This paper addresses the problem of localizing a vehicle in urban environment by using natural information provided by exteroceptive sensors. For this purpose, sensors need to detect landmarks which have been characterized in a previous passage. As the amount of data can be significantly large, we propose a strategy to manage this information in a GIS (geographical information system). We illustrate our developments using visual landmarks made of key images and 3D points that are regrouped in local maps that correspond to the roads of a GIS layer thanks to the use of GPS data and proprioceptive sensors. Real experiments are reported to illustrate the performance of this approach which is robust to GPS outages due to poor satellite visibility in urban areas


Oddly, Tucker says that Markov's result is correct. But its correctness follows, not by Markov's own argument, but from "the grammar of the phrase 'transcription of an algorithm which does not apply to itself.' " The reviewer would like to see this argument-from-grammar spelled out. Tucker does not quite explain either what it is tha t he accepts under the name 'diagonal argument.' But he accepts that for any co-sequence of reals 5 there is a real not in 5, and he seems to accept that it follows from this that no co-sequence of reals contains every real. The reviewer does not really see what difference there is between arguing in that way for the non-denumerability of the reals and on the other hand supposing that some co-sequence of reals contains every real and then deriving a contradiction. Hence he does not see what difference Tucker wants to make out between what he calls heterological-type arguments and what he calls diagonal-type arguments. There is much else in this article which is well within the scope of this JOURNAL. There are criticisms of remarks by, amongst others. Church, Gddel, Kreisel, Mostowski, Poincar6, Russell, Tarski, and Hao Wang. There is a discussion of Richard's paradox. Tucker wishes (as far as the reviewer can see) to hold that the paradox shows the falsity of the ordinary view that no language of the familiar kinds can contain more than denumerably many definitions. He does not mention the argument usually held to support the ordinary view. I t is not quite clear whether he understands that if we have an co-sequence of definitions of reals and then define a new real by the diagonal method, the set of reals now defined is still denumerable. The article suggests anyway independent evidence of some considerable misunderstandings. In XIII 172 Tarski shows that, for a certain notion of definability, the set of definable sets of reals is not definable. Tucker calls this an attempt to show that if the notion of definability is definable a contradiction arises. But Tarski does not raise the question whether the notion of definability is definable. In trying to sketch Tarski's proof, Tucker attributes to him the step that since some sets of reals are non-denumerable the set of definable sets of reals must be so too. He says that Tarski shows that a certain set is definable. But what Tarski shows is that a certain supposition entails that that set is both definable and not definable. Finally he says that what Tarski has really shown, although without realising it, is that the set of definable reals is non-denumerable. The reviewer cannot see that this article makes out any case for any position about foundations. J. F. THOMSON


I was fascinated by the photograph illustrating 'Nursing by numbers' (Cover September 8). I am so intrigued by the idea that 23 nurses would have the time to drag all those cots outside on what looks like a very hot day. What about safe sun for babies? The whole exercise must have taken at least half a day. Perhaps it was a fund raising event or just a celebration of the leisured days of nursing when the nurse/patient ratio was almost 1-1!


W e read with interest and were happy to review the article by Taylor, "Neurosurgical Practice Liability: Relative Risk by Procedure Type," published in Neurosurgery in December 2014. In this study, the author examined the association between neurosurgical subspecialty and litigation using professional and liability insurance databases. "Exposure" (type of neurosurgical procedure) was measured using the 2006 American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) practice survey and outcomes were taken from the Physician Insurance Association of America Data Sharing Project (PIAA DSP), a large database of medical professional liability carriers. The study question, summarized in PICO format (population, intervention, comparator, outcome), was whether the incidence and expense of claims after spine surgery differ compared with claims after cranial, cerebrospinal fluid shunting, peripheral nerve, functional, endovascular, and extracranial cerebrovascular cases. Additionally, indemnity, common alleged factors, and disposition of claims were explored. The author frames the studywithin the context of the challenge of litigation in neurosurgical practice, pointing out that neurosurgeons have the greatest exposure to litigation of all specialties. Improved understanding of factors responsible for this may allow neurosurgeons to minimize exposure and improve patient satisfaction. Furthermore, studies seem to indicate that litigation is most common after spine surgery. Because spine surgery is a common procedure in neurosurgical practice, the author questions whether the incidence of spine claims is truly greater than other subspecialties (eg, cranial). These are important questions with significant implications. Neurosurgeons spend nearly a third of their career with an openmalpractice claim. If risk factors for litigation can be identified, they can be studied carefully. Increased understanding of practice liability will allow neurosurgeons to minimize risk as well as improve patient care and the trust that is essential for effective physician-patient relationships.


In the present work of degree applied in the company Cafe La Palma Ltda, an analysis was made in front of the problems presented in the phases of planning of purchase orders, inventory management and distribution of finished product that faces this company dedicated to the production of coffee. In the first phase, large quantities of raw material are ordered because there is no model that determines the moment and the right quantity to order. This leads to the fact that, in the second phase, there is a large amount of raw material stored in the warehouse that generates low inventory turnover rates. About the last phase, the company makes more trips than necessary, because there is no model that define for each route the correct allocation of customers with the maximum use of the capabilities of the vehicles.
For the solution of the problems in the first and second phase in order to reduce costs in the company, a first application was designed which contains a Material Requirements Planning (MRP) heuristic, that allows for the estimation of forecasts, identify the units to be produced from the presentations of coffee, the inventory of the units of finished product, the moment in which it is required to order the raw material and the quantities in inventory of this. Regarding the third phase, the solution was the creation of a second application which, by means of a metaheuristic, allows to visualize the routes, which each vehicle needs to
follow in order to deliver the orders to the clients.


Despite the major role of primary care in the management of people with, or at risk of developing, cardiovascular disease, little is known about the availability and state of readiness of cardiovascular diagnostic and monitoring equipment in general practice premises. We surveyed 170 general practices in one cardiac network. Our findings suggest that both provision of cardiac equipment, and training of staff in its use, is variable.


The invention relates to a method for converting a source document described in a source format and at least one associated metadata described in said source format or in a format allowing the generation of metadata in said source format, to at least a destination document described in a destination format. According to the invention, said source format is in accordance with a first protocol for exchanging and / or sharing non-image medical documents and said destination format is in accordance with a second protocol for exchanging and / or sharing documents. medical imaging, and said method comprises the following steps: insertion of said source document into a first part of said destination document; transposing said at least one meta-datum into a transposed datum; inserting said data transposed into a second part of said destination document, distinct from said first part.


A schlieren apparatus using a bacteriorhodopsin film as an adaptive image grid with white-light illumination is demonstrated for the first time to our knowledge. Relevant spectral properties of the film are characterized. Potential applications include a single-ended schlieren system for gas-leak detection.


Root canal instrumentation produces smear layer which covers the surfaces of
prepared canal walls. Removal of the smear layer has been the focus of many
studies in an effort to achieve the ultimate chemomechanical preparation. The aim of
this ex vivo study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different final irrigation
protocols in smear layer removal and erosion in intraradicular dentine. Thirty five
extracted human canines were instrumented and randomly divided, according to final
rinse techniques used, into 7 groups: G1 (ED3M) and G3 (ED3US), 17% EDTA for 3
minutes with manual and ultrasonic agitation, respectively; G2 (CA30M) and G4
(CA30US), 10% citric acid for 30 seconds with manual and ultrasonic agitation,
respectively; G5 (CA3M) and G6 (CA3US), 10% citric acid for 3 minutes with manual
and ultrasonic agitation, respectively; and G7 (Na3), 5.25% NaOCl for 3 minutes
without agitation (control). Next, all specimens were irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl.
Specimens were then split lengthwise and observed under Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM) in apical, middle and coronal thirds. Data were analyzed with
Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. The efficacy of 17% EDTA and 10% citric
acid in removing smear layer was significantly greater than 5.25% NaOCl (control).
There were no significant differences among final irrigation tested protocols in
removing the smear layer and erosive effects. However, when compared the three
thirds, inside of each group, in G1 (ED3M) and G2 (CA30M), least smear layer
removal and erosion formation was showed in the apical third. When compared the
apical thirds, group 4 (CA30US) was more effective than G1 (ED3M) (p=0.0004), G2
(CA30M) (p=0.0018) and G3 (ED3US) (p=0.0003) in smear layer removal. In
conclusion, the protocols used in this study were similar in the smear layer removal
as well as in erosive effects.


