We sample the posterior probability distributions of the low-energy constants (LECs) in delta-full chiral effective field theory ($\chi$EFT) up to third order. We use eigenvector continuation for fast and accurate emulation of the likelihood and Hamiltonian Monte Carlo to draw effectively independent samples from the posteriors. Our Bayesian inference is conditioned on the Granada database of neutron-proton ($np$) cross sections and polarizations. We use priors grounded in $\chi$EFT assumptions and a Roy-Steiner analysis of pion-nucleon scattering data. We model correlated EFT truncation errors using a two-feature Gaussian process, and find correlation lengths for $np$ scattering energies and angles in the ranges 40--120 MeV and 25--45 degrees, respectively. These correlations yield a non-diagonal covariance matrix and reduce the number of independent scattering data with a factor of eight and four at the second and third chiral orders, respectively. The relatively small difference between the second and third order predictions in delta-full $\chi$EFT suppresses the marginal variance of the truncation error and the effects of its correlation structure. Our results are particularly important for analyzing the predictive capabilities in \textit{ab initio} nuclear theory.


The interference rejection combining (IRC) receiver, which can suppress inter-cell interference, is effective in improving the cell-edge user throughput. The IRC receiver is typically based on the minimum mean square error (MMSE) criteria, which requires highly accurate channel estimation and covariance matrix estimation that includes the inter-cell interference. This paper investigates the gain from the IRC receiver in terms of the downlink user throughput performance in a multi-cell environment. In the evaluation, to assess the actual gain, the inter-cell interference signals including reference signals from the surrounding 56 cells are generated in the same way as the desired signals, and the channel propagation from all of the cells is explicitly taken into account considering pathloss, shadowing, and multipath fading. The results of simulations that assume the inter-site distance of 500m, the spatial correlation at the transmitter and the receiver of 0.5, and the numbers of transmitter and receiver antennas of 2 and 2, respectively, show that the IRC receiver improves the cell-edge user throughput (defined as the 5% value in the cumulative distribution function) by approximately 15% compared to the simplified MMSE receiver that approximates the inter-cell interference as AWGN, at the cost of a drop in the average user throughput due to less accurate channel and covariance matrices. Furthermore, we consider dynamic switching between the IRC receiver and the simplified MMSE receiver according to the number of streams and modulation and coding scheme levels. The results show that with dynamic switching, both the cell-edge throughput and average user throughput are improved to the same level as that for the IRC receiver and the simplified MMSE receiver, respectively. Therefore, the best performance can be achieved by employing the dynamic switching in all throughput regions.


We have measured simultaneously transit times of longitudinal and transverse ultrasonic waves in NaCl and NaF as a function of ''quasihydrostatic'' pressure to 9 GPa. The dimensionless ratio of these transit times yields directly the ratio of the longitudinal to shear velocity. This velocity ratio is independent of sample length. Using third‐order elasticity theory a correction for a probable superimposed uniaxial stress component may be made. When done, this allows the direct determination of Poisson's ratio for each pressure. Shock‐wave data are used to obtain other elastic moduli and velocities of shear and longitudinal waves. Apparatus for making these measurements is described and data for NaCl and NaF are presented.


Part 1 Introduction 1. Introduction to Dental Radiography Part 2 Radiographic Anatomy 2. Intraoral Radiographic Anatomy of the Dog 3. Intraoral Radiographic Anatomy of the Cat 4. Temporomandibular Joint Part 3 Radiographic Evidence of Pathology 5. Periodontal Disease 6. Endodontic Disease 7. Dental Resorptive Lesions 8. Swelling and Neoplasia 9. Developmental Dental Abnormalities 10. Trauma 11. Miscellaneous Conditions Part 4 Obtaining Diagnostic Dental Radiographs 12. Technique 13. Equipment


n engl j med 358;16 www.nejm.org april 17, 2008 1751 the authors reply: Traditionally, we have not routinely used the technique of subcortical language mapping during the course of glioma resection guided by language mapping while the patient was awake. This approach has been advocated by Bello and colleagues,1 and as a commentator on their report, one of us (Dr. Berger) stated that it would be important to use these subcortical-stimulation-mapping techniques in the course of language mapping. This is particularly true if the surgeon attempts to resect tumor under positive or negative cortical sites when the tumor resection is within deep white-matter fasciculi, such as the superior longitudinal fasciculus connecting posterior to anterior language sites. However, for routine resections underneath the cortex, but not traversing these deep fasciculi, subcortical stimulation mapping would not be routinely advocated if the overlying cortical site is negative for language. The assumption to date is that subcortical language pathways descend perpendicularly to their cortical site of origin; thus, if a site is negative, it can be undercut with impunity, which is not the case for a positive site. The use of subcortical stimulation mapping is controversial, although recently there has been more evidence of its utility, especially in working deep within subcortical fasciculi that connect language regions.


The sequential 1,4-elimination reaction of (E)-4-alkoxy-2-butenyl benzoates and [1,2]-Wittig rearrangement gave (2Z,4E)-2,4-pentadien-1-ols stereoselectively. Z-Selective formation of intermediary vinyl ethers, whose stereochemistry was well elucidated by the "syn-effect", was achieved by treatment of the 2-butenyl benzoates with KOH in the presence of Pd catalyst. The subsequent [1,2]-Wittg rearrangement by use of n-BuLi proceeded with retention of the stereochemistry of the intermediary vinyl ethers.


In order to better understanding the progresses of marine gas hydrate explorations, this study summarized the hydrate drill site objectives and drill site selections through some analyses on Blake Ridge, Hydrate Ridge, Gulf of Mexico, Nankai Trough, Ulleung Basin, and Indian continental margin. According to the actual occurrences, marine gas hydrates might be classified as two types, hydrates in the shallow layers near seafloor(generally within the range of 100 m below the seafloor), and hydrates in the relatively deep sediments(generally within the range of 100 ~ 400 m below the seafloor). The main indicators for site selection of hydrates in the shallow layers are anomalies in seawater, migrations of gas-bearing fluids and specific seafloor topographic features. On the contrast, the main indicators for site selection of hydrates in the deep layers are geophysical anomalies, migrations of gas-bearing fluids and distributions of favorable sediments. Therefore, for the marine gas hydrates system, fluids migrations and potential reservoirs could be referred to as bones and bloods, which might control the distribution of marine gas hydrates in the promising prospecting areas. In combination of anomalies related to hydrates, migrations of gas/fluids and favorable deep-water sediments, the predictions would be more accurate, which could be suggested as the developing trend of site selections for marine gas hydrates.


Currently, it is possible to use Aspect-Oriented languages to attach behavior to code based on semantic or syntactic properties of that code. There is no language, however, that allows developers to attach behavior based on static metaproperties of code. Here, we demonstrate a technique for applying AOP methods to metaproperties of source code. We use advice to coherently define runtime behavior for subsets of code that need not share semantic or syntactic properties. To illustrate the approach, we use Java as a base language, and define a family of pointcuts based on the edit time of the source lines, then build a simple debugging application that applies runtime tracing to only the most recently changed code. Using this technique, the tracing code is neatly modularized and need not depend on any semantic properties of the base code. We believe that this approach has powerful applications for debugging as well as for software engineering researchers looking to explore the runtime effects of extra-linguistic features.


The aim of the research is to study the corrosion behavior of simulated bronze samples in five electrolytes and simulated soil solution by the potentiodynamic anodic polarization. Results showed that theaphase was easier to be corroded thanSphase and (α+δ) eutectoid in the sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium phosphate, sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate and simulated soil solutions used in the experiments. The pH value and different i-ons in the solutions have great effect on the corrosion behavior of different phases of the bronzes.


Software reliability is a very important and active research field in software engineering. There have been one hundred of prediction model since the first prediction model published. Halstead model needn't test data and can be used before software test. But the model lost sight of many factors affecting software reliability. We aimed to improve prediction precision of Halstead model. So we improved the model which considered over software process factors affecting reliability and make use of BP network to calculate the weight.


On-line learning support for foundation chemistry was supplied to health science students via Blackboard and interactive web pages. The examples supplied were deliberately numerous, and very gently staged in order of difficulty. Our experience confirmed the advantages of using JavaScript rather than commercial software in the provision of this material. Students appeared to be enthusiastic and extremely grateful for provision of this additional learning material, but it was found that use of the material was mainly by students that were already both conscientious and good attendees. Preliminary indications were that most students, who regularly accessed the material, achieved better examinations results than those who did not although, as yet, we cannot claim these results are statistically significant. [Chem. Educ. Res. Pract., 2006, 7 (3), 185-194]


seeks for explanations to phenomena, in his observations of human events he searches for patterns of behavior. These patterns or regularities help him formulate generalizations which simplify his understanding of what he observes. It has always been a question whether or not patterns of behavior are real or perceived. These "hoped for" or real patterns have been recognized in all of man's intellectual political behavior including man's study and development of international law.


The utility model relates to a cooling system of a wind generating set, and belongs to the wind generating set technology field. The cooling system includes a water tank, a water pump, rotating joints, a water circulation pipeline, a generator, and a heat exchanger. The generator is arranged in a machine chamber. The water circulation pipeline is arranged around a housing of the generator. One end of a water incoming pipe of the water circulation pipeline is arranged in the water tank via a first rotating joint, and the other end of the water incoming pipe is connected with the heat exchanger. A water returning pipe connected with the heat exchanger is connected with the water tank via a second rotating joint. Through the above arrangement of the cooling system, the generator is cooled down, thus guaranteeing the high efficient and stable running of the generator, and the space of the machine chamber is saved since the water tank and the water pump are arranged on a tower platform. The cooling system of the wind generating set is simple in structure, easy to realize, and low in investment.


