range with less interference and introduction of signal retransmission function using intermediate CFO. The direction of future research is dependent on trends in the market of construction materials for UMV and computer components with built-in Wi-Fi communication modules.


A new type of simple and compact three degree of freedom parallel large-travel nano-piezoelectric stage is designed. First, a two-stage rhombus displacement amplifying mechanism is designed as the drive unit of the platform, and a spatially orthogonal arrangement is adopted. Then, based on four drive units with the same structure and located at the four corners of the base, a z-θx-θy stage with large displacement is designed. Finally, the static performance of the platform is tested by finite element simulation. The result shows that the travel of the platform along the z, θx and θy directions are 226.7 µm, 2.53 mrad and 2.56 mrad, respectively, and the natural frequencies are 251.81 Hz, 261.46 Hz and 261.46 Hz, respectively.


Preface Introduction Current State of the Steel Industry U.S. Production and Employment North American and Global Steel Industry Consolidation Arcelor Mittal: Global Industry Giant North American Restructuring Affects Other U.S. Companies Building New U.S. Mills Local Ownership Ends at Canadian and Mexican Mills Labour Relations Issues World Steel Output Totals U.S. Import Patterns Steel Price Trends and Developments Steel Prices Remain at a High Plateau Steel Input Costs Steel Scrap Rise in the Price of Iron Ore The Cost and Supply of Coke The Price of Natural Gas Shipping Costs The Impact of the Growth of China China as a Steel Producer, Consumer, and Exporter China's Proposed Steel Industry Restructuring The U.S. WTO Case Against Chinese Subsidies Chinese Measures to Restrain Steel Exports China's Foreign Investment Policy on Steel Congressional Reaction to Competition from China Steel Policy Issues Failure to Achieve a Global Steel Subsidies Agreement Repeal of the Byrd Amendment Industry Petitioners Lose Wire Rod Antidumping Case -- Pursue Others President Bush Denies Relief in China Safeguard Case ITC Revokes Duties for Steel Flat Products in 2006 ITC Broadly Upholds Steel AD/CVD Tariffs in 2007 WTO Decision on "Zeroing" and Proposed U.S. Trade Law Changes Index.


Canopy light distribution and photosynthesis modeling is fundamental to cereal crop cultivation, breeding and crop informatics. It also has a great theoretical and practical significance for the evaluation and optimization of plant types and computer simulations of crop growth. This study has developed a cereal crop canopy photosynthesis model based on the improved "stratified-clipping method", which combines morphology, physiology and optics. This model includes a canopy shape model, a single leaf photosynthesis rate model, a canopy light distribution model and a photosynthetic rate model. In this study we carried out a numerical simulation of the photosynthetic rates of the 15625 rice plant types. The numerical results showed that the photosynthesis rate was closely related to the following five factors: leaf density, leaf nitrogen content, leaf length, leaf width and leaf angle. The model led us to the conclusion that the ideal rice plant type has large values around the vectors for the five factors in the upper part of the canopy, but should decreases downwardly along the canopy


In the point of view of practical jurisprudence,law is nothing but practical "prudential"(phronesis).In the mean time,from the view of intersubjectivity,it is undoubted that living law is the constant tension between facts and norms,and a reasonable opinion.China's problem of environmental law is that of governmental failure.The fundamental philosophy of environment law should be the environmental experience under the paradigm of intersubjectivity.The core proposition of transpositional practice of the rule of environmental law is to understand the tension between facts and norms,to keep the administrative information open to the public and to breed the idea of environmentalism.


The ionization of long-lived highly-excited helium atoms produced by electron impact was observed using an electrostatic field up to 8.3 kV/cm; the decrease of the He+ intensity produced by collisions of He** with H2O was measured as a function of the field strength using a mass filter. By use of the theory of Bailey et al., the principal quantum numbers of the highly excited He were estimated to range from 16 to 40. A similar but slower decrease of H+ due to H** atoms produced by electron impact on H2O was also observed.


A novel high speed and tunable transconductor suitable for analog and mixed-signal fuzzy circuits operating in current mode and a high linear MIN circuit are proposed. Using this OTA, we construct are high speed Gaussian and trapezoidal-shaped fuzzifier and implement S-shaped and Z-shaped function with all parameters (slop, width, and position) independently and continuously tunable, and excellent for low voltage application. Computer simulations verify the performance of this circuit, showing high speed (up to 100MHz) and a high support range. The purposed circuits were developed in CMOS 0.18μm technologies.