Forest trees live in a multi-factor environment that includes the abiotic characteristics of the site (climate, soil, bedrock) and the structural features of the forest stand (tree age, density, leaf area index, tree species composition). The analysis of the functional traits (morphological, chemical and physiological, see Bussotti and Pollastrini, 2015) at leaf and tree level allows for the assessment and evaluation of the responses of trees to changing environmental factors. Among the physiological traits, the analysis of the chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF, namely the prompt fluorescence and OJIP test, Strasser et al., 2004) is an effective tool to assess in vivo plant stress in experimental studies. The application of ChlF on mature trees in large-scale studies is more problematic due to the difficulty to reach tree canopies in forests, although some experiences were carried out at the local scale (Koprowski et al., 2015). ChlF measurements and analyses with the OJIP test allow to collect a great amount of data on the light-use efficiency in photosynthetic processes (one measurement takes 1s and it is possible to make many replications in a short time). Furthermore, the ChlF induction curve, evaluated by means of OJIP test, produces multi-parametric information on the potential photosynthetic efficiency. A large-scale application of OJIP test in forests was carried out within the 7FP project FunDivEUROPE (Functional Significance of Forest Biodiversity in Europe), aimed at assessing the functional significance of forest diversity in Europe (Baeten et al., 2013). The effects of tree diversity on the photosynthetic efficiency of tree species were assessed in the exploratory platform of FunDivEUROPE, that includes six European mature forests (monocultures and mixed up to five species) distributed along a latitudinal gradient (from Mediterranean to boreal). FunDivEUROPE also included an experimental platform, consisting of mixed forest stands planted ad hoc with different levels of tree-species richness. These experimental stands were installed during the implementation of the previous projects when trees were still young. The aims of this contribution are (i) to explore the variability of ChlF parameters along European ecological gradients and (ii) to compare the responses to diversity in young mixed plantations and in mature forests. For the latter purpose, we selected the sites with Picea abies(L.) Karst. (spruce), the most widespread tree species in experimental and exploratory sites. The leaf sampling was carried out in the summers between 2011 and 2013, by means of tree climbers, extension loppers and gun shooters, according to the height of the trees, the stand structure, and the operational conditions in each region. After sampling, branchlets were put in hermetic plastic bags and humidified to avoid leaf dehydration. ChlF measurements were done with a Handy PEA fluorimeter (Plant Efficiency Analyser, Hansatech Instruments Ltd., Petney, Norfolk, UK) after 4–5 h of sample dark adaptation on 16 leaves per plant (in conifers only current year needled were measured). A long dark adaptation period was necessary to reduce the effects of photoinhibition. Fluorescence rise OJIP curves were induced by 1 s pulses of red light (650 nm, 3500 μmol m s). Plotted on a logarithmic time scale, the fluorescence transients show a polyphasic shape. The initial fluorescence level, indicated with "O", is the beginning of the fluorescence emission. Following the "K" time step (300 μ s), the "J " (∼ 2 to 3 ms) and "I" time steps (∼30 ms) reflect the intermediate level of the fluorescence emission. The maximum level of the fluorescence emission is "P " (the peak, at 500–800 ms–1 s). The


This article tests the proposition that the intensity and scope of media system dependency relations are positively related to perceptions of threats in the environment. Theoretical and operational definitions of threat are introduced. The results of multiple regression equations support the hypothesis that dependency relations with newspapers, radio, magazines, and television are more intense the more one perceives one's social and natural environment to be threatening. Hierarchical regression analysis shows threat to add significantly to the explanation of variance in dependency when demographic variables are controlled. Logistic regression fails to support the hypothesis that the scope of dependency relations becomes wider as threat perceptions increase. In fact, the opposite is supported; threat is negatively associated with scope.


Part I. Foundations: 1. Naturalism and teleology 2. Externalism and internalism 3. Spencer's Version 4. Dewey's version 5. On construction 6. The question of correspondence Part II. Models: 7. Adaptive plasticity 8. The signal detection model 9. Complex individuals, complex populations.


Abstract Blackberry wine, the most widespread Croatian fruit wine, is produced by yeast fermentation of raw blackberry juice or must. Even though the production and intake of blackberry wine in Croatia has been increasing for years, the available data on the overall quality and blackberry wine composition is still scarce. The objective of this work was to evaluate the quercetin content, colour and selected physico-chemical quality parameters of 15 Croatian blackberry wine samples, divided into two groups denominated as CWB and OWB regarding the blackberries' cultivation type (conventional and organic). The quercetin content ranged from 0.81 to 21.67 mg/L (average: 6.16 mg/L, median 3.96 mg/L) and was consistent with some published studies. Compared to CBW group, quercetin content of OBW samples seemed to be more balanced and slightly higher (OBW median: 3.99 mg/L, CWB median: 1.80 mg/L). The presence of cyanidin and pelargonidin (as aglycons) was detected in very low concentrations in four and seven samples, respectively. Determination of the colour revealed that the most important component contributing to colour intensity was yellow (51 %), followed by red (40 %). The chemical quality parameters were in accordance with the available published results on blackberry and grape wines and were as follows: relative density 1.0017–1.0660 g/mL, concentration of reducing sugars 13.5–177.6 g/L, alcoholic strength 9.37–14.78% vol, pH 3.11–3.56, total acidity 6.7–18.1 g/L, ash 1.59–4.11 g/L, alkalinity of ash 1.54–3.79 g/L, total nitrogen 65.50–361.15 mg/L, and total phosphorus 32.03–118.53 mg/L. No significant overall differences were noticed between the conventional and organic group of samples.


Introduction 1. Movement of Jah people: the history of Rastafari in Jamica 2. 'Rastatology' and 'livity': the principles and practices of Rastafari 3. Grounding, houses, and mansions: social formation of Rastafari 4. Rastafari international: the making of a global movement 5. Kingmen, queens, and dawtas: gender issues in Rastafari 5. 'The Head Corner Stone': Rastafari and Caribbean culture Further reading


This study investigated the main factors affecting the crash severity of vehicle-pedestrian crashes on urban arterial roads using the video recording data collected by an in-car black box device. While many previous studies used the interviewed data collected by police officers/witnesses which might lead the subjective and erroneous understandings regarding the crash situations, the in-car black box recording data is a more reliable data source by directly observing the crash situations. This black box video-recording data are advantageous for the safety studies by providing not only the video image information, but also the speed information measured in real-time including before-and-after a crash occurs. By analyzing these black box data, this study defined new reasonable independent explanatory variables affecting the vehicle-pedestrian crash severity which could not be identified by the conventional crash report-based method. A Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model was used to investigate the relationship between the explanatory variables and the crash severity. It turned out that the crashes involved with pedestrian's failure of watching a vehicle approaching, pedestrian's jaywalking, elderly (more than 65 years old), vehicle's excessive speed (more than 60 km/h), driver's failure to immediately stop, a limited vision of drivers, and the night period resulted in more serious crash severity. Finally, this study emphasized the potential of individualized black box video recording data for the purpose of analyzing the crash severity by extracting additional explanatory variables. Also, regarding the fact that these new variables have statistically significant relationships with crash severity, the Black box video recording data-based crash analysis method is promising in analyzing the factors affecting the crash severity. The utility of this new crash analysis data source (Black box video recordings) is expected to be beneficial when a new transportation policy is established in the purpose of reducing pedestrian crash severity.


Nickel is increasingly used within neurointerventional devices, despite nickel hypersensitivity being common,1 leading some to question its potential to cause CNS allergic reactions.2 Here we report a nickel-allergic patient who developed symptomatic postcoiling delayed cerebral hypersensitivity. The case is similar to previous reports of postcoiling inflammation,3,4 where allergy status was untested, but where nickel exposure at the time of coiling may be a common factor.


Superconducting rf systems are usually operated with continuous rf power or with rf pulse lengths exceeding 1 ms to maximize the overall wall plug power efficiency. Typical examples are CEBAF at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) and the TESLA Test Facility at DESY. The long pulses allow for effective application of feedback to stabilize the accelerating field in presence of microphonics, Lorentz force detuning, and fluctuations of the beam current. In this paper we describe a set of tools to be used with MATLAB and SIMULINK, which allow to analyse the quality of field regulation for a given design, The tools include models for the cavities, the rf power source, the beam, sources of field perturbations, and the rf feedback language MATLAB and SIMULINK which are available at most accelerator facilties. MATLAB provides a natural environment for analysis, algorithm prototyping, and application development which is complemented with SIMULINKs graphical user interface for construction of block diagram models using "drag-and-drop'' operations. The rf system design and performance analysis tool is freely available via world wide web at ''http:// tesla.desy.de/rf_model/". The authors appreciate feedback from potential users of this software on their specific needs so that the tool can be made more universal. Presently the models have been used to study the rf systems at Jefferson Lab [21, the rf system for the TESLA Test Facility [3], the superconducting option for ESS and the recirculating linacs for the muon-collider.


We consider an inverse problem of recovering a potential associated to a semi-linear wave equation with a quadratic nonlinearity in $1 + 1$ dimensions. We develop a numerical scheme to determine the potential from a noisy Dirichlet-to-Neumann map on the lateral boundary. The scheme is based on the recent higher order linearization method [20]. We also present an approach to numerically estimating two-dimensional derivatives of noisy data via Tikhonov regularization. The methods are tested using synthetic noisy measurements of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map. Various examples of reconstructions of the potential functions are given.


A formula F in conjunctive normal form is a non-tautology hitting (NT-HIT) formula, if any one pair of F clauses in contains a pair of complement literals. NT-HIT(k) is a class of formulas with the difference of the number of clauses and the number of variables. By constructing a propositional formula H n,m we show that H n,m is satisfiable if and only if there exists a NT-HIT formula with n variables and m clauses, and for any formula F in NT-HIT(1), there exists a literal L, L occurs only once in F. Further, we prove that for k2, the formula H n,n+k is unsatisfiable. Thus, for k2, NT-HIT(k) is an empty set, and therefore two open problems have been solved.


This paper discusses the role that actors public and private practice in the recovery of the leisure spaces of the city Bahia Blanca, located in southwest of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Emphasizes the role of local government in space planning purposes leisure and takes as a starting point urban management tools which took place in the city. Also, establishing a balance between spaces private and public partners to evaluate the current situation and noted the relevance each of them in the urban context. It takes a journey from the first during the dawn of the city to the present, which is the basis for analyzing construction of spaces in different development times of Bahia Blanca. Rescues the vision of people in relation with the valuation they assign to different local spaces within society current and the influence it has on had the different actors involved in determination.


