Nahwu is the key and foundation of the Arabic language and its literature, so nahwu is an important thing to learn in Arabic. Not only in Arabic, nahwu also played a major role in the field of Islamic religious knowledge because the Al-Quran and Al-hadith, which are the main arguments in Islamic law, use Arabic. To understand both of them and not get lost in Islamic law, language knowledge, nahwu science is needed. Nahwu Kufah is underestimated by linguists because of the many weak narrations, and some of the narrations are not suggestive or contrived. This study aims to get to know the Nahwu Kufah school of thought and reveal whether or not this view is true. To seek this discussion, the author uses the literature review method, in which the writer looks for discussion and understanding related to the study and then puts the author's understanding in this discussion. The results of the literature review concluded that the difference in the problem of nahwu between Basrah and Kufah did not really affect the objectives of Nahwu science, where the purpose of nahwu was wasilah in Arabic, because the debate was only on branch issues. None of the nahwu scholars says fa'il is maf'ul or vice versa. Therefore this difference is not a big problem; everyone may argue on the matter of this branch.


The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the quality of food delivery app on perceived usefulness and to verify the relationship between these perceived usefulness and the continuous usage intention of food delivery app. For this study, sample data were collected from October 24 to November 20, 2022. A survey was conducted targeting restaurant consumers in Chungcheongnam-do who had experience using food delivery app. Sampling was conducted by the convenience sampling method, and 270 copies of the questionnaire were distributed. Of these, a total of 257 copies were used for this analysis, excluding the questionnaires that were answered insincerely. The results of the analysis are as follows. First, the only information quality among the quality of food delivery app had a positive significant effect on perceived usefulness. Service quality had no significant effect on perceived usefulness. Second, perceived usefulness had a positive significant effect on the continuous usage intention. The results of this study will be able to form a strategic foundation for increasing the continuous usage intention of food delivery app by improving the perceived usefulness through the quality of food delivery app.


was extracted from freeze-dried carrot by supercritical carbon dioxide and mixtures of doped with ethanol or methanol as a cosolvent at temperatures of 40 to and pressures of 138 to 276 bar. Solubility of in increased with the increase of extraction pressure and the decrease of extraction temperature. The highest solubility observed was for and 276 bar. Addition of ethanol increased the solubility being the largest increase of 82% using a mixture of and 17.4% ethanol. extraction can be used to selectively obtain natural carotenoids, free of solvent residuals, which can be used as food additives.


In a recent article in this journal, Dr. Charles E. Mitchell1 delivered a sweeping condemnation of appointed and elected officeholders that neither accept nor act on their ethical and moral obligations. Dr. Mitchell asserts that there is abuse at virtually every level of government by nearly every type of person from the highest ranking official through middle-management to the street-level bureaucrat. Moreover, as he puts it, "many in the field of public administration have questioned how we have arrived at a point where there is so much unethical, immoral, and illegal activity in government."2 Is American government riddled with unethical, immoral, and illegal activity? Is it worse than in years past? Has there been a morally or ethically degenerative pattern in government? Private sector business behavior? Family? Schooling? And, if America is going south in the proverbial handbasket, what can and should be done about it?


The World Wide Web is based primarily on documents written in HTML. This is a language that is useful for describing and visual presentation, but has limited ability to classify the blocks of text on a page. The Semantic Web is namely a project that intends to create a universal medium for information exchange by giving meaning, in a manner understandable by machines, to the content of documents on the Web. Thus, the Semantic Web extends the ability of the World Wide Web through the use of standards, markup languages and related processing tools, aiming at making information in Web-based documents more accessible. This article explores the Semantic Web as a natural successor of the World Wide Web.


A comprehensive approach to the design of a stripline for EMC testing is given in this paper. The authors attention has been focused on the design items that are most crucial by the achievement of satisfactory value of the VSWR and impedance. The characteristic impedance of the stripline test section should be smoothly matched with the feed and terminations points in order to minimize the standing waves. Thereby, the most critical parameters that directly determine the physical design of the stripline are impedance matching at the feed port (S11 parameter) and transmission between two ports (S21 parameter). An analysis can be performed for the stripline conflguration using a vector network analyzer. A measurement of the re∞ection from transmission through a material along with knowledge of its physical dimensions provides the information to characterize electromagnetic waves at microwave frequencies range.


Deciding to write, for the first time in this country, an article on dichotomy of non-credible police evidence in the previous proceedings and prosecution powerlessness, we had no presentiment how much care it would cause us. During the writing we had the issues regarding the contextualization and terminological determinants. As it turned out, recognizing, separating and using the method of correlation between the lack of evidence in police investigations and prosecution capacity/incapacity was an unexpectedly big challenge and an overly complex theoretical demand for a paper of this scale. However, we are neither the first nor the only ones to face this issue. Every attempt to make a theoretical contribution to understanding this term in both the legal and criminological theory has faced a number of issues difficult to be solved. On the other hand, it does not mean at all that attempts at scientific pondering and exploration of this important criminological and legal scientific problem, as well as attempts at defining the scientific causality of those aforementioned attempts, are theoretically meaningless or impossible. The fact that such a feat is difficult, that these institutions are illusive or multidimensional, shows how the theoretical knowledge used to interpret them has certain weaknesses, i.e. that during scientific research we are faced with many limitations and unknowns in our criminalistics and legal theory. By solving theoretical problems associated with the lack of evidence and its impact on prosecution powerlessness, we could open the way for understanding the other, similar or related phenomena and processes in law and criminalistics. Therefore, it is the primary purpose of this paper to explore the ranges of prosecution capacity/incapacity through the lack of evidence in police investigations regarding bribe-taking and money laundering. We do not believe we can offer a significant scientific and theoretical contribution if our research remains isolated, without arousing other scientific discussions on this topic. Our attention is directed towards the search for a different and somewhat innovative approach which could eventually lead to some new insights into our criminal and legal thought on the evidence and its impact on prosecution capacity or incapacity.


The history and transformation process of Hamburg Jungefernstieg Riverside Avenue are introduced in this paper.It is put forward that it is the practical simple design,rather than a pile of flashy design or exaggerated queer landscape,that makes the avenue become the most preferred leisure place now.The design poetically takes the historical background of the city into consideration and reasonably appears in a new look,fresh but not strange.There are two emphases in the planning of Hamburg Jungefernstieg: 1) the plan always comes from the perspective of urban planning;2) Hamburg Jungefernstieg is the model project of the joint investment and cooperation of citizens and the city government.It is the one belonging to Hamburg people who would cherish more and be prouder of it.


Buddhist painting forms of Khotan are the important type of Buddhist art and their formation manifests the process of mutual influences,game playing and integration of cultures,such as west Asia,Greece,Central Asia,India and central China.The author attempts to demonstrate the issue from three aspects of the generation mechanism of Khotan culture,Khotan Buddhist paintings' features different from the paintings in central China and schools of paintings and Buddhist painting forms of Khotan.


By the numerical modeling based on the three-dimensional mathematical model of heat-mass- transfer in viscous medium estimation of the conditions of the lithospheric rocks melting is given, on conditions that hot material of the low mantle uplifted by thermo-chemic plume was intruded in lithosphere. The calculation results showed that under given condition lens of melt can be formed in lower part of lithosphere (200 km), with diameter up to 2000 km, lifetime up to 80 Ma. At a depth of 100 km and above the lithosphere melting can occur only at adiabatic decompressions due to decrease of the melting temperature.


In this paper, we prove the existence of solutions for nonlinear Lidstone boundary value problems by using the monotone method on time scale and also we show the existence of at least one positive solution if f is either superlinear or sublinear by the fixed point theorem in a Banach space.


A three-dimensio nal conduction model has been developed to predict the shape of the groove formed by partially evaporating the surface of a semi-infinite body using a moving Gaussian laser beam. The full three-dimensional conduction equation with relevant nonlinear boundary conditions is solved using the boundaryelement method, and results for groove depth and shape are compared for a variety of laser and solid parameters with a one-dimensional conduction model where conduction losses were treated in an approximate fashion using a simple integral method. As expected, it is observed that when thermal losses due to conduction are minor, the approximate one-dimensional conduction solution is very close to the three-dimensional solution (large laser scanning speeds, low thermal conductivity). The three-dimensional model is always able to predict the correct smooth groove shape along the centerplane TJ = 0. This cannot be predicted by the one-dimensional conduction model because of the neglected sideways conduction, leading to serious errors in the prediction of maximum groove depths.


Features of providing of enterprises viability in different periods of development of the Ukrainian economy have been
researched. Factors that influence the enterprises viability have been determined. Peculiarities of forming of sources of
financing enterprises have been identified. The mechanism of creative management of innovation devel opment of
enterprises production has been suggested,


Abstract This article contributes to the growing literature on 'labour geography' by exploring the engagement of trade unions in regional development and governance. The context is New Labour's 're-scaling' of governance in the UK and the parallel drive to encourage socio-institutional partnerships', 'networks' and 'coalitions' to deliver local and regional policy. Through a detailed appraisal of the British Trades Union Congress (TUC), the article illustrates how labour cultures and traditions, working within emergent regional institutional space, acts as an enabler and constraint on union capacity to intervene in broader economic, social and political praxis. As a consequence, the TUC's response to devolution and regionalisation has, to date, been uneven. The article suggests that the British trade union movement wilt have to sanction further re-scaling of TUC structure and activity if trade unions are to develop an influential role within the UK's evolving and multi-level economy, society and polity.


