The linear solver is an important numerical kernel in many real life applications. When the system is symmetric positive deenite and arises from discrete PDEs, the conjugate gradient is a method of choice. Its eeciency relies however on the preconditioning, and the parallelization brings a tradeoo, the best sequential preconditioners being dii-cult to parallelize while the truly parallel algorithms compare unfavourably in term of global arithmetic work. In particular, the parallelization on workstation clusters running PVM appears especially challenging, since each processor is generally suuciently powerful to run eeciently sequentially, while the communications remain relatively slow compared with the speed of oating point calculation. Description of the method The method we aim at presenting here is based on the following idea. Considering a PDE on a given domain , the latter is divided in n t non overlapping subdomains, and we assume that, by performing local discretisations on the diierent subdomains, it results a set of \local system matrices" A t and right hand side b t , t = 1; : : : ; n t , such that the global system matrix and right hand side correspond to their assembly. However, in our scheme, this global system is never explicitly assembled. Rather, we consider as system matrix the block diagonal matrix A d whose diagonal blocks are the diierent \local" matrices : A d = 2 6 6 6 6 4 Supported by the \Fonds National de la Recherche Scientiique", Chercheur qualii e.


We still know little of why strategy processes often involve participation problems. In this paper, we argue that this crucial issue is linked to fundamental assumptions about the nature of strategy work. Hence, we need to examine how strategy processes are typically made sense of and what roles are assigned to specific organizational members. For this purpose, we adopt a critical discursive perspective that allows us to discover how specific conceptions of strategy work are reproduced and legitimized in organizational strategizing. Our empirical analysis is based on an extensive research project on strategy work in 12 organizations. As a result of our analysis, we identify three central discourses that seem to be systematically associated with nonparticipatory approaches to strategy work: "mystification," "disciplining," and "technologization." However, we also distinguish three strategy discourses that promote participation: "self-actualization," "dialogization," and "concretization." Our analysis shows that strategy as practice involves alternative and even competing discourses that have fundamentally different kinds of implications for participation in strategy work. We argue from a critical perspective that it is important to be aware of the inherent problems associated with dominant discourses as well as to actively advance the use of alternative ones.


A pulse rate measurement device (1) is provided with: a photoelectric pulse wave sensor (10) that acquires a photoelectric pulse wave signal of a living body; a first fast Fourier transform unit (221) that generates a frequency spectrum by performing a fast Fourier transform on the photoelectric pulse wave signal, and a second fast Fourier transform unit (222) for which the quantity of sampling data is higher than the first fast Fourier transform unit (221); a pulse rate candidate acquisition unit (24) that obtains a pulse rate candidate for each frequency spectrum that is generated respectively by the first fast Fourier transform unit (221) and the second fast Fourier transform unit (222), on the basis of the strength of the frequency spectrum; and a selection unit (27) that, depending on the state of the photoelectric pulse wave signal, selects one pulse rate from among the pulse rate candidates.


The aim of this paper was to analyze the length-weight relationship and the condition factor of two species of cichlids ( Cichla cf. ocellaris and Cichla monoculus ) (Perciformes, Cichlidae) that were inducted in Volta Grande Reservoir, Rio Grande . There was no difference in the length-weight relationship between the sexes for Cichla cf. ocellaris and Cichla monoculus . The allometric condition factor showed a fall in the spring and another smaller one in the winter. It happens when these fishes change their feeding activity. In the spring all the reproductive behavior are developed and, in the winter, there is a shortage of prey. The variation of the relative condition factor followed the variation of the allometric condition factor due to the low contribution of the gonads weight and the small amount of accumulated fat in the total weight. The length distribution, length-weight relationship and condition factor of these fishes vary in accordance with the time of introduction into the reservoir, the characteristics of the ecosystem as well as the interactions among the species at these sites


We present and review information regarding recreational angling and exploited marine fish populations in California. A comparison of rockfish assemblages among three differently fished areas (one open to all fishing, another open only to recreational fishing, and a de facto marine protected area) revealed large differences in fish density, size structure, and species composition. The area open to all fishing harbored the highest density of rockfishes (7,212 fish/ha), although the size structure and species composition were dominated by small fishes. The area open only to recreational fishing had the lowest rockfish density (423 fish/ha) and a size structure also dominated by small fishes. The de facto protected area possessed high fish density (5,635 fish/ha), but here the size structure and species composition shifted toward larger fishes compared with the two fished areas. Two species federally listed as overfished, cowcod and bocaccio, had 32-fold and 408-fold higher densities, respectively, in the de facto reserve than observed inside the recreational fishing area, and 8-fold and 18-fold higher densities, respectively, than observed in the area open to all fishing. For 17 nearshore fish species, we compared landings by recreational anglers and commercial harvesters and found that, for 16 species, recreational angling was the primary source of fishing mortality. We illustrate the potential damaging effects of mortality associated with catch-and-release programs on long-lived fish populations. Based on this information, we recommend that legislators and natural resource managers reject the assumption that recreational fishing is a low or no impact activity until specific studies can demonstrate otherwise.


We present the use of an adaptive mesh refinement method devised for flow problems with shocks. The goal is to detect automatically the regions where the local structures such as shocks and contact discontinuities occur. During the computational algorithm these regions are refined with the aim to improve the quality of the previously computed approximation in a further computation. This can be accomplished with the aid of a suitable error indicator or by a shock indicator. Here the numerical study of several shock indicators is presented.


Background and Aim: To compare the efficacy of intrathecal 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine, 0.5% isobaric levobupivacaine and 0.5% isobaric ropivacaine with fentanyl as adjuvant for outpatient knee arthroscopic surgeries. Material and Methods: This prospective, randomized, double-blind study was conducted on 60 ASA I/II patients between 18-60 years, scheduled for knee arthroscopy under subarachnoid block. Patients were randomised into three groups; group BF: 10 mg 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine (2 ml), group LF: 10 mg 0.5% isobaric levobupivacaine (2 ml), group RF: 10 mg 0.5% isobaric ropivacaine (2 ml). In addition, each patient received fentanyl 25 μg (0.5 ml) as an adjuvant to the local anaesthetic (total intrathecal volume 2.5 ml in all three groups). The sensory and motor block characteristics, time to ambulation and discharge were recorded. Demographic profile, sensory and motor block characteristics were compared using one way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test and hemodynamic parameters were compared using repeated measure ANOVA. Dunnett's test was applied wherever required. Qualitative data was compared using Chi square or Fisher's exact test. P-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Mean time to ambulation and discharge was significantly less in group RF (10.10 ± 3.63 hr) compared to 14.80±3.63 hr in group BF and 12.40±2.30 hr in group LF (p<0.001). Mean time to complete motor recovery was significantly less in group RF (204.75±34.39 min) compared to 260±40.78 min in group BF and 280.25±28.72 min in group LF (p<0.001). Duration of subarachnoid block was comparable in all the three groups (p=0.522). Conclusion: Isobaric ropivacaine with fentanyl is better drug combination than isobaric levobupivacaine with fentanyl or hyperbaric bupivacaine with fentanyl as spinal anaesthetic for outpatient knee arthroscopic


We give estimates for the magnitude of double Vilenkin– Fourier coefficients of functions from generalized Hölder spaces, some p-fluctuational spaces and bounded Λ-Γ-φ-fluctuation spaces. For Hölder and p-fluctuational spaces we establish the sharpness of these estimates. Also we establish relation between full and partial best approximations and Watari–Efimov type inequality concerning partial best approximation and partial modulus of continuity.


Abstract A kind of red emissive carbon dots (R-CDs) that were synthesized by a hydrothermal method reacted with PEG polymer (mPEG-CHO) as nanocarriers (R-CD@mPEG-CHO). DOX was selected to be the model drug and loaded on the surface of R-CDs by physical adsorption. The mPEG-CHO polymer reacted with R-CDs and the benzoic acid-amine bond was formed through click reaction, which enabled the R-CD@mPEG-CHO to have pH responsive ability in tumor microenvironment and achieved controlled drug release. And PEGylation can suppress drug burst release in vitro. A potential multi-functional nanocarrier system was successfully built.


Latest generation of Coordinate Measuring Machines are complex mechatronic products that have they own parameters of accuracy. CMMs are used for a wide range of precise measurement and inspection tasks including complex parts with curved lines and shapes. CMMs are used in metrology laboratories as well as on shop floor. They are often exposed to variety of microclimatic influences on accuracy (temperature, humidity, dust, noise, vibrations). Therefore it is necessary to investigate precision and accuracy of machine after installation as well as in production.


An efficient variable-reordering method for finite element meshes is used and the effect of variable-reordering is investigated. For the element renumbering of unstructured meshes, Cuthill-McKee ordering is adopted. The newsy reordered global matrix has a much narrower bandwidth than the original one, making the ILU preconditioner perform bolter. The effect of variable reordering on the convergence behaviour of saddle point type matrix it studied, which results from P2/P1 element discretization of the Navier-Stokes equations. We also propose and test 'level(0) preconditioner'and 'level(2) ILU preconditioner', which are another versions of the existing 'level(1) ILU preconditioner', for the global matrix generated by P2/P1 finite element method of incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. We show that 'level(2) ILU preconditioner'performs much better than the others only with a little extra computations.


Abstract : Foreign military sales (FMS) customers procure missile systems from the Military Departments through Letters of Offer and Acceptance. The Military Department contracting officers negotiate missile system procurements with contractors for DoD and FMS customers. With the exception that prices for FMS can include contractor and U.S. Government additive charges not applicable to DoD prices, the Military Departments are required to provide FMS customers the same contract pricing afforded to DoD customers. From October 1, 1989, through March 31, 1993, 148 FMS cases had missile deliveries amounting to $1.6 billion. We reviewed 45 of those FMS cases valued at $1.3 billion. Objectives. The objectives of the audit were to determine whether prices FMS customers paid to DoD contractors for missiles were comparable to prices DoD customers paid. We also determined whether contractor and U.S. Government additive charges were valid and accurate.


