The mission of the Health and Safety Research Division (HASRD) is to provide a sound scientific basis for the measurement and assessment of human health impacts of radiological and chemical substances. Our approach to fulfilling this mission is to conduct a broad program of experimental, theoretical, and field research based on a strong foundation of fundamental physical studies that blend into well-established programs in life sciences. Topics include biomedical screening techniques, biological and chemical sensors, risk assessment, health hazards, dosimetry, nuclear medicine, environmental pollution monitoring, electron-molecule interactions, interphase physics, surface physics, data base management, environmental mutagens, carcinogens, and tetratogens.


Sergeant et al. presents multiple approaches to extract Green's functions from the seismic record on the surface of glaciers. Such an effort is challenging and this study looks technically correct, but the manuscript needs several revisions. One potential major problem is the length of the paper. I found many paragraphs are not necessary after spending time to read through the article. Considering that this is not a dissertation nor textbook, reducing unnecessary texts makes the points of this study clearer. In addition to this, I provide specific comments below. C1


This document summarizes findings of a statewide evaluation of 11 pilot and 19 coaching-model schools participating in a Louisiana accelerated schools program. This 1995-96 evaluation aimed to determine whether the project met its stated objectives related to numbers of participants and types of services provided; ascertain the project's effects on school discipline, parental involvement, and student achievement; and ascertain the status of secondand fourth-generation schools on accelerated schools process indicators (powerful learning, unity of purpose, values, empowerment/responsibility, building on strengths, taking stock, vision, inquiry process, governance, and philosophy) . Data were collected from various sources: a survey to measure process indicators, a feedback information survey completed by schools, project-related documentation, and open-ended interviews with project staff. Results showed that the project met its participation and service-provision objectives. Results for parental involvement, school discipline, and student achievement show consistent improvement over the life of the project. At least 60 percent of schools showed positive gains over time on 2 standardized achievement tests (LEAP and CAT). The schools process survey showed that secondand fourth-generation schools were making progress on most indicators. Included are five tables. (MLH) ******************************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * ******************************************************************************** A Statewide Evaluation of Accelerated Schools Dr. James Meza, Jr. University of New Orleans Dr. Eugene Kennedy Louisiana State University Dr. Charles Teddlie Louisiana State University U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION dice of Educational Research and Improvement EDUC TIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. March 24, 1997 1 PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) IQ) {Nl Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research C1 Association, Chicago, IL. Request for copies should be directed to Dr. Eugene Kennedy, 111 Peabody Hall, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Objectives of the Evaluation 1. To determine the extent to which the project met its stated objectives related to number of participants and types of services provided. 2. To ascertain the impact of the project on school discipline, parental involvement, and student achievement. 3. To ascertain the status of second and fourth generation schools on the accelerated schools process indicators. Goals and Objectives of the Project As presented in the Statewide Program Description, the stated objectives of the project are as follows: 1. To support 30 schools from 19 Louisiana school districts in the Accelerated Schools transformation process. 2. To serve teachers, students, and other participants including administrators, staff, and parents in the participating school communities. 3. To provide technical assistance to 11 pilot and 19 coaching model schools in developing skills and processes to implement the transformation to an accelerated school. 4. To provide the pilot and coaching model schools with periodic technical assistance in powerful learning, cadre leadership, governance, and school based problem solving. 5. To help pilot and coaching model schools develop and sustain changes in student achievement, parental involvement, and school discipline. 6. To assist six first year coaching schools in the initial phase of transformation by engaging coaches in activities that will help them build capacity for change in the school. 7. To develop a professional network support system for teachers and administrators implementing the accelerated schools process. 8. To show gain scores in academic achievement as measured by LEAP in 50% of the total students who were enrolled in the project over a three year period.


Shipley, Maynard 1927 The War on Modern Science. New York: Knopf. Starr, Paul 1982 The Social Transformation of American Medicine. New York: Basic. Tobey, Ronald C. 1971 The American Ideology of National Science. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. Tompkins, Jerry R. 1965 D-Days at Dayton. Baton Rouge: Louisiana University Press. Turner, Frank M. 1980 "Public science in Britain, 1880-1919." Isis 71:589-608. Useem, Michael 1976 "State production of social knowledge: patterns in government financing of academic social research." American Sociological Review 41:613-29. Wallis, Roy (ed.) 1979 On the Margins of Science. Sociological Review Monograph No. 27. Weber, Max [1925] Economy and Society. Berkeley: Univer1978 sity of California Press.


Diseases of the cervix uteri (CU) are widespread in the population, which is associated with low detection rate, imperfection of the medical system, sometimes with asymptomatic or poor symptoms of inflammatory and noninflammatory processes in this area [3, 8]. Although periodic medical examinations and regular cytological screenings are designed to reduce morbidity and mortality rates among women, the problem of CU pathological processes is extremely acute today [7]. The REPORTS OF MORPHOLOGY


The advanced microwave radiometer-climate quality (AMR-C) is a part of the European Sentinel-6A/B series, a collaboration between ESA and NASA, of two Earth-observing satellites, which will be launched in 2020 and 2025. Compared to its predecessor, Jason-3, the two AMR-C radiometer instruments have an external calibration system which enables higher radiometric stability accomplished by moving the secondary mirror between well-defined targets. Sentinel-6 allows continuing the study of the ocean circulation, climate change, and sea-level rise for at least another decade. Besides the external calibration for the AMR heritage radiometer (18.7, 23.8, and 34 GHz channels), the AMR-C contains a high-resolution microwave radiometer (HRMR) with radiometer channels at 90, 130, and 168 GHz. This subsystem allows for a factor of 5× higher spatial resolution at coastal transitions. This article presents a brief description of the instrument and the measured performance of the completed AMR-C-A and AMR-C-B instruments.


Deteriorations of education and culture of Islam after the 13 th century was marked in weakness of thoughts until the 18 th century. In addition, the destruction of Baghdad and Granada as the centre of education and Islam culture became the main factors of Islam degradation. In other side European accepted philosophy and science from Moslem. while Moslems themselves started to ignore philosophy and science. It had caused the resurrections of  European gradually and it was the impact of deteriorations in education and Islamic culture. Therefore, if all Moslems are desire to renascent, they must start to learn and follow the western development in any aspects which is included of educational aspect.


Millis and Olson offer a updated edition of IG II2 2318–2325, the most substantial surviving evidence for the institutional history of the Athenian dramatic festivals. Fresh texts, detailed discussion of restorations, and full epigraphic and prosopographic commentary are included.


A study was carried out to select the appropriate coatings for corrosion protection of the spiral classifier working at KGHM Polska Miedź S.A. Ore Concentration Plant. The abrasion resistance of selected protective coatings and wear-resistant linings was investigated using a DT-523 rotary abrasion tester with Taber CS-10 rubber abrasive discs. The average weight loss of the coatings after a cycle of 2000 revolutions was determined. Tests of protective coatings using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique were carried out to determine the suitability of coatings in the highly saline environment of the aqueous suspension of ground copper ore. During the measurements, changes in resistance, polarising current and capacitance were determined as a function of time for the tested coatings. The linings selected on the basis of laboratory tests were also tested under industrial conditions. Their degrees of wear were characterised. The results obtained indicated the highest abrasion resistance of materials from the polyolefin group (polyethylenes), where the average weight loss did not exceed 5 g/dm2. In the case of protective coatings, the highest durability was demonstrated by coatings with additives of ceramic aggregates, phenol-epoxy, and an elastomeric coating based on polyurea, whose average weight loss during the test cycle did not exceed 19 g/dm2. EIS measurements showed that the tested coatings were resistant to the aggressive environment of the feedstock. Tests under cathodic polarisation conditions of the samples at a potential below the protection potential showed that they were resistant to a highly saline environment and were also resistant to its alkalinisation resulting from the application of cathodic protection, which will be used to protect the classifier together with protective coatings. Tests carried out under industrial conditions using wear-resistant linings made of plastics have made it possible to analyse the mechanism and degree of wear of the various materials during the operation of the classifier. Measurements of lining wear were made in relation to baseline volumes. Polyurethane, a polymer lining based on MDI and PTMG, and those made of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene with anti-stick additives showed the lowest wear rates.


MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) modulate a multitude of cellular events. Here, we identify functional miRNA-protein networks that regulate human monocyte-derived dendritic cell (MDDC) differentiation. miRNA profiling revealed stage-specific differential expression of 20 miRNAs during days 1, 3, and 5 of MDDC differentiation. To identify and prioritize miRNA-protein networks for functional validation, we developed a target ranking algorithm that incorporates many features of miRNA regulatory networks. This system prioritized miR-21, miR-34a, and their cognate targets WNT1 and JAG1 for functional validation. Inhibition of both miR-21 and miR-34a stalled MDDC differentiation, as quantified by DC-SIGN/CD14 expression ratios, showing cooperative involvement of these miRNAs in MDDC differentiation. We confirmed that the 3' untranslated regions of WNT1 and JAG1 were functional targets of these miRNAs and provide evidence that these targets were translationally suppressed. Significantly, exogenously added Wnt-1 and Jagged-1 also stalled MDDC differentiation, suggesting that miRNA-mediated inhibition of endogenous WNT1 and JAG1 expression was important for proper MDDC differentiation. Finally, inhibition of miR-21 and miR-34a, or addition of Wnt-1 and Jagged-1, led to a decrease in endocytic capacity, a key function of immature DCs. Thus, our novel approach identified and validated some miRNA-protein networks involved in phenotypic and functional MDDC differentiation.


