One major role of environment agencies is to provide concise indicators about a country's air quality and its impact on population health. On the one hand, such environmental indicators must be easily understood by the public and on the other, they should be useful to compare air quality over different years. Indeed, it is important to assess whether any actions undertaken to improve air quality have been successful or not (Scott, 2007).
When the sets of airborne pollutants measured at different monitoring sites are different, it is not always clear how to define daily and yearly indicators for the whole country or how to evaluate their uncertainty. Moreover, it is not straightforward to compare across years when in each year, the structure of the monitoring network (sites included), the quantity of missing data and meteorological conditions differ.
In order to define a sound statistical framework within which to address the above issues, the dynamic coregionalization model introduced by Fasso and Finazzi (2010 and 2011) is considered. Based on temporal and spatial latent variables, the model is a multivariate hierarchical space-time model able to cope with missing data and with data coming from heterogeneous monitoring networks, where different pollutants may be measured at different sites.
When only the temporal latent variable is considered, the model can be used to derive a daily air quality indicator for the entire region of interest. If different pollutants have different impacts on population health, then a weighted indicator can be evaluated. When a set of covariates and the latent spatial variable are also included, the model can provide either daily or yearly average concentration maps for the pollutants considered.
By applying non-parametric bootstrap techniques, quantities such as the probability that a pollutant exceeds a threshold level L over a period of time at a particular point in space, the expected number of days that L has been exceeded during the year and the probability that L has been exceeded for at least N days can be evaluated. These results can then be related to population figures in order to assess population exposure and risk. This approach is illustrated using Scottish air quality data for 6 pollutants for the year 2009.


My Appalachia is not a factor of heritage in my life; I have no ancestral roots there. I am not from Appalachia but, like so many others, am rather an invader, an explorer, a student, a defender, an observer and a portrayer by virtue of having photographed the people, hollows, strip mines, rocky hillsided farms, pearl gray, sagging, tin-roofed barns, giant coal-cleaning plants and the tiny, unincorporated communities that slow you down every couple of miles on secondary roads. Long before I came to Appalachia to live and work, I knew it as a storied region starting with Kentucky as "the Dark and Bloody Ground." For me, Appalachia began with Indians; The Last of the Mohicans had me picturing the forests of Kentucky as a network of well traveled footpaths, bordered by dense forests teeming with wild game and used by the Indians primarily as a hunting area. To imagine it with few permanent settlements made it seem all the more wild, mysterious, primitive, and dangerous. As a consequence, I had a tremendous respect and admiration for those hardy souls who dared penetrate this unmapped wilderness. As a boy, I read everything I could about pioneers. I know now that many of the episodes I read were romanticized. These were hardy pioneers, so I wasn't able to share any physical suffering with them; while they encountered many obstacles, they overcame them. In my fantasies about them I wanted to live that kind of life. I wanted buckskin clothing trimmed with fringe. I wanted to wear moccasins so that I could have supreme stealth, able to feel every little twig underfoot (and therefore not loudly break it for everyone to hear); and, of course, have my trusty hunting knife on my belt, along with my throwing tomahawk. My muzzle-loading flintlock would be exactly as long as Daniel Boone's. Of course, I had no idea how much a muzzle-loading flintlock weighed, but it couldn't be too much because I had read where ole Dan'l could


Background: Exercise electrocardiogram is the most widely used non-invasive test in those patients suspected of having coronary artery disease. However, sensitivity and specificity of this test are not satisfactory, especially when the exercise induced ST-segment depression is used as a single criterion of myocardial ischemia. Although many investigators have tried to improve diagnostic accuracy with R-wave amplitude change in addition to ST-segment depression, controversy exists whether this new criteria improve the test accuracy for coronary artery disease or not. The purpose of this study is to determine the test accuracy of R-wave amplitude change induced by exercise combined with the conventional ST-segment criterion for myocardial ischemia. Methods: We reviewed our records of patients who visited to Korea University Anam Hospital with chest pain from January, 1998 to July, 1999. We included 130 patients with chest pain who had a tredmill test followed by a coronary angiography within 2 months. Patients with change in ST-segment depression (STD)1.00 mm and 1.00 mm with R wave amplitude decrease (-R)1.00 mm in the same lead in any of 12 leads and STD1.00 mm with R wave amplitude increase (+R) 1.00 mm in the same lead in any of 12 leads were compared. According to the findings of coronary angiograms, patients were divided into 4 groups ; normal coronary artery group, mild coronary artery stenosis group(30% to 50% to 70%). Results: Fifty three patients (40.7%) had normal coronary angiograms and 77 patients (59.3%) had coronary artery stenosis. There was no significant difference in gender and age. But, patients with coronary artery stenosis had more diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, smoking, previous myocardial infarction history and angina during exercise testing than those without coronary artery steonsis. The sensitivity of exercise EKG is significantly decreased when combined with R (STD, 74.0%, STD with -R, 45.5%, STD with + R, 30.0%, pSTD; 73.7%, STD with -R; 61.5%, STD with + R; 57.7%. Conclusion: When ST-segment depression is combined with R-wave amplitude change as a marker for myocardial ischemia, the specificity is increased, but the test accuracy of exercise EKG is not improved.


1. Objectives The objective of this study was to measure the differences of EEG changes accoring to emotional stimulus in Sasangin. 2. Methods 44 healthy volunteers(Soyangin 10, Soeumin 14, Taeumin 20) were participated. Sasang Constitution was diagnosed by Sasang specialist. Volunteers watched horror movie as the emotional stimulus. We recorded EEG data during pre-stimulus rest(120sec), during-stimulus(197sec), rest-stimulus(120sec). Power spectral analysis was done and relitive power and ratio were compared among each groups. 3. Results (1) The mean of relative of Taeumin was significantly decreased according to stimulus compared with Soyagnin. (2) Relative of Soeumin was significantly decreased in T3 area according to stimulus compared with Taeumin. (3) Relative of Taeumin group was significantly increased in Fp2 area according to stimulus compared with Soeumin. 4) Relative of Soyangin group was significantly decreased in F3 by the post-stimulus rest compared with Soeumin. (5) ratio of Soeumin was significantly increased according to stimulus compared with other groups. 4. Conclusions Soyangin showed sensitive changes according to the emotional simulus compared with Soeumin and Taeumin. Above results suggest that the emotional characteristics of Sasangin can be measured by objective methods as by EEG.


The invention relates to the technical field of a forging forming device, in particular to automatic oil pressure forming machinery. The automatic oil pressure forming machinery comprises an oil pressure forming mechanism, a material cutting mechanism, a heating mechanism and an automatic straightening material conveying mechanism, wherein the oil pressure forming mechanism is connected with the material cutting mechanism, the material cutting mechanism is connected with the automatic straightening material conveying mechanism, and the heating mechanism is arranged at a connecting part of the automatic straightening material conveying mechanism and the material cutting mechanism. The automatic oil pressure forming machinery has the beneficial effects that the automatic pressing forming is realized, the straightening material conveyance is carried out through the automatic straightening material conveying mechanism, after the material conveyance, the automatic material cutting is carried out after the automatic heating through the heating mechanism, finally, the automatic pressing forming is realized, the whole device can realize the pressing without workers after the materials are put onto the material conveying mechanism, the operation is convenient, the production speed is accelerated, and the production precision is improved, so that the labor cost is reduced.


3791 The difficulty is to detach the framework of fact – of absolute undeniable fact – from the embellishments of theorists … –Arthur Conan Doyle, The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes. T he causation principle in the natural sciences has experienced considerable vicissitudes of fortune. To the found ing fathers of philosophy like Aristotle and Kant, it was self-evident that scientific explanations be causal in character, i e, events had to be explained in terms of causal laws and initial and boundary conditions. Leading scientists were often implicit adherents of this principle. Laplace, for example, observed as an " evident principle that a thing cannot begin to be without a cause producing it " [cited in Krüger 1987: 63]. The view is reinforced by Descartes (" nothing exists of which it is not possible to ask what is the cause why it exists " [quoted in Bunge 1979: 229] and Kant who argued that causation is the conditio sine qua non for scientific inference. Even in the heydays of causality, important exceptions were often made to these general principles. To mention but two examples—Kepler's laws of planetary motion and Balmer's formula for the wavelengths of the spectral lines of hydrogen were both accepted as legitimate scientific contributions , in spite of the fact that neither offered any causal explanations for the phenomena studied. The first significant attack on the concept of causality comes in Hume's Treatise of Human Nature (1739). Hume posits that true knowledge of causation cannot be derived from observation. Causality is a cryptogram for constant conjunction (which is all that observation can yield), and while he has no objection to the use of the term 'cause' as such, he enjoins on the user of the term the reminder that it is no more than a subjective mental construct. In particular, it is not an assertion of truth of which the validity can be ascertained by observation. Hume's contra-causality manifesto is considerably extended by Peirce (1892), Pearson (1911) and Russell (1913). They were all inclined to view 'cause' as a meaningless metaphysical term, from which scientific practice should keep itself strictly aloof. To Russell all scientific laws should be expressible as differential equations, while for Pearson laws are best stated as empirical statistical correlations. Causality became a victim of two fundamental intellectual revolutions in the early 20th century, viz, quantum mechanics (especially its Copenhagen version) and instrumentalism. The basic …


26th European Crystallographic Meeting, ECM 26, Darmstadt, 2010 Acta Cryst. (2010). A66, Page s307 s307 0.02 and 0.06) alloys are found -16.5 J.kg.K and -14.2 J.kg 1 .K from the DSC analysis at around the structural transition temperatures, respectively. Since the values of the relative cooling power and the isothermal magnetic entropy change of the x=0.02 alloy is bigger than of the Gd5Ge2.05Si1.95 alloy, this alloy should be good candidate for room temperature magnetic cooling technology [2].


