This work contributes several new elements to the quest for a biologically plausible implementation of backprop in brains. We introduce a very general and abstract framework for machine learning, in which the quantities of interest are defined implicitly through an energy function. In this framework, only one kind of neural computation is involved both for the first phase (when the prediction is made) and the second phase (after the target is revealed), like the contrastive Hebbian learning algorithm in the continuous Hopfield model for example. Contrary to automatic differentiation in computational graphs (i.e. standard backprop), there is no need for special computation in the second phase of our framework. One advantage of our framework over contrastive Hebbian learning is that the second phase corresponds to only nudging the first-phase fixed point towards a configuration that reduces prediction error. In the case of a multi-layer supervised neural network, the output units are slightly nudged towards their target, and the perturbation introduced at the output layer propagates backward in the network. The signal 'back-propagated' during this second phase actually contains information about the error derivatives, which we use to implement a learning rule proved to perform gradient descent with respect to an objective cost function.


This study investigated the feasibility of using grape pomace (GP) as a source of dietary fiber (DF) and polyphenol for extruded corn-based product and evaluated the impacts of GP level on the physical properties and chemical composition of extrudates. A 4x3 two-factor factorial design was used to for extrusion experiment. The two factors were the level of GP inclusion (0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10%) and moisture content (13, 15 and 17%) of the formula. The extrusion was conducted at pre-determined temperature, feeding rate and screw speed using a twin-screw extruder. Data show that adding GP in the formula caused product darkening, decreased product expansion ratio (ER), hardness and brittleness (P<0.05). The feed moisture showed greater impacts on the ER and texture than GP content. Lower feed moisture (≤15%) resulted in crunchy product with better puffy properties at all GP level. Addition of GP increased total dietary fiber and polyphenol contents in dosedependent manner (P<0.0001) and reduced in vitro starch digestibility of extrudate (P<0.05). Therefore, GP has great potential to serve as DF and polyphenol source in extrusion cooking, but the extrusion parameter such as GP content and moisture must be well controlled to minimize the undesirable effect of GP on product.


Pure Al powder was sintered by spark plasma sintering (SPS) process at various sintering temperatures and loading pressures. The density, electrical resistivity, tensile properties and microstructure of powder compacts were investigated. The powder compacts with the similar properties as base aluminum metal was obtained at sintering temperature above 873 K, loading pressure above 23.5 MPa. For the powder compacts with the similar density but with the large difference in the electrical resistivity and tensile properties, the interfaces between Al powder particles were investigated using high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Two types of interfaces, with metal/metal bonding and metal/oxide film layer/metal bonding, were observed in Al powder compacts. The properties of powder compacts were mainly subject to the behavior of oxide film between the powder particles.


In fact,DNA probe is a kind of DNA with single helix.Its nucleotide can be hybridized with another nucleotide chain which has complemental sequence,it is very fast to find the probe by identifying with isotopes,enzymes,or other detection methods and to know detection strains mixing in other microorganisms.By means of this theory,we can identify diversified DNA of foodborne pathogens.This method can be used in testing pathogens in food production,various corns,and livestock.


BNLAS(Bridge NonLiner Analysis System) is a nonlinear finite element program.Using BNLAS,the differences between the super large-span suspension bridge with CFRP cables and the super large-span suspension bridge with steel cables were researched and the influences of the restraint systems of the stiffening girder,main cable safety factor,rise-span ratio and cable elastic modulus on the static and dynamic performances of the super large-span suspension bridge with CFRP cables were analyzed.The results show that after using CFRP,the percentage of live load stress in cables,the natural vibration frequency and the displacement of the stiffening girder caused by live load are increased significantly.With the increase of the span,the influence of the restraint systems of the stiffening girder on the dynamic characteristics of the super large-span suspension bridge becomes smaller.3-span continuous floating system is more favorable to be the restraint system of the stiffening girder for super large-span suspension bridge with CFRP cables.Increasing the safety factor of the main cable can improve structural vertical stiffness and the basic frequency of vertical bending and torsion,but affects little the structural lateral stiffness and the basic frequency of lateral bending.Decreasing the rise-span ratio can increase the structural stiffness and the basic frequency of vertical bending and lateral bending,but lower the basic frequency of torsion.Improving the CFRP cable elastic modulus can greatly decrease the vertical displacement of the stiffening girder caused by live load and increase the basic frequency of vertical bending and torsion,but affects little the structural lateral stiffness,the basic frequency of lateral bending and the shape and the stress of CFRP cable.


T. lestoquardi is a tick-borne parasite that infects leukocytes of sheep and goats. It causes the death of millions of sheep and goats every year and continues to spread in the world. The disease is mainly caused by the schizont stage, which induces transformation of the infected cell to a state of uncontrolled proliferation. In response to the proliferation of infected cells, there is evidence that the host deploys its immune system to eliminate the pathogen by cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. The purpose of this study was to identify schizont secreted proteins, which are likely to include molecules targeted by the immune response as well as those associated with the transformation process. An efficient method for the lysis and purification of schizonts from infected cells was established. This involved use of complement treatment to release schizonts from infected cells and an optimal density of Nycoprep gradient medium to separate schizonts from host cell components. An optimised method for metabolic labelling of schizont-infected cells was also established. Putative secreted proteins were detected in metabolically labelled schizont culture supernatants by SDS-PAGE and autoradiographic analysis. Using two-dimensional electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, including MALDI-TOF and Q-TOF, and N-terminal sequencing analysis, three putative secreted proteins of parasite origin were identified, namely Theileria mhsp70, hsp70 and inorganic pyrophosphatase. Seven host-derived proteins were also identified, namely mhsp70, hsp60, mitochondrial ribosomal protein LI2 (MRPL12, TFS4), ATP synthase-5, ATP synthase 6, PDH-Eip and ATP-dependent proteinase SP-22. Further investigation of the relationship of the host-derived proteins with the schizont using dual-labelling and confocal microscopy analysis provided evidence that the hostderived protein, MRPL12, is associated with intracellular schizonts with some colocalising with schizont mitochondria. The analysis also revealed that some host mitochondria are closely associated with the schizonts of T. lestoquardi.


This paper presents a study on the application of the Markov Model (MM) to determine the transformer population states based on Health Index (HI). In total, 3195 oil samples from 373 transformers ranging in age from 1 to 25 years were analyzed. First, the HI of transformers was computed based on yearly individual oil condition monitoring data that consisted of oil quality, dissolved gases, and furanic compounds. Next, the average HI for each age was computed and the transition probabilities were obtained based on a nonlinear optimization technique. Finally, the future deterioration performance curve of the transformers was determined based on the MM chain algorithm. It was found that the MM can be used to predict the future transformers condition states. The chi-squared goodness-of-fit analysis revealed that the predicted HI for the transformer population obtained based on MM agrees with the average computed HI along the years, and the average error is 3.59%.


Objectives  This article explores the associations between medical care providers' attitudes towards patients living with HIV (PLH) and the service satisfaction reported from general patients.


The holographic principle, considered in a semiclassical setting, is shown to have direct consequences on physics at a fundamental level. In particular, a certain relation is pointed out to be the expression of holography in basic thermodynamics. It is argued moreover that through this relation holography can be recognized to induce gravity, and an expression for the gravitational lensing is obtained in terms of entropy over wavelength of black-body radiation or, at a deeper level, in terms of maximum entropy over the associated space to the elementary bit of information.


Alkyl aryl ketones and dialkyl ketones could be converted intothe corresponding α-tosyloxy ketones by the reaction with MCPBAand P-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate(PTSA˙H 2 O) in the presence of a catalytic amountof molecular iodine (I 2 ) in a mixture of acetonitrileand 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, although the yields were dependent onthe ketones (method A). The same conversion of alkyl aryl ketonesand dialkyl ketones into the corresponding α--tosyloxyketones could be smoothly carried out by the reaction with MCPBAand PTSA˙H 2 O in the presence of catalytic amountsof -iodine and TERT-butylbenzenein a mixture of acetonitrile and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (methodB). In those reactions, P-iodotolueneand 4- TERT-butyl-1-iodobenzene were formedat first in method A and method B, respectively, and then they wereconverted into P-[(hydroxy)(tosyloxy)]iodotolueneand 4- TERT-butyl-1-[(hydroxy)(tosyloxy)iodo]benzeneby the reaction with MCPBA and PTSA˙H 2 O. P-[(Hydroxy)(tosyloxy)]iodotolueneand 4- TERT-butyl-1-[(hydroxy)-(tosyloxy)iodo]benzeneworked as an α-tosyloxylation reagent of ketones.


Conservation of environment and bio diversity is the need of the hour to protect our habitat. The current study was undertaken to engage the undergraduate students, in a participative workshop on environment Awareness- Bio Diversity module, to bring about positive perception on environment conservation. A module on Environmental Awareness was prepared. Environment Awareness- Bio Diversity module of ten hours duration, spread across two days of activity and field visit based programmes in five areas- Bio diversity, Pollution, Water conservation, Food/ fuel requirement and conservation. The module was administered to two groups of undergraduate students. Pre and post module exposure awareness was tested through a self prepared questionnaire. The results reveal that the exposure to environmental awareness module had positive impact on the respondents.


