We investigate the relationship between individual trust and individual economic performance. We find that individual income is hump-shaped in a measure of intensity of trust beliefs. Heterogeneity of trust beliefs in the population, coupled with the tendency of individuals to extrapolate beliefs about others from their own levels of trustworthiness, could generate this non-monotonic relationship: highly trustworthy individuals tend to form overly optimistic beliefs, to assume too much social risk and to be cheated more often, ultimately performing less well than those with a belief close to the mean trustworthiness of the population. On the other hand, less trustworthy individuals form overly pessimistic beliefs and avoid being cheated, but give up profitable opportunities, therefore underperforming. The cost of either too much or too little trust is comparable to the income lost by foregoing college. Our findings in large-scale survey data are supported and extended with experimental findings. We show that in the trust game, own trustworthiness and beliefs about others'trustworthiness are strongly correlated and persistent and that patterns in earnings lost due to incorrect beliefs are comparable to those in the survey data. JEL Classification: A1, A12, D1, O15, Z1


This study is concerned with the problem of observer-based l 2 – l ∞ control of two-dimensional (2D) discrete-time Roesser systems with exogenous disturbances. The control channel is subject to random packet dropouts and the closed-loop dynamics is presented as a 2D system with stochastic multiplicative noises in the system state and output vectors. Based on a Lyapunov-like scheme, tractable conditions in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) are derived to ensure that the closed-loop system is l 2 – l ∞ stable with a prescribed attenuation level. On the basis of the derived stability conditions, the design parameters of an observer-based controller are obtained through an LMI setting. A numerical example with simulations is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the design method.


Activity recognition in smart environments is an important technology for assisted living and e-health. Recently there are growing interests in applying machine learning algorithms to activity recognition tasks. In this paper, we combine support vector machine (SVM) and association rule learning to improve the performance of activity recognition based on streaming sensor data in smart homes. The proposed approach allows us to accurately identify the activity boundaries, hence reducing activity recognition errors in the system.


possessed strong social and religious values in many civilizations. We no longer mummify humans, understanding death as the final physical condition from which there can be no more vital transformation. But language, the word, is breath, not death. If memory speaks in the memoir, then memory lives outside of the individual skull case, and it lives in language. That is the difference between memory and memoir, the difference between what must die and what may live.


Risk management is a crucial aspect of Islamic banking to ensure the sustainability and operational safety of banks and maintain the trust of customers and stakeholders. This article discusses the importance of risk management in the context of Islamic banking and analyzes the challenges faced by Islamic banks in managing risks. This research adopts a qualitative approach, with a focus on collecting in-depth descriptive and interpretative data. The study involves text analysis and case studies of Islamic banks in Indonesia. This article discussed the basic concepts of risk management in the context of Islamic banks, including risk identification, risk evaluation, and risk control. We explain the importance of comprehensive risk assessment and the use of appropriate risk management tools to address specific risks faced by Islamic banks. By analyzing these challenges, this article provides a comprehensive overview of risk management in Islamic banking and offers recommendations to enhance the capabilities of Islamic banks in effectively managing the risks. Finally, the author offers a model for overcoming the risk of Islamic banks with the Hexagonal Model consisting of two sides (internal and external) and six main cores: Education, Identification, Accountable, Guidelines, Research, and Technology.


Traditional product development efforts are primarily based on well-structured and hierarchical product development processes. The products are systematically decomposed into subsystems that are designed by dedicated teams with well-defined information flows. Over the last 2 decades, a new product development approach called mass-collaborative product development (MCPD) has emerged. The fundamental difference between a traditional product development process and a MCPD process is that the former is based on top-down decomposition while the latter is based on evolution and self-organization. The paradigm of MCPD has resulted in highly successful products such as Wikipedia, Linux, and Apache. Despite the success of various projects using MCPD, it is not well understood how the product architecture affects the evolution of products developed using such processes. Toward addressing this gap, we present an agent-based model to study the effect of product architectures in MCPD processes. The model is executed for different architectures ranging from slot architecture to bus architecture and the rates of product evolution are determined. The agent-based modeling approach allows us to study how (a) the degree of modularity of products and (b) the sequence of decoupling affect the evolution time of individual modules and overall products developed through MCPD processes. The approach is presented using the architecture of mobile phones as an illustrative example. This approach provides a simple and intuitive way to study the effects of product architecture on the MCPD processed. It is helpful in determining suitable strategies for product decomposition and module decoupling, and in identifying the product architectures that are suitable for MCPD processes.


It is beneficial that the slag composition can be known as early as possible in the EAF process, so that actions and decisions can be taken promptly for an efficient process control of EAF. However, this is still a challenge today, because no steel companies have yet incorporated direct slag composition data in an online process control system for the EAF process. Therefore, this work is part of an attempt to obtain a better understanding of change of the slag components, based on measurements in a lab-scale EAF. The ultimate goal of the work is to make it possible to measure the slag composition online with optical emission spectrometry (OES) in a full-scale EAF.


MEACHAM, JOHN A. Verbal Guidance through Remembering the Goals of Actions. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1978, 49, 188-193. In light of criticisms of earlier attempted replications, several changes were introduced in the experimental paradigm employed by Luria and others in order to investigate more appropriately the development of verbal-motor interactions in children. 48 preschoolers were asked to ride a tricycle appropriately following commands presented at 3-sec intervals. Half of the children also were asked to repeat the commands aloud. No differences in frequency of inappropriate motor activity were found for children in the verbal and nonverbal conditions. Reaction times for verbal activity were slower than those for motor activity, a finding that is inconsistent with verbal mediation interpretations of Luria's investigations. Evidence is provided that verbal activity may play an indirect role in guiding changes from an inappropriate to an appropriate motor action by facilitating the remembering of anticipated goals.


The transport phenomena at interfaces often determine the bulk transport rates in both micro- and macro- scale. Therefore, a better understanding of the fluid motion and the associated transport processes at these interfaces is essential. The integration of appreciable surfaces with precisely defined interfaces and with various physicochemical properties into micro-scale devices can be harnessed for direct investigations of transport processes. In this context, optimal and controllable interfaces at the boundaries of microchannels are established and the transport processes are studied at these tailored interfaces with a focus on (i) hydrodynamic slippage and coupled mass transfer at gas-liquid interfaces and (ii) charge and momentum transfer at ion selective interfaces.


High-resolution solid-state 13C NMR spectra of 1,4-dibromobenzene, 1,3,5-tribomobenzene, 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene and hexabromobenzene (recorded at several different magnetic field strengths from 4.7–14.1 T) are reported. The bandshapes for 13C nuclei directly bonded to 79/81Br nuclei are characteristic multiplets arising from the effects of second-order quadrupolar interactions and both direct and indirect dipole–dipole interactions between 13C and 79/81Br. Numerical simulations have been used to obtain data on dipolar coupling constants and/or anisotropies in indirect coupling. In these simulations, effects arising from interaction with the directly bonded 79/81Br nucleus, intramolecular interactions with 79/81Br nuclei in the ortho, meta and para positions relative to the 13C nucleus, and intermolecular interactions with 79/81Br nuclei in neighbouring molecules were considered. Spectra are also presented for a range of other organic solids containing bromine.


Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an important health problem that induces unrestful complications. It causes significant morbidity owing to specific microvascular complications such as diabetic retinopathy, diabetic cataract, diabetic keratopathy, and diabetic optic nerve diseases. Patients and Methods: This is a prospective, comparative case series study assessing the corneal endothelial status in 20 diabetics and 20 non diabetics before, after 1 day, 1 week and 1 month of uneventful phacoemulsification using phaco-chop technique. Central corneal thickness (CCT), as well as endothelial cell density (ECD), coefficient of variation (CV) and percentage of polymegathism or hexagonality were measured by specular microscopy. The corneal thickness at 0, 2 and 4 mm from center of the cornea and corneal volume at 3, 5 and 7 mm from the center of the cornea. Changes were compared between both groups using pentacam in the same follow up period. Results: Preoperative CCT was found to be significantly higher in diabetic than in non-diabetic group. ECD and CV were insignificantly higher in diabetics in contrast with the percentage of hexagonality, which was found to be insignificantly lower preoperatively. Diabetics showed insignificant higher loss in endothelial cell count as compared to non-diabetics. Furthermore, the diabetics showed a slower recovery trend in the endothelial healing response as evidenced by lower change in the CV%. Postoperative CCT measurements demonstrated no significant variations between groups evidenced by specular microscopy as well as changes in corneal thickness and volume evidenced by pentacam. Conclusion: The present study revealed no significant differences between preoperative and postoperative values neither in terms of mean ECD values, nor in corneal thickness and corneal volume between diabetic patients and nondiabetic patients undergoing phacoemulsification employing phaco-chop technique.


An analysis is made of elliptical paraboloid shallow shells under the action of a concentrated load. Simplified calculation formulas for determining the vertical deflection as well as the stresses of the shells are presented in this paper.


Physical and chemical properties of solid catalysts critically determine their performance. This review summarizes the techniques which permit analysis and determination of these properties. The physical principle and the potential of each technique is briefly discussed and characteristic examples are given. The techniques mentioned include those for determining surface area and porosity, x-ray diffraction and absorption, electron microscopy, scanning probe microscopy, vibrational spectroscopies (infrared and Raman), nonlinear optical spectroscopy, neutron diffraction and inelastic scattering, nuclear spectroscopy (spectroscopies and nuclear magnetic resonance), electron spectroscopy (Auger and photoelectron spectroscopy), ion scattering spectroscopy, optical absorption and luminescence spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, and thermoanalytical methods. The review concludes with a brief description of the determination of mechanical strength of solid catalysts.