A MOBILE TERMINAL radiotelephone including a screen for displaying at least a menu. THE MENU comprising at least one RAMA TO PROCESS phone calls, each of the branches comprising at least one option for choosing a corresponding action to be performed by the radio terminal, the corresponding actions include the option to display BRANCHES SUCCESSIVE AND MAKE A terminal function, a selection mechanism TO DESIGNATE AN OPTION, A FIRST KEY TO CONFIRM THE SELECTION OF CHOICE designated by the selection means, MOVE THIS WAY FORWARD THROUGH THE MENU TO A SUBSEQUENT RAMA at least one RAMA AND REALIZING THE PROPER ACTION CHOSEN BY THE CONFIRMED option and to originate and answer phone calls, a second key to reject the option selection DESIGNATED selection mechanism, MOVE THIS WAY TO BACK THROUGH THE MENU TO A PREVIOUS RAMA RAMA at least one, and finally the phone calls.


Abstract In Explaining Behavior, Dretske accepts the metaphysical doctrine that the representational properties of states such as belief must prove causally operative in generating output. Dretske's acceptance of this doctrine causes him to worry about how representational systems can be minds, and drives him to argue for a hierarchy of representational systems with believers occupying the highest level and Type I conventional systems occupying the lowest level. I claim that Dretske's distinctions between Type II conventional systems and believers, as well as between innate natural representers and believers, are undermined by the very arguments that Dretske uses to support these divisions. I go on to claim that the problems that motivate Dretske are actually based on a misconception about the general structure of explanation in cognitive science.


By G. F. Lewin London: Butterworth & Co. (Publishers) Ltd. 1963. Pp. xii + 310. Price 50s. The author intends this book for the use of first year electrical and mechanical engineering students taking Dip. Tech. courses, scientists and others taking 'A' level, O.N.C. and H.N.C. examinations and for candidates preparing for the physics parts of engineering diploma courses. The emphasis is placed on Dip. Tech. work, and as a one (small) volume work on physics at the appropriate level it is commendable.


The paper introduces an evolutionary algorithm, that is tailored to generate neural networks functioning as nonlinear controllers. Network size and architecture as well as network parameters like weights and bias terms are developed simultaneously. There is no quantization of inputs, outputs or internal parameters. Diierent kinds of evolved networks are presented that solve the pole-balancing problem, i.e. balancing an inverted pendulum , with good benchmark performance. Controllers solving the problem for reduced phase space information (only two inputs) use a recurrent con-nectivity structure and are very small in size. The typical behavior of controllers is characterized by the rst return map of their control signals.


Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) is a cytokine implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous chronic and acute inflammatory conditions. We have previously shown that mouse Sertoli cells respond to TNF-α by increasing interleukin-6 production and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression (1). In this cell type TNF-α activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways p42/p44 MAPK, JNK/SAPK, and p38, the last of which is responsible for interleukin-6 production (2). To determine which MAPK signaling pathway is required for TNF-α induction of ICAM-1 expression, we have utilized the protein kinase inhibitor dimethylaminopurine, demonstrating that treatment of Sertoli cells with such compound significantly reduced ICAM-1 expression and JNK/SAPK activation. Moreover, dimethylaminopurine treatment increased the expression of MAPK phosphatase-2, providing a possible mechanism of action of this compound. By using agonist antibodies to p55 and to p75 TNF-α receptors and both human and mouse TNF-α, we demonstrate that both TNF receptors are expressed and that only the p55 receptor is involved in ICAM-1 expression. The p55 receptor activates all of the three pathways, whereas p75 failed to activate any of the MAPKs. Altogether our results demonstrate that TNF-α up-regulates ICAM-1 expression through the activation of the JNK/SAPK transduction pathway mediated by the p55 receptor.


Preface Contributors Introduction: why written texts? Harvey Yunis 1. From letters to literature: reading the 'song culture' of classical Greece Andrew Ford 2. Writing religion: inscribed texts, ritual authority and the religious discourse of the Polis Albert Henrichs 3. Letters of the law: written texts in archaic Greek law Michael Gagarin 4. Writing, law and legal practice in the Athenian courts David Cohen 5. Literacy and the charlatan in ancient Greek medicine Lesley Dean-Jones 6. Literacy in Greek and Chinese science: some comparative issues Geoffrey Lloyd 7. Writing philosophy: prose and poetry from Thales to Plato Charles H. Kahn 8. Prose performance texts: Epideixis and written publication in the late fifth and early fourth centuries Rosalind Thomas 9. Writing for reading: Thucydides, Plato and the emergence of the critical reader Harvey Yunis 10. Reflecting on writing and culture: Theocritus and the style of cultural change Richard Hunter Bibliography Index.


Ribonucleotide reductase is the rate-limiting enzyme of deoxynucleoside triphosphate synthesis and is therefore an excellent target for cancer chemotherapy. Inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase results in inhibition of DNA synthesis and has anti-neoplastic effects. Here we examine the anti-MM activity of the novel ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors (RRIs) Didox, Imidate, and Trimidox. All three RRIs showed potent cytotoxicity against MM cells in 48-hour cultures. Didox was studied further due to its potential for clinical development. Apoptosis was induced in MM cell lines exposed to Didox (200mmol/l), evidenced by increased sub-G1 cell fraction. Didox-induced cytotoxicity was associated with caspase-8 and poly ADP-ribosepolymerase (PARP) cleavage, as demonstrated by western blot analysis. Didox induced apoptosis even in cell lines resistant to conventional chemotherapy (doxorubicin, melphalan, dexamethasone) and overcame the proliferation of MM cells triggered by interleukin-6 (IL-6), insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and tumor cell binding to bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Importantly, apoptosis of MM cells triggered by Didox was accompanied by a down-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl xl , and XIAP. Cell signaling data indicated that Didox induced a time- and dose-dependent inhibition of pSTAT3. Although, Didox has been reported to inhibit radiation-induced NF-KB activation in prostate cancer cell lines, here we found that it triggered activation of NF-KB, associated with a degradation of IKBa, in MM. Ongoing pre-clinical studies are providing the rationale for a clinical trial of Didox either as a single agent or in combination with specific NF-KB/ IKB inhibitors, to improve patient outcome in MM.


Full likelihood has been widely used in loss tomography because most believe it can produce accurate estimates although the full likelihood estimators proposed so far are complex in structure and expensive in execution. We in this paper advocate a different likelihood called composite likelihood to replace the full likelihood in loss tomography for simplicity and accuracy. Using the proposed likelihood, we propose a number of explicit estimators with statistical analysis. The analysis shows all of the explicit estimators perform almost as good as the full likelihood one in terms of accuracy and better than the full likelihood one in computational complexity. Although the discussion is restricted to the tree topology, the methodology proposed here is also applicable to a network of a general topology.


A three-dimensional high-fidelity numerical simulation of a small-scale solid rocket motor is carried out adopting the implicit large-eddy simulation (ILES) approach to investigate the coupling bet...


The article discusses the life education from the ideal,feelings and intelligence.The life education consists of ideal education, physical education,psychological education and teachers' emotional apeal.The life education is a problem of educational direction.The life education is also a systems engineering.The aim of life education is ' happy pursuit,happy life,happy study'.


Aluminum doping was performed using triethylaluminum as the dopant in chemical vapor deposition of 6H–silicon carbide (SiC). Measurements on the electrical and cathodoluminescent properties of the epilayers indicate that the doping concentration of aluminum can be easily controlled by the flow rate of metalorganics. Electroluminescence was also observed for the pn junctions prepared by the successive growth of a nondoped n layer and a p layer doped with aluminum using metalorganics.


Map shows Kiowa homeland, routes and locations of raids, and routes of migration; Indian reservations, occupied and abandoned pueblos, military posts, trading posts and missions. Includes dates. Relief shown by hachures. Scale [ca. 1:8,448,000].


Multiple drug resistance is a key limitation for the clinical administration of chemotherapeutic drugs, apart from this their major limitations with free drugs are poor solubility, physiochemical and pharmaceutical behavior. These limitations with free drugs can be overcome by nanoformulations using natural biopolymer. In this study, successful utilization of P-glycoprotein receptor for the delivery of anticancer drug quercetin (Q), encapsulated inside the lipid nanocarriers (LNs) was introduced for the treatment of breast cancer. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was conjugated on the Q-loaded LNs( BSA-Q-LNs) for targeting to receptor. Q-loaded LNs were prepared using a single emulsion solvent evaporation method, followed by surface modification of Q-loaded LNs using charge interaction. Finally, surface modified Q-loaded LNs were conjugated with BSA using thiol reaction. The formulated nano construct was a spherical structure with a shell size of 530 nm. Encapsulation of Q inside the matrix of LNs is confirmed from shift in FT-IR, XRD peak. The release kinetic of Q- loaded LNs formulation was best fitted in a first-order kinetic model suggesting early burst of Q followed by slow release. The entrapment efficiency and drug loading efficiency were found to be 76 ± 0.3% and 15.72 ± 0.7% respectively. The Q-loaded LNs and BSA-Q-LNs displayed the improved cytotoxicity in drug resistance human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) as compared to free Q.


The efficacy construction in high education is one important measure of education reform raised by the Ministry of Education.It is of great significance for universities to play a key role in serving our society,improving the teaching level,changing the old educational philosophy and improving the teaching means and methods.This paper explores the connotation and features of efficacy of education by analyzing the documents of the Ministry of education and comparison of those excellent courses and puts forward some suggestions on how to link the excellent courses and efficacy design.