In this article, a novel stepwise technique for the design of high‐power low‐pass harmonic filters is proposed. The fundamental and higher‐order mode suppression process is divided into three different steps. In the first step, the fundamental TE10‐mode rejected band is accomplished by adjusting the height of E‐plane bandstop elements along the propagation direction. In the second step, this arrangement of bandstop elements is made two‐dimensional to suppress the higher‐order TEn0 modes. Finally, the higher‐order non‐TEn0 modes are rejected by controlling the minimum mechanical gap of the filter. The design process ends after the first, second, or third step depending on the intended mode behavior for the filter. The main characteristic of the new design technique is that the filter minimum mechanical gap can always be made much larger than in the classical solution (E‐plane corrugated or waffle‐iron filters) for the same frequency specifications. To validate the control of the higher‐order mode suppression that this method permits, three different filters are designed and compared. Moreover, a prototype has been fabricated and its S‐parameters measured to prove the feasibility of the proposed filters for a tailored frequency response. Finally, its high‐power handling capability has been estimated. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2967–2974, 2014


Background. Renal allograft recipients with diabetes mellitus often demonstrate poorer clinical outcomes than nondiabetic patients.Basiliximab (Simulect®), a chimeric anti–interleukin-2 receptor monoclonal antibody, reduced the incidence of acute rejection in renal allograft recipients in 2 multicenter, placebo-controlled, phase III trials. Methods. An analysis of pooled results from the 2 trials was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of basiliximab with placebo in renal transplant recipients with and without prior diabetes. Patients received either basiliximab (20 mg on day 0 and day 4 posttransplantation) or placebo in combination with cyclosporine for microemulsion (Neoral®) and steroids. Results. A total of 722 patients (150 diabetic, 572 nondiabetic) were eligible for intent-to-treat analysis. At 12 months, basiliximab as compared with placebo reduced the proportion of patients experiencing first acute rejection by 41% in diabetics (P <0.01) and by 29% in nondiabetics (P <0.001). Biopsy-confirmed rejection was reduced by 44% in diabetics (P <0.01) and by 26% in nondiabetics (P <0.01). The first acute rejection episode requiring augmented immunosuppression other than steroids was reduced by 49% in diabetics (P <0.01) and by 41% in nondiabetics (P <0.001); death, graft loss, or first rejection episode was reduced by 43% in diabetics (P =0.001) and by 22% in nondiabetics (P <0.01). Superior graft survival was maintained in diabetic recipients treated with basiliximab versus placebo (96% vs. 86%;P =0.022). There were no significant differences in safety between basiliximab and placebo in both diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Conclusions. Basiliximab is associated with a significant reduction in acute rejection and an excellent safety profile in renal transplant recipients with and without diabetes mellitus. Superior graft survival was evident in diabetic patients.


Abstract This article aims to explain the slowing down of European Union (EU)–Turkish relations since the start of the accession negotiations in 2005 with international level systemic analysis. For this purpose, it examines the current challenges the new rising powers pose to the US-led unipolar international order and it shows how both the EU's and Turkey's responses to these challenges influence their relative powers as well as the negotiation process. By focusing on international level systemic dynamics, the article differs from the institutional explanations that explain EU–Turkish relations either with the utility-based logic of consequentialism or the norms-based logic of appropriateness.


Clinically the diagnosis of major trigeminal neuralgia is not difficult. A vicious lancinating, paroxysmal pain in either side of the face referred to the tongue or teeth, the upper or lower lip, nose or forehead in man or woman of 50 or 60, especially if a characteristic burst of pain can be excited by slight irritation of a particular point on the tongue, lips or cheek, constitutes briefly the syndrome called tic douloureux. Relief from this dreadful pain can be afforded only by blocking the sensory pathways in the trigeminal nerve either peripheral to the gasserian ganglion or between the ganglion and the brain stem. Surgical measures to sever the sensory root of the fifth nerve have been repeatedly described and standardized, but the value of peripheral block with alcohol of the appropriate branch of the trigeminal nerve as a means for relieving the pain of tic douloureux and as


After an introduction to types and research trends of HEV(Hybrid Electronic Vehicle),five work modes switching automatically according to vehicle status and AC permanent magnet synchronous motor controlled by transducer are analyzed based on improved transmission system including self-designed dual clutch,transmission control box and planet-gear structure.Control design of HEV mainly controlled by PLC(supported by single chip) is discussed.At last,prospects and summary of HEV are offered.


National Health Insuranceprovides a useful single source of information on the Canadian experience with national health insurance, including its historical development, evaluation of its economic results, and an assessment of its effect on quality of care, supply and distribution of medical professionals, and professional trade unionism. Many of the issues discussed have particular relevance for the United States. For example, despite national health insurance, the movement of medical care prices, use, and expenditure is similar in the United States and Canada. In Canada, co-payments designed to reduce costs had little effect on utilization or costs. (Some participants believed that the Canadian experience was too limited to permit definite conclusions. I would concur.) Canadian officials have adopted a strategy to limit the future establishment of hospital beds as the best means of cost control. Fee schedules and peer review are relatively ineffective cost control mechanisms in a fee-for-service system because


Property protection is becoming an increasingly important concern not only for companies but also for individuals. Its importance grows not only with increasing crime but also with increasing awareness of people about the protection of their property and property. This article focuses on one of the issues that we encounter in processes related to the achievement of the required level of property protection and professional judgment. Expert judgment has an irreplaceable position in the whole security process. It shows the cases in which this judgment has a meaningful significance and the principles to be followed in their use.


With more than 24,000 extant species, the Actinopterygii is the most diverse group of vertebrates. This astonishing diversity represents not only an underexploited resource for research focused on these fishes but also a source of valuable information for comparative biology and medical science. Although the technical advances in morphology concomitant with revolutionary phylogenetic concepts have presented many challenges in ichthyology for the past half-century, spectacular progress in DNA technology provides other opportunities for research using multiple-gene or genomic data for the study of biological questions, particularly those related to the evolution of fishes. In this article, we discuss how ichthyology is changing in this new era, and how the emerging phylogenomic approach has been used to study species diversification in relation to gene and genome duplications and to resolve the complex evolutionary history of ray-finned fishes.


A conceptual design of a compact high-T/sub c/ superconducting cable was developed by using the Bean model. The experiments suggested that the Bean model provides a rough evaluation of hysteresis loss in high-T/sub c/ superconducting wires, which is supposed to be the main component of AC loss. A compact high-T/sub c/ superconducting cable was designed using a method based on the Bean model so that it could be installed in existing cable ducts. The results indicated that a compact high-T/sub c/ superconducting cable system can increase the power transmission capacity without the need to construct new cable ducts or tunnels. It has also been found that the high-T/sub c/ superconducting cable system is acceptable with regard to such system aspects as stability and short-circuit capacity. >


We thank our esteemed readers for their interest in our recent article and appreciate the compliments expressed for our study. The follow‐up group consisted of patients treated for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer and were on routine follow‐up. The follow‐up consisted of ultrasonography, urine for cytology, and a white light cystoscopy. In patients with no obvious lesions, biopsies were randomly taken from previous scars, areas with hyperemia, and reddish areas. Use of postoperative mitomycin (within 6 h) is part of the departmental policy. Patients with high‐grade lesions received bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG), and the first follow‐up was done 3 months following completion of BCG instillation. None of the patients in the follow‐up group had imaging‐confirmed lesion, and routine cytology was negative.


Terahertz detectors are attracting widespread attention due to the special frequency of terahertz waves between microwaves and infrared waves. However, the problems such as small detection area, difficulty in repeatable preparation, high noise equivalent power as well as the requirement for cooling system still exist. In order to fulfill this requirement, Weyl semimetal MoTe2 was chosen as the active layer in this work due to its narrow bandgap and Weyl-point enhancement. In this work, the fabircation of high-quality and large-scale (1 mm $\times$ 6.3 mm) MoTe2-based THz detectors realized with the magnetron sputtering deposition method. Addtionally, with an external voltage applied, our device exhibits obvious excitation of light current for THz detection and demonstrates a photoresponse of 2.65 A/W and a noise equivalent power of $16.84 \times 10^{-12}$ W Hz$^{-1/2}$ under the illumination of 0.1 THz wave at room temperature. Our research paves the way to the fabrication of large-scale THz detectors, also proves that the Weyl semimetal possess enormous potential in long-wave detection.


Down's syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by chromosomal aberration. The characteristic features of patient with Down's syndrome are abnormal growth of dentocraniofacial, hypotonia, and mental retardation. The aim of this study is to know the relationship between the width of the face and that of dental arch of the upper jaw in patients with Down's syndrome, which is measured by anthropometric methods. There were 30 patients with Down's syndrome from Special school of Bhakti Luhur, Malang, at period of January till May 2007 and did not differentiated by sex. The samples included in this research are Down' syndrome patients with age distribution of 12 – 15 years old (because the molar tooth had been perfectly erupted) and with intelligence quotion of 25 – 50 and 50 – 75. The width of the face (ZY – ZY) and the width of the teeth on the maxillary arch were measured by tortous caliper (scale in mm). The result of the correlation measurement (by Pearson) revealed that, there is a positive correlation and there is no significant relationship between the width of the face and that of dental arch of the upper jaw in patients with Down's syndrome, which is measured by anthropometric methods.


The present invention will be deemed to supply waste water treatment method and a wastewater treatment apparatus selenium harmful substances reliably and easily removed from wastewater, which at the same time the zero-valent selenium, selenium tetravalent and hexavalent selenium removal, -2 Selenite also removed. And a wastewater treatment method comprising a wastewater treatment apparatus drainage selenium, selenium which the -2 included in the drain oxidized by an oxidizing agent, or the -2 selenium contained in the drain removed by removing agent.


Purpose: The aim of this paper was present components and dimensions of human capital terms impact on organizational relation.

Theoretical framework: Many studies have dealt with the impact of human resources on the performance of organizations. In this paper, work has been done to study the dimensions of human capital and the way it affects organizational relations.

Design/methodology/approach: The paper adopted the descriptive / exploratory approach, as an opinion questionnaire was designed specifically to find out the opinions of the scientific competencies of teachers and administrators at Al-Rafidain University College, where (100) opinion questionnaires were distributed.