A simple and efficient boundary treatment is proposed, for the periodic boundary conditions in lattice Boltzmann method, for simulating fully developed, pressure driven particle-laden flows in a complex geometry. The pressure driven effect is implemented by a simple pressure compensation method (PCM) using the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet boundaries. It eliminates the exchange of non-equilibrium distribution functions between inlet and outlet boundary nodes. It also eliminates the non-physical oscillations of particle trajectory produced by non-equilibrium extrapolation method, when particles cross the periodic boundary. Simulation results show that present PCM is equivalent to the body force method (BFM) for flow in a periodic straight channel with uniform cross-section. However, the BFM would significantly underestimate the fluid velocity for a flow, and hence cannot accurately predict the particle trajectory in a periodic complex channel with non-uniform cross-section, especially at high Reynolds number.


A normative method easy to use is studied for the development of software project. Aimed at building dense user interface software projects, by applying object oriented technology, a visual analysis is made for the developing process of the software project. A rapid modelling method for dense user interface software used in the RAD environment is put forward. By applying this method a high efficiency can be gained, during the whole development period and the quality of software products can be assured.


After the pure times of poems of avant - garde and poems of experiment and transition into the mid 90s of the 20th century, faced with the impact of the materialized world, poems fall into the marsh of materialization and personalized writing. The whole poetic circle faces the severe test.


Safety nets used in buildings under construction in Europe are examples of structures under impact. It would be of great interest to evaluate the energy absorbed by the elements making up these devices (nets and supports) in order to improve them and quantify injuries to victims of falls. Experimental tests on type "V" safety nets (EN 1263-1, 1997) were numerically modelled in this work (consisting of dropping a 100 kg weight from 7 m above the nets). The model is dynamic and highly non-linear (variable contact, geometric and material nonlinearities). Two adjustment parameters were used to calibrate the numerical model: the equivalent elastic modulus of the net and the equivalent structural damping of the net. A value for each one was found, thus obtaining the same weight drop and maximum strain on the gauges in the experimental tests. The main conclusion, when numerical simulations were carried out using the calibrated model, is the great difference between the energy absorbed by the net and by the supports (ratio: 8-1). This means that, with research into net materials


Enterprising editors in sixteenth-century France often launched translations of Aesop's fables to endow a classical genre with a new power of illustration. Wearing a deceptively childish appearance, a fable was a text coordinated with a picture. The combination was aimed to convey a lesson or to impose, often obliquely or through visual strategies, a reassuring mode of conduct.' But in the play of image and text, as in cinema, enigmas, contradictory readings, and perplexities abounded. These books verified what early modern lexicographers noted about the meanings of fable. Henri Estienne's Dictionnairefrangois-latin (1549) cites and translates Varro to register "Devis, et propos, ou conte, soit vray ou faulx," and Terence "une farce, une comidie, that includes "menterie... bourdes et mensonges." Nicot's Trtsor de la languefrangaise (1605) associates the telling of fabulous tales with an art of directing action: "raconter une fable, Apologumfacere, vel agere." Nicot's analogue, Randle Cotgrave, inA Dictionarie of the French & English Tongues (1611) underscores deceit and contrariety at its basis. "Fable: f. A fable, tale, lie, leasing, false tale, unlikely thing repeated; also, a Comedie, or Enterlude." The Dictionnaire de l'Acadimiefrangaise (1694) posts two definitions. One, a "chose feinte, & invent~e pour instruire, ou pour divertir," leads to "le sujet, l'argument d'un poame 4pique, d'un poame dramatique, d'un roman," held in a collective sense of "[t]outes les fables de Y'Antiquith Payenne" before the definition is inverted as "[f]laussetd, chose contournde. Vous nous comptez des fables." The reversible nature of the form fit the designs of authors wishing to produce enigmas and perplexity, if not counter-meanings, within the frame of clearly drawn parables and moral tales. In tandem with the classical heritage of the genre, Jacques Rancibre writes of cinema as a fable, but not before offering a definition in an Aristotelian clarity that seems deceptive or even unsettling. The cinematic fable would begin as a story well told. It entails the arrangement of necessary or likely actions through the construction of a dilemma and an itinerary that leads to a resolution. Characters move from good fortune to misfortune or from misfortune to good fortune. But, as Jean Epstein intuited in the great years of silent cinema, Aristotle is not a seal of approval that will guarantee a good movie. Life is not fabulous; it is guided to ends neither good nor bad, merely to "situations opened in every ? Board of Regents, University of Wisconsin System, 2004 91 SubStance # 103, Vol. 33, no. 1, 2004