The German Weather Service (Deutscher Wetterdienst) has recently developed a new operational global numerical weather prediction model, named GME, based on an almost uniform icosahedral‐hexagonal grid. The GME gridpoint approach avoids the disadvantages of spectral techniques as well as the pole problem in latitude‐ longitude grids and provides a data structure extremely well suited to high efficiency on distributed memory parallel computers. The formulation of the discrete operators for this grid is described and evaluations that demonstrate their second-order accuracy are provided. These operators are derived for local basis functions that are orthogonal and conform perfectly to the spherical surface. The local basis functions, unique for each grid point, are the latitude and longitude of a spherical coordinate system whose equator and zero meridian intersect at the grid point. The prognostic equations for horizontal velocities, temperature, and surface pressure are solved using a semi-implicit Eulerian approach and for two moisture fields using a semi-Lagrangian scheme to ensure monotonicity and positivity. In the vertical direction, finite differences are applied in a hybrid (sigma pressure) coordinate system to all prognostic variables. The semi-implicit treatment of gravity waves presented here leads to a 3D Helmholtz equation that is diagonalized into a set of 2D Helmholtz equations that are solved by successive relaxation. Most of the same physical parameterizations used in the authors' previous operational regional model, named EM, are employed in GME. Some results from the verification process for GME are provided and GME performance statistics on a Cray T3E1200 as well as on the ECMWF Fujitsu VPP5000 systems are summarized. For the case of the severe Christmas 1999 storm over France and Germany the pronounced sensitivity of the model with respect to the initial state is discussed. Finally, a test case is shown where it is currently possible, though not yet operationally practical, to run GME at 15-km resolution on the VPP5000.


Joughin, Smith and Howat provide an assessment of new velocity data products being produced and distributed as part of the GIMP. They discuss the introduction of Sentinel 1a/b radar data into their datastream and the production of annual, winter, quarterly and monthly velocity products. There are no significant changes in processing methodologies from earlier documentation (Joughin, 2002; Joughin et al., 2010; 2017). The manuscript focuses on the agreement of Sentinel 1a/b with earlier results and the tradeoffs between temporal averaging and temporal resolution. The authors go on to demonstrate the scientific utility of their new dataset by: (1) contrasting sessional and interannual changes in flow for two major tidewater glaciers, (2) examine long-term


Traditional communication hardware has focused on modular architectures. Now, with the incoming high speed DSP and FPGAs a shift from traditional modular architecture to reconfigurable architecture has taken place. The nature of this architecture allows to optimize various telemetry applications in a single platform. This paper describes a reconfigurable multi channel communication system.


The model in this paper combinea a number of desirable proper-ties of household labor supply models. First, we adopt the Asusman-Ruud specification so that the labor supply functions are second-order flexible i n wages. Second, the model takes into account the non-lineari-ty and non-convexity of the budget sets due to the tax aystem and unemployment compensations. Third, the sample used alao provides information on how many hours people would like to work. Using this i nformation we know which houaehold members are reatricted in their number of houre worked and employing r:tioni~ theory, the effecta of inetitutional con-atraints on labor suppl~ aie modelled. Fourth, in the eatimation of the model concavity of the cost function, which i s prerequisite for the use of rationing theory, is i mposed for certain rangea of exogenoua variables.


This paper presents a Synchronized Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) based controller to support the coordination and operation of a high-capacity high-voltage direct current (HVDC) macrogrid transmission for the continental US. The proposed controller allows for optimal scheduling of each segment of the multi-terminal HVDC network under normal and contingent conditions, while considering minimum levels of frequency response requirements. The performance of the proposed controller is tested on a 100,222-bus representation of the US Eastern and Western interconnections. Results show that a centralized PMU-based controller improves the frequency nadir of the HVDC macrogrid under contingency conditions by 25.9%. Furthermore, the primary frequency response (PFR) of the HVDC macrogrid is increased by 33.4%. The performance of each interconnection under the largest credible contingency conditions is also discussed.


A method of adjusting quality of service (QoS) with respect to changes in a transmission environment of a mobile terminal receiving data based on a stream control transmission protocol (SCTP) session. When the transmission environment of the mobile terminal receiving data based on the SCTP session changes, the mobile terminal transmits link information indicating a new transmission environment to a destination node, and the destination node adjusts the quality of data or the size of a transmission window based on the link information. Thus, without adding separate network devices, the QoS of the data being transmitted can be adjusted with respect to the changed transmission environment, only by adding functions with software to the transmission terminal and the reception terminal. Also, since the destination node manually adjusts the transmission window according to the link information, packet loss can be minimized compared to the conventional congestion control method.


In recent decades, tech-companies such as Amazon, Google, Facebook, and Apple have grown exponentially, and it can be tempting for cities to try to attract these powerful corporations. This paper explores a particular aspect of this development, namely, how cities brand themselves to win the favor of a single big business. We draw on institutional isomorphism and a case study of North American cities' branding efforts to attract Amazon's second headquarters (dubbed HQ2). Our qualitative analysis shows that branding for a big business can lead cities into what we call sycomorphism, that is, acting obsequiously toward an important other in ways similar to other organizations. We identified three key expressions of sycomorphism: pandering, identification, and blank-checking. Our study contributes with knowledge that cities are not only subject to generalized pressure to compete for businesses, but they are also enticed by single powerful actors outside their organizational field, that can "jolt" cities to communicate obsequiously to win favor. Through the concept of sycomorphism, we advance the theoretical understanding of the relationship between isomorphism and city branding and thereby expand the usefulness of institutional theory in marketing scholarship.


Combing with the characteristics and requirement of process of ionic membrane caustic soda equipment production,the selection of control valve in project design of ionic membrane caustic soda units were introduced,including the type of selection of control valve,material,determination of valve bore diameter,executive device and accessory of valve.


The surface defect of insulator can cause surface electric charge accumulation, which makes the electric field distortion of insulator surface, and effects creeping discharge of insulator under impulse voltage. This paper studies the effects of surface electric charge on creeping discharge process of insulator, and discovers that surface electric charge accumulation can reduce the initial voltage of insulator creeping discharge. The polarity of impulse voltage and the polarity of insulator surface electric charge can affect the corona initial time of insulator, the change time - interval and the corona current. Surface electric charge can also affect the 50 % impulse flashover voltage and volt - second characteristic of CIS support insulator.


The gender gap is still a major issue in today's workplaces. Headteacher of an all girls' school, Sarah Raffray, says giving girls the confidence to break through the glass ceiling begins at an early age. She shares her five tips for empowering your female students.


Generally, unrefined salt from local small scale salt producers does not meet the standard specifications of the Ghana Standard Board. In this study, the traditional small scale salt production process was studied. Brine and salt samples from the various stages of the traditional process were analysed for calcium, sulphate, magnesium and chloride contents in order to propose a method to improve the quality of output. The brine samples contained low levels of calcium (ranging from 0.14% to 0.01% ), and high levels of magnesium (ranging from 1.04% to 4.49%). These two elements constitute the two main elemental impurities found in common salt. Samples of salt produced also contain high levels of magnesium, averaging 0.98 per cent, above the recommended maximum level of 0.1 per cent by the Ghana Standard Board for unrefined edible salt. The study is significant in that the findings form the basis for recommending an alternative method for minimizing magnesium content in the salt produced. This will enhance the quality of salt produced by the small scale producers. The method eliminates the recycling of bittern in the traditional process and also introduces a salt washing operation.
Resume
En general le sel non raffine de saliniers locaux peu importants ne correspond pas aux specifications normales du Conseil Ghaneen de Normalisation. Dans cette etude le procede traditionnel relatid a la production de sel peu important, etait etudie. L'eau salee et les echantillons de sel preleves de differents stades du procede traditionnel etaient analyses pour les teneurs en calcium, en sulfate, en magnesium et en chlorure afin de proposer une methode pour ameliorer la qualite de la production. Les echantillons contenaient de faibles niveaux de calcium et de niveaux eleves de magnesium, les deux impuretes elementaires principales qui se trouvent dans le sel ordinaire. Une autre methode pour reduire au minimum la teneur en magnesium du sel produit est proposee. La methode proposee exclut le recyclage de butor du procede traditionnel et introduit aussi une operation de lavage de sel.
 Ghana Journal of Science Vol. 46 2006: pp. 99-109


Over the last 10 or 15 years, mainland China has been building a solid foundation for its evolving nuclear deterrent—which must eventually be based on long-range, missile-delivered, thermonuclear weapons. What is the primary objective of such a development and how will it affect United States-China relations in the years ahead? Charles H. Murphy is a China specialist and national defense analyst with the Library of Congress.


OF DISSERTATION ASSESSING SELF-EFFICACY OF CULTURAL COMPETENCE WITH LESBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL CLIENTS: A COMPARISON OF TRAINING METHODS WITH GRADUATE SOCIAL WORK STUDENTS Graduate social work students are mandated to be cultural competent to work with lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) clients. This exploratory study examined how best to teach graduate social work students to be culturally competent in working with LGB clients by assessing their perceived competence of attitudes, knowledge and skills as well as their demonstrated competence through case vignettes. The study compared a current pedagogical method of infusing LGB material across the curricula with two types of brief trainings (didactic lecture and experiential). This mixed methods study utilized a pretest/posttest design to examine the effects of the trainings as well as qualitative responses from the participants. Results offer suggestions as to which pedagogical approach might be most effective in helping social work students gain competence for working with LGB individuals.


The Risk-Need-Responsivity model of correctional intervention has become the cornerstone of correctional practice in the United States. With a primary focus on building human capital through interventions aimed at developing knowledge and skills needed for prosocial behavior, the model enjoys widespread empirical support. This approach, however, has been criticized by desistance-focused scholars for its failure to recognize social capital and the importance of social networks for facilitating behavior change. The current article examines the concept of individual-level social capital and describes how its development can be integrated into the Risk-Need-Responsivity model of correctional interventions as an important responsivity factor. Recommendations include assessing for social capital and strategies for enhancing both bonding and bridging social capital.