Keywords:

surface area, solid catalysts, determination;
porosity, solid catalysts, determination;
Dinitrogen, adsorption;
x-ray powder diffraction, catalyst structure;
vibrational spectroscopies, catalyst structure;
vibrational spectroscopies, hydroxyl groups;
vibrational spectroscopies, probe molecules;
surface, chemical composition;
acidity, solid catalysts;
acidity, determination, temperature-programmed desorption;
acidity, determination, ir spectroscopy of probe molecules;
acidity, solid catalysts, determination;
temperature-programmed desorption;
desorption, temperature-programmed;
reduction, temperature-programmed;
oxidation, temperature-programmed;
basicity, solid catalysts, determination;
mechanical properties, solid catalysts;
crush strength, catalyst pellets;
x-ray absorption spectroscopy, catalyst structure, local environment of atoms;
electron microscopy, catalyst morphology and structure;
scanning probe microscopies, catalyst morphology, nanoparticles;
Raman spectroscopy, catalyst structure;
nuclear spectroscopies, catalyst structure, surface properties;
electron spectroscopies, elemental composition, oxidation states;
ion spectroscopies, surface elemental composition;
acidity, 1H nmr, chemical shifts;
acid centers, Lewis and Bronsted type


Osteoporosis is a pervasive multi-factorial chronic disorder, characterized by low bone mineral density and increased risk for bone fragility, with a claim for long term management procedure. Osteoporosis as a disease in general is a major threat due to our changed life style and aging demographic. It may be viewed as a heterogeneous condition which may occur due to various genetic, nutritional, mechanical, endocrine and other life style factors. Although post- menopausal women are the most vulnerable victims, aged men population cannot escape themselves from this disease, as can be diagnosed by Bone Mineral Density (BMD) test. This review work will give an insight about how the disease can be controlled by change in life style along with usage of some selected pharmaceuticals and nutritional supplements. Hence assessment of the prevalence and awareness of the risk factors associated with the disease may provide the basis of management and future health plans to combat it.


About four years ago after consulting my copy of Cundy and Rollett [1] and then leaving it on my desk, I noticed that it had fallen open at a diagram of an approximation to Von Koch's 'snowflake' curve. Interest in such curves has increased of late but for most mathematics students they make a fleeting appearance in the analysis course as examples of closed, continuous curves of infinite length and differentiable nowhere.


Background Previous studies have reported that anal cancer incidence has increased in individual countries; however, age-specific trends were not examined in detail. This study describes pooled and country-specific anal cancer incidence trends by sex, age (all ages, <60 and 60+ years) and histological subtype (all subtypes, squamous cell carcinoma [SCC] and adenocarcinoma [ADC]). Methods Five-year incidence and population-at-risk data were obtained from IARC's Cancer Incidence in Five Continents for the years 1988–1992 to 2008–2012. The standardised rate ratios (SRRs) for 2008–2012 vs 1988–1992 and the 5-year average percent change (AvPC) during the period were used to assess changes in the age-standardised incidence rates. Results During the study period, there were significant increases in the incidence of SCC in both men and women of all age groups with significant increasing trend, and these increases were highest in those aged <60 years (SRR = 2.34 [95% CI:2.11–2.58] in men and SRR = 2.76 [95% CI:2.54–3.00] in women). By contrast, there were significant decreases in the incidence of ADC in men and women of all ages (SRR = 0.60 [95% CI:0.54–0.67]) and (SRR = 0.63 [95% CI:0.56–0.71], respectively), with similar decreases in those aged <60 years and 60+ years. These competing trends still resulted in significant increases in the overall incidence of anal cancer in men and women of all ages groups with significant increasing trend. The SRRs in men of all ages, <60 years and 60+ years were 1.35 (95% CI:1.28–1.42), 1.77 (95% CI:1.62–1.92) and 1.08 (95% CI:1.00–1.15), respectively. The corresponding SRRs in women were 1.75 (95% CI:1.67–1.83), 2.31 (95% CI:2.14–2.48) and 1.38 (95% CI 1.31–1.46), respectively. Conclusion Increases in the incidence of anal SCC has driven an overall increase in anal cancer incidence; this may be associated with changing sexual behaviours and increasing levels of HPV exposure in younger cohorts. The findings further reinforce the importance of HPV vaccination.


Il nâ€TMexiste que trois Ãatres respectables : Le prÃatre, le guerrier, le poà ̈te. Savoir, tuer et créer. Les autres hommes sont taillables et corvéables, faits pour lâ€TMécurie, câ€TMest-à -dire pour exercer ce quâ€TMon appelle des professions. — Charles Baudelaire, Mon cÅ"ur mis à nu There exist but three respectable beings: The priest, the warrior, the poet. To know, to kill, to create. The rest of men belong to the fatigue party, made for the stables, in other words for the practice of that, which is called professions. — Charles Baudelaire, My heart laid bare [0] It is the 26th of August, 1862. Charles-Pierre Baudelaire is forty-one years old. After losing his father thirty-five years earlier, the bereft son wasted no time in squandering most of his patrimony at the earliest opportunity. Yet to this day, he commemorates the late Joseph-François Baudelaire, philosopher and theologian educated at the University of Paris, a defrocked abbot and inflexible republican, in a reliquary transported through his frequently changes of Parisian domicile. The jealous stepson of the dashing general Aupick, Baudelaire takes solace in the former commander of the Ecole polytechnique and ambassador to Madrid and Constantinople having passed away five years earlier, bequeathing to the full-fledged orphan the undivided attention of the widowed Mme. Aupick. For the past two decades this grown-up has been subsisting in the state of legal minority, supervised by a conseil judiciaire administered by the notary Narcisse Ancelle. His livelihood depends on cadging handouts from his beloved mother to supplement the allowance from the remainder of his inheritance and the proceeds from his translations of Edgar Allan Poe and occasional journalism. For the past fifteen years he has cultivated notoriety as the poet of Les Fleurs du mal, with six of its blossoms judicially condemned and censored for obscenity. About twenty months earlier he has published its expanded and improved second edition, meant to support his fervid, failed candidacy for the Académie française. An erstwhile defender of the revolutionary barricades, he is now become an adept of pure art, a dedicated dandy, and an acute opium addict. His political fervor has transmuted into self-flagellation in the midst of a Jansenist crise de foi.[1] Gustave Courbet, fragment comprising a portrait of Charles Baudelaire Today, he is publishing nine "little prose poems† intended as an episodic counterpart to his earlier book of classically versified poetry, in the Parisian newspaper La Presse. The last among them recalls and responds to an earlier venture into his novel genre, the sententious and sentimental "Chanson du vitrier†, penned by his publisher and dedicatee Arsà ̈ne Houssaye.


We initiate the study of forcing signed domination in graphs. A function f : V (G) −→ {−1, +1} is called signed dominating function if for each v ∈ V (G), ∑ u∈N [v] ≥ 1. For a signed dominating function f of G, the weight f is w(f) = ∑ v∈V f(v). The signed domination number γs(G) is the minimum weight of a signed dominating function on G. A signed dominating function of weight γs(G) is called a γs(G)-function. A γs(G)-function f can also be represented by a set of ordered pairs Sf = {(v, f(v)) : v ∈ V }. A subset T of Sf is called a forcing subset of Sf if Sf is the unique extension of T to a γs(G)-function. The forcing signed domination number of Sf , f(Sf , γs), is defined by f(Sf , γs) = min{|T | : T is a forcing subset of Sf} and the forcing signed domination number of G, f(G, γs), is defined by f(G, γs) = min{f(Sf , γs) : Sf is a γs(G)-function}. For every graph G, f(G, γs) ≥ 0. In this paper we show that for integer a, b with a positive, there exists a simple connected graph G such that f(G, γs) = a and γs(G) = b. The forcing signed domination number of several classes of graph, including paths, cycles, Dutch-windmills, wheels, ladders and prisms are determined.


Sensor Networks are employed in several applications e.g. habitat monitoring, military tracking. Whenever sensor networks are used to monitor sensitive objects the privacy of objects location becomes important issue. To safeguard such necessary info, goodly effort in sensor network security has targeted on providing security services like integrity, confidentiality, accessibility, and authentication. These security necessities aren't sufficient in case of location privacy application. The contextual info may be disclosed by the communication patterns of sensors itself. In WSN, sensor data is distributed from sensor node to sink node. This data is sent using comparatively fixed path. The bound traffic patterns are created during this procedure that is analyzed by attacker to search out the placement of either source sensor or sink node. Once attacker is aware of the placement of either source sensor or sink node he will establish the spot of object. Suppressing or hiding the location of object becomes necessary if it's representing a sensitive entity like soldier or an endangered species. Source sensor location privacy and sink location privacy are necessary tasks in an order to stay object safe. During this paper we've got used location privacy techniques together to safeguard the source sensor and sink, successively to safeguard the article from being disclosed. Sensors are low power devices. Very little power is employed for the sensing operation however the most power of sensor is used for transmission and reception of the packets or messages, so communication overhead should be reduced. In this paper we've got targeted on the technique that uses the less variety of packets to cover the location of source sensor and sink and in turn hides location of object.


