In recent scenario saving energy has become one of the most important issues . The maximum wastage of energy is due the inefficient use of the consumer electronics. These days when there is a demand of comfortable home management but a considerable increase in the electricity bills. The protomodel aims a providing the owner the ability to automatically perform smart load operations providing automatic power cut off system when the home appliances are not in use and also an automatic monitoring of consumption of electricity which alarms the user about his consumption taking into accountuse of home appliances , customer's preference and customers presence. In the proto model the Pyroelectric infrared (PIR) sensors are used to detect the presence of people in the room and thus perform energy management as they are used as powerful people presence trigerrers. The alarming system is provided by using the smoke and gas sensor and GSM is used in case of emergency. A separate remote control is provided for the flexible control and use of the electric appliances for the comfortable use. A light dependent resistor(LDR) provides th efficient anagement of energy based on residential and outdoor light intensity. The proposed lighting system reduces approximate total power consumption up to25%.And all this is achived by using an ARM processor.


This paper briefly introduces some face recognition algorithms and carefully describes how to use the principle component analysis method in a face recognition system.Experimental results show that PCA algorithm does not enjoy a high recognition rate,but the recognition rate is less affected by lighting,glasses wearing,posture or face expressions.All things considered,PCA algorithm is a more effective algorithm for face recognition.


Warts are benign tumors caused by human papillomaviruses (HPVs). Although warts can grow in all parts of the human body, plantar warts which are most commonly known as warts, grow on the soles of the hands and feet. Various types of treatment methods can be used to cure the disease. Two of the most common methods for wart treatment is cryotherapy and immunotherapy. Other than that, the most successful treatment method could be selected related to patient attributes. Selection of the best treatment method for wart treatment is an important topic which is researched in many studies in recent years. In this study, the decision tree based algorithm was developed to help physicians to choose the optimum treatment methods for wart treatment. Analyzing the response of patients to the treatment method is the underlying procedure in the algorithm. For this purpose, a dataset that included 180 patients, with plantar and common warts, who had referred to the dermatology clinic of Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad, Iran was used. The proposed method in the study gave a good accuracy result in both treatment methods while predictive values in ROC Curves were very high which could help the physicians to select optimum treatment related to patient attributes. Therefore, time and cost will be saved for both physicians and patients.


In the present disclosure teaches a reset or a solar cell array, a method more embodiments. The method comprises providing at least one solar cell string of the solar cell array. The method further comprises at least a portion of at least one solar cell string of the solar cell array is disabled when the power generated by the solar cell array reaches the maximum allowed power threshold. Further, the method includes a solar cell array is enabled when the power generated by the solar cell array to a minimum power threshold allows at least a portion of the at least one solar cell string.


Water tank experiments on fish behaviour towards model nets were conducted using tilapia Oreochromis niloticus to compare the leading effects between a straight leader-net and a leader-net with Kaeshi-ami. The difference in leading effects between the two different types was evaluated by the swimming distance along the leader-net and the leading rate of the leader-net. The results showed that the swimming distance along the leader-net with Kaeshi-ami was much longer than that of the straight leader-net. The leading rates of the straight leader-net and leader-net with Kaeshi-ami were 12% and 48%, respectively. Moreover, it was sug-gested that improvements in the construction of Kaeshi-ami can increase its leading effect.


Community management is an important but relatively understudied facet of computer game development. This article begins filling this gap by examining how community managers in the computer game industry manage communities of players through the establishment of structures of membership: positions and practices designed to encourage membership hierarchies. Beginning with the construction of an analytical framework through which to understand different subcommunity activities, this article then examines structures of membership at every stage of Kim's membership life cycle and, ultimately, how those structures help to attract, educate, and retain dedicated community members.


Based on long-term measurement of N and P concentrations in the agricultural headwater ditches during the planting period of rice,the characteristics of N and P export,transportation and transformation in the headwater ditches adjacent to rice field were studied.The results showed that in the experiment time the highest TN export mass concentration was 4.00 mg/L,and ammonium and nitrate were the predominant forms with the highest export mass concentration being 3.00 and 1.83(mg/L,) respectively.The soluble phosphate was the predominant form of phosphorus and TP and phosphate mass concentration reached(1.00)(mg/L.) The export concentration of N and P from the ditches declined with time after irrigation.During rain time,duo to the change of loss pattern,the export concentration of N gradually increased for 2~3 d before declined,and the loss of phosphate was at the low level.The N and P concentration at different sections showed similar trend,which explained that the retentions on N and P in the ditches system were stable.In this situation,the TP mass concentration declined with time,while TN and NH_3-N concentrations gradually declined with time after irrigation,increased somewhat after rainfall,but had the trend of decline finally.


Missiology continues to be a male-dominated field, despite the fact that the majority of mission practitioners are women. Christian female scholar-practitioners have unique insights into issues facing women in contexts around the world that can be best met through holistic ministry; however, the voices of women scholar-practitioners are often overlooked due to muted group theory and unconscious gender bias. The honor–shame worldview that permeates many societies creates conditions that are especially challenging for women. This article presents the findings of field research and interviews conducted by female scholar-practitioners in MENA, Thailand, and Indonesia, highlighting women's concerns in those specific contexts. We discuss three issues common across these regions, including gendered expectations, educational opportunities, and geographical challenges. Implications for mission practitioners as well as for future research are discussed.


Retrofitting is the addition of an existing dam with hydroelectric power generation capabilities. It is a costeffective way of increasing electricity production. Hydroelectric power generation is the electricity generated by hydropower and the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. The cost of hydroelectricity is very low, making it competitive. A dam is used to collect water or for storage of water which can be evenly distributed between locations. Dam serves the purpose of retaining water, while other structures such as floodgates are used to manage or prevent water flow into specific land regions. The acute power outage in Ilorin, the capital city of Kwara state makes most organizations to produce below the optimal level. This research paper develops a flow rate model for retrofitting of ASA dam in Ilorin, Kwara state for hydroelectric power generation. The available theoretical powers, kinetic energy, potential theoretical energy as well as the weekly water levels of Asa Dam were used as input parameters for the development of the flow rate model. The flow rate model is then simulated in MATLAB environment to establish the linear relationship between the power and the falling height of the dam. The result of the model shows that the theoretical power varies linearly as the falling height of water in the dam while maintaining a constant flow rate of about 50m/s.


When an author chooses to write a description, he or she introduces to a text not only a constructed referential object, but also the traditional features and conventional meanings which attach to descriptive discourse. The central question of this study is the following: if the descriptive form is in itself a signifier, what is that which is signified? In contrast to contemporary theories of description which take particular note of systemic lexical features of description, this study looks at description from a number of complementary perspectives. Description appearing in novels of French expression of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries is studied from stylistic, discursive, pragmatic, semantic and poetic perspectives. This work suggests that description be considered as a macrostructural figure situated in the context of a rhetorical praxis. It is shown that the idea of description includes two opposing tendencies: the leaning towards semantic convergence seen in scientific discourse, and the leaning towards semantic divergence common to literary texts. After considering the nature of these differences, this study turns to the specific examination of novelistic description. Put forward here is the thesis that description may be usefully seen as a figure which performs the important function of introducing isotopies of alterity to the novel. It is seen as essential to orient the theory of literary description towards those semantic elements which are conventionally unrelated to the referential object being described, elements which are unrelated to the subject or topic of the description. Passages drawn from eight novels written by authors who describe with enthusiasm and imagination are then analyzed. Description, often neglected or disliked, is shown to offer to literary criticism a revealing point of entry for the analysis of the novelistic text.


"Growth of Arabica Coffee Seeds (Coffea arabica L.) At Various Doses of Coffee Lob Skin Compost and SP-36" The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving coffee bark compost, to determine the effect of SP-36 fertilizer, to determine the effect of giving bark compost. SP-36 fertilizer coffee on the growth of arabica coffee plant seeds.
 This research was conducted in the experimental garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Gajah Putih University in Blang Bebangka Pegasing, Central Aceh. The research was carried out from August to November 2017, with an altitude of 1200 m above sea level, having a pH of 6.5. This study aims to determine the effect of giving coffee bark compost, to determine the effect of SP36 fertilizer on the growth of coffee seedlings, to determine the effect of giving coffee bark compost and SP-36 fertilizer to the growth of Arabica coffee seedlings.
 The treatment of coffee log skin compost and SP-36 fertilizer had a significant effect on coffee plant height at the age of 30, 60 and 90 days after planting. The stem diameter at the age of 30, 60 and 90 days after planting had a significant effect, while the number of leaves at 90 days after planting had no significant effect.


The following project aims to identify algorithm accurately using a comparison of Machine Learning techniques to detect payment behavior of customers with accounts receivable with the purpose of helping the collection management based on a correct prediction focused on its resources and efforts in clients with greater risk of tardiness of payment, and to reduce the actions of intervention in clients that will pay the next pending monthly credit payments on time. The methodology used is based on KDD that begins with obtaining domain knowledge in the area of collections, an exploratory analysis with visualizacion techniques for identifying the fully anonymized set target data, continuing with the phase of preparation and preprocessing of data that includes; data cleaning, creation of phase of calculated fields, transformation of categorical variables into numerical and feature selection among other, to apply data mining that allows us to find patterns of information and the best model prediction. Using various classification algorithms and evaluation metrics it is determined that the J48 being chosen for its time of execution and its low error rate. In conclusion, the use of a methodology has facilitated the undersranding and development of this project, the preparation phase and pre data processing together with the feature selction techniques has been of great importance in the generation of the model, which has had an impact on the quality of performance of the final model, the importance of using visualization techniques in the analysis, data exploration and evaluation of performance metrics has been critical in the decison making.