The oil migration is simulated with a mixed Lagrangian-Eulerian model. The movement of the oil is modeled with Lagrangian point masses or Lagrangian Elements (LE). Time dependent dispersion is applied to the individual LEs. Eulerian current and wind fields are used to advect the LEs. Several scenarios for hypothetical spills in the Straits and upper Puget Sound are shown. The model accurately predicted the migration of the deisel oil spill at Ancortes, Washington. The model is general enough so that submodels for currents and winds developed for other regions can be easily integrated into the simulation.


Regional water resource carrying capacity(WRCC) is the foundation of programming of regional ecology improvement and social economy development.The regional WRCC evaluation method based on fuzzy mathematics theory is introduced in this paper and Hangzhou city is selected as an example to conduct calculation and analysis.The indexes are classified into two categories.Per capita water resources amount,the regulation ability of water supply engineering,standard-reaching rate of water quality,and transit water utilization potential are selected as supporting indexes.The 6 pressure indexes are population density,population proportion in towns,water resources utilization rate,per capita GDP,per capita water requirement,and ratio of ecological water consumption.


Much attention of late has been given to the importance for workers to continually maintain and upgrade their skills in order to remain competitive in the labor market. Whether one regards this observation as socially just, it is an accepted fact that wages tend to rise with education and skill level, and that failing to maintain education and skill levels is a prescription for falling behind either at an individual or a national level. Maintaining and expanding skill levels, however, comes at a cost, and this cost is increasingly shifted onto the shoulders of workers themselves, particularly those at the lower end of the skills ladders, and arguably the ones who need assistance the most. Restoring some equity in terms of sharing the costs of training is the subject of this set of chapters.


Cross-linguistically, labial-velar stops are rather rare, but they are known to be common in the languages of northern sub-Saharan Africa (NSSA) (Cahill 2008, Maddieson 2011). For this reason, labial-velar stops are usually considered to be a distinctive areal feature of NSSA (Clements & Rialland 2008, Guldemann 2008). At the same time, a cursory examination of the descriptions of the languages that have labial-velar stops quickly reveals that they can vary significantly with respect to the status of labial-velar stops in their phonologies and lexicons. This paper presents the results of a large-scale survey of the lexical frequency of labial-velar stops in 336 languages of NSSA and discusses their implications for Niger-Congo reconstruction.
The spatial analysis of the data shows that there are two major areas with high lexical frequency of labial-velar stops within NSSA, roughly corresponding to coastal West Africa on the one hand and CAR & northern DRC on the other. These areas are separated by a major discontinuity in Cameroon and northeastern Nigeria. When considered against the geography of NSSA, this spatial distribution suggests that the two areas are hotbeds not so much for spread but for retention of labial-velar stops, with the hotbeds arguably correlating with higher incidence of language shift events (as opposed to language contact) as the principal mechanism for the transfer of labial-velars. The data clearly imply that labial-velar stops and a number of other correlated phonetic and phonological features should not be reconstructed for Proto Niger-Congo or any of its major branches. Furthermore, the observed distribution suggests a rather northern localization of the homelands of most major branches of Niger-Congo in grassland and savanna ecoregions. Finally, the data are strongly indicative of a late and relatively quick passage of Bantoid through the areas of high lexical frequency of labial-velar stops, supporting the "East-out-of-West" hypothesis of the Eastern Bantu emergence with the Eastern Bantu break-off point somewhere south of the rainforest.


The establishment of a reproducible pattern of connectivity is as essential to a neuron's function as its physiological properties. Yet our understanding of neuronal connectivity is much less advanced than that of neuronal physiology, perhaps because connectivity has to be apprehended within the complexity of the entire central nervous system (CNS). Taking advantage of the relative simplicity of the fly sensory system, Zlatic et al. [1] have now elucidated the molecular mechanism that drives a given type of sensory neuron to extend its terminal branches along a specific fascicle in the central nervous system of Drosophila larvae. They report that, contrary to expectations, the axon does not recognize a given fascicle — rather, it recognizes the position at which this fascicle runs. This is because the axon responds to the same positional cue that directed the formation of the fascicle: as the Romans said, bis repetita placent (things twice repeated please). This finding provides a new answer to the old question of how to make an arrow hit its target. The sense organs of insects are a favorable system for studying neuronal development. This is because they are innervated by a fixed number of neurons — one in the case of the mechanosensory bristles — and because they often occupy stereotyped positions on the body, such that one can deal with identified neurons [2]. Analysis of sensory projections in adult flies revealed that the axons recognize and follow preexisting pathways which differ for different types of sensory neuron [3]. The identification and experimental analysis of these pathways was hindered, however, by the fact that axonogenesis occurs during metamorphosis, when the central nervous system itself is massively remodelled. Recent work on adult sensory neurons has revealed that their axons are at least partly guided towards and within the CNS by the neurites of persistent larval neurons [4]. Ablation of the latter neurons results in definite defects in axonal guidance. Thus, larval neurons seem to provide a preassembled scaffold that guides or at least facilitates the navigation of adult axons, and conversely the adult sensory projection emerges as an ordered expansion of the larval array. The problem then becomes to understand what guides the larval sensory axons. At the time the larval neurons establish their central projections, the landscape is definitely simpler than during metamorphosis. The entire CNS is conspicuously organized along an orthogonal scaffold made of two connectives that extend longitudinally, and of transversal commissures. The connectives are organized in about twenty distinct fascicles [5]. Individual fascicles are pioneered by identified, segmentally reiterated neurons which recognize each other from segment to segment and thereby establish a continuous tract from head to tail [6]. The longitudinal fascicles that make up the connectives extend at various medio-lateral and dorso-ventral levels within the CNS in a reproducible pattern (Figure 1A). Much has been learned in the past few years about the establishment of this stereotyped pattern. It appears that the mediolateral position at which a given fascicle extends is defined by the interaction between the midline repellent, Slit, and its receptors, the Robo family of proteins [7,8]. Growth cones expressing various combinations of the Robo receptors are constrained to grow at various distances from the midline, and therefore establish fascicles at various medio-lateral levels. Identified central neurons extend their axons specifically along one or another of these fascicles [9], leading to the concept of 'substrate pathways': individual fascicles would be labelled by combinations of membrane molecules that would effectively allow incoming axons to select and recognize their appropriate guide. This hypothesis prompted a search for markers present on subsets of fascicles. This search, however, led to disappointing results: the few markers that were identified clearly contribute to the bundling together of the fibers, but do not seem to play any important role in pathway selection [10,11]. The question of pathway recognition has now been reexamined by using as probes the larval sensory axons. Much as in the adult, different neurons extend their branches along different fascicles in a completely reproducible manner [12]. For example, the dbd and ch neurons project to the ipsilateral connective and extend their terminal branches longitudinally. They differ from each other in that ch neurons extend their terminal arbors at an intermediate medio-lateral position, whereas dbd neurons follow a more medial course (Figure 1A,B). In order to understand what it is that the incoming axon recognizes, Zlatic et al. [1] undertook to evaluate the role of the Robo system, which measures the distance from the midline. They observed that ch and dbd neurons both express robo, but only the ch neurons also express robo3. In robo3 mutants, the dbd projection is unchanged, consistent with the observation that these neurons do not express robo3, but the ch projection is shifted more medially, as if the ch now behaves as a dbd neuron (Figure 1C). As the position of the fascicles is also Current Biology, Vol. 13, R264–R266, April 1, 2003, ©2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. DOI 10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00196-9


A study on non proteic nitrogen compounds of the Sardinian goat milk has shown the following composi
tion in mg/kg of milk (and in % of NPN): free aminoacids 449,1 (9,17), ammonia 27,2 (3,5), urea 430,3 (30,7)
creatine 78,7 (4,2), P-creatine 12,4 (0,3), MPguanosine 5,8 (0,2).


Analysis of West German accident statistics have shown that children between the ages of six and nine years are especially at risk as cyclists. The paper describes the development of a series of recommendations based upon the type of traffic situation to which the children would be subjected in a particular area. Investigation provided no models for didactic units for teaching children in conventional conditions. The author believes that parents have sole responsibility for deciding upon the child's use of the bicycle and assessing the amount of risk they regard as being reasonable. Four categories of traffic conditions are defined to make the assignment for the teacher easier. These categories range from a village where children of 6 and 7 years could cycle without much restriction to urban areas where they should not cycle on the roads under any circumstance. The selected approach is that the teacher has a test which forms a basis for a brochure to be jointly drawn up between teacher and children as a "parents book" made by the child. Tuition is related to local situations supported by practical measures and materials. An example of a practical course, for 5th and 6th year pupils at an elementary school is also given. This article was originally published in German in Zeitschrift fuer Verkehrserzeihung. English translation: Transport and Road Research Laboratory. Language: de


High-speed cutting could reduce production costs and improve the surface quality of work-piece.This paper introduces the use of orthogonal test to probe into the effect on the surface roughness by milling parameters,such as feed-rate/tooth,cutting depth,cutting speed and moving-distance as in the case of cemented carbide cutter cutting aluminum alloy at high speed.The paper gives the relation of major factors affecting surface roughness from the experimental datum of direct analysis and variance analysis,and the best milling parameters.The results show that the better surface quality can be obtained if feed-rate/tooth,cutting depth,cutting speed and moving-distance take values close to 0.06 mm/tooth,0.6 mm,942.48 m/min and 0.05 mm respectively.The study provides experimental bases for enterprises.