Findings: The most important conclusions are the evidence of the impact of human capital (components and dimensions) on organizational relations, at Al-Rafidain University College.

Research, practical & Social implications: three dimensions used to human capital and for dimensions to organizational relation.

Originality/value:  the paper an contribution in field of the effects of human capital components on organizational relations in general and in the field of university education organizations, with the clarity of the impact of encouraging the Deanship of the College on the constituent aspects of human capital as well as aspects of dimensions


Electronic cameras and projectors are improving at a rapid pace. Computational elements are increasing in power to the point where substantial processing can be applied to the image stream, and compression algorithms have improved to the level where very high quality can be maintained at high compression ratios. The combination of high resolution and high frame rate can bring unprecedented image clarity to an electronic imaging system. With high-quality compression as a central system element, image capture and presentation systems can realize their full technological potential. While it is evident that uncompressed digital video at standard definition is widely available for many video system elements, it is now becoming apparent that imaging systems are poised to jump orders of magnitude in quality beyond this. HDTV implementations of the last decade now look like a small step in comparison to the leap in quality that is anticipated.


A method of forming a flexible circuit board, on top of the flexible media, placing the coverlay adhesive coating, placing the release film on the coverlay adhesive coating, and, flexible media, the coverlay was Kabusare coating an adhesive, and a release film, comprising the combined compression. The flexible media includes circuitry. The release film includes a multilayer film having first and second layers. The first layer includes an elastomer and the second layer includes a fluoropolymer.


An amino acid based semiorganic nonlinear optical single crystal of L-Glycinium Phosphate (GLP) was grown by the slow solvent evaporation method at room temperature. The single-crystal XRD analysis shows that the grown crystals have a monoclinic structure. Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectral analysis and UV–Vis spectral studies were also carried out. Microhardness mechanical studies show that the hardness number of a GLP single crystal decreases with the load as measured by the Vickers microhardness method. The dielectric properties of the grown crystal were analyzed by varying the applied frequency. The nonlinear optical properties were studied using the Kurtz and Perry powder method and the second harmonic generation efficiency was found to be 3 times higher than that of KDP crystals. Laser Damage threshold studies was carried out and ability of the crystal against intense laser beam was calculated. Introduction: There are many potential practical applications for nonlinear optical single crystal in the field of opto electronics and photonics [1]. For optical switching materials having large nonlinearity is essential. But it is very difficult to find materials with large nonlinearities with lesser losses [2]. Organic materials are interesting candidates for nonlinear optical applications like optical switching and optical limiting [3]. Organic materials posses a conjugated system caused by nonlinear polarization that occurs because of the interaction of laser light with strong electromagnetic waves [4]. In this respect, organic amino acid crystals are the potential candidates for optical applications. Most of the amino acids are available in natural organic materials [5]. Semi organic materials which are derived from the combination of organic and inorganic materials are plays a major role in SHG and third order nonlinear optical application [6]. For finding a better NLO material, several attempts are made on many amino acids, particularly, L-Serine and L-Arginine [7, 8]. Among all these semiorganic crystals, l-Glycine is an interesting material from both the crystal engineering and supramolecular point of views. The L-Glycine gives much attention because it has higher secondharmonic generation efficiency than other organic crystals and KDP [9]. This present investigation is made on L-glycine Phosphate a new semiorganic NLO material. Various properties of the crystal like electrical, mechanical, surface threshold and SHG are discussed. Crystal Growth and synthesis.Glycinium Phosphate single crystal was grown in aqueous solution of Lglycine and ortho phosphoric acid in ratio of 1:1 at room temperature. The solution was continuously stirred for 9 hours with the help of hot magnetic plate. The solubility of glycinium phosphate in water was gravimetrically analyzed and the solubility found to be increase with increase in temperature. The saturated solution then filtered and was allowed for complete evaporation at room temperature for few days. Seed crystals were obtained in a period of 13 days. The crystalline quality of the seed crystal was improved by successive recrystallization process. Optically transparently and © 2017 The Authors. Published by Magnolithe GmbH. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Mechanics, Materials Science & Engineering, April 2017 – ISSN 2412-5954 MMSE Journal. Open Access www.mmse.xyz 74 good quality bulk crystal was obtained after a period of 2 weeks days from the day of recrystallization process. The grown crystal with dimension of 12 × 12 × 2 mm3 was taken for further studies and is shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 1. Photograph of as grown GLP crystal. Result and discussions Single crystal X-ray diffraction study.Single crystal X-ray diffraction study was carried out for finding the cell parameters and crystal structure of glycinium phosphate crystal using Enraf Nonius CAD-4/MACH 3 diffractometer, with MoKα. The glycinium phosphate crystal is belonging to monoclinic crystal system with the space group P21. Cell parameters and space group of the grown crystal found from single XRD are in good agreement with the reported value [10] and are shown in table 1. Table 1. XRD data of GLP crystal. Cell Parameters Present work Reported Values a 9.619 Å 9.7920(10) b 8.467 Å 8.4870(10)


We report a case of rectovaginal fistula caused by surgery for rectal cancer successfully treated with esteriol. A 58-year-old woman underwent low anterior resection by laparoscopy. When she started oral food intake, she complained of vaginal defecation. Colonoscopy revealed a small perforation at the anasto-motic site, and spraying of Gastrografin ® from the perforation revealed a rectovaginal fistula. For treatment, fasting and hyperalimentation were initiated and estriol was administered. Fistelography did not vi-sualize the vagina 20 days after treatment was initiated, and oral food intake was started. Colonoscopy 5 weeks later revealed that the fistula had closed, and there has been no sign of recurrence thus far. Estriol might promote the healing of rectovaginal fistulas by recovering the self-cleaning function of the vagina or by increasing blood flow around the vagina. In the case of small fistulas in postmenopausal women, estriol might shorten the healing period or help to avoid surgical treatment.


Experimental and theoretical studies were made of the influence of a weak axial transverse magnetic field on the frequency shifts of a two-mode He–Ne/CH4 laser (λ = 3.39 μm) stabilized using narrow saturated dispersion resonances in the radiation frequency. In some cases a magnetic field applied to the laser active medium eliminated the asymmetry of the frequency resonances observed when the centers of the gain profile (ω0( + )) and the absorption line (ω0( – )) did not coincide. At ω0( + ) ≈ ω0( – ), the magnetic field does not influence the profile of the frequency resonances or the laser frequency shifts.


The process of demographic change among immigrants to the United States is examined. The data concern migrants from an Italian village who migrated to Rochester New York between 1861 and 1902 and those from the same village who did not migrate. The differences between the two groups are considered in order to identify the impact of cultural differences on fertility. (ANNOTATION)


In this article, we consider a linear Timoshenko system with a strong damping and a strong constant delay acting on the transverse displacement of the beam. Using the semigroup techniques, we first establish the global well‐posedness result under a condition on the weight of the delayed feedback and the weight of the nondelayed feedback. Then, we show that the system is not exponentially stable even in the case of equal‐speed wave propagations. In this regard, we prove that the solution decays polynomially with rate t−12 . And in addition, by recent result due to A. Borichev and Y. Tomilov, we show the optimality of that rate.


Objective: The present study investigated the clinical significance of mannose-binding lectin 2 (MBL2), cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) gene polymorphisms in patients with spinal tuberculosis (TB) in Chinese population. Methods: A total of 240 patients with spinal TB were enrolled in the present study from May 2013 to August 2016 at Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital. A total of 150 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects were enrolled as controls. The genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood of all subjects, and the MBL2, CD14 and TNF-α gene polymorphisms were detected by direct DNA sequencing. Results: (1) Compared with controls, patients with spinal TB exhibited a significantly higher frequency of the XY genotype at the −221G>C polymorphism as well as the Q allele and PQ genotype or an association with the QQ genotype at the +4C>T polymorphism in the MBL2 gene. (2) Compared with controls, patients with spinal TB exhibited a significantly higher frequency of the T allele and TT genotype or an association with the CT genotype at the −159C>T polymorphism in the CD14 gene. (3) Compared with controls, patients with spinal TB exhibited a significantly higher frequency of the T allele and the CT genotype or an association with the TT genotype at the TNF-857 polymorphism in the TNF-α gene. Conclusion: The −221G>C polymorphism of MBL2, the −159C>T polymorphism of CD14 and the TNF-857 polymorphism of TNF-α are risk factors for spinal TB and may be involved in the development of spinal TB in the Chinese population. These factors are indicators of susceptibility to spinal TB and require clinical attention.


Vulnerabilities in open source packages can be a security risk for the downstream client projects. When a new vulnerability is discovered, a package should quickly release a fix in a new version, referred to as a security release in this study. The security release should be well-documented and require minimal migration effort to facilitate fast adoption by the clients. However, to what extent the open source packages follow these recommendations is not known. In this paper, we study (1) the time lag between fix and release; (2) how security fixes are documented in the release notes; (3) code change characteristics (size and semantic versioning) of the release; and (4) the time lag between the release and an advisory publication for security releases over a dataset of 4,377 security advisories across seven package ecosystems. We find that the median security release becomes available within 4 days of the corresponding fix and contains 131 lines of code (LOC) change. However, one-fourth of the releases in our data set still came at least 20 days after the fix was made.Further, we find that 61.5% of the security releases come with a release note that documents the corresponding security fix. Still, Snyk and NVD, two popular databases, take a median of 17 days (from the release) to publish a security advisory, possibly resulting in delayed notifications to the client projects. We also find that security releases may contain breaking change(s) as 13.2% indicated backward incompatibility through semantic versioning, while 6.4% mentioned breaking change(s) in the release notes. Based on our findings, we point out areas for future work, such as private fork for security fixes and standardized practice for announcing security releases.