It is known that the Zr-based alloys have been used as fuel cladding in a nuclear reactor for a long time, because they have good corrosion resistance and mechanical properties and neutron economy in the normal operation conditions. But, development of enhanced accident tolerant fuel (ATF) cladding has started in the nuclear operators since Fukushima accident [1-3]. Enhanced ATF cladding can be defined as those that provide considerably increased response time in the event of nuclear reactor accident while providing similar or improved performance as the commercial Zr cladding during normal operation [1-3]. In addition, an enhanced accident tolerance include suppressed reaction with steam, resulting in lower hydrogen generation, while maintaining acceptable cladding geometry by increasing strength during the accidents. In light water reactors (LWRs), the fuel cladding should have excellent heat transfer and corrosion resistance characteristics, while preventing primary leakage of the fission products in fuel pellet. Regarding the fuel cycles, the manufacturing technology of Zr cladding and strip has been established in the industries because of the accumulation of manufacturing technologies over the last decades. And in the normal operation condition, the major performances such as corrosion, creep, irradiation growth, and wear are generally satisfied by using the commercial Zr alloy cladding. However, embrittlement problems associated with hydrogen uptake in to the Zr alloy cladding matrix by a corrosion reaction remain unresolved in normal and DBA conditions. In the accident conditions, various issues such as high-temperature oxidation, ballooning & burst, and low ductility after accidents are considered to be a big problem in the Zr alloy cladding. By a developing of advanced Zr-based alloys the performances in a normal condition are very improved when compared to the Zircaloys; whereas, the performances at hightemperature are not considerably improved due to the material limitation of Zr alloys. In addition, the failure possibility of fuel cladding during spent fuel storage is being treated as a pending issue due to the hydride reorientation [4]. After considering these problems, it is known that the ATF cladding must meet all of the conditions of the nuclear fuel cycle as well as the performance of the accidents. Here, the new concepts of cladding have to check for the feasibility assessment regarding the fuel performance code, economic, operational safety, and environmental impacts. And new AFT cladding concepts must be capable of integration into the nuclear fuel cycle system to ultimately be accepted by utilities and vendors. The challenges to develop ATF cladding concept is dependent on the maturity of the technology. After considering the various ATF cladding concepts and technologies, KAERI focused on the surface modified-Zr cladding as a near term application [5]. This study deals with the development status of ATF cladding concepts in the world, and considered the surface modified-Zr cladding concept developed at KAERI in detail.


Chapter 1 Introduction: Assessing Rumors-of War and Infernal Machines Chapter 2 Armageddon by Gaslight: Victorian Visions of Apocalypse Chapter 3 Opportunistic Anticipations and Accidental Insights: William Le Queux's Exploitation of Edwardian Invasion Anxieties Chapter 4 Promoters of the Probable, Prophets of the Possible: Technological Innovation and Edwardian Near-Future War Fiction Chapter 5 H.G. Wells: The Far-Future War Prophet of Edwardian England Chapter 6 Hard Numbers, Hard Cases, Hard Decisions: Politics and Future-War Fiction in America Chapter 7 An Imperfect Future Tense(d): Anticipations of Atomic Annihilation in Post-War American Science Fiction Chapter 8 Nuclear Fiction and Silo Psychosis: Narratives of Life in the Shadow of a Mushroom Cloud Chapter 9 Radio Waves, Death Rays, and Transgressive (Sub)Texts: Future-War Fiction in the Wide Black Yonder Chapter 10 Making Man-Machines of Mass Destruction: Future-War Authors as Seers in an Age of Cyborg Soldiers Chapter 11 Cultural Casualties as Collateral Damage: The Fragment-ing/-ation Effects of Future-War Fantasies vs. Fictions Chapter 12 Afterword: On Conducting a Literary Reconnaissance in Force-and in Earnest


A new concept of small hybrid solar power system (HSPS) has been successfully demonstrated in the context of a project called SPS (Solar Power System). This plant integrates two rows of solar collecûors, two superposed Organic Rankine Cycles (ORC) each equipped with a scroll hermetic expander-generator and a heat engine. In operation with solar energy only, the heat is supplied by a thermal fluid (presently pressurized water) heated in the vacuum insulated focal tubes of sun following, flat concenfrators made of series of thin plate mirrors (CEP). In hybrid mode additional heat is supplied by heat rccovery from the exhaust gases of the engine in series with the solar network and by a separate network recovering heat from the cooling of the engine block at an intermediate temperature level. This paper presents the results of a multi-criteria optimization of a 22 kWe HSPS, including aspects such as energy performance, economic and financial analysis, and environmental aspects. The so called minimaxi methodological approach with genetic algorithm is used considering three principal siteria such as the energy efficiency of the superposed ORCs, the minimal cost of the installation and the minimum emission of COr. Taking into account of the solar radiation time dependence, the electricity supply variation and the change of configuration (night and day operation), the performance analysis is based essentially on the yearly energy simulation in which the offdesign physical models of components are considered. A comparison of HSPS with pure fossil fuelled Plants (DEPU-Diesel Engine Power Unit) is reported for the same electrical power load curve, with an economic sensitivity analysis. Results show that the solar elecnicity costs are still high and depend considerably on the size of the Solar Field (the HSPS lævelized Electicity Cost with 5 to l6Vo of annual solar share is about ITVo to 49Vo higher than a similar size Diesel Engine PowerUni|.However, areduction of CO, emission tp to 26Vo could be obtained when replacing the Diesel Engine Unit by a similar HSPS. Those hybrid solar thermal power systems may already be compettive if a tax of about 42 Swiss cts /kgCO, would be considered.


Abstract The paper presents an overview of an integral equation and method of moments (MM) solution to the problem of radiation and/or scattering from a three dimensional perfectly conducting body of general shape. The method is based upon a surface patch MM solution of the electric field integral equation for the surface currents representing the body. The shape of the body is described in terms of a number of polygonal plates, which are (automatically) further segmented into quadrilateral patches for the purpose of defining the MM surface patch modes. Examples are shown which illustrate the ability of the method to treat complex and realistic shapes.


In recent years, computer graphics and game programming has become a popular topic among students. We propose a course that uses Microsoft DirectX as the platform for teaching undergraduate computer graphics. This course can be taught in a one-semester undergraduate course with a data structure course as prerequisite. The design of the course is described in the paper.


For the purpose of mitigating the effect of transient error in unreliable architecture, many authors have proposed redundant computation (sensitive to error) and an error-free correction unit. In this paper, taking into account that the correction unit is also subject to error, we propose to evaluate the quality of an architecture using not only its efficiency (i.e. the normalized number of operation per area and per unit of time), but also its final output error rate. The new criteria, namely Reliability-Efficiency Criteria (RE-Criteria) thus defines a two dimensional space of solution, i.e. a Pareto distribution [1]. After revisiting well-known correcting techniques with the RE-Criteria, we give an example of Pareto distribution based on a classical FIR filter performed with the error-correcting mechanism based architectures.


This paper gives a review of the physics of cosmic rays with emphasis on the methods of detection and study. A summary is given of the Czech project CZELTA which is part of a multinational program to study cosmic rays with energies above 1014 eV.


Large volumes of high strength wastewater are generated annually by distilleries. Treatment of this wastewater is essential to increase its reuse potential. Anaerobic digestion (AD) has been widely applied as high strength wastewater treatment. Additionally, grain distillery wastewater (GDWW) is high in fats, oils and grease (FOG) which can cause problems during AD. Pre-treatment is therefore often required to make the AD process more efficient. The overall objective of this study was to investigate the operational efficiency of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors while treating GDWW as substrate. The first aim was to investigate the pre-treatment of the GDWW specifically for the removal of FOG by evaluating the effect of pH adaption, coagulant concentration and ozone (O3) dosages on the FOG reduction efficiency. Secondly, the effect of two different pretreatments (only coagulant and coagulant and ozone) on the subsequent UASB treatment step was investigated. The pH of raw GDWW (pH 3.4) was adapted to three different pH values (5.0, 6.0, and 7.0) and the coagulant, aluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) (140 mg.L), was added. To make the process more economically viable, the lowering the coagulant concentration (to 100 mgACH.L) was also investigated. Optimal reductions for chemical oxygen demand (COD) (33.2% ± 4.93), total suspended solids (TSS) (91.9% ± 1.73) and FOG (84.1% ± 1.98) were, however, achieved at a higher coagulant concentration of 140 mgACH.L, and at a wastewater pH of 7.0. The effect of additional ozone treatment was also investigated. Maximum reductions for the ozone treatment were obtained at 100 mgO3.L -1 for COD (3.6% ± 4.08), and at 900 mgO3.L -1 for TSS (27.7% ± 5.58) and FOG (23.9% ± 1.83). The ozone treatment was most efficient for FOG reduction (in terms of mg FOG reduced per mg ozone) at 100 mgO3.L . An ozone dosage of 300 mgO3.L , was decided on based on economic feasibility, findings in literature on toxicity of ozone and the potential degradation of recalcitrant compounds at this dosage. The final pre-treatment thus included pH adaption to 7.0, coagulant dosage of 140 mgACH.L, and an ozone dosage of 300 mgO3.L . The second part of this study involved the operation of two 2 L laboratory scale UASB reactors for 277 days. The substrate of the first reactor contained GDWW that had only undergone coagulant pre-treatment (Rcontrol), while the substrate of the second UASB reactor consisted of GDWW that had undergone coagulant and ozone pre-treatment (Rozone). Both reactors treated the pre-treated GDWW successfully at ca. 9 kgCOD.m d. COD reductions of 96% for Rcontrol and 93% for Rozone, were achieved. FOG reductions (%) Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za


Objective: To investigate the effect of Orem self-care model for Perioperative nursing of knee arthroscopic surgery of meniscus injury.Methods: Choose 56 patients of acute meniscus injury of knee joint that are treated by knee arthroscopic surgery and divide them randomly into two groups: the observed and the controlled.In the observation group,Orem self-care model is throughout the whole process of the regular nursing.In the control group,there is only regular nursing and guide.And compare the time of rehabilitation and the existence of sequelae in the 2 groups.Results: In observation group,the time to reach rehabilitation is shorter than that of control group.And the cases of sequelae are less than that of the control group.There are significant differences.(P0.05).Conclusion: The application of Orem self-care model is in favor of the rehabilitation effect of patients with acute meniscus injury of knee joint that are treated by knee arthroscopic surgery.