Spokespersons, negotiators and actuators. The invisible workers ofpervasive healthcare. Abstract-The increasing availability of miniaturized instruments able to collect, process, and share personal health information is a distinctive feature of new models of pervasive selfcare. However, pervasive care requires that such instruments can also accompany patients in places where their presence is not well accepted (e.g. school classrooms). In this study we focus on the invisible work necessary for such instruments to be available to the patient in those contexts. Drawing on experience acquired during research on the forms of management of type-l diabetes among children of school age, we show that pervasiveness is not an intrinsic property of technological instruments but is instead the performative result of action by spokespersons, negotiators and actuators. This finding invites reflection on the fact that pervasiveness is a temporary accomplishment realized through the construction of hybrid networks of norms, actions, technological instruments, and human actors.


To analyze the physical structure of assembly process and assure product quality, the quality stability of multi-station assembly process was investigated. First, the assembly process was modeled as a one-dimensional discrete variant system by state space equation based on variation stream. Then, the criterion to judge whether the process is stable or not and the index, stability degree, to show the level of stability were proposed by analyzing the bounded-input bounded-output (BIBO) stability of system. Finally, a simulated example of a sheet metal assembly process with three stations, was provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Both numerical and experimental investigations are undertaken to evaluate the influence of the height of a transmitting antenna on the received electric field level. Half-wave dipole antennas at 2450 MHz are considered for the study. The experimental data confirm that the far field region is quickly attained when the transmitting antenna is located closer to the ground.


A 31-year old woman with pustulosis palmaris et plantaris was treated by Kampo-medicine. At our outpatient clinic, her skin lesions were especially prominent on her calcaneal and plantal regions of both feet, although noticed also on her palmar regions of both hands.Decoctions of Keishi-ka-Ogi-To was prescribed according to her Sho (signs and symptoms on whole body). Pustules apparently increased in 2 weeks after this therapy, but afterwards decreased. After 4 months, the skin regions almost disappeared. Although a slight, transient recurrence was noticed at the 10 months of this therapy, the disease was almost completely healed after 12 months.The therapeutic mechanism of the skin lesions was briefly discussed from both the stand point of "Cell pathology" and that of "Whole body pathology".


United States reports highlight that Asian Americans' increasing HIV-infection rate results primarily from male-to-male sexual contact. Cultural factors, such as strength of identification with the Asian community, have been implicated. The ability of these and the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985) and information-motivation-behavioral skills model (Fisher & Fisher, 1992) to predict safe sex intentions and behavior were investigated among gay Asian Australians. Consistent with the theory of planned behavior, attitudes, subjective norms, and behavioral skills predicted intentions, while behavioral skills predicted current behavior. Cultural factors were related to components of the model. Notably, strength of identification with the gay community moderated the norm-intention link and was related to behavioral skills. The results suggest it is important to examine the predictors of safe sex behavior for different cultural groups.


Soft sensing models of the desulfurization process are developed in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler that can capture sulfur dioxide (SO2) with the limestone sorbent in the furnace. First, calcining utilization of CaCO3 and sulfating utilization of CaO are proposed by mechanism analysis of the theoretical air and flue gas, and the online prediction method is achieved by using an adaptive-tree-structure-based fuzzy inference system (ATSFIS). Second, condition monitoring models of active CaCO3, active CaO, and soft sensing model of SO2 emissions are studied by using the experimental data of a CFB boiler in China, which can monitor the storage and condition of the limestone in the furnace and predict SO2 emissions. Finally, a nonlinear proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control system based on the above models is designed to control the feed rate of limestone for the reduction of SO2 emissions. The simulation results show that the soft sensing models are consistent with the mechanism test results...


Cascade Natural Gas Corp. of Yakima, WA has assembled a simplistic cathodic protection system that cuts costs and improves efficiencies in controlling corrosion


This paper reviews briefly the responsiveness of glutathione peroxidase activity in tissues of animals to dietary Se intake. The body components in which glutathione peroxidase has been reported to be most dramatically affected by prolonged Se deficiency include blood plasma, liver, heart, lungs, stomach mucosa, skeletal muscle and eye lens. Components showing moderate effects include erythrocytes, kidney and adrenal glands. The organs least affected are testis and brain. Because of ready sampling access, blood components offer the most useful index. Studies with sheep have demonstrated a close relationship of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase to Se intakes ranging from deficient to more than adequate levels. Plasma glutathione peroxidase activity appeared less useful than measurements on erythrocytes. Complicating factors other than Se intake which affect tissue glutathione peroxidase activity were reviewed. 21 references, 2 tables.


Keloids are progressively expanding scars, mostly prevalent in individuals of African descent. Previous data identified increased mast cell number and activation state in keloids suggesting a role in disease progression. The major eicosanoid secreted by mast cells is prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), a relatively unstable pro‐inflammatory mediator which can be spontaneously converted to 15‐deoxy‐(Delta12,14)‐prostaglandin J2(15d‐PGJ2) or enzymatically metabolized to 9α,11β‐PGF2 by aldo‐keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3). In this work, we investigated the possible role of PGD2 and its metabolites in keloids using CRL1762 keloid fibroblasts (KF) and immunohistochemical staining. Our data suggested approximately 3‐fold increase of tryptase‐positive mast cell count in keloids compared with normal skin. Furthermore, AKR1C3 was overexpressed in the fibrotic area of keloids while relatively weak staining detected in normal skin. Metabolism of PGD2 to 9α,11β‐PGF2 by both, KF and normal fibroblasts, was dependent on AKR1C3 as this reaction was attenuated in the presence of the AKR1C3 inhibitor, 2′‐hydroxyflavanone, or in cells with decreased AKR1C3 expression. 15d‐PGJ2, but not the other tested PGs, inhibited KF proliferation, attenuated KF‐mediated collagen gel contraction and increased caspase‐3 activation. In addition, treatment with 15d‐PGJ2 activated P38‐MAPK, induced reactive oxygen species and upregulated superoxide dismutase‐1 (SOD‐1). Finally, inhibition of P38‐MAPK further augmented 15d‐PGJ2‐induced caspase‐3 cleavage and attenuated its effect on SOD‐1 transcription. This work suggests that localized dual inhibition of AKR1C3 and P38‐MAPK may inhibit keloid progression. Inhibiting AKR1C3 activity may generate oxidative environment due to redirection of PGD2 metabolism towards 15d‐PGJ2 while inhibition of P38‐MAPK will sensitize keloid cells to ROS‐induced apoptosis.


. When modelling a transport system and evaluating the expenditure for the sustainability of its effi ciency, a dynamic model was prepared for developing the capacity of freight transportation within the common transport system. Th e model of developing transport modes has been elaborated applying the principles of reproduction and break-up theory.


Introduction and Objective: Death has long been considered because of its substantial impacts on population dynamics. Specifically, child mortality is one of the most important indicators of development and one of the determinants of life expectancy. Investigation of child mortality causes and elimination of preventable cases can play a major role in the health and productivity of the community. Materials and Methods: The present research was a retrospective study in which the medical records of dead children in Children's Hospital of Tabriz were extracted from 2011 to 2016 and their demographics were recorded in special checklists. Finally, the obtained data were statistically analyzed. Results: The most common causes of child mortality in the studied hospital were congenital heart defects (15%), cancer (8.8%), and other congenital anomalies (8.6%), respectively. The mortality rate for males and females was equal to 55.8% and 44.2%. In addition, the highest mortality rate was related to those aged one month to 2 years (83.8%) and then 2-7 years (10.2%), and 7-18 years (6.1%). The findings also indicated that most dead children were living in urban areas. Discussion and Conclusion: Maternal nutrition improvement, gestational diabetes control, vaccination improvement, and increased awareness of health sector staff can be effective in reducing genetic anomalies and deaths caused by them. Therefore, special planning should be done for interventions such as referral for genetic counseling and genetic tests before cousin marriages. Moreover, pregnant women should be trained in unnecessary drug use and non-exposure to radiation and chemicals.


Knowledge management is a new domain of study.Up to now,there is not a unified knowledge of its theoretical issues such as its basic concept.This article attempts to explore the basic concept of knowledge management,the hot topics and difficult points in the study of knowledge management,and the directions for the study of knowledge management.


The present invention relates to a cutting tool, the cutting tool comprising: a base body (1) and a cutting insert (2) having an insert seat, the cutting insert (2) using zigzag connecting surface (3, 5) in a detachable manner connected and rigidly secured in the insert seat, connected to one of the surfaces (3) forming the blade holder and comprises a first ridge (18) extending perpendicular to each other and a second ridge (19) in the insert seat. According to the present invention, the connecting surface, formed at least insert seat (3) on the one hand formed with two spaced apart two or more surface regions extending parallel to each other arranged first ridges (18A, 18B), on the other hand is formed with a ridge located two sets of first (18A, 18B) or between the plurality of second ridges (19). The present invention further relates to a cutting tool base body and a cutting insert of the cutting tool.