This work shows the application of robust closed-loop strategies on a 2D high-lift configuration. The aim is to control the amount of lift achieved, instead of maximising that amount as it is usually done with open-loop set-ups. A way to model a 2D high-lift-device will be outlined, based on linear black-box-models of the lift as a function of the actuation amplitude. This model will be examined with respect to needed complexity and sensitivity to experimental parameters. In an experimental implementation the disturbance rejection and tracking capability of a synthesized closed-loop-controller will be shown and its possible use in aviation pointed out.


A method was devised which effectively cleared mature embryos of maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), rape (Brassica rapa L.), watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L....


UV-NIL is a promising technology for the fabrication of sub-100 nm features. Due to non-uniformity of the residual layer thickness (RLT) and a strong possibility of defects, many UV-NIL processes have been developed and some are commercially available at present, most are based on the "step-and-repeat" nanoimprint technique, which employs a small-area stamp, much smaller than the substrate. This is mainly because, when a large-area stamp is used, it is difficult to obtain acceptable uniform residual layer thickness and/or to avoid defects such as air entrapment. As an attempt to enable UV-NIL with a large-area stamp for high throughput, we propose a new UV-NIL tool that is able to imprint 4 inch wafer in a low vacuum environment at a single step.


This article presents a vibration-based technique for damage detection in the cylindrical equipment. First, a damage index based on the residual frequency responses is defined. This technique uses the principal component analysis for data reduction by eliminating the components that have the minimum contribution to the damage index. Then, the principal components are fed into neural networks to identify the changes in the damage pattern. Furthermore, the efficiency of this technique in the field condition is investigated by adding different noise levels to the output data. This study aims at proposing a cost-effective damage detection model using only one sensor. Therefore, the optimal location of the sensor is also discussed. A case study of capacitive voltage transformer is used for validation of finite element models. The neural networks are trained using numerical data and tested with experimental one. Several parametric analyses are performed to investigate the sensitivity of the model.


Antifungal activities of 6 methanol extract obtain from bark, sapwood and heartwood of Syzygium chlorantha and Hopea spp. were evaluated against the white rot fungi Pycnoporus sanguineus using a medium in which homogenised hyphae were dispersed. It is observed that Hopea spp. has antifungal activity against Pycnoporus sanguineus compared to Syzygium chlorantha. Hopea spp. bark showed the highest antifungal activity against Pycnoporus sanguineus with reaction showed very clear inhibition zone. Meanwhile, Hopea spp. sapwood showed partially clear inhibition zone. On the other hand, there are no antifungal activities occurring at heartwood of Hopea spp. and all parts of Syzygium chlorantha. The positive control glycyrrhizic acid dipotassium salt (GADS) showed clear inhibition zone from 50 ?g to 1000 ?g. The results of the sapwood and bark of Hopea spp. suggest that these extract have great potential as a source of fungi stats.


Particle Flow Code in Two Dimensions (PFC2D) was used in order to examine the influence of single tunnel and twin tunnel on the collapse pattern and maximum ground movement. Since first PFC was calibrated by the experiments, the results obtained were rendered by a uniaxial test. Further, a rectangular model with dimensions of 100 m ˟ 100 m containing both the central tunnel and twin tunnel was built. The center of the single tunnel was placed 25 m under the ground surface, and its diameter changed from 10 m to 35 m with an increment of 5 m. The center of the twin tunnel was situated 25 m under the ground surface, and its diameter was changed from 10 m to 30 m with an increment of 5 m. For measurement of the vertical displacement, one measuring circle with a 2 m diameter was opted on the ground surface above the tunnel roof. The average of the vertical movement of discs covered in these circles was determined as a ground settlement. A confining pressure of 0.01 MPa was applied on the model. The uniaxial compression strength was 0/09 MPa; the results obtained depicted that the tunnel diameter controlled the extension of the collapse zone. Also the vertical displacement at the roof of the tunnel declined by decreasing the tunnel diameter. The ground settlement increased by increasing the tunnel diameter.


n the last two years there have been I major changes in government funding of private psychiatry in Australia. These changes particularly affect those practising long term intensive psychiatric treatment (outside hospital). However the issues involved are very important for psychiatry as a whole, as they include our ways of understanding and measuring mental illness and intrusive, Managed Care approaches to treatment.