Reversibly tunable short-term plasticity (STP) of the channel current in organic neuromorphic devices is demonstrated with a three-terminal architecture. Electrolyte-gated organic transistors—EGOTs...


Money is an information system to value, record, and track economic transactions. It is an information system with minimal semantics and centralized control. Consequently, the monetary system fails to support many transactions directly, but requires intermediaries such as banks, brokers, insurance companies, credit card companies, and investment firms, increasing transaction costs greatly. Semantics of money can be increased, and the management of money can be decentralized by creating virtual money. Management can be decentralized by issuing private currencies and creating an automated peer-to-peer network of currency exchange systems to support complex transactions. Semantics can be increased by incorporating transaction information in the money, and building semantic hierarchies of money types by aggregating underlying privately issued currencies. Resulting virtual money can disintermediate many financial institutions, possibly leading to drastic reductions in transaction costs.


MILLER SCHOOL, Va. -The U.S. Air Force Chief of Staff, Gen. David C. Jones. told CAP cadets here, "We consider Civil Air Patrol a full part of the Air Force. We're proud to have you wear the Air Force blue." General Jones addressed the school's 80 CAP cadets, faculty, administrators and guests in a Veterans' Day service in the school's chapel. The Mil ler School has changed its mil i tary program this year. The U.S. Army JROTC unit was disestablished in June 1975 and the school was chartered as a CAP squadron. The students, staff and faculty wil l now wear the CAP uniforms and participate in an aeorspace oriented military training program. The science department will also offer an aerospace science course f o r c r e d i t . " W e w i l l w o r k w i t h y o u i n mak ing th is the finest CAP p r o g r a m i n t h e e n t i r e , country." said General Jones who urged the school body to "come up wi th innovat ive See Jones Expresses, Page 2)


Data sharing services on the web host huge amounts of resources supplied and accessed by millions of users around the world. While the classical approach is a central control over the data set, even if this data set is distributed, there is growing interesting in decentralized solutions, because of good properties (in particularity, privacy and scaling up). In this paper, we explore a machine learning side of this work direction. We propose a novel technique for decentralized estimation of probabilistic mixture models, which are among the most versatile generative models for understanding data sets. More precisely, we demonstrate how to estimate a global mixture model from a set of local models. Our approach accommodates dynamic topology and data sources and is statistically robust, i.e. resilient to the presence of unreliable local models. Such outlier models may arise from local data which are outliers, compared to the global trend, or poor mixture estimation. We report experiments on synthetic data and real geo-location data from Flickr.


In this paper local processes and structural phase transformations of the copper salt of 12-tungstophosphoric acid are investigated. The structural phase transformations were followed through bands, characteristic for the host lattice, in the IR and Raman spectra. The results of these investigations, as well as those of XRPD analysis and impedance measurements as a function of temperature show that some local processes provoke the change in the secondary structure of the Keggin anions.


1. Topical application of sulfonamide derivatives to the deep tissues in traumatic wounds or surgical incisions, avoiding the skin and the immediate subcutaneous areas, have been just as effective in preventing infection as when sprayed or otherwise spread over the entire wound area. This has been specifically observed in applications to the articular, tendonsheath, and bursal-synovial tissue.

2. In general, far smaller doses than are usually recommended have been found adequate, and do not significantly retard healing.

3. Sulfonamide derivatives can be applied safely to synovial tissues of joint cavities and bursae or tendon sheaths. When reasonably small quantities are used, no residual adhesions, fibrosis, or other alterations occur, which are not found in similar lesions treated without these drugs.

4. In topical applications to joints or other synovial surfaces, sulfanilamide and sulfathiazole are entirely effective, and can be used interchangeably. Sulfanilamide, because of its smoother handling and greater local staying power, is recommended as the sulfonamide of choice.


This paper builds three models about the surface volume ratio , the bonds ratio Ba / Bt and the binding energy Ec (N) of the Wulff construction with the total number of atoms, N, in the system as a variable. The results from model prediction are consistent with those from the appropriate cluster experiment and the computer simulation. In allusion to the uncertainty of the structure of atomic clusters, the geometry and energy model of Wulff construction is used to approximately describe the energy and morphology of clusters.


The objective of this study is to investigate relationship between earning management and factors, which determine social disclosure in Indonesia companies. Sample of this study are public companies that report social disclosure in annual report on period 2003–2006. Earning management measurement used Jones's Model. Whereas, regression analysis is used to explain relationship social disclosure index as dependent variables and independent variables, that consist of earning management, managerial ownership, leverage, size, board of commisioners and profitabilty. The results of this study show that public companies in Indonesia, that have disclosed social activities in annual report, conduct earning management. Beside this, the result of this study find significant relationship between size with social diclosure. In the other hand, there is no realtionship between profitability, managerial ownership, leverage, board of commissioners and earning management with social disclosure. Keywords: earning management, social disclosure, agency theory, stakeholder theory, legitimacy theory


The alglucosidase alfa (Myozyme®) Safety Information Packet ("previous SIP") was updated to improve readability and content ("updated SIP"). We compared the previous and updated SIPs.


Absorption and luminescence spectra as well as luminescence lifetimes have been measured for Ru(bpy)2+3 in solution and in thin films of varying thicknesses, and these properties have been correlated with the efficiency of organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) made of the films. The lifetimes decrease for films below about 50 nm in thickness but are relatively constant for thicknesses above about 100 nm. This behavior is consistent with a model in which quenching is caused both by intrinsic properties of the molecules and by Forster energy transfer between chromophores that carries the excitation to surface layers, where the excitation is more efficiently quenched. The external quantum efficiency of the OLEDs is also found to increase with thickness, approaching 1% for thicknesses near 200 nm.


Blotching on the fruit surface, occurring due to the appearance of vascular bundles on the surface with low-level firmness, is an unfavorable character of tomato. The effect of the day temperature on the appearance of blotching on the fruit surface was investigated in this study. When tomato plants were cultivated in a phytotron with day temperatures of 20, 24, and 28°C under the same night temperature of 8°C, the degree of fruit blotching was severe under a day temperature of 20°C. The values of the blotching intensity decreased as the day temperature increased from 20 to 28°C. To apply the results to actual tomato production, tomato plants were grown in a greenhouse. An increase of the minimum day temperature from 8°C to 20°C with a heater led to a significant decrease of the appearance of blotching on the tomato fruit surface, and resulted in a thick fruit skin and high-level firmness.


Modeling of the current distribution in package reference (power and ground) planes and the extraction of the associated parasitics are presented. Electrical network and equivalent circuit are developed to model the chip-package interface including the effects of V/sub DD//V/sub SS/ planes. For single- and multichip packages, methods of calculating the "effective" inductance (L/sub eff/) as seen by the output drivers from their on-chip V/sub DD/ and V/sub SS/ buses to the tip of the package pin are explained. Variations from the conventional method (where all connections are assumed identical) of calculating L/sub eff/ are analyzed. Closed-form equations are given to estimate the simultaneous switching noise (SSN) on the on-chip V/sub DD//V/sub SS/ buses for packaged CMOS circuits. The contribution of reference plane (with and without perforation) parasitics on the SSN are investigated. Optimal package pin placement to minimize the plane inductance is discussed. >


This paper proposed a method to apply the call patterns semantics and correct call patterns semantics to the CPM testing of Prolog programs.The method could be viewed as an attempt to improve the testing of Prolog programs by the result of program analysis.By analyzing the way in which procedures were used in a program,reduced the number of test frames and therefore the number of test cases generated in CPM testing of a procedure without much decreasing the confidence in the quality of the programs to be tested.Additionally,used the program analysis based on correct call patterns semantics to predict the testing result for test frames.


When in orbit, spliced satellite optical cameras are affected by various factors that degrade the actual image stitching precision and the accuracy of their data products. This is a major bottleneck in the current remote sensing technology. Previous geometric calibration research has mostly focused on stitched satellite images and has largely ignored the inter-chip relationship among original multi-chip images, resulting in accuracy loss in geometric calibration and subsequent image products. Therefore, in this paper, a novel geometric calibration method is proposed for spliced satellite optical cameras. The integral geometric calibration model was developed on inter-chip geometry constraints among multi-chip images, including the corresponding external and internal calibration models. The proposed approach improves uncontrolled geopositioning accuracy and enhances mosaic precision at the same time. For evaluation, images from the optical butting satellite ZiYuan-3 (ZY-3) and mechanical interleaving satellite Tianhui-1 (TH-1) were used for the experiments. Multiple sets of satellite data of the Songshan Calibration field and other regions were used to evaluate the reliability, stability, and applicability of the calibration parameters. The experiment results found that the proposed method obtains reliable camera alignment angles and interior calibration parameters and generates high-precision seamless mosaic images. The calibration scheme is not only suitable for mechanical interleaving cameras with large geometric displacement among multi-chip images but is also effective for optical butting cameras with minor chip offset. It also significantly improves uncontrolled geopositioning accuracy for both types of spliced satellite images. Moreover, the proposed calibration procedure results in multi-chip satellite images being seamlessly stitched together and mosaic errors within one pixel.