A method for detecting the defect of glass shell with machine vision is studied in this paper.In view of the image characteristics of the defect,the Kirsch gradient operator is used in image processing.A ideal result is received and the defect of glass shell can be identified.


The shrimps Rimicaris exoculata and Rimicaris chacei are visually dominant fauna co-occurring at deep-sea hydrothermal sites of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). Their co-existence was related to contrasted life-history traits, among which differences in their diet and reliance on chemoautotrophic symbionts at adult stage. Both shrimps are colonized by diversified chemosynthetic symbiotic microbial communities in their cephalothoracic cavity. Symbiotic association with bacteria was also evidenced in their digestive system, and the major lineages were identified through sequencing (Mycoplasmatales lineages mainly in the foregut and Deferribacteres lineages mainly in the midgut) but their clear distribution within each host species was not assessed. For the first time, we used Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) to visualize these lineages. Then, we described their association with digestive structures of both Rimicaris species. The aim was to identify possible differences between host species that could be related to their different life-history traits. For this purpose, we first developed specific FISH probes targeting Deferribacteres and Mycoplasmatales lineages identified in the digestive system of these shrimps. After signal specificity validation for each the new probe, we showed a partitioning of the bacterial lineages according to the digestive organ. Despite morphological differences between the foregut of R. exoculata and R. chacei that could be related to the adult diet, our FISH results showed overall similar distribution of digestive symbionts for the two host species. However, a more comprehensive study is needed with specimens at different life or molt stages to bring potentially host specific patterns out. Such comparative approach using FISH is now warranted thanks to our newly designed probes. These will be valuable tools to track symbiont lineages in the environment, allowing a better understanding of their relationship with their host along its life cycle, including acquisition mechanisms.


In a clinic, a patient who had a bad injury in his left leg asked the surgeon to do an operation on it. "How much will you charge me?" asked the patient. "One hundred dollars, " answered the surgeon.Then the patient gave him two hundred dollars and said: "I'd like you to give me a better treatment." But when the operation finished, the patient found both his two legs were operated. "Why did you have my right leg operated too?" asked the patient. "If I don't do that, I'll be guilty to another one hundreddollars," answered the surgeon.


A recent article by Akira Takayama discusses an earlier paper by Harvey Averch and Leland L. Johnson on fair rate of return regulation of public utilities. Although Takayama (p. 255) agrees with Averch and Johnson's general conclusions "that a firm will tend to increase its investment with the introduction of an active constraint" on its rate of return, he criticizes the A-J argument as being "confusing, ambiguous, and in error." Takayama then attempts a clarification, and presents a new formulation which leads to the A-J result quoted above. This comment will discuss several of Takayama's criticisms in addition to showing that the so-called "A-J Effect" cannot be derived from the basic assumptions made by both Averch and Johnson and Takayama.1 We will show that the very assumptions used to prove the A-J Effect, by defining the region of X, require an assumption that the A-J Effect exists in the first place.


This chapter argues that early modern magic expressed the interconnectedness of the body physical and the body social. This embodiment assigned cultural meanings to somatic states; for example illness could be caused by witchcraft and cured by healing magic. The relationship between the behaviour of ?immoral? people and the somatic experience of illness has been so far best researched in the field of sexual immorality and the chapter briefly focuses on this before moving back to the witchcraft trials. In the eighteenth century, the body was not restricted to its physicality as in our modern medical understanding, but instead represented the broader social self. The chapter argues that this understanding of the somatic provides us with a new perspective on witchcraft and magical practices. Finally, it argues that all body fluids were suitable for use in magical practices.Keywords: body fluids; early modern magic; healing magic; illness; immoral people; sexual immorality; social self; somatic states; witchcraft trials


The physical tapes for this oral history are held in the ACM Archive at the Charles Babbage Institute at the University of Minnesota Library.


Abstract : The vast majority of reliability analyses assume that components and system are in either of two states; functioning or failed. This represents an oversimplification of the many real life situations in which both components and systems assume a variety of states ranging from perfect functioning to complete failure. In the present work a basic theory was developed for the study of systems of components in which any of a finite number of states may occur, representing at one extreme perfect functioning and at the other extreme complete failure. The standard notion of Coherent Systems was extended to the new notion of a multistate coherent system.


This paper studies the family of "extended" affine term structure models (EATSM), whereby the solution for a discount bond prices involves separation of variables and finite difference numerical solutions. As quadratic term structure models, EATSM are unaffected by the admissibility restrictions that affect affine models. The short interest rate is non-negative, hetero-schedastic and driven by latent factors that may be positively as well negatively correlated. If the factors are positively correlated, bond yields are sufficient statistics to infer the latent factors, which makes EATSM more amenable to estimation than quadratic models. A three-factor EASTM fits observed German Government bond yields well. Trade-offs between desirable model requirements are highlighted. A family of EATSM is also presented that does not restrict the short interest rate to be always positive. The instantaneous correlation between latent factors can itself follow a stochastic process.


The aim of this paper was to develop a novel macro-quality index driven by big quality data regarding the macro-quality management demands of manufacturing enterprises in Industry 4.0. Firstly, the connotation of big data of macro-quality management in manufacturing industry is expounded, which is the collection of the quality data in product lifecycle including the product quality data, process quality data and organizational ability data. Secondly, referring to the customer satisfaction index theory, a new big data oriented macro-quality index computation model based on the partial least square-structural equation modeling(PLS-SEM) theory is proposed, and the partial least square(PLS) is adopted to estimate the path parameters. Finally, a case study of macro-quality situation evaluation for the manufacturing industry of a city in China is presented. The final result shows that the proposed macro-quality index model is applicable and predictable.


The spatial realities and dynamics of a changing population with changing health care needs require regular and logical methods to evaluate and assist in primary health care (PHC) planning. Geographical access is an important aspect in the planning process. GIS-based accessibility analysis is a logical method which can be applied to test the degree to which equitable access is obtained. The GIS analysis is however based on the assumption of rational choice, i.e. a person will always go to their closest facility. Inputs to the analysis are supply (capacity of facilities) and demand (people seeking the service) estimates. In South Africa PHC is a dual system made up of private and public health care facilities. Private PHC is expensive and only affordable to affluent citizens or people with medical insurance, and does not form a part of this investigation. Two challenges with respect to GIS-based accessibility analysis for public PHC services within a South African context that emerge are: (a) how accurate is a rational choice based model compared to people's actual decisions; and (b) what method is the best in determining demand in the absence of accurate databases indicating public versus private health care usage? In this study GIS analysis is applied to determine three distinct demand scenarios based on a combination of three variables: (a) household income category, (b) age, and (c) average facility visits. GIS is used to determine catchment areas for each facility, allocating demand to its closest facility limiting access based on facility capacity and access via a road network. The catchment area analysis results from each of the three demand scenarios are compared with actual usage rates in the form of headcounts and mapped origins of users at each facility. Preliminary results indicate that the catchment areas of the facilities for the three scenarios appear to follow the same spatial pattern. Correlation coefficient results indicate that the modelled demand for all three scenarios have a moderate positive correlation with the facility headcounts with scenarios two and three having a slightly higher correlation.


Quantum cryptography is a novel paradigm within cryptology employing fundamental laws of quantum mechanics on the physical layer of communications. These laws are counterintuitive, but indeed more general than classical physics laws which turn out to be merely approximation, serving properly on macroscopic scales according to our classical expectations of systems behavior. Whenever systems approach dimensions of nanometers, quantum effects emerge, invalidating classical expectations towards systems evolution dynamics. This poses serious challenges to classical models of information processing (based on classical systems evolution and related mathematical frameworks) within further miniaturization, but on the other hand offers much more powerful information processing models based on quantum dynamics (which directly endanger popular public-key cryptography, due to qualitatively higher efficiency in regard to solving some difficult mathematical problems). Simultaneously, beyond quantum computers, novel concepts were also formulated within the scope of communication and particularly cryptography, which can offer theoretically absolute (i.e. unconditional) level of encryption security (either by solving the private key distribution problem for theoretically absolutely secure symmetrical private-key cryptographic systems, such as the One-Time Pad, which is referred to as Quantum Key Distribution or enabling non-local quantum secure deterministic communication utilizing a completely non-classical properties of entangled quantum states). In contrast to quantum computers, quantum cryptographic protocols have been successfully implemented, and are considered an important branch of applied Information Technology security.


Background : Hepatitis B is one of the most common types of viral hepatitis in the world. For the last thirty years, only serological markers and liver function test have been utilized to monitor the disease progression and treatment response until the emergence of molecular detection methods. Hepatitis B V DNA quantitation is used extensively world wide for the diagnosis and monitoring of treatment of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The aim of this study was to quantitate HBV–DNA by Real time PCR method and to compare the results with HBeAg detection in Hepatitis B patients. Material and Methods : Seventy one serum samples of patients with hepatitis (all HBsAg positive) were the subjects of this study. Serum HBV DNA of all these samples was detected by COBAS TaqMan real time PCR and HBeAg by ELISA. Results : Amongst Hepatitis B group patients, serum HBV DNA was detected in 61 out of 71 patients (85.9%). HBeAg was positive in 21% of patients (15/71). Majority of the HBeAg positive patients had a significantly higher serum HBV DNA levels than HBeAg negative patients. Conclusion : HBeAg status did not necessarily reflect HBV-DNA level in the serum, as 46/71 (64.7%) in the Hepatitis B group were positive for HBV DNA but negative for HBeAg.