The study reveals how the application of the cultural values of ethnic groups Angkola to their children when it has settled in urban areas. In the process of learning the system of cultural values by the children turned out to show a change. This is seen in the application of cultural values Poda Na Lima (advice that five).
To disclose such data, so in this study the authors used descriptive interpretative method. Field data obtained through the technique of participant observation, interviews, and literature studies.
The purpose of this study describes the customs of ethnic groups Angkola parenting style and see the changes that occur due to several factors behind it. Further analyzing the various problems faced by families in the village Angkola Denai Binjai in Medan District to the inheritance of cultural values in the process of enculturation to their children.
The results of this study revealed that Angkola ethnic groups have an important role in the process of enculturation (acculturation) through efforts to involve the children on special occasions such as Siluluton (grief) and Siriaon (joy). In addition, children are always given the advice that is fundamental to the cultural values of each ethnic group Angkola called by them in terms of Na Lima Poda, which means the advice of five. It turned out that the situation of urban life, the most fundamental cultural values are not fully implemented, due to the influence of several factors such as changes in work patterns, housewives, neighborhood, school and media print and electronic, and elections facilitators (influence) of the children. Through the data is implicitly known how the problems faced by ethnic families in the process of enculturation Angkola (familiarization) to their children. At the end of this study found the process of enculturation (familiarization) Angkola children in urban change. Angkola children in urban areas are no longer running the whole Poda na five (five advice) which is the most fundamental cultural value in ethnic families Angkola.


The main objective of image fusion is to combine the multiple images of same scene into a single image having more information and better visual appearance, without introducing any artifacts. In this paper, a new multifocus and multisensor image fusion scheme based on Multiresolution Singular Value Decomposition (MSVD) and gradient based sharpness approach using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is proposed. The proposed scheme is conducted into two parts. In first part, each of the source images is decomposed using DWT and high frequency DWT coefficients are directly fused by gradient based sharpness method. In second part, low frequency DWT coefficients are further decomposed using MSVD and fused by averaging and maximum methods. To reconstruct the final fused image, inverse DWT is performed. The resultant fused image is enhanced and complete as compared to any of the source images. The experimental results obtained by proposed scheme are compared with the existing schemes. The experimental results and comparison demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed scheme.


This paper addresses growing professional discontents with the increasing formalisation of social work practice exerted through systems of risk management and audit. Drawing on an ESRC-funded study of social work practices in children's statutory services, this paper provides a critique of instrumental approaches to risk management in social work. Through the discussion of three illustrative case examples, we argue that risk management is an inherently complex, contingent and negotiated activity. Social work practitioners are obliged to comply with risk reduction technologies, but informal processes continue to play a critical role in shaping decisions and actions in this relationship-based profession. From practitioner accounts, we identify key elements of the informal logics of risk management. We conclude that the bureaucratic–instrumental bias manifest in the modernisation of children's services, in privileging metrics and administrative power leaves the informal and relational aspects of practice under-emphasised and under-theorised. Suggestions are made about how practice might be advanced in the complex world of child welfare and protection.


A case of spontaneous rupture of a renal angiomyolipoma with massive retroperitoneal haemorrhage necessitating emergency nephrectomy is presented. Diagnostic features and treatment of angiomyolipoma are discussed.


This is a complete, fully illustrated catalogue of the oil paintings of Sir Thomas Lawrence, who succeeded Reynolds as painter to the King in 1792 and was elected President of the Royal Academy in 1820. The introduction gives a summary of Lawrence's life and the catalogue details over 1000 paintings. The book should be a valuable reference source for private owners, scholars, gallery staff and the art market. Dr Kenneth Garlick was, until his retirement in 1984, Keeper of Western Art at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.


Purpose: This study was to examine nursing values and attitudes toward nursing professions after fundamental nursing practice education. Method: The participants were 166 first-year students. Values and professional attitude were measured. Results: Nursing values increased to 4.49() after 1st semester and 4.64() after 2nd semester from 4.32() before the education(t=7.71, p= .000). Nursing professional attitude also increased to 3.95() after 1st semester and 4.20() after 2nd semester(t=9.1, p= .000). While voluntary applicants have showed a significant difference in nursing values since they started college education(t=3.34, p=.001), partially voluntarily applicants showed after finishing the 1st semester(t=-3.02, p=.002). Regarding nursing professional attitude of voluntary applicants, there was a significant difference between starting college education(t=2.35, p=.020) and finishing the 1st semester(t=-2.66, p= .008). Interest in fundamental nursing practice had a significant correlation with satisfaction(r=.301, p=.000) and nursing values(r=.163, p=.035). Nursing values had a significant correlation with nursing professional attitude(r=.590, p=.000). Conclusion: The fundamental nursing practice is effective in changing nursing values and nursing professional attitude in students taking the course.


In China, a new round of K-12 curriculum reforms is taking place, which brings fresh curriculum policy who are required among nation curriculum and regional and school-based curriculum management. Recent national policy on school-based curriculum development shows a tendency toward increasing autonomy of schools and teachers. There is more awareness of the complexities and timeframe of introducing, realizing and sustaining teacher's power. In view of this context, this paper will report about the teacher power within School-based curriculum development, such as annotation; distribution; expression and management of teacher power.


An ethnography of the legal services provided in Sao Paulo's Citizenship Integration Centers allowed me to analyze the informal and formal rituals of conflict resolution practiced by the Sao Paulo State Police, the Public Prosecutor's Office and the Judiciary in the context of a service integration program. The analysis afforded a political sociology of the state management of conflicts, which emerged as a fragmented and plural field in which logics of conflict resolution and agencies dispute the meaning of extending rights and justice to Brazil's low income population. The plurality of logics aimed at conflict resolution allow, on one hand, a freedom of choice for the public involved in defense of their interests; on the other hand, it reproduces inequalities between public users and legal agents, undermining the effectiveness of state law. Rituals from the legal field also contribute to hierarchizing circumscribed bodies and vulnerable bodies.


—DNA pattern matching is essential for many widely used bioinformatics applications. Disease diagnosis is one of these applications, since analyzing changes in DNA sequences can increase our understanding of possible genetic diseases. The remarkable growth in the size of DNA datasets has resulted in challenges in discovering DNA patterns efficiently in terms of run time and power consumption. In this paper, we propose an efficient hardware and software codesign that determines the chance of the occurrence of repeat-expansion diseases using DNA pattern matching. The proposed design parallelizes the DNA pattern matching task using associative memory realized with analog content-addressable memory and implements an algorithm that returns the maximum number of consecutive occurrences of a specific pattern within a DNA sequence. We fully implement all the required hardware circuits with PTM 45-nm technology, and we evaluate the proposed architecture on a practical human DNA dataset. The results show that our design is energy-efficient and significantly accelerates the DNA pattern matching task compared to previous approaches described in the literature.


Introduction: Despite the many benefits of Universal (standard) precautions and implementation of different educational intervention, so this precautions compliance is low and is one of health problem among nurses that high risks for them and their patients. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of educational intervention for promotion and maintenance of preventive behaviors from HIV, HBV and HCV infections in health care workers with using constructs of health belief modle In precede – proceed model
Material and Methods: This study is semi-experimental research. Data collection instruments after validity and reliability was gave samples. One group of 91 nurses received educational intervention based on health belief modle and precede – precede model constructs. Post and 6 months after intervention evaluation was conducted by Data collection instruments and results was analyized.
Results: The study findings with statistical analyizis showed significant differences in before, post and 6 months after educational intervention about health belief modle and precede – precede model constructs and preventive behaviors(p=0.0001).
Conclusion: Educational intervention based on precede – proceed model with using health belief modle constructs for promotion and maintenance of preventive behaviors from HIV, HBV and HCV infections in health care workers in rafsanjan university of medical sciences


Forty passive vapor samplers were placed in creek-bottom sediment in an area where ground water contaminated with volatile organic compounds is discharging to surface water. The vapor samplers were composed of activated carbon fused to a ferromagnetic wire in a test tube. The samplers were analyzed in a laboratory using an extranuclear quadrupole mass spectrometer. Data from the samplers reveal distributions of chloroform, tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and benzene in the bottom sediment that closely correspond to the distribution of those compounds in the adjacent ground water. Moreover, concentrations of tetrachloroethylene in bottom sediment estimated from the samplers are similar to those measured in observation wells near the shoreline. Thus, the passive vapor samplers may be used to locate and map areas where contaminated ground water is being discharged to surface water and to determine the approximate concentrations of specific contaminants in the discharging ground water.


As competition increases in the education industry, public and private schools increasingly view students as consumers and market their institutions. This paper investigates the Internet's role in communicating educational opportunities from two perspectives: students' Internet use to facilitate information search and decision making; and educational institutions' e‐business adoption and implementation. Two surveys of international students and face‐to‐face interviews with marketing executives from nine Australian institutions explored the Internet's role in marketing international education. Academically, this paper reviews how Rogers' diffusion of innovations explains individual and organizational adoption of the Internet, and proposes future research areas. Based on this exploratory research, educational institutions gain insights of online customer service and e‐business strategies for successfully recruiting students. The results show that prospective overseas students do indeed use the Internet. Institutions should immediately establish procedures for answering e‐mail and review changing their Web sites to appeal to overseas students.


This paper gives the necessity and advantage fo reforming the valuation system of construction items by quota, and points out the problems in doing this work then puts forward some pieces of advice.


Objective To explore the therapy methods of remnant burned wound. Methods 30 remnant burned wounds were treated by soak , used by Antibioltics locally and with bFGF. Results 30 remnant burned wounds were all cured. Conclusion The soak,using antibioltics locally and bFGF are effective methods in treating remnant burned wound.