In this work we analyse 3 average-luminosity hard X-ray selected AGN: ESO 506-G27, IGR J19039+3344 and NGC 7465. They have simultaneous Swift/XRT and NuSTAR data never published before and have been poorly studied at X-ray energies. These sources make for interesting targets both from a methodological and scientific point of view. Scientifically, they are of interest since they are possibly heavily absorbed objects, belong to a peculiar class and are variable both in flux and in spectral shape. Methodologically, because it is an interesting exercise to understand how existing spectral models can be applied to faint sources and how the use of NuSTAR data alone and then simultaneous and/or average data impacts on the spectral parameters determination. In this work we demonstrate that simultaneous data are not sufficient if their statistical quality is poor. Moreover, we show that also the use of time-averaged data when dealing with faint AGN does not always provide confident results as for brighter AGN. Regardless of the poor data quality employed in our analysis, we are able to provide insights into the spectral characteristics of each source. We analyse in detail for the first time the iron line complex of ESO 506-G27, finding not only the presence of the iron Kα and Kβ lines, but also of the iron K edge around 7 keV in the NuSTAR data. We also highlight changes in the absorption properties of IGR J19039+3344 and confirm NGC 7465 to be an unabsorbed type 1 LINER.


Coal briquette is expected to be able to become low-cost alternative energy source. However, coal briquette combustion produces gas emission such as SO2, NOx, CO, and CO2 that cause air pollution. The objective of this research is to minimize flue gas emission by using activated carbon made from low level coal such as lignite, obtained from South Sumatera. Activated carbon formation is conducted by using chemical activation method, with ZnCl2 composition variations of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, and 45% and coal grain size of 40 mesh, 60 mesh, 80 mesh, and 100 mesh. Carbonization process was conducted at 500°C for 2 hours. Carbonization was conducted by using an air tight steel box infused by nitrogen along the process. The result of this research shows that the composition of ZnCl2 40% and coal 60% with 80 mesh of coal grain size, is the optimum condition to produce activated carbon with highest iodine value of 1323 mg/g. in the application of coal briquette flue gas adsorption experiment, the activated carbon is highly effective in absorbing NO2 with adsorption volume of 87.6 - 90.8%. SO2, CO2, and poly aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) gas adsorption levels are varied from 27% to 47.8%, but not really effective in absorbing CO gas with adsorption capacity of 11.5%. The activated carbon utilized in this research has the potential to be developed as effective adsorbent for coal combustion exhaust gas emission.


The paper presents an analysis of the use of metaphors in headlines, and combines quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis. The approach is contrastive and is corpus based, as I analysed conceptual metaphors in the headlines in two corpora, one in English and one in Romanian. The analysis revealed the similarities and dissimilarities in the use of conceptual metaphors in headlines, the linguistic realisations of conceptual metaphors, the image schema projected by the conceptual metaphors, and their degree of conventionality. It also identified the headlines that used pragmatic and linguistic devices to achieve emotional effects. The first layer of analysis entailed adopting a semantic perspective, while the second layer consisted of adopting a pragmatic perspective. This second layer of analysis delved into social, cultural and contextual aspects. The analysis of the data revealed that conceptual metaphors relied on contrast, transfer and comparison.


Aiming at the plastic deformation characteristics of large cylinder with mandrel reaming process,combined with physics and numerical simulation method,the prerequisites for plane strain assumption were analyzed.On the basis of this,the plastic deformation of large-scale cylinder pieces under reaming process and its main influencing factors were analyzed using finite element simulation means.The results show that the right amount of reduction,mandrel size and the angle of rotation are the important parameters to ensure the quality of large-scale cylinder.In addition,it is feasible to utilize plane strain assumption in the case which the sample length size is much larger than its horizontal dimension.Under these conditions,the horizontal end of the sample where is hard to stretch is the major factor of error.


In this paper, an analytical method for predicting the 3D flux density distribution in the air gap of an electromagnetic planar actuator the propulsion planar force was developed. the planar actuator has a mover with two NdFeB-type permanent magnets and a stator covered by two multiphase orthogonal armature coils.


PURPOSE: Provided is a method for manufacturing an EL(electroluminescence) display having high reliability. CONSTITUTION: A plurality of processing chambers are connected to a common chamber(103), and they comprehend a processing chamber for oxidation(107), a processing chamber for solution application(108), a processing chamber for baking(109), and processing chambers for vapor-phase film formation(110,111). Owing to a thin film forming apparatus of such construction, it is permitted to fabricate an EL element employing a high molecular EL material, without touching the open air.


A method of forming a nitrogen-doped amorphous carbon layer on a substrate in a processing chamber is provided. This method is generally patterned on the substrate by removing and depositing a sacrificial dielectric layer of predetermined thickness on the substrate, a portion of the sacrificial dielectric layer to expose the top surface of the substrate and forming a feature, and depositing a nitrogen-doped amorphous carbon layer having a predetermined thickness conformally to the patterned features and exposed upper surface of the substrate, by using an anisotropic etching process, the nitrogen-doped amorphous carbon layer from the top surface and the top surface of the substrate of the patterned features are selectively removed, providing a patterned feature being filled in the sidewall spacer formed from a nitrogen-doped amorphous carbon layer comprising it and, and removing the patterned features from the substrate.


Although most investigators consider polymorphous light eruption (PMLE) an idiopathic photodermatosis, there is significant disagreement on what should constitute the disease clinically. Some consider that the essential features are the presence of an erythropapular reaction in which the papular element often is predominant at the start. Others include papulovesicular and eczematous lesions, plaques, and prurigo nodules in the spectrum. This latter concept will be used in this discussion. PMLE is the most common of the idiopathic photodermatoses, affecting 10 to 20% of the population, at least in the USA, England, and Ireland. As the name implies, the clinical lesions are pleomorphic or polymorphic in nature, ranging from small papular and papulovesicular lesions to nodules and plaques. Usually one type of lesion dominates the picture in any one individual. However, transitions between and combination of different patterns do occur on occasion. The sun is the primary stimulus, and, thus, the eruptions occur basically on sun-exposed skin. However, autosensitization and conditioned irritability reactions may lead to a generalization of the eruption. Even when this occurs the sun-exposed skin is much more prominently involved. By nature, the reaction time is delayed. Thus, the eruption may occur anywhere from a few hours to several days after the precipitating sun exposure. The action spectrum issue has raised more controversy. Several investigators, including myself, have been able to reproduce the lesions with UVB rays primarily (1 , 2). We have also done so with UVC rays and alpha particles. With the advent of high intensity UVA irradiators, a number of observers have reproduced the lesions with UVA as well as UVB, and in some series, the action spectrum has apparently been confined to UVA alone (3, 4). Clinically, the eruptions appear to be the same despite the variations in the action spectrum. The disease may start at any age, from the very young to the more mature years. However, it starts in young people most commonly, and women are affected more often than men. A family history of photodermatitis was noted in 15% of our patients. Though in the North and Central American Indian and Finnish populations, a much higher familial relationship has been noted (1, 5 , 6). Many investigators consider the process in the American Indian a different entity. Skin color appears to make no difference. In patients who consult physicians, the course of PMLE has frequently been chronic, with a tendency to become more severe over time. However, some patients improve with time, and some have actually cleared completely. I should note that probably the majority of patients have such mild reactions that they do not consult a physician. These patients tend to flare in the spring and clear as the summer progresses or have only one flare in the spring each year. Clinically, small papular and eczematous PMLE are the most common patterns that we see, and it is the small papular variety that may become confluent to form eczematous eruptions with secondary lichenification. Cheilitis is uncommon, but may occur. Large papular reactions may show an-


After a brief flirtation with Cyrus as Darius the Mede in the book of Daniel,1 I returned to an earlier position2 identifying him with Ugbaru, the general who conquered Babylon for Cyrus.3 In my most recent study of this subject, however, a shift was made from a ÒlongÓ chronology of DariusÕ reign to a ÒshortÓ chronology. Instead of assigning him a year and a month of rule after the fall of Babylon,4 his reign was reduced to approximately one month.5 This shift was necessitated by the recent publication of the Sippar tablets, which make it clear that the co-regency between Cambyses and Cyrus occurred during the latter kingÕs first full year of reign in Babylon.6 Thus, it was necessary to move the reign of Darius the Mede either earlier or later than the first year. Since the events described in Daniel indicate that they took place soon after the fall of Babylon, Darius should fit in the earlier period. This locates his short reign during the Òaccession yearÓ of Cyrus, from October of 539 to the


In this study, an analytical solution procedure for elastic–plastic stress analysis of laminated beams is presented. The Bernoulli–Euler theory was used in the solution considering infinitesimal small deformations. A finite element analysis was also carried out, by using LUSAS 13.4, to compare and verify results obtained by analytical solution. Several stacking sequences such as [0°/90°]S, [90°/0°]S, [15°/–15°]S, [30°/–30°]S, and [45°/–45°]S are chosen for comparison.


The current state of precision medicine and how it could soon help doctors predict diseases before the onset of symptoms.


While there is no specific definition of poverty, it is now increasingly being considered as a multi-dimensional phenomenon instead of a unidimensional concept such as lack of income. This study delves into a region-wise comparative analysis of poverty in the northwestern province of Pakistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, which borders Afghanistan and has been witnessing drastic implications of the war against terrorism in Afghanistan. PSLM/HIES 2018-19 data from the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics has been used in the study which has a sample size of 4464 households from the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The study incorporates ten key dimensions of poverty into the construction of multi-dimensional poverty index as per the Alkire-Foster methodology. The findings of the study reveal that the average poverty rate in the province is about 50 percent. The divisions of Bannu, Malakand, and D. I. Khan are the poorest regions in the province, whereas, as expected, the divisions of Peshawar and Mardan are the least poor. Our results also indicate that rural areas of the province have more severe poverty as compared to urban areas of the province.