The marine diatom Stephanopyxis nipponica Gran & Yendo forms three types of valves, a vegetative and two resting spore valves, which are classified based on their overall morphology. The siliceous fine structure of these valves is described here for the first time using scanning electron microscopy. Although the two resting valves composing a resting spore possess different shapes, both have a similar fine structure. Furthermore, they are distinguished from vegetative valves in the following ways: (1) The external processes and their internal rimoportulae are clustered at the center of the resting spore valves, whereas the slender, tubular linking processes and their internal rimoportulae form a ring on the vegetative valves; (2) Resting spore valves do not possess an acceptant process for linking cells while vegetative valves always have such processes; (3) Scattered rimoportulae are present in resting spore valves, but absent from vegetative valves; (4) The cribral pores of resting spore valves form clu...


We describe the synthesis and characterization of a cross-linkable siloxane-derivatized tetraphenylbenzidine (DTMS-TPD), which was used for the fabrication of semiconducting highly ordered nanorod arrays on conductive indium tin oxide or Pt-coated substrates. The stepwise process allow fabricating of macroscopic areas of well-ordered free-standing nanorod arrays, which feature a high resistance against organic solvents, semiconducting properties and a good adhesion to the substrate. Thin films of the TPD derivate with good hole-conducting properties could be prepared by cross-linking and covalently attaching to hydroxylated substrates utilizing an initiator-free thermal curing at 160 degrees C. The nanorod arrays composed of cross-linked DTMS-TPD were fabricated by an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template approach. Furthermore, the nanorod arrays were investigated by a recently introduced method allowing to probe local conductivity on fragile structures. It revealed that more than 98% of the nanorods exhibit electrical conductance and consequently feature a good electrical contact to the substrate. The prepared nanorod arrays have the potential to find application in the fabrication of multilayered device architectures for building well-ordered bulk-heterojunction solar cells.


BACKGROUND
 Background: Data-informed decision making is influenced by organizational, technical and behavioral factors. Behavioral factors are the major contributing ones for data-informed decision making practice.

 OBJECTIVE
 This study aimed to explore health workers' perception on data-informed decision making at primary health care units of Awi zone.

 METHODS
 Method: A qualitative study was undertaken to explore health workers' perception on the barriers of health data-informed decision making practice. Eleven healthcare workers were purposively selected from Primary Hospital, Health centers and Health posts. Medical Doctors, Nurses, Midwifes and Health Extension Workers were selected as key informant for in-depth interview. The selected healthcare workers were asked about their perceptions that affect health data use practice. A thematic analysis was carried out using OpenCode software. Analysis was performed with three identified themes namely; organizational, behavioral and technical themes.

 RESULTS
 Results: All the respondents were aware of data-informed decision making at the point of care. Some had experienced taking notes from their customers, and most witnessed they are negligent to write all details. They also expressed their feelings that registration book timely availability had an impact on their utilization practice of data-informed decision making.

 CONCLUSIONS
 Conclusion: Health workers are well aware of the practice of data-informed decision making at the point of service delivery. Behavioral, organizational and technical factors major contributing ones.

 CLINICALTRIAL


Artificial tracers are often used for quantitative estimates of solute transport properties in rivers. However, single‐injection tracer tests give insights in transport characteristics limited to the ecohydrological conditions at the testing time. Series of time‐consuming and laborious tracer tests would be required to properly capture seasonal changes. The present study uses intrinsic diurnal fluctuations of electrical conductivity (EC) caused by discharge of treated wastewater as a tracer to evaluate solute transport processes along a 4.7‐km reach of the River Erpe, Germany. By reproducing the fluctuations recorded along the river using the solute transport model one‐dimensional transport with inflow and storage, this study investigated the long‐term dynamics in solute transport properties. Individual 48‐hr curves of EC were used in the steady state configuration of the model to gain 48‐hr‐integrated estimates of selected transport parameters. Using a sliding window approach in 1‐hr steps along the 2,270‐hr time series of EC the temporal variability of solute transport between April and June 2016 was assessed. To test the identifiability of parameters using the proposed method, sensitivity analyses and a breakthrough curve analysis of selected 48‐hr windows were implemented. With time advancing into the summer, a significant rising trend (Mann‐Kendall test p‐value < 0.05) of the cross sectional area of the channel was observed and attributed to the growth of macrophytes and a significant slightly decreasing trend for the storage rate was found. The presented method is of high value for river management, as promoting transient storage enhances biogeochemical cycling and benefits water quality.


The quest for technologies with superior device characteristics has showcased carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNFETs) into limelight. Among the several design aspects necessary for today's grail in CNFET technology, achieving functional immunity to carbon nanotube (CNT) manufacturing issues (such as mispositioned CNTs and metallic CNTs) is of paramount importance. In this work we present a new design technique to build compact layouts while ensuring 100% functional immunity to mispositioned CNTs. Then, as second contribution of this work, we have developed a CNFET design kit (DK) to realize a complete design flow from logic-to-GDSII traversing the conventional CMOS design flow. This flow enables a framework that allows accurate comparison between CMOS and CNFET-based circuits. This paper also presents simulation results to illustrate such analysis, namely, a CNFET-based inverter can achieve gains, with respect to the energy-delay product (EDP) metric, of more than 4times in delay, 2times in energy/cycle and significant area savings (more than 30%) when compared to a corresponding CMOS inverter benchmarked with an industrial 65 nm technology.


This paper describes the varying material model, the analysis method and the software development for reinforced concrete circular columns confined by spiral or hoop transverse steel reinforcement and subjected to eccentric loading. The widely used Mander model of concentric loading is adapted here to eccentric loading by developing an auto-adjustable stress-strain curve based on the eccentricity of the axial load or the size of the compression zone to generate more accurate interaction diagrams. The prediction of the ultimate unconfined capacity is straight forward. On the other hand, the prediction of the actual ultimate capacity of confined concrete columns requires specialized nonlinear analysis. This nonlinear procedure is programmed using C-Sharp to build efficient software that can be used for design, analysis, extreme event evaluation and forensic engineering. The software is equipped with an elegant graphics interface that assimilates input data, detail drawings, capacity diagrams and demand point mapping in a single sheet. Options for preliminary design, section and reinforcement selection are seamlessly integrated as well. Improvements to KDOT Bridge Design Manual using this software with reference to AASHTO LRFD are made.


At this present research, the aim was to assess the lettuce cultivars behavior above the organic farm system in climate and soil conditions at Seropedica-RJ. It was conducted two independent experiments, in the field, in two periods of the year, on randomized block design, with three repetitions and twelve plants per plot. In the first and second experiments were utilized as treatments 22 and 25 lettuce cultivars, respectively, belonging to the looseleaf and iceberg lettuce groups. In assessments of those experiments were considered fresh mass characters of the area part, head diameter, number of leaves, fresh mass of leaves and length of stem. When considering those five characters, for each group of lettuce, deduced that for the climate and soil conditions of Seropedica-RJ and management using the biofertilizer Agrobio® the cultivars Hortencia, Regina de Verao, Stella, Taina and Raider Plus had better performance.


The paper explores the role of the essay-test in acquiring reading and reading comprehension skills in the modern-day teaching of Serbian Language and Literature. The authors emphasize the importance of using essay-tests for obtaining the feedback on the reading comprehension level of the texts covered in regular classes, at final exams, and on the criteria-oriented knowledge tests. Two key domains are taken into consideration when designing the tasks: the narrative text, emhasizing its structure, narrative perspective, and the motivation of the characters in the function of artistic articulation; the cognitive approach to reading according to the constructive-integrative model of Walter Kintsch (Kintsch, 1988), relevant for presenting the reading construct and understanding the cognitive complexity of the tasks. The purpose of testing students using essay-tests derives from the need to assess the development of reading literacy among the students of the higher grades of elemen-tary school.


Short overview of optical methods which proved to be useful in the characterization of HTSC thin fllm substrates is presented. Preliminary tests in polariscopic arrangements, interferometric measurements, optical absorption and emission spectroscopy reveal macroscopic deficiencies of the crystal. Intentionally introduced impurity ions serve as probes of a local strength and symmetry of the crystal field. Results of optical study of SrLaGaO4 and SrLaAlO 4 crystals are presented and discussed.


Background: In some extraction cases, whereas tooth is fully embedded inside the alveolar bone, rather complicated procedures need to be performed as opposed to a simple surgical procedure on the fully erupted tooth. This surgical procedure, commonly known as odontectomy, can trigger apprehension and anxiety to the patient. Usually, the patient shows excessive sweating, increased blood pressure and pulse, palpitation, and increased muscle tension. Anxiety is a subjective normal human response to threatening situation. To overcome anxiety, various methods have been introduced including Over Progressive Muscular Relaxation (Over PMR) and Therapeutic Post-Hypnotic Suggestion (TPHS). Purpose: To assess the effect of Over PMR and TPHS to patient anxiety level prior to odontectomy procedure. Method: This is a clinical experimentation with 35 sample of patients whom are about undergo odontectomy. The patients range from 18 to 40 years old. Blood pressure and pulse were measured before the surgical procedure. Patients were also asked to fill in questionnaire to assess their anxiety level. Hence, the patients were introduced to Over PMR and TPHS. Afterwards, their blood pressure and pulse were re-measured. Sphygmomanometer was used to measure the blood pressure while palpation on the radial artery was performed for one minute to count the patient's pulse. Anxiety level was assessed based on Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) method. Result: The study showed significant difference on blood pressure, pulse, and anxiety questionnaire scores based on paired T-test and Wilcoxon signed ranks test (p < 0,05) between pre and post Over PMR & TPHS. Conclusion: Over PMR and TPHS are effective methods to ease patient anxiety prior to Odontectomy procedure.