The article describes the theoretical study of the noise generation parameters under friction of a base cylinder of a rotary-screw mover. The analysis of the influence of parameters of the base cylinder (diameter, angle of winding of the helical blade, length) and the vehicle motion parameters (speed, mass) on the noise level arising from mover interaction with a single obstacle is presented in the paper. The conditions for the occurrence of sound vibrations are shown. Analysis of the research results allows us to conclude that a significant noise level generated by the rotary-screw mover can take place only when the vehicle is moving on ice. The created model and the obtained results can be applied by developers of all-terrain vehicles.


Most of the constructions of the cement industry are subjected to extreme loading conditions that must withstand during their useful life and, therefore, the risks of failures and collapses due to design or construction errors, or to degradations of their constitutive materials are high. The implications of structural failures in operational and maintenance costs of cement plants may be very severe. In this work, after a brief discussion of the structural design criteria that characterized some relevant and risky structures and foundations of cement plants facilities, such as storage buildings, process towers and dynamic equipment foundations, cases of real structural failures and collapses in the cement industry are presented and the strategies for their design solutions are discussed.


The American String Teacher Editorial Committee's primary responsibility is to ensure that the quality of articles in American String Teacher is relevant and worthy of publication for our diverse audience of members. They review and evaluate articles submitted to the journal, write articles for consideration, and suggest specific topics and authors for articles based on current issues and the latest trends in the profession.


Double skin wall has not only achieved ecological value, but also become an essential architectural language. However, the double skin wall is abused without efficiency consideration in the design of the high rise. The author classifies the double-skin in terms of function based on its technical features, working principle and discusses the relationship between tectonic system and external climate condition on reduction of self-consumption, control of light and utilization of natural ventilation and solar energy in order to estimate the applicable conditions and scope, providing rational selection basis in the usage of double-skin for the high rise design.


The advance of digital technologies has changed education, the teaching and learning processes and the way we approach literary texts. This paper presents an analysis of how the Internet has transformed literacy and has promoted the emergence of new digital genres. Literacy has been changed through multimodality – it refers to the use of several resources in different formats (images, texts, music, video, among others) integrated in a new text, creating new forms of expression and communication. An example of multimodality is the book-trailer, which is a visual representation of a book in a similar way to a movie trailer, and it can be considered as an example of good practice in education, allowing the integration of several codes and promoting students´motivation.


The use of precast segmental columns is a particular feature of Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC) of bridges. The technology of precasting bridge substructure systems offers many advantages in the construction process. In particular for multiple spanned structures, it includes reduced construction time, minimal traffic disruptions, reduced life cycle costs, and improved construction quality and safety. There are a number of examples internationally of precast substructure systems, mainly in areas of low seismicity. Precast Segmental Bridge Piers (PSBP) comprise of precast concrete elements, connected using a number of options including grouted duct connections, mechanical couplers, post- tensioned tendons, and member socket connections. The majority of low to medium span bridges around New Zealand have cast in place (CIP) bridge piers. PSBP can be designed to emulate the behavior of conventional CIP substructures (Emulative Segmental Bridge Piers or E-PSBP) through formation of plastic hinges in the piers under earthquake loading. This results in a system with good lateral load capacity giving potential for use in regions of high seismicity. This paper presents current experimental research into the uni-directional seismic performance of two half-scaled E-PSBP specimens designed for a prototype bridge with a 12 meter span length representing a typical New Zealand highway bridge. The first specimen has a square section with grouted duct connection. The second specimen has a circular section with member socket connections. Both specimens performed satisfactorily in a similar manner that would be expected from a monolithic connection. The experimental program underway at the University of Canterbury (UC) is a part of an extensive project titled Advanced Bridge Construction and Design (ABCD) funded by the Natural Hazard Research Platform.


AbstractThe annual cycle is the largest variability for many climate variables outside the tropics. Whether human activities have affected the annual cycle at the regional scale is unclear. In this study, long-term changes in the amplitude of surface air temperature annual cycle in the observations are compared with those simulated by the climate models participating in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Different spatial domains ranging from hemispheric to subcontinental scales in mid- to high-latitude land areas for the period 1950–2005 are considered. Both the optimal fingerprinting and a nonoptimal detection and attribution technique are used. The results show that the space–time pattern of model-simulated responses to the combined effect of anthropogenic and natural forcings is consistent with the observed changes. In particular, models capture not only the decrease in the temperature seasonality in the northern high latitudes and East Asia, but also the increase in the Med...


Forward stimulated Brillouin scattering (FSBS) is observed in a standard 2-km-long highly nonlinear fiber. The frequency of FSBS arising from multiple radially guided acoustic resonances is observed up to gigahertz frequencies. The tight confinement of the light and acoustic field enhances the interaction and results in a large gain coefficient of 34.7 W −1 at a frequency of 933.8 MHz. We also find that the profile on the anti-Stokes side of the pump beam have lineshapes that are asymmetric, which we show is due to the interference between FSBS and the optical Kerr effect. The measured FSBS resonance linewidths are found to increase linearly with the acoustic frequency. Based on this scaling, we conclude that dominant contribution to the linewidth is from surface damping due to the fiber jacket and structural nonuniformities along the fiber. " Competition between the modulation instability and stimulated Brillouin scattering in a broadband slow light device, " J. light scattering from acoustic phonons in photonic crystal fiber, " Opt. Tightly trapped acoustic phonons in photonic crystal fibres as highly nonlinear artificial Raman oscillators, " Nat. All-optical control of gigahertz acoustic resonances by forward stimulated interpolarization scattering in a photonic crystal fiber, " Phys. Slow and fast light in optical fibers using acoustooptic coupling between two co-propagating modes, " Opt. Optical excitation and characterization of gigahertz acoustic resonances in optical fiber tapers, " Appl. Guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering in photonic crystal fibers, " Opt. Experimental observation of forward stimulated Brillouin scattering in dual-mode single core fiber, " Electron. Degradation of modulation and noise characteristics of semiconductor lasers after propagation in optical fiber due to a phase shift induced by stimulated Brillouin scattering, " IEEE J. gain spectrum characterization in single-mode optical fibers, " J. Theoretical evaluation of the Brillouin threshold and the steady-state Brillouin equations in standard single-mode optical fibers, " J. " Bandwidth and mode intensities of guided acoustic-wave Brillouin scattering in optical fibers, " J. Time-resolved investigations of stimulated Brillouin scattering in transparent and absorbing media determination of phonon lifetimes, " Phys. Visualization of plane-strain vibration modes of a long cylinder capable of producing sound radiation, " J.


: On the basis of a class of original functional models a scheme of state observer has been developed for plants with distributed parameters and delays. Due to weaker dynamics of process operation the so-called anisochronic model is reduced to a steady state form and a steady state observer scheme is developed. Next to the reduced-order steady state observer is presented full-order anisochronic observer in comparison with reduced-order anisochronic observer. An application to unavailable state variable estimation on a laboratory scale heating system is demonstrated.


The isolation between the upper S-band quad antenna and the S-band payload antenna on the shuttle orbiter is calculated using a combination of plane surface and curved surface theories along with worst case values. A minimum value of 60 db isolation is predicted based on recent antenna pattern data, antenna locations on the orbiter, curvature effects, dielectric covering effects and edge effects of the payload bay. The calculated value of 60 db is significantly greater than the baseline value of 40 db. Use of the new value will result in the design of smaller, lighter weight and less expensive filters for S-band transponder and the S-band payload interrogator.


A simple statistical model for determining the microstructural parameters from atom-probe data is described. This method allows to derive the particle size, the volume fraction as well as the actual composition of precipitates from composition profiles obtained experimentally.


Graph theory can be applied in various fields of science such as transportation problems, communication networks, operations research, chemistry, cartography and so on. Graph theory does not only represent structure but in its application, a graph can also be colored. Many problems have graph coloring characteristics such as regional coloring. This regional coloring theory was applied to the map area of Sukodadi District which consists of 20 villages. In this area coloring uses the Greedy algorithm by first making a dual graph consisting of 20 vertices and 43 edges. Based on the results of regional coloring, the minimum number of colors is 4, namely red, blue, green and yellow, with each neighboring village having a different color.


Human are the most unique creatures that have obligations and responsinilities. Thanks to the psychic power of creativity, taste and work, man can know that he knows and also he knows that he is in a state of not knowing. Than other creatures, with psychic power humans have advantages, which is able to face every problem of life. Whether the view is concerned with oneself, others individually and socially with nature or with the creator. With the potential of reason can now clarify the basis and purpose of it existence as humans. Whereas philosophy has different conditions and fertile life in the actualization of diverse human conditions. So it can be concluded that because of philosophy, a creature can become a human being, and because human are certainly philosophical. Philosophy becomes a characteristic of humans. Keywords: Human, View, Philosophy.


We propose and demonstrate a programmable high-speed, frequency-swept laser for swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). This new technique is based on Vernier effect of two pieces of Fabry-Perot electro-optic modulators. This technique offers a non-mechanical optical filter with high resolution and wide tuning range. By applying it to a Fourier domain mode-locked laser, such sweeps are generated. The Vernier effect filter can be modulated by arbitrary wave forms, thus this laser source can eliminate the rescaling process which is the main bottle-neck of the operation time in SS-OCT by applying frequency sweep to equidistant spacing in frequency. Effective repetition frequencies of 100kHz~1MHz are demonstrated with a tuning range of 17THz (140nm) at 1550nm center wavelength. OCT imaging of in vivo human sweat duct with A-line rate of 100kHz and 300kHz are also demonstrated. The resolution of 12μm~ is realized without rescaling process. We present an analysis which suggests design approaches for optimization performance.