This paper is concerned with C0 representations of lo- cally compact groups. The focus is on the relationship between the C0 property and square-integrability, the latter meaning that the rep- resentation is quasi-equivalent to a subrepresentation of the regular one. We show that for certain real algebraic groups every C0 representation has a square-integrable tensor power and discuss some classes of groups enjoying this property. We point out to which extent this result supports a conjecture of Fig a-Talamance and Piccardello concerning the radical of the Fourier algebra in the Fourier-Stietjes algebra. Finally, we give a simple criterion for a C0 representation to be square-integrable.


Although BitTorrent is a commonly used peer-to-peer file sharing protocol, it can be easily cheated. We construct "RatFish", a new file sharing protocol for rational users who try to maximize download speed while uploading as little as possible. We use cryptographic primitves for building incentives for users to follow the protocol and we prove rational users cannot cheat. Threats outside our model are also analyzed, as well as the feasibility of the protocol in reality.


An 8-month-old child is described who showed typical features of the adult type of chronic myelogenous leukemia including the Philadelphia chromosome. As far as known, this is the youngest patient reported with this disease. Serial fetal hemoglobin levels and cytogenetic studies are presented and discussed in terms of their possible relationship to the origin of the two types of chronic myelogenous leukemia found in childhood.


The non-ferrous mining industry in the American Southwest was studied to investigate the impact of changing technology on the generation of waterborne and airborne residuals and on the consumption of energy and water. The study focused on the copper industry and its principal byproduct, molybdenum. Nearly 85 percent of the domestic production of both metals comes from Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. The technology was studied to develop detailed process information for each existing technology and new technologies that are being developed. Process information was used to construct a large linear programming model on the industry. The response of the model to various levels of environmental constraint and various prices of water and energy provides data on changes in technology that would occur under various external situations. It was demonstrated that the methodology used in this study is capable of providing summaries of detailed technical information for use by policymakers in framing and deciding various legislative and regulatory actions. Additional findings related to pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, water recycling, and sulfur dioxide emission prevention are discussed.


The paper introduces the principle of PCM collector in communication technology, designs PCM collector using VHDL, shows simulating waveform and realizes PCM collector with CPLD device.


Roundabouts have increased in a significant way in recent years in Moroccan cities as they have been seen as a solution to congestion problems and traffic safety issues. However, roundabouts are relatively new to Moroccan drivers and the rules of priority to which the users are accustomed are reversed in roundabouts. This can lead to confusion and misleading. The overall objective of this study is to identify roundabout features that appear to play a role in the difficulties that drivers encounter when crossing roundabouts. This paper will present a comprehensive understanding of what is required of drivers when crossing roundabouts. We then predict failures that can occur at roundabout using our driver error taxonomy. A case study of two roundabouts in Morocco is analyzed as illustration. The paper concludes with implications of the findings to future design.


Radial neck fractures comprises of less than 1% of all fractures in adults. They are more common in children than adults. Majority of cases require surgical management especially in adults. Surgically preferred management comprises of closed/open reduction and internal fixation using various types of plates/wires .We have performed Metaizeau technique in seven adults with successful treatment and functional outcome. This technique is very well described in children. Background In adults, isolated radial neck fractures are very rare with incidence of 1% of all fractures. The prognosis depends upon the degree of displacement, the age of the patient, associated elbow injury and the method the treatment. Less than 30 degree of angulation is generally acceptable. Restoration of radial neck angulation and displacement is essential to restore the normal biomechanics and stability of the elbow. Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) is associated with non-union, implant related complications, reduced range of motion, heterotrophic bone formation and avascular necrosis of the radial head. The standard procedure accepted for isolated radial neck in pediatric age group is centromedullary pinning (Metaizeau technique). Methodology Between January 2016-January 2017, 7 patients were operated with TENS(Metaizeau technique).Chosen patients were diagnosed with isolated radial neck fractures without elbow joint instability. Fracture morphology in all the patients had angulation more than 30 degrees and were displaced. All the patients had type 3 fracture according to Mason's classification and type 2 or 3 according to Judet classification. The mean age of the patients was 32 years old and all were operated with 7 days of suffering the injury. The mean followup was for the duration of 9 months. Fig. 1: Anterior posterior and lateral view of radial


A method for making a silicon wafer includes a drawing of an n-type silicon ingot through a drawing period of time from a silicon melt comprising n-type dopants (S100). The method further comprises a Attaching p-type dopants to the silicon melt over at least part of the drawing time period, to thereby an n-type dopant in the n-type silicon ingot to compensate for from 20% to 80% (S110) , The method further comprises slicing the silicon ingot (S120).


NTUHEP group take part in the CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) experiment at the LHC (Large Hadron Collider). The LHC is a proton-proton collider and its center of mass energy is 14 TeV. It will begin running in the end of 2007 or in the early 2008. In the master thesis, I will introduce • the LHC, the CMS and the preshower detector; • the purpose and design of the preshower system motherboard (SMB); • the purpose and design of the SMB tester boards (SMB TB); • the connection tests of SMBs and the test program; • the test result of SMBs. Finally, I will do some simulations of the decay modes which have the largest cross-section of p-p collision and find what are measured in the preshower detector.


The steady rise in the price of West Texas intermediate crude oil from US$32 per barrel in late December 2003 to above US$55 in October 2004 (the highest level on record in nominal terms, but well below the record high in real terms) has sparked concern about the likely implications for the global economy. This article examines the outlook for the Australian economy in the next two years assuming different scenarios for oil prices.


Somalia is located in the Horn of Africa. It has a total area of 637,657 km with an estimated population of 10.4 million. The capital is Mogadishu. In 1960, the two regions of British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland united to form the Somali Republic. Somalia collapsed into anarchy following the overthrow of the military regime of President Siad Barre in 1991. Official working hours in Somalia are from Saturday to Thursday, beginning at 0800 and ending at 1400. The currency of Somali is the Somali shilling (Sh.So).


Soft power can reflect the power of university to a fairly large extent,being an important factor in the rapid and substainable development of university.Constantly conscious of its own spirit pursuit in its development process,university should improve its managenet constantly too.Carefully protecting its own prestige whenever.Pwring this process,university leaders play a crutial role.To strengthen the soft pwoer of university we must be good at transforming,and need far vision,however,we can't be too ideal to succeed overnight.


3-D reconstruction of coronary artery has important clinical value for diagnosis and interventional treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In this paper, a novel energy back-projection composition model (EBPCM) is developed for reconstructing coronary arteries from two angiographic images. First, the imaging principle of X-ray and open parameter curve model are studied in detail. Then, the external forces of the parameter curves in the two angiographic images are back-projected into 3-D space and composited. Under joint effects of external driving forces and internal smoothing forces, the parameter curve is evolving continuously in 3-D space towards the true vascular structure with minimum composited energy. In order to improve the reconstruction accuracy, curve alignment method is employed to find the point-to-point matching relationship in the two angiographic images. Based on the fine points matching, bundle adjustment is utilized to perform non-linear optimization of projection parameters and the vascular structures simultaneously. The proposed method is validated on both phantom data and real angiographic images and the reconstruction results are compared on images with different imaging angles. Experimental results show that the developed method is very effective and robust, which can obtain accurate reconstruction of coronary arteries with space RMS error less than 0.80 mm.


R. F. magnetron sputter deposition of Pb3MgNb2O9(PMN) thin films on n-type (001) Si wafers in the ambient of Ar and O2 mixture is investigated in an attempt to search for a high permittivity dielectric material for capacitor application to Dram IC. The deposition process is optimized with process parameters including reaction pressure, substrate temperature, oxygen flux and R. F. power density. The microstructure and the electrical properties of the thin films are found strongly dependent on target composition and post annealing history. In order to obtain high permittiviy and low leakage, the thin films must be treated to contain mostly perovskite phase of small grains.


Background and Purpose— Intracranial aneurysms and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage may occur more frequently in sickle-cell disease (SCD), and this could be related to the sickle genotype and moyamoya syndrome seen in SCD. Methods— Records from a total of 1002 patients with SCD attending 2 specialized adult hematologic services were retrospectively reviewed. We analyzed data of a cohort of 767 patients attending 1 SCD clinic between 2002 and 2013 and of 235 patients from the other clinic who have had neurovascular imaging between 2007 and 2014. Results— We identified 4 patients in the cohort who had an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage during 9063 patient-years. The highest incidence rate was seen among women in the age group 30 to 39 years with the hemoglobin SS (HbSS) genotype (440 per 100 000 patient-years). Unruptured intracranial aneurysms were found in 20 of the 324 patients, who had imaging data; the prevalence was significantly higher in patients with HbSS genotype compared with other sickle genotypes with the highest prevalence (15%) observed in women in the age group 30 to 39 years. Fifty-one HbSS patients had a moyamoya vasculopathy, but only 3 of these had concomitant intracranial aneurysms. Conclusions— Intracranial aneurysms are common in HbSS SCD. There was also a trend toward more common occurrence of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in HbSS; women in the age group 30 to 39 years were most at risk. There was no correlation between the occurrence of intracranial aneurysms and moyamoya syndrome.