The distributed and multimedia database management system (DBMS) will have vast prospects for application in military and lots of fields of national economy. This article introduced the typical structures of DBMS and analyzed the function of each component. At the same time, it also presented the technological speciality and the safe mangement some technology of the DBMS DM3 which was developed by our own country.


Muscle larvae (ML) cDNA library of Trichinella spiralis was screened using swine serum infected with Trichinella spiralis. From 1.6×10~5 recombinant 21 positive clones were obtained. Sequence analysis showed that 9 of them were new genes, 9 of them without ORF showed high homology to T.spiralis mitochondrion genome and encoded large subunit ribosomal RNA, 3 of them encoded the known genes. Clones ML12 and 34 showed 99% homology to serine protease inhibitor of T.spiralis(AAF63473)and clone ML42 showed 99% and 90% homology to hypothetical ORF 17.20 of T.spiralis(AAB48489)and 21 kD Excretory/secretory protein of T.pseudospiralis (AAF79206), respectively. These results lay the foundation for further study of the recombinant antigen.


The AC dipole in the LHC will not only provide transverse oscillations without emittance growth but also with a safety guarantee. These two features are due to the adiabaticity of the excitation. However chromaticity and nonlinear fields spoil this adiabaticity. This paper assesses the margins of the relevant beam observables for a reliable and safe operation of AC dipoles in the LHC.


The utility model discloses an anti-bird roof fan, which comprises an air receiver and a blast cap. An air inlet is fixed to an air inlet position of the air receiver; an air outlet of the air receiver is arranged on one side of the air receiver close to the blast cap; a motor is fixed into the air receiver; an impeller is in transmission connection to an output shaft of the fan; the blase cap is fixed to the position of the air outlet of the air receiver; a cap top is arranged at the upper end of the blast cap; an air outlet of the blast cap is arranged at the outside position of the air receiver at the lower end of the blast cap; an anti-bird screen arranged inside the blast cap is fixed between the cap top and the inner side of the air outlet of the blast cap; and the axis of the anti-bird screen is cylindrical in the vertical direction. As the anti-bird screen is fixed between the cap top and the inner side of the air outlet of the blast cap, birds are prevented from nesting inside the blast cap of the roof fan. Besides, as the anti-bird screen is arranged on the inner side of a supporting part of the blast cap, the anti-bird screen does not interfere with the supporting part of the blast cap. Simultaneously, installation is facilitated, and maintenance cost is saved.


This article offers a broad review of the scholarship of the 'retention' of social movement activists, examining it from the individual, social relational, and organizational levels of analysis. The following contribute to the likelihood that a participant sustains their engagement: accommodation of individual needs and motivations, a social network to reinforce attachment to activism, and a successful organization that promotes its members' empowerment. The conclusion considers the insights gained from the scholarship so that organizations might increase activist persistence and notes gaps that merit further study, particularly regarding the emerging effects of 'internet communication technology' (ICT).


In colleges and universities,students of normal education account for a large percentage among students taking Mandarin Proficiency Test(shortened by PSC).To make sure every student of normal education can get the required Mandarin Rating Certificate and work smoothly with the certificate,PSC training teachers should study the training principles and strategies carefully and improve the teaching efficiency of PSC training.


A human burial of late Holocene age was recently excavated from inland northwest Queensland and studied prior to reburial by the Indigenous community. Bones from the lower thoracic region to the feet were recovered. The person had been interred in a crouched position, resting on their lower legs (shins) and wrapped in paperbark. Similar burial techniques have been described in the region's ethnographic literature, and this site represents the first known archaeological example.

Ascertaining a firm date for the burial is problematic owing to the nature of the radiocarbon calibration curve in recent centuries. A detailed analysis of the bones indicated the individual to be an adult female, most likely of middle age. There are some significant pathological lesions present that are indicative of treponematosis. The geographic and cultural context of the burial leads us to suggest the most likely diagnosis is treponarid.


Current x-ray laser designs rely on amplifying spontaneous emission in a high-temperature plasma. A central problem in the study of x-ray lasers is determining and optimizing the degree of transverse spatial coherence for holographic applications. The inherent non-power-orthogonal character of the normal modes in a general amplifying medium necessarily results in excess noise and cross-correlation effects that can significantly affect the predicted coherence and intensity profiles of an x-ray laser. In particular, loosely bound discrete transverse eigenstates of the paraxial wave equation have previously been found to dominate the intensity and coherence in the low-amplification regime if the continuum eigenstates are omitted from the spectrum (London, Strauss, and Rosen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 563 (1990)). A detailed analysis of the role of excess noise on steady-state laser intensity and coherence is presented for the simple case of a transverse square gain and density profile in a finite geometry. The inclusion of the continuum portion of the spectrum is found to substantially reduce the level of excess noise and to alter the coherence predictions for low and intermediate gain-length products.


Today Information and Communications Technology (ICT) networks are a dominating component of our daily life. Hence Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) are an essential part of a working security-infrastructure of today's computer-networks. IDSs aim to timly detect cyber attacks and unauthorized system access. While there are many products on the market, based on different approaches, the identification of the most efficient solution for a specific infrastructure, and the optimal configuration is still an unsolved problem. Due to the lack of suitable test environments novel approaches for the generation of test data are required. The goal of this thesis is to define a model, based on log line clustering and Markov chain simulation, for generating realistic synthetic log data. The presented model requires only a small set of real network data as input and based on its characteristics generates a customer specified long sequence of highly realistic synthetic log data. To prove the applicability of the concept developed in this work, we conclude this thesis with an illustrative example of evaluation and test of an existing IDS by usage of generated synthetic log data.


Thermally‐initiated living radical graft polymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) with ozone‐pretreated poly[N,N′‐(1,4‐phenylene)‐3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenonetetra‐carboxylic amic acid] (PAmA) via a reversible addition–fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT)‐mediated process was carried out. The chemical compositions and structures of the copolymers were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and molecular weight measurements. The "living" character of the grafted PEGMA side chains was ascertained in the subsequent extension of the PEGMA side chains. Nanoporous low‐dielectric‐constant (low‐κ) polyimide (PI) films were prepared by thermal imidization of the PAmA graft copolymers under reduced argon pressure, followed by thermal decomposition of the side chains in air. The nanoporous PI films obtained from the RAFT‐mediated graft copolymers had well‐preserved PI backbones, porosity in the range of 5–17 %, and pore size in the range of 30–50 nm. The pores were smaller and the pore‐size distribution more uniform than those of the corresponding nanoporous PI films obtained via graft copolymers from conventional free‐radical processes. Dielectric constants approaching 2 were obtained for the nanoporous PI films prepared from the RAFT‐mediated graft copolymers.


ABSTRACT Assessment of ongoing or potential electronic purchases has always been a challenging and time-consuming process for librarians. In most cases, the organization, maintenance, sharing, and use of electronic resources data can be overwhelming. Diligent planning, monitoring, and assessment of e-resources is more important than ever. This article lays out the step-by-step process of creating an e-resources assessment playbook. This playbook will essentially be a book of strategies that will help orchestrate and illustrate steps and techniques for carrying out particular e-resources reports.


The quality and reliability of MEMS are greatly impacted by compatibility of materials used in a package. Inadequate understanding of MEMS reliability adversely affects their utilization, especially those requiring "long-term storage". Current trend in micro/nanosystems is to produce ever smaller, lighter, and more capable devices/sensors in greater quantities and at a lower cost than ever before. In addition, the finished products have to operate at very low power and in very adverse conditions while assuring durable and reliable performance. Performance of MEMS has advanced to the point that package induced stresses now limit further improvements in accuracy and stability. Optimization of a MEMS package for high performance is limited by these constraints and cannot be accomplished by analysis alone. There are too many unknown material properties, process conditions, and assembly tolerances to make this feasible. This paper describes the methodology and discusses preliminary results that have been obtained relating measurements that facilitate MEMS reliability assessment (MRA) on representative samples used. Regardless of their application, the MEMS have to be reliable while in use. MEMS reliability, however, is application specific and, usually, has to be developed on a case by case basis. The results presented herein were obtained, using a recently developed optoelectronic laser interferometric microscope (OELIM) methodology, in a planned program on MEMS reliability assessment. The presentation is illustrated with selected examples representing the OELIM study of specific MEMS. By quantitatively determining performance of MEMS, under different operating conditions, we can develop a better understanding of their operational characteristics, which will ensure that they are operated at optimum conditions, are durable, and are reliable.


Value-based payment models tend to fall into three general categories: shared savings programs, capitation models, and episode-of-care models. In this article, Robert A. Dowling, MD, reviews the current landscape of these payment models, including public and private-sector models that may serve as examples for urology.