De la cultura Kodak a la imagen en red: Una etnografia sobre imagen digital (From Kodak Culture to Networked Image: An Ethnography of Digital Photography Practices) unpacks the concept of the 'networked visual image'; this, for Gomez Cruz, is mainly the result of the interrelation of social processes and new technology. With a background in Communication Studies and Sociology, Gomez Cruz has been researching Internet practices since 1997, first in Mexico, then in Spain and now in England. He has previously published two books, both in Spanish, which can be translated as Cybersex, the Last Frontier of Eros: An Ethnographic Study (2004) and Internet Metaphors (2007), in addition to several papers on digital and visual culture and ethnography. Through rich online and offline fieldwork, Gomez Cruz frames his observations of photographic practices in terms of the 'onlife'. (description continued in book review, attached in Documents)


This paper describes algorithmic approach to consistent and efficient management of changes in data model for distribution network applications in smart grid solutions. In application domain of power distribution network analysis (DNA), clean separation between engineering data model and operational (run-time) data model must be maintained. Until explicit request to import changes from engineering data model into operational data model, operational data model must not be affected with changes in engineering data model. The process of activation introduces changes prepared within engineering data model into operational data model and thus put them in use. This paper outlines algorithm for efficient data model change management and activation process. This approach provides efficient handling of data model changes regarding memory and disc space usage. It allows fast switching to previous data models, allows arbitrary long history about past activations; and simplifies incident and what-if analysis for any of previous configurations.


To increase religious conservative voter enthusiasm in the 2012 election, Mitt Romney had to counteract the stigma and kakoethos, or bad character, associated with his Mormon religion. Romney temporarily dealt with his religion by using what Goffman calls covering (i.e., downplaying) a known stigma. Responding to Romney's rhetoric, Reverend Franklin Graham advocated for the candidate but still marked his religion as stigma. Instead of outright support for Romney, Graham advocated for the Republican nominee by tapping into evangelicals' concerns about President Obama's religious affiliation and political values. Through an analysis of Romney's 2012 RNC speech and a USA Today editorial by Graham, I argue that instead of breaking religious barriers, Romney and Graham's faith-based rhetoric perpetuated the stigma associated with nontraditional religions in American politics.


The current status of InAsSb/InAlAsSb quantum-well (QW) lasers emitting between 3 and 4 micrometer is described. QW lasers grown on GaSb substrates, with emission wavelengths at approximately 3.9 micrometer, have operated pulsed up to 165 K. At 80 K, cw power of 30 mW/facet has been obtained. Ridge-waveguide lasers have operated cw up to 128 K. QW lasers grown on InAs have emission wavelengths between 3.2 and 3.55 micrometer. Broad- stripe lasers have operated pulsed up to 225 K and ridge-waveguide lasers have operated cw to 175 K. Theoretical analysis of the laser gain using a 6 by 6 k (DOT) p model to calculate the valence subband structure is reported.


Applying the dominant equilibrium in game theory,analyzes the methods of selecting best information resource.Makes the library's reference consult service satisfy the searches more scientifically.


First-time attendees to classic car shows are frequently surprised to see vintage electric cars tucked in among the Model T's and A's [...]


This paper discusses the syntactic and semantic analysis of Balinese suffix -in. It is to determine its distribution in sentence construction. This study uses the RRG theory by Van Valin and Randy (1999) supported by the data taken from Balinese articles issued in the Bali Orti of Bali Post newspapers. The result of the analysis shows that as a transitivizing suffix, Balinese suffix -in can be added to nominal, adjectival, adverbial, intransitive and transitive bases. Syntactically, -in can be used in stative, transitive, imperative, passive constructions. The word orders assigned by the suffix -in require different morphology of the verbs. Semantically, the derived verbs with -in refer to the activities treating object as static target of action. As an applicative suffix, -in expresses causative, benefactive, source or locative meaning.


The paper focuses on two of the most important challenges that contemporary Albania has to face: emigration, which has divested the country of about one-fifth of its population, and internal migration, resulting in unprecedented spatial disparities devastating most of the country, particularly rural areas, and substantially increasing the population of Tirana and to a lesser extent Durres.This paper specifically addresses the issue of how emigration and internal migration are interrelated; in particular, whether returning Albanian emigrants from the principal destination countries (i.e. Greece and Italy) exacerbate spatial disparities. The paper is based on the empirical findings of a questionnaire survey of 324 respondents conducted in Albania in early 2002 as well as more recent fieldwork conducted in 2004 with more qualitative questionnaires addressed to 39 recent migrants to Tirana. Our empirical findings support the idea that return migration does not exacerbate recently increased spatial disparities within the country, thus placing a further burden on the development trajectory of the country. At most, one might argue that returning migrants, bringing back money with them or having sent back remittances beforehand, may facilitate an ongoing process of internal migration stemming from more fundamental causes such as a search for more job and business opportunities and a better quality of life.


Sample preparation is an essential step in almost all bioprotocols, which can be efficiently achieved via a sequence of mixing steps called mixing graph. In the literature, several techniques have been reported to determine a mixing graph with the minimal number of mixing steps, the minimal usage of reagent fluids, the minimal wastage, or sometimes a combination of them. The retention time of a flow-based microfluidic biochip (FMB) is defined as the maximum duration for which a fluid can be stored within a microchannel without any fluid leakage. However, the retention time has not yet been considered as a scheduling constraint during the automation of the sample preparation using an FMB in order to obtain the scheduled mixing graphs. In this article, we propose a retention time-aware scheduling method called time-aware list scheduling (TALS), which can be used with the state-of-the-art methods, and a new satisfiability-based mixing algorithm called time-aware sample preparation (TASP) to obtain the scheduled mixing graph for a target ratio satisfying the retention time constraint and the number of available on-chip mixers in an FMB. Simulation results suggest that on an average TALS always outperforms a baseline scheduling method while scheduling any mixing graph, whereas TASP can determine the optimal and scheduled mixing graphs compared to the existing mixing methods combined with TALS.


Power-down determination circuit comprises: multiplying circuitry from the applied clock signal and a TMDS decoder circuit from the applied horizontal synchronizing signal and by using the vertical synchronizing signal, and each output a horizontal frequency and vertical frequency, the pre-stores the calculated horizontal frequency and vertical frequency, with a digital input signal by comparing the horizontal frequency and vertical frequency determination whether has the decodable video format, and outputs the power-down control signal indicating the decision result. By this, it is controlled so that the input digital signal into the decoding does not have a format, the power-down control signal the video and audio processing circuit in a power-down mode by the.


The basic result of this paper is a proof of a result analogous to the well-known theorem of L. Ahlfors on the distortion of a strip mapping (in the course of the proof we shall reprove Ahlfors' theorem). Bibliography: 1 item.


The relationship between the International Criminal Court (hereinafter "the ICC") and the United Nations (hereinafter "the UN") Security Council is informed by the complementary mandates of the Court and of the United Nations. According to the preamble to the Rome Statute, the primary mandate of the ICC is "to put an end" to impunity for the perpetrators of "unimaginable atrocities that deeply shock the conscience of humanity." These atrocities, which characterised the last century, are "grave crimes that threaten the peace, security and well-being of the world." The Court attains its objectives through the prosecution and punishment of the perpetrators of these crimes. By prosecuting and punishing the perpetrators, the Court does not only do justice to the immediate victims of those crimes, but it does also contribute to the cause of peace and justice in the world in two ways: deterring future commission of similar crimes, and averting self-help or retaliatory measures by the victims and their sympathizers. It should be noted that almost invariably, the crimes under the jurisdiction of the Court are committed in the context of war or armed conflict. If the architects of war or conflicts are left to roam the streets and alleys of the globe as if nothing happened, others of their ilk will be encouraged to behave like them and to menace and tyrannize fellow human beings undeterred. Victims of such tyranny, in exercise of their inherent right to rebel against injustice, will put up resistance, and an endless cycle of violence and suffering will be set in motion (as happened in Europe during World War II and in the Great African Lakes Region in the 1990s). Justice is thus an antidote to such a cycle of violence. According to the preamble of the UN, one of the motivating forces behind the formation of the organisation was the determination of the founding fathers "to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in [their] lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind." The sorrow they alluded to included indiscriminate destruction of property and human life and the heinous crimes and other barbarities of the Nazi regime. The Security Council is one of the four principal organs of the UN. Under the Charter, it is vested with the "primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security." 1 In the pursuit of this goal the Council has come to realize that there can be no peace without justice. It is for this reason that, following the Nuremberg precedent, it has in the past set up international tribunals, such as the ICTY, the ICTR and other hybrid bodies to prosecute and punish perpetrators "of the most serious crimes of concern to the international community." The deterring effects of such prosecution and punishment and the accompanying appearance of justice help to advance the cause of peace.


ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Understanding teachers' appraisals of student wellness services and supports during COVID‐19 is essential to strengthening services and improving student health outcomes. This mixed‐method study aimed to examine US PK‐12 teachers' appraisals of student wellness services and supports during COVID‐19. METHODS This study focuses on qualitative data from 291 teachers' open‐ended responses to the question: "What do you wish your school leaders knew about this (wellness support) aspect of your work?" and whose responses described wellness services and supports. A qualitative content analysis was conducted by an interdisciplinary research team using open‐ and axial coding. RESULTS Three main themes emerged. (1) insufficient access to mental health professionals and programming at schools, (2) concern about the quality of available services, and (3) a need for teacher professional development and support on student wellness. Statistically significant differences in teacher appraisals of insufficient access to mental health professionals and programming were found based on grade level taught and percentage of immigrant students in the school. CONCLUSION With amplified student wellness needs, school personnel, including school leaders, must consider ways to allocate additional resources/staffing, assess the quality of services and supports, and design professional development opportunities to support teachers' involvement in supporting student wellness needs.