Audio for immersive or simulated environments such as virtual reality (VR) matches the acoustics of the environment being simulated. Reverberative effects of a simulated environment are reproduced in a manner consistent with a corresponding real-world environment. For example, in a VR game, a user moves between a cathedral and a small room which are virtual environments that have substantially different acoustics. Providing audio reverb that matches a current virtual environment and smoothly transitions between virtual environments is essential for a quality VR experience. Providing smooth audio requires implementing a change in reverberation settings, e.g., filters, synchronously with gameplay which imposes a large computational load. This disclosure describes techniques to provide realistic audio reverberation with smooth transitions between simulated environments and low computational load. The techniques present different reverberation at each ear and position sound sources external to the user.


BACKGROUND The downward fertility trend in Western countries during the 2010s is puzzling, not least in the Nordic region. OBJECTIVE In order to better understand its driving forces, we examine whether the decline is driven by differential behavior or compositional changes across sociodemographic population subgroups, for the empirical case of Sweden. METHODS Event-history techniques are applied to register data of the Swedish-born population to provide an in-depth analysis of the sociodemographic profile of the fertility decline.


The study of solar irradiation has been carried out for the first time over Nawabshah,Sindh,Pakistan. In this study, twenty-two years (1983–2005) of measured data of bright sunshine hours in this region have been used to estimate global and diffuse solar radiation. Regression coefficients a and b have been calculated for the first order Angstrom type correlation for the city using relationship given by Tiwari and Sangeeta. The results obtained via four empirical models (Angstrom 1924, Liu & Jordon 1960, Page 1977, Hawas & Muneer 1980) were compared with values obtained from NASA Satellite-based data (Global, diffuse). A good agreement was found between both models. The global irradiation possesses larger value for the months (April –July), for the period of study.


CAGE CARRIER PANEL INCLUDES rear1 AND BOTH SIDES THEREOF, LATERAL2 PANEL SWING. PLANS PORTEURS3 ARE FIXED AT THE REAR PANEL 1 SO THAT they can be folded AGAINST IT AND CAN TAKE SUPPORT IN THE HORIZONTAL POSITION ON LATERAUX2 PANELS, AND EACH PANEL LATERAL2 PRESENTED IN ITS REGION UPPER AND DistanceDay OF rear1 PANEL , A ATTACHE7, BOTH BEING ATTACHES7 MOUNTED WITH VARIABLE GAP IN RELATION TO POUTRE12 OF SO THAT SUPPORT THE ANGLE POSITION PANELS LATERAUX2 COMPARED TO PANEL MAY BE AMENDED rear1 the folded position APPROXIMATELY PARALLEL TO THE LEAST 90.


For improving the motion accuracy of hydrostatic table, corrective machining algorithm is proposed in this paper. The algorithm consists of three main processes. reverse analysis is performed firstly to estimate rail profile from measured linear and angular motion error, in the algorithm. For the next step, corrective machining information is decided as referring to the estimating rail profile. Finally, motion errors on correctively machined rail are analized by using motion error analysis method proposed in the previous paper. These processes can be iterated until the analized motion errors are satisfied with target accuracy. In order to verify the validity of the algorithm theoretically, motion errors by the estimated rail, after corrective machining, are compared with motion errors by true rail assumed as the measured value. Estimated motion errors show good agreement with assumed values, and it is confirmed that the algorithm is effective to acquire the corrective machining information to improve the accuracy of hydrostatic table.


The article proposes a reading key to John Paul II's catechesis on human love, from Septemper 1979 to July 1984. After sketching out the fundamental hermeneutical criteria, the first three cycles are taken into consideration, and that mainly underlining the datum of the human body as far as it brings an indelible yearning to good, deep self-donation, and positive relationship with God. Through this study it emerges that a research on man of phenomenological setting is not inadequate to the requirements of the Christian call, on the contrary it confirms them.


The parameter of traditional intelligent intrusion detection can not modify basis on studied model.,which will lead low of adaptiablity.By using naive bayesian feature of incremental study.We modify the parameter of model through training new train data in order to improve the adaptiability.The experiment show the adaptiability of model improve a lot.


To the Editor. —Your cogent Editorial 1 about health care system reform has inspired a lighter analysis of this major problem I have entitled "The Verities From Alice in Nimbyland" (with apologies to L. Carroll). We have a moral obligation to provide universal access to high-quality health care, but thou shalt not raise my taxes. We absolutely must control health care costs, but thou shalt not ration care for my family. We must increase the number of primary care physicians, but thou shalt not restrict my free access to the specialists I choose. We must curtail the use of expensive, unproven new technology, but thou shalt not restrict my freedom to choose the tests and treatment my doctor and I want. We must reduce the cost of drugs, but thou shalt not question my choosing a new, expensive drug even though it has not been shown to be superior.


TEN YEARS AGO IF ANYONE HAD asked what the family physician had to do with the medical student there would have been no answer. The family physician by that name did not exist, and the medical profession, outside of the medical school, appeared to be unconcerned with the student. What has changed? I think that we are taking part in yet another revolution of thought, another period of reassessment of our profession, and a resultant change of direction and emphasis.


In this paper, an inverse synthetic aperture radar imaging method based on multiple norm constrained generalized orthogonal matching pursuit (MNGOMP) algorithm is proposed to improve the imaging process of inverse synthetic aperture radar is prone to noise interference in compressed sensing environment. Orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) and generalized orthogonal matching pursuit (GOMP) converge slowly in radar imaging and are susceptible to noise interference. Therefore, multiple norm constraints were introduced into the iteration update to improve convergence speed and accuracy and enhance noise resistance. The results show that this method is effective in suppressing unnecessary clutter and enhancing desired target.


Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome or OSAHS is a hot topic in Madagascar. Our objective is to describe the epidemio-clinical, polygraphic and therapeutic profile of the OSAHS at the USFR of Pneumology Befelatanana, Antananarivo.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive study from July 1st, 2016 to February 28th, 2018. All patients over 15 years of age were included in outpatient Pneumology with clinical signs of OSAHS.
Results: During the 20 months of study, 51 patients were retained, 36 (70.6%) of whom had confirmed OSAHS. We had a male predominance (64.7%) and the average age of patients was 53.8 years. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 27.8 kg/m2. The most common clinical manifestations were: snoring (98%), daytime fatigue (92.1%) and daytime sleepiness (88.2%). As comorbid, the high blood pressure was the first. Seventeen of the 36 apneic (47.2%) had an apnea-hypopnea index ≥ 30/ hr requiring continuous positive airway pressure (CPP) treatment, but only 5 had the financial opportunity for fitting.
Conclusion: The management of OSAHS remains difficult in low-income countries.


Aims This research examined the different response of tree growth to climate change at the early, middle, late and matured successional stages of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) and broadleaf mixed forest. Methods This research used dendroecological methods to analyze radial growth at different successional stages of Korean pine forests in response to climatic change in the Shengshan Nature Reserve of Heilongjiang. Important findings Chronology statistics indicated that the sensitivity of radial growth to inter-annual climate variability decreased from early to later successional stage. Meanwhile, the influence of some climate indices to radial growth also changed during the successional process. Radial growth of matured forest was positively re- lated to mean monthly temperature in June and December of previous year, revealing an obvious "lag effect" of temperature. The ring-width of matured forest had a negative correlation with mean monthly temperature but a positive correlation with monthly precipitation in June of current year, reflecting the limiting role of growing sea- son water availability. However, these limiting effects gradually disappeared towards the earlier stages of forest succession. On the contrary, the growth of early successional forest was negatively correlated to precipitation in June of previous year, and this effect disappeared towards the later successional stages. These differences revealed increased demand of water by dominant species from early to later successional stages. A moving correlation analysis showed that the increased warming and drying climate in the research area had both positive and negative influences on radial growth of each forest type. Earlier successional forests did not show clear long-term growth


Objective:To explore the characteristics of different levels of pulse pressure(PP) and other items of blood pressure in the elderly.Methods:3860 the elderly were recruited in this study,who were all over sixty years old.According to their PP level,which is ≤60mmHg,60~80mmHg,80~100mmHg和100mmHg,theelderlyweredividedintofourgroups.ThecharacteristicsofBPand other items of blood pressure,including systolic blood pressure(SBP),diastolic blood pressure(DBP) and mean arterial blood pressure(MAP) were analyzed.Results:In different groups,SBP and MAP gradually increased following the increase of PP,which is 132.3±17.6 mmHg,154.8±14.1 mmHg,173.5±15.6 mmHg,194.2±16.9 mmHg and 82.7±13.2 mmHg,83.5±12.1 mmHg,82.6 ±13.5 mmHg,82.1±12.1 mmHg respectively.There is significant difference between different levels for each item of SBP and MAP(P0.001).There is no difference between different levels for the item of DBP in the four groups(P0.05).Conclusion:There is a close relationship between the width of PP and the increasing of SBP in the elderly.


The size of handheld radios and sensors are continually shrinking, making multiple antenna scenarios difficult. Generating independent channels with tightly spaced, colocated antennae can also be challenging for small form factor radios. But with increasing miniaturization, SDR's are more intelligent, flexible and adaptive due to their nature of being software defined. By taking advantage of the increasing complexity of these nodes with their superior networking and cognitive applications, organizing multiple, single antenna nodes in a cooperative way one can achieve significant spatial separation and realize full diversity gains, significantly enhancing data throughput capacity. This paper studies a 2-user, Alamouti like, cooperative networking scheme by using a distributed space frequency diversity coding scheme for a multi-carrier (OFDM) waveform. Improved diversity order is shown using simulation and confirmed with demonstrations of over-the-air communications performed on a hardware test bed, illustrating that full space-frequency diversity is achievable. To further enhance performance robustness in multipath fading channels, coherent techniques are used on reception.