Abstract Background Commensal gut bacteria are thought to protect against C. difficile infection (CDI) by producing metabolites that inhibit C. difficile germination and growth. Alternatively, the protective effect could reflect nutrient competition or other mechanisms of chemical communication that also involve the host. CDI treatment using a broad-spectrum antibiotic such as vancomycin (VAN) dramatically depletes commensal bacteria. This dysbiosis can persist for several weeks after end-of-therapy (EOT), and is associated with increased recurrence risk. In this study, we investigate the hypothesis that treating CDI with a more selective antibiotic reduces collateral damage to the intestinal microbiota, preserving or restoring a CDI-inhibitory metabolic profile. Methods Stool samples were collected from CDI patients treated with either a narrow- (RDZ) or broad-spectrum antibiotic (VAN) at days 1, 10 (EOT), 25, and 40. Global metabolite profiles were measured by untargeted LC-MS. Results Untargeted metabolite analysis showed broad differences in the metabolic activity of intestinal microbiota of RDZ- and VAN-treated subjects (Figure 1). At EOT, 28% of LC-MS features detected in both RDZ and VAN samples were differentially present (FDR corrected P-value <0.05). Over 80% of the differentially present features were elevated in the RDZ group, indicating diminished capacity of microbiota from VAN subjects to generate diverse metabolic products. Pathway analysis found significant differences in purine, taurine, tyrosine, and bile acid metabolites. The VAN group showed a 5-fold decrease in free taurine, a major conjugation substrate of primary bile acids released by bacterial bile salt hydrolases. VAN treatment also decreased fermentation products of aromatic amino acids and amino sugars derived from mucin degradation. Oligosaccharides were the major metabolite class elevated in VAN subjects. Conclusion Our data suggest that RDZ treatment correlates with enhanced preservation of bacteria-derived ligands regulating intestinal immune function and substrates of bacterial metabolism. These metabolic profile differences between a narrow- and broad-spectrum antibiotic may contribute to their varying efficacy in preventing CDI recurrence. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.


Traditionally, new developments in medical technology were initiated and extended by clinicians as well as by the medical industry. Nowadays, rapid introduction of a new technology without through clinical evaluation of the benefits in terms of quality of care is met with skepticism and doubts. Healthcare technology has become an increasingly visible policy issue, and healthcare technology management (HTM) strategies have repeatedly come under the spotlight in recent years. While the need for improved HTM practice has long been recognized and addressed at numerous international forums, health facilities in many countries are still burdened with many problems, including nonfunctioning medical equipment. This article introduces what seems to be overlooked in HTM cycle and provide some propositions about how can perform it and by whom. The design process in medical industry is discussed and main approaches are reviewed. Following, the introduction of the design process to HTM cycle is proposed and the role of the universities to carry out the domain integration and user integration into the technology cycle is discussed by reviewing tow examples of two European universities.


Microcrystalline cellulose is the result of isolation from alpha cellulose. Woody plants are generally the source of microcrystalline cellulose production. One of the natural ingredients that can be used to make microcrystalline cellulose is bagasse (Saccharum officinarum L.). Bagasse contains 37.65% of cellulose which can be isolated by the delignification stage using a base solution, the process of bleaching and hydrolysis of alpha cellulose by high temperature heating using dilute dilute acid. The yield of microcrystalline cellulose from bagasse 26.03% and fulfilling the characterization based on the literature.


The invention provides a system for conducting information spreading through a third party social account. The system for conducting information spreading through the third party social account is characterized in that a client end, a social network, an Internet server, an information receiving and sending server, a database server, a member module, an authorization module, an information pushing module, a statistic module and a settlement module are included, and binding joining is conducted through authorization of the third party social account to conduct information spreading and marketing on a fan friend circle; the member module comprises a registering module and a setting module, the member module is connected with the authorization module, the authorization module is connected with an social network open platform, the authorization module is connected with the information pushing module, the information pushing module is connected with the social network, the information pushing module is connected with the statistic module, the statistic module is connected with the social network, and the statistic module is connected with the settlement module. The invention further provides a method corresponding to the system.


The authors studied a shunt active filter which compensates all or a specified mains current harmonics generated by a non-linear load.The control is of mixed type and contains a digital signal processor(DSP).It can test and validate easily different current or DC voltage control algorithms.A fundamental positive detector is constructed to enlarge the functions of the well known pq algorithm with several asymmetries conditions taking into account time delays. The system is investigated analytically as well as experimentally.The obtained results show the effectiveness of the design and control strategy.


In Wireless sensor network, node error, energy depletion and other factors will lead to the appearance of hole which will cause network failure. In order to make the network more efficient, repair method based on the hybrid network model is proposed, namely activating a number of non-active nodes and calling mobile node to patching hole. This paper proposes two strategies: (1) Wake up the non-active nodes to reduce the hole area. It is proposed based on convex hull area reduction algorithm greedy algorithm for patching hole. (2) Call mobile node to fill hole gaps. Each mobile node covers more intersection arc of hole. The paper gives a Hole Repair Algorithm (HSNHRA, Hybrid Sensor Network Hole Repair Algorithm). Finally, the simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, and the comparative analysis based on the experimental results shows the performance of the proposed scheme. It enables hole completely repaired, and the coverage and utilization of nodes have been improved.


During the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China,in the ideology and cultural field,the declined feudal culture which was still in the dominant position was struggling for survival. The western capitalist culture was constantly infiltrated,while the newborn cultural trend was springing up. After the foundation of the People's Republic of China,the socialist ideology and culture,which regards Marxism as sole,has been established progressively and continued to develop during the 10 years of inspection of social work. The cultural direction of the CPC has worked a decisive function in almost 100 years of Beijing culture development.


HOSNY, AMR. Behavior of Concrete Members Containing Lightweight Synthetic Particles. (Under the direction of Dr. Sami Rizkalla.) The addition of new innovative polymer spheres in the form of Lightweight Synthetic Particles (LSP) to normal weight concrete leads to reduction of the unit weight of the concrete by 10 to 20 percent resulting in concrete with unit weights ranging between 120 and 130 lb/ft3 [1920 and 2080 kg/m3] depending on the amount of LSP added to the concrete mix. In addition to such reduction in unit weight, the addition of the LSP to the concrete enhances the flowability of fresh concrete for pumping purposes, thus reducing the wear and tear of the equipment, and produces durable concrete for freeze/thaw and deicing exposed conditions. It also reduces the thermal conductivity (increases R-value), thus reducing the energy required for heating and cooling of a building. The objective of the research presented herein is to evaluate the effect of the LSP on the concrete characteristics. Several studies were undertaken to evaluate the effect of the LSP on the basic material characteristics, including the compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and the stress-strain relationship. Results of the experimental program indicate that increasing the amount of LSP in the concrete mix reduces the ultimate compressive strength of the concrete compared to the control mix without LSP, that reduction is also accompanied by a reduction in the tensile strength and the modulus of elasticity; however, the relationships between these values meet the ACI 318-08 equations using the reduced unit weight. Furthermore, the study included the investigation of the internal cracking mechanism by examining concrete disks under a digital microscope to identify the initiation of the microcracks and their propagation throughout the concrete matrix. Results of the research showed that initiation of the microcracks occurs around the particles prior to propagating through the rest of the matrix. Time dependent behavior was also investigated in the research program concerning creep and shrinkage characteristics of LSP concrete. The results indicate that the measured creep strains are higher than the predictions using the equations proposed by ACI Committee 209 and the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. On the other hand, the measured shrinkage strains were found to be higher than the predicted values using the ACI 209 Committee Report and lower than those predicted using the AASHTO LRFD. To evaluate the behavior of structural members made with LSP concrete, 27 large scale beams and slabs were fabricated and tested to study the bond and shear behavior. Load-deflection characteristics and crack patterns were similar to typical behavior of normal weight concrete. The results were compared to several available models for bond and shear, and they indicate that the behavior of LSP concrete can be determined by using ACI 318-08 without the need for the λ factor usually associated with lightweight concrete. Behavior of Concrete Members Containing Lightweight Synthetic Particles by Amr Ihab-Ahmed Hosny A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy


Advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) aim at collecting and disseminating helpful information to travelers. Among them there are systems providing public transit information as well as path planning services, called advanced public transportation systems (APTS). However, most modern APTSs maintained their own individual transportation service information in a non-sharable fashion, thus planning paths for large scope is difficult since there is no information exchanging methods for existing APTS. In addition, existing researches usually employ shortest path algorithms, and did not take advantages of other semantic information such as geographic locations, service information, etc., thus usually are not scalable well for large scope trip planning. This work proposes a semantic-based APTS framework for transit planning, where semantic Web-based service interfaces are specified for information exchanging, making it possible to integrate and organize heterogeneous data from various APTS and transportation enterprises. In addition, a semantic-based trip-planning scheme is designed to be used in NimbleTransit, where service information is aggregated in advance using semantic knowledge. Semantic service composition is then used to construct the path. A system prototype is implemented, and the results showed that the proposed scheme is indeed more effective and scalable than existing schemes.