The indispensable implication of Mathematics in the society made it become a compulsory subjectin primary and secondary schools in most countries of the world. Despite its wide application ofMathematics in the society, there are still many learners particularly in secondary schools who struggleto achieve the best knowledge of mathematics. The performance of Grade 9 learners in South Africaschools is not Improving and this is attributed to their attitudes towards the study of the subject. Thestudy adopted the qualitative approach which is rooted in the interpretive paradigm. 15 participantscomprise of 3 mathematics educators and 12 Grade 9 learners are purposefully selected for across thesecondary schools in Pine Town Educational District. In KwaZulu-Natal for the study. Data wereobtained through classroom observation and semi-structured interviews. The findings from the studyrevealed that the poor performance of Grade 9 learners in mathematics is attributed to the perceiveddifficult nature of mathematics because of information pass on to learners from peers, parents, seniors,and guardian, the nature of mathematics itself and learners are not well prepared from primary schools.The study however concluded by giving general recommendations for improving learners' participationand attitudes towards learning mathematics.


The transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy required the establishment of the necessary conditions for there were a change of management, of which the privatization of state enterprises was vital. However, it was obvious that without some changes in the micro hopes for a transformation of the economic system, after more than six decades of planned economy could not be met. An exogenous change in the ownership structure strictly in legal terms-that is, a formal rule-without the managers of the companies assimilate the change, transforming the existing informal rules, will surely be empty. Thus, the interaction between formal and informal rules is the main factor that determines the success or failure of the transformation of any economic system.
Although privatization has indeed been successful in the sense that it has imposed a structure of mainly private property, the maintenance of international ownership structures mainly due to the persistence of traditional managers, has greatly impacted the reproduction of the informal rules from the centrally planned economic system, focusing on the 'ethics negocios' This has facilitated the survival of companies through decentralized sources of laxity. Thus, state enterprises, despite being privatized, have reproduced paternalistic mechanisms to adapt to new economic environment and overcome the constraints implied by the financial restrictions imposed by privatization. Therefore, it is confirms our hypothesis according to which privatization is not in itself a sufficient condition to transform corporate behavior and, therefore, to harden the budget constraint.
In short, there has been progress in the consolidation phase of the hardening of budget constraints, as evidenced by the fact that not meet any of the four basic rules that determines the performance of a hard budget constraint: (1) companies do not pay for all goods purchased, (2) the debtors do not meet the terms of your credit terms or pay its debts, (3) business taxpayers do not pay taxes, (4) companies do not cover their production costs their income.
In recent years, Russian companies, especially industry, de facto changed the way they operate, but to protect the rules of the market rather than to join them. Russia has emerged a new type of economic operation fictitious rules and criteria to determine success and failure of economic organizations. Economical operation characteristic of the transition process in which prices are fictional because no one pays in cash or time, where the mutual debts are reproduced and can not be canceled in a reasonable time, where wages are declared and paid and so on. This creates income illusory or 'virtual', which in return lead to unpaid tax obligations, with businesses developed by non-market prices, creating a permanent financial imbalance.
Russian companies have avoided the macroeconomic reforms oriented towards the creation of a market economy using different coping strategies, focusing on short-term management, whereby inter accumulating debts, salaries, tax and banking.


A form of Telehealth is remote patient monitoring. We propose a generic topology for such a monitoring system and apply to it a physical layer cooperative transmission (CT) technique. The generic topology is as follows. We consider "on-body" sensors, and a hub device (such as a phone, PDA, or wireless LAN access point) that is away from the body, which can function as a central fusion node and connect to the Internet. Using CT will reduce the total power required for sensor transmission by exploiting the spatial diversity of multiple single-antenna terminals. This will increase the longevity of battery-driven on-body sensors. The opportunistic large array (OLA) is a simple CT approach that saves energy relative to conventional multihop routing by allowing all nodes that can decode to relay the message. OLA avoids the overhead of assigning clusters and cluster leaders. To date, OLA has not been considered for human body applications. In this paper, we provide a first treatment of communication using OLA for on-body sensors in the Ultra-wideband (UWB) range and investigate the potential diversity gains that can be achieved. Keywords—Body Area Networks, Sensor Networks, Opportunistic Large Arrays, Wireless Cooperative Communications


This research deals with the subject of concrete bridges projects cost control during the design phase. This research falls within the framework of the road bridges projects where cost control is used as a tool to help design and decision making. The objective of this study is to develop a methodology to control the cost of bridge projects during the early design stages, by investing the database with any helpful software tool, the proposed cost control methodology is based on modeling the original elements and proposing a method of cost estimate based on the estimate of quantities from general parameters of origin and prices be updated periodically. The proposed methodology studies the various technical solutions chosen by the designer and evaluates them economically. In this paper, a study was conducted on (12) bridges within the capital Sana'a bridges project and (7 bridges) those carried out in Sana'a-Aden road, by using the statistical program (SPSS) as a specialized program in this field, logical and theoretical issues have also been taken into account. Results that require us to study the design of the bridges based on a controlled database and applied to the case of cost and time, and on the impact of implementation risk on the cost of the project during the design phase, and the various models necessary to design a database structure that was enriched with information collected from different bridge projects were presented in the Republic of Yemen.


This thesis is an analysis of the development of regional film policy and practice in England. From the late 1960s regional film production sectors have gradually emerged from small-scale, under-resourced cottage industries to become significant areas of British film practice. By the mid-2000s the English regions were incorporated into a national film policy strategy based on a network of nine Regional Screen Agencies and centrally coordinated by the UK Film Council. Along with similar developments in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, for many commentators the devolution of film production has questioned the traditional way that British cinema can be understood as a national cinema. This thesis aims to understand how regional film production sectors have developed, what filmmaking practices have characterised them and what these mean for British cinema.

It is argued that the development of regional film policy and practice can be understood in terms of two distinct models: the regional workshop model and the regional "creative industries" model. Each was based on different systemic processes and ideological frameworks, and is best represented in institutions. The development of an institutional framework for regional film production is placed within the wider context of the trajectory of public policy in Britain in the post-War period; specifically the shifting boundaries between cultural policy and economic policy. The thesis employs a critical political economy approach to analyse the development of these policy frameworks and the filmmaking practices that have emerged from them, including detailed case studies of regional film practices, specifically regional documentary, regional short film and regionally-produced feature films.


Mechanical resonators, such as microcantilevers, demonstrate significant potential for use in information technology. Cantilevered beams of various geometries clamped at one end form the most ubiquitous structures in microelectromechanical systems that support multimode vibration for the detection, conversion, and processing of small signals. In this study, we demonstrate that the potential of these devices can be further extended by utilizing a strategy based on mode coupling and locking induced by asymmetric photothermal modulation. A cantilever was designed to have a Π-shape with a specific geometry such that the resonant frequencies of the two orthogonal modes are close to one another. Additionally, we show that mode coupling between the two modes, which are originally orthogonal to one another, can be achieved through laser-induced photothermal modulation. In particular, the two modes can be parametrically tuned to become degenerate through mode coupling with a significant increase in the quality factor from 112 to 839. This approach is universal and can be extended to improve the detection limits of microresonators in high-dissipation environments with enhanced signal-to-noise ratios.


Purpose - A large amount of user-generated content is now freely available on social media sites. To increase their competitive advantage, companies need to monitor and analyze not only the customer generated content on their own social media sites, but also the content on their competitor`s social media sites. By monitor and analyze the contents availables on social media, companies will able to generate their own contents to create better mass communication and eventually increase brand awareness of the companies to their customers. The purpose of this paper is to present a social media competitive analytics framework with natural language preprocessing, text mining and sentiment analysis techniques to analyze online customer and competitor`s customer related to marketing communication on social media sites that can be use as guideline for marketing intelligence to create content on their companies. Design/Methodology/Approach – The Authors conducted a literature review study of academics journal to extract and generate new knowledge of mass communication on social media from existing researchs that used big data technology to gain competitive intelligence on social media. Findings – This study confirms that this proposed framework is sensible and useful in terms of big data technology and social media in a cohesive way to design a mass marketing communication system and its process. Keywords: Social media, text mining, sentiment analysis, business intelligence, competitive intelligence, competitive analytics.


Necrotizing enterocolitis of newborns (NEC) is a severe intestinal disease that occurs against the background of acute hypoxia, violations of normal colonization of the intestine by microflora, leading to necrosis and perforation of the intestinal wall, peritonitis. Frequency of occurrence of 1-5 cases per 1000 live-born children. Most often, premature babies and children with low birth weight get sick. The development of NEC in a child significantly worsens the prognosis and increases mortality. Modern development of medical technology has made it possible to provide assistance to extremely premature newborns, which has led to an increase in the number of patients with NEC who are in a critical condition due to the course of multi-organ failure, including kidney failure, which requires renal replacement therapy (RRT). The main method of RRT used in newborns and young children is peritoneal dialysis (PD). NEC in the initial stages is considered an absolute contraindication for performing invasive manipulations on the abdominal cavity, since the risk of disease progression with the development of complications requiring surgical intervention increases at times. Recently, peritoneal dialysis has also become widespread in deeply premature newborns, who are the main risk group for developing NEC. Peritoneal dialysis in the continuous flow modification eliminates high intra-abdominal tension, one of the provoking factors for the progression of NEC, and in foreign expert studies, there are reports that the dialysis solution improves the intestinal wall trophism. This article presents a clinical case of peritoneal dialysis in flow modification in a 1-month-old child with acute renal damage and necrotizing enterocolitis.


The invention relates to hydraulic mortar comprising glass, mainly containing: waste glass to which grey or white pure Portland cement clinker, gypsum, and optionally alumina are added; super-fine glass subsequently added to the ground product; as well as crushed natural stone and calcareous or siliceous natural soil (or a mixture of both), or ground glass as a substitute for the calcareous or siliceous natural stone fines.