Abstract Development of multipurpose impoundments which include water supply and fisheries uses has resulted in a controversy between agencies responsible for water supply quality and those responsible for fisheries management. A survey of 16 states indicated that this controversy exists in many geographical areas of the United States. The focal point of the issue is primarily related to the widespread practice of leaving standing timber in the impoundment to provide useable habitat by certain game fishes. A review of the literature indicates that such practices contribute little to degradation of water quality. Lake morphology, drainage basin land use practices, and natural seasonal variation in climates contribute most significantly to frequently encountered water quality problems associated with drinking water supplies.


In her article "Space in Cardinal's Au Pays de mes racines and Goytisolo's Coto vedado" Laura Dennis discusses the ways in which two memoirs of the late twentieth century treat exile and diverse spaces as part of a quest for a place in which to live fully and freely. Juan Goytisolo's Coto vedado and Marie Cardinal's Au Pays de mes racines constitute particularly rich treatments of space and exile and the ways in which these intersect with questions of culture, gender, and power. Dennis uses Henri Lefebvre's theories of abstract and differential space together with Gillian Rose's feminist study of geography to examine more closely each author's experience of the various spaces they inhabit. Additionally, she explores how each author takes experiences beyond the personal to highlight an array of problems and contradictions surrounding space in a much broader sense. Finally, Dennis's comparison shows how both works move beyond the problems they describe to outline a new conception of space that is defined less by restrictive limits and more by dynamic possibilities. Laura Dennis, "Space in Cardinal's Au Pays de mes racines and Goytisolo's Coto vedado" page 2 of 10 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 11.4 (2009):


This article analyzes the situation of frequency occupation of radio station,brings forward the scheme that adopts adaptive frequency shift technique to counter the jamming of radio station,and gives out a kind of adaptive frequency shift system and the scheme of each part combining the ground-wave over-the-horizon radar.In the end,the paper considers synthetically all factors that are suitable for radar to counter the jamming in frequency selection so as to exert its best battle efficiency on the favorable frequency.


(1940). Erwin Panofsky, Studies in Iconology: Humanistic Themes in the Art of the Renaissance. The Art Bulletin: Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 172-175.


The present invention relates to a number of drivers within the power driver control circuit is disabled in response to each of the plurality of enable signals enable or di, respectively, the internal voltage output when enabled; And it includes a fuse, and when the response to the test mode entry signal is operating in the test mode or the normal mode, the operation in test mode, in response to a plurality of address signals, some of a large number of drivers or the total is to be selectively enabled outputting a plurality of enable signals and, when operating in a normal mode, and outputs a plurality of enable signals, regardless of the number of address signals, a part or all of the plurality of the driver based on the cut if the fuse to be selectively enabled consists of a control unit, by selecting a driver control signal using the test mode and to change the size of the driver, an internal power driver control circuit that can be used to fuse determine the internal voltage is presented to. The internal power driver, a control circuit, a test mode, fuse


Cotton is viewed as the most important cash crop in the world,and sustains the agricultural economies of many nations by providing a sustainable fiber product for the textile industry.Due to its


A new stream function–vorticity formulation‐based immersed boundary method is presented in this paper. Different from the conventional immersed boundary method, the main feature of the present model is to accurately satisfy both governing equations and boundary conditions through velocity correction and vorticity correction procedures. The velocity correction process is performed implicitly based on the requirement that velocity at the immersed boundary interpolated from the corrected velocity field accurately satisfies the nonslip boundary condition. The vorticity correction is made through the stream function formulation rather than the vorticity transport equation. It is evaluated from the firstorder derivatives of velocity correction. Two simple and efficient ways are presented for approximation of velocity‐correction derivatives. One is based on finite difference approximation, while the other is based on derivative expressions of Dirac delta function and velocity correction. It was found that both ways can work very well. The main advantage of the proposed method lies in its simple concept, easy implementation, and robustness in stability. Numerical experiments for both stationary and moving boundary problems were conducted to validate the capability and efficiency of the present method. Good agreements with available data in the literature were achieved. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


This article compares two techniques for estimating the parameters describing the motion of a phantom designed to investigate shaking baby syndrome. Parameters of a simple computational model and an impulse response function for a linear second order system were both fitted using kinematic measurements of the motion of an inverted jointed pendulum. From the two methods respectively, the rotational stiffness of the joint was calculated to be 1.396 kgm2 s−2 and 1.355 kgm2 s−2 and the damping coefficient was calculated to be 0.0142 kgm2 s−1 and 0.0133 kgm2 s−1. The parameter estimates were similar demonstrating that the two techniques were comparable. Identifying accurate parameters will allow more complex phantoms to be modeled, and will provide insight into the relationship between the shaking of the torso and the resultant head motion during shaken baby syndrome.


Although used widely, there is limited evidence of the BioMedical Admissions Test's (BMAT) predictive validity and incremental validity over prior educational attainment (PEA). We investigated BMAT's predictive and incremental validity for performance in two undergraduate medical schools, Imperial College School of Medicine (ICSM), UK, and Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKCMedicine), Singapore. Our secondary goal was to compare the evidence collected with published evidence relating to comparable tools.


1. Introduction'Needs' refer to lack of self-sufficiency and also represent gaps in the present knowledge of the users. Apart from the expressed or articulated needs, there are unexpressed needs which the user is aware of but does not like to express (Devadason & Lingam, 1996). Information needs is a complex process. 'Information' is put to different uses and 'Need' is satisfied by having access to the identified information in a particular package and form, and at a suitable time. The complexity with 'information needs' lies with the troublesome concept 'information'. When the term 'user study' is employed the specific sub-field should be specified, and the aspect or aspects of 'information' under consideration should be defined. The purpose of a library and an information system is to fulfil the users' needs and requirements for documents and information. Such needs may be related to educational activities, research activities, professional activities, recreational activities, cultural activities or personal development. Information needs should not be confused with information seeking behaviour. What users believe they need is represented in the subjective understanding of needs. This subjective understanding is reflected in their information seeking behaviour. Even if this behaviour may be studied objectively it is still not useful as criteria for what is needed. What is needed is something that is able to solve the problem behind the users' behaviour. The word 'information' is used, in the context of user - studies research. There is notmuch effort in research and writing of user studies that has circumstances in information science apart from information retrieval. The probable interrelationships among personal needs and these other factors aim is to suggest that when we talk about users' information needs we should have in mind some conception of information (facts, data, opinion, advice) as one means towards the end of satisfying such fundamental needs (Wilson 1981).Information plays a vital role in bioinformatics to achieve the existing bioinformatics information technologies. Librarians have to identify the information needs, uses and problems faced to meet the needs and requirements of the bioinformatics users.In the present age of information, it has been increasingly felt that to serve users better, information needs and uses must become the central focus of attention. It is beyond doubt that the success of the information service is more likely to be achieved by adjusting the services to meet the specific needs of an individual or a specific group rather than trying to adopt the user to match with the output of the information system. We have to create and develop the user-oriented system for their maximum information satisfaction. In recent years, there have been several studies pertaining to users and their information needs.Information is recognised as a national resource, which is of vital significance in all sectors of human endeavour - planning, decision making, research and development, education, socioeconomic and cultural development, and also in improving the quality of life of every members of the society. Along with the material and energy, information is considered a potential resource, a product and there by a need, which must be put to use effectively. It is true that the information scientists had for a long time neglected one of the most important components of any information system, namely the 'user'. They were more concerned with the information and their bibliographical organisation and control. It is also true that this organisation was ultimately meant to satisfy the information needs of users. How exactly the user behaved when he was looking for some information, what type of information was used in which situation, how the information was used when obtained, all these were not very clearly known to the information scientists? So, for the proper and systematic planning and development of information resources and services the user studies are very essential. …


This guide describes major resources used to locate materials on psychological or behavioral questionnaires, surveys, measures, tools, scales, and instruments as related to the health sciences.


Crack-growth studies were conducted on soda-lime-silica, soda borosilicate, and two binary soda-silica glasses immersed in solutions of 1M Li+, 1M Cs+, or deionized water at different pH values. A definite effect of the Li+ and Cs+ was observed on the V-K1 curves in all but the soda-lime glass. A plateau in crack velocity in the range 10-8 to 10-10 m/s was measured on the binary soda-silica glasses for K1<0.35 MPa.m1/2. These data are analyzed in terms of both the ion exchange and SiO2 dissolution steps of the corrosion process. A model of crack growth in corrosive conditions is proposed.


Abstract The data obtained from the isothermal pyrolysis of untreated and borate-treated cellulose and lignin show that borate salts influence the yields of phenol, o-cresol, and m-,p-cresol from these two tobacco leaf constituents. The observed differences between the level of phenol from tobacco and borate-treated tobacco can be at least partially attributed to the effect of borate salts on the pyrolysis of lignin and cellulose. It must be emphasized, however, that the contribution of cellulose and lignin to the formation of phenol and cresols obtained from the pyrolysis of tobacco should not be quantitatively compared with the level of phenol and cresols obtained from the pyrolysis of pure cellulose and lignin. This is also true of borate-treated cellulose and borate-treated lignin. The main conclusion from this study is that borate salts do affect the recovery of phenol and cresols from leaf constituents such as lignin and cellulose and may be partially responsible for the increased levels of phenol obtained from the isothermal pyrolysis of borate-treated tobacco.


Functional programming paradigm is very attractive for implementation of embedded systems. Process functional language can be very useful from this perspective. Process functional language was developed to integrate good properties of functional and imperative languages. We have created a language mutation called Embedded process functional language designed for implementation of embedded applications. An emulator simulating embedded process functional programs is needed for purpose of development and also for debugging. This paper aims on developed emulator and created Embedded process functional language.


The dissertation is submitted to the directorate of research and graduate training in partial fullfilment of
the requirements for the award of the Degree of master
of medicine in psychiatry of Makerere University.