The aim of this paper is to conduct a general review of contemporary literature about communication difficulties affecting learners with Autism Spectrum Disorder. It further reviews the recommended research based intervention strategies on the same. To achieve this, articles and research findings published in international peer reviewed journals were objectively scanned through. The target beneficiaries of this study are parents of learners with ASD, educators, speech therapists related service providers and other relevant stake holders. Learners with Autism Spectrum Disorder exhibit a series of communication challenges. Although not every child with ASD has a language problem, their ability to communicate varies across the spectrum. It is dictated by severity, cognitive ability and social development of the individual. Majority of individuals have challenges in both receptive and expressive language. Further, almost all learners with ASD have difficulties understanding body language. Failure to understand context, abstract and figurative language is also a common barrier toand figurative language is also a common barrier to communication in individuals with ASD. Majority individuals with ASD also struggle with meaning and rhythm of words. Many concentrate on the key word and not the entire statement during conversations. Other communication challenges include echolalia, lack of reciprocity and turn taking difficulties. To address the above challenges, researchers have come up with evidence based intervention strategies. They include AAC, manual signing, pantomime intervention, eye gaze intervention, picture exchange communication and facilitated communication. Interventions fall into two categories. the ones speech therapist use and those they train family and caregivers to use. No one intervention technique works perfectly across board. Speech Therapists must therefore understand the needs and behavior of the individual child before using or recommending a strategy. This will reduce possibility of system abandonment. Some interventions are hi-tech while others are low tech, cheap to make and easy to use. For positive results, family members and peers need to be incorporated in the interventions.


The principle of slab caster roll gap control technique is briefly introduced and application of this technique in Meishan Steel-makijg Plant thoroghly central analyzed.


AIM: To study the effect of nitric oxide/nitric oxide synthase(NO/NOS) on apoptosis of rat alveolar epithelial cells induced by acute high-concentration oxygen inhalation.METHODS: Healthy Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups(half male and half female,n=12 each): air control group,4 h group,8 h group,12 h group and 16 h group.The rats were exposed to 85%~100% oxygen in a self-made chamber for different time periods and the rats in control group were kept in normal room air(21% oxygen).The levels of malondialdehyde(MDA),NO and NOS in plasma and lung tissues were detected.The protein expression of eNOS and iNOS in the lung were measured by Western blotting.The apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells was determined using TUNEL technique.RESULTS: Compared with control group,the levels of MDA,NO and NOS in plasma and lung tissues markedly increased in all hyperoxia groups(P0.01).The protein expression of eNOS was clear in control group,increased at 4 h,and obviously increased at 8 h,12 h and 16 h after hyperoxia exposure.The protein expression of iNOS was far lower than that of eNOS in control group,and slightly increased at 16th h.The number of apoptosis cells increased by 9.13%±3.20%,17.47%±3.50%,19.22%±4.50% and 11.03%±2.80% at 4 h,8 h,12 h and 16 h after exposed to high-concentration oxygen,respectively,compared with control group.The indexes in plasma and lung tissues and the number of cell apoptosis had significant positive correlations.CONCLUSION: NO/NOS may play a very important role in the apoptosis of rat alveolar epithelial cells exposed to hyperoxia.


The goal of our paper is to present the knowledge management process of social innovation endeavour undertaken in the field of sustainable tourism of the capital of Slovenia. We present all phases of social innovation and focus on the findings of the second phase. We use the methodology of social innovation that is composed of structured open-ended questionnaires. Questionnaires took 30-40 minutes to be filled out. The answers were transcribed and analysed with NVivo 10 software. We conclude that social innovation is a beneficial methodology that provides the inclusion of key stakeholders in sustainable tourism. That is, local community has an opportunity to be heard, empowered and engaged in sustainable tourism initiatives and activities that not only enrich the spectre and essence of sustainable tourism offer but also preserve, cultivate and nurture the human potentials of the locals by including and valuing their ideas and creative solutions to social and environmental challenges.


The content of "Honglongmeng" is great,among which the descriptions on architecture make people exclaim.The objective of this article is to make us know much about Xue Baochai's character in view of architecture by the well knowledge of decoration and environment of the Hengwu yard.


A number of ointments and cream formulas containing penicillin were prepared and studied for their antibactericidal activity against organisms. Tests were made by a new modified agar cup-plate method which was devised in the laboratories of the School of Pharmacy at Purdue University.


This article reports findings from observational and questionnaire surveys of visitors to a Marine Protected Area (MPA) at Point Lonsdale, Victoria. The MPA was established primarily to protect the biodiversity of intertidal rock platforms, with only limited restrictions being placed on fishing. Visitor surveys were undertaken to identify and quantify recreational uses, assess level of compliance with regulations, identify the uses most likely to have damaging impacts on biota, and to assess awareness of, and support for, this MPA and for MPAs in general. A questionnaire survey of visitors supported observational survey findings concerning recreational use patterns and provided information on awareness about and attitudes towards conservation measures for this location and for Victoria's marine environment. The finding that about half the visitors were not aware that they were visiting a marine protected area has implications for future management of this area and MPAs in general. Most visitors indicated support for the concept of marine conservation areas and marine protected areas.


While HIV infection can be transmitted from mother to infant during pregnancy, child birth, or breast feeding, most infants born to infected mothers do not develop the virus. Ingesting infected breast milk does increase the risk of HIV, but it is not known by how much. It is also difficult to prove that a baby has been infected by breast milk rather than in the womb or during birth. The risk of transmission during breast feeding is increased if the mother becomes infected with HIV during blood transfusions during or shortly after childbirth, becomes infected when pregnant or breast feeding, or develops AIDS-related illnesses during pregnancy or breast feeding. Because breast feeding is important to infant health, health workers are advised to promote breast feeding in all cases. The babies of most HIV-infected mothers have a better chance of survival if they breast feed than if they do not. Women should be counseled to avoid sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection, but they should never been urged to determine their HIV status because they are pregnant or breast feeding. When counseling HIV positive women the following issues are important: 1) how does the woman feel about the risk, 2) if the woman does not breast feed is she afraid that would reveal her health status, 3) does the woman have the resources to provide alternative feeding, and 4) does the woman have access to clean water and fuel for sterilizing feeding utensils.


Online instruction has been approached with caution by nursing. Concerns range from unfamiliarity with online pedagogy to the potential for decreased student connectedness. Being unfamiliar with the online format can be overcome through a series of self-training, taking courses online, and dedication to the process. Student connectedness is basic to nursing and a caring and compassionate profession. It has been argued that an online format will create an atmosphere of disconnectedness and isolation. To combat this disconnectedness and isolation, an atmosphere of caring is required in the online classroom. This article considers the basics of both creating an atmosphere of caring and concepts that support the online pedagogy. Caring is the essence of nursing and should be conveyed in the instruction of nurses. Online instruction can facilitate a caring atmosphere, when done properly, and promote growth for student nurses. Grounding this notion is a brief discussion of various nursing concepts and theories on caring, and how the key elements of some of these theories relate directly to the outcomes of online instruction. In addition to the concept of caring and relating this to online instruction, a connection to the supporting concepts of trust and professional nurse autonomy are intimately connecting to caring and online instruction. This connection illustrates the foundational results of online instruction and how these are indeed the same elements of the concept of caring.


Real-time content analysis is typically a bottleneck in Web filtering. To accelerate the filtering process, this work presents a simple, but effective early decision algorithm that analyzes only part of the Web content. This algorithm can make the filtering decision, either to block or to pass the Web content, as soon as it is confident with a high probability that the content really belongs to a banned or an allowed category. Experiments show the algorithm needs to examine only around one-fourth of the Web content on average, while the accuracy remains fairly good: 89% for the banned content and 93% for the allowed content. This algorithm can complement other Web filtering approaches, such as URL blocking, to filter the Web content with high accuracy and efficiency. Text classification algorithms in other applications can also follow the principle of early decision to accelerate their applications.


Low academic achievement continues to be a challenge for the education system and society as a whole. A search for causes of low academic achievement and possible solutions remains top priority for institutions, educators, leaders and policy makers. The study sought to investigate the role of learner social self-concept on academic achievement of adolescents in secondary schools in selected areas of Zimbabwe. A qualitative methodology using focus group interviews was adopted to obtain detailed information about how learners felt about their social relationships with significant others including parents, educators and peers, and their effect on academic performance. High and low performing learners from urban and rural secondary schools were involved. Results have shown that positive social relationships were important for learning and achievement and that gender was only important for stereotyping subject choice but not overall performance. In view of the research results it is important that educators, parents, peers work


Since the baking temperture and gas through puts are the especially importmant in the multi flavour walnut process, this work aims to desgin a monitoring and controling system to process the multi flavour walnut by singlechip computer.Function and design of the system are introduced in this paper.


We consider a differential system of neutral type with distributed delay. We obtain a precise norm estimation of semigroup generated by the operator corresponding to the system in question. Our result is based on a spectral analysis of the operator and some uniform estimation of norms of the exponentials of matrices. We also discuss the stability properties of corresponding solutions and the existence of the fastest growing solution.


The optimum design of the structural pattern of the wharf is expounded in paper the with the actual example of the working craft terminal,Jinzhou Port.