This study sought to explore the relationship between workforce autonomy and service delivery by County Government workers in Kenya. The study also tested the moderating effect of National Government policies on resource distribution, monitoring and evaluation on workforce autonomy and service delivery. The term workforce refers to the total number of workers engaged in a specific activity or a group of people who work for a particular organization. In this study workforce includes all the county government workers that serve county residents while autonomy refers to freedom to determine one's own actions. The study used a sample size of 228 respondents, who are the policy makers and supervisors of policy implementation at the counties. They were drawn from five county governments in the lower Eastern Region of Kenya. The study used correlation and regression to analyze the relationship between workforce autonomy and service delivery and the effect of national government policies on resource distribution, monitoring and evaluation on workforce autonomy and service delivery. Results based on the findings indicated that a significant positive relationship between workforce autonomy and service delivery by county government workers in Kenya. The study further revealed that the moderating variable did not have significant influence on workforce autonomy which influenced service delivery on the findings of the study concluded that there was moderately strong correlation between workforce autonomy and service delivery. This study recommends that county governments should put in place ways of enhancing workforce autonomy so as to effective and efficient service delivery.


The manuscript study the kinetics of the initial Maillard reaction of the proline and glucose by HPLC,The results suggested that it is a second order reaction with k=0.2577(mol/L)-1h-1 at T=327 K,and k= 0.6381 1(mol/L)-1h-1 at T=337 K,and Es=101.47 kJ/mol.


ENA was born with the Liberation. Founded on a critique of the former regime, its
aim was to unify the recruitment of the state's high civil servants, to make it more
democratic, and to renew the training program. From 1946 to 1958 ENA underwent no
fundamental changes, thanks to a stable team of directors ; during that period the
humanistic spirit of the Liberation prevailed, along with a profile of broad, general
knowledge. Nonetheless, due to factors outside the school — the popularity of
communism in particular — changes were soon to appear. Other recurrent problems also
emerged, among them the difficulty of conciliating ranking with training.


Microbial resistance to antimicrobial therapies has been a historic and permanent challenge to the global health. Several researches seek to identify the causes, as well ways to minimize the occurrence of this resistance. In this study, a review of scientific articles related to the theme had carried out, covering human and veterinary health, as well as discussing the difficulties about solving the problematics, pointing out the causes of resistance and some strategies to reduce these occurrences. In this context, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in humans and animals is seen as the main cause of the emergence of these resistances and the formation of superbugs. The gene transference, the occurrence of mutations and the formation of biofilms are the ways that interfere the most with the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy. Public awareness regarding the use of antimicrobials; Intensify research and investment in the area, in order to produce more Scaldaferri et al. 2 PUBVET DOI: 10.31533/pubvet.v14n8a621.1-10 appropriate and specific antimicrobials for a particular use; Resistance monitoring aiming to measure its worsen or control; Determination of epidemiological points, aiming at their resolution; Adoption of hygienic sanitary measures to reduce cases of infection; Decreasing the use of empirical therapy, thus reducing the use of antimicrobials inappropriately, or sometimes, unnecessary are suggestions and strategies to reduce the occurrence of these resistances. Since 2015, these strategies have been addressed in the Global Action Plan On Antimicrobial Resistance.


Tracheal xenotransplantation is still in the stage of animal experiments and has not been used in clinical practice, largely because the problem of immunological rejection following xenotransplantation has not been settled and the ethical dispute is also a controversial issue. The preservation and revascularization of xenografts remain to be solved. The key to success of tracheal xenotransplantation depends on eliminating the immunological rejection. The general situation of tracheal xenotransplantation on its research progress and challenges is introduced in this paper.

Key words:
Trachea; Xenotransplantation; Immunological rejection


Ternary electroless nickel, NiXP, films were produced by adding salts of Mo, Re, Tl, Cu, W, Co, Fe, Zn, and Mn to conventional electroless Ni baths and subsequently reacted with Sn-3.5Ag solder. From the full width at the half maximum (FWHM) data, as-plated NiXP films can be categorized into two groups: one is close to the FWHM value of nanocrystalline Ni5P film and the other is close to amorphous Ni9P film. Alloying elements in the electrolessly plated under-bump metallurgy that effectively suppressed intermetallic compound (IMC) spalling were Mn, Zn, Re, Fe, and W, whereas Tl exacerbated spalling. The roles of Cu, Mo, and Co were less clear due to a lack of data. Based on scanning electron microscopy observations, a spalling map was presented, which showed elemental demarcation lines of IMC spalling in the X - P coordinates.


NC processing is mainly applicable to the components produced in batch with complex shapes. For the size precision and geometric accuracy requiring highly consistency, the optimization of NC program is required, which is time-consuming and complex. However, the one-o programming of macro program can be adopted for any structure with same geometric shape as the presentation of this macro program only after value assignment per the required variables, no matter whether the size is in conformity. Thus, it is more precise and accurate compared with common programming.


Ford can now claim to be one of Europe's most efficient car makers as a result of a spate of efficiency improvements driven by highly efficient production facilities, supplier parks, advanced logistic systems and revised in-plant work arrangements. One of the company's key goals was to improve asset utilisation by bringing capacity in line with demand. Another was to increase production flexibility - adjusting the daily build schedule between models - in order to fulfil customer orders more quickly and respond to changes in consumer demand. Significantly, the manufacturing equipment that allows this flexibility also can be re-programmed to accommodate new models, substantially reducing the investment required when models change. Such flexibility also applies between plants. If demand for a particular vehicle is beyond the capacity of the model's main plant, additional units can be sourced to one of the other flexible plants. Another significant competitive advantage is the provision of a supplier park for each of the company's major assembly plants to deliver major components when and where they are needed for assembly in the vehicle.


This paper will discuss how the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) method has been used for decades to characterize concrete structures. In this method, ultrasonic transducers are attached to the concrete surface using a coupling agent. The coupling process is both time and labor intensive and, in some cases, may limit the ability to collect data. This paper describes the development of a fully contact-less (air-coupled) UPV method. By adding a matching layer between the transducer crystal and air and using signal processing methods, air-coupled through-thickness compression wave measurements in concrete are made possible. A scanning test setup was proposed and applied to a concrete test specimen that had different thicknesses and contained internal defects. The thicknesses of the test specimen represent realistic values for concrete elements. Experimental results show that defects and thickness variations within the concrete were visualized when the UPV data were presented in a two-dimensional (2D) scan image. A data interpretation algorithm was used to accurately locate the embedded defects within the test specimen.


To assess the performance of fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting associated anomalies in fetuses diagnosed with isolated corpus callosal (CC) anomaly on multiplanar ultrasound evaluation of the fetal brain (neurosonography).


Abstract Best practice eyewitness interviewing mnemonics have not been tested with linguistically diverse samples. Cognitively complex mnemonics may overload non-native speakers' cognitive resources, which are already engaged in speaking a non-native language. Social facilitation mnemonics may help non-native speakers, who might be hesitant to report details. The current study tested the reverse order mnemonic (cognitively complex) and a set of introductory instructions (social facilitation) compared to control interviews among native and non-native English speakers. Native speakers provided more details than nonnative speakers, particularly in the control interview condition. Both the reverse order and control conditions elicited newly generated details because of repeated questioning. Accuracy rates were comparable across language and interview conditions. Future research should develop an interviewing protocol that is sensitive to the challenges faced by nonnative speakers.


This study was designed to estimate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Moringa oleifera seed oil (MOSO) and pumpkin seed oil (PSO) against the hepatic toxicity induced by CCL4 in rats. Sixty male albino rats (120 ± 10 g) were randomly divided into 6 equal groups. Group 1 was the control group and was orally given corn oil once daily for 28 days. Group 2 was given MOSO at a dose of 0.2 ml/rat, while group 3 received PSO (300 mg/kg b. wt.) once daily for 28 days. Group 4 received CCL4 i/p at a dose of 2.5 ml/kg b. wt. on days 13 and 14 of the experiment and was designated as a positive control group. Groups 5, and 6 received MOSO and PSO at the same dose, route, and duration as groups 2 and 3 and were injected with CCL4 i/p at a dose of 2.5 ml/kg b. wt. on days 13 and 14 of the experiment. The results showed that oral administration of MOSO and PSO to CCL4-intoxicated rats on day 28 of the experiment significantly reduced the elevated levels of liver enzymes and bilirubin and elevated serum levels of total protein, albumin, and globulin, as well as a significant improved in lipid profile compared to the CCL4-intoxicated group. Furthermore, GSH and CAT levels were significantly higher in the treated groups, while MDA levels were significantly lower compared to the CCL4 intoxicated group. The histopathological examination of liver sections in rats pretreated with MOSO and PSO showed favorable changes in the degenerative changes induced by CCL4. Our results propose that oral administration of Moringa oleifera and pumpkin seed oils have potent antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects against CCL4 toxicity in rats.


The invention relates to a composition and a phosphor based on this composition that includes an inorganic core and a shell based on europium and yttrium oxide or gadolinium and homogeneously covering the mineral core of equal or greater than 300 nm thick. The composition is obtained by forming a suspension comprising the inorganic core and whose pH is between 8 and 11; adding to the suspension a solution containing a europium salt and a salt of yttrium or gadolinium and maintaining the pH of the reaction medium at a constant value; separating the formed solid and calcining it at a temperature of at most 1000 ° C.