Abstract : This document considers the problem of finding a minimum length path between two points in Euclidean space which avoids a set (not necessarily convex) polyhedral obstacles; we let n denote the number of the obstacle edges and k denote the number of islands in the obstacle space. For two dimensions, an island is defined to be a maximal convex obstacle surface such that for any two points contained in the interior of the island, a minimal length path between these two points is strictly contained in the interior of the island; for example, a set of i disconnected convex polyhedra forms a set of i islands, however, a single non-convex polyhedron will constitute more than one island. Keywords: Mover's problem; robotics motion planning.


The mechanism of electrochemical reduction reaction of 2 (3 allyl 4 hydroxyl) phenyl 4 allyl phenol, also named honokiol, has been studied by using the semi empirical molecular orbital AM1 and PM3 methods. The results show that these reduced positions of honokiol molecule are two double bonds of o allyl and p allyl groups, and the o allyl group is reduced first, then the p allyl group. The honokiol gets 4e and 4H +, and the two allyl groups are saturated in the reduction process. The calculated results are in good agreement with experimental facts. [WT5HZ]


The gleyisation of representative paddy soils in the middle reaches of the Yangtze caver was characterized,taking oxidation-reduction potential(Eh),the amount of active reducing substances and the forms of iron and manganese as the parameters.The Eh value was linearly related with the logarithm of the amount of active reducing substances, which was contributed by ferrous iron by 83% on an avers.The degree of gleyization of dament horizons was graded as ungleyed,slightly gleyed,mildly gleyed and gleyed.The Eh of the four grades was500,300-500,100-300 and100 mV,respectively, and the corresponding amoks of active reducing substances was1,1-7,7-30 and30 mmol.kg(-1),respectively.The amount of ferrous iron of the four grades was0.5,0.5-5,5-25 and 25 mmol kg-1,respectively.The extent of gleyisation of a soil was classified as upper-gleyed, middle-gleyed and lower-gleyed, depending on whether the depth of the gley horbon was less than 30 cm,30-60 cm or more than 60 cm.


What is the role and place of colonial medicine in the expansion and implementation of the new French imperialism in Africa in the second half of the 19th century? What is the impact of epidemics in the construction and establishment of the colonial order? The article tries to highlight the historical, social and ideological factors that underlie disease outbreak crises in northern Senegal in the second half of the nineteenth century through the study of the 1868 cholera epidemic.


To reproduce the observed FWHM, we had to convolve the synthetic spectrum with a rotational profile corresponding to V sin i = 4:4 0:5km s ?1 (5) Such a rotational velocity corresponds to a rotational period lower than about 33 days, if the radius of the star is 2.5 R and according to the oblique rotator model. Our V sin i estimate is however probably an upper limit, because the blue (as well as the red) component is slightly broadened by the field. Photometric or further spectroscopic measurements should be made to determine the period more exactly. HD 47103 (A SrEu) has one of the largest magnetic field among CP stars. It is also interesting that most of the other extreme magnetic stars are much hotter than HD 47103 and have an Si or He-strong type and that HD 47103 might have the largest known field among the Sr-type Ap. The field was estimated by a new technique which requires only moderate signal-to-noise spectra, allowing a substantial decrease of exposure time for a given instrumentation, compared with previous methods. This technique was shown to be reliable, giving results in excellent agreement with the method of Mathys (1990). Thanks to the sharpness of the lines of HD 47103, the correlation peak shows also a remarkably well resolved triplet, whose variation with rotation phase could tell much in the future about the magnetic field geometry of the star. HD 47103 is thus especially interesting and deserves to be observed in more details, first to obtain its rotational period. Acknowledgements. We thank Dr. R.L. Kurucz for having provided his programmes and atomic data for the calculation of synthetic spectra. We also thank the referee G. Mathys for useful comments. Fig. 2. Same as in Fig. 1, but for the " low geff " template. Table 2. Mean surface field < H > of HD 47103 as a function of time. The values obtained from both " high geff " and " low geff " templates respectively are given, although the former is more reliable. The values for the "low g eff " mask are much less reliable since the small separation between the peaks in this template makes the gaussian fitting procedure very approximate. Since the variation of the magnetic field during the four nights of observation is negligible, we co-added all five spectra taken during our run to obtain a single, relatively …


Culture, as repression of basic instincts, encourages drugs development such as wine, as it gives people some freedom. This explains wine's religious success as it puts the "cultural" (human) in contact with the "natural" (divine). And it also explains wine's social success, as long as some rules that encourage comradeship and "prestigious economy" are observed. Oil unction, the other big vegetal liquor, will also moves into the same world. But both (oil and wine) will gradually get into the market's circuits as they grow, without ever losing their pristine prestigious character. This fact can be well observed in Baetica, where Emperor's economic policy transformation can be well followed through the observed changes in the archaeology of production and packaging centers.


Effective atomic (Zeff) and electron numbers (Neff) for 24 Martian meteorites have been determined in the energy range from 1 keV to 100 GeV and also for sixteen significant energies of commonly used radioactive sources. The values of Zeff and Neff for all sample were obtained from the DirectZeff program. The obtained results for Martian meteorites have been compared with the results for Earth composition and similarities or differences also evaluated.


Key Points KAP1 inhibits RLR pathway. KAP1 deficiency enhances anti-RNA viral innate responses. KAP1 promotes repressive histone marks establishment at promoters of Ddx58 and Ifih1. Retinoic acid–inducible gene-I (RIG-I)–like receptors (RLRs), including RIG-I (encoded by Ddx58) and melanoma differentiation–associated gene 5 (MDA5) (encoded by Ifih1), are crucial for initiating antiviral responses. Endogenous retroviral elements (ERVs) are transposable elements derived from exogenous retroviruses that are integrated into the genome. KRAB-associated protein 1 (KAP1) is a key epigenetic suppressor of ERVs that protects cells from detrimental genome instability. Increased ERV transcripts are sensed by RLRs and trigger innate immune signaling. However, whether KAP1 directly controls RLRs activity remains unclear. In this study, we show that KAP1 attenuates RNA viral infection–induced type I IFNs and facilitates viral replication by inhibiting RIG-I/MDA5 expression in primary peritoneal macrophages (PMs) of C57BL/6J mice. Kap1 deficiency increases IFN-β expression and inhibits vesicular stomatitis virus replication in C57BL/6J mice in vivo. Mechanistically, KAP1 binds to the promoter regions of Ddx58 and Ifih1 and promotes the establishment of repressive histone marks in primary PMs of C57BL/6J mice. Concordantly, KAP1 suppresses the expression of RIG-I and MDA5 at the transcriptional level in primary PMs of C57BL/6J mice. Our results establish that KAP1 epigenetically suppresses host antiviral responses by directly targeting RIG-1 and MDA5, thus facilitating the immune escape of RNA viruses.


Cellular Structure
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a complex membranous structure that extends from the nuclear envelope to the cell periphery. It has important roles in many cellular processes, and numerous proteins are involved in maintaining its structure. Nixon-Abell et al. used


Strong light-matter coupling results in the formation of hybrid half-light half-matter excitations with modified energy levels. Strong coupling of excitons with photons in organic molecular systems has received much attention recently owing to the potential for engineering their photophysical properties and even the prospects for controlling chemical reactions. One means to affect chemical reactions is to control the excited molecular excited states within their vibronic manifolds. Here we demonstrate the modification of the spectral weight of the vibronic transitions in an archetype organic molecule, diindenoperylene (DIP) by strong coupling to surface plasmon polaritons. The vertically aligned DIP molecule is grown on an ultrasmooth film of Ag with a 3nm thick alumina spacer. Through angle-resolved reflectivity measurements we demonstrate the strong coupling between the surface plasmon mode of the Ag and the vibronic transitions in DIP. Photoluminescence measurements carried out at room as well as cryog...


The structure of intelligent food sensory evaluation system was stated. The theory , features and problems of the pattern recognition methods applied for food sensory evaluation including correlation analysis methods , ANNs and SVMs and so on were analysed. In addition, some suggestions and assumptions about pattern recognition methods applied for constructing food sensory evaluation system were advanced.


Social Relation Recognition is an important part of Video Understanding, providing insights into the information that videos convey. Most previous works mainly focused on graph generation for characters, instead of edges which are more suitable for relation modelling. Furthermore, previous methods tend to recognize social relations for single frames or short video clips within their receptive fields, neglecting the importance of continuous reasoning throughout the entire video. To tackle these challenges, we propose a novel Shifted GCN-GAT and Cumulative-Transformer framework, named SGCAT-CT. The overall architecture consists of an SGCAT module for shifted graph operations on novel relation graphs and a CT module for temporal processing with memory. SGCAT-CT conducts continuous recognition of social relations and memorizes information from as early as the beginning of a long video. Experiments conducted on several video datasets demonstrate encouraging performance on long videos. Our code will be released at https://github.com/HarryWgCN/SGCAT-CT.


In most intensive pig production systems piglets are weaned at 3 weeks of age, which creates stress because of feeding changes and hierarchy. This increases ...


Response to the demand of autonomous obstacle avoidance for mobile robot during operation, a obstacle avoidance system based on binocular stereo vision for mobile robot is developed. The system was developed with Matlab and stereo vision software "the Point Grey's Triclops SDK library". With the techniques of camera calibration, stereo image matching, three-dimensional reconstruction, the three-dimensional coordinates of obstacles was calculated, so the accurate positioning of obstacles can be obtained. The mobile robot can avoid obstacles autonomously based on binocular stereo vision. Experimental results show that the mobile robot equipped with the system can complete the tasks of obstacle avoidance and get a good effect.