-A study of clinical evaluation and Management of Small bowel perforation was done between2017 1nd 2018 at Guntur medical college and Government General hospital Guntur. A study group consisted of 50 patients of different age groups. Back ground:-Perforation of small bowel is commonly observed problem in surgical practice. The different modes of clinical presentation of cases may be misleading in the diagnosis of its origin. It is required to know about current surgical practices for different types of perforations to manage such a case. A small effort has been done here, to know about the different modes of clinical presentation, diagnosis and types of management modalities for small bowel perforations. Methods:A retros pec t ive study of 50 pa ti ent s pr es e n t in g to Government General H o s p i t a l , Guntur who has been diagnosed clinically with small bowel perforation be tw een O c tobe r 2017 and O ct o ber 2018 is done. The cli nic al data, the i nv est ig at i ons d o n e and the s urgi cal pr oced ur e un der tak en are r e co r d e d. Ileal perforation was found to be the most common site. Typhoid disease was found to be the most commonly encountered cause of ileal perforation. The most frequently done surgical procedure was Resection and Anastomosis in two layers. Post operative follow up all patients was done to know about the frequently encountered post operative complications, time of recovery, morbidity rate and mortality rate. The most commonly encountered complication in this series was found to be Wound infection which accounted for 17 cases (34%) and 3 cases has shown Wound dehiscence. Results:The most common age group involved was found to be 20 -30 yrs lasting for about 40%. In the study group males were more in number (80%) where as females accounted for 20% of cases. 68% of cases in our study presented with ileal perforation and thus it was the most common type. Among the total ileal perforations 24% were due to typhoid disease. Resection & End-End anastomosis in 2 layers was done in 60% of cases, Simple closure in 1 layer was done in 26% of cases, Resection & End – End anastomosis in 1 layer was done in 8% of cases and in 6% cases ,Simple closure in 1 layer with Omental patch was done. Conclusion • M a le s w a s t h e m o s t f r e qu e n t l y a ff e c t e d s e x ( 4 : 1 ) . • The common age gr oup inv olved was 20 40 y ears. • The most frequent symptom was pain abdomen and t he next common was vomiting followed by abdominal distension and constipation . • The inv est igations whic h aide d in t he dia gnosis were USG abdomen Erect abdomen X-ray. • Mos t com mon te ch ni qu e em pl oy ed was R es ec ti on and an ast omo sis in 2 lay er s. • Th e f re qu en tl y enco unt er ed com pli cat ion postoperatively was surgical site inf ect ion.


The current trend of newer cellular network technology, such as 5G, is using a higher frequency spectrum that causes a smaller cell size. This will further cause a more frequent handover in the high-mobility users like the ones that happen in the high-speed train. In a cellular network, the handover process is very crucial as it may disrupt data transmission. Without a reliable handover process, the high-mobility users may experience problems like a high bit error rate (BER) or even call-drop. The traditional handover algorithm is proven reliable in ideal conditions but may not work correctly in a non-ideal condition such as the presence of a coverage hole. Machine learning can be implemented to improve the handover performance in those conditions. Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) presents a solution to implement machine learning in the cellular network using a Radio Intelligent Controller (RIC), where we can improve a lot of functionalities in the Radio Access Network (RAN) modularly without modifying the existing RAN network element. The RIC original software is using vector autoregression to determine the target cell by predicting the throughput of each neighboring cell. In this paper, we performed two modifications to the original software: improve the vector autoregression method to consider the User Equipment (UE) movement and replace the vector autoregression method with a neural network. We also prove that these modifications present easier and better target cell determination for the environment with a coverage hole that will be useful for frequent handover in high-mobility users.


Typically, even low-level operating system concepts, such as resource sharing strategies and predictability measures, are evaluated with Linux on PC hardware. This leaves a large gap to real industrial applications. Hence, the direct transfer of the results might be difficult. As a solution, we present toki, a prototyping and evaluation platform based on FreeRTOS and several open-source libraries. toki comes with a unified build- and test-environment based on Yocto and Qemu, which makes it well suited for rapid prototyping. With its architecture chosen similar to production industrial systems, toki provides the ground work to implement early prototypes of real-time systems research results, up to technology readiness level 7, with little effort.


Abstract : This grant funded in part the Fourth International Conference on Biological Rhythms and Medications held in Nice, France 12-15 March 1990, sponsored by the International Society for Chronobiology. The published Proceedings compiled in this final report deal with seven major themes: (1) neurobiology, (2) endocrinology and gastroenterology, (3) cardiovascular agents, (4) metabolic aspects, (5) immunology and cancer, (6) general chronopharmacology and (7) chronotherapeutics.


In order to perform quantitative X-ray microanalysis many parameters, representing the various stages of X-ray generation and transport through the specimen at the chosen experimental conditions, must be known for all of the elements that might be encountered. Although ideally quantification is done by reference to standards so that only the functional variation of these parameters is required, in current practice it is increasingly necessary to work in situations where standardization is impossible and consequently where absolute magnitudes must be known. The quality and quantity of data that is now available varies widely.


On 13–15 July 2021, 58 representatives from Headquarters, US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), 2 USACE Divisions, 14 USACE districts, and US Army Engineer Research and Development Center's (ERDC) Environmental (EL) and Coastal Hydraulics (CHL) Laboratories came together and participated in a virtual workshop on the beneficial use (BU) of dredged material. The overall goal was to organize the BU community across USACE and develop a path forward to increase BU practices. Talks and discussions focused on the current status of BU across USACE, including success stories on innovative BU projects, challenges related to regulatory issues, state and federal policies, technical logistics, and stakeholder engagement, as well opportunities for expanding current practices to include more regular and innovative applications. The workshop was cohosted by Dr. Amanda Tritinger (CHL) and Dr. Kelsey Fall (CHL) on behalf of the Engineering With Nature®, Coastal Inlets Research Program, Dredging Operations and Environmental Research, and Regional Sediment Management research programs. The workshop concluded by introducing and awarding the first annual Timothy L. Welp Award for Advancing Beneficial Use of Dredged Sediments to recognize teams (with members across and outside of USACE) that have advanced progress on BU through collaboration, partnering, and innovation.


It is very important to explore the interrelations of economic globalization and socialism because how to scientifically understand and deal with economic globalization has direct link with the fate of the Socialism.From their developing procession point of view,the theory and practice of the scientific socialism development with the economic globalization;from their bilateral function perspective, these two parts accelerate、supplement and develop with each other:the development of socialism can not move forward without the economic globalization and vice versa from their objective as well as their current point of view economic globalization will strengthen socialism and socialism will improve the healthy development of the economic globalization.From above,actively join in and fully make use of economic globalization is the only way for the later Socialist countries to surpass other former nations。


ABSTRACT Singapore is a nation-state characterized by the convergence of multiple diaspora populations. The state and citizens alike cannot ignore a sharpened sense of difference that has led to social tensions between "old" and "new" waves of migrants/immigrants, in particular amongst those considered co-ethnics from India and China. Comparative analyses of Indian and Chinese migration are few, resulting in a narrow understanding of how both impact migrant-receiving societies simultaneously. Our paper identifies commonalities undergirding the racialization experienced by co-ethnic migrants/immigrants in Singapore. We argue that multiple dimensions of personhood – to do with one's skills, class and legal statuses; performances of "authenticity" and temporal framings of migration; and wider civilisational and developmental discourses – work together to create "polysemic immigration hierarchies". Singapore's experience illuminates subtle forms of inter- and co-ethnic racialization – drawing on, yet exceeding, tropes of "colour".


Perforating depth is not only the most basic data for production estimation and calculation of productivity ratio, but also the basic condition of optimizing perforation scheme. According to the perforation charge performance and strength parameter of the formation, calculated are the actual perforating depths with the borehole wall as the starting depth-computing point in the open holes while considering the energy consumption of the charges penetrating through casing pipes and cement mantles. There is annular space between the perforating gun body and the casing, and also between the charges and casing walls. So, the maximum and minimum perforating depths are figured out after the space correction. Calculated and analyzed are the perforating depths for a well having pollution radius data. Now, many wells don't have enough logging data to calculate the perforating depths. Using our newly proposed method allows us to correctly estimate the depths of most wells.


In the rat hippocampal formation, application of mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonists disinhibits principal cells, promoting excitation‐dependent processes such as epileptogenesis and long‐term potentiation. However, the precise location of MORs in particular inhibitory circuits, has not been determined, and the roles of MORs in endogenous functioning are unclear. To address these issues, the distribution of MOR‐like immunoreactivity (‐li) was examined in several populations of inhibitory hippocampal neurons in the CA1 region using light and electron microscopy. We found that MOR‐li was present in many parvalbumin‐containing basket cells, but absent from cholecystokinin‐labeled basket cells. MOR‐li was also commonly in interneurons containing somatostatin‐li or neuropeptide Y‐li that resembled the "oriens–lacunosum‐moleculare" (O‐LM) interneurons innervating pyramidal cell distal dendrites. Finally, MOR‐li was in some vasoactive intestinal peptide‐ or calretinin‐containing profiles resembling interneurons that primarily innervate other interneurons. These findings indicate that MOR‐containing neurons form a neurochemically and functionally heterogeneous subset of hippocampal GABAergic neurons. MORs are most frequently on interneurons that are specialized to inhibit pyramidal cells, and are on a limited number of interneurons that target other interneurons. Moreover, the distribution of MORs to different neuronal types in several laminae, some relatively far from endogenous opioids, suggests normal functional roles that are different from the actions seen with exogenous agonists such as morphine. Hippocampus 2002;12:119–136. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


In most firms plan marketing activities is developed after the development of the overall business plan of the company. Marketing is only a part , albeit a very important structure of the plan of the company. Other structural components of the general plan are the plans for production, research and development, finance, personnel activities , etc. Effectiveness in planning marketing significantly increased when marketers are aware of planning in the company as a whole. When the play is promising to solve marketing problems , the plan marketing activities developed in the composition of the strategic plan of the company.