A study was carried out to assess the impact of diabetes on antioxidant metabolism and its regulation on treatment with curcuma longa (CL) in the liver of male albino rats. The Catalase (CAT), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), Glutathione Reductase (GR) and Glutathione-S-tranferase (GST) enzyme activities were inhibited in all the experimental rat liver over control. The rate of depletion was maximum in diabetes rat liver followed by Control + Curcuma longa treated group. Maximum depletion of the enzyme activities were observed in diabetes rat liver by inducing oxidative stress leading to alteration of cellular function and membrane integrity. But on treatment of diabetic rats with


This paper presents the development of a microfabricated electrochemical sensor for measuring neurotransmitter activity in brain tissue. Electrochemical sensing is used to detect neuronal messengers such as nitric oxide (NO). Sensing is accomplished using the principle of an oxidationreduction (redox) reaction at the carbon electrode surface that produces a current signal proportional to the NO concentration. The carbon microsensors are patterned onto an array using a carbon polymer ink that is screen-printed onto electrically conductive traces. Thick SU-8 photoresist serves a dual-role, acting both as an insulating layer and also as a mold for the carbon ink. Surface profiling showed that our process produces mesa-shaped electrode structures. The electrochemical activity of the sensors is tested potentiostatically and NO sensitivity is demonstrated. Sensitivity to various interferents is also tested to determine electrode selectivity. Microfabricated sensor arrays would provide a novel experimental means to study the spatial and temporal neurochemical activity across brain tissue.


Soybean is the major food and oil crop in the world. However, soybean continuous cropping can significantly reduce soybean yield. In this study, the effects of Rhizophagus intraradices on soybean growth and the composition of microbial communities in soybean roots under different continuous cropping regimes were investigated at maturity. The results showed that the mycorrhizal colonization rate was affected by R. intraradices and soybean continuous cropping. The mycorrhizal colonization rate was the highest in the inoculated soybean plants under 1 year of continuous cropping. Inoculation of R. intraradices significantly increased soybean plant growth. The greatest biomass parameters were obtained from the soybean plants inoculated with R. intraradices under 0 years of continuous cropping. Bacterial diversity was decreased by soybean continuous cropping, while the opposite result occurred for fungal diversity. Moreover, inoculation of R. intraradices could increase and decrease the diversity of bacteria and fungi in soybean roots, respectively. It also indicated that R. intraradices and soybean continuous cropping had significant effects on the composition of microbial communities in soybean roots. Proteobacteria and Ascomycota were the most dominant bacterial and fungal phylum in all samples, respectively. It would contribute to developing a biocontrol strategy to alleviate the soybean continuous cropping obstacles.


Since the end of the 1960s, price limits has been employed by many futures markets and stock markets around the world. In the literature, the effectiveness of price limits is still under debate. The main purpose of price limit is to reduce price volatility. The rationale for supporting price limits is referred to overreaction hypothesis. Proponents asserted that traders are prone to overreact to new information. Therefore, asset prices may encounter large changes so that they deviate from fundamental values. In this situation, price limits provide a cooling-off period for traders to reassess the intrinsic asset value. Volatility is then reduced. Opponents for price limits argued that price limits may have negative effects on the financial markets. These are known as the delayed price discovery hypothesis (or information hypothesis), volatility spillover hypothesis, and trading inference hypothesis. Information hypothesis claimed that the main effect of price limits is just to delay the process of price discovery. If limit moves are present and intrinsic value of asset price falls outside the current price variation range, all trading will suspend and will resume when the intrinsic value lies within the new price variation range. The role of price limits just delay the trading activity. Price continuations occur in the next trading day following limit moves. As a result, this will enhance the autocorrelation of asset returns. Volatility spillover hypothesis states that volatility is increased in the subsequently trading days after limit moves due to imbalance orders caused by price limits. As to the trading interference, it claims that trading activity will be interfered once asset prices hit the limits. Therefore, the trading activity in the subsequent trading days will increase. In this paper, the time series properties and several hypotheses described above are examined in the framework of agent-based artificial stock market in which trader' behavior is modeled by genetic programming


The prognostic significance of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the context of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) of cancer of unknown primary (CUP) origin is unclear.


The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between physical activity and learning outcomes of sports physical education and the health of students at SMA Negeri 1 Banjarbaru. The method used in this research is a survey method. The population in this study was taken from male and female students at the State Senior High School 1 Banjarbaru aged 16-19 years, the population in the XI grade of the State Senior High School 1 Banjarbaru as many as 231 students. In comparison, the research sample was 184 students with the cluster sampling technique.The results of the research on the physical activity of students of SMA Negeri 1 Banjarbaru found that the classification of "low" was 84 students with a percentage of 45.65%. While the physical education learning outcomes of SMA Negeri 1 Banjarbaru students showed an average value of 82.11. The result of the calculation with the correlation shows 0.73 with the criteria of a strong/high relationship. Therefore, there is a relationship between physical activity and learning outcomes of PJOK students of SMAN 1 Banjarbaru. Physical education 85, high criteria as many as 21 people with an average score of 80.71 physical education. The criteria were as many as 71 people with an average score of 82.23 physical education. The low criteria were 84 people with an average score of 82.17 physical education and seven people with very low criteria with an average score of 85.57 physical education.


The paper introduces the principle of the PWM Rectifier,and describes the new control method the principle of auto-disturbance-rejection controller,the use of auto-disturbance-rejection controller replaces the outer ring voltage control PWM rectifier,in order to get better effect.Finally,the simulation experiments by use of power electronics MATLAB toolbox in Simulink simulation environment verifies the correctness and feasibility of system.


This interview provides an example of how a school nurse presented her data to the school board. It is a practical example of how to apply the principles found in the article on data presentation, which is the final article in the "data and school nursing" articles series being published in NASN School Nurse.


Clean air at any cost--that is what the States are wondering about the unfunded mandates of the Clean Air Act of 1990. This article reports on the reactions of State governments regarding the Clean Air Act, which has them acting as traffic cops for the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The deadlines and "big bucks" required to meet the standards of the act have State officials scrambling. The article states that EPA has created two direct funding mechanisms to help carryout the Clean Air Act's provisions; however, State and local officials say that it's not enough. Emission control programs, flexible fuel vehicles, and employee incentives for car pooling are offered as methods of improving air quality.


In order to study the land and lake breeze over the Lake Biwa Basin, observations of thevertical wind and the surface wind were carried out at eight sites around the Lake Biwa duringfrom 26 to 27 July, 1979.The land and lake breeze appeared over the plain, and the mountain and valley wind, overthe mountain area. When the land and lake breeze appears, the atmosphere below about 2000 mseems to be empty of the upper layer with the general wind and be divided into two layers. Thelower is the divergent (convergent) layer with the lake (land) breeze. The land breeze wasstrengthened at night. The middle layer is the convergent in the daytime and divergent at night.Westerly wind prevailed in the daytime and southerly wind, at night in the middle layer.


The main objective of the research was to auscultate if the employees of companies use social network, if they have an addiction to technology, and how they use the internet during their working hours using a quantitative methodology with a Cross-sectional and descriptive approach. In order to measure the addiction to social networks, the instrument used was the Social Network Addiction Questionnaire (ARS) designed by Miguel Escurra Mayaute and Edwin Salas Blas (2014). 100 questionnaires were administrated. Of the socio-demographic data collected, the following stood out: 54% correspond to the public organization, 63% of the participants were female, and 96% of the participants use their cell phone to connect to social networks, while 70% do so through the computer. In a similar way, participants indicated to connect to social networks at their homes and at work. Regarding which social network Facebook is the most used, obtained the most percentage with 40%. The results revealed that there are statically significant differences by gender (F=5.34, p=.023), by amount of time they are connected (F=4.80, p=.002) and addiction to social networks.


The mean reaction rate in flamelet models for turbulent premixed combustion depends on two basic quantities: a mean chemical rate, called the flamelet speed, and the flame surface density (Section 1.15 . Our previous work had been primarily focused on the problem of the structure and topology of turbulent premixed flames, mad it was then determined that the flamelet speed, when space-averaged, is only weakly sensitive to the turbulent flow fiel d (Haworth & Poinsot 1992, Rutland _ Trouv_ 1991, Trouv_ 1991). Consequently, the flame surface density is the key quantity that conveys most of the effects of the turbulence on the rate of energy release. In flamelet models, this quantity is obtained via a modeled transport equation called the I_-equation. Past theoretical work has produced a rigorous approach that leads to an exact but unclosed formulation for the turbulent E-equation (Section 1.2). In the exact I_-equation, it appears that the dynamical properties of the flame surface density are determined by a single parameter, namely the turbulent flame stretch. Unfortunately, the turbulent flame stretch as well as the flame surface density is not available from experiments, and, in the absence of experimental data, little is known on the validity of the closure assumptions used in current flamelet models. Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) is the alternative approach to get basic information on these fundamental quantities. In the present work, three-dimensional DNS of premixed flames in isotropic turbulent flow is used to estimate the different terms appearing in the E-equation (Section 1.3). A new methodology is proposed to provide the source and sink terms for the flame surface density, resolved both temporally and spatially throughout the turbulent flame brush (Section 2.1). Using this methodology, our objective is to extract the turbulent flame stretch from the DNS data base and then perform extensive comparisons with flamelet models (Section 2.3). Thanks to the detailed information produced by the DNS-based analysis, it is expected that this type of comparison will not only underscore the shortcomings of current models, but also suggest ways to improve them .....


28 In recent months we have seen the publication of reports highlighting the extent of both overeducation (Foley and Brinkley, 2015; Holmes and Mayhew, 2015) and skill shortages, (Vivian et al., 2016). Both are maladies of which we are fond of complaining. Yet the coincidence of both is curious. Ken Mayhew has provided an admirable assessment of the evidence, to which I have a couple of observations to add.