Purpose: The study purposed to examine the influence of total quality management on the competitive advantage of businesses in the United Arab Emirates. TQM has been studied in the past but not in the context of competitive advantage, especially in business in the United Arab Emirates. The paper aimed to examine TQM practices and their influence on businesses' competitive advantage in the United Arab Emirates.
Methodology: The study utilized a quantitative method aligned with a positivist philosophy and a deductive approach. A structured questionnaire was used to glean data from 54 participants. The sample was chosen through random sampling. The questionnaire was launched online and withdrawn after the allocated timeline was depleted. The response rate was 90% at the time of the withdrawal. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.
Findings: The results showed that different TQM practices such as customer focus, effective communication, continual improvement, fact-based decision making, strategic and systematic approach, integrated system, employee involvement, and process approach increased the business's competitive advantage in the United Arab Emirates. Also, the results showed that businesses that adopt TQM practices get time-based, cost, first mover, product differentiation, and price advantages through increasing customer satisfaction, reducing costs and defects, customer attraction, product quality loyalty, and product differentiation. Lastly, the result showed that TQM positively affects UAE business by increasing overall competitiveness.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study was anchored on customer focus theory which focuses on the customer, the modern market has arguably embraced this in the business environment where information systems development is considered. The findings of this study are insightful to business managers as they underpin the importance of implementing different TQM practices and leveraging them for competitive advantage


Risk assessment is one of the primary tools that management teams use to determine if a product should be taken to market. If the risk associated with the product concept is at an acceptable level, the product proceeds into the design phase. Throughout the product lifecycle, the risk assessment is updated and refined as product functions are built out into the design. Different industries use different tools for risk assessment, but their purpose is the same: to minimize product risk factors. In this paper, we discuss emerging trends in risk assessment for increasing both the value and efficiency of analyses. For example, by taking a systems engineering approach to FMEAs, companies are now rolling failure modes laterally to other subassemblies that can be affected by the same failure rather than merely rolling these modes up product tree structures. Additionally, systems engineers are using the top-down approach common to fault tree analysis and then breaking out only the highest risks into detailed FMEAs to save time. Yet another trend includes linking a FMEA directly to a FRACAS. This allows a direct comparison of what failure modes were predicted to occur (and at what rate) against what is actually seen in the field. This paper will give case studies demonstrating these emerging trends in risk assessment.


Among the variety of polymers used as drug carriers, chitosan has received attention in the fields of medicine and pharmacy by being a nontoxic, biocompatible and biodegradable copolymer. Piperine is a natural alkaloid, has various pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, hepatoprotective and antitumor when combined with chitosan has better bioavailability and more effectiveness. This work aims to prepare and characterize chitosan / piperine membranes obtained by the solvent casting method. The membranes were characterized by Spectroscopy Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (DRX) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (MEV). From the results obtained it can be concluded that the process described was effective in obtaining the system chitosan/piperine indicating its potential for studies of controlled release of drug.


After completing statistical calculations and publishing the basic macroeconomic data for the Czech Republic for 1995, economists once again focused on analyzing the present state of the Czech economy as well as its future prognosis. The following article derives primarily from CSU (Czech Statistical Office) data on the evolution of macroeconomic indicators between 1993 and 1995 and the prognosis for 1996 (Tables 1 and 2). In addition to the real values in the tables for 1995, the previous CSU forecasts are also presented. For the twenty-one indicators expressed in percentages, the average deviation from the forecast is only 0.3 percentage points. Considering the rapid evolution of the Czech economy and the difficulties with data collection, this value shows the more than satisfactory quality of the prognoses. In Table 3, the Czech economy is compared to other Central European economies based on data from the past two years. In Table 4, the basic macroeconomic indicators are compared with those of the fifteen countries of the EU. Table 4 includes the real data starting from 1991 and forecasts to the year 2000. During its economic transformation, the Czech Republic has achieved a high degree of macroeconomic stability. Proof of this is relatively low inflation, a stable currency, increasing reserves of foreign exchange, a surplus in the state budget, and an exceptionally low unemployment rate. In the past two years, economic growth has been renewed, and this


In order to improve the operability and reduce the voyage resistance of the enclosed streamlined shaped mini-underwater robot which uses single-propeller,single rudder and two level wings to control the direction and balance,the rudder wing structure is designed and the airfoil flow around is investigated by numerical simulation method.Using computational fluid dynamics software FLUENT,the RANS equations is directly solved by finite volume method and RNG k-eturbulence mode.Hydrodynamic simulations of three-dimensional airfoil flow at different angles of attack and Reynolds numbers are investigated and its hydrodynamic performance is calculated.The pressure distribution of foliage surface and dorsal surface of rudder wing is analyzed at different angles of attack.And then the pressure coefficients,velocity vector maps,lift and drag of the flow field are researched at different angles of attack and Reynolds numbers.The variation of torque coefficients with angles of attack is also discussed.The results have a certain reference value for hydrodynamic properties investigation and strength design of rudder of underwater robots.


The modified dimethylaluminum reagents such as tris(dimethylaluminum)aryloxide (3), dimethylaluminum 4-bromo-2, 6-di-t-butylphenoxide (7), dimethylaluminum 2, 6-di-t-buty14-methylphenoxide (8), and dimethylaluminum 4-bromo-2, 6-diphenylphenoxide (9) can be utilized as mild Lewis acidic catalysts for the selective rearrangement of epoxides to carbonyl compounds under mild conditions. Among these, the catalyst 3 is highly effective for epoxy silyl ether substrates, while 9 is useful for simple epoxides.


ICAM Humane dog population management guidance Dog population management ICAM Guidelines on stray dog population control, OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/ Health_standards/tahc/2010/en_chapitre_1.7.7.htm OIE TAHC Chapter 7.7 Stray dog control


Many studies related to financial technology (FinTech), especially digital payment services, have been carried out. However, there is still a lack of studies that focus on Generation Z, especially their intention to use the service, while this generation is very familiar and is easily adaptable to new technologies. In addition, it is projected that this generation will contribute greatly to online transactions in Indonesia and even the world. For this reason, this study focuses on factors that can influence Generation Z's intention to use digital payment services. There are five independent factors that will be tested, namely: culture, perceived security, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence. The research instrument was a questionnaire adopted from related literature, which was distributed online using the snowball and convenient sampling method. A total of 266 Generation Z people participated in this study. A descriptive statistic and multiple regression analysis were performed and found that simultaneously these five factors had a significant positive effect (Sig <.05) on the intention of Generation Z in using the service. This study concludes that service providers have to pay attention to these factors in attracting Generation Z. Keywords —digital payment services, financial technology, Generation Z


We consider the motion of axisymmetric magnetic eddies with swirl in ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow. The magnetic field is assumed to be toroidal, while the velocity field has both toroidal and poloidal components. The contour-dynamics formulation by Hattori and Moffatt (2006) for the case without swirl is extended to include swirl velocity so that the cross helicity does not vanish in general. The strength of the vortex sheets that appear on the contours varies with time under the influence of the centrifugal force due to swirl and the magnetic tension due to the Lorentz force. Numerical simulation using the contour-dynamics formulation shows that there exist counter-propagating dipolar structures whose radius is given by a balance between the centrifugal force and the magnetic tension. These structures are well described by the steady solutions obtained by perturbation expansion. The effects of vorticity inside the eddy on the motion of eddies are also investigated.


This paper presents an efficient method for determining the dynamic responses of such complex structures when subjected to general ioadings by using a systematic and lmproved variational approach to substructuring. This proposed method uses an improved assumed mode method based upon an extension to Weinstein's Intermediate Problem Method.


Carbon nitride thin films were deposited by RF plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition using acetylene (C2H2) and nitrogen (N-2) mixture on Si (1 0 0) substrates. The films were deposited at 400 degrees C substrate temperature, 600 W RF power with 5 sccm C2H2 and different flow ratio of N-2 (5, 15, 30, 60) sccm. The deposition rate was characterized by surface profilometer, composition and bonding structure were characterized by EDS, Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and microstructure by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The deposition rate decreased with the increase in nitrogen content. Nitrogen content of 15 atom% could be incorporated in the film at 60 sccm N-2. Deposition rate and roughness was found to decrease with the increase of nitrogen ratio. Spectroscopic studies confirmed the incorporation of nitrogen (C=N, C N) in the film and the amount of CN bonding was found to increase with increase of nitrogen content. AFM studies showed decrease of particle size with increase of nitrogen content in the precursor gas. All films were found to be X-ray amorphous. The atomic resolution picture from AFM of films confirmed the formation of C3N4 phase in the carbon nitride film.


Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate breast cancer survival rates and risk of breast cancer using different detection modes (screening, symptomatic, interval, and outside screening). Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science were systematically searched through August 2018. Hazard ratios (HR) and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled using Review Manager Version 5.3. Results: Fifteen randomized controlled studies, including 57,542 patients with breast cancer, were analyzed. Pooled analysis indicated that the mode of screening-detection was associated with survival outcomes of breast cancer patients, whereas the combined HR of other detection modes (symptomatic, interval, and outside screening) was associated with poor survival, according to univariable analysis (HR = 2.78; 95% CI, 2.38-3.24, P<0.00001) and multivariable analysis (HR = 1.60; 95% CI, 1.43-1.79, P<0.00001), using a random-effects model. This study also found that the screening-detection mode showed a significantly higher risk of ER (OR = 1.58, 95% CI [1.31, 1.91]) and PR (OR = 1.43, 95% CI [1.33, 1.53]), but lower risk of HER2 (OR = 0.75, 95% CI [0.67, 0.83]) and Ki67 index (OR = 0.57, 95% CI [0.45, 0.73]), compared with other detection modes in patients suffering from breast cancer. Conclusion: Breast cancer detected by screening-detection is an independent prognostic factor. It is associated with a more favorable prognosis than in patients diagnosed using outside screening programs.