Construction industry has become most hazardous industry in last three decade, because of the need to grow vertically. As there is no space on left on ground, the need of growing vertically arises. This has emerged as a competition amongst world renowned builders and countries to build the tallest tower in our country. It is been observed that many precaution are to be taken while building a tallest tower. Still construction manager cannot ensure, there will be zero accident. As many workers are involved from different background, as for many of the cases does not require a prior knowledge or education for some of the task in construction industry. All over the world, developing has poor record for construction site safety.


:-Training is very vital in any company or organization that aims at progressing. Training simply refers to the process of acquiring the essential skills required for a certain job. It targets specific goals, for instance understanding a process and operating a certain machine or system. The hotel industry uses a diverse workforce, which includes a variety of positions that may or may not have a strong educational component.Training is crucial for organizational development and success. It is fruitful to both employers and employees of an organization. An employee will become more efficient and productive if he is trained well. Employees are major assets of any organization. The active role they play towards a company's success cannot be underestimated. As a result, equipping these unique assets through effective training becomes imperative in order to maximize the job performance. The main objective of the study is to measure the effectiveness of the training in the organization and its impact on employees performance in the organisation.This research paper is a descriptive study based on secondary data regarding training programs within the hotel industry.And also critically examines the importance of training and its impact on employee performance.


In the present paper, the authors report their results about clinical treatment of 600 cases of mastitis with acupuncture plus TDP irradiation. Main points Tanzhong (CV 17), Quchi (LI L1) and Jiaji (EX-B 2) were punctured, supplemented with other acupoints according to the concrete symptoms and signs and TDP irradiation for 30min. For example, in the treatment of mastitis patients with high fever, bilateral Hegu (LI 4) and Taichong (LR 3)were punctured in combination with pricking blood and cupping methods. After 1 - 10 sessions of treatment (once daily), all the 600 cases were effective, with 510 cases (85%) being cured, 83 cases ( 13.8% ) remarkably effective,and with 7 cases ( 1.2 % ) effective.


In this study, grid nanoindentation and statistical deconvolution analysis were applied into a developed Ultrahigh performance concrete (UHPC) to broaden the understanding of the microstructure phases and their mechanical properties. A total of 550 nanoindentation tests was carried out on UHPC and the mechanical properties, including indentation modulus and hardness of the indented material were extracted from nanoindentation load-depth curves. The statistical deconvolution analysis was then utilized to analyze the modulus and hardness spectra. The experimental and analysis results revealed that the modulus and hardness data obtained from nanoindentation tests can be used in the accurate and reliable identification of the microstructure phases and their properties in UHPC. For the present UHPC, the microstructure can be characterized into 6 phases with distinguishable mechanical properties, including micro porosity, Low Density Calcium Silicate Hydrates (LD CSH), High Density Calcium Silicate Hydrates (HD CSH), silica powder and sand, and residual cement clinker. The obtained modulus and hardness values of these phases were in the range of various reported ones for cement-based materials and UHPC.


ABSTRACT Nineteenth-century discourses on suicide lamented vast systemic causes for self-killing – ranging from supposedly racial predispositions to the ennui of modernity to a culture-wide breakdown of education. Yet in tension with authorities' overwrought conjectures about the sources of suicidal desire, the British Army in India devised an effective deterrent that bypassed motives altogether: removing ammunition from off-duty soldiers' kit, statistics showed, decreased incidence of both suicide and murder. Rudyard Kipling's short stories about suicidal ideation grapple with this paradox. While evoking a whole host of racial, climactic, and societal causes for soldiers' suicidal impulses, the stories counterbalance such seemingly inescapable forces with canny bystanders who view suicidal actions as avoidable and thus step in to foil the man's plan. Previous scholars have argued that imperial suicides enacted a fantasy of self-determination in Victorian culture, yet Kipling echoes contemporary military statistics by depicting the suicidal act as a mere accident, a preventable tragedy. Kipling's stories acknowledge that the everyday work of empire fell to a population of men who were vulnerable to seemingly thoughtless acts of self-destruction. Yet, strangely enough, the apparent vulnerabilities of imperial masculinity in these texts are shorn up by a soldierly community who intervene precisely because they admit they have, at times, felt the same way.


This paper surveys the enterprise's integration incentive.First,in this paper it analyzes conception of enterprise's incentive mechanism.Secondly,the difference between the institution arrangements and incentive path is clarified.At last,it analyzes and generalizes the foundation of enterprise integration incentives for union of institution and incentives and the integration incentives of enterprises.


Establishing the college system is an approach for the management system reform inside the university and the development of discipline construction. Of the university based, college based and department based management, the college based management is regarded as the center. The operation methods and management measures for colleges becoming the teaching management center are proposed.


The fifth regular session of the General Assembly continued during January, February and March 1951. The remaining items on its agenda were generally concerned with the situation in the far east, including the intervention of communist China in Korea, the complaint of the Soviet Union concerning aggression against China by the United States, and the question of Formosa.


BACKGROUND Pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC), although most commonly defined as breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy or within one year following delivery, knows a variety of definitions, likely related to the diversity of reported clinicopathological features and prognosis. More insight into the different breast cancer subgroups during pregnancy, the time after delivery and the postpartum period is therefore warranted. METHODS Patients with breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy or within six months after delivery between January 1, 1988 and July 1, 2019, were included. Pregnant patients were subdivided according to gestational trimester, and postpartum patients according to lactational status. To investigate the influence of pregnancy and lactation on the histopathologic profile, these subgroups were compared to non-PABC patients matched for age at diagnosis, year at diagnosis, grade and ER status. Pearson Chi-square tests were used to compare clinicopathologic characteristics, while Kaplan-Meier/logrank/Cox regression methods were used to perform overall survival (OS) analysis. RESULTS Overall, 662 PABC patients were included, of which 73.6% were diagnosed during pregnancy. Median age at diagnosis was 34 years, with a median follow-up of 6.5 years. Overall, PABC patients as a group showed an advanced stage at diagnosis and an inferior OS at 5-years (75.4% vs. 83.2%, p = 0.000) compared to 1,392 non-PABC patients. In subgroup analysis, PABC patients within their first trimester showed a significantly lower tumor size and stage as compared to other trimesters. Patients diagnosed during the first trimester and postpartum non-lactating patients had a relatively good OS (81.3% and 77.9%, respectively) versus patients diagnosed during the second and third trimesters and during lactation (OS 60.0%, 64.9% and 65.6%, respectively, p = 0.003). In multivariate Cox regression, trimester of diagnosis, year of diagnosis, PR status, stage at diagnosis and surgery-or-not were significant contributors to OS. CONCLUSION In this large PABC cohort, uniquely specified by gestational trimester, an inferior outcome was found for patients diagnosed within the second and third gestational trimesters and during postpartum lactation, compared to first trimester and non-lactating postpartum patients. These findings indicate that PABC is clinically a heterogeneous group of breast cancer patients that should be redefined based on trimester of diagnosis and postpartum lactational status.
 Citation Format: Britt BM Suelmann, Carsten FJ Bakhuis, Carmen van Dooijeweert, Janneke Verloop, Ronald P Zweemer, Sabine C Linn, Elsken van der Wall, Paul J van Diest. Prognosis of pregnancy-associated breast cancer: Inferior outcome in patients diagnosed during second and third gestational trimesters and lactation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-12-06.


Objective To discuss the pressure source and situation of job burnout of the operating room nurses,and providesome methods and measures to keep their physical and mental health,so to enhance the quality of nursing service. MethodsNurses job stress scale and Maslach Burnout Inventory( MBI) were used to conduct a questionnaire survey on 221 nurses workingin the operation room and the results were analyzed. Every subjects were told of the purpose,meaning and filling method of thequestionnaires,and independently,truthfully and anonymously to complete the questionnaire. All the questionnaires were examinedand verified. Results The operating room nurses had great pressure at work. The worries about medical errors,work environ-ment,workload and working hours were the most common sources of stress; the number of the nurses with moderate and severefeeling of exhaustion in the observation group was more than that in the control group( P 0. 01) . Conclusion The work pres-sure and physical and mental health of operating room nurses cannot be ignored,some effective response measures should be takento ensure the healthy development of nursing team.


Aims:  Detection of telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT) mRNA has been used as a surrogate marker for estimation of telomerase activity. The exact role and timing of telomerase re‐activation, a key enzyme implicated in cellular immortalization and transformation, in the multistep process of oral carcinogenesis is still unknown. The aim was to test the hypothesis that (i) quantitative rather than qualitative differences exist in the level of hTERT mRNA expression between normal oral mucosa, different grades of oral epithelial abnormalities and squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity, and that (ii) hTERT gene re‐expression is an important, probably early event in oral carcinogenesis.


Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is a rare, inherited form of ataxia that leads to progressive neurodegeneration. The initial symptoms could affect clinical phenotypes in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, the contribution of initial symptoms to the phenotypes of SCA3 has been scarcely investigated.


The relevance of the study lies in the fact that in the common derivation schemes of hydroelectric power plants, protection against bottom and bottom sediments is carried out in water inlets, and water is cleaned from dangerous fractions of sediments in sedimentation tanks. The costs for the construction of a sump are very significant and sometimes make up 20-35 % of the investments in the construction of hydroelectric power stations. In our opinion, it is possible to reduce these costs by using modern types of hydrocyclones instead of sumps and filters used to purify water for cooling generators. The purpose of the work is to increase the efficiency of small hydropower plants by improving the site of water treatment. The research method is the use of guidelines for the preparation of technical documentation for energy production and technological complexes of hydroelectric power stations and thermal power plants and the testing of a water treatment unit and a technical water supply system. The results obtained: a feature of a new technical solution to improve a small hydropower plant was established. Unlike the existing ones, it has a complex clarifier for water purification replaced by an effective hydrocyclone. The hydrocyclone is also installed on the cooling unit of the hydrogenerator. Due to this, a simplification of the design of hydroelectric power stations, increasing the degree of water purification is achieved. The results of calculating the design parameters of hydrocyclone assemblies and testing them in laboratory and production conditions are presented. It has been established that replacing the bulky reinforced concrete sump of existing hydropower plants with simplified design hydrocyclone sand traps reduces the cost of building a water treatment unit from 30% (existing) to 7%. This allows you to expand the scope of development of a small hydroelectric power station, especially in mountain conditions.


At present,sports teaching that in college and mid-school have set up "physique training".it is undoubtedly that take a great assistant part on student's appearance and posture But what the content of shape-building course should be? Which style of teaching can accomplish the anticipated purpose ?Can we improve the students' awareness of aesthetic only by the method of dance and gymnastics teaching?This paper show that is to describe the problems in the field.


"Integration, " said popular in various fields, reflects a comprehensive integration of the trends and ideas. In fact, the "integration" is by means of an integrated and fully integrated into the dynamic role to play, so a number of things related to close contact between to form a high-performance organic whole. The past is only loosely combined operations will be provided in all branches of the military fighting forces together mechanically, relying on traditional command information system (support information systems platform centric warfare, that is the traditional form of C4ISR systems) for command coordination, and thus operational effectiveness difficult to significantly improve. Article scientific analysis of the integrated joint operational command information system challenges, combined with the development of our military command and status information system proposed integrated joint operational command information system countermeasures.


In central Mexico during the spring of 2007 we measured the initial emissions of 12 gases and the aerosol speciation for elemental and organic carbon (EC, OC), anhy- drosugars, Cl , NO 3 , and 20 metals from 10 cooking fires, four garbage fires, three brick making kilns, three charcoal making kilns, and two crop residue fires. Global biofuel use has been estimated at over 2600 Tg/y. With several simple case studies we show that cooking fires can be a major, or the major, source of several gases and fine particles in devel- oping countries. Insulated cook stoves with chimneys were earlier shown to reduce indoor air pollution and the fuel use per cooking task. We confirm that they also reduce the emis- sions of VOC pollutants per mass of fuel burned by about half. We did not detect HCN emissions from cooking fires in Mexico or Africa. Thus, if regional source attribution is based on HCN emissions typical for other types of biomass burning (BB), then biofuel use and total BB will be under- estimated in much of the developing world. This is also sig- nificant because cooking fires are not detected from space. We estimate that 2000 Tg/y of garbage are generated glob- ally and about half may be burned, making this a commonly overlooked major global source of emissions. We estimate a fine particle emission factor (EFPM 2.5) for garbage burning of 10.5±8.8 g/kg, which is in reasonable agreement with very limited previous work. We observe large HCl emission factors in the range 2-10 g/kg. Consideration of the Cl con- tent of the global waste stream suggests that garbage burning


The notion of optimism or pessimism is defined in the psychology literature in terms of forecasting where the term is used more generally than in statistics. Here we use the theory of loss aversion combined with Bayesian forecasting to propose rather precise definitions of optimism and pessimism. Put simply, optimists are those who condition their Bayesian state probabilities on optimistic forecasts whilst pessimists condition their Bayesian state probabilities on pessimistic forecasts. This simple structure leads to closed-form results in asset allocation problems which can be seen as a solution of more general dichotomous problems. Our results with loss aversion utility show that a slightly optimistic (or pessimistic) preference would have a huge impact on the optimal asset allocation.


A significant proportion of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) do not experience remission after one or more pharmacological treatments. Research has explored brain structural measures, particularly the hippocampus, as potential predictors of treatment response in MDD, as well as genetic factors. This study investigated the association of polygenic scores (PGSs) for seven subcortical brain volumes (including the hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and caudate nucleus) with treatment non-response and non-remission in MDD. Patients with MDD were recruited in the context of five clinical studies, including a total of 3,637 individuals. PGSs were estimated using a Bayesian framework and continuous shrinkage priors (PRS-CS-auto) after standard genotype quality control and imputation. Logistic regressions were performed between PGSs and non-response or non-remission in each sample, adjusting for age, sex, baseline symptom severity, recruitment sites, and population stratification. Results were meta-analysed across samples, using a random-effect model. Caudate volume PGS was nominally associated with non-remission (OR=1.09, 95% CI=1.01-1.19, p=0.036). Leave-one-out sensitivity analyses suggested a possible association with the amygdala and thalamus PGSs. However, no association was significant after multiple testing correction. These results, although preliminary, suggest a possible link between caudate volume PGS and lack of symptom remission. Methodological improvements in PGSs estimation and statistical power may enhance their predictive performance and provide a contribution to precision psychiatry.


Tracking of ground moving vehicles with GMTI radar is a challenging task, which calls for efficient exploitation of all information sources available. For well-separated vehicles as well as for convoy targets we focus on information fusion aspects comprising both, fusion of data from multiple dislocated sensors as well as incorporation of background information (refined models of the sensor performance, road maps, terrain screening, and simple tactical rules). Under suitably formulated modeling assumptions algorithmic solutions within the context of Gaussian sum approximations are discussed. Methods originally proposed for well-separated vehicles can be embedded into an expectation-maximization approach for dealing with collectively moving convoy targets. By this in particular, early detection of a stopping event is alleviated.


1. A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO GSM .............................................................................................................2 1.1 MOBILE STATION................................................................................................................................................3 1.2 BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM ................................................................................................................................3 1.3 NETWORK SUBSYSTEM .......................................................................................................................................3 2. GSM SECURITY MODEL ................................................................................................................................4 2.1 THE PURPOSE OF GSM SECURITY: ...................................................................................................................4 2.2 SECURITY FEATURES OF GSM ...........................................................................................................................4 2.2.1 Authentication of the registered subscribers ................................................................................................4 2.2.2 Encryption of the data .................................................................................................................................5 2.2.3 Other secuity features...................................................................................................................................7 2.3 THE ALGORITHMS ..............................................................................................................................................7 3. PROBLEMS WITH GSM SECURITY.............................................................................................................9 3.1 THE LIMITATION AND PROBLEMS WITH GSM SECURITY .................................................................................9 3.2 SOME POSSIBLE METHOD OF ATTACKS. .............................................................................................................9 3.3. POSSIBLE IMPROVEMENT ................................................................................................................................10 4. CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................................10


Many things affect the increase in rice production, starting from the use of superior seeds, fertilizing the right target, proper irrigation, controlling pests and diseases, and so on. One way that farmers can choose is by planting lowland rice with the Jajar Legowo system. The main objective of the Jajar Legowo system is to increase the plant population by adjusting the spacing and manipulating the location of the plants, as if the rice plants were on the edge (edge crops). This study analyzes the effect of age, formal education, length of farming, land area, number of family dependents, land ownership, irrigation and income on the adoption of the Jajar Legowo planting system in Barumun Tengah District, Padang Lawas Regency. In this study, samples were taken as many as 120 lowland rice farmers who applied the Jajar Legowo planting system and those who did not apply the Jajar Legowo planting system. The data obtained through the distribution of questionnaires were processed using logistic methods and logit methods with SPSS tools. The results of this study indicate that the variables age, formal education, length of farming, land area, number of family dependents and land ownership status do not partially significantly increase the adoption of lowland rice farmers using the jajar legowo planting system technology innovation in Barumun Tengah District, Padang Lawas Regency. Irrigation and income variables have a significant effect on partially increasing the adoption of lowland rice farmers using the Jajar Legowo planting system technology innovation in Barumun Tengah District, Padang Lawas Regency.