We examined how herbivore distribution and density, neighboring plant density and species composition, and individual plant morphology all influence the risk that individual arctic lupines (Lupinus arcticus) will be browsed by arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryii plesius). Risk of being browsed was significantly influenced by the number of resident ground squirrels but not by overall squirrel density at a site. As the leaf density of neighboring conspecifics increased, risk of browsing to an individual lupine decreased except when palatable neighbors were also present. The presence of other palatable species increased the risk of browsing. Risk was highest when both lupine and other palatable neighbors were present. The presence of unpalatable neighbors reduced the risk of browsing of individual lupines. We discuss these results in the context of three hypotheses: (1) attractant decoy, (2) resource concentration, and (3) repellent plant. No single hypothesis accounts for our observations, but an ...


The invention relates to steel with minus 80-degree C impact absorbing energy no less than 100J for ocean engineering and a production method thereof, wherein the chemical components and weight percentage are C is equal to 0.02 to 0.06%, Si is equal to 0.01 to 0.15%, Ni is equal to 0.10 to 2.5%, P is smaller than and equal to 0.005%, S is smaller than and equal to 0.001%, A1s is smaller than and equal to 0.01 %, Ce is equal to 0.005 to 0.080%, O is smaller than and equal to 0.001%, N is smaller than and equal to 0.0015%, and H is smaller than and equal to 0.0005%, and the balance is Fe and inevitable impurities. The process is as follows: deep desulfurization of molten iron, refining in LF furnace, vacuum treatment in RH furnace, continuous casting and heating, sectional casting, cooling,tempering and standby application. The steel is in the environment from minus 30-degree C to minus 60-degree C, and the metallurgical structures in the steel are ferrito martensite and ferrite with the ferrito martensite forming no less than 50% of the volume percentage, as a result minus 80-degree C impact absorbing energy KV2 is no less than 100J, then the use safety coefficient of the steel plate is improved, the components and process are simple, and the manufacturing cost is relatively low.


s:In the six cultivars either resistant or susceptible to gray leaf spot of corn,which infected by cer-cospora zeae-maydis,the seedling and adult leaves showed the similar trend that the changes of dissociative proline was positively close to the cultivars' resistance.It showed that proline may be one of the key factors of resistance mechanism.


Shipborne rocket has far gunshot,high firing rate,strong firepower,which is a well fire support weapon of surface ship during firing on shore.The firepower demand in different landing operations stage is analyzed,the assignment and application of Shipborne rocket during landing operations are studied,which provides scientific evidence for the shipborne rocket to fire.


Background The availability of data generated from different sources is increasing with the possibility to link these data sources together. However, linked administrative data can be complex to use and may require advanced expertise and skills in statistical analysis. The main objectives of this study were to describe the current use of data linkage at the individual level and the artificial intelligence (AI) in routine public health activities, and to identify the related health outcome and intervention indicators and determinants of health for non-communicable diseases. Method We performed a survey across European countries to explore the current practices applied by national institutes of public health and health information and statistics for innovative use of data sources (i.e., the use of data linkage and/or the AI). Results The use of data linkage and the AI at national institutes of public health and health information and statistics in Europe varies. The majority of European countries use data linkage in routine by applying a deterministic method or a combination of two types of linkages (i.e., deterministic & probabilistic) for public health surveillance and research purposes. The use of AI to estimate health indicators is not frequent at national institutes of public health and health information and statistics. Using linked data, 46 health outcome indicators related to seven health conditions, 34 indicators related to determinants and 23 to health interventions were estimated in routine. Complex data regulation laws, lack of human resources, skills and problems with data governance, were reported by European countries as obstacles to link different data sources in routine for public health surveillance and research. Conclusions Our results highlight that the majority of European countries have integrated data linkage in routine public health activities but a few use the AI. A sustainable national health information system and a robust data governance framework allowing to link different data sources are essential to support evidence-informed health policy development process. Building analytical capacity and awareness of the added value of data linkage in national institutes is necessary for improving the utilization of linked data in order to improve the monitoring of public health activities.


Objective To establish a determination method of aminophylline in Jiangdan Kechuan Tablets. Methods HPLC was used to determine directly aminophylline in Jiangdan Kechuan Tablets on C 18 column, using MeOH-H 2O(20∶80,v/v) as a mobile phase and detection wavelength at 272 nm. Results The linearity of this method was well with the recovery of 99.97%. Conclusion This method shows high selective,accurate,and can be used for qualily control of Jiangdan Kechuan Tablets.


Using the method of sol-gel and high-temperature nitridation, we prepared iron nitride compounds. Recently, iron nitrides have been achieving more attention due to their excellent magnetic properties. Using X-ray diffraction technique, the crystal structure has been investigated. It is found that, when the nitridation temperature is lower, the achieved samples are composed of multi-phases, which contained Fe-O and Fe-N compounds. Increasing the nitridation temperature to 850°C, single phase ε-Fe3N has been observed. Introduction Known as a kind of traditional magnetic materials, iron nitrides have been attracting wide attention. In the early 1950s, researchers began the systematic study of iron nitrides like Fe3N, Fe4N etc. [1]. In recent years, the iron nitride compounds have gained growing interest due to their extraordinary properties such as antioxidant, anti-abrasion and anticorrosion, especially the complex magnetic properties. For iron nitrides fabricated by different methods, the proportion of Fe: N can be different and besides, the microstructural, magnetic and electronic properties also vary. According to the different proportion of iron to nitrogen, iron nitrides can be divided into several kinds: Fe2N, Fe3N, Fe4N, Fe16N2 [2] etc. In this paper, we prepared the iron nitrides samples by sol-gel method and high-temperature nitridation method, and the structural characteristics have been investigated. Properties of iron, iron oxide and iron nitride Based on the results we have got, it is found that the samples we prepared would contain iron, iron oxide and different kinds of iron nitrides. Single crystalline iron has at least four different crystal structures, known as α, γ, δ, and ε. Both α-iron (Fig. 1(a)) and δ-iron (Fig. 1(c)) have a body-centered cubic (bcc) crystal structure. While γ-iron, as shown in Fig. 1(b), has a face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure. α-iron is usually achieved under ordinary conditions, and at pressures above approximately 10 GPa and temperatures of a few hundred kelvin or less, α-iron will change into a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure, which is also known as ε-iron (Fig. 1(d)) [3]. Fig. 2 present the crystal structures of FeN, Fe2N, Fe2~3N and Fe4N [4,6]. As typical ferromagnetic materials, Fe2~3N and Fe4N got more attention [7]. The crystal structure of ε-Fe3N is shown in Fig. 2(c). ε-Fe3N phase has the rhombohedral structure, the lattice constant of which is about a=0.466 nm and c=0.436 nm. At the condition of the ideal ε-Fe3N phase, there are two nitrogen atoms closest to every iron atom, and nitrogen atoms occupy the one-third of the octahedral intersites of the layered iron atoms. With more octahedral intersites occupied, the ratio of Fe: N will decrease from 3 to 2. The magnetic moment of ε-Fe2~3N phase gradually decreased with the decrement of iron content. For FexN (2≤x≤3), when x equals 3, the magnetic moment of each iron atom of ε-Fe3N can be 2.0 μB, and while when x equals 2, the magnetic moment decreases to 0.2 μB. 4th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Information Technology Processing (AMITP 2016) © 2016. The authors Published by Atlantis Press 6 (a) (b) (c) (d) Fig. 1: The crystal structure of different forms of iron. (a) α-Fe, (b) γ-Fe, (c) δ-Fe, (d) ε-Fe (a) (b) (c) (d) Fig. 2: The crystal structure of different forms of iron nitrides. (a) FeN, (b) Fe2N, (c) Fe2~3N, (d) Fe4N γ-Fe4N phase (Fig. 2(d)) is composed of a simple cubic lattice which consists of a face-centered cubic array of γ-Fe atoms and centered nitrogen atoms, where iron atoms form an octahedron structure with nitrogen atoms filling the octahedral interstices. There are two kinds of iron atoms according to the location of the atoms in the crystal structure. The iron atoms occupying the corner site of fcc structure are called Fe(I), while the iron atoms occupying the center position of the fcc structure are Fe(II). The magnetic moments at Fe(I) and Fe(II) position are 2.98 μB and 2.02 μB respectively and the lattice constant of γ-Fe4N phase is a=0.3795 nm. γ-Fe4N can remain stable when temperature fall down below 670 °C, while the compounds will transform to ε phase with the increment of temperature. Materials Preparation Method Iron nitride compounds were prepared by a combination of sol-gel and high-temperature nitridation method. Sol-gel method [8] is the most widely used chemical synthesis method of preparing nano-materials. The sol-gel process usually uses chemical reagent (or dissolve the powder in the solvent) as precursor materials. The raw materials should be mixed evenly to form a stable transparent colloidal solution. Colloidal particles polymerize slowly because of the sol polycondensation, and after that, colloidal solution act as the precursors for an integrated network of either discrete particles or network polymers, which make the solvent fill the rest of the whole network space and end up with the formation of gel-like continuous polymer networks. Finally, the gel converts to the particles we need after heat treatment processes such as drying or sintering. First of all, we weighed a certain amount of Fe(NO3)3•9H2O by proportion and dissolved it in 20 mL of alcohol and stirred it with a magnetic stirrer for 8 hours. Then mixed it with 10 mL citric acid and put the solution in the drying oven at 60 °C for 24 hours. Next, the dried gel was calcined at 1000°C for 4 h to obtain iron oxide powder samples. Finally, the samples were nitrided in NH3 flow at different temperature (550, 650, 750, 850, 950 °C) for 2 h to obtain iron nitrides. Structural Properties To confirm the crystal structure of the samples, we use X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). XRD is a rapid analytical technique primarily used for phase identification of a crystalline material [9]. The interaction of the incident rays with the sample produces constructive interference, which is determined by the reflection effect of a series of different lattice planes.