By combining plane waves with Gaussian or spline functions, this paper constructs a new composite basis set. As a non local basis vector, the plane wave basis group needs a large number of plane waves to expand all parts of the physical space, including the intermediate regions that are not important to our problems. Our basis set uses the local characteristics of Gaussian function or spline function at the same time, and controls the energy interval by selecting different plane wave vectors, so as to realize the partition solution of Hamiltonian matrix. Orthogonal normalization of composite basis sets is performed using Gram-Schmidt's orthogonalization method or Löwdin's orthogonalization method. Considering the completeness of plane wave vector, a certain value of positive and negative should be selected at the same time. Here, by changing the absolute value of wave vector, we can select the eigenvalue interval to be solved. The plane wave with a specific wave vector value is equivalent to a trial solution in the region with gentle potential energy. The algorithm automatically combines local Gaussian or spline functions to match the wave vector value difference between the trial solution and the strict solution. By selecting the absolute value of the wave vector in the plane wave function, this paper turns the calculation of large Hamiltonian matrices into the calculation of multiple small matrices, together with reducing the basis numbers in the region where the electron potential changes smoothly, we can significantly reduce the computational time. As an example, we apply this basis set to a one-dimensional finite depth potential well, it can be found that our method significantly reduce the number of basis vectors used to expand the wave function while maintaining a suitable degree of computational accuracy. We also studied the impact of different parameters on calculation accuracy. Finally, the above calculation method can be directly applied to the DFT calculation of plasmons in silver nanoplates or other metal nanostructures. Given a reasonable tentative initial state, the ground state electron density distribution of the system can be solved by self consistent solution using DFT theory, and then the electromagnetic field distribution and optical properties of the system can be solved using time-dependent density functional theory theory (TDDFT).


In this paper, we study the deformation of the n-dimensional strictly convex hypersurface in $\mathbb R^{n+1}$ whose speed at a point on the hypersurface is proportional to $\alpha$-power of positive part of Gauss Curvature. For $\frac{1}{n}<\alpha \leq 1$, we prove that there exist the strictly convex smooth solutions if the initial surface is strictly convex and smooth and the solution hypersurfaces converge to a point. We also show the asymptotic behavior of the rescaled hypersurfaces, in other words, the rescaled manifold converges to a strictly convex smooth manifold. Moreover, there exists a subsequence whose the limit satisfies a certain equation.


"No information derived from this thesis may be published without permission of the original author, with whom copyright lies." The effects of massed and distributed practice on the basketball dribbling performance of fourth grade boys was investiga·ted. Fifteen massed (MP) and 15 distributed practice (DP) subjects were randomly selected from an intact class of 37. The criterion task (dribbling a basketball) and four unrelated tasks (alternate activity tasks) were employed in the investigation. Subjects practicing under MP conditions received one 6 minute practice trial on all tasks during a single practice session. Subjects practicing under DP conditions received two 3 minute practice trials on all tasks during a single practice session. The total time spent on the criterion task and alternate activities was the same for each group. The total time was 30 minutes for the entire study and six Ininutes during a single practice session The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) on pre-test performance scores showed no differences occurring between the groups. The results of "the ANOVA, and those of the of covariance on performance scores showed significant differences to be occurring. This study found evidence to support the


The pectoralis major flap is undoubtedly a workhorse flap in the field of head and neck oncology even with the advent of free flaps. Lack of expertise and resources limits the use of free flap and still makes pectoralis major flap widely chosen. Head and neck cancer in advanced stage requires extensive resection entailing reconstruction of various sized defects which is possible only with a versatile flap. This flap is also a salvage flap when all the other options failed, since four decades. The purpose of this article is to highlight variations and modifications related to pectoralis major flap in head and neck reconstructive procedures. For this a thorough literature search was done using Medline and PubMed databases. Non-English language papers were excluded from the review. A total of 50 articles were obtained through verification of the title and abstract. Considering the relevance of the matter 32 articles were opted for the present review.


From the perspective of multiple intelligences theo ry innovation in college sports, professional tenni s teaching should at least include teaching philosophy, teachi ng objectives, teaching content, teaching methods, teaching evaluation of five parts. The changing of the conce pt of teaching should pay attention to teaching dem ocracy, personalized, and diversified teaching in order to pr mote all-round development of students. Also, th e teaching should aim at cultivating the students' basic knowl edge and basic skills, and promote students' health , the pursuit of practicality, sustainability. All of these will mee t the target which based on the needs of expansion body, multiple intelligences in training objectives, the tennis te aching process, in order to prepare for the part, b asic part and the end part of the contents. In all, these will promot e the overall development of students and combine w ith the multiple intelligence theory, and apply the intelligence int o the tennis teaching method.


"Long-term supply agreements in the context of gas market liberalisation: Commission closes investigation of Gas Natural"* Introduction On 27 March 2000 the Commission announced its decision to…


I. Facts and Procedure The action stems from the activities of certain enterprises in the Community that were carried on within the framework of an international cartel involving the production and sale of quinine and quinidine, and their salts and derivatives. These products are used mainly in the manufacture of drugs intended for the treatment of malaria and certain heart diseases. The action concerns only the sale of quinine, quinidine, and the salts thereof, and not the trade in branded pharmaceuticals.


An experimental facility for evaluating robot controllers is discussed. Highlighted are the motivation for the need of such a system, its design, modeling, construction, and general use. A recently proposed globally stable PID type controller and a passivity based computed torque controller were implemented and some preliminary experimental results are presented. They illustrate the usefulness of this facility.


PURPOSE: to evaluate the efficacy of the use of isoflavones in the treatment of depressive symptoms in climacteric women. METHODS: placebo-controlled, randomized double-blind experimental study with 84 climacteric women who were assisted at the Lauro Wanderley University Hospital Ambulatory, in Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil. In the evaluation of the depressive symptoms the Self-evaluation questionnare of Hamilton's rating scale for depresion (QAEH-D) was used in the pretreatment visit (VT1), and in the 8th (VT2) and 16th (VT3) week after treatment. The experimental group (GExp) received soy extract with isoflavones, 120 mg per day, and the control group (GCont), placebo. The comparison of the scores of the QAEH-D between the VT1, VT2 and VT3 groups constituted the primary measure of efficacy (t test, p 0.05). From VT1 to VT3, there was a significant difference (8.9%) in the reduction of the scores between GExp and GCont (p=0.03). There was no correlation between the reduction of the depressive symptoms and alterations of the vasomotor symptoms (p>0.05). There was a reduction of FSH concentrations only in GExp (p=0.02), without estradiol modifications. Side effects were not clinically relevant. CONCLUSIONS: the effect of soy isoflavones was superior to the placebo, however, of small magnitude and only identified after 8 weeks of treatment. This small effect attributed to the experimental treatment, of good tolerability, may benefit patients who have side effects due to estradiol, or those who prefer not to use hormones.


We present a remote sensing sampling approach to assess land cover changes between years 1990 and 2010 for the Cerrado biome. Despite the fact that natural vegetation cover of this biome has been heavily converted into agricultural lands over the past decades, there is still a lack of detailed and historical information about vegetation cover changes at the biome scale. The sampling design and image processing techniques were developed by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) Tropical Ecosystem Environment Observation by Satellite (TREES- 3) project. A set of 175 regularly distributed sample units (with10 km x 10 km size) located at every full degree confluence point of latitude and longitude were assessed. For each sample unit, (E)TM Landsat images from three target years (1990, 2000 and 2010) were selected, pre-processed, segmented and classified into five land cover classes (Tree Cover - TC, Tree Cover Mosaic - TCM, Other Wooded Land - OWL, Other Land Cover - OLC and Water -W). The results showed that the Cerrado had a net loss of natural vegetation (TC + OWL) of about 12 million hectares between 1990 and 2010, or an average rate of change of -0.6% y -1 . However, the rates of change decreased from the first (1990-2000) to the second (2000-2010) decade. By 2010, the percentage of natural vegetation cover remaining in the Cerrado was 47%.


SENSE of the need for refinement and respecification of a concept found to be unwieldy as an analytical tool is not an uncommon experience of the sociologist. The concept "rural" is one of those whose usefulness would be enhanced by some refinement. Re-examination of the work of human ecologists and rural sociologists may permit description of population dispersion in such a way as to contribute to more precise specification of the concept rural and to make some progress toward the development of a more useful rural conceptual scheme. This paper proposes to approach a more specific definition of rurality by considering "rural" and the ecological concept "hinterland" together. The basic hyphothesis of this paper is that the moral order in the raw-materials-producing areas of high land-to-man ratios is dynamic and not static but it continues to be a distinctive order. Logical argument and empirical evidence in support of this hypothesis will seek to establish a three-way classification of population: Metropolitan areas, Urban Hinterland, and Rural Hinterland. These concepts, if adequately defined, would serve as replacement for the commonly used rural-urban dichotomy which has limited usefulness in the analysis of population differences. Effort will be made to avoid two points of view that appear to be sources of difficulty in arriving at useful conceptualization. One of these may be termed "intellectual urbanism", or the thinking about areas beyond the city in terms of the city. A current thought convention is that which identifies people, institutions, and economicsocial organization with a locality center rather than as being located in space. From this point of view emphasis is placed upon the influence of the center to the extent that there is the conclusion that areas about the center are taking on the characteristics of the center. The other point of view is that in which a point is selected on the historical continuum and used as a measure by which to assess the behavior patterns of people, institutions, and economic-social organization of a different time period. Selection is made of a general period on the historical continuum, and a rural area is proved to be different now from what it was then. The basis of argument of the present paper is that there are both changes beyond the city influenced by the city and striking contrast between rural areas in one period and in another, but a basic difference remains between "urban" and "rural" in both historic periods. Some modifications of the rural-urban dichotomy are suggested by rural sociologists in discussions of different aspects of diversity in what is termed rural. One measure of diversity is in terms of "zones" which have characteristic population concentrations. The only empirical work on this concept is that of Brunner and Kolb,' which extends in sociological terms description of economic zones after the manner of their delineation in rural Germany as described by Max Weber and von Thunen. Another consideration of diversity is that of Carl C. Taylor and associates 2 who advance hypotheses about "crop type" areas as universes and present impressionistic descriptions of traditions, attitudes, and values of people as related to economic organization required in the production of different types of crops. Another approach to the diversity in rural life is the cultural, which conceives of social structure and social organization as having been influenced by the culture of the people rather than viceversa. Kolb and Brunner 3 describe the settlement of rural areas by people who "did not rest until their ideals and values had been embodied" in institutions essential to