Plant dispersal and persistence strategies play an increasingly important role in the face of changing climate. Evaluating the restoration potential of soil seed banks as an important component of community resilience is crucial for developing effective grassland conservation and restoration strategies under climate change. Soil seed banks can act as a source for vegetation recovery by preserving species and supporting their establishment by assisting persistence and recolonization. In a systematic review of field and experimental seed bank studies, we evaluated the potential of seed banks in buffering climatic extremities and fluctuations. We found 42 papers testing the first‐order (temperature and precipitation changes) and second‐order effects of climate change (flooding and fire) on the seed bank in grasslands. We showed that persistent seed banks can support passive restoration especially in wetlands and habitats where unpredictable and frequent disturbance was typical in the historical timescale. We found that active restoration by seed addition will be most important in less disturbance‐adapted habitats characterized by species with transient seed banks. In such cases, the introduction of native matrix species that can tolerate the predicted climatic change should be prioritized at degraded sites.


A semiclassical treatment of the radiation loss in a laser, previously investigated by Baseia and Nussenzveig (Opt. Acta 31, 39 (1984)), is extended to the quantum-theory level. The model employs an optical cavity having an output coupling that includes the radiation loss due to the beam extraction through appropriate boundary conditions, instead of the unrealistic loss reservoir of the conventional treatment. This allows one to work entirely within the continuous spectrum and obtain the equation for the radiation field both inside and {ital outside} the cavity. Inside the cavity the results agree, in the coherent representation and absence of quantum noise, with those of the previous semiclassical theory. Also, the results of both treatments for the field inside the cavity coincide with those of the conventional theory, since we reinterpret its mode amplitude'' as a collective variable. Outside the cavity (an inaccessible region for a standard approach) the explicit solution for the laser field exhibits a {ital natural} relationship between the intensities inside and outside the cavity. Further considerations, such as those concerning the role played by the noise term in the field buildup, are also discussed.


0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.5 and 1.0 mg/L NAA and 0,0.05,0.1,0.2,0.3 and 0.5,1.0 mg/L 6-BA were added to NLN media,and A-3 000 lx light,B-10 d dark then 3 000 lx light,C-15 d dark then 3 000 lx light and D-dark were applied to culturing isolated microspore of heat-tolerance Chinese cabbage-Xiajiangjiu in order to study the effect of light and hormone on the growth and induction of microspore-derived embryos.The results showed: 0.1 mg/L 6-BA could improve induction of microspore-derived embryos.The highest yield,206 embryos,was obtained.At the same time adding 0.2 mg/L NAA could not only induce higher embryos,205 embryos,but also promote growth of embryos.Cotylednary and Germinated embryo increased to 33.7% and abnormal embryo decreased to 14.1%.Dark culture could improve induction of microspore-derived embryos and D treat obtained 149 embryos.Light culture,however,decreased embryo yield but improved the growth of embryos and regenerated plantlet.Better B treat induced 108 embryos and rate of regenerated plantlet increased to 145%.


Mathematical drying simulation of agricultural products reached its highest point in the decades of 1960 and 1970, with prominence for MSU and Thompson's models. However, none of them used the constant enthalpy condition of drying air during the process, being limited to checking if the relative humidity of the air did not exceed 100%. Studies conducted in the State University of Maringa allowed to conclude that energy and mass balances of a drying process are included when using the same air enthalpy in such process. The absolute humidity of the air is adjusted as a function of the removed humidity of the product. With that new absolute humidity of the air and with the constant enthalpy, the new temperature of the drying air is evaluated in the exit of the layer and, with those two psychrometric properties, the relative humidity of the air. If it reaches the saturated condition, the drying process is stopped at that time and position. The results obtained by simulation were checked against experimental results of corn dried in fixed-bed layers, with high agreement among them.


Australian Association of Social Workers. (2020). Code of ethics. https://www.aasw.asn.au/document/item/ 1201 Beddoe, L., Staniforth, B., & Fouche, C. (2019). "Proud of what I do but often... I would be happier to say I drive trucks": Ambiguity in social workers' self-perception.Qualitative Social Work, 18(3), 530–546. doi:10. 1177/1473325017725801 Dominelli, L. (2002). Anti-oppressive social work theory and practice. Palgrave MacMillan. Gardner, F. (2014). Being critically reflective: Engaging in holistic practice. Palgrave MacMillan. Lawrence, R. J. (2016). Professional social work in Australia. Australian National University. Loch, C. S. (1890). How to help cases of distress: A handy reference book for almoners and others. Charity Organisation Society. Pawar, M., & Anscombe, B. (2015). Reflective social work practice: Thinking, doing and being. Cambridge University Press. Pawar, M., Hugman, R., Andrew, A., & Anscombe, A. (2017). Virtuous practitioners: Empowering social workers. Springer. Wheeler, A. (2019). A situated ethical analysis of child inclusive practices in five Relationships Australia New South Wales Family Relationship Centres [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of New South Wales: Sydney.


In the field of information technology, broadband, internet and information flow have been found to be the primary elements to indicate access to information in this current information age. We examine whether the country difference in Broadband use, Internet use and information flow existing in 1991 has been reduced and if so how fast. Convergence framework had been utilised to answer these questions for 43 African countries. The results indicated that all the three chosen information technology indicators for 43 African countries are converging toward a reduction of dispersion and a catch-up process during the period 1991-2015. However, there are marked differences exhibited in the convergence processes for the Total groups and for the subgroups of countries by income level.


Diffusion weighted imaging can provide a marker a microstructural damage which cannot be detected by conventional structural MRI. Changes in cortical diffusivity may be a value marker of neuronal breakdown, which predates macrostructural damage. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of cortical diffusivity in predicting the extent of metabolic changes in different stages of Alzheimer's disease progression.


Digoxin is a drug used for its effects on the heart, particularly its effect on rate and strength of contraction. Levels are particularly useful in clinical practice owing to its narrow therapeutic index, with toxicity and therapeutic levels being relatively close. Clinically, digoxin toxicity can be acute or chronic, and can manifest with signs and symptoms related to the gastrointestinal system, nervous system, and cardiovascular system. Given digoxin toxicity can lead to fatal dysrhythmias, accurate and reproducible analysis by the laboratory is essential in the treatment of patients with suspected digoxin toxicity. However, the laboratory workup for digoxin toxicity is not as simple as performing a digoxin level. Other factors such as cross-reacting molecules, the effect of other biochemical findings, and the effect of the digoxin antidote (anti-digoxin antibody fragments) on immunoassay results need to be considered in clinical settings where the results aren't consistent with clinical findings. The laboratory is ideally placed to help with issues relating from these factors to digoxin level interpretation.


This paper presents an algorithm to obtain lower bounds for the Split Delivery Vehicle Routing Problem. An extended formulation over a large set of variables is provided and valid inequalities are identified. The algorithm combines column and cut generation and was able to improve the lower bound for almost all instances tested.


Operating rooms are the most common places of a healthcare system in which adverse events occur (1). One main cause of these events is weakness in non-technical skills (2), which have been defined as cognitive and social skills that improve healthcare staff's performance (3). It has been mentioned that non-technical skills are protective against human errors and their consequences (4) and can complement technical skills (3). Defects in non-technical skills such as teamwork, leadership, decision-making, communication, and situational awareness are not rare in operating rooms (5) and can lead to poor performance (6). Inappropriate communications can take place in operating rooms and jeopardize patient safety (7). A previous study indicated that poor communication in the operating room contributed to 43% of surgical errors (8). Based on the Scottish audit of surgical mortality, failures in non-technical skills such as decision-making were found to be the main contributor to surgical deaths (9). Therefore, investigation of non-technical skills during surgeries is particularly important.


PURPOSE: To enhance resistance against formation of a water tree by containing two kinds of a specific ethylenic polymer at specific ratios and a conventional additive in a conventional quantity. CONSTITUTION: A cable insulator has cable resistance against generation and growth of a water tree, and includes 70-99 parts by weight of an ethylenic polymer I, 80-92% by weight of ethylene, 8-20% by weight of C4 to C10 -α-olefin, 1-30 parts by weight of another ethylenic polymer II having a density of 0.890-0.915G/cm and a crystalline melting point of 90-125 deg.C and being different from the polymer I, and a conventional quantity of a conventional additive. Consequently, it is possible to provide a high-voltage cable of 1-500kV with the cable insulator including as basic compositions the ethylenic polymers and having an excellent treating performance and a high mechanical strength, and being capable of suppressing generation or growth of a water tree and exhibiting a slight inductive loss ratio and a high aging resistance.


Branched-chain amino acid metabolism has emerged as a crucial regulator of tumor proliferation. In particular, the branched-chain amino acid transaminase 1 (BCAT1), which catalyzes the conversion of branched-chain amino acids to α-keto acids in the cytoplasm, has been identified as a promising therapeutic target for several different cancer types, including gliomas and leukemias. BCAT1 expression has also been associated with resistance to anti-estrogen therapy in breast cancer, suggesting a role in therapeutic resistance and tumor progression. Yet a functional role for BCAT1 in promoting breast cancer recurrence has not been described. Further, BCAT1 expression is restricted to just a few specialized tissues, such as the testes and central nervous system, and the mechanism by which it becomes transcriptionally activated in tumors that arise from tissues that do not typically express BCAT1 is unclear. Here, we report that Bcat1 is upregulated in recurrent breast tumors to promote recurrent tumor growth. We find that Bcat1 is upregulated by the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in mammary epithelial cells and breast cancer cells. Finally, we analyze human tumor datasets to show that BCAT1 expression is strongly correlated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal gene signatures, suggesting that EMT is the predominant regulator of BCAT1 expression in cancer. Because EMT is associated with therapy resistance, metastasis, and tumor recurrence, these findings suggest a broad clinical potential for BCAT1 inhibition.


A numerical procedure for non-steady 3-dimensional elastohydrodynamic lubrication analysis was applied on the cam-roller contact of the valve mechanism for a marine diesel engine. Both the pressure distribution and the film thickness between the cam and roller follower acting dynamic load were calculated for each time-step of the whole rotation cycle. A new profiling method for roller edge was suggested using the results of elastohydrodynamic lubrication analysis. The analysis results of the new profile roller were compared with those of the conventional dub-off profile roller. The peak pressure at the roller edge was removed completely with the new profile.