Background Hyperbilirubinemia is associated with central nervous system damage in preterm neonates due to the neurotoxicity of bilirubin. This study explored the possible mechanisms of bilirubin's neurotoxicity, and the protective effect of baicalin (BAI) was also investigated. Material/Methods Isolated neonatal rat hippocampal neurons were exposed to free bilirubin (Bf). BAI was used to treat these neurons. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to evaluate the cell viability. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay was used to detect apoptosis. Contents of inflammatory cytokines were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Protein expression and phosphorylation levels were assessed by Western blotting. Nuclear translocation was observed by immunofluorescent staining. Results Bf incubation significantly induced apoptosis and decreased viabilities of neurons. The phosphorylation levels of MAP kinase kinase (MKK)3, MKK6, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), nuclear translocation level of p65, and the expression levels of cleaved caspase3 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α were found to be dramatically higher in Bf-incubated neurons. BAI pre-treatment, however, increased cell viability by reducing cell apoptosis. BAI pre-treatment also reduced phosphorylation levels of MKK3, MKK6, p38 MAPK, and nuclear translocation level of p65, as well as the expression levels of cleaved caspase3 and TNFα, in Bf-incubated neurons. Conclusions BAI suppressed bilirubin-induced neuron apoptosis and inflammation by deactivating p38 MAPK signaling.


The invention relates to a storage device (100) comprising: a stub axle (101) having a Axialspannvorrichtung (103); a double taper roller bearing (115) disposed on the axle journal (101) to store a hub wall (111) relative to the journal about an axial direction (107) is rotatably mounted and which is axially braced by means of the Axialspannvorrichtung relative to the journal; a first spacer ring (117) on the axle journal (101) is arranged between the double taper roller bearing (115) and the Axialspannvorrichtung (103), and a second spacer ring (119) on the axle journal (101) between the double taper roller bearing (115) and disposed a Achszapfenanfang (113).


Introduction: Because of the huge number of travelers, immigrants and pilgrims, Qom Province has a priority in evaluation of infectious diseases epidemiology. This study reports the epidemic aspects of viral hepatitises in patients referred to health care centers of Qom Province during 2009-2013. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study, hepatitis patients referred to health care centers of Qom Province during 2009-1013 were examined and blood samples were collected. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were recorded in special questionnaire and analysed by using Chi-square and Fisher exact tests. Results: A total of 1188 cases (64.0% male, 36.0% female) of hepatitis were recorded in health care centers of the Province. The mean±SD age of the patients was 48.6±17.0 year. Among all patients which have laboratory findings, 836 were HBs Ag positive, 325 HCV Ab positive and 27 HIV Ab positive. Abdominal pain, jaundice and nausea were the most common symptoms. In analysis of risk factors of infection, non-sexual contacts (p=0.046) and dentistry intervention (p=0.050) were significantly higher in HBs Ag positive compared to HBs Ag negative patients. Also, imprisonment, skin tattoos and intravenous drug abuse were significantly higher in HCV Ab positive compared to HCV Ab negative patients (all p less than 0.001). Conclusion: Continued education of the public including natives and immigrants for early referral, diagnosis and management of the infection especially in high risk population such as drug abusers and those with non-safe contacts play an important part in control of hepatitis infection.


This research was conducted in the watershed Los Molinos, Valladolid Parish, Zamora Chinchipe province. The study area comprises a surface of 1063.67 ha. The main research aim is to assess the water quality of the creek Los Molinos, which supplies drinking water to the town of Valladolid Parish. Two seasonal samples of physical-chemical, microbiological and biotic water were performed at four different spots distributed along the middle and lower areas of the creek; these results were used to determine water quality index (ICA), pollution index (ICO) and bioticindex in order to assess the quality of this resource in the area.
In addition, interviews were performed to a random group of 81 persons, in order to identify problems that poor quality of the water cause in the researching area. It was determined that the water in the area presents percentages of coliform outside the ranges established in environmental legislation at both global and national levels, nevertheless water quality varies depending on the index used, obtaining values from very good to poor quality . As result, this research has arrived to the conclusion that problems in the area revolve around the progression of the cattle frontier in the watershed, so you can see a decreasing quality of water in the sampled points. It was also noted that, despite the different results found with the index used, they clearly relate resource regarding pollution.


A Theory of History.-Historical theories of history are nearly as numerous as historians. Paradoxicallv, their historicity lies almost wholly in the fact that they are facts of record. So far as intellectual content goes they are philosophy rather than history and the outstanding ones have been evolved by philosophers, not brought forth by historians. History primarily is factual detail and altogether concrete. Secondarily, it ventures timorously upon generalizations. It depicts "situations," "general aspects," and "trends." In so doing it becomes in modest measure philosophy or sociology. From Plato to Comte and from Comte to the Adams brothers one encounters five distinct type groups of theories of history. The first group comprises the predestinal philosophies of the metaphysicians, the logicians, and others. In the second group fall the philosophies of social self-determination. A third group of interpretations goes back to the geographical or "environmental" influence. The writings of Montesquieu remain the classical example, but the researches of Ellen C. Semple and Ellsworth Huntington are of a more substantial value. Theories of the fourth group explain history in the terms of heritage. Heritage is the total product of human activity hitherto which we now enjoy. It includes our acquired habits, our art-,, our knowledge, and our property. The working hypotheses which make up the fifth group of philosophies of historv account for the stream of human experience as the solar system or a thunderstorm is accounted for, as a case of equilibration. Herbert Spencer and Brooks Adams resolve it into a degradation of physical energy. Individual biologists and bio-anthropologists see history as heredity and natural selection. Taking physics and biology both for granted, the author defends the thesis that human history is a psychological or behavioristic equilibration. The premise from which the argument proceeds is that men are not born equal. Behavioristic reaction to stimulation, whether it is instinctive or rational reaction, is more adaptive and vigorous on the part of some aggregations of men than it is on the part of other aggregations. The practical activities of more vigorous groups and classes overflow into those of more sluggish groups and classes. History is adventure and the urge to adventure is the cause of history.-Franklin H. Giddings, Political Science Quarterly, December, I920. 0. B. Y.


This paper examines export market entry behavior and export intensity of Turkish manufacturing firms. It tries to explain what kind of firm characteristics, domestic constraints, market properties or regional conditions affect export or do not export decision and export intensity levels of firms. Size and productivity, informal competitors in sector, industrial and regional properties are found influential in both decisions. Age, number of competitors in the market, customs regulations and crime in the country are effective on export intensity level. Tax administration is only influential on export market entry decisions of firms.


A drive signal control circuit according to the present invention is activated in proportion to the counter, and a count signal to generate a count signal by performing the up-down counting operation in accordance with the discharge part, the discharge signal for generating a discharge signal as compared to the core voltage and the reference voltage and a drive control unit for generating a drive signal having a cycle.


(51) Int. Cl. C25B II/08 (2006.01) HOLM 4/92 (2006.01) HOLM 8/22 (2006.01) An oxygen-consuming electrode is described, more particu larly for use in chloralkali electrolysis, comprising a novel catalyst coating, as is an electrolysis apparatus. Also described is a production process for the oxygen-consuming electrode and the use thereof in chloralkali electrolysis or fuel cell technology. The oxygen-consuming electrode is based on a gas diffusion layer as a porous film of a fluorinated polymer, into which fine crystal needles of a catalyst metal have been introduced as the catalytically active component and are con nected with electrical conduction to the current collector.


SUMMARY The recent literature relating to predictors of severe hypoglycemia in the community is reviewed. Medline and EMBASE databases were searched for English language papers between 2005 and July 2010 using the terms ('severe hypoglyc[a]emia' or 'symptomatic hypoglyc[a]emia') and ('predictor[s]' or 'predict[s]' or 'prediction', 'determinant[s]' or 'determine[s]' or 'marker[s]' or 'factor[s]' or 'indicator[s]'). All studies meeting the inclusion criteria were included. From 186 papers identified, 13 original studies were considered eligible. Another eligible paper became available online during the review process. Of the 14 studies, six were studies of Type 2 diabetes. Two or more of these studies recognized dementia or severe cognitive impairment, higher HbA1c, low BMI and peripheral neuropathy as predictors of severe hypoglycemia in adults with Type 2 diabetes. Renin–angiotensin system-related risk factors independently predicted the frequency of severe hypoglycemia in adults, but not children or adol...


Trends in the fight against computer-related delinquency.- Technical approaches to Thwart computer fraud.- Public key cryptography.- Better login protocols for computer networks.- Secret-key exchange with authentication.- Information authentication: Hash functions and digital signatures.- Key management.- Evaluation criteria for it security.- Standardization of cryptographic techniques.- Numbers can be a better form of cash than paper.- ISO-OSI security architecture.- Security aspects of mobile communications.- (Local area) network security.- Cryptography within phase I of the EEC-RACE programme.- EDI security.- AXYTRANS: physical funds transport and DES.- Unix security & Kerberos.