The invention relates to a small-town arch bridge local widening and reinforcing method based on characteristic of tidal traffic flow. The method is characterized in that: firstly a bridge head bridge deck (1) and a bridge head sidewalk structure (2) of an arch bridge are removed, a width-variable prestressed concrete bridge deck (4) and a new bridge head sidewalk structure (3) are built, so that widening section and transition section functions of bridge head inlet/outlet lanes are exerted and the smooth transition requirement of bridge head crossing traffic flow is met; a bridge head variable lane isolation fence (5) is used for isolating opposite lanes, and a road mark is used for implementing traffic management measures of a bridge head variable lane (6), thus the needs of characteristic of tidal traffic flow are met; and at the same time, a main arch ring, a side arch wave and an arch bridge sidewall of the bridge are correspondingly reinforced so as to meet the structural strength requirement of the bridge. Compared with whole line widening and reinforcing method, the bridge head local widening and reinforcing method provided by the invention has the advantages of small alteration area, low cost, short construction time and low construction difficulty, and can be applied to widening and reinforcing of an arch bridge of which the length is more than 150 m and of which bridge piers and base have abundant load carrying capability.


This study aims to reveal the meaning and function of orname n t of former house of farms landlord in South Tambun, Bekasi Regency. The method used is descriptive analytical method with literature studies and internet data collection technique. The results obtained are the ornaments  on the body of the building (walls, openings, pillars/columns), with geometric and organic motives. In general serve s as ornamnet and reinforcement of the building as a supporter of functional structures. Diversity and the many ornaments on the colonial house indicates that their owners have a high social status with great power and well established economy.


Non communicable diseases (NCDs) including cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory disease, are all public health concerns in Bhutan1. NCDs contribute to more than 56% of deaths and 21% of premature mortality2. The burden of type II diabetes doubled between 2009 and 20143, newly diagnosed cancers4 and hospital admissions related to stroke are reported to be on the rise5. Urbanization and motorized transport has increased sedentary behaviors; nearly half of the Bhutanese are not achieving healthful physical activity. The pervasive consumption of excess salt reflects in a third of adults having elevated bloodpressure6. Tobacco and alcohol use – common risk factors for NCDs are highly prevalent1. Sitting on an impending NCD epidemic, the nation's developmental progress can be impeded if timely actions are not taken.


Nanotechnology has been more present in different fields related to health. The need to find a durable material, of easy use, and which does not interfere significantly in the growth and differentiation of stem cells for the construction of a scaffold for use in urologic surgery, with the purpose of reducing infections, regeneration times and even graft rejection during reconstitution in patients with urethral stricture was conducted a broad survey of information about this and came to the consensus of this project: using graphene oxide, a widely studied nanomaterials which has been presenting numerous beneficial results when in contact with the adipose-derived stem cells. Advanced techniques for the growth, differentiation and proliferation of adipose-derived stem cells were used, as well as the characterization of graphene oxide sheets. For this study, it was prepared the graphene oxide/6 ARM-Poly (ethylene glycol) amine films with poly (ε-caprolactone). The graphene suspension in organic solvent was prepared by using an ultrasonicator bath and subsequently, the film was formed by solvent evaporation. Total characterization of graphene oxide/6 ARM-PEG-amine/ poly (ε-caprolactone) film was carried out. It was tested growth and adhesion of adipose-derived stem cells on the film, as well as, were verified the histopathological effects of this scaffold when implanted in the urinary bladder to repair the lesion. Our results demonstrated that this scaffold with adipose-derived stem cells enhanced the repair in rat urinary bladder defect model, resulting in a regular bladder. Improved organized muscle bundles and urothelial layer were observed in animals treated with this scaffold with adipose-derived stem cells compared with those treated only suture thread or scaffold. Thus, our biomaterial could be suitable for tissue engineered urinary tract reconstruction.


Particulate air pollution is the major concern in four major cities, Rajshahi, Dhaka, Khulna and Chittagong, in Bangladesh and thus it is necessary to understand the characteristics of the pollutant as well as sources for further improvement of the air quality. In this view particulate matter (PM) sampling was done between September 2010 to July 2012 from four Continuous Air Monitoring Stations (CAMS) located at Sapura in Rajshahi, Farm Gate in Dhaka, Baira in Khulna and a TV station, Khulshi, in Chittagong. PM sampling was performed using dichotomous samplers, which collect samples in two sizes: PM2.5 and PM2.5-10. All the samples were analyzed for mass, black carbon (BC), delta-C and elemental compositions. The data sets for each site were analyzed for sources with PMF2 modeling. The identified sources include brick kilns, soil dust, road dust, motor vehicle, metal smelter, fugitive Pb, Zn source and sea salt sources in case of coarse Original Research Article British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 4(27): 3930-3955, 2014 3931 particles (PM2.5-10) depending on site. Among them, more than 62% of the PM2.5-10 was soil and road dust in Rajshahi, Chittagong and Khulna sites but in Dhaka, the dust contribution was about 38%. For fine particles (PM2.5), the identified sources are similar to those for the coarse particle samples, but their contributions are different. It was found that more than 63% of the fine particle mass comes from anthropogenic sources such as brick kilns, wood burning, biomass burning, and motor vehicles. The contribution of mass as well as black carbon and delta-C from the motor vehicles is much less than from brick kilns or biomass burning sources. The Government of Bangladesh is trying to reduce the emission from brick kilns by adopting green technologies for brick production. There is also long range transport of fine particles during winter time. The impacts of local sources also increase due to poorer dispersion conditions in the winter. Hence in order to reduce the local particulate pollution, it will be necessary to take policy actions regionally.


This vivid social history reveals the powerful role that cartographic projects such as exploration, surveying, and mapping played in the creation of modern Mexico in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Raymond B. Craib describes the varied and pervasive attempts by government officials to determine the lines and claims that would define the nation. These projects included the privatization of communal lands; the delineation and archiving of village, municipal, state, and national boundaries; and the determination of waterways and water rights. As Craib emphasizes, the everyday processes of these cartographic routines proved to be much more conflicted than is indicated by their end products: maps with unitary and smooth facades. Taking central Veracruz as a case in point, Craib shows how agrarian officials, military surveyors, and metropolitan geographers traversed "fugitive landscapes" of overlapping jurisdictions and use-rights, opaque tenure systems, confusing property regimes, ambiguous borders, and shifting place names. He draws on an array of sources--including maps, letters from campesinos, official reports, and surveyors' journals and correspondence--to trace the everyday, contested processes through which officials attempted to redefine and codify these landscapes in struggle with the villagers they encountered in the field. In the process, he demonstrates in meticulous detail how surveying and mapping were never mere technical procedures: they were--and remain to this day--profoundly social and political processes in which rural people, long ignored in the history of cartography, were actively involved.


Black Caribbean parents often immigrate in order to increase their fortune and improve opportunities for themselves and their families. Frequently, they leave their children in their country of origin, to be raised by family members. Reunification with their children often occurs at the time of adolescence and, for a multitude of reasons, is often fraught with conflict which sometimes necessitates the involvement of social services and other agencies. Some reasons for these difficulties are presented and are illustrated through the use of case histories. Mental health professionals are advised to take societal and cultural factors into consideration when creating treatment plans for this population.


This Application Note describes how the Agilent 380-ELSD Evaporative Light Scattering Detector was used to determine the effect of varying the evaporation temperature during the analysis of a mixture of herbicides with different volatilities. Phenylurea compounds are used extensively in agriculture as selective herbicides, however they are thermally unstable and degrade rapidly to isocyanates and amines, making analysis and detection difficult. The 380-ELSD provides a solution to the problems associated with detection of thermally sensitive compounds because it is designed to evaporate highly aqueous mobile phases at ambient temperature. Author Stephen Ball Agilent Technologies, Inc. Craven Arms, UK


This research aims to determine the prevalence of orthorexic behavior in high school students from private and municipal schools located in Temuco, city Chile. The study had a non-experimental, descriptive, cross-sectional design with a quantitative approach. A non-probabilistic approach was used for selecting the sample, which included 205 students divided into 94 females and 111 males ranging from 16 to 18 years of age. The instrument used is called "ORTHO-15". The results indicate that 30.7% of students presented orthorexic behavior, and its prevalence was higher in the municipal school (35.3%) and men (35.1%). Finally the instrument should be applied in wider populations to confi rm the presence of this behavior and eventually report its effects.


A single-end fly-back IGBT driving converter based on current-mode PWM controller is presented in this paper.The difference between Voltage-mode PWM controller and current-mode PWM controller is introduced,and the principle of UC3844 is discussed in detail.By analyzing periphery circuit,the design process and the practical parameter of the circuit.Finally,the system waveforms are present.The experiment testifies that,the power has outstanding stability,and the performance meets the demand of the inverter.The validity of this method is proved by the practical application.


The MSSM contains CP-violating phases that may have important observable effects in Higgs physics. We review recent highlights in Higgs phenomenology obtained with the code CPsuperH, a useful tool for studies of the production, mixing and decay of a coupled system of the neutral Higgs bosons at future high energy colliders such as the LHC, ILC (γLC), and a muon collider (MC). CPsuperH implements the constraints from upper limits on electric dipole moments, and may be extended to include other related low-energy observables, such as b→sγ and B→Kl l, and to compute the relic abundance of the lightest neutralino.