The main biological function of glucagons-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1 ) includes stimulating the secretion and synthesis of insulin,inhibiting the secretion of hyperglycosemia, increasing the number of islet β-cell while inhibiting its apoptosis and so on. Studies show that GLP-1 has a unique myocardial protection,for example, fighting myocardial cell apoptosis, reducing small vascular lesions, improving, disorders of cardiac energy metabdism disorders and so on. Therefore,investigation of GLP-1 and its protection for myocardial can provide a new strategy for treatment of type 2 diabetes and diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Key words:
Glucogon-like peptide-1 ; Diabetes mellitus; Cardiomyopathy


Inspired by the dynamics of bacterial swarming, we report a swarm of polymer-brush-grafted glucose powered Janus gold nanoswimmers with a positive macroscale chemotactic behavior. These nanoswimmers are prepared through the grafting of polymer brushes onto one side of gold nanoparticles, following by the functionalization of glucose oxidase on the other side. The resulting polymer-brush-functionalized Janus gold nanoswimmers exhibit the efficient propulsion with a velocity of up to ~120 body lengths s-1 in the presence of glucose fuels. The comparative analysis of their kinematic behavior reveals that the grafted polymer brushes significantly improve the translational diffusion of Janus gold nanoswimmers. Particularly, these bacteria-mimicking Janus gold nanoswimmers display a collectively chemotactic motion along the concentration gradient of a glucose resource, which could be observed at the macroscale. Such a swarm of bacteria-mimicking biocatalytic nanoswimmers exhibiting a positive macroscale chemotaxis represents exciting progress for various biomedical applications.


1 Dr. Muhammad Jamil 2 Dr. Yaar Muhammad * 3 Dr. Naima Qureshi 1. Tutor, AIOU, Islamabad, Pakistan 2. Assistant Professor, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan 3. Assistant Professor, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan PAPER INFO ABSTRACT Received: July 23, 2021 Accepted: October 21, 2021 Online: October 24, 2021 In the national curriculum policy documents, to produce rationale and independent critical thinkers, different pedagogical practices have been recommended like cooperative learning, questioning, discussion, etc. This qualitative case study aimed at analyzing secondary school science teachers' practices for the development of critical thinking skills in secondary school students. There were twelve classrooms (four from each subject of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology) selected as cases. Video recording was used for the observations for six lessons in each classroom. In this way, a total of 72 observations were conducted, each lasting for approximately 35 minutes. Qualitative content analysis was used for data analysis through Nvivo 12. The findings of the observations revealed that all the teachers used the lecture method most of the time. They used this to cover the content at a given specific time. There was not much focus on the development of critical thinking. In a few classrooms, the students were engaged and active during learning different specific topics. Whiteboards were used as a visual aid by most of the teachers. Furthermore, to some extent, discussion, questioning, and daily life examples were used in different classrooms. It is recommended that teachers' professional development should be conducted to focus on the development of critical thinking skills through pedagogical practices, which have been recommended by the national education policy documents.


The video for Dan Deacon's song "Woof Woof" demonstrates the dangers of grandiosity and how to battle grandiosity through relationships. Based on research — including Carl Jung's works Man and His Symbols, Psychology and Alchemy, and Aspects of the Masculine/Aspects of the Feminine; neo-Jungian Robert Moore's Facing the Dragon; and an interview with the creator of the music video, Ben O'Brien — the essay uses archetypal images to show how the video demonstrates the dangers of grandiosity and how to battle grandiosity through relationships. The paper, which is part of a larger forthcoming work, argues that specific images in the video reflect Deacon's values unconsciously.


Changes in soil chemical attributes from lime application on the surface or soil amending. The application of lime on the soil surface is necessary in some agricultural situations. The objective of this work was to verify changes in chemical attributes of a medium texture soil as a result of lime application with and without amending. The experiment was carried out in a laboratory setting, in PVC columns, in a completely randomized design, with a 2 x 4 factorial design and a control, with four replicates, totaling 36 columns. The treatments were the combination of two lime rates (4 and 2 t ha -1 ) and four types of lime application (on surface without amending, and amending in layers of 0 to 5; 0 to 10 and 0 to 20 cm depths), in addition to the control, to which lime was not applied. After 326 days of soil incubation with lime, there was a corrective effect from the lime until 5 cm or 10 cm below the depth in which there was the application or amending. The application of lime resulted in increases of soil base saturation until 10 cm of depth, and until 40 cm of depth when the lime was amended in the layers of 0 to 5, 0 to 10 or 0 to 20 cm depth.


Primordial Black Holes (PBHs) in the mass range ∼ 10 17 − 10 22 g are currently unconstrained, and can constitute the full Dark Matter (DM) density of the universe. Motivated by this, in the current work, we aim to relate the existence of PBHs in the said mass range to the production of observable Gravitational Waves (GWs) in the upcoming GW detectors. We follow a relatively model-independent approach assuming that the PBHs took birth in a radiation dominated era from enhanced primordial curvature perturbation at small scales produced by inflation. We show that the constraints from CMB and BAO data allow for the possibility of PBHs being the whole of DM density of the universe. Finally, we derive the GW spectrum induced by the enhanced curvature perturbations and show that they are detectable in the future GW detectors like eLISA, BBO and DECIGO.


Triterpene alcohols and sterols were found to be present in a commercial sample of shea butter (the seed fat of Butyrospermum parkii, Sapotaceae) as esters of both cinnamic and fatty acids. These non-glyceride saponifiables represented 6% by weight of the shea butter under study, whereas free triterpene alcohols and sterols accounted for only 1 % by weight. Cinnamic acid was found neither in the free form, nor esterified to glycerol. Saponification of the non-glyceride saponifiables yielded the triterpene alcohols α-amyrin, butyrospermol, lupeol, β-amyrin and germanicol as major components. Other alcohols identified were parked, 24-methylenelanost-9(11)-en-3-ol, dammaradienol, 24-methylenedammarenol and the two sterols α-spinasterol and Δ7-stigmastenol. Esterified to these alcohols were cinnamic (trans and cis), palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and arachidic acids. The fatty acid composition of the non-glyceride saponifiables is different from that of the glycerides. No selectivity was observed in the esterification of these fatty acids by triterpene alcohols and sterols. Investigation of the products from acid catalysed transmethylation has led to two new experimental findings: (i) the difference in reaction rate of fatty acid and cinnamic acid esters and (ii) the formation of methoxylated artifacts from alcohols having unsaturation, in the C17 side chain, between C24 and C25 by the addition of methanol across the double bond. Analysis of the lipids extracted from shea kernels confirmed that the cinnamic acid esters were only present as non-glyceride saponifiables.


ABSTRACT We report the draft genome sequence of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia UV74, isolated from a vascular ulcer. This draft genome sequence shall contribute to the understanding of the evolution and pathogenicity of this species, particularly regarding isolates of clinical origin.


INTRODUCTION: Although cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has influences of vascular pulsations, it has not been clarified completely [1]. With MRI, in addition to observation of CSF flow dynamics using phase contrast techniques [2], Yamada et al [3] reported a method which uses a time-spatial labeling inversion pulse (Time-SLIP). With the Time-SLIP technique, a region of interest labeled by selective inversion recovery (IR) pulse and nonselective IR pulse can be visualized selectively. Instead of a slab pulse, we used a pencil beam pulse as the selective pulse to improve the selectivity of the target region in Time-SLIP. We report the validation results for CSF flow dynamics observations with this method. METHODS: Phantom study: We studied the flow effect using a handmade phantom, because Time-SLIP with pencil beam pulse (PB Time-SLIP) has a longer irradiation time than that with slab pulse (SP Time-SLIP) (Fig.1). At 1.5 T, Time-SLIP images were obtained under the following conditions: three-dimensional single shot T2WI, TR = 2000 ms, TE = 93 ms, flip angle (FA) = 90 degrees, field of view (FOV) = 300 × 300 mm2, matrix = 256 × 256, slice thickness = 1.2 mm, number of slices = 80, TSE factor = 77, inversion delay (TI) = 800 ms, and selective pulse width = 40 mm and 80 mm. The flow rate was varied between 5 cm/s, 20 cm/s, and 50 cm/s as measured by the phase contrast technique. To evaluate PB Time-SLIP and SP Time-SLIP, the signal in the tube and the signal in the background were measured and the signal intensity ratio (SIRtube/BG) was calculated. Human study: Labeling pulses were applied to regions of the fourth ventricle on mid-sagittal images in healthy volunteers (n=8). Time-SLIP images were obtained under the following conditions: two-dimensional single shot T2WI, TR = 6000 ms, TE = 83 ms, FA = 90 degrees, FOV = 250 × 250 mm2, matrix = 256 × 256, slice thickness = 5 mm, TSE factor = 97, TI = 2500 ms, and selective pulse width = 30 mm. Measuring the signal intensity of the pontocerebellar cistern (PC), cisterna magna (CM), and fourth ventricle (FV), SIRFV/PC and SIRFV/CM. Differences in SIRs with PB Time-SLIP and SP Time-SLIP were assessed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS and DISCUSSION: In the flow phantom, the difference between SIRtube/BG with SP Time-SLIP and PB Time-SLIP increased with increasing flow rate to fast, SIRtube/B.G. with 40 mm selective pulse in 50 cm/s became negative (Fig. 2). It was found that pencil beam pulse was affected by the irradiation time prolonged at high flow rate. In human study, no significant difference was found in SIRFV/CM between SP Time-SLIP and PB Time-SLIP, but SIRFV/PC with PB Time-SLIP was significantly higher than that with SP Time-SLIP (Fig. 3, Fig. 4). In the case of slow flow rates such as CSF, PB Time-SLIP enables more selective visualization than SP Time-SLIP (Fig. 5). CONCLUSION: PB Time-SLIP makes dynamic ultra-selective observation possible by improving the selectivity as in the third ventricle.