We calculate the profile of both magnetization and polarization of a PML-typemagnetoelectric multiferroics which allow the magnetization of sub-lattices to be canted.  Thecalculation is started by deriving the Landau energy density and followed by solvingsimultaneously three equilibrium equations which respect to polarization, magnetization andcanting angle. It is predicted that magnetoelectricity give rise to a "bump" in polarization profile. It is also calculated that the application of a magnetic/an electric field will also influence thepolarization/magnetization of the material. Keywords:  multiferroics, magnetization and polarisation


Objective To investigate the diagnostic significance of the clinic representation and the change of medulla picture for the patients of medulla transfer carcinoma.Methods To analysis the clinical materials and the medulla picture of 41 cases patients of medulla transfer carcinoma, and observe the main clinical change.Results More or less transfer carcinoma cell that forms group or cluster and can be found the evident abnormal changes in morphology can be found in the painting slides of medulla of all patients.Conclusion The general medulla puncture painting slides may find medulla transfer early in the patients who already diagnosed malignant tumor. The positive rate can be elevated through more bone parts and more times puncture.


Iwasa Katsumochi Matabei (1578-1650) is one of the most controversial figures in Japanese art history. Was he, as he asserted, the last Tosa (the Yamato-e school), or the founder of Ukiyo-e, the style of painting associated with the urban commoner class? This text discusses both arguments.


Three-dimensional above-threshold analyses have been performed on laterally antiguided laser structures of the antiresonant-reflecting-optical-waveguide (ARROW) and simplified (S)-ARROW types, of relatively large core width (10 μm), for generating watt-range continuous wave (CW) powers in a single, stable spatial mode. The 3-D numerical code takes into account carrier diffusion in the quantum wells, thermo-optic effects as well as edge radiation losses. The behavior of both device types is studied over a wide range in the variation of the width of the high-index regions s bordering the low-index device core. The results of the analyses indicate that thermal lensing plays an essential role in optical-mode competition. Best results (i.e., single-mode CW powers in excess of 1.5 W) are obtained when s corresponds to a lateral resonant condition. When s corresponds to one full lateral wave, both ARROW and S-ARROW devices reach CW single-mode powers of 1.7 W. When s corresponds to about one half lateral wave, both ARROW and S-ARROW devices display isolated regions of modal instability followed by CW operation in a stable, single spatial mode to powers as high as 2.0 W.


Objective:To evaluate diastole function of left ventricular in early diabetic cardiomyopathy by two-dimensional strain echocardiography(2-DSE).Methods:Twenty-nine diabetic patients and 30 healthy people were chosed,strain rate based on Doppler tissue imaging and 2-DSE were performed on DM and healthy subjects at apical long axis,two-chamber and four-chamber views.The following parameters were analyzed in basal and middle segments(all in longitudinal direction only):early diastolic strain rate(SRe),late diastolic strain rate(SRa) and the ratio of SRe/SRa;mitral Doppler inflow were analyzed and E/A ratio were calculated.The results were compared.Results:Compared with healthy subjects,the parameters of E,E/A,SRe,SRe/Sra,in DM decreased significantly(P0.01),there was a significant difference in those parameters of SRe,SRe/SRa between two groups.Conclusions:2-DSE is a new simple,rapid,angle-independent and reproducible method to assess global and regional left ventricular myocardial diastole function quanlitification.It can assess early left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy.


This chapter presents the establishment of positions in the Confederate congress, offers a framework of military and workforce departments in Richmond, and covers population overflow in Richmond. The author illustrates the benefits and struggles of living in Richmond through stories of individuals from different backgrounds. Despite their differences, these people all experience family, housing, career, and money concerns.


A new order for the New World was unfolding in the early nineteenth century, or so many in the United States believed. Between 1808 and 1825, all of Portuguese America and nearly all of Spanish America broke away from Europe, casting off Old World monarchs and inaugurating home-grown governments instead. People throughout the United States looked on with excitement, as the new order seemed at once to vindicate their own revolution as well as offer new possibilities for future progress. Free from obsolete European alliances, they hoped, the entire hemisphere could now rally together around republican government and commercial reciprocity. Statesmen and politicians were no exception, as men from Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe to John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay tried to exclude European influence from the hemisphere while securing new markets for American manufactures and agricultural surplus.


The extended Jacobian is a technique for solving the redundancy of redundant robots. It is based on the definition of secondary tasks, through constraint functions that are added to the mapping between joint rates and end-effector's twist. Several approaches showed its potential, applications, and limitations. In general, the constraint functions are a linear combination of basic functions with constant coefficients. This paper proposes the use of adaptive coefficients in such functions by using the conditioning index of the extended Jacobian as a quality measure. A good conditioning index of the extended Jacobian keeps the robot far from singularities and contributes to the solution of the inverse kinematics. In this paper, initially, the extended Jacobian and the proposed algorithm are discussed, and then, two tests in different circumstances are presented in order to validate the proposal.


The United States of America's economy is one of the strongest in the world as far foreign trade refers, is for this reason why it has been a motivation to me to do this project, which is the export of leather jackets to the United States, the manufacturing company of this jackets is located in Cotacachi City, the destination city will be Miami, the object of this project will be the delivery of the merchandise and all the logistics process until arrival at their destination Miami city. Chapter I, the methods used in this research to know the process of exporting the leather jackets to the outside, besides the objectives, that is to say where we want to arrive with the objectives. Chapter II, refers to the characteristics and uses of the product, the materials, making, design, who created, the uses that can have said product to be able to fulfill the need or desire of the North American market. Chapter III, refers to analysis of the target market, also trade relations with other countries, trade preferences, tariff requirements. Chapter IV, refers to all logistics process, what type of transportation is going to be used in this export process, above all the following of the monitoring requirements, standards and rules must be followed to meet with the country laws involved in this process. Chapter V, conclusions and recommendation referents to the whole process of exporting leather jackets from Ecuador to United States of America.


Description of a multiring probe placed in an ionospheric flow simulation chamber utilizing a modified Kaufman ion engine for its plasma source. The pertinent details of the probe design, instrumentation, and operating procedures are discussed, and the preliminary results obtained are presented.


Wireless power transfer (WPT) is widely exerted in the application with battery charging. Considering the safety and effectiveness, WPT system with the constant current (CC) output and constant voltage (CV) output is demanded to provide power for battery. In this paper, a cost-effective reconfigurable circuit based on CLC-S topology is proposed. With the reform of the proposed reconfigurable circuit, there is no need for extra passive component, and only one ac switch module is added. With the assistance of the extra ac switch module, the CC and CV output can be implemented in the proposed reconfigurable circuit. Finally, an experimental setup is established. The results show that the system can obtain the current output current with 2% fluctuation and the current output voltage with 5% fluctuation in CC or CV mode with the 1000% variation of the load, respectively.


The interphase momentum exchange coefficient play an important role in formulating the mathematical description of Circulating Fluidized-Bed (CFB) system. The present study provides a theoretical and numerical investigation and its effects on various parameters. The relevancy of evaluation of interphase momentum transfer and its effect on the voidage profile is discussed. The analyzed numerical result provides a broader perspective for the range of variation of computed data. The results are very near to reality. IPC Code(s): B01J8/24 The performance of the circulating fluidized bed (CFB) system is strongly affected on the dynamics attended within the bed. In CFB the solid particles and the gas are associated with different kinetic energy due to difference in the velocity. The solid particles will possess lower value of kinetic energy due to drag force acting on the solid surfaces. The recent advances treat fluid and solid phase as interpenetrating continuum. This induces exchange of momentum between gas and solid. The two phases penetrate in to each other to exchange momentum and hence at any time the volume fraction of phases must be equal to unity. The estimation of friction between solid and gas particle is vital for numerical solution of the equation of continuity and momentum for solids and gases, which constitute the general approach to Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) as given in various publications 1-8 . A complete hydrodynamic description of CFB is still not sufficient to model dense gas solid flow involving Geldart A particles. This significantly limits the use of state-of-the-art CFD techniques in the design and scale-up of fluidized bed reactors like Fluidized Catalytic Crackers (FCC) in petroleum refining. Integral balances are made to develop continuity, momentum and energy balances for both the phases with initial and boundary conditions. Since gas and solids are subjected to different velocity hence, velocity fluctuations are induced. Due to above


Radioactive waste is not at present, at least officially, dumped at sea or disposed of into the seabed. At the regional level, several treaties prohibit such disposal. At the global level, the dumping at sea of high-level radioactive waste and the disposal of all radioactive waste in Antarctica, including the ocean areas south of 60 degrees south latitude, are prohibited by international law. The dumping at sea of low-level radioactive waste and the sub-seabed disposal of all radioactive waste (hereinafter also referred to as the ocean disposal options), at the global level, are subject to legally non-binding and temporary suspensions or moratoria. It is thus that the ocean disposal options remain on the international agenda and that the permissibility of using these options remains an issue of debate.


Census returns are a critical source of information for governments globally. They underpin a wide spectrum of public planning including health, housing, work and education. Historically, census forms have captured names, places, dates, age, occupation, family structure, and religion. In more recent times, sexual orientation and ethnicity, queries that can be intrusive to vulnerable communities, have been added to the criteria, and for such reasons data security is of paramount importance. Most governments restrict access to individual census returns, presenting the data in aggregate report format. The Irish government is particularly strict, enforcing a statutory closure period of 100 years. An exception was made for the Irish 1911 census which were digitised and released for free online consultation in 2009 [1]. They are an excellent source for genealogists and historians alike but exist as separate digital siloes. This project uses an eXtreme Model-Driven Development (XMDD) environment to create linkages between both datasets. It will discuss the development process of the CensusIrl application and the process used in developing the matching algorithm used. We will discuss the census records and the data cleansing process used in creating the initial proof of concept application. We detail the different approaches to the development life-cycle of the application and describe the different utilises used in the sanitation of data points in the records and the match-making process.