Neural network training is a form of numerical optimization in a high-dimensional parameter space. Such optimization processes are rarely visualized because of the difficulty of representing high-dimensional dynamics in a visually intelligible way. We present a simple method for rendering the optimization trajectories of deep networks with low-dimensional plots, using linear projections obtained by principal component analysis. We show that such plots reveal visually distinctive properties of the training processes, and outline opportunities for future investigation.


Michael Hammer Advisors: Kamen Kozarev and Kelly Korreck Hi! Welcome to my presentation, the one and only penultimate presentation of the day! I'm Michael Hammer. I am a rising junior at Cornell University. My advisors for the summer are Kamen Kozarev and Kelly Korreck. My project dealt with shock waves in the solar corona or more specifically, the kinematics of waves in the solar corona and how we can study shock wave candidates to help better predict Solar Energetic Particle fluxes in crazy space weather here at the Earth. It seems like everyone's presentations more or less dealt with the Sun today. The Sun is so awesome that it's actually a movie! I'm going to play that movie. Wow! Did you see that? That's so cool, right? That was my Kamen impression. I need to work on it a bit.


The invention discloses an inner wall decoration material with bacterium resistance and heat preservation. The inner wall decoration paint is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 30-60 parts of polyvinyl alcohol, 15-20 parts of epoxy resin, 5-15 parts of light calcium carbonate, 5-8 parts of nanometer silicon dioxide, 3-8 parts of diatomaceous earth, 0.5-2 parts of an antibacterial agent, 0.1-0.8 part of a filmerformer, 1-3 parts of a dispersing agent, and 1-3 parts of a stabilizing agent. The paint provided by the invention has a strong heat-preserving effect, can improve the indoor temperature, can reduce energy consumption, and at the same time, has the characteristics of resisting bacteria, restraining the bacteria from breeding, improving the indoor environment and improving the air quality. The paint has better durable performance, waterproof performance and antifriction performance.


Intestinal inflammatory disease or infection often results in the loss of the epithelial layer as a result mainly of the action of proteases, including the leucocyte serine proteinases (neutrophil elastase), lysosomal cathepsins and the matrix metalloproteinases from recruited inflammatory cells. Previous studies have shown that bronchial or intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) can respond to proteolytic attack by producing cytokines. In this study, we have determined the effect of protease treatment on interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) production by IEC lines. Both neutrophil elastase and trypsin treatment induced elevated levels of mRNA for IL‐6 in rat IEC‐6 cells. Non‐proteolytic detachment of the IEC‐6 cells also induced elevated levels of IL‐6 mRNA, suggesting that the effect was not caused by a specific protease or degradation product, but probably by an effect on cell shape or cell detachment. Similar results were seen with the IEC‐18 cell line. Trypsin treatment of the IEC‐6 cells also enhanced unstimulated and IL‐1β costimulated IL‐6 secretion, but not MCP‐1 secretion or mRNA levels. Finally, nuclear levels of the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein‐β (C/EBP‐β) were rapidly enhanced after proteolytic detachment of the IEC‐6 cells, suggesting a mechanism for the enhancement of IL‐6 mRNA responses. These data indicate that epithelial cells can respond to proteolytic attack or cell detachment by producing IL‐6, a cytokine with several anti‐inflammatory and antiprotease effects, which may be important in moderating the loss of the epithelial layer by its effects on nearby epithelial or inflammatory cells.


A pressure-flow-type modular rheonmeter was developed specifically for the stuidy of the flow of unfilled thermoplastic melts and for the same melts with particles of relatively large dimensions in channels of shapes and dimensions encompassing those encountered in the injections molding of commercial parts. Experimental results are reported here for the case of polypropylene with 20 and 40 percent by weight of short glass fibers. The handling of the wide range of data, suing the concept of an end correctuion(Bagley plot), led to a reasonably unique viscosity vs. Shear-rate relationship for each material and confirmed that fibers have little effect on such a relationship for the range of shear rates involved in commercial processing. End effects were examined systematically for the wide range of shear rates and geometries, and the data, although difficult to correlate at present, should prove useful to rheologists trying to elucidate the flow in such areas.


Abstract. The behavior of every catchment is unique. Still, we seek for ways to
classify them as this helps to improve hydrological theories. In this study,
we use hydrological signatures that were recently identified as those with
the highest spatial predictability to cluster 643 catchments from the CAMELS
dataset. We describe the resulting clusters concerning their behavior,
location and attributes. We then analyze the connections between the
resulting clusters and the catchment attributes and relate this to the
co-variability of the catchment attributes in the eastern and western US. To
explore whether the observed differences result from clustering catchments
by either climate or hydrological behavior, we compare the hydrological
clusters to climatic ones. We find that for the overall dataset climate is
the most important factor for the hydrological behavior. However, depending
on the location, either aridity, snow or seasonality has the largest
influence. The clusters derived from the hydrological signatures partly
follow ecoregions in the US and can be grouped into four main behavior
trends. In addition, the clusters show consistent low flow behavior, even
though the hydrological signatures used describe high and mean flows only.
We can also show that most of the catchments in the CAMELS dataset have a
low range of hydrological behaviors, while some more extreme catchments
deviate from that trend. In the comparison of climatic and hydrological
clusters, we see that the widely used Koppen–Geiger climate classification
is not suitable to find hydrologically similar catchments. However, in
comparison with novel, hydrologically based continuous climate
classifications, some clusters follow the climate classification very
directly, while others do not. From those results, we conclude that the
signal of the climatic forcing can be found more explicitly in the behavior
of some catchments than in others. It remains unclear if this is caused by a
higher intra-catchment variability of the climate or a higher influence of
other catchment attributes, overlaying the climate signal. Our findings
suggest that very different sets of catchment attributes and climate can
cause very similar hydrological behavior of catchments – a sort of
equifinality of the catchment response.


The subject was intended on two authorities - Supreme Audit Office and Office of the Government Representation in Property Affairs. The existence of an independent audit system is a one of the indispensable prerequisites for good functioning of a modern democratic state. In the Czech Republic this function is performed by the Supreme Audit Office (SAO), which has been enshrined in the Constitution of the Czech Republic. The Constitution, besides legislative, executive and judicial power and other constitutional elements, defines the status of the SAO as an independent body in a separate charter. The SAO performs its functions independently, being dependent neither on the legislative power (parliament) nor on the executive power (government) and represents one of the specific elements of parliamentary democracy. Organizational bodies of the SAO are: president of SAO, vice-president of SAO, Board of SAO, Senates of SAO, and Reproach Chamber of SAO. The Board consists of the President, the Vice President and 15 members of the Office. The members of the Office are elected by the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic; their term of office lasts continuously until they attain the age of 65 years, and their status is comparable to the status of the members of parliament. The Office of Government Representation in property affairs (Office) was established on 1st of July 2002 by the decision of the Parliament based on the Government proposal, on the basis of the Act No. 201/2002 Coll., Act on the Office of the Government Representation in Property Affairs. It is an organizational constituent of the State - an independent accounting unit - falling under the Ministry of Finance of the Czech Republic Main task of the office is to represent the State and municipalities at court hearings, arbitration committees, administration authorities and others, and to manage the state property and protect it. This happens on the basis of skilled and professional activities of employees of the Office working throughout the whole territory of the Czech Republic. After the experience of the past period, we could say that a large part of the community in the Czech Republic were acquainted with the activities which the Office provides. In many European union countries and also troughout the world offices exist with very similar function to the Office of the Government Representation in Property Affairs in Czech Republic.


What is education? What is its purpose? And, most importantly, what is the nature and role of education in a democracy? These questions are important not only for contemplative educators and philosophers but also for teachers, parents, policymakers, school personnel and citizens at large. In this volume, John Goodlad speaks to all of us who are faced with making critical choices for our nation's children, whether it be in the election arena, our local schools, or within the personal setting of the family. Arguing that education is an inalienable right in a democratic society, he draws the reader into a conversation on the purpose of education: to develop individual and collective democratic character. His discussion covers some of our most basic and enduring concerns as well as the pressing and controversial issues of the day, such as school choice, charter schools, home schooling, and the privatization of schooling.


. An operator T ∈ B ( H ) is complex symmetric if there exists a conjugate-linear, isometric involution C : H −→ H so that CTC = T ∗ . In this paper, a class of complex symmetric operators on finite dimensional Hilbert spaces is constructed. As an application, it is shown that Kakutani's unilateral weighted shift operator is not complex symmetric; however, it is a norm limit of complex symmetric operators. This gives a negative answer to a question of S. Garcia and W. Wogen: that is, whether or not the class of complex symmetric operators is norm closed.


This paper discusses attitudes toward ethical issues in information systems, Approximately 185 subjects were drawn from two populations: full-time undergraduate business students and full-time MIS employees who were also part-time studeuts studying for a masters in MIS. Both groups were enrolled in an MIS course at the time of the study. The subjects read twenty information systems-based scenarios and classified the 31 behaviors described in them as Unacceptable, Questionable, or Acceptable. The results


The banking system of the Russian Federation is based on Federal legislation, as well as industry and inter-industry standards developed by the International community and the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The introduction and development of remote banking services is the most popular direction in the modern banking system. The term 'remote banking service' refers to the technology of providing services for the remote transmission of orders by credit institutions (without clients' presence in bank office), using different communication channels.