Based on the first piston theory of supersonic aerodynamics,the flutter differential equations of a three dimension panel are set up according to the Von Karman large deformation strain-displacement relation by using a Galerkin approach.The influence of a boundary condition relaxation,in-plane load and length-to-width ratios of panel are analyzed.The results show that with the relaxation of boundary conditions the critical dynamic pressures acting on the panel reduce and the static stability of system decreases,while the probability of buckle and chaos increase as the relaxation of boundary conditions.The results also indicate even though the dynamic pressure is less than the critical dynamic pressure,the panel is likely to experience limit cycle oscillations or chaotic motion as the relaxation of boundary conditions.In addition,the more compression in-plane loads and the lower length-to-width ratio are no beneficial to the flutter stability of the panel.


: Construction objects must be protected not only at the stage of their construction, but also during exploitation. Particular attention should be paid to objects included in the list of monuments. The Act on the Protection of Monuments and the Guardianship of Monuments states that any building that is important for history and science can become a heritage building and should therefore be preserved. The aim of this article was to improve the method of visual assessment of the technical condition of heritage buildings with the use of fuzzy logic. The improved method is to facilitate the comparison of assessments of the technical condition of a building performed at intervals specified in the regulations, often by different people. The research was conducted on the basis of technical expertise prepared for five examined buildings that were tenement houses entered in the register of monuments. The use of the visual method provides for the assessment of individual elements of the object by an expert and a verbal description of the elements using a five-point scale. A significant limitation of this method is uncertainty associated with the exact ranges of the acceptable values, as these ranges are subjective and depend on the opinion of an evaluator. The impact of this limitation can be reduced by applying fuzzy logic. In the fuzzy logic model, as input variables the following were applied; assessments of the technical condition of individual elements of the object (underground structure, load-bearing walls, ceilings, roof, other elements) and an integral indicator of the technical condition of the entire historic object, calculated as the output value.


I will read the novels politically, interpreting them as rhetorical narratives holding the power to challenge commonplace assumptions. I will apply the ideas put forward by James Phelan concerning the inherent rhetorical nature of narrative in fiction. I will also present Ann Rigney's concept of cultural memory as an analytical tool for analysing the way in which memory and history have been politicised and how the material analysed offers a critique of that politicisation. I will contextualise the novels in the political, cultural and historiographic debates and political transformations in Northern Ireland.


To overcome the Weka's weakness in clustering algorithms,the clustering algorithm was developed based on the Weka open source environment.An introduction is made on the basic principle and construction steps of the Chameleon algorithm which was described concretely and embedded into Weka platform whose inner class and visualization function were exploited adequately.The newly built Weka system was tested by comparing the embedded and the already existed K-means algorithm.The result shows that Chameleon algorithm acquires better clustering effect.


to ensure that joint financing money is genuinely used for schemes which will be of benefit to both Local Authority and Health Authority services, but this can be widely interpreted and account must be taken of the ability of many patients to remain in the community if adequate support is given by both Authorities, thus obviating their need to occupy a scarce hospital bed. Differing viewpoints are expressed from time to time as


It was tried in this paper to find out how the boundary layer diverters which prevent the boundary layer flow developed through the fuselage and strake from flowing into the air intake influence on the performance of the intake. The pressure recovery and distortion were measured at the engine face at various aircrat attitudes and airflow rates of the intake. The model was 1/7 scale of single engine aircraft with turbofan engine at the aft fuselage and bifurcated duct having intake at both side of the fuselage. It was found that intake performance is closely related with boundary layer diverter height and suitable height could be selected based on the intake performance at given maneuver and air flow rate conditions.


Objective:To investigate whether the composite materials of dense nano-hydroxyapatite/polyamide 66(nHA/PA66) wrapped by autologous periosteum and tendon can reconstruct carpal scaphoid. Methods:36 New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into three groups, A,B, and C,12 rabbits in each group. Group A:composite material of dense nHA/PA66 wrapped by autologous periosteum and tendon;Group B:composite material of dense nHA/PA66 wrapped by autologous tendon; Group C:autologous tendon ball alone. After bilateral carpal bones were completely removed,the above three materials were respectively implanted to replace radial carpal bone. 3,6,12 weeks aftersurgery,the whole wrist was collected forgross observation, radiological and histological examination,and carpometacarpal index was measured for statistical analysis. Results:In Group A,3 and 6 weeks after surgery,a small amount of chondroblasts were found on the surface of the composite material of nHA/PA66;12 weeks after surgery,chondroblasts increased and hyaline-like cartilage formed around the material. The composite materials of nHA/PA66 were combined more closely with soft tissue around by the fibers at the twelfth week than that at the third or the sixth week. During different time periods,no composite materials of nHA/PA66 were fragmented,absorbed or degraded. In Group B and C,no transparent cartilage was found around the implants during different periods,but the gross observation and radiological examination showed that the cartilage in wrists lost obviously and the wrists collapsed significantly in Group C,as compared with those in Group A and B. The statistical analysis showed carpometacarpal indexes in group A and B were not significantly lower(P0. 05),while that in group C was significantly lower(P0.01).Conclusion:That autologous periosteum and tendon wrapping densenHA/PA66 could form composite materials in the wrist joint cavity;hyaline-like cartilage could form on their surface,and the materials were so strong that they could be used to replace scaphoid bones .


—We are in basic agreement with the letter of Levitz and Friedman. Our article has shown a low incidence of contrast-induced acute renal failure in diabetics both with and without preexisting renal insufficiency. However, six diabetics in whom renal insufficiency was detected had only a mild elevation in their serum creatinine levels (average level, 1.6 mg/dL). As pointed out in our discussion, this may account for the differences between our results and those reported by Harkonen and Kjellstrand. 1 In a similar manner, the patient here had a serum creatinine level of 3.8 mg/dL before the contrast study, a level of renal function well below those of the group of diabetics with renal insufficiency described by us. We also agree that measures to ensure volume repletion and a high urine flow, eg, sodium chloride irrigation or mannitol therapy, may not prevent contrast media—induced renal failure. This is highlighted by


Cassel, Fussell N. The Precisiot-Power-Gradient Theory for Teachinc Basic Research Statistical Tools to Graduate Students. Feh 71 15p; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York, New York, February 1971 EDRS Price MP -$0.65 HC-$3.29 Analysis of Covariance, Analysis of Variance, *Behavioral Science Research, Correlation, Discriminant Analysis, Factor Analysis, *Graduate Students, Hypothesis Testing, Resealch Methodology, *Research fools, *Statistical Analysis, *Statistics This paper relates educational and psychological statistics to certain "Research Statistical Tools" (RSTs) necessary to accomplish and understand general research in the behavioral sciences. Emphasis is placed on acqliring an effective understanding of the RSIs and to this end they are are ordered to a continuum scale in terms of individual precision, power, and robustness. The Precision-Power-Gradient theory is suggested as a means of structuring an introductory graduate course in statistics. Twelve RSTs are considered., ranging from normative comparisons (at the simplest level), through parametric/non-parametric statistics, analysis of variance and covariance, correlations, factor analysis, to canonical correlation analysis, and, briefly, other advanced techniques. Equally important is a working knowledge of the computer, which enables the RSTs to be used with greater facility and accuracy. Computer orientation should include a basic knowledge of FORTRAN programming, nature and availability of computer-based statisticol libraries, the ability to utilize such libraries, with a general understanding cf computer output. (Author/AE) US DEPARTMENT OF NEMTHADMMION THE PRECISION-POWER-GRADIENT THEORY FOR TEACHING BASIC to WELFARE OFFICEOF EDUCATION THIS DC CUM ENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCE., RESEARCH STATISTICAL TOOLS TO GRADUATE STUDENTS mcily AS FECRIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORMINATII4C IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NM N RES SASLY REPMSEM mAt owa OF ETURussell N. Cassel CATION POSI DC N OiPOLICY University of Wiaconsin-Ailwaukee 53201 This paper is concerned primarily with relating educational and psychoCD logical statistics to certain "Research Statistical Tools" (RSTs) necessary Pr\ to accomplish and understand general research in the behavioral sciences. I.. CC) zonsiders the RSTs as a means or vehicle to accomplish and understand research, CD C:3 not ls ends in themselves, and seeks to present them in just such a functional LU setting. Emphasis is placed on having the individual acquire an effective understanding of such RSTs as are necessary for accomplishing and understanding general research in the behavioral science areas. In order to faAlitate the meaningfulness of such RSTs, they are ordered to a cotinuum scala in terms of their individual precision, ;ower, and robustness. Equally important to the RSTs is a working knowledge of the electronic high speed computer; for it is this new vehicle that enables the scientist to use the RSTs with much greater facility and accuracy than ever before. Such if) computer orientation should include a bade knowledge of FORTRAN programming, CYD e nature and availability of computer-based statistical libraries, the ability etl to utilise such libraries, with a general understanding ot such computer


Around 1800 works and conception in historical overview sparked a lively debate of the value of folktales in literary journals and scientific circles in the public domain. The brother Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm made the first attempt to distinguish between folktales and fairytales. The principle of historicity is stated in the well-known sentence: "The fairytale is more poetic, the folktale more historical." However, "historical" lent itself to misinterpretation, with the result that anecdotal portrayals of historical events and personages were elevated to the status of authentic sources. What the Grimm brothers actually meant by "historical" was not the historicity of narrated events so much as, like their contemporaries, a generalised past and happenings from "earlier times or long ago" personalised in the minds of the people in a form that is fictionalised to some extent. Contrariwise the terms used to designate folktales in other languages (e.g. English "legend", French "legende", Italian "leggenda") establish a link with written transmission ("legenda", plural of "legendum" - this is how the relevant section in The Lives of Saints should be read). Examples of other designations include the Swedish "Legendsaga" or the Danish "Levnedsagn," which denote mixed forms, or versified forms such as folk poems, folk songs or ballad. Actually folktales, like legends, or other narrative forms referred to as folk literature, are characterised by a persistent tension between written and oral forms.