W-HILE it has been demonstrated in a variety of organisms that genes differ in their spontaneous mutation rates, little is known concerning the basis of these differences. Since the spontaneous mutations affecting adenine biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be obtained by a selective technique (ROMAN l956), they provide a convenient system in which to study the factors involved in spontaneous mutation rates. In this yeast there are two adenine requiring mutants, adenine-I and adenine-2, which produce a red pigment as a result of the block in adenine synthesis. Haploid cultures of either adenine-I or adenine-2 accumulate white and pink mutants which outgrow the parental red strains. Genetic analysis of these color variants has shown that the interference with pigment production is most often the result of a second mutation in the adenine pathway. The mutants thus obtained are unequally distributed among six loci (ROMAN 1956; JONES 1964). The question of this differential mutability at the adenine loci has been examined by JONES (1 964) in a comparative study of the adenine-3 and adenine-6 loci. The results of her study indicated that there was a positive correlation between the size of these loci, measured by their recombinational lengths and numbers of mutable sites, and the frequency with which they give rise to spontaneous mutations. The twofold difference in the size of these loci, however, was not sufficient to explain the five to tenfold higher mutability of adenine-6 as compared with adenine-3. Further study of the properties of the mutants of each of these loci led to the suggestion that this discrepancy might be due to the failure to recover a substantial fraction of adenine-3 mutants, i.e., that the mutation frequency of adenine-3 is actually higher than is observed. The adenine-8 locus was chosen for investigation in this study because mutants of this gene occur with approximately the same frequency as those of the adenine-3 locus but their properties do not suggest that a large number of mutations are not being recovered. Accordingly adenine-8 should be smaller than adenine-3 and adenine-6, in terms of both recombinational length and number of mutable sites, if gene size is an important component of mutation frequency. In this study the recombinational length of the adenine-8 locus was estimated by two independent methods of allelic mapping. A meiotic fine structure map was constructed using allelic recombination frequencies after meiosis as a meas-


The economic as one kind of analysis tool may play the very major role in lawsuit.This As a kind of analysis tool,economics has been named the "universal tool of the world".The nature of economics as a tool determines its great function in lawsuit which is always ignored in reality.With strong practicality and operability,this function can be reflected in at least two aspects: firstly,it can help identify fact basis for cases;secondly,it can provide a reference standard for a judge in judgment.Through analysis of two practical cases,we can see how economic analysis performs its role in lawsuit;at the same time,we can see that it is very important for a judge.Therefore,it is necessary for a judge to master certain economic analysis.


Mao Zedong plays an important engineering role in the formation of our Party's theory and policy to the intellectuals; Deng Xiaoping probes creatively the theory and policy. Jiang Zemin develops further the theory and policy, Some important issues must be put into consideration in constructing theory and policy to the intellectuals in the future.


The invention provides a tape feeding device and tape printing device having the same. The tape feeding device can reliably detect the tape tail and know the tape transmission state of a printing tape without processing the printing tape (the tape-shaped part) and has a degree of freedom on the assembling of a rotation detecting unit. The tape feeding device comprises a tape attachment section (42) to which a tape body (21) having a tape core (21b) and a tape-shaped material (21a) wound around the tape core is detachably attached; a tape feeding unit (44) which feeds the tape-shaped material (21a) while drawing the tape-shaped material from the tape core (21b) of the tape body(21) attached to the tape attachment section; a rotor (46) which engages with the tape core of the tape body (21) attached to the tape attachment section and rotates in synchronization with the rotation of the tape core rotated when the tape-shaped material (21a) is drawn from the tape core; and a rotation detecting unit (47) which detects the rotation condition including rotation stop of the rotor.


A survey of computer-using professionals was undertaken to gather data on their software copying habits. Various demographic data were collected, as were data regarding their software piracy behavior. Several interesting results were found. Consistent with previous research, over half of the respondents claimed to have pirated software. However, the percentages rose dramatically when those who had the opportunity to pirate and perceived a benefit to pirating were studied. Weak support for the use of punishment as a deterrent was found, although it was evident that the respondents' perceptions of the probability of punishment and punishment level varied tremendously. Those individuals that knew of a software piracy case in their organization were less likely to pirate themselves. Also, women were found to pirate software significantly less than men. These results show that the piracy problem is still a major issue in today's computerized world.


Introduction: To reveal the clinicopathologic features of adult head and neck lymphangiomas that underwent surgical resection in our hospital. Materials and Methods: All surgical resection materials of patients aged older than 18 years from the head and neck region that were examined at our clinic between 2008 and 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Cases diagnosed as lymphangioma were included in the study. Results: Of the 34 lymphangiomas included in the study, 17 were from females and 17 from males. The ages of the patients ranged between 19 and 76 years. The median lymphangioma size was 0.8 cm. Lesions were located on the face in 15 (44.1%) patients, in the oral cavity in nine (26.5%) patients, on the neck in six (17.6%), on the orbital and periocular region in three (8.8%), and the ear in one (2.9%) patient. All lesions larger than 1.5 cm were located in the neck or oral cavity. All lesions in the oral cavity were diagnosed as cavernous lymphangioma. All four cystic lymphangiomas were identified in the neck. Lymphangioma recurred in two cases; no malignant transformation was detected. Conclusion: Head and neck lymphangiomas are not uncommon in adults, they can be seen at any age, even in elderly patients. Cystic lymphangioma is often seen in the neck and cavernous lymphangioma in the oral cavity. Total surgical resection provides both treatment and definitive diagnosis. Recurrence can be seen, but malignant transformation is not expected.


Let \(k\) be a positive integer and \(G = (V;E)\) be a graph. A vertex subset \(D\) of a graph \(G\) is called a perfect \(k\)-dominating set of \(G\) if every vertex \(v\) of \(G\) not in \(D\) is adjacent to exactly \(k\) vertices of \(D\). The minimum cardinality of a perfect \(k\)-dominating set of \(G\) is the perfect \(k\)-domination number \(\gamma_{kp}(G)\). In this paper, a sharp bound for \(\gamma_{kp}(T)\) is obtained where \(T\) is a tree.


In the article is assigned information about useful fruit falling and productivity every year in the combinations different grafting-varieties of the pear. The research was carried out in the Guba and Gusar regions of the north-eastern of country. The researches were carried out; in the Dakhli village of Guba region, on the grafting wild forest pear, 6x4 m food area, with Khure which was planted in 2004; The sorts as beauty of Talgar, white Williams, beauty of forest in the New life village of Qusar region on the graftin BA-29, 4x1.25m food area, planted in 2008-2009; The varieties as conference, white Williams, red Williams, Forelle and Quyot which were cultivated in the trellis and has been installed drip irrigation system The research was carried out by generally accepted methods for gardening. At this time, every two years productivity index was calculated by a Sinq formula. According to the index varieties and years are considered: 20% up indicator highly stable harvestable; 21 ... 40% to compared stable product each year; 41 ... 60% Average degree of every two years harvestable; 61 ... 80% strong harvestable every two years; 81 ... 100% more powerful harvestable every two years.


The paper starts with respective characteristics of medical advices and charge item,analyzes the importance of constructing a scientific and rational relationship model between those two disciplines.It proposes concrete constructing suggestions from the aspects of planning basic medical advices reasonably,constructing referent charge property for medical advices,constructing part property for charge item evaluated in an application form,etc.This system has good operational applicability,effectively improves the working efficiency and reduces management cost.


Animal feed preparation in very quality and good enough quantity way in short period time helps small holder famers to feed their livestock in good manner. To make this animal feed preparation demonstrating Feed Chopper Machine which is hay cutting machine that use for uniform chopping of fodder for livestock's' feed is good option. Thus, demonstration of feed chopper was undertaken with objectives of demonstrate and evaluate engine driven feed chopper technology, create awareness among farmers, developmental agents, subject matter specialists and other participant stakeholders on engine driven feed chopper technology and build farmers' knowledge and skill of production and management of the enterprises. A total of 80 trial farmers were selected from Sofi and Wahil potential sorghum and maize growing kebeles and training was given for participants on how to use the machine for livestock feed forage chopping. The machine could chop time of chopping 0.03hr, chopping efficiency 95%, Wt of off cut length 19 to 31.54 %. Output capacity 88.24 kg/h, and also the machine ensure safety of feed, provide good fodder for animal, save work time, and get protection of feed from dust and make the feed easily palatable. And there was statistically significance difference of parameters related with stalk that is moisture content at p<5%, output capacity, chopping efficiency and chopping rate at p<1%. Therefore, it is better to work on the multiplication and promotion of this engine driven feed chopper technology by government, Non-government and other stakeholders to small holder farmers in the study areas and other places.


When the design of the clutch system of the hydraulically-operated gas-assisted clutch mechanism is matched: Considering that the vehicle has been in complex working conditions for a long time, overloaded (ubiquitous), frequent acceleration and deceleration (the clutch system needs frequent shifting operations), the failure rate of its clutch hydraulic gas assisted steering system has been in a prominent position in the vehicle for a long time. In order to meet the clutch system technology, such as clutch comfort, pedal force, clutch, and clutch system working stroke, and ergonomic requirements. In the matching design of the clutch system, the characteristic values and application scope of each component and mechanism should be reasonably selected. At the same time, it is necessary to effectively control the characteristic curves of the components and the key points that affect each other, such as the correlation characteristics between the clutch characteristic curve, the clutch booster characteristic curve, the clutch master cylinder characteristic curve, and the clutch pedal characteristic curve. Based on the clutch booster characteristic curve, combined with the clutch system theoretical matching, vehicle loading and commissioning, and market feedback, this paper integrates the clutch booster characteristic curve with the clutch system in the hydraulically-operated gas-assisted clutch mechanism. The matching design of the clutch system of the air assisted clutch mechanism provides an important basis and positive contribution.


The structure determination of the compound C7H 9N3O4 reagent that is used in the synthesis of a class of pyschoactive drugs was investigated. It was found that the molecule of the compound was flat in the imidazole portion, but the carboxethyl group was twisted by 15.0 (1)° The compound was synthesized using a published procedure and crystals were obtained by recrystallization from diethyl ether. The structure from the x ray measurements was used for the calculation of the potential energy surface at the PM3 level using HyperChem.