Information security in bank-client systems is carried out by several types of protection. Client authentication is confirmed by the use of an electronic signature. The data channel and the data itself are encrypted. In order to implement the above-described functions of the bank-client system in any software, the client must first generate and register cryptographic keys with the bank and obtain electronic digital certificates. In addition to the protection of the transferred data, personal data that have entered the system of remote banking services also need protection. The research purpose is to analyze the system of remote banking services, to identify regulatory and methodological documents regulating information security issues, options for meeting the requirements of regulators. Confirmation or refutation of the issue's urgency should be considered as research results.


The presence of Promecotheca cumingi, the Philippine Coconut beetle, in Ceylon was first repor ted to the Coconut Research Institute by a resident in Dehiwala in October 1970. At that stage .the pest was presumably concentrated in the Dehiwala-Mt. Lavinia area. By June 1971 the pest had spread to the Wellawatte, Ratmalana and Nugegoda areas. By October-November 1971 a detailed survey showed that the main infested area extended up to Ja-Ela and Kelaniya in the North, Homagama and Piliyandala in the East and Moratuwa-Panadura in the South.


This qualitative study delineates specialty-specific hurdles to expedited partner therapy use among providers working in settings with high volume of sexually transmitted infections; tailored implementation strategies, particularly expedited partner therapy training, are urgently needed to improve patient/partner outcomes. Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Background Expedited partner therapy (EPT), the practice of prescribing antibiotics for sexual partners of patients, is underutilized in Georgia. This qualitative study in a large urban institution aimed to (1) characterize the clinical specialties that predominantly treat sexually transmitted infections (STIs), (2) identify perceived barriers to EPT, and (3) describe strategies to advance routine EPT use. Methods Providers in obstetrics/gynecology (OB/GYN), infectious disease (ID), and emergency medicine (EM) were interviewed using a structured discussion guide. Transcripts were double-coded and iteratively analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Barriers and strategies were summarized and supported with quotes from providers (n = 23). Results Perceived EPT barriers overlapped across OB/GYN, ID, and EM, yet the settings were diverse in their patient populations, resources, and concerns. Providers in OB/GYN were the only ones practicing EPT, yet there was a lack of standardization. Providers in ID noted that an EPT prescription from an ID provider could inadvertently disclose the HIV status of a patient to a sexual partner, posing an ethical dilemma. Providers in EM exhibited readiness for EPT, although routine empiric treatment for index patients in EM (estimated at 90%) gave some providers pause in prescribing for partners: "I do not know what I'm treating." Point-of-care testing could increase providers' confidence in prescribing EPT, yet some worried it could contribute to overutilization of the emergency department as a sexually transmitted infection clinic. All settings prioritized setting-specific training and protocols. Conclusions Providers in OB/GYN, ID, and EM report unique hurdles, specific to their settings and patient populations; tailored EPT implementation strategies, particularly provider training, are urgently needed to improve patient/partner outcomes.


In a Diamond-type overlapping-generations setting public debt issuanceplaces no burden on future generations including those who repay the debt if prices and wages are fixed and unemployment occurs in the periods in which public bonds are issued and repaid. Whether the collected fund is spent on government purchases or transfers to the present generation, public bond issuance stimulates aggregate demand and creates additional employment of future generations, which yields additional income that is large enough to cover their tax burden. This property is true whether the debt is repaid by children or grandchildren.


Mr. Kofi Annan, former Secretary General of the United Nation said "all too often lives are shattered unnecessarily of poor working conditions and inadequate safety systems. Let me encourage everyone to join the ILO in promoting safety and health at work. It is not only sound economic policy; it is basic human right".

Safety and health is not just for specialists and professionals. It should become the concern of all people at workplaces. We have to collectively develop the conscience of the common people. In short, the worker should return home in the same condition as s/he came to work. This shall be our vision now as well as in 2020.

More than 100 years ago it was said "we have nothing to lose but our chains." Now the chains are, of course, not in the hands but in brains. Let us break these chains and guarantee a safe and healthy life to the working masses as well as their bosses. In the name of facing global competition, cost cutting, quicker output, better profits etc. no one is permitted either by law or by ethic to cause any hazard in the work place and surroundings - biological hazard or muscular skeletal disease etc. Our future vision is certainly an inclusive one. Employee participation is naturally inevitable in this process.


Background The titration pressure of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is important in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This study aimed to understand the difference between drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE)-guided CPAP titration and conventional sleep center (CSC) CPAP titration in patients with OSA. Methods In this randomized, controlled, and single-blind crossover trial, we compared the effects of 1-month CPAP treatment in patients with OSA with either DISE-guided CPAP titration or CSC CPAP titration. Twenty-four patients with OSA were recruited for the study. All patients underwent polysomnography, DISE-guided CPAP titration, and accommodation. Initially, patients were randomly assigned to receive either DISE-guided CPAP titration or CSC CPAP treatment for the first month. They were then switched to other treatments in the second month. The Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) score was recorded at baseline, 1 and 2 months. Results The upper limit of the pressure of DISE-guided titration and CSC CPAP titration was not significantly different (13.9 ± 0.7 vs. 13.5 ± 0.5 cm H2O; P = 0.92). The residual apnea-hypopnea index and compliance were also not significantly different between the groups. ESS score significantly improved from baseline to 1 month after CPAP treatment in both groups. Both epiglottis (anterior-posterior collapse) and tongue base collapse were significantly associated with 95% CPAP pressure (P = 0.031 and 0.038, respectively). After multivariate regression analyses, the epiglottis (anterior-posterior collapse) was an independent factor for 95% CPAP pressure. The incidence rate of bradycardia was 58.3%, which is a safety concern for DISE. Despite the high incidence of bradycardia, all patients with bradycardia recovered with proper management. Conclusion Both modalities were comparable in terms of establishing the pressure settings required to treat patients. Further large-scale studies are required to confirm these results. Trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/, NCT03523013.


With many semi-anonymous players, the equilibria of simultaneous-move games are extensively robust. This means that the equilibria survive even if the simultaneous-play assumption is relaxed to allow for a large variety of extensive modifications. Such modifications include sequential play with partial and differential revelation of information, commitments, multiple revisions of choices, cheap talk announcements, and more. Copyright The Econometric Society 2004.


Lawyers are not immune to committing offences and the provisions of criminal law apply to them accordingly. The criminal liability of lawyers represents a natural aspect in the rule of law. Lawyers involved as defendants in criminal cases do not benefit from any special status or privileges compared to other defendants. In the international context of the fight against money laundering, the community law has submitted the profession of lawyer to two obligations concerning vigilance and denouncement. The assimilation of lawyer's profession to financial or non-regulated professions entails the deformation of rules and principles specific to lawyers, as well as discussing the bases of any democratic society: the professional secrecy of lawyers and their independence.


Rapid advances in nanotechnology are setting new paradigms in science and technology. This field of investigation has its particular substantial importance as the developments in the area of nanotechnology has been integrated in the area of forensic science. Nano-forensic offers a fresh perspective for real-time investigation of crimes with established advanced nano-imaging tools for visualization, nano-manipulators and nanosensors. The great quality sequence data and huge assemblage of strains from all around the globe will offer the foundation for relevant outcomes in microbial forensic examinations. International as well as inter-disciplinary co-operation can advances our skills to interpret the origin, quickly recognize the causes and offer these consequences as proof in court. Past few decades, fingerprints from pollen have been developed as the power of various forensic scientists all over the world, and confirmed to be the key element of one of the greatest influential practice in the uncover and interaction proof- Forensic Palynology. Nano-based strategies hold enormous future in detecting latent fingerprinting, for illicit drug screening and security features. In future, nanotechnology is expected to have a key part in the area of forensic science to offer extra receptive and additionally discriminatory methods to identify and expose lawsuits beside reliable proofs.


We make a plea for recasting logic as a theory of interactive agency, and show how this perspective fits both old achievements and new broader ambitions for the field.


The importance of generic skills in career success is a fact that nobody questions. The professional world requires universities to provide specific training so that future professionals can improve their job performance. Although proposals and recommendations have been made to include such skills in the curriculum, universities find such an idea hard to implement. One major barrier is the lack of an evaluation model in the acquisition of such skills, which are far more complex than those based on obtaining knowledge. This paper proposes a generic emotional intelligence and personality-based model with which to assess generic skills. This kind of model is evaluable and makes it possible to measure student competence. For this study, the model was applied to analyse the profile of computer engineers. The view of experts and professionals was taken into account for the study, and levels of competence were measured in a sample of Computer Engineering students through a series of tests. The results showed differences between student profiles and the opinion of the experts, as well as between the views of professionals and experts. However, a significant similarity was found between the views of professionals and the students' actual skill level.


n this work three kinds of polyethylene terephthalate /polyamide 66 (PET/PA66) blends are prepared by means of different ways, i.e., by mixing of solution, melt Ⅰ (simply mechanical) and melt Ⅱ(including ester-amide exchange reaction), respectively . The morphology and rheological properties of these blends are inveshgated. Especially , it is stressed that the influence of the ester-amide exchange reaction under the catalysis of terephthalic acid to the compatibility of PET and PA66 in blends.


The studies on teaching cases in the curriculum implementation of Chinese teaching method of primary schools in normal colleges is the total of a series of important teaching methods,which can be classified into case evaluation type,case resolution type and case expansion type.The case studies,which have the property of dialogue,cooperation and exploration,are helpful to the understanding of a series of new elementary education curriculum concepts by students of normal colleges,to accurately mastering the complexity of Chinese teaching of elementary schools and to obtaining the knowledge and ability of Chinese teaching in elementary schools.The organization and practice of the case studies demand overall ideas change of teachers and students,careful selection of teaching cases and reasonable arrangement of studying procedure.