Facilities are a major component of colleges and universities. They play a significant role in sustaining the quality of life for students, faculty, and staff. The physical inventory supports the learning areas, living quarters, research spaces, and work areas. Facilities require capital throughout their life cycles to maintain functionality and provide adequate service for their users. Presently, the rate of deterioration in United States' higher education facilities is increasing due to constraint budgets and the accumulation of deferred maintenance. Facility performance is considerably influenced by how well the project is planned, developed, designed, and constructed; considerations of maintenance requirements during the pre-construction phase may lower the operations and maintenance cost of the facility. Therefore, it is important to take a proactive approach to plan and design better facilities. This paper presents the preliminary results of a research that focuses on the knowledge discovery in maintenance databases. Applying the knowledge discovery process to higher education maintenance databases can help to discover knowledge on the parameters that increase or decrease maintenance cost, find patterns in building systems interaction and their environment, and identify the influence of planning and design on operations and maintenance. The case study illustrates one type of data-mining goals on a facility condition assessment database. It shows the clustering of building deficiencies and how they are unique to their relative building type.


Abstract : Abstract We focus on decomposition of fault-tolerant real-time programs that are designed from their fault-intolerant versions. Towards this end, motivated by the concepts of state predicate detection and state predicate correction for untimed systems, we identify three types of components, namely, detectors, weak delta-correctors, and strong delta-correctors. We also consider different levels of fault-tolerance, namely, soft-failsafe, hard-failsafe, nonmasking, soft-masking, and hard-masking, depending upon the satisfaction of safety, liveness, and timing constraints in the presence of faults. We show that depending upon the level of tolerance, fault-tolerant real-time programs contain one or more detectors and/or weak/strong-delta correctors.


Summary Introduction: "Gusher" is a rare phenomenon that consists in sudden exit of cerebrospinal fluid during the course of stapedotomy or stapedectomy. Objective: To report a case of "gusher" during a stapedotomy and discuss the correlation with X-linked congenital syndrome. Case Report: Patient NT, 49 years old, Caucasian female with history of right unilateral progressive hearing loss for 18 years with worsening in the last 02 years with a diagnosis of otosclerosis. It was performed stapedotomy with sudden exit of cerebrospinal fluid after platinotomia, being carried out sealing the oval window fat ear lobe. Final Comments: This complication should be considered in cases of otosclerosis, where the preoperative diagnosis of perilymphatic hypertension is more difficult for X-linked congenital syndrome.


This paper presents an algorithm based on the decomposition of Boolean function for the synthesis of combinational circuits. A complete realization of the function is thus obtained with minimal multiplex converters.This algorithm can be applied not only to a single output function, but also to a multiple output and incompletely specified function as well.


Urbanization without industrialization is a major feature in Ghana, as elsewhere in much of Africa. This chapter explores how urbanization in Ghana has affected agricultural development in terms of rural employment, the farm size distribution, and use of modern inputs. In examining these relationships, the authors recognize that there have been distinct spatial patterns of urbanization in Ghana, and urbanization has not affected agriculture equally throughout the country. Therefore, the chapter develops a spatial typology of seven types of districts based on their city population size and location in the north or south of the country and examines the share of households employed in agriculture, nonagriculture, or both across these different district types. The findings illustrate that urbanization is increasing the share of rural households in the nonfarm economy, and contributed to a shift towards more medium-sized farms in the agriculturally important areas of the north. The chapter further tests the induced innovation hypothesis, which predicts that urbanization and associated increases in population density and market access should lead to more intensive farming practices. The findings show though that while there has been substantial uptake of fertilizers, herbicides, and mechanization in recent years, there is only limited support that this has been driven by urbanization.