This paper focuses on family therapy and support for parents experiencing mental health struggles, with an emphasis both on supporting parents individually to increase their well-being and on ensuring that children are not at-risk of neglect or maltreatment. An overview of the current research on parental mental health is reviewed, as well as the importance of depathologizing mental health in clinical practice. Collaborative intervention models are explored from a community family therapy perspective, as well as from a narrative therapy orientation. Within these models, themes of alternative stories and positive action, inclusion of broader support systems, and leadership and advocacy are examined with implications for therapists and child protection workers.


This research is motivated by the importance of students' mathematical critical thinking skills and the limited learning tools with problem-based learning models to facilitate students' mathematical critical thinking skills used by teachers (Syllabus, RPP, and LAS) as a means of supporting learning in the 2013 Curriculum and fostering the ability to think mathematical critical. This research aims to produce a learning device based on the Model of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) on the probability material that is valid and practical to grow students' mathematical critical thinking skills. The model of development used is the 4D model (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate). The subjects of one-to-one evaluation in this study were three 9th-grade SMP IT Aufia Global Islamic Boarding School and six heterogeneous students as small group evaluation subjects. The data analysis technique that will be carried out in this study is descriptive analysis technique. The Instruments used include (1) Syllabus, lesson plans, and student activity sheet validation sheets; and (2) a Questionnaire for student response to Student activity sheets. The learning tools that have been compiled are then validated by three validators and revised according to suggestions from the validators. The learning device is said to be valid if the level of validity achieved is at a value The validation results from three validators show that the syllabus, lesson plans, and student activity sheet are very valid, with the average score in a row 3.82, 3.74, and 3.55. Student activity sheet practicality shows an average percentage of 92,06% with efficient criteria. The results of this study indicate that the learning based on Model Problem-Based Learning (PBL) on the probability material is very valid and significantly grows students' mathematical critical thinking skills.


Effects of the new type of MgO-CaO composite expansive agent (MC) on the permeability and durability of concrete were investigated. Experimental results showed that, the incorporation of MC at a dosage of 8% of cementitious materials could decrease the chloride permeability and carbonation depth of concrete, compared to that without MC. The hydration degree of fly ash could be promoted due to CaO component of MC. It was also found that the addition of MC optimized pore structure of harden cement paste(HCP), and hydration product of MgO component didn't enrich in paste–aggregate interface, moreover, MC could also decrease the orientation of CH crystals of interface.


Through the field plot experiment of spring oilseed rape by different fertilizing models in dry-land agricultural regions,observe determination and analysis for yield of spring oilseed rape,biological features and nutrient content of plant by different fertilizing models.The results indicated that,different fertilizing had exert different impact models to growth and development of spring oilseed rape.Fertilizer urea 329.0 kg/hm2,treble superphosphate 124.5 kg/hm2,potassium chloride 75.6 kg/hm2,organic fertilizer 1 700.6 kg/hm2 all at once,yield could achieve 4 425 kg/hm2 by adopting ridge and film trend-planting cultivation,was a desirable cultivation models.Basal applicate urea 224.5 kg/hm2,treble superphosphate194.5 kg/hm2,potassium chloride 93.4 kg/hm2,organic fertilizer1 256.0 kg/hm2,cross dressing urea 75.6 kg/hm2,it could meet of the demands nutrient for spring oilseed rape in growth and development period,yield achieve 4 366 kg/hm2,was more reasonable exposed soil fertilizing models.


In this study clinicopathological features and therapeutic guidelines of colorectal cancers involving the adjacent organs were studies. 49 cases of si/ai (histological invasion to the adjacent organs) had poor prognosis compared to 379 cases of se/a2 (histological invasion to the serosa). When the subjects were limited to 22 cases, attained curative operation, five-and ten-year survival rates were 47% and 47% in si/ai cases, versus 65% and 51% in se/a2 cases without significant difference. These findings indicated the adequacy of associated resection of the adjacent organs. 72 cases of Si/Ai (macroscopic invasion to the adjacent organs) with curative operation, the five-year survival rate was 54% and prognostic factor was only the presence of lymph nodes metastasis. On the other hand, no survivous over five years were observed among patients attained non-curative operation whom the application of associated resection of the adjacent organs 68% in Si/Ai cases, and the rate became low in the ureter, bladder, prostate, seminal vesicle, and vagina. Nevertheless, it is impossible to differentiate histologic invasion of cancer from inflammatory adhesion, and the frequency of local recurrence is found to be high from studies of recurred cases. So at present, we have to conduct the associated recection of adjacent organs actively for cases of colorectal cancer which are suspected to have other organ invasion are expected to have a curative opration.


Signs of prosperity pop up across the flat land of Tunica: nine flashy casinos, an expo center, a new golf course, an outlet mall, a recreation center and other attractions. Long-time residents like to brag about the "Tunica miracle." The old Tunica, the Tunica of the 1980s and early '90s, seems like a long time ago. Or does it?>


Nutritional requirement of complete coenzymes in place of, or in preference to, the vitamin moieties (e.g., nicotinamide, thiamine) of their respective molecules is apparently not common even among parasitic organisms. Lwoff and Lwoff (1936a, b. 1937a, b) demonstrated that preparations of codehydrogenases I and II satisfy the V-factor requirement of Hemophilus parainfluenzae whereas nicotinamide does not. Their results were confirmed by a number of investigators, chiefly in the course of developing and using assay methods for experimental and clinical studies, using both Hemophilus parainfluenzae (Kohn et al.. 1938-1940, Pittman and Fraser 1940, Dann, Handler et al. 1941, 1942, and others) and Hemophilus influenzae (Vilter et al. 1939, 1940, Hoagland et al. 1942, 1943, and others). It was further shown that these organisms are able to utilize nicotinamide riboside in place of V-factor although rather poorly as compared with codehydrogenase I (Schlenk and Gingrich, 1942). In this connection it is interesting to mention the fact that the growth response of Streptococcus saliarius is better in the presence of cocarboxylase than with thiamine (Niven and Smiley, 1943). The fact that the codehydrogenases can be substituted for V-factor has led to the use of hemophilic bacteria for attempts to develop assay methods for the coenzymes in tissue fluids, extracts and excretions. Although the results are somewhat divergent the findings indicate generally that the V-factor content of blood is not related to the intake of nicotinamide nor to deficiency thereof, but that it is reduced in liver and muscle of dogs suffering from blacktongue. This agrees with the results of Axelrod et al. (1939, 1941) for the codehydrogenase I content of tissues as determined by the fermentation test. That the microbiological assay methods have not come into general use is to be explained partly by the fact that blood determinations fail to yield a ready means of diagnosing nicotinamide deficiency and also to the variability of the growth response of the organisms and the difficulty of interpreting results in absolute terms unless relatively pure preparations of codehydrogenase are used for reference. Our attention has been directed particularly to the questions as to (1) which compounds satisfy the V-factor requirement and (2) how they may be utilized in comparison to codehydrogenase I. In attempting to reach reasonably tenable conclusions we have considered the use of pure compounds of primary importance and are confident of having satisfied the requirements in this respect (Schlenk, 1942a). The indications of the results relative to the function of V-factor and


Abstract : The Cost Accounting Standards Board was created in 1970 to promulgate Cost Accounting Standards designed to improve the uniformity and consistency of defense contractors' cost accounting practices. The Board promulgated 19 Standards before it was terminated, 1 October 1980. This study was conducted to examine the effects Cost Accounting Standards 401-416 had on the cost accounting practices of defense contractors. A questionnaire was used to gather Procuring Contracting Officers' perceptions concerning these effects and a statistical analysis performed on the gathered data to determine if any statistically significant changes occurred in defense contractors' cost accounting practices. The Procuring Contracting Officers perceived that each of the 16 Cost Accounting Standards did improve the uniformity and consistency of cost accounting practices.


EVAN CHARNEY HELPFULLY DEFINES THE TERM universal human rights. Human rights are held by individuals. They protect individuals against the actions of other individuals and/or collectivities (including political and economic organizations). They are egalitarian because they are held equally by all individuals. They are universal because they apply in all cultural contexts. Finally, human rights are fundamental, meaning that they override other political goods in cases of conflict (barring exceptional circumstances). Most people, I suspect, can endorse this definition of universal human rights. The controversial part, however, is to specify the content of universal human rights. Which rights are fundamental, universally valid human rights, and which ones are locally valid, 'peripheral' rights? Charney argues that he can identify the content of universal human rights by "transcending cultural particularity." According to Charney, "the basic principles of a liberaldemocratic regime" are universal human rights. More precisely, he refers to democracy and civil rights-in other words, American-style civil and political liberties. He does not explicitly say how he has arrived at this conclusion, but he seems to appeal to two arguments. First, Charney suggests that liberal-democratic rights are universal because they are contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). But are the rights set forth in the UDHR truly universal? It is a common complaint in the non-Western world that 'international' human rights instruments have been shaped largely by the values and aspirations of Western liberal societies and that they have not yet adequately incorporated nonWestern views. Rather than develop this argument, however, let me point out that the UDHR also runs counter to the mainstream ideas about fundamental human rights in the United States, meaning those expressed in the U.S. Constitution. It is quite peculiar that Charney limits his discussion to articles 1 to 21 of the UDHR. These articles uphold civil and political rights, but he fails to


Despite the progress in critical GIS research in recent years [1], geographical discourse is still dominated by dualist thinking that understands GIS largely as a tool for quantitative or empiricist spatial analysis. This dualist understanding of geographical methods which was partly fuelled by the fierce polemics between critical geographers and GIS users/researchers sparked off in the early 1990s has represented GIS as a method antagonistic towards critical perspectives and made it difficult for geographers to conceive a role for GIS in critical geographic research. [2] Strangely, while feminist geographers have made significant contribution in refreshing our understanding of the role of quantitative methods in geographical research (e.g. Lawson, 1995; Mattingly and Falconer-Al-Hindi, 1995; McLafferty, 1995; Moss, 1995; Rocheleau, 1995), little has been written to date on the possible role of GIS in feminist research.