The paper presents an overview of the research into the available non-destructive methods of determining the 234U isotope content in uranium-bearing materials. An alternative approach to a problem of detector calibration by the characteristic "intrinsic" efficiency is proposed. Certified reference uranium-bearing materials CRM 969 and CRM 146 (a range of 235U enrichments studied was 0.3…93%) were used as test samples, measurements were carried out with a wide-range energy detector based on the high-purity BeGe 3830 germanium (Canberra, USA) with 38 cm2 area and 3 cm thickness. An approach used for the "intrinsic" efficiency calibration for the 234U analysis permits to decrease the measurement error to 7.5% in the whole range of 235U enrichment (from 0.3 to 93%) and 234U concentrations (20 to 9800 µg/g). The proposed method does not demand standard samples for equipment calibration and does not depend on the physical (chemical) form of the investigated material and measurement geometry.


There have been various surveys about the quality of teaching process in existing practice. These surveys were more or less successful and they were related to performance of academic staff. They have been using statistical and other techniques containing a lot of statistical information, but this information could not be easily collected into one single unit of measurement. The aim of this paper is to establish the most appropriate high education quality measure which would consist of all relevant indicators. Multicriteria decision making should be acceptable framework for such kind of problem. In fact, the problem of measuring teaching staff performance could be set up as a classical problem of multicriteria decision making. With this approach the quality of teaching process should be simultaneously estimated by n quality assurance criteria and in accordance with those criteria m alternatives (professors) would be ranked or estimated. If we add to this the automatic procedure of the whole process with the implementation of the most advanced information technology (IT) this application would eliminate present shortcomings. In such a way, the time used for surveys should be substantially reduced, the reliability of the results would be improved and, as a final result total cost in long run would be much lower.


In recent years, due to their chemical composition and high nutritional value, the food products, in which the buckwheat meal is used, have attracted widespread interest, becoming more and more popular. Food products, in which buckwheat meal is used, include pasta, biscuits, bread, cakes, pastry products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the technological parameters (sedimentation index and falling number) for the white wheat flour blends with whole buckwheat flour and rheological properties of dough made from these two types of flour. Thus, the blends were made from wheat flour and whole buckwheat flour in proportion of 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 % and 50 %. Also, the technological properties of 100 % white wheat flour were determined for comparison. The technological properties of mixed flour and dough were determined according to the international standard methods. The addition of whole buckwheat flour to wheat flour influenced the technological and rheological parameters of mixed flours: increasing the amount of whole buckwheat flour (from 10 % to 20 %, 30 % and 40 %) causes decrease of the falling number (from 411 s, 382 s, 249 s up to 234 s, respectively) and of the sedimentation index (from 28 ml of wheat flour to 22-18 ml). With the increase of whole buckwheat ratio, the water absorption increased significantly from 58.6 % to 79.9 %, the dough development time increased significantly from 2.2 minutes to 8.7 minutes but the dough stability decreased from 7.9 minutes to 1.6 minutes. Regarding the Farinograph Quality Number, it is observed that the values increased with whole buckwheat flour addition of 10 %, 40 % and 50 %, but for the samples with addition of 20 % and 30 % this parameter decreased. The obtained results are important for the specialists of the bakery technological process.


A rare, congenital or perinatal, aggressive and potentially low-grade malignant, basaloid neoplasm that occurs in the major salivary glands. It typically presents as a mass over the angle of the mandible. Most involve the parotid gland.


Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused considerable losses to the health care system in Indonesia. The Indonesian Doctors Association (IDI) noted that as of October 3, 2020, 130 doctors, nine dentists, and 92 nurses died due to COVID-19. The problems that caused the death of health workers during the COVID-19 pandemics included the lack of PPE, inadequate patient screening in health facilities, and fatigue of medical personnel due to the increasing number of COVID-19 patients as long working hours and psychological pressure. Of course, this condition can disrupt the quality of life and work productivity in the health series. Therefore, the hospital needs to make various efforts to prevent burnout in health workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This research was a descriptive method with quantitative and qualitative approaches. The researcher revealed the facts that occurred when the study was running and presented them as they were. The research respondents were nurses who were in the isolation room and ICU COVID-19 at MMC Hospital Jakarta. Researchers used the Maslach Bach Inventory (MBI) questionnaire instrument to 43 respondents via the Google form. Researchers also conducted interviews with the Head of Nursing and several COVID-19 nurses who had filled out questionnaires. Results: The majority of COVID-19 nurses at MMC Hospital had moderate burnout levels. MMC Hospital Jakarta has made various efforts to prevent burnout in nurses. Conclusion: Management of MMC Hospital in preventing burnout in nurses was good enough, but several points can be improved to make it better.


The erosion of limestone and calcarenite ridges that existed parallel to the Mediterranean shoreline forms the calcareous sand (CS) formation at the surface layer of Egypt's northern coast. The CS is often combined with broken shells which are considered geotechnically problematic due to their possible crushability and relatively high compressibility. In this research, CS samples collected from a site along the northern coast of Egypt are studied to better understand its behavior under normal and shear stresses. Reconstituted CS specimens with different ratios of broken shells (BS) are also investigated to study the effect of BS ratios on the soil mixture strength behavior. The strength is evaluated using laboratory direct-shear and one-dimensional compression tests (oedometer test). The CS specimens are not exposed to significant crushability even under relatively high-stress levels. In addition, a 3D finite element analysis (FEA) is presented in this paper to study the degradation offshore pile capacity in CS having different percentages of BS. The stress–strain results using oedometer tests are compared with a numerical model, and it gave identical matching for most cases. The effects of pile diameter and embedment depth parameters are then studied for the case study on the northern coast. Three different mixing ratios of CS and BS have been used, CS + 10% BS, CS + 30% BS, and CS + 50% BS, which resulted in a decrease of the ultimate vertical compression pile load capacity by 8.8%, 15%, and 16%, respectively.


This illustrated volume is devoted to the Japanese crane, one of the world's rarest and most strikingly beautiful birds - symbol of long life and happiness, and a source of inspiration to artists and poets.


Let G denote a locally compact Abelian group with character group G. For 1 < p < oo, A (G) denotes the vector space of all complexvalued functions in L(C) whose Fourier transforms / belong to L(G). A (G) is a Banach convolution algebra with the sum norm | | / | | p -= \\f\\i + | | / | |p / , [14]. Research on the spaces A (G) was initiated by W a r n e r [22]. Later, a number of authors such as, e.g., L a r s e n , L i u and W a n g [14], M a r t i n and Y a p [17], and L a i [13] worked on these spaces and a generalization to the weighted case was given by G ii r k a n 1 I [10], F e i c h t i n g e r and G ii r k a n 1 I [8]. The present paper deals with the more general case in which we also use the generalized Fourier transform of [5]: A^uJ(G) denotes the (Banach) space of functions in L (G), a weighted L-space, with Fourier transform in L2,(G), equipped with the sum norm \\f\\P;% = \\f\\PiW + | | / | | g , w .


A Raman spectroscopic study on the organo-montmorillonites prepared at different concentrations provided detailed observations about the ordering conformation of HDTMA+ ions confined within the montmorillonite interlayer. The ordering conformation shows a strong dependence on the concentration of the confined amine. Both the wavenumber and bandwidth of antisymmetric and symmetric stretching modes are sensitive to the ordering conformation of the inserted organic cation. Furthermore, the wavenumber of the antisymmetric stretching mode is more sensitive than that of the symmetric stretching mode to the mobility of the tail of the amine chain. At room temperature, the conformational ordering is more easily affected by the packing density in the lateral model than in the paraffin-type model. However, at liquid nitrogen temperature, both the positions of antisymmetric and symmetric stretching modes are independent of the amine concentration, and the bandwidth of symmetric stretching mode is sensitive to the organic ordering conformation. Upon heating the organo-montmorillonites, the positions of both the antisymmetric and symmetric stretching bands shift to higher wavenumbers, indicating a decrease of conformational ordering. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Characteristics of heat transfer and hydrodynamics of boiling of liquid nitrogen on the surfaces with different types of non-uniformities at the presence of external electric fields are experimentally investigated. It is shown that the formation of field traps is a major mechanism of heat transfer enhancement. And this effect result in noticeable change of two-phase hydrodynamics in vicinity of heated surface.Copyright © 2010 by ASME


Electric field measurement based on electric field-induced second-harmonic generation (E-FISHG) of gas molecules is a promising method that enables noninvasive field measurement in gases 1 , 2 . Although the probing laser beam is focused on the target area by a lens, the signal detected by the E-FISHG method is affected by the electric field along the probing laser path. The influencing path spans many tens of times the Rayleigh length front and rear the focused spot 3 . The E-FISHG signal has been frequently calibrated under uniform electric fields. However, this can yield a significantly incorrect calibrated value if the difference between the electric field profiles in the measurement and calibration is not considered. In this paper, we propose a new method to calibrate, and furthermore, restore the electric field profile along a probing optical path by measuring a series of E-FISHG signals by changing the focusing spot position. We obtained the confocal parameter of the probing light and the coefficient between the SHG and probing light intensities from the E-FISHG signals by moving cylindrical-to-cylindrical electrodes. Furthermore, we acquired the one-dimensional profile of the electric field from the distribution of the SHGs generated using cylindrical- to-cylindrical and sphere-to-sphere electrodes, which is verified by an experiment. Using the proposed restoration method, we successfully restored the electric field profiles generated between cylindrical-to-cylindrical and sphere-to- sphere electrodes within 2% deviation from the numerically computed ones.