Var is a thought of market risk using statistical method of valuation.The usual models and methods often build a model with the entire distribution of income,which needs to consider the distribution of centers and waist data,but Var only take into account the tail distribution of the measurement of quantitative and qualitative characteristics,therefore Var has been adopted by many financial and regulatory institutions.But the tail distribution of the model has some inaccuracies,this will form the set bias caused by model and cause the estimated result inaccurate.This article discusses the solution to the existence of the Var model with the tail distribution standard normal distributed and gives the best investment portfolio risk and risk ratio of the minimum in theory.


To compare two micronutrient (vitamins and minerals) formulas (Berocca™ and CNE™) and assess their impact on emotions and stress related to the 6.3 earthquake on February 22nd 2011 in Christchurch, New Zealand.


This article investigates the calculus of third-party participation in ongoing wars. Altfeld and Bueno de Mesquita have shown that under an expected utility model of third-party participation, the probability of a nation's joining is in inverse proportion to the ex ante probability of other nations' joining. In seeming contradiction Yamamoto and Bremer have argued that one major power's decision to enter a war increases the probability that other powers will do likewise. In this article it is shown that these two perspectives, in fact, do not contradict one another. It is found that a nation is more likely to join a war when the initial belligerents in the conflict have few formal alliances, and when, despite ex ante beliefs, many other nations have already joined in the war. It is also shown that a third party is more likely to join the war in support of a friend than in opposition to a foe.


Summary. The purpose of this study was to analyse long‐term results of penile revascularization using Hauri's method in 124 patients with a mean follow‐up of 54 months. Of 176 patients undergoing this procedure, 124 were available for detailed analysis. The patients ranged in age from 22 to 71. A total of 25.8% of the patients (32/124) responded to intracavernous injection (ICI). Postoperatively, 74 patients (59.7%) exhibited spontaneous erections. Patients were classified as 'satisfied' or 'dissatisfied'. In those who were satisfied, a high correlation was found (63/74=85%) between graft patency, as judged by ultrasound, and erectile function. The benefit for non‐responders to ICI (60/92) was higher than for responders (14/32). Only five of 12 diabetics profited from penile revascularization. A serious complication was glans hyperemia in 9/124 cases (7%).


Asymmetric information problems on the labour and the financial market reduce private incentives to undertake activities necessary to attain the socially optimal rate of growth when the rate of innovation is endogenous. Institutional and contractual arrangements on both markets may help to correctly evaluate the long-term prospects of innovations, to protect the investment in specific assets and consequently lead to increased investment in R&D. When a particular type of innovation in a particular industry suffers from a particular type of informational and coordination problems, various institutional environments will lead to a different industrial specialization. Using various measures of financial and labour market characteristics in 19 OECD countries, interaction terms are constructed to measure the impact of these characteristics and their combinations on industrial activity and industrial portfolio selection. A systematic relation between certain institutional combinations and the type of industry that prospers in a particular country can be found.


We investigate the eecient computation of a few of the lowest eigenvalues of a symmetric eigenvalue problem occurring in quantum dynamical molecular simulations. The systems of equations that arise when applying subspace iteration or the Jacobi-Davidson algorithm with the shift-and-invert spectral transformation are solved by the preconditioned conjugate gradient method. We propose and analyze a new eeective ADI-type preconditioner that exploits the special structure of the matrix which is the sum of Kronecker products of Toeplitz matrices. The theoretical convergence behavior is veriied by numerical experiments.


Methyl 4-O-phosphono- and 4-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-3-deoxy-β-D-erythro-2-hexulopyranosidonic acids, and 3-O-phosphono-, and 3-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-α-D-arabino-hexopyranoses have been synthesised and their behaviour in acidic media examined. At 100 °C, release of inorganic phosphate from the 4-O-phosphonohexulopyranosidonic acid is faster at pH 3–6 than at pH 0–1 and occurs through an elimination initiated by proton transfer. Phosphate release from the 3-O-phosphono-2-deoxy-hexopyranose occurs by a similar mechanism, but is much slower. Treatment at 100 °C with acetic acid of pH 3.4 causes release of glucose from the 4-O-glucosylated-3-deoxy-hexulopyranosidonic acid but not from the 3-O-glucosylated-2-deoxy-hexopyranose.


associated with diabetes management. Cerkoney and Hart (1980) found that beliefs about the seriousness of diabetes and responding to cues to action were associated with adherence to treatment. Polly (1992) reported that perceived severity was associated with metabolic control, and perceived barriers were associated with adherence to treatment in older people with type 2 diabetes. Fitzgerald et al (1995) found that people with type 2 diabetes with higher adherence acknowledged the seriousness of diabetes and recognised the relation between glucose control and complications. Hampson and Glasgow (1996) suggest that beliefs about treatment effectiveness, followed by beliefs about seriousness, appear to be most strongly associated with selfmanagement, and that people's personal models of diabetes are useful predictors of self-care behaviour. Beliefs and attitudes to diabetes also influence the behaviour of healthcare professionals (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980; Weinberger et al, 1994). As education of people with diabetes is largely a process of communication between healthcare professionals and people with diabetes, it is important to understand the similarities and differences in their attitudes towards diabetes and its treatment. Healthcare professionals' versus patients' perspectives on diabetes


To produce even the simplest human-like behaviors, a humanoid robot must be able to see, act, and react,
within a tightly integrated behavioral control system. Although there exists a rich body of literature in Computer
Vision, Path Planning, and Feedback Control, wherein many critical subproblems are addressed individually,
most demonstrable behaviors for humanoid robots do not effectively integrate elements from all three
disciplines. Consequently, tasks that seem trivial to us humans, such as pick-and-place in an unstructured environment,
remain far beyond the state-of-the-art in experimental robotics. We view this primarily as a software
engineering problem, and have therefore developed MoBeE , a novel behavioral framework for humanoids and
other complex robots, which integrates elements from vision, planning, and control, facilitating the synthesis
of autonomous, adaptive behaviors. We communicate the efficacy of MoBeE through several demonstrative
experiments. We first develop Adaptive Roadmap Planning by integrating a reactive feedback controller into
a roadmap planner. Then, an industrial manipulator teaches a humanoid to localize objects as the two robots
operate autonomously in a shared workspace. Finally, an integrated vision, planning, control system is applied
to a real-world reaching task using the humanoid robot.


The Rapid Access Frailty Team (RAFT) in the Emergency Department (ED) currently consists of 2 physiotherapists. The aim of the team is to review frail patients presenting to the ED during core working hours. Key roles of the team include facilitating a safe discharge and providing early intervention to assist patient flow and a safer, more positive patient experience.

 For the purpose of this study, frail patients were defined as those with a score of 4 or greater on the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS). Data was manually recorded after each episode of care using data entry points including demographic details, interventions, outcome etc. Data was analysed from a 5 month period between January–May 2023.

 The RAFT Team reviewed an average of 100 patients per month. (Age range 44-98 yrs). 51% were over 75 years old. Gender distribution was not significantly different. 57% were female versus 43% male. The main presenting complaint of frail patients assessed by RAFT was falls. 69% of those reviewed were discharged. Approximately 36% of this group lived alone. 61% were female (Mean age 81y). 39% were males (Mean age 77y). CFS scores of those living alone ranged from 4–7. 37.5% of those reviewed had formal care in place at home. 10% of carers showed evidence of carer stress. 88% of patients had a falls assessment and equipment was provided to 65%. Physiotherapy (65%), Occupational Therapy (28%) and PHN were the most common community referrals required. 30% were referred to our Rapid Access Frailty Hub.

 The number of frail patients presenting to our ED is growing. Increasing numbers of frail under 75yo patients are requiring RAFT input. Many frail patients continue to live at home alone. The RAFT team play a vital role in improving quality of care for this patient group and facilitate rapid, safe discharge home where possible.


In livestock farming helminthiasis remains a major constraint to productivity, performance and profitability. Anthelmintics have been in use since long to combat the problem, but the emergence of anthelmintic resistance, particularly in gastrointestinal (g.i.) parasites has compelled a relook at alternative control strategies. The application of ethno-veterinary practices and plant derivatives as deworming agents is gaining popularity worldwide. The acceptability of this approach depends on the scientific validation of the plant products for their anthelmintic properties. Several controlled studies recently carried out in the Indian subcontinent, generated a large volume of data on in vitro, in vivo and clinical efficacies of plants and herbs singly and in combination. Most have used internationally accepted guidelines as parameters for evaluation of the candidate plants. The target helminths in these studies belonged to 3 major classes, but gastrointestinal (g.i.) nematodes, liver flukes of ruminants and intestinal worms of poultry were predominant. Active principles and mode of action were identified in majority of plants, which have proven anthelmintic potential. Lately, the use of forages containing condensed tannins, is finding favour in the management of g.i. nematodes in ruminants. A cross-section of recent studies, an overview of the current scenario, and the road ahead, are presented in this review.


High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to study the protein content of aqueous humour in 17 cataract patients. High‐performance gel filtration chromatograms (HPGFC) of the aqueous humour showed 7–12 peaks with low concentrations (mean 0.085 μg/μl) of high molecular weight proteins (peak 1, MW 250 000 or more) and low levels (0.01 μg/μl or less) of IgA (peak 2) and of IgG (peak 3). The fourth peak (MW about 65 000) containing albumin and obviously also trasferrin was the major peak (mean 0.596 μg/μl) at HPGFC of a normal aqueous humour. Lysozyme (peak 6, MW 35 000) occurred in small amounts in the aqueous humour (mean 0.064 μg/μl). The last 6 peaks matched for peptides and amino acids (MW 10 000 or less). It is concluded that HPLC may be a useful preparative method in characterization, separation, and partial purification of immunoglobulins, immune complexes, and other proteins of aqueous humour.