7178 Background: In clinical trials for metastatic NSCLC, postoperative recurrence at distant organs was often treated as stage IV disease although its prognosis is unclear. The prognosis of patients with distant recurrence after operation was investigated.

METHODS
In 468 patients with NSCLC who underwent a curative resection, 118 suffered from recurrence at distant organs during a more than 5-year observation, and their disease-free interval (DFI) and postrecurrent survival (PRS) were analyzed. A follow-up examination that included a physical examination, complete blood count, blood chemistry, and chest X-ray, was done every 2 months for the first 2 years and thereafter every 3 months. Both CT and a radionuclide bone scan were routinely investigated once or twice a year. The recurrent lesion was confirmed by biopsy if clinically feasible.

RESULTS
The mean DFI and PRS were 448 days (22-3013) and 418 days (3-4235), respectively. The first recurrent site was detected in the lung in 42, bone in 30, brain in 29, lymph node in 16, liver in 12, adrenal gland in 5, and others in 4. Adjuvant therapies were performed in 45 patients, however, the treatment was not a significant factor for postrecurrent survival. The postrecurrent 2-year survival rate was 15.7 %. Based on the pathologic stage at the initial operation, DFIs were 752 days in I, 500 in II, 315 in IIIA and 101 in IIIB (p<0.05, I vs. IIIA or IIIB), and PRSs were 590 days in I, 381 in II, 257 in IIIA and 180 in IIIB (p<0.05, I vs. IIIA). The stage was the strongest and independent factor in the postrecurrent survival, and the hazard ratio of stage I/II-IIIB was 0.53 (p = 0.0063).

CONCLUSIONS
Patients with stage I NSCLC exhibited a better prognosis even after recurrence at distant organs, therefore such a population should be omitted or stratified in clinical trials for metastatic NSCLC. Stage classification might indicate not only the status of progression but also the biological malignant potential in NSCLC. No significant financial relationships to disclose.


This study aims to find out how the process of implementing the drinking water grant program is and to analyze the success factors and obstacles in overcoming the availability of drinking water for Low-Income Communities (MBR). In this study, researchers used descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Primary and secondary data sources. Then the data were analyzed interactively in the opinion of Miles Huberman and Saldana (2014). The results of the research show that the implementation of this program starts in 2021 until 2023. As of February 27, 2023, 1,083 SRs have been installed and according to the commitment of Perumda Air Drinking Tugu Tirta Malang City will install all house connections that have already paid a new installation fee. Suggestions from researchers to Perumda Drinking Water Tugu Tirta Malang City so that the obstacles encountered in the process of working on this program for the community can be reviewed and used as evaluation material so that in the future service to the community can be better.


Abstract Purpose: To describe first-time mothers' experiences with online social networking sites in the early postpartum period, explore how mothers use them to gain support, and to evaluate how their use can aid or hinder maternal role transition. Study Design: Qualitative descriptive study. Methods: This qualitative descriptive study, using convenience and snowball sampling, first-time mothers in the early postpartum period were recruited through social media. Semistructured interviews were conducted virtually where mothers were asked to describe their experiences with online social networking. Thematic analysis methods were used to develop themes from participant interviews. Results: Twelve first-time mothers ranging from 4 to 12 weeks postpartum participated in the study. Thematic analysis revealed four themes: 1) Habits of first-time mom using social networking sites, 2) New purpose online, 3) Taking it to the moms, and 4) Impact on motherhood. Clinical Implications: Maternal child nurses have opportunities to further customize support for first-time mothers online. Awareness of habits, trends, implications of early mothering during COVID-19, and the role social networking sites can play in supporting mothers in the early postpartum period offers new ways for nurses to support and empower the motherhood collective. New mothers are frequent users of social media sites. In this study, 21 first-time new mothers were interviewed about how they used social media during the first months postpartum. Mothers reported they logged on multiple times a day, often during the night and adjusting to infant feeding and napping schedules. They believed the sites offered a safe space for mothers to have access to information and support while maintaining some degree of anonymity. Nurse familiarity with existing online social media sites can be beneficial in guiding new mothers to reputable resources.


Background Irisin, an exercise-induced myokine, has broad implications for metabolism and energy homeostasis. The aim of this work was to investigate the irisin expression and its receptor and the signaling pathway in relation to cognitive functions to allow for a better understanding of its role in an exercised diabetic model. Materials and methods A total of 40 adult male albino rats were divided equally into four groups. The first group included control rats (the control group). The remaining animals were used to establish a type 2 diabetic model and were further divided into the following: the diabetic sedentary group; the chronic exercised diabetic group; and the acute exercised diabetic group. At the end of the study period, the behavioral assessment was carried out for all groups in a T-maze. After scarification, gastrocnemius muscles, whole brains, and abdominal adipose tissues were excised for the measurement of gene expression of muscle irisin, brain irisin receptors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), brain MAPK and adipose tissue uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), and MAPK. In addition, insulin sensitivity indices and serum lipid profile were measured for the studied groups. Results Muscle irisin expression was significantly elevated in chronic and acute exercised diabetic rats (P < 0.001) compared with diabetic sedentary rats. Significant positive correlations existed between the muscle irisin mRNA expression patterns compared with the brain irisin receptors expression, BDNF, brain MAPK (r = 0.878, 0.933, and 0.908, respectively; P < 0.001 for all), as well as cognitive performance together with an improvement in insulin sensitivity and lipid profile. On the other hand, although muscle irisin was correlated positively with adipose MAPK, it was negatively correlated with UCP1. Conclusion Our results suggest that raised muscle irisin levels for both types of exercise are involved in the improvement of cognitive functions and insulin sensitivity in diabetic rats. However, further studies should clarify its precise role in relation to fat browning.


Bone is a classic target tissue for parathyroid hormone (PTH), whose calciotropic effect is mediated largely via catabolic actions on this tissue. Paradoxically, PTH also exerts anabolic actions, with intermittent injections of PTH or its amino‐terminal fragments causing an increase in bone formation and bone mass, actions that form the basis for the use of PTH in the treatment of osteoporosis. Besides vitamin D, PTH is the only other known bone anabolic agent. High‐affinity PTH receptors (PTH‐1R) have been detected on osteoblasts and osteoclasts (albeit in lower numbers).


book professing to have the social point of view to find the timeworn dogma (p. 214), "To have a new society there must first be new men—men with a new heart." Is it not high time that the realization should begin to gain headway that the true and practicable way, and withal the Biblical way, of getting new men, is to take the old men and put them into new and favorable surroundings? No amount of exhortation to men to be good and brotherly and Christian has ever availed nor can avail on any large scale, when the very necessities of their circumstances and of their environment make it well nigh impossible, or at least extremely difficult, to be anything else but predatory and anti-social. One of the best parts of the book is the concluding chapter— "Man as Creator"—because of its social implications, involving the co-operation of God and man to establish the Kingdom of God. "Man's greatest need is a cause big enough to spend his life for" (p. 288); "There is only one such cause—'Seek ye first the Kingdom of God and His righteousness'" (p. 291). When the church finally awakes to a realization of what the Gospel really is, to wit, the proclamation of the Cause of Jesus Christ, the invitation to all men to co-operate with God in that Cause, leaving their individual salvation and future welfare to come as a by-product, there will follow a revival such as the world has never known. The book can only do good and should be widely read within the church and without.


Objective To explore the effect of rosuvastatin on blood lipids and high sensitive C-reactive protein(hs-CRP)in Uygur hyperlipidemia patients.Methods In June 2009 to March 2011,40 cases of Uygur hyperlipidemia patients were selected.Rosuvastatin(astrazeneca pharmaceutical company production) were given 10 mg every night,it lasted for 28 d before and after treatment.With the Olympus automatic biochemistry analyzer check,total cholesterol(TC),triglyeride(TG),high density lipoprotein(HDL),low-density lipoprotein(LDL),alanine shift enzyme(ALT),aspartic acid shift enzyme(AST),hs-CRP were analyzed before and after treatment.Results After 3 weeks′ treatment TG,LDL-C,TG drop down before treatment,the most obvious were TG.HDL-C was improved,and the difference was statistically significant(P0.05).ALT,AST,creatine kinase had no change between before and after treatment.Conclusion Rosuvastatin comfortable not only can improve the Ughurs hyperlipidemia patients′ blood lipid levels,but can obviously reduce serum hs-treatment of liver function,CRP levels had no significant effect on the application,safety.