To evaluate the total seismic vulnerability for facilities of the private enterpriSeS , the Structural mOdeling of faCtOrs regardi 冂 g to earthquake damage is conducted , Factors are CategOriZed in three hierarChieS in reterenCe tO the reCeRt earthquake disaster such as the Great Hanshin Earthquake in 1995 . Five ma } n categolies for the top hierarchy are selected as structural safety , functional order , fire safety , Iife safety and emergency management . RelatiOnS amOng seleCted faCtOrs are analyzed fOCusing on disaster chain relations in time and SpaCe dOmainS ,


Peter Camper described ala-tragus line for orientation of antro-posterior occlusal plane and defined it as a line running from the lower border of the ala of the nose to the tragus of the ear. Camper never mentioned exact point of reference for this line of the tragus of the ear; superior, inferior or middle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of changing the posterior reference point of ala-tragus line on masticatory efficiency of complete denture wearers. Subjects and method : Ten completely edentulous patients were selected. For each patient new complete denture was constructed. The denture anterior teeth were set to meet the esthetic needs with minimal incisal guidance as much as possible. Posterior anatomic form teeth were arranged in balanced articulation with the posterior occlusal plane follow the ala tragus line at the middle point of tragus. Then, the denture posterior segments were exchanged twice to orient occlusal plane parallel to the ala tragus line at the superior and the inferior points of tragus, respectively. After three months of each new and modified denture use, masticatory efficiency test was carried out. Results: There were no significant differences of all masticatory efficiency parameters (when patients were chewing apple, peanut and carrot) with the occlusal plane oriented parallel to the Camper's line using the three levels of the tragus. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, the use of any posterior point of tragus for occlusal plane orientation is acceptable at the point of masticatory efficiency. (1924) Yasser A. Baraka E.D.J. Vol. 63, No. 2 orientation of the occlusal plane in posterior region 2. Some dentists position the occlusal plane parallel to and mid-way between the residual ridges 3,4. Roberts5 recommended positioning it halfway between the maxillary and mandibular ridges parallel to the Frankfort plane. Still other dentists recommend placing the occlusal plane so that it terminates posteriorly at the medial 2/3rd of the retromolar pad 3,6. Others used the buccinators grove and commissure of the lips to orient the occlusal plane in the mandibular arch 7. While, the hamular notchincisive papilla plane 8 and ala-tragus line 9-10 have been used to orient the occlusal plane in the maxillary arch. Peter Camper described ala-tragus line for orientation of antro-posterior occlusal plane and defined it as a line running from the lower border of the ala of the nose to the tragus of the ear. Camper never mentioned exact point of reference for this line on the tragus of the ear; superior, inferior or middle. This definition of the ala-tragus line has created confusion9. Many studies investigated the exact point of reference in relation to the natural occlusal plane. Boucher3 and others9-12 used the superior border of the tragus of the ear as the reference point. They concluded that, the ala-tragus line, extending from the inferior border of the ala of the nose to the tip of the tragus of the ear presented the closest relationship to the natural occlusal plane. The Glossary of Prosthodontic terms defined the ala-tragus as a line running from the inferior border of the ala of the nose to some defined point on the tragus of the ear, usually considered to be the tip of the tragus. It is frequently used, with a third point on the opposing tragus, for the purpose of establishing the ala tragus plane. Ideally the ala-tragus plane is considered to be parallel to the occlusal plane13. The ala-tragus line as running from the center of the ala to the center (middle) of the tragus was found in other studies to be parallel to the natural occlusal plane14-16. A study done by Shigli et al. 17 using a custom made occlusal plane relator concluded that the line drawn from the ala of the nose to the middle of the tragus was found to be parallel to the maxillary occlusal plane. Dentulous individuals were evaluated to establish the definite correlation between camper's plane and natural occlusal plane. On an investigation made on 100 patients with natural dentition found that a line extending from the lower border of the ala and the center of tragus as a posterior landmark was parallel to the natural occlusal plane in 78% of patient. While the use of the same anterior landmark and lower border of the tragus of the ear was parallel to the natural occlusal plane in only 21%, and to the upper border of tragus in 1%. The authors concluded that the use of the ala tragus as indicator of the occlusal plane cannot be applied in all patients. One must use the center of the tragus of the ear and check its accuracy by the use of other methods 18. Many other studies, 19-25 found out that the occlusal plane is parallel to the line drawn from the lowest point of the ala of the nose to the lower border of the tragus. They concluded that this line could provide sufficient space for the arrangement of maxillary posterior teeth. Kumar et al, 26 found that the line joining from ala to the lower border of the tragus was parallel to the occlusal plane in 53.3% of the subjects. In 26% occlusal plane was parallel to the ala to middle border of tragus and in 20.7% occlusal plane was parallel to the ala to upper border of tragus. In subjects with small tragus either middle or lower border of the tragus may be used to determine the level of occlusal plane. The effects of occlusal plane on masticatory function (biting force, masticatory muscle activity, biting efficiency) after bimaxillary orthognathic surgery were evaluated. It was concluded that the value of EMG was related to the changes in the occlusal plane, and the biting efficiency was affected by the postoperative occlusal plane angle. However, normalization of the occlusal plane might not play a major role in masticatory function 27. THE MASTICATORY EFFICIENCY OF COMPLETE DENTURE WEARERS (1925) An experimental design of a study was conducted to assess the effect of occlusal plane inclination on biting force and efficiency. It was found that the biting force and the efficiency of biting force exertion and muscle activity during maximum clenching was the greatest when the occlusal plane was made parallel to the ala-tragus line. Muscle activity during clenching at various given forces was least when the occlusal plane was made parallel to the ala-tragus line. They concluded that anteroposterior inclination of the occlusal plane tends to affect the biting force, and the method with the ala-tragus line seems to be the most reasonable for occlusal plane orientation28. Searching in literature, there is no study evaluated the effect of occlusal plane orientation on the masticatory efficiency of complete denture wearers. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of occlusal plane orientation for complete denture using camper's plane with different levels of the tragus on masticatory efficiency. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Ten completely edentulous patients, 7 males and 3 females, ranging in age from 47 to 65 years, were selected from the prosthodontic clinic Faculty of Dental Medicine, Al-Azhar University. All of the patients have normal jaw relationship, well developed ridges, and were assessed clinically to have normal temporomandibular joints (TMJs). For each patient, new complete denture was constructed following the standard technique used in the removable prosthodontic department. At the jaw relation recording stage, the anterior occlusal plane was adjusted to be parallel to the interpupillary line and the posterior occlusal plane was oriented parallel to the ala-tragus line. A fox plane was used to make the posterior occlusal plane parallel to this line running from the inferior border of the ala of the nose to the middle (center) of the tragus of the ear (Fig. 1). A spring ear face bow (Teledyne Hanau, Whip Mix Corporation, USA) record was used to mount the maxillary cast on a semi-adjustable articulator (Teledyne Hanau, Buffalo, New York, USA). The mandibular cast was mounted to the articulator using centric interocclusal wax record. Protrusive interocclusal record was used to adjust the horizontal condylar guidance of the articulator, while the lateral condylar path angle was calculated from the Hanau formula L=H/8+12 (L is the lateral condylar path angle and H is the horizontal condylar path angle). Acrylic denture teeth with the appropriate shade, form and size were selected. The denture anterior teeth were set to meet the esthetic needs with minimal anterior guidance as much as possible. The posterior anatomic form teeth were arranged in balanced articulation. The complete denture was processed, finished, polished, inserted into the patient's mouth and followed-up. After three months of each new complete denture use, the masticatory efficiency test was carriedout. Then, the denture posterior segments were exchanged twice to orient occlusal plane parallel to the ala tragus line at the superior and inferior points of tragus, respectively. After three months of each modified denture use, masticatory efficiency test was performed. Fig. (1) Orientation of the posterior occlusal plane parallel to a line running from the inferior of the ala of the nose to the middle point (center) of the tragus of the ear. (1926) Yasser A. Baraka E.D.J. Vol. 63, No. 2 The posterior segment of the maxillary and mandibular dentures was exchanged by grinding of the anatomic teeth and at least 2 mm of the acrylic base. Wax rims were made to replace the posterior teeth. The maxillary posterior occlusal plane of the wax rim was adjusted intra-orally as required. New ear face-bow record and centric relation record were performed and used for denture mounting on the articulator. Then, posterior anatomic form teeth of the same mold of the original denture were arranged in balanced articulation. The posterior segments were waxed-up and processed in self curing acrylic resin. Masticatory efficiency was evaluated using the method described by Feine et al29, khamis et


Cannabis sativa (L.) is used to obtain fiber, seeds and phytocannabinoids for medicinal and recreational purposes. The commercial production of this species is limited by the lack of knowledge of the agronomic behavior and the content of phytocannabinoids, hence the need for evaluation of genetic diversity, for the selection of cultivars, in accordance with the legal provisions in force in Colombia. The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic characteristics and phytocannabinoid content of 10 cultivars, in Pueblo Bello-Cesar, northern Colombia. The study was conducted in 2022, under greenhouse conditions with polycarbonate cover and anti-aphid mesh. We evaluated 10 clones of territorial seed source, using cuttings of 13 cm in length, of female plants. The rooted cuttings were planted in 6 L bags, in a mesh house until harvest. The randomized complete block design was used, with 10 treatments and three repetitions. Each experimental unit consisted of 20 plants, with a density of 16 plants/m2, both in the vegetative and reproductive phases, with distances between plants and rows of 14 cm. Genetic variability was estimated in both vegetative and reproductive characteristics and phytocannabinoid content. Three groups of genotypes were identified, according to the combinations of alleles coding for the phytocannabinoid content: high THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), similar THC-CBD ratio and high CBD (cannabidiol), which determines their potential use, mainly in medicine.