Hydroponics of the full growth season in green houses was used to study the effect of chloride on activities of Nitrate reductase,Invertase,Glycolate oxidase and chlorophyll content of tobacco leaves.Six kinds of chloride concentration have been made in the experiment 0,0.5,2.0,4.0,8.0,32.0 mmol/L.The results showed that both the activities of Nitrate reductase and Glycolate oxidase decreased with the increase of chlorine concentration. The invertase activity was on a higher level under the condition of proper chloride (0.5~4.0 mmol/L ) and decreased in the full increment stage under the condition of deficient chloride(ck) and excessive chloride(4.0 mmol/L).Chlorophyll content was still on a high level at later growth stage under the condition of excessive chloride,which is unfavorable to normal maturity of tobacco leaves.


ion Abstraction Emergency discharges Aquifer recharge Diffuse pollution Emergency discharges Septic tanks discharges Private boreholes and wells Local community Water sources (surface and groundwater) for industrial and drinking-water production, agricultural and recreational uses Water production W F Rainfall Industry W


When it comes to construction equipment, it truly is a small world after all. Innovative European and Asian-manufactured machines designed for tighter work spaces and labor markets abroad are finding new receptivity on U.S. jobsites facing similar challenges. But for every Japanese hydraulic excavator or Swedish articulated hauler that has changed the way contractors do their work, another piece of foreign equipment can not crack U.S. market barriers. In the time-is-money rush to get projects done, trying out nontraditional equipment is a risk many contractors are still unwilling to take. Some machines with long-demonstrated advantages still struggle for widespread acceptance. Walking hydraulic excavators from Switzerland and Germany are used extensively in Europe on mountainous terrain, but are relegated primarily to ditch cleaning in the United States. And after being shunned in the United States, a rubber-belted asphalt compactor developed in Egypt and Canada is finding its first true fans in Australia. Even if they like the machines themselves, U.S. buyers may decide against foreign-made equipment because of problems in getting parts and product support. Contractors looking to try out overseas equipment, without committing to a purchase, are not likely to find renting an option. Some contractors also contend that, despite its lure, overseas equipment does not always measure up to U.S. standards.


Users of the ITT F4113 proximity-focused image intensifier tube have generally been unable to obtain its specified resolution when using it to amplify streak tube images. As well as reduced high-frequency resolution, some output light can be detected at distances as great as a few millimeters from the input image. This long-range light spreading is called veiling glare. In this paper we present measurements and propose the cause of the F4113's veiling glare. The most probable cause is electron scattering at the front surface of the microchannel plate, with some contribution due to electron scattering at the phosphor. The cause of reduced resolution at higher spatial frequencies is also discussed. This is most likely due to the combined effects of phosphor thickness, photographic film thickness and the high numerical aperture of the fiber optics. Finally, some improvements have recently been made to the F4113. These are described and possible additional improvements are suggested.


. The growth of urban areas and the impact of urban ecosystems on public health and urban sustainability are very important in big cities. The United Nations predicts that 60% of the world's population will live in cities by 2030. More than 10-15 million Turkish people suffer from pollen allergy and pollen allergy poses a major risk for humans. Pollen allergy induces bronchitis, bronchial asthma and may even be life-threatening. Thus, pollen allergies greatly affect the daily life of individuals. But nowadays, The allergenicity of plants, however, is often neglected. In this paper are suggested that the major causes of this extensive allergenicity, including: the presence of exotic and invasive species, the mutual effect between allergenic pollen and air pollutants, cross-reactivity between allergenic species and the choice of male plant which produce a lot of allergenic pollen individuals in dioecious species and the guidelines created by the study contain eight recommendations that, if implemented by city planners and local authorities, would reduce the effects of pollen on people living and working in cities.


TORSION of the uterus is rare in the bitch ([Stone and others 1993][1], [Darvelid and Linde-Forsberg 1994][2]). It is most frequently associated with late pregnancy and is an uncommon cause of canine dystocia ([Geigenmuller 1965][3], [Brown 1974][4], [Shull and others 1978][5], [Stone and others


HERA is an Erasmus+ project aimed at the development of soft skills in higher education engineering and economics students through collaborative serious games. It proposes a digital learning game platform whose goal is to expose students to complex challenges, the solution to which requires integration of knowledge from diverse fields in a manner that simulates how engineering and economics professionals work and collaborate in the real world. The platform shows the typical landscape of a virtual city game, like SimCity, where it is possible to perform different actions to develop a city in an appropriate and suitable way. Available scenarios involve problems related to sustainable mobility, smart parking solutions, circular economy related to recycling, flood management, e-commerce development, Olympic Games management and even COVID. Gamifying the problem-solving process will promote active student engagement in learning through a sense of mission, a sense of affiliation, healthy competition, rewards, and social recognition by peers among other mechanisms.


The influence of a conspecific competitor on male mating behavior was examined in a Madagascar hissing cockroach, Gromphadorhina portentosa. Previous studies have suggested that both male-male competition and female discrimination during courtship interactions may influence male mating success. Familiar pairs of males with a known social association were placed in an arena with a single virgin female and observed. As expected, subordinate males mated significantly less often than their dominant opponents. In pairs in which one male mated, dominant individuals limited the access of subordinates to females. Dominant males displayed an increased frequency and duration of interaction with the female. However, in pairs where both males remained unmated, the mating behavior of dominant and subordinate males did not differ significantly. As interactions progressed, as in the case of males that remained unmated, subordinate males gained increased access to the female. Mated males tended to be larger than their opponent although within a rank, males that mated were no larger than those that remained unmated. These results are discussed in light of the possible roles of male-male competition and female discrimination during courtship interactions.


Among many coloured norbornadienes which have been synthesized bearing electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents, the 2,3-diphenyl-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-propionly derivative was found to satisfy many important requirements for the chemical conversion of solar light energy because of its visible light absorption, a high quantum yield for its photocycloaddition to the corresponding quadricyclane and a rapid and complete reversion of the quadricyclane to the norbornadiene with an acid catalyst.


This paper discusses tolerance values and confidence levels for high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) field tests. An HEMP simulator provides the HEMP environment with various degrees of completeness. Deviations from the ideal waveform occur due to the simulator structure and concept. In this paper, we review tolerance values for pulse parameter specified in civil and military standards. The impact of the tolerated deviations on the test objective will be discussed. In the second part, we stress the aspect of how an HEMP test must be performed to provide sufficient confidence in the HEMP survivability of the system under test. This part starts with a brief description of a usual HEMP test setup and test procedures. Characteristics of the test procedure as well as the typical behavior of systems under tests are analyzed with statistical methods. Based on the statistical analysis, we define a confidence level, a measure of the confidence in the test result.


Friction factor coefficients for liquid flow in a rectangular microgroove coupled with the vapor flow in a vapor channel of a miniature two-phase device were calculated using finite element analysis. The results show that the effect of the vapor-liquid frictional interaction on the liquid flow decreases with curvature of the liquid-vapor interface. Shear stresses at the liquid-vapor interface are significantly non-uniform, decreasing towards the center of the liquid-vapor meniscus.


To perform reliably and confidently from memory, musicians must able to recover from mistakes and memory failures. We describe how an experienced singer (the second author) recovered from mistakes and gaps in recall as she periodically recalled the score of a piece of vocal music that she had memorized for public performance, writing out the music six times over a five-year period following the performance. Five years after the performance, the singer was still able to recall two-thirds of the piece. When she made mistakes, she recovered and went on, leaving gaps in her written recall that lengthened over time. We determined where in the piece gaps started (losses) and ended (gains), and compared them with the locations of structural beats (starts of sections and phrases) and performance cues (PCs) that the singer reported using as mental landmarks to keep track of her progress through the piece during the sung, public performance. Gains occurred on structural beats where there was a PC; losses occurred on structural beats without a PC. As the singer's memory faded over time, she increasingly forgot phrases that did not start with a PC and recovered at the starts of phrases that did. Our study shows how PCs enable musicians to recover from memory failures.


Three years after Fanny Burney's death in 1843, Macaulay recalled the delight with which he had read her early novels: "Her appearance is an important epoch in our literary history," he wrote. "Evelina was the first tale written by a woman, and purporting to be a picture of life and manners, that lived or deserved to live." In short, Fanny Burney made writing novels a respectable occupation for women. "She vindicated the right of her sex to an equal share in a fair and noble province of letters."1 She vindicated the right of her sex, Virginia Woolf might have added, to a share in the profits of letters as well. In A Room of One's Own, Mrs. Woolf claims that "towards the end of the eighteenth century a change came about which, if I were rewriting history, I should describe more ful? ly and think of greater importance than the Crusades or the War of the Roses. The middle-class woman began to write." And this, Mrs. Woolf reminds us, "was based on the solid fact that women could make money by writing. Money dignifies what is frivolous if unpaid for." "Jane Austen," she concludes, "should have laid a wreath upon the grave of Fanny Burney."2 I would like to suggest that the money Mrs. Woolf sees as the motivation for the new female literature of the late eighteenth century was also the subject of that literature?and that from a hitherto unvoiced female point of view. Men of course had written about women and money in novels before Fanny Burney, but the masculine approach was radically different from that of the lady novelist. For the male novelists, the world of money, the getting and the spending, was the stage for ag? gressive action, a world to be manipulated and managed. Defoe's Moll Flanders?"Twelve Years a Whore, Five times a Wife (whereof once to her own Brother.) Twelve Times a Thief, Eight Years a transported Felon in Virginia, at last Grew Rich, Liv'd Honest, and Died a Penitent"?knew her