This article discloses a pen-type input device designed to improve device structure so that a more convenient use with a camera. Structure of the pen type input device with the camera is also applicable to an object indicating horizontally long or vertically long. In addition, the object having means for specifying the processing content of the user, and means for indicating that the object detected by the wrong way and accordingly teach the correct object indicating a user process.


DISCLAIMER
In an effort to expedite the publication of articles, AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time.

PURPOSE
To describe the benefits of pharmacist integration into a community rheumatology clinic in terms of clinical outcomes, patient and provider satisfaction, and clinic time efficiency.

METHODS
A 6-month study was conducted at a community rheumatology clinic to compare clinical and patient and provider satisfaction outcomes before and after a clinical pharmacist (CP) was integrated into the clinic staff to assist with providing medication counseling, ordering and monitoring laboratory tests, monitoring adverse effects and medication adherence, and titrating medication doses. The primary outcome was the change in Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data 3 (RAPID-3) scores from baseline to 3 and 6 months after CP integration. Secondary outcomes included the change in monthly pain scores from baseline to 6 months, the change in patient satisfaction scores from baseline to 6 months, and time saved for the rheumatology providers after pharmacist integration into the clinic.

RESULTS
The mean difference in RAPID-3 scores from baseline to 3 months (N = 55) was an improvement of 5.58 points (P < 0.001), while the mean change in weighted RAPID-3 scores was an improvement of 1.87 (P < 0.001). The mean change in RAPID-3 scores from baseline to 6 months (n = 25) was an improvement of 5.13 (P = 0.003), and the mean change in weighted RAPID-3 scores was 1.78 (P = 0.003).

CONCLUSION
The results of this quality improvement project suggest that the integration of a CP in the rheumatology clinic improved patient-reported outcomes, as quantified by patients' pain scores and RAPID-3 scores. The integration of the CP also appeared to enhance patient and provider satisfaction.


To reduce the limiting feature of switching frequency in the high power current source inverter (CSI) and minimize effects on CSI output performance, this paper proposes a interconnection and damping assignment passivity-based control (IDA-PBC) strategy for three-phase CSI. The lumped-parameter model of three-phase CSI with independent storage unit is established, moreover, its port-controlled Hamilton (PCH) model in Park reference frame is proposed. Based on solving the parametric partial differential equation of the interconnection and damping matrix, the design of the closed-loop system controller is studied in this paper, and the system stability is analyzed by Lyapunov function. Furthermore, simulation reports for three-phase CSI demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the introduced design, and show that the inverter has strong anti-interference ability to the load disturbance.


Globalization and advances in information technology are stepping up competition between companies, making it increasingly necessary for them to stand out from their competitors. Intangible assets such as brands, patents, public utilities and intellectual capital, for example, are singular assets, whose uniqueness allows companies to differentiate themselves from others and gain competitive advantages. In this context, innumerous authors have asserted that the generation of wealth in companies is directly related to intangible assets, as these assets are responsible for better economic performance and the generation of above-average profits. The higher presence of intangible assets not accounted for on paper can also explain the gap between the market value of a company and the value reflected in traditional accounting. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of the presence of unrecorded intangible assets on the performance of companies, statistically verifying whether these assets can really generate greater value for shareholders. The results obtained from hundreds of companies in the United States are significant and show that there are important differences in performance between intangible-intensive and tangible-intensive companies. Accounting thus needs to make an effort to register these strategic assets and develop a means of reflecting them, if necessary re-adjusting its principles, conventions, norms and practices in such a way that essence take prevalence over form, because even subjectivity and the consequent difficulty in measuring intangible assets cannot stand as an obstacle to this process of evolution.


This paper presents the development of two types of power factor corrected (PFC) AC-DC converter fed switched-reluctance motor (SRM) drives, both possess reversible and regenerative braking capabilities. First, a three-phase six-switch four-quadrant boost switch-mode rectifier (SMR) fed SRM drive is established. The DC-link voltage of the SRM drive is adjustable and well regulated for effectively enhancing the SRM driving performance under higher speeds. Moreover, the recovery of regenerative braking energy back to the mains is achievable. Next, a new PFC front-end consisting of a diode rectifier and an anti-paralleled active power filter (APF) is proposed. It allows the use of IGBT module with lower rating to achieve the regenerative braking and PFC functions. However, the DC-link voltage boosting and regulating abilities are sacrificed. Some measured results are provided to comparatively evaluate the performances of the SRM drives powered by the two AC-DC front-end converters.


Abstract A survey of Church in Wales churchwardens undertaken during 2003 in the dioceses of Bangor and Llandaff included twelve questions central to the idea of children receiving communion before confirmation. Analyses of the responses to these questions show few differences in the views of churchwardens from rural parishes compared with the views of churchwardens from urban parishes. More significantly, when compared with studies concerning the views of Church in Wales clergy on children receiving communion before confirmation, churchwardens emerge as notably less supportive than clergy. It is argued that clergy and churchwardens need to work closely together to ensure that parishes move forward in an agreed way.


The service industry is of fundamental relevance for the economies of industrialized countries, as the service industry produces the highest growth in the gross domestic product. In this regard, new service development (NSD) represents a critical resource for competitive survival and a decisive factor of growth in the service industry. However, service firms across many industries are increasingly faced with the challenge of determining how best to manage their development of new service offerings. Although researchers have shown growing interest in NSD issues, this area is still underutilized. Furthermore, although the heterogeneity of the service industry has been emphasized for years, the current body of research on NSD mainly focuses on specific service environments, providing data that are often not comparable across different service sectors. Additionally, there is no study to date that comprehensively examines innovation activities and the relevance of service innovations' success factors within different service industries. The aim of this exploratory study is to establish a more balanced picture of the nature of innovation activities in terms of NSD characteristics and success factors in the heterogeneous service industry. From this perspective, this paper begins with an examination of the factors that contribute to the success of NSD. Based on a meta-analysis of new service success factor studies, 17 different success determinants are classified and aggregated to service-related success determinants. Subsequently, a cluster analysis of 1016 service companies is used to identify different service innovation types. For the service sector, four service innovation types are determined: efficient developers, innovative developers, interactive adopters, and standardized adopters. Furthermore, based on interviews with service innovation managers,the previously identified success factors are examined for each innovation type using a standardized survey. Finally, based on the results of this exploratory study, the paper concludes with recommendations for NSD management and research propositions for each service innovation type. These propositions support innovation managers to successfully manage service innovations for the innovation type they are operating in.


THE refrigerator must be one of the most used - and abused - items of equipment in the practice. This despite the fact that it is used to store a number of items indispensable to everyday practice such as drugs, vaccines and samples. Here, Roger Blowey and Jennifer Davis suggest some simple, practical measures for ensuring best use of the practice fridge.


ABSTRACT This study probes the influence of community attachment on local entrepreneurs' perceptions of tourism's local impacts. Six latent constructs were derived from social exchange theory and community attachment theory; 11 hypotheses were tested, using structural equation modelling, with data from 297 Taiwanese night market entrepreneurs. Significant theoretical contributions to understanding relationships between entrepreneurs and community were found: effects of community satisfaction on support for tourism were significant and fully mediated by perceived benefits. Community factors and tourist contact frequency were important in entrepreneurs' decisions on further tourism development. Community factors showed low but significant relationships with the perceived costs of tourism, A case is made for sustainable tourism governance measures, including partnership creation, destination management systems, and visitor experience planning.


Thickener control is a complex process and a workable expert control system that could be applied across a range of applications has not been available. With the developments in expert control software, combining the latest process control technologies with new artificial intelligence computing tools, thickener control can be greatly simplified. The paper details the implementation of a thickener expert control system at Cortez Gold in Nevada using KnowledgeScape/sup TM/ expert control software. Input by a number of thickener experts was used to devise a robust rule based control scheme. The benefits realized from the expert control systems so far have been tighter control of output objectives (e.g. underflow density) and fewer emergency conditions in the thickener. The system architecture and some of the design challenges are discussed.


Sensitivity analysis belongs to the most important tools in optimization theory. It determines the dependence of global or local electromagnetic quantities on geometrical and physical parameters expressed in the form of an objective function. For several objective functions the sensitivity may be directly calculated differentiating the objective function versus one of material or geometric parame- ters. Such approach needs large computational effort, especially while evaluating in time domain. This paper presents effective methods for computing of sensitivity of nodal po- tentials in finite elements versus perturbations in conductivity of analyzed model in time domain. Derived equations are based on the method of stiffness and mass matrices derivative and Tellegen's theorem known from circuit theory and have been expanded on field theory. Numerical example presented in the paper shows sensitivity of voltage induced in measurement coil versus variation of electrical conductivity in single finite ele- ment as function of time. The proposed methods calculate the sensitivity versus all finite elements in area of analysis at once. On the basis of sensitivity informa- tion the iterative algorithm for identification of shape and conductivity distribu- tion of material flaws could be applied.