The finite element software Ansys and dynamic simulation software Adams were integrated,the stress change of the main bar in the control and protection agency during the whole movement in the body was analyzed by rigid-flexible coupling method.The simulation verified the link strength and provided reference for the design.


The invention discloses a die of a stamping die. The die of the stamping die comprises a body (10), wherein the die further comprises an insert block (20) which is inserted inside the body (10) and located at the position of an inlet of the die, and the insert block (20) is made of cemented carbide and the hardness of the cemented carbide is more than HRC75. The invention further discloses the stamping die comprising the die. The insert block with the hardness more than HRC75 is inserted inside the body of the die, abrasion-resistant degree of the inlet of the die can be improved, and accordingly the surface defects of generation of galling on the surface of a workpiece and the like can be prevented.


A HIGH LEVEL AUDIO COMMUNICATIONS API FOR THE UNICON LANGUAGE BY ZIAD A. AL-SHARIF Master of Science New Mexico State University Las Cruces, New Mexico, 2005 Dr. Clinton L. Jeffery, Chair VoIP aims to make voice communication over the internet very easy and less costly, despite difficulties such as the limitations of bandwidth and the supporting technology. VoIP has numerous applications; for example it greatly enhances the potential usefulness of Collaborative Virtual Environments (CVEs). If 3D graphics make a CVE feel like a place, voice communication will help that place feel real and make it more useful. This thesis presents a VoIP facility developed for Unicon, a high level language that simplifies the task of writing programs, reducing their development cost, and programming time. Unicon's VoIP interface is part of an audio communications API designed to be minimal and consistent with the rest of the language. These goals keep the VM size reasonable and reduce time a programmer spends learning how to write VoIP applications. Through a set of extended and added built-in functions, Unicon now supports peer-to-peer, one-to-many, and many-to-many VoIP sessions with no need for a server. This project uses an open source cross platform library called JVOIPLIB, a C++ library that provides adequate VoIP QoS on both Linux and MS Windows.


We consider the possibility that the Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays arriving to Earth might be neutrons instead of protons. We stress that in such case the argument for the GZK cutoff is weaker and that it is conceivable that neutrons would not be affected by it. This scenario would require the neutron to start with an energy larger than the observed one, in order to be able to travel the distances involved, within its proper lifetime. It must then lose most of the extra energy through interaction with the galactic dark matter or some other matter in the intergalactic medium.


A photonics-based 120-GHz transmitter has been developed. A photodiode, a planar antenna and a silicon lens were integrated to form a compact millimeter-wave (MMW) emitter. The MMW signal emitted from the transmitter has been detected with a waveguide-mounted Schottky diode. The received power exceeded 100 /spl mu/W, which is the highest value ever reported for photonic MMW transmitter at frequencies of >100 GHz.


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	    </jats:inline-formula>-hole in <jats:italic>A</jats:italic> if they are the vertices of a convex polytope, which contains no points of <jats:italic>A</jats:italic> in its interior. We construct arbitrarily large point sets in general position in <jats:inline-formula>
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As a manifestation of the application of materials engineering science in the field of furnace experimental research makes a study to solve the problem what happens to the existing stove by utilizing the material that is cheap and easy to get and applied in this case the materials used are faba (flyash and bottom ash) as a media insulator that can increase the head resistance of the clay furnace, as previous research has shown fly ash can be used as an.This experimental study was conducted on five different model variations of composition . the materials used are clay cement, sand and fly ash. The data obtained is measured by the tool thermo coople. The results of this study indicate that the material on the composition 40:60% lowest conductivity value is obtained0.018 W/m.oC with the head provided ±500 oC.the lower the conductivity value the better the quality of the material as the insulator. Keyword: Composite, conductivity, faba, fly ash and bottom ash.


The distinctive functions of nonverbal communication explored by the excellent teachers in teaching are just as a catalyst to boost emotion,a lubricant to harmonize relationships,an excitant to improve intelligence,which can not only be used to smooth over the deficiency of verbal communication,to enhance the feature and fascination of language,but also to arouse effectively the learners' motivation and interests in advancing study efficiency.It is the emergence of teachers who have succeeded in their teaching skills,in behaviors remolding and in their whole qualities as well.


A set of two natural abundance Ge detectors of 1.1 kg each, located in the Homestake mine, and one small, 0.253 kg, Ge detector operating in the Canfranc railway tunnel in Spain, have been used to obtain bounds on the stability of the electron against the decay modes {ital e}{sup {minus}}{r_arrow}{gamma}{nu}{sub 2} and {ital e}{sup {minus}}{r_arrow}{nu}{sub {ital e}}{nu}{sub {ital e}}{bar {nu}}{sub {ital e}}. The bounds on the mean lives are {tau}({gamma}{nu}{sub {ital e}}){gt}3.7(2.1){times}10{sup 25} yR, 68% (90%) C.L. and {tau}({nu}{sub {ital e}}{nu}{sub {ital e}}{bar {nu}}{sub {ital e}}){gt}4.3(2.6){times}10{sup 23} yr, 68% (90%) /C.L. which are at present the most stringent laboratory limits for these decays. The theoretical controversy concerning the relevance of such data to fundamental tests of charge conservation is also considered.


We have investigated the structural, electronic, optical, and transport properties of 2D halide perovskite MAZX3 (MA = CH3NH3; Z = Pb, Sn; and X = Cl, Br, I) using density functional theory. The result suggests that as the atomic radius of halogen increases from Cl to I, the respective lattice constant increases, with a decrease in the bandgap. The bandgap of MAPbX3 is higher than that of MASnX3. The optical properties show that MAPbX3 has a higher static dielectric constant as compared to MASnX3. The optical activities of MAPbX3 and MASnX3 are in the visible region as well as the high ultraviolet region with a high absorption coefficient of 105 cm-1. Furthermore, we found that the carrier mobility of 2D perovskite is higher than the experimental value of bulk systems. The 2D MAPbCl3, MAPbBr3, and MASnCl3 show higher carrier mobility compared to the bulk system. In our outcome, lead-free MASnBr3 shows a higher efficiency of 28.62%, as compared to the 28.21% of MAPbI3. Our results could lead experimentalists to develop these materials for optoelectronics and solar cell device applications.


One of the latest trends in noise control relating to aeroacoustics is to mimic the silent flight capability of owls. Particularly, porosity is most often applied on cascades in ducts with axial flows, such as stator structures in an aero-engine. However, current acoustic scattering
 models of perforated cascades are based on two-dimensional methods without including the three-dimensional effects. In this paper, we present a fully three-dimensional acoustic scattering model for perforated cascades based on the lifting surface theory in which the dominant sound source reduces
 to dipoles alone under the thin airfoil assumption. Accordingly, the acoustic scattering of perforated cascades with single-mode incident wave was studied and obvious noise reduction was observed. The optimum Rayleigh conductivity and the maximum noise-reducing capability of the porosity varied
 substantially with different incident duct modes, whilst a larger cascade chord-length could achieve more noise reduction at optimum porosity. With a background flow, the Kutta condition can greatly influence the overall distribution of the unsteady loading on vanes. Additionally, the unsteady
 vortex shedding at the trailing edge offers extra sound energy dissipation mechanism. Therefore, the implementation of porosity on cascades is much different to the design of a traditional acoustic liner.


Objective To observe the effect of the efficacy of ambroxol oral liquid, combined with Xiaoerkechuanling granules in treatment of bronchopneumonia. Methods A total of 130 children with bronchopneumonia were selected. 65 patients in control group were treated with ambroxol oral liquid, 65 patients in observation group were treated with Xiaoerkechuanling granules on the basis of control group, and therapeutic effects in two groups were evaluated after 7days. Results In the treatment group, the effective rate was 89.2%, while in the control group, the effective rate was 66.2%. There was significant difference in therapeutic effect between two groups(P0.01). In the treatment group, the defervescence time were(2.62±1.49) days, the time of stopping cough were(3.13±1.83) days, and the time of stopping wheezing were(2.16±0.83) days, the disappearing time of rales were(3.15±0.53)days, while in the control group, the defervescence time were(3.86±1.57) days, the time of stopping cough were(5.79±2.44) days, and the time of stopping wheezing were(3.53±0.87) days, the disappearing time of rales were(4.06±0.84) days. There were significant differences between two groups(P0.01). Conclusion It has a definite therapeutic effect of ambroxol oral liquid combined with Xiaoerkechuanling granules in treatment of bronchopneumonia.


Since 2000, a number of standardization organizations in succession had developed their own and workflow technology-related Web services standards such as XLANG, WSFL and so on. Although these standards are powerful, but too complicated to achieve. most enterprises in the production process only need to achieve some simple applications. for traditional workflow systems development process too complex situation ,try to find a simple way on the basis of traditional thinking to improve development efficiency.This idea as a basis to develop a telecommunications company's fault reporting system to verify the feasibility of simplifying ideas.