Mechanical and metabolic stimuli from contracting muscles evoke reflex increases in blood pressure, heart rate and sympathetic nerve activity. Little is known, however, about the nature of the mechano‐gated channels on the thin fibre muscle afferents that contribute to evoke this reflex, termed the exercise pressor reflex. We determined the effect of GsMTx4, an inhibitor of mechano‐gated Piezo channels, on the exercise pressor reflex evoked by intermittent contraction of the triceps surae muscles in decerebrated, unanaesthetized rats. GsMTx4 reduced the pressor, cardioaccelerator and renal sympathetic nerve responses to intermittent contraction but did not reduce the pressor responses to femoral arterial injection of compounds that stimulate the metabolically‐sensitive thin fibre muscle afferents. Expression levels of Piezo2 channels were greater than Piezo1 channels in rat dorsal root ganglia. Our findings suggest that mechanically‐sensitive Piezo proteins contribute to the generation of the mechanical component of the exercise pressor reflex in rats.


Objective To analyze the application of microsurgical technique in the treatment of peripheral nerve injury in the clinical effect. Methods Microsurgical treatment of 26 cases of peripheral nerve injury,surgical techniques,including nerve anastomosis,nerve grafting and nerve release,after active functional exercise. Results were obtained more satisfactory results. Peripheral nerve injury. Conclusion Early diagnosis and timely and accurate positioning and after microsurgical repair of an active functional exercise is satisfactory protection.


In this paper, we propose a basic framework of acquiring enterprise competitive intelligence from microblogs. With the rapid development of microblogging services, how to utilize microblogs for business decision has been a hot topic. We first analyze the types of enterprise competitive intelligence in microblogs and classify them into internal intelligence and external intelligence. Then, we propose to focus on enterprise microblogs to extract internal intelligence and focus on event microblogs to extract external intelligence.


At first, the theory of CIMS and its expanding process are discussed in the paper, and then the theory and implement means on the large scale breeding enterprise are addressed. Take a large-scale agricultural concept listed company as an example finally; cultivate the positive research that CIMS systems design in the large scale breeding enterprise


This paper investigates a low-latency iterative decoding architecture for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) visible light communication (VLC) systems. Particularly, protograph-based low-density parity-check (P-LDPC) codes are considered. To be specific, we introduce a novel internal-stopping (IS) principle into the conventional joint detection and decoding (JDD) algorithm, and then develop an IS-based JDD (IS-JDD) version. The proposed IS-JDD algorithm can reduce the computational overhead without sacrificing system performance. Numerical results verify that the proposed design can outperform existing benchmark algorithms.


Objective To understand the prevalence tendency of chronic diseases in urban-rural fringe areas of Nanhai District,Foshan,Guangdong Province,and to provide scientific basis for the administrative departments of health to make corresponding health policies.Methods A sample of 8228 people aged 18 or above was selected from local residents with stratified random sampling method.Door-to-door face to face survey was conducted by trained and qualified investigators.Results The overall prevalence of chronic diseases was 25.66%,27.52% for males and 24.03% for females.The leading four diseases were hypertension(18.80%),diabetes(2.59%),chronic rhinitis(1.73%),and chronic gastrointestinal diseases(1.19%).The main risk factors of chronic diseases were age(OR=1.892-5.372),sex(OR=1.524),marital status(OR=2.203-4.440),educational level(OR=0.624-0.544),occupation(OR=0.719-1.408),smoking(OR=1.418),intention to get health knowledge(OR=1.385),and overweight(OR=2.152).Conclusion The prevalence of chronic diseases is high.Hypertension,diabetes,chronic rhinitis,chronic gastrointestinal diseases were main chronic diseases.Community health education and promotion should be implemented and comprehensive interventions should be adopted to stop the spread of the chronic diseases.


An angiographic animal study showed that hyperosmolar, ionic contrast media with a low viscosity produce the greatest increase in blood flow and the shortest diagnostically useful contrasting time of the vessels. The longest vessel contrast time and the smallest secondary increase in blood flow is seen for a nonionic, nearly isotonic contrast medium with a somewhat higher viscosity.


In this paper a specific measurement method for the determination of thermo-physical parameters of materials is described. All kinds of non-stationary thermal processes in a specimen can be used in this method. In practice, convenient thermal processes (taking into account parameters of dimension etc.) are chosen. The repeated measurement does not guarantee that identical non-stationary thermal processes are applied. In the measurement of the thermal conductivity of insulating materials, it is advantageous to use accumulated core. The time-dependence of the temperature in chosen points of the specimen is to be recorded continuously. The analysis of these records yields thermal parameters. In some cases, the variable thermal power of the laboratory oven is also continuously recorded. The method can be applied to the measurement of temperature dependences of thermo-physical parameters in a wide temperature interval.


Objective To study the expression of human leukocyte antigen DR (HLA-DR) on peripheral blood monocyte and the level of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and their clinical significance. Methods The expression of HLA-DR on peripheral blood monocyte and serum IL-10 level was determined by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) respectively. Results Compared with normal controls, the HLA-DR positive expression monocyte rate and intensity were significantly lower in active stage and inactive stage of SLE, but the level of IL-10 was significantly higher; The active stage of SLE patients exhibited lower HLA-DR expression rate and intensity of monocyte (P<0.001), and higher IL-10 level (P<0.001) than the inactive stage patients. The severe SLE patients exhibited lower HLA-DR expression rate and intensity of monocyte (P<0.001) and higher IL-10 level (P<0.001) than the moderate patients. No correlation was found between the HLA-DR positive expression monocyte rate or IL-10 in SLE and SLEDAI scores (P>0.05). Conclusions There is a possible closed relationship of the decrease of HLA-DR positive expression monocyte rate and increase of IL-10 level with the pathogenesis and progress of SLE.


Proposed a new image retrieval method using corner detection.Paper first detects corners and denotes objects shape in image by these corners,then proposes a new method to represent similar degree between images by integrating optimization bipartite graph and an improved Hausdorff distance.Experiment results show the method we proposed is very effective in image similar retrieval.


A medical device (1) comprises a frame (2, 3, 6) defining an interior, a barrier element (58) arranged to fluidly divide at least a portion of the interior, and barrier removal means (30) connected with the barrier element and operable from an exterior of the frame to remove the barrier element from the interior through an opening (99) in the frame.


Over the last twenty years of the twentieth century there was a remarkable increase in participation in higher education (HE) in a number of OECD and non-OECD countries (for details see OECD 1998 and Greenaway and Haynes 2000). In the case of the former, this was partly demand driven, with key factors being increased female participation and increasing private rates of return to a first degree. In some countries, it was also supply driven, with policy initiatives to increase the number of universities and increase publicly funded places to support development of the 'knowledge based economy'. 'New growth theory' points to human capital formation as a key driver of economic growth and in industrialised economies higher education appears to be especially important. Therefore, getting the policy environment right offers the potential for relatively high pay-offs, (see Temple 2000). One of the key debates triggered by increased participation was how to pay for it. The debate on funding HE has been particularly lively in countries such as Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom since, historically, university education was publicly provided in the sense that tuition was free at the point of consumption. Whilst it was possible to sustain such a system in an environment of relatively low participation, it could not support mass higher education without a very serious diminution in quality. That triggered two questions: should the beneficiaries of HE make a larger contribution to the costs of provision and, if the answer to this question is 'yes', how and when should they make that contribution? The conclusion that has been reached in the countries we are interested in is that beneficiaries should indeed make a larger contribution but that, rather than making this up-front, they should do so on a deferred basis, after they have graduated and when their income has reached a certain level. In other words, repayment should be via income contingent loans (ICLs). Not all countries have adopted ICLs simultaneously and the process whereby their use has proliferated, following their initial introduction in Australia in 1989 1 , is the subject of this paper. What we are interested in is whether learning has taken place, with adoption occurring in one country as a consequence of successful implementation in another: in other words, we are interested in whether this might be a case of international policy transfer. 1 In the 1980s the Swedish student loans system …


The successful endodontic treatment of depends on ability to negotiate the canal to its apical terminus, thorough debridement or disinfection and obturation of the prepared canal space. In situations such as Calcific Metamorphosis, calcific deposits block the access to the canal, and falls under difficult category cases. One should have the thorough knowledge about such anatomical and pathological variations so that the complications can be avoided. Present case reports endodontic management of maxillary right central incisor with calcific metamorphosis with previously failed endodontic treatment having separated root canal instrument and canal perforation. Even though there was separated instrument and perforation site, the proper management increases the prognosis of the tooth.


Head-mounted displays (HMDs) allow users to observe virtual environments (VEs) from an egocentric perspective. In order to present a realistic stereoscopic view, the rendering system has to be adjusted to the characteristics of the HMD, e. g., the display's field of view (FOV), as well as to characteristics that are unique for each user, in particular her interpupillary distance (IPD). Typically, the user's IPD is measured, and then applied to the virtual IPD used for rendering, assuming that the HMD's display units are correctly adjusted in front of the user's eyes. A discrepancy between the user's IPD and the virtual IPD may distort the perception of the VE.
 In this poster we analyze the user's perception of a VE in a HMD environment, which is displayed stereoscopically with different IPDs. We conducted an experiment to identify virtual IPDs that are identified as natural by subjects for different FOVs. In our experiment, subjects had to adjust the IPD for a rendered virtual replica of our real laboratory until perception of the virtual replica matched perception of the real laboratory. We found that the virtual IPDs subjects estimate as most natural are often not identical to their IPDs, and that the estimations were affected by the FOV of the HMD and the virtual FOV used for rendering.