Social media is interactive allowing the user to consume, create content independently and distribute it in the network. With this trait, social media is utilized by personals or institutions as a means of promotion. Online media portal, Inilah.com, one of the institutions that utilizes social media to promote its news content to the public. To find out how Inilah.com work procedures in the management of redaction in the newsroom until the utilization of social media as a means of promotion that requires communication management of two different related departments, be the goal at the same time the object of this research. Qualitative descriptive method with case studies approach in this research to give description of a systematic process implementation of management redaction and communications at Inilah.com. The pattern process at Inilah.com can be one of references for other online media in running operation of online news portal. The subject of this research is the employees in the editorial (newsroom) where newsroom team produces contents and, information technology department where social media team executes content promotion. By looking at the theories of management, it can be a conclusion that Inilah.com apply the principles of management of redaction and communications in simple scale but modified in execution level to suit the company's condition for effectiveness of the company's operations


In this study, capability to remove cholesterol, acid tolerance, bile salt tolerance and viability in yogurt of Lactobacillus reuteri (DSM 20016) were examined. Results showed that L. reuteri was able to remove 58.96 μg/ml of cholesterol from culture medium containing 100 μg/ml cholesterol and 0.3 % (w/v) of bile salt. Also, after 2 hours at pH 2, the viable count of L. reuteri declined to 3.3 from 8.1 log cfu/ml. In order to study bile tolerance, the growth rate of bacteria was determined in MRS broth containing 0.3% (w/v) bovine bile salt (oxgall). Results illustrated that L. reuteriwas resistant to the bile salts. Finally the viability of L. reuteri in yogurt throughout the storage was examined. Results revealed that L. reuteriadequately maintained its viability throughout the storage period, so that after 3 weeks of storage, the number of viable bacteria was over recommended level of 10 6 cfu/ml. Therefore, L. reuteriwas regarded as a suitable probiotic for production of cholesterollowering yogurt.


This paper researched caving zone height of overlying strata by theoretical analysis and analog simulation and obtained that with mining face advancing,whether the key strata reached caving zone was dependent on fracturing fragmentation,thickness and length.Key strata as research object,this paper set up a mechanical model of four-side clamped elastic thin slab to deduce its limit fracturing pace principle and judge whether it reach caving zone after fracturing.Based on an engineering case,actual fracturing pace was calculated which was close to observation value.Thus,a confirmation method for caving zone height of overlying strata controlled by key strata in full-seam mining formed.


Using the methods of theoretical analysis and practical analysis,this paper tries to define sports industry competitiveness,and analyze the status of China's sports industry competitiveness. It showes that the sports industry in China started late,its scale is relatively small and the structure is unreasonable,compared with the mature of the sports industry in the western countries,the competitiveness significantly weaker. The coupling development with related industries such as tourism,media and exhibition industry etc. for the sports industry is an effective way to promote China's sports industry competitiveness.


Abstrcat In this paper, we construct a kind of logic system based on FI-algebras, and discuss the (completeness) of this logic system with respect to the semantics based on FI-algebras. The results in (this) paper provide a new basis for generally studying logic foundations of fuzzy reasoning.


Leadership style plays a vulnerable role in fostering creativity as well as productivity within a team environment as; it encourages innovation and co-ordination among employees. The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of leadership style on enhancing team building skills. Questionnaires are filled by 230 respondents in which 5-point Likert Scale is used. Punjab University Gujranwala Campus & Civil Hospital is targeted for data collection by using stratified random sampling technique. Respondents consisted of 49% male and 51% female. This study provides an approach to the creation of ethical environment, management behavior and optimum utilization of organizational resources. Practical implications and limitations have also been discussed in the research. Result of this research shows significant and positive association among the factors studied.


Recent studies have shown that the Tonal Center of Gravity is a better classifier than F0 Turning Points for at least two contrastively timed pitch accents in American English intonation contours. Within this framework, a binary F0 weighting function derived from the F0 contour can be used instead of the natural F0 contour without a degradation in discrimination performance. This success has important implications for speech synthesis. Just as we can capture the functional equivalence of a multitude of auditorily distinct F0 contour shapes in terms of their mapping to a single parameter (the TCoG) via a set of binary weighting functions, this same mapping could be run in reverse as a source to generate natural-sounding variability in speech synthesis.


This paper presents a novel optical-electronic shape recognition system based on synergetic associative memory. Our shape recognition system is composed of two parts: the first one is feature extraction system; the second is synergetic pattern recognition system. Hough transform is proposed for feature extraction of unrecognized object, with the effects of reducing dimensions and filtering for object distortion and noise, synergetic neural network is proposed for realizing associative memory in order to eliminate spurious states. Then we adopt an approach of optical- electronic realization to our system that can satisfy the demands of real time, high speed and parallelism. In order to realize fast algorithm, we replace the dynamic evolution circuit with adjudge circuit according to the relationship between attention parameters and order parameters, then implement the recognition of some simple images and its validity is proved.


Synthesis of 1-benzylimidazolium cation based bronsted acidic ionic liquids from the reaction of 1-benzylimidazole and protic acid with counter anions such as BF 4 - , PF 6 - , OTf - , NO 3 - , CH 3SO 3 - , and C6H5SO3 - have reported. The ionic liquids were synthesized by direct neutralization and metathesis methods. The reactions are carried out in the presence of toluene. The structure of the reported ionic liquids has confirmed by H 1 NMR and mass


PURPOSE: This invention relates to wireless communications and, more particularly, to a system for generating a complex scrambling code sequence. CONSTITUTION: A complex spreading and/or scrambling code sequence ("scrambling code sequence") generation system uses a first complex code sequence having at least two components and a second complex code sequence having at least two components. The components of the first complex code sequence are respectively mixed with the corresponding components of the second complex code sequence to generate the complex scrambling code sequence. In doing so, an offset between the components of the complex scrambling code sequence is achieved for the same and/or different users. For example, the complex spreading code sequence generation system can use a long code generator which produces a long code sequence produced from the inner product of a code vector and a user mask. The long code sequence is provided to an I path and a Q path. To produce a complex long code sequence, the long code sequence on the Q path is delayed to produce a second long code sequence on the Q path or a Q component of the complex long code sequence. On the I path, the I long code sequence or the I component of the complex long code sequence is multiplied with an I component of a short code sequence to produce the I component of the complex scrambling code sequence. On the Q path, the Q long code sequence is multiplied with a Q component of the short code sequence to produce the Q component of the complex scrambling code sequence. As such, the offset between the components of the complex scrambling code sequence between different and/or the same user is at least the period of the short code. The complex scrambling code sequence can be used for spreading, scrambling, de-spreading or de-scrambling an information signal.


The article analyses some theoretical questions and recent studies concerning depression in children with physical chronic illness, comparing the depression appearance in different types of chronic illnesses. The reviewed studies suggest that, in general, children with physical chronic illness are at risk to exhibit depression, which was related to physical deterioration, illness severity and family's coping. Few studies examined the influence of the type of physical chronic illness in the depression appearance, and the results are not conclusive. Furthermore, low levels of depression


Based on expounding of the main process of modern urbanization in American and Chinese northwestern areas, the author made some comparisons on modern urbanization between these two areas and put forward: urbanization in China wasnt extricated from feudal city, so it fluctuated greatly. On the contrary, the production relation of capitalism was led much earlier to the northwestern areas in America so its urbanization assumes a stable and sustained aspect And the author also compared the motive force of urbanization between the two areas


Pentacene is one of the most intensively studied systems among various organic semiconductors,for its relatively high field effect mobility and its ability to form ordered films.Nevertheless,pentacene suffers from the disadvantages of oxidative instability and,for display applications,a strong absorbance exists throughout the visible spectrum.Where photoinduced decomposition reactions could occur,this absorbance would make pentacene sensitive to most visible light.Compared to pentacene,there is an important small molecule semiconductor,that is thiophene-based materials exhibiting a variety of intra- and intermolecular interactions-van der Waals interactions,weak hydrogen bandings,π-π stacking,sulfur-sulfur interactions-originating from the high polarizability of sulfur electrons in the thiophene rings.From the molecule structure,it can be analyzed that pentathienoacene(PTA) has high stability than pentacene owing to PTA's large band gap.These performances indicate PTA may have potential application in future organic electronics.However,the report on its application and basal physical characteristic obtained from experiment is few,and its theoretic research is much less.Quantum chemistry calculation can provide credible and valuable information for molecule study.In this paper,PTA molecule was calculated,including geometry model,infrared spectra,Raman spectra,HOMO-LUMO gap and the frontier molecular orbits by density function theory(DFT) for the first time,so the results can provide some reference informations for the future organic devices materials design theoretically.The infrared spectra and Raman spectra have been discussed and the spectra peaks of pentathienoacene were identified,the above datum on Raman spectra of PTA can provide the valuable reference for the experiment on PTA molecule identified.And at the same time,the HOMO-LUMO gap is gained:3.86 eV,which is very close to the experimental result.The five strongest allowable singlet excited states have been studied by TDDFT.The results indicate that all the energies of excited states were located in ultraviolet region,so PTA molecule is relatively stable under the visible light illumination because photoinduced decomposition reactions can not occur.The transition electron is diverted from carbon atom to sulfur atom,which can be seen through the frontier molecular orbits of pentathienoacene.Moreover,the formation of π-delocalized band leads to increase PTA molecule conductival.The results indicate that pentathienoacene is a new kind of organic semiconductor material and has perfect luminescence and electrical properties,especially,PTA has higher stability than pentacene.