!is brief report describes an exploratory study that sought to investigate scores on the "Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale" (LSRP; [1]) in a sample of employed adults in New Zealand. Descriptive statistics for the LSRP are reported and scores compared across two employed groups: professional and casual workers. Additionally, LSRP mean scale scores were contrasted with existing reported means from a random sample of volunteer, student, and incarcerated population studies in the USA. Most notably, current "ndings revealed that "casual workers" scored higher on both the LSRP scales than "professional workers", while males scored higher than females on the LSRP (Primary) scale, but not the Secondary scale. Additionally, when contrasted with data from other studies, it was noted that the current sample of casual workers scored higher than student/volunteer comparison groups and at a similar level to (or higher) than incarcerated samples on both LSRP scales.


The paper presents new low-power flip-flops which are faster compared to previously proposed structures. The single-edge-triggered flip-flop, called the MHLFF (modified hybrid latch flip-flop), reduces the power dissipation of the HLFF (hybrid latch flip-flop) by avoiding unnecessary node transitions. To reduce the power consumption of the flip-flop further, the double-edge-triggered modified hybrid latch flip-flop (DMHLFF) is also proposed. The power consumption in the clock tree is reduced by halving the clock frequency of the MHLFF for the same throughput. In addition to the low power, the speed is higher while the area is not larger. The increase in the speed is achieved by lowering the number of the stack transistors in the discharge path.


In this paper, some new approaches are presented to deal with the dilemma we are facing in using parity testing: (1) proposing a method of turning a parity untestable circuit into parity testable (2) presenting a scheme of replacing the exhaustive testing with nonexhaustive method. The parity testing may resume its position by using some new technologies including the techniques presented.


In this paper a numerical algorithm is proposed for the computation of the Fourier Transform. The quadrature rule developed is based on the Whittaker Cardinal Function expansion of the integrand and a certain Conformal Map. The error of the method is analyzed and numerical results are reported which confirm the accuracy of the quadrature rule.


The tourism industry suffered significant losses as a consequence of the Canterbury earthquake sequence. The sequence began in September 2010, followed by a significant aftershock in February 2011 that caused an unprecedented and sustained reduction in tourism arrivals to the city of Christchurch and the wider region. This paper reports empirical findings from an impact and recovery survey of Canterbury tourism operators one year after the earthquake sequence. Results illustrate the different impacts experienced across three tourism sub-sectors of activity/attraction, accommodation, and visitor transport. These were largely a consequence of location and degree of damage coupled with the drop in international visitor arrivals.


For a Hilbert space 'H of an arbitrary dimension, let £('H) and Cl ('H) denote the Banach spaces of all bounded linear operators and all trace class operators on 'H, respectively. A dual space M in £('H) is, by definition, a O'-weakly closed subspace of £('H), and the predual space M. of M is the Banach space of all O'-weakly continuous linear functionals on M. A linear isomorphism between dual spaces is said to be a dual space isomorphism if it is bicontinuous with respect to the O'-weak topologies. For two dual spaces M ~ £('H) and N' ~ £(K,), we denote by M @ N' the linear span of {A @ B : A E M, BEN'} in £('H @ K), where 'H@K denotes the Hilbert space tensor product of'H and K. The tensor product M@'.N of M and N is then defined to be the O'-weak closure of M @N in £('H @ K). In this note, we show that this tensor product of dual spaces is independent of the Hilbert spaces on which dual spaces act, in the following sense:


The notch effect on corrosion-fatigue strength was investigated for high-strength steels of HT50 and HT80. In ion exchanged water, the fatigue strengths of HT80 were not affected by slight notches, and then decreased with an increase of αk (stress concentration factor). When αK was further increased, they reached a value which is probably the corrosion-fatigue strength of the circular cracked test pieces. For HT50, the fatigue strength decreased from slight notches, and the strength of a sharp notch coincides with that of HT80. In synthetic sea water, the fatigue strength was considerably lower, and was independent of the materials. However, a similar notch effect was obtained. This behavior can be explained from observations of the surface and the cracks of test pieces.


The application type and optimization solving method about four bar mechanism were summarized.The mathematical model was built about four bar mechanism with several design elements.This paper discussed and solved the problem of multiobjective optimal calculation while designing four bar mechanism with linear weighting method and MATLAB software optimal toolbox.The correctness about the solved result was verificated by Pro/E software.


Some problems encountered in using population registers to study the process of fertility decline are described using the example of La Hulpe Belgium during the nineteenth century. Particular attention is paid to potential biases introduced into both traditional and nontraditional demographic measures by the characteristics of the population register. Consideration is given to when the exposure to risk of pregnancy begins and ends to problems of time and space and to how the data available can be used to measure the process of fertility decline. (ANNOTATION)


Walking vehicles have the potential to emulate the superior off-road mobility of biological systems. However, it is important to make the walking machine terrain adaptive and versatile, and to minimize man's role as an operator in order to realize this potential. Terrain adaptive locomotion involves intelligent foothold selection and the control of gait to produce the desired motion. This requires a departure from the idealized, structured stepping patterns for statically stable gaits which have been the object of considerable research. A modified wave gait is used to demonstrate that it is possible for the vehicle velocity to be varied continuously in accordance with higher level commands even with irregular, asymmetric, and changing support patterns, A varying duty factor is employed to enable optimal leg cycling frequencies. Implementation of gait control algorithms and results from a computer simulation are also presented.


Ten years ago the University of Strasbourg, which had already announced to the international sponsors that it was prepared to set up an international Centre for the teaching of journalism within its organisation, began collecting journalists during a first inaugural session. This was a completely new venture, for there was no experience showing whether a university and the press could collaborate to further the ends of an international organisation. The Centre celebrated its tenth anniversary and the celebrations were justified by the enduring achievement that only time has been able to show. Journalists have not found the work of the new centre too academic, nor have the academics found it too far removed from the principles of a university education. From the very first a special relationship was formed and several letters received recently bear witness to the longlasting effects of it. The passing of a decade shows that a noble enterprise contains the seeds of innumerable other fertile creations when perseverance manages to reconcile the respect of traditional structures with research into every changing aspect of our daily world.


We present detailed stratigraphic‐sedimentological and paleomagnetic analyses of Holocene phreatomagmatic deposits at Stromboli volcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy). The investigated deposits belong to the Secche di Lazzaro succession (SDL) and to the Advanced Operations Center of the Department of Civil Defense (COA) succession, both lying on the Neostromboli lavas (ca. 13–5 ka). The two stratigraphic successions have similar stratigraphic position and show a phreatomagmatic origin, likely related to catastrophic magma‐water interaction processes during sector collapse events. However the thermal remanent magnetization data of the lava lithics indicate that deposits of the SDL succession were emplaced at very low temperatures (less than 140°C), whereas the basal part of the COA deposit was emplaced at temperatures between 300–340°C. Paleomagnetic results indicate that the two investigated deposits may be related to two distinct eruptive events occurred during the Holocene. Recent phreatomagmatic activity at Stromboli apparently has occurred more frequently than previously believed. Consequently, we must reconsider the recurrence interval of this dangerous eruptive scenario for Stromboli.


Issuing labeling changes is a common practice to warn about important side effects after drug approval. Among the many safety concerns, liver toxicity is frequently a major cause for postapproval labeling changes. To examine labeling changes associated with liver toxicity, safety-related labeling changes due to liver toxicity were reviewed. They were categorized into labeling changes that clarified/emphasized existing safety information and those that added new safety information. For labeling changes with new safety information, the preapproval safety data were reviewed to evaluate whether there was strong evidence of liver toxicity in the preapproval clinical data. Thirty-five labeling changes were found to meet the selection criteria. Among them, 10 modified "Boxed Warning," 24 modified "Warnings," and 12 modified "Contraindications." If categorized by nature, 22 changes clarified/ emphasized existing information and eight added new information on liver toxicity. The review of the preapproval safety data of drugs with labeling changes that added new information on liver toxicity demonstrated that only seven events of mild liver toxicity were associated with atomoxetine, and for telithromycin, the rates of combined elevation of bilirubin and aminotransferases and of pure elevation of aminotransferases were comparable with the comparator. In conclusion, after drug approval, labeling changes are occasionally issued to warn of liver toxicity. They clarified/emphasized existing liver toxicity information more often than added new information. For drugs not considered he-patotoxic initially but found to be associated with significant liver toxicity concern after drug approval, no strong evidence of liver toxicity could be noted in the preapproval data sets.


Background. Changes in the educational sphere of Russia cause a need to interpret pedagogical experience and innovations in conditions of democratization of the public relations and expansion of opportunities of receiving quality education for every person. The work purpose is to analyze the main directions of development of innovative processes in the sphere of higher education. Materials and methods. Realization of the research tasks was achieved on the basis of studying the practice of introduction of pedagogical innovations and the state standard and legal documents in education. The methodological potential included historical, civilization, comparative and legal, analytical methods of research. Results. The authors analyzed the essence of the concept "pedagogical innovation", changes in the standard and legal base, characterized prerequisites and directions of development of innovations in education. Conclusions. Studying of pedagogical innovations allows to comprehend the maintenance of positive tendencies in development of domestic education, to consider requirements of the state and society to quality of specialist training and to define the directions in further studying of the scientific problem.