THOSE concerned with community health are generally aware of the problems and opportunities that accompany major changes in urban development patterns. The rapid urbanization of the nation, central city decline and renewal, suburban sprawl, and metropolitan and even megapolitan growth are phenomena with certain established implications for the organization of health services. Today, health officials must add a new term to their lexiconnew town-and begin to develop new principles for planning and organizing health services to anticipate this form of development. New towns themselves are no new phenomenon. Every community must have been new at one time, and the term comes easily in referring to any community founded for any reason. As used in the mid-sixties, the term has, of course, more precise connotations, even though it still eludes precise definition. Although the name has been applied to communities built for special population groups-particularly the retiredthe term has been more generally applied to new communities housing diverse age and income groups and, consonant with regional economic patterns, offering relatively self-contained employment opportunities, community facilities, and service. By this definition, a new town is a planned community of at least 25,000 people, whose development under single direction relates residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional land uses for a fixed population within the framework of an over-all development scheme or master plan. The new town is distinguished from the large-scale subdivision or the usual suburban community in several ways. These differences stem from the functions which they perform and the manner in which they grow. Subdivisions, and indeed many entire suburbs, have developed generally in piecemeal increments, and are almost exclusively residential areas from which people go to points of varying distance for employment and many other activities. The new town is conceived, planned, and developed systematically to provide within its limits many of the employment opportunities, amenities, and services required for daily living. Another factor distinguishing the new town is its location. Unlike the suburban subdivision, it is not on the direct edge of the urban core. This is both by choice and necessity. Although a new town need not be established on wholly undeveloped land


In this paper, a novel low-power high-efficiency switching-capacitor DC-DC voltage converter based on the combination of static CTS (Charge-Transfer-switch) charge pump and cross-coupled charge pump is presented. At this time, some motivated methods to overcome both the reverse charge sharing problem of traditional static CTS charge pump and the problem of threshold drop at the output stage are proposed. The charge pump proposed can operate at 1MHz switching-frequency on the 0.1µF pump-capacitors. After the simulation by using HSPICE 0.35 µm TSMC process, our work can pump the input low DC- voltage (1.5V) up near to 5 times of it (7.5V) and the pumping-gain reaches to 95%, a great achievement has been obtained. And the real chip is in experimenting. At present, the characteristic of the prototyping chip implemented by the TSMC is under measuring.


Objective To investigate the appropriate postoperative analgesic method for lower abdomen operation. Methods 120 cases admitted from January to December 2003 were randomly divided into two groups: patient-controlled extradural analgesia group (PCEA) and patient-controlled intravenous analgesia group (PCIA). The analgesic effect, intaking dosage and side-effect were observed during 48 or 72 h postoperatively. Results Satisfied analgesic effect were observed in both groups. Comparing with PCEA group, the intaking dosage and side-effects like somnolence, delirium were significantly increased in PCIA group (P0.05). Conclusions PCEA is the recommended analgesic method for lower abdomen operation.


The aim of this paper is to compare two solar heating systems with different solid sorption storage concepts; an open storage concept with material transport and external reactor and a closed sorption storage concept with the material reservoir as reactor. Both storage concepts are part of system concepts that have been investigated during national projects for a period of more than 3 years each. A TRNSYS model has been developed for each concept and the corresponding mathematical model is described. An emphasis is given on the model simplifications and thus its upand downscaling possibilities. TRNSYS simulation studies were performed using similar boundary conditions. Hence the simulation results can be compared directly, thus the advantages and disadvantages of both concepts under investigation can be elaborated and assessed. TRNSYS simulations have been performed for each system concept using the properties of two different thermochemical storage materials (TCM). It is shown that the type of TCM has a significant influence on the systems fractional thermal energy savings. Using silica gel as TCM, both system concepts' performances are only slightly better compared to a standard water-filled storage tank of the same size. The TCM zeolite 13 XBF, a binder free 13 X zeolite, leads to significantly better fractional thermal energy savings. Although the two systems under investigation behave differently, the fractional thermal energy savings are similar. High solar thermal fractions up to a complete solar coverage can be achieved for both storage concepts with moderate collector array and store sizes. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer review by the scientific conference committee of SHC 2013 under responsibility of PSE AG. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 711 685 63279; fax:+49 711 685 63503. E-mail address: email@example.com Florian Bertsch et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2014) 000–000 2/10