The cerebral circulatory dynamics were evaluated before and after intra-arterial administration of fasudil hydrochloride in 20 patients with angiographic vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The region of interest time-density curves obtained before and after intra-arterial administration of fasudil hydrochloride were compared in the proximal portion of the middle cerebral artery in the early arterial phase, the distal portion of the middle cerebral artery in the late arterial phase, and the transverse sinus in the venous phase. In the early arterial phase, the time to peak and the time to half-peak were significantly reduced. In the late arterial phase and venous phase, the time to peak was significantly reduced. These results suggest that intra-arterial administration of fasudil hydrochloride induced dilation of the proximal arteries, and improved cerebral microcirculation. The present study suggests that intra-arterial administration of fasudil hydrochloride is effective as a treatment for vasospasm following SAH.


All observations by the aperture photometer (PHT-P) and the far-infrared (FIR) camera section of ISOPHOT included reference measurements against stable internal fine calibration sources (FCS) to correct for temporal drifts in detector responsivities. The FCSs were absolutely calibrated in-orbit against stars, asteroids and planets, covering wavelengths from 3.2 to 240 μm. We present the calibration concept for point sources within a flux-range from 60 mJy up to 4500 Jy for staring and raster observations in standard configurations and discuss the requisite measurements and the uncertainties involved. In this process we correct for instrumental effects like nonlinearities, signal transients, time variable dark current, misalignments and diffraction effects. A set of formulae is developed that describes the calibration from signal level to flux densities. The scatter of 10 to 20% of the individual data points around the derived calibration relations is a measure of the consistency and typical accuracy of the calibration. The reproducibility over longer periods of time is better than 10%. The calibration tables and algorithms have been implemented in the final versions of the software for offline processing and interactive analysis.


In a clearance and support plate, which can be adjusted via swivel arms, for armoured vehicles, the plate is arranged as an exchangeable unit. For this purpose, a carrier is connected to the swivel arm. In addition, the plate can be fixed in a limit position of the swivel area as a clearance position by means of a lock.


We use 1‐D shock‐tube experiments to investigate the dynamics of rapidly‐decompressed gas‐particle mixtures and associated shock waves, with application to the initial stages of Vulcanian and Plinian eruptions. For particle sizes 45–150 μm and pressure ratios 1–70, experimental particle Reynolds numbers reach 104 and impulsive accelerations reach 150 g. The experiments suggest that particles hinder gas motion via an interphase drag force, reducing shock strength and velocity. Gas‐particle mixture velocities decrease with increasing particle diameter for a given initial pressure ratio and are less than those predicted by pseudogas approximations and existing interphase drag relationships due to imperfect phase coupling and unsteady flow during high‐acceleration stages. We present a new analysis for predicting shock strength and velocity for gas‐particle mixtures, and apply our improved interphase drag terms to the high‐acceleration, eruption initiation stage of Vulcanian eruptions.


In this review, we provide a current reference on disease resistance in insect societies. We start with the genetics of immunity in the context of behavioral and physiological processes and scale up levels of biological organization until we reach populations. A significant component of this review focuses on Apis mellifera and its role as a model system for studies on social immunity. We additionally review the models that have been applied to disease transmission in social insects and elucidate areas for future study in the field of social immunity. 405 A nn u. R ev . E nt om ol . 2 00 9. 54 :4 05 -4 23 . D ow nl oa de d fr om a rj ou rn al s. an nu al re vi ew s. or g by 7 6. 17 .2 42 .1 62 o n 12 /2 4/ 08 . F or p er so na l u se o nl y. ANRV363-EN54-21 ARI 7 November 2008 10:47 Social immunity: collective defenses against parasites and pathogens IC: immunocompetence Immunity: traits that decrease susceptibility to parasites and pathogens Antiseptic behavior: behavioral traits that decrease disease transmission and susceptibility INTRODUCTION Living in groups may increase the fitness of individuals by decreasing the costs associated with important life-history activities, including foraging efficiency, cooperative brood care, colonizing and competitive abilities, defense from enemies, and the ability to adaptively modify the environment (88, 128). Living in groups also poses unique fitness constraints on individuals, including increased competition and increased risk of disease transmission due to close living quarters with closely related individuals (95, 116). Evidence from the global success of social animals suggests that the benefits of social living may outweigh its costs (34, 47, 59, 70, 108, 128). The success of social insects remains enigmatic in regard to their ability to resist disease. The high level of cohesion in eusocial animal colonies may increase the risk of disease outbreak as a result of close living quarters, high genetic relatedness among individuals, and continuous physical interactions between individuals both within and across generations (30, 35, 95, 126). In response, eusocial insects in particular have evolved novel physiological, behavioral, and organizational adaptations to combat the increased risk of disease (3, 27, 49, 87, 88, 109, 118, 130, 131). These collective defenses against parasites and pathogens are examples of social immunity. As one would expect, disease resistance traits are under the influence of genetic and environmental constraints (15, 26, 92). The ability to mount an immune response can be quantified empirically by using measurements of immunocompetence (IC). We define IC as the ability of an organism to mount an immune response. Multiple forms of IC are seen throughout the biological world, as well as in behavioral, cellular, and humoral (noncellular) and behavioral processes (84). Eusocial insects are a unique system for studying the relationship between IC and behavioral ecology because of their behavioral processes, many of which mitigate susceptibility and thus bolster immunity. The term antiseptic behavior is introduced in this review to describe behaviors of individuals within a social insect colony that, analogous to the cellular and humoral processes within an individual, provide defenses against pathogens to decrease transmission and increase resistance to diseases. Some examples of antiseptic behavior include grooming, hygienic behavior, undertaking, avoidance, glandular secretions, and use of resins in the nest. Antiseptic behavior in social insects may provide another level of defense in addition to cellular and humoral IC. At the physiological level, eusocial insects are similar to nonsocial invertebrates with regard to their cellular and humoral immune physiology. Unfortunately, there have been remarkably few descriptive studies comparing the two, even though distinctions between social and nonsocial insects abound at the organismal and behavioral levels. In fact, examples of immune behavior exclusive to eusocial insects have been well described in the honey bee with regard to its mechanisms of antiseptic behaviors, which decrease disease transmission and susceptibility. Analogies between physiological and behavioral levels may also be drawn, for example, between cellular encapsulation of a foreign body and social aggregation of intruders by individuals within a social insect colony. Here, we aim to synthesize some of the literature relating to disease resistance in eusocial animals, with special emphasis on the honey bee, Apis mellifera. The collective immune defense (or social immunity sensu 26) by social insects against parasites was recently reviewed by Cremer and colleagues (27). As such, we do not focus solely on the group response to disease. Instead, we provide a multilevel approach, from gene to population, for a detailed understanding of the underlying mechanisms upon which natural selection may act (Figure 1). Although we organize this review from gene to population, the distinction across levels with respect to genetics is somewhat artificial. While acknowledging that phenotypes and extended phenotypes do not exist without genotypes, we believe the heuristic value of organizing the review from gene to population outweighs any disadvantages associated with our categorization. 406 Wilson-Rich et al. A nn u. R ev . E nt om ol . 2 00 9. 54 :4 05 -4 23 . D ow nl oa de d fr om a rj ou rn al s. an nu al re vi ew s. or g by 7 6. 17 .2 42 .1 62 o n 12 /2 4/ 08 . F or p er so na l u se o nl y. ANRV363-EN54-21 ARI 7 November 2008 10:47


This study aims to find out and obtain results related to the review of young marriages according to Islamic law in the liang country of salahutu district, Central Maluku regency. This research covers how Islamic law views young marriage and the impact of young marriage in a family. This type of research is qualitative using descriptive methods. The data collection techniques used are observation, interviews, and documentation. The information of this study was determined by purposive sampling. The data analysis technique used is descriptive qualitative through data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions so that a systematic series is arranged. The results of this study show that in the implementation of marriage at a young age according to the view of Islamic Law and The Number Act. 1 The year 1974 is justified and has the element of allowing for the good of those who marry at a young age, thus if strong and accountable reasons are found by both parties. The impact of marriage at a young age is an influence that affects the course of marital relations in the household ark, many of the impacts that affect marriage can be seen from the elements of economy, readiness, and knowledge. So before marriage, it is necessary to have readiness and maturity of each of them both mentally and materially. So that the marriage can go well.


This paper analyzes the technical aspects of Henry James's satire in his Naturalist novel, The Bostoniam. It is generally held that the satire in this particular novel is two-pronged. James, in his criticism of American culture in the 1880s, mocks the absurdity of Northern intellectual attitudes, as represented by Boston women reformers, and the crudity of Southern chivalry, represented by Basil Ransom from Mississippi, who views the life of Northern cities with skepticism and dension.
In this novel, James for the most part has his characters attack one another. The author stands equidistant from his fictional characters, unless they act as though there were better than other characters in the fiction When any of his characters attempts to override the opponent's claims, James immediately interrupts the narrative and undermines the assailant's position.
Authorial intrusion is at odds with the Naturalist credo that a novel should dispense with any authorial rearrangement of reality James, however, utilizes it for satiric purposes. He incorporates this anti-Naturalist mode of writing with another Naturalist convention, that is, detailed description of characters and setting.
James's portrayal of the most minute features of his characters' appearance and their dwelling places is to attack the public orientation of their private life Reminiscent of eighteenth century satires by John Dryden and Alexsander Pope, this particular satiric strategy is based on an allegorical understanding of the relationship between character and setting.
James also uses a technique of reduction and devaluation in chaffing his characters' action and appearances. James opts for animal images to satirize the limited perspectives and vampirish behavior of his characters, including Selah Tarrant, Olive Chancellor and Basil Ransom.