Objective To investigate the risk factors and preventive measurement for pneumonia in stroke patients. Methods A total of 255 patients with pneumonia from Jan 2003 to Dec 2005 were retrospectively analyzed, and the risk factors of pneumonia were summarized. Results The rate of hospital pneumonia in stroke patients was 33.4%, and risk factors prone to hospital pneumonia were aging, long hospitalization, respiratory machine application, respiratory tract incision and underlying diseases. Conclusion Effective measurement against different risk factors may decrease the rate of pneumonia in hospital.


Sea urchin roe is a highly prized seafood in a number of countries and is considered one of the most valuable seafoods in the lucrative Japanese market (Hagen 1996). Demand for high quality sea urchin gonad over the last three decades has led to extensive exploitation of wild sea urchin populations all over the world, with resulting over-fishing and declining fisheries stocks in many countries (Andrew et al. 2002). This, together with the global increase in the popularity of sushi, has led to increased interest in aquaculture of a range of sea urchin species, including the coolwater species Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Figure 1). This species has a broad arctic-boreal distribution and is found across the whole northern hemisphere from latitudes as high as Greenland in the north and as far south as Cape Cod on the east coast of the USA, southern Scandanavia, northern UK, Oregon on the west coast of the USA, and northern Japan. Because of its wide distribution and excellent taste and market value, there has been extensive research on the biology, ecology and fisheries of the species. More recently it has also been identified as one of the sea urchin species to have the best potential for aquaculture. Consequently much of the research investigating various aspects of sea urchin aquaculture has focused on S. droebachiensis. The aquaculture of any new species presents a range of challenges. In addition to having a suitable feed, either natural or manufactured, and available holding system technology, it is essential to understand the environmental requirements of any cultured species. In this article, we summarize some of the research that has been carried out on water quality requirements of S. droebachiensis related to the potential culture of this species.


Abstract Carbon quantum dots (CQDs), as a new carbonaceous nanomaterial, have attracted considerable attention due to their excellent properties. In this work, eggshell membrane (ESM), an excellent carbon source that is very easy to obtain, was used to synthesize water-soluble and fluorescent CQDs with a rapid, environmentally friendly and waste-recycling hydrothermal method. The synthesized functionalized CQDs showed superior water dispersibility and stability with a maximum fluorescence emission peak at 420 nm. The fluorescence quantum yield was approximately 9.6% under the selected synthesis conditions. A new label-free fluorescent method for the selective determination of Hg2+ was developed with a detection limit of 2.6 μM using the inhibition of the CQDs fluorescence by the ions. The linear range of the detection is from 10 to 100 μM. The prepared CQDs have also been successfully applied to the determination of Hg2+ in water samples.


In this paper we study a mean field model for discrete time, finite number of states, dynamic games. These models arise in situations that involve a very large number of agents moving from state to state according to certain optimality criteria. The mean field approach for optimal control and differential games (continuous state and time) was introduced by Lasry and Lions. Here we consider a discrete version of the problem. Our setting is the following: we assume that there is a very large number of identical agents which can be in a finite number of states. Because the number of agents is very large, we assume the mean field hypothesis, that is, that the only relevant information for the global evolution is the fraction $\pi^n_i$ of players in each state $i$ at time $n$. The agents look for minimizing a running cost, which depends on $\pi$, plus a terminal cost $V^N$. In contrast with optimal control, where usually only the terminal cost $V^N$ is necessary to solve the problem, in mean-field games both the initial distribution of agents $\pi^0$ and the terminal cost $V^N$ are necessary to determine the solutions, that is, the distribution of players $\pi^n$ and value function $V^n$, for $0\leq n\leq N$. Because both initial and terminal data needs to be specified, we call this problem the initial-terminal value problem. Existence of solutions is non-trivial. Nevertheless, following the ideas of Lasry and Lions, we were able to establish existence and uniqueness, both for the stationary and for the initial-terminal value problems. In the last part of the paper we prove the main result of the paper, namely the exponential convergence to a stationary solution of $(\pi^0, V^0)$, as $N\to \infty$, for the initial-terminal value problem with (fixed) data $\pi^{-N}$ and $V^N$.


more proficient second language learners demonstrate more linguistic awareness of the target language and engage in more linguistic problem-solving tasks. In section 6, Garrett and James propose directions for future language awareness programs and research. They remind readers that language awareness is not another subject to be added to the curriculum but, rather, is an integral part of language teaching and learning.


The utility model relates to a rapid cutter changing manipulator using an electric push rod, belonging to the technical field of the cutter changing manipulator of a numerically-controlled machine cutter. The rapid cutter changing manipulator comprises a base (13), a first linear guide rail pair (4), a first sliding seat (2), a second linear guide rail pair (1), a second sliding seat (10), a first electric push rod (5) and a second electric push rod (3), wherein, the first electric push rod is arranged on the base and a displacement output terminal of the first electric push rod is connected with the first sliding seat, and the second electric push rod is arranged on the first sliding seat and a displacement output terminal of the second electric push rod is connected with the second sliding seat; the second sliding seat (10) is further equipped with a swinging arm bearing (11) and a third electric push rod (14); the swinging arm bearing is equipped with a swinging arm (9); a tail end of the swinging arm is equipped with a cutter catching disk (6); the cutter catching disk is connected with an output shaft of a motor (7); a swinging joint of the swinging arm is equipped with a gear (12); and a displacement output terminal of the third electric push rod is connected with a gear rack (8) matched with the gear. The rapid cutter changing manipulator has the advantages of simple structure, high reliability and fast and easily controlled action.


Excerpt The nature of "turista," the acute diarrhea which affects visitors to Mexico and other countries, has been under investigation during the past five years. The report includes epidemiologic ...


Objective To explore the feasibility and superiority of using near expanded skin flap to repair large area soft tissue defect of chest wall in advanced breast cancer operation.Methods In the patient suffered from advanced breast cancer when neoadjuvant chemotherapy was effective and neoplasm staging evidence reduced obviously,dilater was implanted in the safety zone around breast near neoplasm.Water was infused into dilater at reqular intervals to expand skin until the skin flap area reached the size enough to repair anticipated skin absent.The soft tissue absent repairing operation was performed at the same time when radical operation of mastocarcinoma was done.Results The skin implicated by cancer was excised completely,and skin flap was all alive.Conclusions The method of near expanded skin flap is safe and effective and little trauma for repairing large area soft tissue defect of chest wall in advanced breast cancer operation.It deserves to be carried out in tumor field.


Three series of low‐bandgap polymers based on a novel quinoidal para‐azaquinodimethane (p‐AQM) unit are devised and synthesized, enabling an in‐depth study of the impact of structural factors such as polymer main chain, branching point of the side chain, and the length of the branch chains on the thin film morphologies and charge transport properties. Morphological studies reveal that the polymers composed of larger repeating units exhibit a stronger tendency to form edge‐on lamella. On the other hand, altering the side chain structures of polymers with the same main chain configuration indicates that the branching point position has a more deterministic impact than the branch chain length on the interchain interactions and the crystallite orientation. These results demonstrate a compound odd‐even effect of the branching point on the chain packing and morphology, which correlates well with the corresponding field effect transistor performances. The polymer with the branching point at the fourth carbon displays the highest charge carrier mobility over 1.0 cm2 V−1 s−1, concurrent with a bimodal texture. This study provides a comprehensive description of the correlations between polymer structures, thin film morphology, and device performances, providing a clear path to desirable bimodal thin film texture for charge transport.


Photochemistry and Photobiology has a strong history of promoting the publication of novel research contributions within its pages. This scientific policy clearly illustrates the Journal's priority, which is to provide researchers with a reliable platform for the dissemination and discussion of original findings. However, since July 2015, we have noted a decline in the number of submissions to the Journal. This trend was most pronounced during the first 5 months of 2016, with an overall decrease close to 30%. Furthermore, on average, the quality of submitted manuscripts has decreased, thus explaining an increase in the rejection rate that is close to 60%. The current deficit in published articles should be partly compensated for in the coming months by the publication of several special issues, including one on DNA repair in order to honor the outstanding scientific contributions of Aziz Sancar, one of the three recipients of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. We do hope that this situation is only transient and that the submission of original articles to the Journal will return to previous levels thanks in particular to the contribution of ASP members. Photochemistry and Photobiology, in close association with Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences and Pure Applied Chemistry, has been implicated in the publication of virtual special issues that are based on the presentations that occurred during the 16th International Congress of Photobiology organized by Dr Silvia Braslavsky in Cordoba, Argentina, from 8 to 12 September 2014. Thus 19 articles, mostly review articles, having been published in several issues between January 2015 and January 2016, are now accessible from one location on the Journal's website with a general introduction by Dr Braslavsky: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1751-097/ homepage/php_virtual_issue__international_congress_on_photo biology.htm. We are pleased to announce that the recipient of the 2016 ASP Editor's Student Research Award is Ashwini Ghogare from City University New York for the following research article: Ashwini A Ghogare, Imran Rizvi, Tayyaba Hasan and Alexander Greer (2014) "Pointsource" delivery of a photosensitizer drug and singlet oxygen: eradication of glioma cells in vitro. Photochem Photobiol. 90:1119–1125. In closing, please note that a few changes have been made to the Editorial Board of the Journal. More specifically, three Associate Editors stepped down from their positions at the end of April: Dr Vivienne Reeve from the Faculty of Science at the University of Sydney, Dr Jarod Finlay from the School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania at Pittsburgh and Prof. Danaboyina Ramaiah from the CSIR-North East Institute of Sciences and Technology (CSIR-NEIST) in Jorhat, Assam, India. We warmly thank them for their strong interaction with the Journal and their efficient management of the peer review of manuscripts over the last 7 years. At present, their respective areas of expertise are covered by other members of the Editorial Board.