Theory of modern investment considers the legal environment is the most decisive factor for the investment. The legal environment is an important aspect for an investment to succeed, and it is also the key factor to protect th e interests of investors. To provide the reference to the related investors, the article carries on an in-depth analysis to legal environment for investment of the Kazakhstan, and realizes its advantages and disadvantages.


Human speech critically depends on the ability to produce the large number of sounds that compose a given language. The wide range of spoken sounds results from highly flexible configurations of the vocal tract, which filters sound produced at the larynx through movements of the lips, jaw and tongue that need to be precisely coordinated to produce intelligible speech. This behavior is known to require orchestration from the ventral half of the lateral sensorimotor (Rolandic) cortex (ventral sensorimotor cortex, vSMC), but the mechanisms by which this occurs are essentially unknown. Bouchard and colleagues addressed this question by recording neural activity directly from the cortical surface in three human subjects implanted with high-density multi-electrode arrays as part of their preparation for epilepsy surgery. Intracranial cortical recordings were synchronized with microphone recordings as subjects read aloud consonant-vowel syllables that are commonly used in American English. The recordings revealed distinctive cortical representations, organized somatotopically, in the vSMC for each of the four primary articulators: the lips, jaw, tongue and larynx. Observations of the population-derived patterns of activation during speech production showed these representations were coordinated temporally as sequences during syllable production. Spatial patterns of cortical activity showed an emergent, population-level representation, which was organized by phonetic features. Over tens of milliseconds, the spatial patterns transitioned between distinct representations for different consonants and vowels. These results reveal the dynamic organization of the speech sensorimotor cortex during the generation of multi-articulator movements, and that a relatively small set of articulator representations can combine flexibly to create the large variety of sounds associated with human speech (Nature 2013;doi:10.1038/nature11911).


Considering that the extraction of precession period,precession angle and other micro-motion parameters can be helpful for recognition of warheads and/or decoys in the midcourse of ballistic trajectory,this paper aims to the rotational symmetry cone-shaped warheads in the midcourse,sets up the precession model,analyzes the impact of target precession on HRRP,and derives the formulas that describes the change of projection distance of scattering points.Based on the results,this paper gives a method for precession period estimation and presents a scheme of using the change of HRRP length to estimate precession angle.The proposed method can implement the extraction of precession angle under the circumstances of physical dimension of warheads being unknown.Simulation results show that the proposed method is available,robust and of easy process as well.


This paper estimates the Mincer wage model for Pakistan's labor market, using a relatively recent dataset and new independent variables. We employ instrumental variables and two-stage least squares to address the problem of the endogeneity of education. Our results show that the returns to education are biased downward due to endogeneity, with significant wage gaps emerging among different regions, between genders and between urban and rural job markets. The study's choice of instruments has conceptual as well as empirical grounds. Our findings establish that the wage determination process is different for males and females across provincial labor markets.


Semiconductor microcavities are building blocks for integrated photonic systems. Microdisk cavities have based on whispering gallery modes have small mode volume and very high quality factor. Hence, the quantum effect is significant in such structures. We have studied the enhancement of spontaneous emission rates for InAs quantum dots embedded in GaAs microdisks in the time-resolved photoluminescence experiment. Using the non-negative least squares algorithm, we recover the distribution of spontaneous emission rates for an ensemble of QDs. The maximum enhancement factor of spontaneous emission rate exceeds 10. Boundary roughness is inevitable during fabrication process. We have demonstrated the lasing action from a dynamically localized mode in a microdisk resonator with rough boundary. Although substantial boundary roughness and surface defects in our devices imply strong light scattering and destroy the regular whispering gallery modes, the destructive interference of the scattered light leads to the dynamical Anderson localization in the phase space of the system and the formation of a different type of high-Q modes. We have presented numerical and experimental studies of the high-quality modes in two-dimensional semiconductor stadium microcavities. Although the classical ray mechanics is fully chaotic in a stadium billiard, all of the high-quality modes show strong "scar" around unstable periodic orbits. For a high-quality mode associated with multiple 4 unstable periodic orbits, its quality factor changes non-monotonically with the deformation, so that there exists an optimal deformation for each mode at which its quality factor reaches a local maximum. Experimentally we optimized the lasing threshold of a semiconductor microstadium by controlling its shape. Finally, we demonstrate hybrid UV microdisk laser on a silicon substrate, and their applications for chemical sensing.


The importance of intelligible communication in noise has focused attention on noise-canceling microphones, and one of the attendant problems is that of assigning valid figures of merit to such microphones for the purpose of comparing their noise-canceling properties. Differential microphones have responses which are a function of both the direction from which the sound comes and the distance between the microphone and source. It is here proposed that a simple extension of the concept of directivity factor and directivity index would be useful as a valid figure of merit for actual microphones. Up to the present time the ability to discriminate against noise has been evaluated by taking the ratio of the on-axis response of the microphone at minimum talking distance to the on-axis response for plane waves and multiplying this by the directivity factor (modern version). This is usually a theoretical calculation; and, since real microphones do not follow accurately the theoretical decrease in response with di...


Based largely on speeches, statements and interviews of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru—who dominated the foreign policy-making processes and held the portfolio of foreign minister throughout the 17 years of his prime ministership—this article examines initial Indian concerns, perceptions and policy towards the European Economic Community. It evaluates the key elements which influenced his thinking and evaluates Indian attempts to secure a viable trade arrangement with the Community during the Nehru era.


Sublethal doses of the insecticides carbaryl, methidathion, and methomyl, the acaricides dicofol and propargite, the herbicide glyphosate, the defoliant DEF, and the fungicide sulfur were tested as cotton leaf residues on Geocoris pallens Stal. All pesticides except propargite did not significantly increase adult mortality 25 to 192 h after a 24 h acute exposure; neither did they have any detrimental effect on female mortality, fecundity, or egg viability. These results suggest that deleterious long-term effects in predator populations would not occur if insects survived initial treatments. Adult males were more susceptible to methidathion and methomyl, and adult females were more susceptible to propargite. Females exposed to DEF laid more eggs, and females exposed to glyphosate and methomyl laid more viable eggs. Potential beneficial effects of chemicals on predator populations should be considered in the selection of pesticides for pest management programs.


: Chronic renal failure has always been a major problem in the clinical treatment of renal disease, all kinds of chronic kidney disease with the progression of renal damage, and ultimately inevitably towards chronic renal failure. Therefore, delaying renal damage is the key to slowing down the progression of chronic renal failure patients towards end-stage using replacement therapy. In recent years, there have been many studies on renal damage caused by hypothyroidism, which is also an effective and feasible way to slow down renal damage.


Complement component 4 (C4) is an important plasma protein playing a major role in the human defense mechanism against infectious diseases and inflammatory processes. The C4A and C4B genes, encoding the two isoforms of complement 4, are located in the nuclear serine/threonine protein kinase‐C4A or B gene‐cytochrome 21‐hydroxylase‐tenascin X module (RP‐C4‐CYP21‐TNX) and manifested by variable copy numbers among individuals between zero to six in the human diploid genome. Quantification of the C4A and C4B genes has great clinical importance since unbalanced production of C4A and C4B proteins might be associated with pathological immune processes. Albeit, high‐throughput analysis methods for C4 gene dosage determination are not yet available. Here we present a novel combination of allele‐specific PCR and CGE separation for rapid quantification of the C4A and C4B genes where a single‐step, single‐tube PCR reaction generates two allele‐specific (C4A and C4B) and two control amplicons, followed by CGE analysis of the four fragments. The method presented in this paper enables automated and high‐throughput gene dosage analysis of large sample cohorts.


Thioamide groups were introduced into polystyrenes by the Friedel–Crafts reaction, with phenyl isothiocyanate in nitromethane solution, in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride. Free radical copolymerization of 4-vinyl dithiobenzoate with styrene followed by low-temperature solution condensation reactions, with excess of amines in N,N-dimethylformamide, offered another synthetic route to (co)polymers containing thioamine groups in the side chains without crosslinking. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 117–127, 1998


At least five human hepatitis viruses have been identified worldwide. Within the United States, hepatitis A, B, and C are endemic and account for over 97% of acute viral hepatitis infections. Infection with hepatitis E virus (HEV) is rarely reported in the United States but causes large waterborne outbreaks in developing countries. Mounting evidence indicates that HEV is a zoonotic agent that may result in asymptomatic infections. Both hepatitis A and E are transmitted by the fecal-oral route, while hepatitis B, C, and D are bloodborne diseases. This review summarizes the physical properties of these viruses and describes the timing and location of virus during an infection as background information for intelligent handing of these agents in the laboratory. The approaches and methods that should be used for control and prevention are summarized based upon the mode of transmission and the availability of vaccine prevention.


From the Publisher:
Novell's shop manual for installing, configuring, and troubleshooting BorderManager 3 is written for the experienced network administrator and is designed to provide "just in time" instructions for solving immediate, specific problems. The book is entirely task-oriented and does not include introductory, promotional, or nonessential content.