Dr Broddi Johannesson was one of the most influential leaders in education in Iceland in the twentieth century. He played a leading role in the revolutionary changes that occurred in teacher education in the sixties and seventies. He shaped teachers' education as headmaster of the teachers' training college, and later, as the first rector of the newly founded university responsible for teacher education in Iceland, not to mention the fact that he was a legendary teacher who influenced generations of teachers for decades. Broddi Johannesson was directly involved in the development of educational policy and teacher education in Iceland through his work on several governmental committees that rewrote the educational policy on teacher education. Finally, he was a pioneer in pedagogical and psychological sciences in Iceland. Broddi Johannesson was one of the founding fathers of the national science fund. He was among the first Icelandic social scientists to publish articles in international journals. He served as the editor for Menntamal, the only scholarly journal exclusively devoted to education. Johannesson showed a remarkable consistency in his prolific work across various roles and immeasurable tasks in all areas of education. In this paper I argue that this consistency was rooted in a carefully worked out and a unique theoretical framework that Broddi Johannesson developed early in his career. While he did not find the time to present his theories in a comprehensive and a systematic manner, many of their key elements are displayed in his writings. I try to show how his theoretical framework was a unique mixture of ideas drawn from classical humanism, science, critical theories and traditional knowledge and wisdom from Icelandic farmers and fishermen. Broddi Johannesson emphasized the scientific method as a key element in the demarcation of science. He was especially interested in the experimental method as a model for scientific inquiry. At the same time he stressed the importance of skepticism and the right to question scientific authority and expertise. While Broddi Johannesson found general theories and the hypothetico-deductive model of research useful, he argued that this kind of knowledge had to be placed in the proper context, emphasizing the contextdependent aspects of knowledge, expertise and learning. He warned against the use of context independent grand theories that offered solutions to a broad range of human problems on a silver platter. In many ways Broddi Johannesson was close to pragmatists such as John Dewey, approaching learning from a theory of knowledge that emphasized active learning, play, and experimentation as the basis for both knowledge and learning. Furthermore, the way Broddi Johannesson integrated knowledge from national Icelandic culture and the pragmatist theory of learning resembled Veblen´s theory of workmanship and C. Wright Millis's theory of craftsmanship in the sense that he emphasized a task-oriented approach, stressing informal learning, holistic understanding, skill, and tacit knowledge. What set him apart from all these scholars was his emphasis on humanitarian values and a unique style of analysis and presentation. The theoretical framework Broddi Johannesson developed characterized his approach to teaching, and educational policy-making. He placed the student firmly at the center of the school system. The the student´s welfare was to be placed above bureaucratic rules and standardized solutions. Students should have as much freedom as possible to learn and explore important material. In the same vein, he argued that teachers should have the freedom to exercise their skill to meet the diverse needs of students. He was skeptical of bureaucratic organization of school work, fixed curricula and standardized procedures. Instead he argued that the teacher's knowledge and skill was the key factor that determined the success of the educational system and the students' welfare. He argued that teaching is a profession and the teachers themselves are responsible for upholding professional and ethical standards.


In this paper, a design methodology is introduced for determining the major system parameters of a power-split hybrid vehicle drive train. The system parameters mainly includes the engine power rating, transmission gear ratios, alternator power and proper speed-torque characteristics, traction motor power rating and battery power and energy capacities. The design target is ensuring the vehicle to meet the specified vehicle performance, such as speed and acceleration, and at the same time, operate the engine within an expected speed range and torque range.


1 I. Stocktaking One of the main outcomes of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20), held in Rio de Janeiro in June 2012, was the agreement by Member States to launch a process to develop a set of sustainable development goals (SDGs). The Rio+20 Outcome provides that the goals should be action-oriented, concise and easy to communicate, limited in number, aspirational, global in nature and universally applicable, while taking into account different national realities 2. It also calls for the goals to "...address and incorporate in a balanced way all three dimensions of sustainable development and their interlinkages. They should be coherent with and integrated into the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015. " The outcome document further specifies that SDGs should:-be a useful tool for pursuing focused and coherent action on sustainable development; 3-address and be focused on priority areas for the achievement of sustainable development, guided by the outcome document;-contribute to the full implementation of the outcomes of all major summits in the economic, social and environmental fields;-serve as a driver for implementation and mainstreaming of sustainable development in the United Nations system as a whole. 4 The challenge facing the international community is to establish global sustainable development goals that fully respect all the Rio Principles; take into account different national circumstances, capacities and priorities; are consistent with international law; and build upon commitments and the many goals and targets the international community has already agreed upon, in particular the MDGs. The MDGs demonstrated that international goals, targets and indicators can galvanize action and political will towards a core set of development priorities. As the OWG considers sustainable development goals, governments can draw on the lessons learnt from the MDGs. In general, the MDGs are widely recognized for serving as a rallying point for different actors in combating poverty in its various forms and manifestations. The MDGs did not provide specific guidance on the kinds of actions needed to attain the goals. Some argue that the lack of specifics on means and actions to achieve the MDGs reflects a neglect of structural causes of such problems as poverty, inequalities and hunger; others see this focus on ends as a strength, allowing maximum policy space to individual countries, thus " respecting national policies ". Another lesson learned is that it is better, in many cases, to frame the goals in terms of meaningful outcomes, such as …


In Maricopa County, Arizona, the local chapter of the American Red Cross and the Maricopa County government have combined forces and entered into a joint venture arrangement that attempts to maximize public, private, and volunteer resources for the provision of special needs transportation. Special Transportation Services (STS), as the program is called, represents a test of the concept of "getting by with less" that has been suggested by the International City Management Association as the dominating strategy that will characterize the provision of state and local government services in the future. STS incorporates several unique features including: a public/private division of labor, an exclusive reliance on all volunteer drivers, a mill levy that is assessed against cities and towns served by the program, and an adopt-a-van component that has succeeded in taping service organizations and the medical community for financial support. In operation now for two years, the approaches being demonstrated in Maricopa County, Arizona, especially the successful utilization of volunteers, appear to have relevance for other special needs transportation systems throughout the country that are attempting to deal with the financial vicissitudes of the 1980's.


Three-dimensional resistivity sounding data are approximately inversed by Zohdy method. The FEM is used for forward solution, and the initial electrical parameters of the earth are obtained from observed data or forward data of earth model and modified by the logarithic difference between observed data and the theoretical data calculated by the finite element forward solution. Two kinds of grid system is employed to solve the problem arose from the arbitrary electrode-spacing. The big grid pictures resistivity distribution of earth model and the small one is used to define elements in forward solution. In addition, the iteration coefficient is added to resistivity adjustment formula so that the convergence velocity has obvious improvement in the course of inversion. Finally, the theoretical data, added 5% random noise, obtained from three-dimensional earth model is inversed. Which proves that it is a practical method.


The role of voltage-dependent Ca2+ entry for glucose generation of slow oscillations of the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was evaluated in individual mouse pancreatic β-cells. Like depolarization with K+, a rise of the glucose concentration resulted in an enhanced influx of Mn2+, which was inhibited by nifedipine. This antagonist of L-type Ca2+ channels also blocked the slow oscillations of [Ca2+]iinduced by glucose. The slow oscillations occurred in synchrony with variations in Mn2+ influx and bursts of action currents, with the elevation of [Ca2+]ibeing proportional to the frequency of the action currents. A similar relationship was obtained when Ca2+ was replaced with Sr2+. Occasionally, the slow [Ca2+]ioscillations were superimposed with pronounced spikes temporarily arresting the action currents. It is concluded that the glucose-induced slow oscillations of [Ca2+]iare caused by periodic depolarization with Ca2+ influx through L-type channels. Ca2+ spiking, due to intracellular mobilization, may be important for chopping the slow oscillations of [Ca2+]iinto shorter ones characterizing β-cells situated in pancreatic islets.


Abstract Objective To analyse the appropriateness of referrals received by Salford Primary Care Trust (PCT) for general anaesthetic (GA) extractions. To assess the adherence to General Dental Council (GDC) and Salford PCT guidelines. Methods A data collection form was completed for all patients who attended the GA assessment clinics over a three month period in 2006. Results Sixty-one referrals in total were assessed. Ninety-seven per cent of the 61 referrals received adhered to the Salford PCT proforma requirements, with only 33 per cent complying with GDC guidelines. Gross caries was cited as the major reason for referral (90%) of cases. Justification was given for GA in 97 per cent of cases. Major reasons cited were anxiety and multiple extractions in more than one quadrant. Twenty-one per cent of referrals were considered inappropriate. In only 18 per cent of cases did the specialist treatment plan correlate with the treatment requested. Conclusions There are a high number of inappropriate referrals received by Salford PCT, showing a severe deficiency in the adherence to GDC guidelines by general dental practitioners, particularly in discussion of the risks involved and in the dental history. There was a low correlation between the specialist treatment plan and treatment requested, showing a lack of understanding by the referring dentists of the service provided under GA. Suggested strategies to improve the referral system are: • Send referring dentists a copy of GDC guidelines and Salford PCT referral criteria • Return all inappropriate referrals back to the referring dentist, highlighting the deficiency on the letter/proforma • Education of local dentists in GA treatment planning for children and health promotion