In this paper we discuss the following two issues: 1.What kind of Japanese compound verbs appear in NHK children's television programs and how are they used? 2.As the elementary school students learn Japanese compound verbs in their second grade,what and how do the textbooks teach them?


Using the many-body perturbation theory, we have calculated the photoionization cross section of 3p and 3d subshells of the neutral manganese and discussed the second-order ground-state correlation and random-phase approximation correlations in detail. This is the first theoretical calculation for manganese as far as we know. Our calculated results are more consistent with the experimental results than those given by other methods in the literature.


This research explores the relationship among customer orientation, service quality, organization reputation, and purchase intention. This study has integrated eight dimensions of customer orientation, SERVQUAL model and organization reputation to investigate their influence on purchase intention in customers of China Construction Bank (CCB) in China. Three hypotheses are derived and empirically validated. The study hypothesize that customer orientation has positive impact on service quality while service quality has positive impact on organization reputation. The study also expected that organization reputation has positive impact on purchase intention. A regression analysis is employed to analyze data from 318 respondents who are customer of China Construction Bank (CCB). The empirical results confirmed that effect of customer orientation, service quality, and organization reputation as hypothesized.


Abstract This article presents the results of studies relating to the possibility of the practical use of the preliminary hazard analysis method to assess the risk of damage to the telecommunications copper access network. use of the Pha method allows the identification and evaluation of risk factors; it enables the comparison of the risk of damage to components of the telecommunications copper access network located in different geographical areas. This generates the possibility of the effective application of a comparative analysis (including the service quality) by the operator for different network areas. The method also allows the setting of benchmarks for improving the effectiveness of the technical services of the operator.


In this research, the results of the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) investigations of TlGaS2 single crystal are presented. Specific heat capacity (Cp) anomalies of layered TlGaS2 have been obtained by using a new DSC technique for such crystals. Remarkable heat capacity anomalies have been revealed at the temperatures of 137.7 K, 174.5 K and 238.5 K. It is found that the anomalies appear at maximum with a small deviation (by 3‐4%) from the regular values, and Cp discontinuity amounted to approximately 5%. Additionally, EPR spectra of Fe doped TlGaS2 single crystals have been recorded at various temperatures down to 6 K for different orientations of the applied magnetic field. Transformations of present EPR spectra are not sufficient for the confirmation of structural phase transitions, in contrast to the cases in iso structural TlInS2 and TlGaSe2 compounds. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


The First Jewish War was in fact a revolt of the local Jews in the Roman province of Judaea. It was the first of the three famous Jewish revolts in the Roman Empire, the other two taking place in 115–117 and 132–135. The First War changed the provincial organization of Judaea, the subsequent development of Judaism, and the history of imperial Rome, being intimately connected with the establishment of the Flavian Dynasty in Rome (69–96).

Keywords:

ancient history;
imperialism and conquest;
mediterranean;
military history;
roman history


It's important to teach children from an early age that disabilities do not define a person and this can be supported in the setting with a matter-of-fact approach and diverse resources and books.


Abstract The Todilto Limestone was deposited in or near a large lake that at times became restricted and evaporated to dryness. The formation has two members: a lower limestone and an upper gypsum member. The limestone member has been divided informally into three zones: the lower "platy" zone, a middle "crinkly" zone, and an upper "recrystallized" zone. The platy zone is interpreted to have been deposited below wave base under anoxic conditions. The crinkly zone has thin stromatolitic laminations and may form algal domes. The upper recrystallized zone appears in part to be a collapsed breccia caused by the removal of interbedded gypsum. Uranium ore is restricted primarily to the "crinkly" and recrystallized zones. These two zones may have been formed in a sabkha-like environment. A. R. Renfro has proposed a sabkha origin for some stratiform copper deposits. The same conditions that cause copper to precipitate would also cause uranium to precipitate. Groundwater bearing U+6 could also be drawn upward by evaporative pumping through the decaying algal-mat zone where the uranium would be reduced to U+4 and precipitated. Carbonate materials lithify early destroying permeability so that uranium emplacement must occur before lithification. Radioisotope dates on uraninite in the Todilto Limestone indicate ore emplacement shortly after deposition. Uranium-bearing groundwater moved basinward in the underlying Entrada Sandstone and was drawn upward through the stromatolitic zones along the southwest margins of Lake Todilto and uranium was precipitated.


The submission of evidence in Swedish law presupposes orality, momentum and concision and has done so since the new Code of Conduct entered into force in the mid-20th century. The principles have been considered as conditions for the free assessment of evidence and can in many ways be explained as reactions to the previous procedural system in Sweden. The criminal procedure was earlier divided into two different parts by the new Code of Conduct; the preliminary investigation, the purpose of which was to investigate crime and the main hearing, where the indictment was to be investigated. Consequently, the transition also took place to a more accusatory process from an inquisitorial. The adoption of humanistic values and thoughts about democracy can most clearly be accounted for by the creation of the European Convention which eventually became part of Swedish law, and these have also reflected our most fundamental legal rules, not least the principle of contradiction. The inquisitive element that remains in our criminal proceeding is the preliminary investigation, where the prosecutor has a clear advantage. During the preliminary investigation it is possible to document interrogations and the technical development has allowed such documentation with sound and / or image. A softening of the principles has also made it possible for it to be introduced in exceptional cases as evidence in court.

The present essay has answered three questions. The first one was whether it is compatible with our elementary principles use documented interrogations as evidence. The second one was whether an enhanced opportunity to introduce these documented interrogations as evidence in court (and thereby replace the court hearings with so-called early interrogation from the preliminary investigation) is consistent with our principles. The third one questioned whether the legal certainty of the accused would be met with extended possibilities for introducing evidence from the preliminary investigation. The author has found the answer to be confirmative on the first question, especially considering the newer definition of the principles. About the second issue, the author considers that an extended use, as proposed in SOU 2017: 98, would mean a breach of the principles. The principles that will primarily be affected are the principle of oral, principle of momentum regarding evidence, principle of concision and the right to contradiction. An extended possibility for introducing evidence is also not found as justified from the legal certainty of the accused. This is judged by the fact that it is not possible to exercise an effective defence without the right of insight and the parties will be less equal, as the hearings are intended to be held at a stage in the criminal process where the defendant has limited rights. The author believes if the bills in SOU 2017:98 passes, that the procedural system is moving towards an inquisitive legal system where the lines between the main hearing and preliminary investigation are erased.


The formation of a style indicates that the writer has become mature.The unique language style is often regarded as an indicator of a good writer.Literary language style mainly includes the writer's unique aesthetics and the writing style,in which the latter refers to the linguistic integrated characteristics in writings and the concrete indications of the writer's language style.Yang Zhijun's novels are full of imaginations and fantasies,with different varieties,structures and devices in language use.


Chinese launch company Galactic Energy experienced its first mission failure on Thursday (Sept. 21), resulting in the unsuccessful deployment of a commercial remote-sensing satellite. Chinese launch company Galactic Energy experienced its first mission failure on Thursday (Sept. 21), resulting in the unsuccessful deployment of a commercial remote-sensing satellite. Galactic Energy's Ceres-1 rocket took off from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center at 12:59 a.m. EDT (0459 GMT). On board was the Jilin-1 Gaofen-04B satellite for the remote-sensing firm Changguang Satellite Technology, as reported by SpaceNews. However, the satellite did not reach its intended orbit. Galactic Energy addressed the situation on the social media platform WeChat, stating, "The rocket flew abnormally and the launch mission failed. The specific reasons are being further analyzed and investigated." The Ceres-1 is a four-stage rocket standing at approximately 62 feet (19 meters) tall, with a capacity to transport 880 pounds (400 kilograms) to low Earth orbit (LEO). Since its debut in November 2020...Read More Galactic Energy Faces Setback As Ceres-1 Rocket Fails To Deploy Satellite The decision regarding the proposed Sunnica Energy Farm, set to become one of Europe's largest solar farms, has been delayed until December. The ambitious project, spanning approximately 2,500 acres across villages in Suffolk and Cambridgeshire, is awaiting approval from the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero, with the initial decision deadline of 28 September now pushed to 7 December. Sunnica Limited, the driving force behind this venture, has assured that they will continue to furnish any requisite information. The energy farm is designed to comprise three distinct sites, interconnected by subterranean cables, ultimately linking to the National Grid at Burwell substation. These sites are situated near West Row and Mildenhall (Sunnica East Site A), south of Worlington village (Sunnica East Site B), and north of the A14, near Newmarket (Sunnica West Site A). According to Sunnica, the solar farm is projected to have a lifespan of 40 years, with the reclaimed land reverting primarily to its original agricultural purpose upon completion. The company asserts that the facility would have the capacity to power a staggering 172,000 households and generate 1,500 employment opportunities during its construction phase. Following completion, 27 fulltime positions would be required to oversee the farm's operations. However, the proposal has not been without its share of controversy, drawing criticism for potentially conflicting with the character of the surrounding areas. Both East Cambridgeshire and Suffolk County Councils have expressed opposition to the plans in the past. A spokesperson for Sunnica emphasized the imperative for the UK to double its renewable energy generation by 2050. They firmly believe that Sunnica's venture would play a pivotal role in achieving this goal. The company remains committed to collaborating with the Secretary of State, offering all necessary information to facilitate the determination of their Development Consent Order (DCO) application. As the decision date looms, the fate of the £600m Sunnica Energy Farm hangs in the balance, with stakeholders and communities keenly awaiting the Department's verdict on this landmark project in the pursuit of sustainable...Read More Decision On £600m Sunnica Energy Farm Postponed Until December


Stephen Bilham and Carol Barron review organisational policy on tattoos for NHS staff in England, explaining how these dress codes reflect views of tattoos that may be out of touch with today's society.