After drilling, logging and completion operation, a well immediately faces the problem how to achieve high and steady yields. In the production process, the system which is called intelligence completion system (ICS), is that which can acquire silo-pad zones parameters such as temperature, pressure and flow, analysis and treat the data, and drive down-holesliding bush device to control the pad zones yield. Now this paper briefly represents the Petroleum Production Completion of the system action, the application, the domestic and foreign technical existing-condition, the system schematic design, the key techniques and the problems-solving methods.


The parameter identification method in flexible rotor dynamic balancing by using the model analysis technology has been presented.This method needs only run-up once instead adding the test mass,regarding the mass of dynamic unbalancing as the paramenters of rotor shafting system's modal parameter,and according to the vibration responds,the n-step modal unbalancing can be determined by using the model analysis technology.A vast amount of verification tests shows that this method is effective and feasible.


This handbook provides a guide to assist African American parents of children with learning disabilities to become advocates for their children and raise awareness about learning differences. An introductory section notes the disproportionate risk of African American boys for being labeled mentally retarded and placed in special education. The guide then goes on to explain what a learning disability is, types of learning disability, the Individuals .with Disabilities Education Act, accessing special education services (including the benefits of evaluation and the Individualized Education Program), rights and responsibilities under the law, common reasons for referral to special education, grade repetition, and private schools. Additional issues briefly addressed include attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, lead poisoning, communication, and differences versus disorders. The guide concludes with specific ways parents can help their children achieve school success and make their voice heard. A resource directory lists resources on assessment and testing, legal services, schools serving children with learning disabilities (by state), summer camps, colleges and universities with programs and services, information about scholarships and financial assistance, and some national organizations. (DB) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.


Archaeological predictive modelling unites spatial analysis and the methods of geographic information systems (GIS) up with spatial (landscape) archaeology. Archaeological predictive models (APM) are used in several academic and practical applications to model and verify archaeological hypotheses about the relationship between humans and the landscape. Selected mathematical aspects of APM creation and analytical overlay operations are described in this paper as well as an APM application in an archaeological spatial analysis. One of the key problems in APM creation is the uncertainty of input data and their modelled parameters. We approach this issue using fuzzy logic. After reviewing the basic concept of fuzzy sets, the aggregation functions and their influence on APM creation are described. Validation of APM, although necessary for practical application, is often overlooked. Basic mathematical principles for selected methods of APM validation are provided here and suggested validation methods were applied in order to evaluate fuzzy deductive and inductive-deductive predictive models from southern parts of Central Slovakia. IANSA 2013 ● IV/2 ● 177–190 Tibor Lieskovský, Renata Ďuračiová, Lukáš Karell: Selected Mathematical Principles of Archaeological Predictive Models Creation and Validation in the GIS Environment 178 and that these sites are distributed purposely, depending on environmental or social factors (Goláň 2003). These conditions are rarely met. The problem is related to the number of sites inside the studied area (a statistically significant sample) and also to the uniformity of exploration of the area. Due to various reasons, for instance, one part of the territory may have been explored in more detail, while another area might remain omitted. Another theoretical disadvantage is that the areas predicted by the inductive method are essentially the same as the areas from which the model was built. If we make use of the current state of knowledge of the archaeological sites in the known area to predict other areas, atypical sites with different characteristics cannot be predicted by the model. Despite this fact, inductive models are particularly useful in landscape planning or as a supporting tool in the protection of the cultural heritage. 2.2 Deductive models Deductive models are based on a preliminary evaluation of the landscape suitability for a settlement. This includes the conditions that the landscape should meet for a residential, burial or another area to emerge. We assume that archaeological sites occur as a consequence of interactions between the cultural system of communities and the landscape, where people have established the areas of their activities (Neustupný 2007). The deductive approach is based on an evaluation of landscape characteristics (instead of the characteristics of well-known locations in the inductive approach). The already known sites serve to test and monitor the model in this procedure. The contribution of the deductive models is primarily evident in the academic field, because of its ability to include the comprehensive knowledge of possible human behaviour in the past. They enable the implementation and modelling of social factors and are applicable in the areas without relevant archaeological data. Using an appropriate theory, areas that are difficult to detect by ordinary methods of field work can be modelled. Inductive and deductive approaches are not mutually exclusive. The development of the deductive models also utilizes the empirical research experience. Deductive models are based on the known patterns of the phenomenon or on the experiences, and the quantification and classification of the phenomena from practice is used (a variant of the inductive approach). According to (Leusen et al. 2005), the terms "inductive" and "deductive" were only used to determine the weights of the layers. The term was later transferred into Figure 1. Example of an archaeological predictive model. IANSA 2013 ● IV/2 ● 177–190 Tibor Lieskovský, Renata Ďuračiová, Lukáš Karell: Selected Mathematical Principles of Archaeological Predictive Models Creation and Validation in the GIS Environment 179 practice and was used to indicate the approach to the model creation. Both methods provide complementary results and their appropriate mutual combination can lead to a good prediction model. Both approaches have in common the use of theoretical principles of mathematical and spatial modelling and the methods included in the geographic information systems (GIS). These procedures involve a wide variety of methods ranging from a simple statistical test of differences between two files (the occurrence of the phenomenon in the landscape and in archaeological sites), the determination of the significance rate of such a difference, the determination of the correlation rate through the creation of predictive models combining properly made layers by the usage of corresponding aggregation functions to the very validation of the predictive models. A number of these practices are common for creating archaeological predictive models for both bases. This is why the aggregate functions cannot be ignored when developing deductive models and in contrast, the principles of the fuzzy sets also cannot be ignored in the case of the inductive models. 3. Principles of archaeological predictive models creation The creation of an archaeological predictive model (Figure 1) consists of the following phases (Danielisová 2008; Lieskovský 2011): 1. Defining the problem. This includes the determination of the purpose (pragmatic/academic), the choice of methods and approaches (deductive/inductive). 2. Source data selection and database structure design. The available data sources determine the creation and application of the predictive models. (Lieskovský 2011). 3. Making the analysis. This follows the questions set out in the problem definition. In inductive analysis, we analyse the representation of the phenomenon in the country and the archaeological sites. In the deductive approach we create corresponding layers based on an expert knowledge, an analogy in other areas, etc. 4. Testing of the analytical results. Prior to the interpretation of the obtained results, we have to verify their reliability and relevance. Methods of mathematical statistics are widely used and the statistical credibility of the results can be expressed differently. 5. Interpretation of the results. This concerns in particular a meaningful evaluation of the analysis results and their correct inclusion in the context in terms of the examined problems. 6. The creation of an archaeological predictive model (APM). By applying the acquired results, we derive secondary layers which meet the criteria of relevance. They can subsequently be integrated into the APM in an optimal number of alternatives. 7. Validation of the predictive models. The created model or its variants should be tested for the accuracy and reasonableness of the prediction, while we are trying to optimize models and define their usefulness in accordance with the obtained results. 8. Implementation of APM and its refinement. This phase depends on the purpose of the model creation and is an iterative process. A suitably constructed model can be refined by including new data and findings. If it no longer meets the criteria, we create a new model. Phases 1 to 3 and partially phases 4 and 5 are covered in detail in (Lieskovský et al. 2011). We focus in this paper on selected mathematical aspects of APM creation. From a mathematical point of view, these processes can be summarized in the following stages: 1. Detection of the elementary statistical properties of the analysed phenomenon. 2. Detection of the conformity or difference significance between the two samples (the archaeological site and the country). 3. Determination of the significance degree of the difference (weights). 4. Determination of the statistical dependence between two variables (correlation rate). 5. Creation of the input layers for a model design based on the statistical results. 6. Creation of the input layers for a model design based on the theory of fuzzy sets. 7. Creation of a model by combining the input layers using the aggregate functions and their properties. 8. Validation methods. An overview of the basic statistical methods and testing (stages 1–4) can be found in the mathematical literature and are further described in several publications concerning archaeological predictive modelling (Leusen et al. 2005; Goláň 2003; Danielisová 2008; Lieskovský et al. 2011). These stages are typical for an inductive model creation. This paper focuses on the stages from 5 to 8 and the common mathematical principles of the deductive and inductive predictive models which are also important in terms of GIS. 4. Input layers for a model design When creating APM in the GIS environment we generally use overlay operations on raster layers, which are mostly derived from original data using an inductive or deductive approach. It is important to identify and determine the parameters of these layers in the form of individual categories inside the layer, establishing the layer ́s weight and its overall effect. Regarding the impact of the individual layers on APM, we propose dividing it into the following categories (Lieskovský 2011): 1. Layers of "exclusive influence": They represent layers of fundamental influence. The layer has its basic impact even on the assumption that all other conditions are fulfilled or unfulfilled. The presence of water near an archaeological site is an example, even if all other conditions are met (e.g. a IANSA 2013 ● IV/2 ● 177–190 Tibor Lieskovský, Renata Ďuračiová, Lukáš Karell: Selected Mathematical Principles of Archaeological Predictive Models Creation and Validation in the GIS Environment 180 suitable slope, suitable soil, mineral resources) and the water is not available, it is not possible to assume the


The term analgesic derived from the Greek word algesia- means pain, is an ill defined unpleasant sensation, usually evoked by an external or internal noxious stimulus. Anti inflammatory are the agents that reduce the inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis at the site of injury. Inflammation is the result of concerted participation of a large number of vasoactive, chemotactic and proliferative factors at different stages. Though different type of analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs are available for treatment there is increasing demand by patients to use the natural products with analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. Synthetic drugs cannot be used orally or parentrally continuously because of their side effect and toxicity. So the present work has been undertaken to study the effect of whole plant extract on experimental animal models of pain and inflammation. Ocimum canum (Lamiaceae), a native of Indian subcontinent is a highly esteemed tree for the treatment of different ailments as antibacterial, expectorant, carminative and stimulant. Dried leaf powders are used for cough, cold, joint pains and wound healing. Other uses include burning during micturation and engorgement in the mammary gland.