We apply Quantum Monte Carlo technique to analyze the non equlibrium state of a trapped 1d Bose gas just after the quenching of the confining potential. As a matter of fact we solve the time dependent Schroedinger equation for the system of one-dimensional bosons interacting via delta potential in an infinite square well (namely Lieb-Liniger model) using Feynman-Kac path integral Monte Carlo technique. These 1d systems are extremely interesting and worth investigating in the context of non-equilibrium dynamics of interacting many body systems. Even though the systems can be realized experimentally and are exactly solvable by Bethe Ansatz, the diffusion Monte Carlo is proven to be more efficient in most circumstances than other mean value techniques as the numerical method can incorporate the finite interaction very easily. Using N particle ground state wavefunction for one-dimensional hard core bosons in a harmonic trap, we develop an algorithm to calculate density. We also observe the change in the density distribution by changing the length of the hard wall box. After an increase in the box length, we still get a self-similar density distribution.


During the course of infection with the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis, both mucus production and structure of the mucus layers have been shown to be altered throughout the large and small intestines. This potentially has significant impacts on mucosal barrier function, predisposing a host to mucosal inflammation, which contributes both to Giardia pathogenesis and to development of post‐infectious complications. We have attempted to characterize the mechanisms by which Giardia modulates mucus production and secretion by intestinal goblet cells, as well as chemical alterations to mucin proteins that occur in response to Giardia infection. Several effects have been found to be dependent on Giardia cysteine protease activity, suggesting a potential mechanism involving protease activated receptors.


When Hector Berlioz revised his opera Benvenuto Cellini in 1838 for performance at the Paris Opéra, he strengthened the characterization of Ascanio, the gifted artist's apprentice. Berlioz's reconciliation of contrasting moods and styles in Ascanio's airs reflects the composer's participation in the new Romantic program for drama and acknowledges late–eighteenth-century operatic traditions. Additionally, Ascanio's airs satirize conventions of grand opéra and symbolize the half-serious nature of this opera's genre as Berlioz gradually conceived it. Contemporaneous perspectives illuminate the air as genre, the enhanced significance of Ascanio's role, and the participation of Rosine Stoltz as first interpreter. For their gracious assistance in facilitating my research requests, I thank the staffs of the Bibliothèque-musée de l'Opéra, Paris; the Département de la musique, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris; the Archives Nationales, Paris; the Music Division, Library of Congress, Washington D.C.; and the Gabe M. Wiener Music & Arts Library, Columbia University, New York. I acknowledge with gratitude a Fellowship Award in fall 2003 granted by Baruch College of the City University of New York, as well as reassigned time previously awarded by the Committee on Research and Travel, Weissman School of Arts and Sciences, enabling completion of this essay. Translations are mine unless otherwise noted.


Ognjen Gabrić Đorđe Janjikopanji Jasna Plavšić 3 Đula Fabian UDK: 551.578.1:519.21 DOI:10.14415/konferencijaGFS2017.064 Summary: This paper presents the results of stochastic analysis of meteorological droughts occurrence in a growing season based on the data from two meteorological stations in Vojvodina (Sremska Mitrovica and Kikinda). Meteorological drought is defined as a product of drought length (period lasting at least 25 days with precipitation below 5 mm/day) and mean air temperature during the dry period. Stochastic model of the meteo-drought occurrence is based on the theory of extremes with a random number of random variables, allowing to make use of all significant observed meteo-droughts. The model is comprised of the Poissonian process that describes the droughts occurrence and selected theoretical distributions for the droughts magnitude. Design meteo-droughts having return period 10, 20, 50 and 100 years are determined on the basis of adopted theoretical distribution of meteo-drought, duration and mean air temperature.


Subject of the invention is to provide a high cement dispersibility, particularly excellent initial dispersibility and cement admixtures which can exhibit a dispersion retention, and this admixture is a cement composition in a high water reducing ratio range at a low addition levels . As essential constituents, and the two polymers, i.e., includes an amount such that the ratio is 1 to 99/99 to 1 by mass of the polymer (A) and polymer (B) the polymer (A) to polymer (B), wherein polymer (A) as essential constituent units of a polymer containing the unsaturated (poly) alkylene glycol ether monomer (a) the constituent unit (II) derived from the constituent unit (I) and the unsaturated monocarboxylic acid monomer (b) derived from, wherein the constituent units (I) and (II) each accounts for more than 1% by mass relative to all constituent units but the constituent unit (I) is less than 50 mol% relative to all constituent units, wherein the polymer (B) is an oxyalkylene group or polyoxyethylene-containing polymer is an alkylene group and a carboxyl group.


International Law: Its Acceptance and Enforcement in the United States, by Charles Pergler (pp. 774-780), surveys the subject historically, with references to court cases. The author takes exception to Professor Potter's opinion that treaties and customary international law are " of authority superior to national statutes." Ibid., December, 1926. China Today: Tariff, Extraterritoriality and Other Problems, by Silas H. Strawn (pp. 827-832), is an appraisal, by the chairman of the International Commission on Extraterritorial Jurisdiction in China and the delegate of the United States to the Special Conference on the Chinese Customs Tariff, of the chief issues in the relations of the lead ing powers with China. The conclusion is reached that " extraterritoriality, unequal treaties, imperialism and the other slogans" have nothing to do with China's troubles, which are primarily internal. Ibid., January, 1917. Law Reform in Turkey, by Manley O. Hudson (pp. 5-8), points out the necessity of studying the recent changes in the light of the revolution of which they form a part, and shows the traces of the capitulatory regime in the new arrangements. The reforms are of a radical nature: Turkish law has been completely secularized and a code of law adopted in 1926 which is a virtual translation of the Swiss Civil Code of 1912. The article throws light upon the treaty of Lausanne, recently rejected by the Senate, in respect to judicial institutions under the new order, as well as the personal status and family law of foreigners in Turkey.


Two main controversies-over territorial grounding and over the range of functions-have divided theoretical research on community into four main research traditions. Each of these is discussed in terms of its development, contributions, and inadequacies. Other controversies-over participatory democracy, over local autonomy, and over the role of physical design–are examined in relation to efforts to construct communities.


A macrocyclic compound containing two β-diketimine units is synthesized from 4,4' '-diamino-o-terphenyl. Complexations with zinc and copper are achieved, and their X-ray structures are elucidated.


Comments are made on a class of similarity solutions in general relativity that are spherically symmetric and have a negative pressure as required to account for the matter production of certain current models of the early Universe. This class of solutions is defined by one fairly simple ordinary differential equation. This equation was first derived by Henriksen, Emslie, and Wesson (Phys. Rev. D 27, 1219 (1983)), who studied similarity of the second type, with a finite cosmological constant ..lambda... Now, it is pointed out that the same equation is also derived from similarity of the first type, with a zero ..lambda... The present work extends some of the results found previously and raises new possibilities about how a model Universe may go over from a state with finite ..lambda.. to a state with zero ..lambda...


In this paper,the authors introduced the practices of comprehensive improvement of hospital and sanitarium in a military command area,and made summary on the operational effectiveness.Finally,the authors proposed some suggestions on how to setting a good atmosphere,which included grasping the trend of development,trying to solve the sensitive issues and perfecting the management system.


Studies in the rhetoric of science have tended to focus on classic scientific texts and on the history of drafts and the interaction surrounding them up until the moment when the drafts are accepted for publication by a journal. Similarly, research on disasters resulting from failed communication has tended to focus on the history of drafts and the interaction surrounding them up until the moment of the disaster. The authors argue that overattention to the moment skews understanding of what makes scientific discourse successful and neglects other valuable sources of evidence. After reviewing the promises and limitations of studies from historical, observational, and text-analytic approaches, the authors call for studies of responses to research articles from disciplinary readers and argue for studies using a variety of qualitative and quantitative methodologies that will explore the real-time responses of readers to scientific texts, test the effects of rhetorical strategies on readers, and track the course of acceptance or rejection over time.


Abstract Carbon is only a trace element in the structure of the earth (carbon content of the earth's crust is 0.04% [l]), but it is an indispensable necessity of life and provides the major source of energy through carbonaceous residues (peat, lignite, coal) and fuels (oil and natural gas) which have been produced over millions of years by chemical and bacteriological decompositions of organic matter originally deposited in ancient sediments. There is little doubt that coal and petroleum oils have been known for many hundreds of years but, preceding the industrial revolution of the 19th century, they were not of any importance. However, the advent of this industrial revolution has caused man to turn from wood to coal and petroleum as a main source of fuel. Furthermore, with the onset of the 20th century and the development of a technologically oriented society, further uses have been found not only for coal and petroleum, but also for products derived from these fossil materials. Thus, vast industries hav...


The interpretation and application of optic remote sensing images,including aerial photos and satellite images,had become the indispensable tool for geological survey.In the paper,SAR remote sensing data were used to identify different rocks and survey the lithological distribution in the north of Xinjiang Province.Firstly,the multi-frequency and multi-polarization data were used to produce the false color composite image for visual interpretation and lithological mapping by remote sensing digital image processing and enhancement.Secondly,the various backscattering data of containing abundant information about rock's characteristics were put into the computer Neural Network Classifier.The overall accuracy is 62.6%.