The cluster [Pd6Ru6(CO)24]2– was obtained in good yield from the reaction of [Ru3H(CO)11]– with [Pd(NCPh)2Cl2]. The salt [NEt4]2[Pd6Ru6(CO)24] crystallized in the triclinic space group P(no. 2) with a= 11.514(5), b= 11.602(5), c= 11.933(5)A, α= 73.01 (3), β= 78.25(3), γ= 65.26(4)°, Z= 1. Data were collected at room temperature, giving 5968 unique reflections. The structure was solved by direct methods. The final discrepancy indices were R= 0.024 and R′= 0.026 for 4129 independent reflections with I > 3σ(I). The metal skeleton consists of a trigonally distorted octahedron of palladium atoms, capped by six ruthenium atoms with twelve terminal, six edge- and six face-bridging carbonyl ligands. This ruthenium–palladium cluster adopts the same metallic polyhedron as [Fe6Pd6H(CO)24]3– but possesses two valence electrons less. The solution 13C NMR spectra of both anions are in agreement with the solid-state structures and electrochemical analysis shows that they produce labile congeners: [Pd6Ru6(CO)24]2– undergoes a one-electron oxidation with formation of the relatively stable monoanion; [Fe6Pd6H(CO)24]3– can be oxidized and reduced, to give corresponding anions with charges of 2– to 5–.


Culture shock is a common phenomenon in the life of studying abroad. Universally, due to cultural differences in living habits, thinking mode, language level and other fields, Overseas Chinese students may experience four stages of cultural shock, namely euphoria, frustration, adjustment and adaptation, and reverse cultural shock. Each stage will have an impact on their physical and mental health. Therefore, it is necessary for overseas students who want to go abroad to master some countermeasures to adapt to cultural shock, so as to help them spend their overseas study life more smoothly and experience the least negative impact of cultural shock. Based on the cultural shock phenomenon reflected in the film "American dreams in China", this paper discusses the causes of cultural shock for Chinese overseas students and cultural adaptation tactics in intercultural communication.


Drum water level is one of the most important parameters for boiler safety operation,and its control model is established based on its influence factors. The characters of data fusion method based on Kalman filter are analyzed and a multi - sensor data fusion control system is designed based on the criterion of DRZ / T01 - 2004,which uses Kalman filter,combined with other clustering methods,to fuse the data from multiple sensors of different kinds and the control forecasts. Its implementation is detailed and the performances of Kalman filter are tested with Matlab simulation,including single channel filtering and multi - sensor data fusion. Simulation results show its excellent performance in data fusion and control decisions making.


This paper gives a brief overview of the current state of RF switches available for use in antenna systems. It includes switches have been used in both classical antenna systems and more recent reconfigurable implementations. In particular it explores conventional mechanical switches, PIN diodes, and FET switches, and MEMS switches. The paper makes recommendations of candidates for use in reconfigurable antenna designs.


In November 1989, VCIOM conducted a wide-scale study "Homo sovieticus". Five years after, in November 1994, a new study was carried out, aimed at exposition of changes in the attitudes, values, normative structures of human behaviour, under conditions of social changes and shocks, of the latest time. Similarly'as before, the tool of study was mass-scale survey by representative sample of the urban and rural population. The Article presents the initial results of comparison between the data of 19.89 and 1994 surveys. The considerations stated in it are in many respects of a preliminary. The majority of those interviewed agrees that for. the.last years great changes have happened in the country but the comparison of data related to the most important value attitudes testify to a considerable conservatism of orientations....,-.,.." The historical frames of, mass consciousness are.changing not quite apparently. To a considerable extent these are as before the frames of "Soviet" consciousness, determined by a chain of heroic events. Though, only the "calm" perio.ds receive primarily positive estimates whereas all "uneasy", crucial periods in. history are more likely evaluated negatively..Last year's.changes led to, a noticeable reduction of individual's, identification with, the.state. The part in people's self-identification of such traditional categories as the history, the land, customs, etc. The comparison of results of the 1989 and 1994 studies allows to make a judgment on a, rise of tolerance in public moods. The level of Russians' self-estimate has increased. The emotional frames of mass consciousness have undergone certain shifts.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the satisfaction level of customers using third party logistics (3PL) services in the Indian capital region and its surrounding areas. The American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) model is used as a framework to identify the major drivers of satisfaction and areas requiring immediate attention for provision of better services.

Design/methodology/approach

Present study includes an exhaustive review of literature for the identification of enablers for this model. Through iterative and structured discussions, variables related to process, service information and user's expectations are identified, which are subsequently grouped into four dimensions. A survey method is used to get the primary data for this research from 3PL service users' organizations in the Delhi and adjoining capital region. ACSI is used to prioritize the most preferred driver of satisfaction.

Findings

Enablers related to process involving order processing, order picking, order fulfillment and final decision making stand out as the winners and also other critical areas have been identified.

Practical implications

There is a gap between the services obtained and services expected and information-related complications which lead to unsatisfied customers. The 3PL service providers need to focus on these areas for better business performance and healthy and long-lasting business relationships.

Originality/value

The paper is an attempt to implement a satisfaction model for the 3PL sector from user's perspective.


Objective To investigate the protective effect of melatonin on rat liver injury induced by bile duct ligation.Methods Sixty-four rats were randomly divided into four groups:control group(CN group,n=16),sham operation group(SO group,n=16),bile duct ligation group(BDL group,n=16),and bile duct ligation with melatonin injection(BDL+MT group,n=16).The model of obstructive jaundice was done by ligation of the common bile duct.Melatonin was injected daily(0.5 mg/kg)via peritoneal cavity from 1 d before the operation to 7 d following operation.On day 4 and 8 after the ligation,the plasma levels of total bilirubin(TBIL),alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),gamma glutamyl transferase(GGT),and alkaline phosphatase(AKP)were measured by routine methods.Malonaldehyde(MDA),superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione(GSH),catalase(CAT),and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)in the liver tissue were determined by spectrophtometry,too.Hepatocytes apoptosis was analyzed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxynuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling(TUNEL) assay.Results Compared with the CN group and SO group,the levels of TBIL,ALT,AST,GGT,and AKP in the plasma,the content of MDA in the liver tissue,and the apoptosis index(AI)in the hepatocyte markedly increased(P 0.05,P0.01),the content of GSH and the activities of SOD,CAT,and GSH-Px in the liver tissue markedly decreased(P0.01)in the BDL group.Compared with the BDL group,the levels of TBIL,ALT,AST,GGT,and AKP in the plasma,the content of MDA in the liver tissue,and the AI in the hepatocyte markedly decreased(P0.01),the content of GSH and the activities of SOD,CAT,and GSH-Px in the liver tissue markedly increased(P0.01)in the BDL+MT group.In the BDL group,the level of MDA in the liver tissue and the levels of TBIL,ALT,AST,GGT,and AKP were positively correlated(P0.01),the content of GSH and the activities of SOD,CAT,and GSH-Px in the liver tissue and TBIL,ALT,AST,GGT,and AKP were negatively correlated(P0.01).The level of MDA in the liver tissue and AI in the hepatocyte was positively correlated(P0.01).The content of GSH and the activities of SOD,CAT,and GSH-Px in the liver tissue and AI were negatively correlated(P0.01).Conclusions The participation of free radical of oxygen in the pathogenesis and severity of cholestasis produced by the acute obstruction of the extra-hepatic biliary duct is likely.The result of the present study indicates that melatonin exerts a protective effect on cholestatic liver injury in rats with BDL.The mechanism of melatonin's protection on hepatocyte may be through its antioxidant action and by inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis.


Ameloblastoma is a very unusual tumor in the nasal cavity. It arises from the odontogenic epithelium and extends up to the maxillary sinus, orbits and skull base. We have presented two cases of ameloblastoma, both in the right nasal cavity, associated with nasal and sinusal symptoms, and reported the main surgical and clinical findings.


POP vs MICOM: Prior to being part of the HYPOP model development team, I was involved, in the COSIM effort to characterize and understand the differences in the representation of the thermohaline circulation (THC) in POP and Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Ocean Model (MICOM.) These two OGCMs are based on the same governing equations but adopt fundamentally different formulations and numerical techniques. The main difference is that POP uses depth as the vertical coordinate while MICOM uses potential density as the vertical coordinate. The interplay of numerics and physics could not be better illustrated than in the way POP and MICOM finally represent ocean circulation. The specific setup consists of a global domain, bulk forcing through a Kraus-Turner mixed layer with specified atmospheric climatology (no restoring boundary conditions), and a simple ice model (public.lanl.gov/balu/micom.html.)


In this article, the two chairpersons of the German Council for Social and Economic Data (RatSWD: Rat fuer Sozial- und Wirtschaftsdaten) give a summary of the council's work in the years 2004 to 2006 and its future plans for improving the statistical infrastructure for economic and social research.


Objective To propose a new administrating method that is more convenient for measured irradiation data to input, display, look up and process. Methods The dosimetry data were classified to a hierarchy database according to their properties and a friendly user-interface application software was developed to satisfy the clinical needs. Results A irradiation dosimetry database easily to administrate was created and a software with the functions of multifold inputting methods, dose displaying, data fitting, dose transforming, simply dose computing and printing was developed. Conclusions The hiberarchy method for administrating irradiation dosimetry is effective in data examining, checking and updating, with the advantages of convenient, intuitionis-tic, reliable, rapid and easy in programming.