This article evaluates the performance of the Arab Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) banking industry in the context of the Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) hypothesis in the period 1993 to 2002. This article uses panel estimation differentiating between bank fixed effects and country fixed effects. It examines the Relative-Market-Power (RMP) and the Efficient-Structure (ES) hypotheses differentiating between the two by employing a nonparametric measure of technical efficiency, and finds that the banking industry in the Arab GCC countries is best explained by the mainstream SCP hypothesis. The empirical results do not find any support for the Hicks' (1935) 'Quiet Life' (QL) version of the market power hypothesis.


PURPOSE: The method for providing the user authentication service using the authentication server is provided to easily control personal information, and to prevent the personal information from being misappropriated and misused by storing all personal information in a personal information control/authentication server, and by performing an authentication through the server at the time for connecting to an internet service site. CONSTITUTION: A user connects to a specific service site(401). In case that the user is a new member(402), it is required to input an ID and a password registered in a personal information control/authentication server(403). A server of the service site transmits the ID and the password inputted from the user, and requires processing an entry to the site(404). The specific service site receives results of an authentication and a registration from the server(405). In case that the user is an existing member, it is required to input an ID and a password(406). The server of the site requests an authentication of the user to the server using the information inputted from a user computer(407). In case that the server of the site confirms that the user is a proper user(408), it is processed to enable the user to use the site(409).


Abstract Explaining the diversity of immune reactions requires comparative immunology that takes a phylogenetic view; there is interest in uncovering the underlying mechanisms throughout the animal kingdom. Because of the complexities and diversities of individual phyla, comparative immunology can compare and therefore reveal and elucidate immune mechanisms between and within major groups. There exist two categories of immune responses; 1) nonspecific, innate, natural, non‐adaptive, and non‐anticipatory; 2) induced, adaptive, specific, anticipatory responses. Non‐specific mechanisms include the ubiquitous phagocytosis and encapsulation. In invertebrates, several leukocyte types possess membrane associated markers (e.g. β2m, Thy‐2, Lyt‐, Lyt‐2/3). Transplantation immunity, has revealed various degrees of specificity in sponges, coelenterates, annelids, insects, echinoderms and tunicates. Cytotoxicity is a crucial immunodefense function. Humoral immunity includes naturally occurring and inducible agglutinin...


Coronary artery disease is responsible for almost 500,000 deaths each year making it the number one killer of women and men in the United States (1). As many as 1.5 million individuals have a myocardial infarction each year, and at least 250,000 die of their myocardial infarction within 1 hour of symptoms. Over 13 million Americans have a history of symptomatic coronary artery disease. Coronary artery disease is responsible for more than $90 billion annually in economic costs (1). Coronary atherosclerosis is the major cause of coronary artery disease (2). The atherosclerotic process is an organized, active, lifelong process involving elements of chronic inflammation followed by repair in the artery wall (3). The endothelium and many growth factors, cytokines, and vasoregulatory molecules are involved in the process (3). Atherosclerosis begins with the appearance of fatty streaks in the intima (4). The fatty streaks may evolve into fibrous plaques by accumulation of lipid, smooth muscle, and connective tissue. These plaques undergo vascularization, intraplaque hemorrhage, rupture, ulceration, and calcification and can impede blood flow through an artery. A thrombosis superimposed on a lesion can lead to myocardial infarction or sudden death (4). Comprehensive studies to date have identified risk factors for coronary artery disease endpoints including sudden death, myocardial infarction, or angina pectoris (see table 1). These established risk factors include older age, male sex, elevated total cholesterol levels, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, and family history of premature coronary artery disease (5, 6) (see table 1). These factors, however, fail to identify a large proportion of


The fundamental quantum limit, or the quantum Cramér-Rao bound, defines the sensitivity limit for quantum measurements. For linear measurement systems, such as gravitational-wave detectors, it is inversely proportional to the noise spectrum of the dynamical variable that couples to the measured signal. Defining a physically meaningful spectrum, however, requires that the system is stable and a steady state exists. We relax such a stability requirement and prove that the fundamental quantum limit can be derived simply by considering the open-loop dynamics in the Fourier domain.


Sir, We read with interest the article by Kim, Cordato, McDougall and Fraser. We remember with great pleasure Dr Fraser's time at Moorfields as our first Neuro-Ophthalmology Fellow. We remain grateful to her for suggesting to Elizabeth Warrington (EW) and to one of us (MJ-G) that a companion to the existing Queen Square Screening Test for Cognitive Deficits (QSCD) be produced, which became the Queen Square Screening Test for Visual Deficits (QSVD). We are also pleased that an attempt has been made to demonstrate the utility of the latter test in the clinic. However, readers should note that the test was designed by MJ-G and EW as a screening test (as was the case for the QSCD) and no validated scoring system exists; nor was one ever proposed as the weighting of scores for individual tests would be difficult to justify. To give an example, although the "unusual views" test consists of eight images (four unusual and four corresponding canonical views) it is the difference in performance between the two sets of images that is valid and a simple "correct/incorrect" score out of eight is not appropriate. Furthermore, how can tests with three-four test images be scored to give equivalent weighting to errors made in reading the paragraph of text? No scoring system is provided with either Queen Square Screening test. The authors also imply that the test booklet was developed from the pre-existing, and fully validated, Visual Object and Space Perceptual Battery (VOSP). However, the overlap between the tests is modest: there are only four out of 14 tests in the booklet which are to be found in the VOSP. These four and an additional five are to be found in the Cortical Vision Screening Test (CORVIST). We are surprised that this test was not mentioned by the authors given that it is a more direct predecessor for the QSVD. Fraser and colleagues point out differences in cost: £244 for the VOSP as opposed to £10 for the QSVD (at "cost" with a surplus to fund new editions) and also the difference in the time taken to carry out the test (up to an hour for the VOSP and less than 10 minutes for the QSVD). The CORVIST sits nicely in the middle, costing £55 and taking around 15 minutes to complete. It is also the case that the CORVIST is now available as an on-line test whereas the QSVD is only available through the Education Department of the Institute of Neurology and was not intended for wide distribution. As an on-line test the CORVIST is being regularly updated and improved. For example, tests of motion perception will be included shortly. Income from subscriptions is used to maintain the website and carry out such developments. We emphasise that all three tests are to be used for screening; the tests are designed so that healthy subjects would make few or no errors, no scoring system is provided and if errors are made further investigation is indicated. There are one or two factual errors in the article. For example, the authors state that "object and face perception localise to the left occipito-temporal (ventral) region" whereas the localisation is in the non-dominant hemisphere. We also disagree with the statement: "Early visual processing is dependent on higher order functions of both visual object and space perception, and reading ability is dependent on multiple areas". Early visual processing usually refers to occipital lobe processing rather than higher order functions.


A brief review of the early and current applications of lie detectors to detecting deception is presented. Research findings on the accuracy of polygraphs in real life situations are discussed. Additionally, the circumstances of polygraph testing (i.e., friendly or adversarial), methods of "beating" the polygraph, and the acceptance of polygraph results in the courtroom are reviewed. Language: en


Data is the core and emphasis of geographical information system (GIS). The operations such as information storage, management, inquiry, analysis and description all depend on data. Data collection is the basic work of GIS construction. Conventional methods can't satisfy the need of GIS development with some disadvantages such as low digital degree, high cost and long time consuming. Global Positioning System (GPS) provides three-dimension position, velocity and time information about any point on the earth with high precision, whole-day and continuous properties by receiving radio signals from satellites. GPS as one of the most mature orientation technologies has gradually become one of the most important data resources of GIS. This paper focuses on two aspects. The first one is the technology and method of GIS data collection based on Global Positioning System. GPS dynamic data communication, position data process method and data transformation technology is discussed in detail with resolving methods and flow charts. The second one is the technology and method of GIS database update. The weighted average method of update which considers the original GIS position data as one kind of measurement and the GPS position data as another kind of measurement computes the average of these two kinds of measurements to get the new position information. And these two kinds of measurement are considered with different weights. The study is undertaken on Zhalong Wetland in Qiqihaer City China and Malan River in Dalian City China. The investigation results prove that the data collection and database update of GIS based on GPS technology can orient changed areas rapidly and make the local database update more convenient and flexible. It is helpful in trend prediction of wetland for the sustainable development of regional economy and has some significance in wetland dynamic analysis, protection and exploiture.