Based on the technique of expanding a random function in terms of statistically orthogonal random functionals, a method is developed for analyzing the response of an aircraft to a stationary, weakly non-Gaussian atmospheric turbulence. The atmospheric turbulence is characterized through the correlation functions, and no other ad hoc assumptions are necessary. The expansion kernels enable us to construct various probability density functions of interest—e.g. , the joint probability density function of the response velocity and acceleration. To illustrate the method and demonstrate some of the effects due to the non-Gaussian nature of atmospheric turbulence, the simple case of the plunging motion of a rigid aircraft in a turbulent gust is presented in detail. It is found that even when the aircraft responds as a linear system, a nearly Gaussian turbulent gust can render an aircraft response highly non-Gaussian.


Purpose
It has been ten years since the policy was implemented, but the effect of the policy needs to be tested empirically. This paper aims to explore the mechanism of policy influence on regional innovation ability by measuring the effectiveness of policy by innovation ability indicators. Further, it reflects the problems in the process of the transformation and development of resource-based cities in recent years and points out the direction for the development of the cities in the future. In addition, this paper discusses the differences between regions and cities in China and seeks the path to narrow the gap.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper mainly uses the difference-in-difference method for the research. This study divided China's resource-based cities and non-resource-based cities into experimental groups and control groups, and explored the effect of the transformation and development of resource-based cities and the changes of their innovation ability under the influence of the National Sustainable Development Plan for Resource-based Cities (NSDPRC). More carefully, this paper uses the fixed effects regression model, propensity score matching method, bootstrap method and other methods to improve the empirical results.

Findings
This paper finds that NSDPRC significantly improves the innovation ability of resource-based cities, although there is some lag in this effect. Research on the influence mechanism of policies shows that NSDPRC improves the marketization degree of resource-based cities and reduces the proportion of the secondary industry in such cities. Finally, the results of the heterogeneity analysis confirm that policies are more popular in western China and that resource-based cities in growth, maturity and decline are more vulnerable to policy influence. The development of policy effectiveness also requires the size of a city, and maintaining a healthy and reasonable scale is necessary for urban development.

Originality/value
First, the existing research on the development of resource-based cities is mainly from the perspective of economy and environment, but rarely from the perspective of innovation ability, and the index to measure urban development is relatively single. This paper will compensate for this deficiency. Second, different from the European and American countries that have basically completed the industrial transformation, the research on Chinese cities will provide a reference for the transformation of developing countries. Finally, from the perspective of resource endowment theory and innovation theory, this paper discusses the influence of SDPNRBC mechanism on the innovation ability improvement of resource-based cities, and further improves and enriches the theory.


To the Editor: Experimental evidence suggests that inflammation promotes prostate carcinogenesis. However, recent studies have shown that significant acute and chronic inflammatory infiltrate, especially in the prostatic stroma, has an inverse association with the risk of detecting prostate cancer, while dissenting observations do exist. Therefore, prostatic inflammation in benign biopsies warrants further study to define its role in the subsequent detection of prostate cancer. This is important in daily clinical practice as the presence of prostatic inflammation may cause a persistent increase in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in individuals with a negative prostate biopsy, prompting unnecessary subsequent biopsies. In a retrospective, blinded manner, we analyzed the initial prostate biopsies of 114 consecutive patients who received a diagnosis of either benign (BN, n = 80) or focal high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN, n = 34) between January 2008 and April 2011 at our institution, and who underwent a subsequent prostate biopsy after an average of 18.5 months (range: 1–42 months). In contrast to previous studies in which grading systems were used to classify inflammation, the total number of inflammatory cells, including lymphocytes (scattered cells (e.g. a cluster with <20 cells) were not counted) and neutrophils, was counted from a single level of an entire biopsy. Lymphocytes and neutrophils per core (4–16 cores, average 11.6 cores per specimen) were analyzed along with other clinical parameters including patients' age, serum level of PSA, and prostate volume as determined by ultrasound. Table 1 summarizes the clinicopathologic data from patients grouped according to findings on initial and subsequent biopsies. On subsequent biopsy, 29 (25%) patients were found to have prostate cancer while no carcinoma was identified in the remainder (75%) of cases. The number of lymphocytes, mainly identified in periglandular regions and/or the stroma, was significantly increased in the non-cancer (NCA) group (mean 1 SEM: 114.3 1 15.6), compared to the adenocarcinoma (PCA) group (mean 1 SEM: 62.1 1 8.2) (P = 0.004). It was noteworthy that no cancer was subsequently detected in 17 cases which averaged more than 157.5 lymphocytes per core. When the severity of lymphocyte infiltration was divided into three groups: (i) none/mild (<100/core); (ii) moderate (100–200/core); and (iii) severe (>200/core), the difference between the NCA and PCA groups was still statistically significant (P = 0.013). To standardize the variation in the size of the specimens, the density of infiltrating lymphocytes was compared: it was greater in NCA than in PCA (P = 0.006). Prostate volume was also significantly greater in the NCA group (mean 1 SEM: 55.6 1 3.0 vs. 43.5 1 2.9; P = 0.042). In line with this finding, previous studies have shown increased prostate volume to be independently correlated with a reduced likelihood of cancer detection. In contrast, no significant differences in age distribution (P = 0.959), PSA levels (P = 0.903), and neutrophil number (P = 0.888) were observed between NCA versus PCA groups. Though the latter parameter has recently been shown to be inversely correlated with tumor detection on subsequent biopsies, the relatively small number of cases with neutrophils in our cohort may explain the non-significant result. We further subdivided our cohort into the following four subgroups: Group I (n = 60): 1st BN—2nd BN or HGPIN; Group II (n = 25): 1st HGPIN—2nd BN or HGPIN; Group III (n = 20): 1st BN—2nd PCA; and Group IV (n = 9): 1st HGPIN—2nd PCA. Lymphocyte number per core was significantly increased in Group I compared to Group II (P = 0.001), Group III (P = 0.001), and Group IV (P = 0.008), respectively. Similar statistical differences (P < 0.01) were observed when the density of lymphocytes was compared. When the severity of lymphocytic infiltration was grouped as described above, there were statistically significant differences between Group I versus Group II (P = 0.046) or Group III (P = 0.027), but not between any other combinations of two groups. Prostate volume was also greater in Group I, compared to Groups II (P = 0.015), III (P = 0.048), and IV (P = 0.026), respectively. Again, we did not see any significant differences in age, PSA level, and neutrophil number among these subgroups. The reasons for the significant and insignificant differences in lymphocyte and prostate volume between Groups I (NCA) versus II (NCA) and Groups II (NCA) versus III or IV (PCA), respectively, remain unclear. A possibility is that some patients in Group II had undetected prostate cancer. Our results indicate that increased chronic inflammation, but not increased acute inflammation, on initial benign prostate biopsies is most likely to be a predictor of subsequent negative biopsies. However, our findings, as well as previous evidence suggesting acute and/or chronic inflammation to be negative predictors of prostate cancer, are discordant with the hypothesis that inflammation promotes prostate cancer development. Originally, many speculated that inflammatory cells play a protective role in the body's fight against bs_bs_banner


In this paper, a method of motion planning and trajectory optimization is proposed to decrease energy consumption and improve speed performance for bipedal walking. For a long time, researches of bipedal walking have been concentrated on single supporting phase, in which dynamic model such as inverted pendulum model (IPM) is used. Originally, in this paper the trajectory of the center of mass (COM) is generated separately: trajectory of COM is first planned in double supporting phase (DSP), then the trajectory of COM in single supporting phase (SSP) is generated consequently based on inverted pendulum model (IPM). Trajectory of COM in DSP, derivating SSP trajectory is optimized to achieve minimum energy consumption and better speed performance for bipedal walking. The evaluation of energy consumption and speed is illustrated as total cost of transporting (TCOT). To optimize a three dimensional space trajectory in DSP, modified genetic algorithm (GA), squad-unit generic algorithm is conducted. In this method, the unit for evolution contains three members sharing the same fitness value and has the advantage over conventional that can only represent one-dimensional input variable. The effect of optimization of three dimensional trajectories is verified by simulation.


The maximum principle for optimal control problems of fully coupled forward-backward doubly stochastic differential equations (FBDSDEs in short) in the global form is obtained, under the assumptions that the diffusion coefficients do not contain the control variable, but the control domain need not to be convex. We apply our stochastic maximum principle (SMP in short) to investigate the optimal control problems of a class of stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs in short). And as an example of the SMP, we solve a kind of forward-backward doubly stochastic linear quadratic optimal control problems as well. In the last section, we use the solution of FBDSDEs to get the explicit form of the optimal control for linear quadratic stochastic optimal control problem and open-loop Nash equilibrium point for nonzero sum stochastic differential games problem.