Abstract: Sanitary Conditions Terminal Mabu'un Tabalong. One impact of the terminal is the possibility of disease transfer and transmission of vector -borne diseases through the means of conveyance . This study aims to determine the sanitary conditions in the Terminal Mabu'un Tabalong . Data were collected in the form of frequency tabulation then analyzed descriptively and compared with the requirements according to DEPKES DITJEN . PPM and PLP 1999. The result show that the sanitation in Terminal Mabu'un Tabalong including healthy feasible for terminal infrastructure with a yield of 86.0 percent of ≤ 75 percent of the specified conditions. However there are several aspects that need attention sanitation ie from outside environmental health aspects, sanitation space and buildings , sanitary facilities and food sanitation . Efforts are being made to improve sanitation in Terminal Mabu'un Tabalong like doing cleaning around the terminal, power supply cleaning service for the reception area , increasing the number of bins, sanitary inspection terminals and provide counseling . Keywords : Health environment, sanitation value , sanitation terminal


Reconstruction of severe dysplastic hip in adulthood is still a major task of total hip arthroplasty (THA). Previous studies demonstrated high rates of complica tions and revisions of THA in this condition. Nine cases (10 hips) with con genital dislocation or dysplasia underwent THA. The acetabula were recon structed with Chiari pelvic osteotomy simultaneously. They were followed for an average of 4.6 years (range; 2.5-10.0 years). The average of clinical hip scores was elevated from 48.4 to 81.4 points by the surgery (Japanese Ortho paedic Association Hip Score). Individual scores were as follows: pain; 16.0 to 37.8 points, gait; 8.5 to 13.6 points, range of motion; 13.4 to 16.6 points; activity of daily living; 10.5 to 13.6 points. Radiographical loosening of the socket was not evident in any case except for one patient. In conclusion, Chiari pelvic osteotomy provides acetabular coverage to fix the socket. It is, thus, recom mended for patients with these conditions at the time of THA.


Concern about vulnerabilities of IT systems is growing together with attention to risks of intrusive cyber-control over personal activities and data. This article discusses some new technologies that are being integrated into computing devices for realizing so-called Trusted Computing and Digital Rights Management systems, which can remotely attest their current hardware/software state and can enforce external policies to access protected content. These technologies are then confronted with distributed Trust Management systems, which realize access control for local resources on the basis of delegation of access rights according to local trust decisions. Both technologies are discussed from various points of view: architecture, vision, ethics, politics and law. Trust Enforcing and Trust Building, Different Technologies and Visions


Implications
While sport continues to be proposed as an arena for positive character development, analysis informed by the work of Erving Goffman demonstrates that the culture of sport provides a context within which athletes experiencing mental health issues may be stigmatized. This, in turn, undermines the potential for them to secure the health care that they need, with participation and performance often taking precedence over well-being, even in the campaigns ostensibly designed to address mental illness stigma.


The coupled hydrology and mechanics of soft porous materials (such as clays, hydrogels, membranes, and biofilms) is an important research area in several fields, including water and energy technologies as well as biomedical engineering. Well‐established models based on poromechanics theory exist for describing these coupled properties, but these models are not adapted to describe systems with more than one characteristic length scale, that is, systems that contain both macropores and micropores. In this paper, we expand upon the well‐known Darcy‐Brinkman formulation of fluid flow in two‐scale porous media to develop a "Darcy‐Brinkman‐Biot" formulation: a general coupled system of equations that approximates the Navier‐Stokes equations in fluid‐filled macropores and resembles the equations for poroelasticity in microporous regions. We parameterized and validated our model for systems that contain either plastic (swelling clay) or elastic microporous regions. In particular, we used our model to predict the permeability of an idealized siliciclastic sedimentary rock as a function of pore water salinity and clay content. Predicted permeability values are well described by a single parametric relation between permeability and clay volume fraction that agrees with existing experimental data sets. Our novel formulation captures the coupled hydro‐chemo‐mechanical properties of sedimentary rocks and other deformable porous media in a manner that can be readily implemented within the framework of Digital Rock Physics.


Natural resources, including biomass resources, provide the basis for our life on Earth. The using of them also brings pressure on the environment. It is important for China to analyze the biomass extraction during its economic growth. In this study, we followed the guideline from Eurostat office to compile the account of China's biomass extraction during 1970-2010. Furthermore, using decomposition, we examine factors that have influenced changes in this indicator in China. Results show that China had a rapid increase in DE of biomass, which more than doubled, from 1354 million tons (Mt) to 3229 Mt. The factor of Affluence (A) made the largest contribution, and the improvement of Resource use intensity (T) played an important role in decreasing it. It is suggested to make further efforts to improve the Resource use intensity (T) to decouple China's biomass extraction from economic growth abosolutely. Introduction Natural resources, including biomass resources, provide the basis for our life on Earth. However, while these resouces provide us convenience, the using of them also brings pressure on the environment. Since Chinese economic reform, both GDP and resource consumption have increased dramatically over the past decades[1, 2, 3, 4]. Therefore, the case of China provides a timely example of the relationship between economic growth and resource consumption during its economic transition process. Most of previous studies have focused on several highly intergrated material flow indicators, such as Domestic Material Consumption (DMC) and Dirtect Material Input (DMI) to stduy the relationship between economic growth and resource consumption. Nomally, these indicators include four material groups: biomass, construction minerals, fossil fuels, metal ores and industrial minerals. However, few study focus on biomass resource itself. As biomass resource is a very important kind of resource, which provides humanity the base to live, this study chooses to analyze the biomass resouce use of China during 1970-2010. As the international trade data of biomass during the studied period are not sufficent, this study chooses Domestic Extraction (DE) of biomass as a material flow indicator . Because the imported and exported amount of biomass is quite small, compared to the extraction amount, Domestic Extraction (DE) of biomass can be regarded to relect the consumption condition of China. Apart from presenting DE of biomass of China, this article would also examine the driving factors that have changed recent DE of biomass in China during 1970–2010, using a decomposition method. At last, suggestions based on the decomposition analysis are provided. Methods and Data Decomposition Method. Since the 1970s, decomposition analysis has been firstly used in the field of energy consumption [5]. In recent years, this technique has been used as an important tool for examining the driving factors that have changed material flow indicators [6]. 6th International Conference on Management, Education, Information and Control (MEICI 2016) © 2016. The authors – Published by Atlantis Press 0887 This study undertook decomposition analysis of DE of biomass in China using the following equation. DE = P × GDP P × DE GDP = P × A × T (1) In this equation, DE represents the Domestic Extraction; P represents population; GDP is given in U.S dollars of the price of 2000. Eq. 1 was developed from the well-known IPAT identity [7]. In Eq. 1, there are three factors influencing DE: The first factor (P) represents Population. This factor is especially important for developing countries which have high population growth, such as China and India. The newly added population normally means added material consumption, and thus this factor is regarded as a main influential factor of DE. The second factor (A) is Affluence, which is expressed as GDP per capita. It is normal that with the increase of income level of one country, more products or materials would be consumed. Therefore, the factor of Affluence is normally regarded as a key driving force for increasing DMC. The third factor (T) in Eq. 1 is DE per unit of GDP. This factor represents Resource use intensity for the purposes of this study. In Eq. 1, factor T is the residual, which means everything that affects DE except Population and Affluence. Some important factors associated with T, such as economic structure and consumption pattern, indirectly influence DE. If changes in these factors described above can explain the variations of DE, then this change can be expressed via the following equation. An additive form for this explanation is used in this study. ΔDE = Peffect + Aeffect + Teffect (2) Here, Peffect, Aeffect, and Teffect are respective effects of factors P, A, and T on changes in DE. The calculation equations of these factors are in the following equations. Peffect = a 0t0∆p + 1 2 ∆p(a0∆t + t0∆a) + 1 3 ∆a∆p∆t (3) Aeffect = p 0t0∆a + 1 2 ∆a(p0∆t + t0∆p) + 1 3 ∆a∆p∆t (4) Teffect = a P∆t + 1 2 ∆t(p∆a + a∆p) + 1 3 ∆a∆p∆t (5) Here, p 0 , a 0 , and t 0 represent the value of P, A, and T in the base year, and Δp, Δa, and Δt represent the changeing value of P, A, and T in the studied period, respectively. Data Collection. The DE data of biomass for China is from FAO online database [8].The DE accounts were compiled following the guideline of Eurostat 2009 [9]. Three material groups are include in DE of biomass: Primary crops, Crop residues and grazed biomass, and wood. Data of GDP and population is from China Statistical Yearbooks [10]. Results and Analysis The DE of Biomass. Fig. 1 shows China's DE of biomass for 1970–2010. A continuous increase is apparent. During this period, China's DE of biomass more than doubled, rising from 1354 million tons (Mt) to 3229 Mt. The average annual growth rate is 2.2%, much lower than the rate of GDP growth, which is as high as 9.1 %. If we divide the biomass extraction into three main groups, from Fig. 2 we can find that the strongest growth is observed for primary crops, which more than tripled, from 455.2 Mt to 1580.6 Mt. The average annual growth rate is as high as 3.16%. The average annual growth rate of crop residues and grazed biomass is 2.02%, and their total amount more than doubled, from 668.4 Mt to 1484.7 Mt. The wood extraction has a quite different trend. The DE of wood decreased by about 30%, from 230.9 Mt to 163.8 Mt, and its average annual decreasing rate is 0.85%. If we have a look at the respective shares of these three biomass types, we can find before 2000, the share of crop residues and grazed biomass is the largest one, which is near to 50%. However, after 6th International Conference on Management, Education, Information and Control (MEICI 2016) © 2016. The authors – Published by Atlantis Press 0888 2000, with the rapid growth of primary crops, the share of crop residues and grazed biomass is lower than primary crops. In addition, the share of wood has been the lowest one, decreasing from 17% to 5%. Figure 1. Changes in China's biomass extraction during 1970–2010 Figure 2. Changes of three material groups of China's biomass extraction during 1970–2010 As the primary crops have the largest increasing rate, it is interesting to have a deep analysis on its subdivision. In Fig. 3, we can have a clear view of the trend of its ten categories. The extraction of cereals accounted for the largest during the studied period. It is also clear to see that the extraction of vegetables and fruits has the largest increasing rates. The increasing factors of them are 12.7 and 19.8, respectively, compared with the increasing factor of cereals as 2.5. These transition could reflect that the change of consumption structure of biomass for Chinese people during the economic growth. 0 50