In most of diaspora literature there is an attempt to retrieve the past. This makes one measure time in many ways, different calendars, change of seasons, past encounters narrated through wars, defeats, encounters and disasters. It is remembered through family history, ancestral heritage, nostalgia, memory and even through national disasters. This interaction portrays the immigrants caught in flight of memories, relationships and images. The relocation has its disgust for one thing or the other. The author has to live in the reminiscences, a collective memory representing a symbolic relationship between past and present. The Swinging Bridge  by Ramabai Espinet chronicles the multiple exiles that are part of the Indian experience in the Caribbean and Canada through two figures one from the past- great grandmother Gainder and the other from the present - Mona, the protagonist. The novel commemorates the maternal roots and routes of Indo-Caribbean history by establishing the subjectivity of widows and young girls from India who crossed the Kala Pani (Black waters of the Atlantic) in search of new beginnings in Trinidad and the great-grand-daughter who engages in an existential quest for selfhood in Canada. Grief motivates a flood of personal memories as Mona begins to remember intimate details of family life that had been repressed under the cover of migration. Bits and pieces of the past, fragments scattered in various places, childhood memories, overheard conversations, prayer songs, all come together in the attic. She explores the secret songs, photographs and letters giving her a powerful voice for her culture, her family, her fellow women and for herself. Mona's drive to document history enables her to reveal the family's carefully guarded secrets- domestic violence, drunken rampages, sexual abuse, illegitimate children, and even AIDS. This paper seeks to analyse the novel's diasporic contents and find out whether this attempt at retrieval of the past brings about a change in the perception of today's generation. The author brings to light the problems of a plural society calling for need for relationships and need for mutual respect- all to avoid conflict situations through this effective tracing of history in the novel.


A new city flood risk management(FRM) mode,government、market、public partnership(GMPP) is provided in this paper.FRM is quasi public goods,non-market product and flood risk is public risk.partnership among between government、market、the public should be established to manage flood risk.Government participation can remedy market failure,ensure contract fulfillment and protect proprietorship.Market participation can improve efficiency,provided added money and technology.The public participation will solve inadequate demand of FRM,and bring democracy and validity into decision making.The key to success of GMPP is to focus on every party's objectives,bring into every party's strengths into full play.


July September 2017 1234 JCPS Volume 10 Issue 3 A perusal on Facial Emotion Recognition System (FERS) Krithika L.B School of Information Technology and Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, 632014, India *Corresponding author: E-Mail: email@example.com ABSTRACT Emotion could be well interpreted using the facial expressions. Several approaches have been proposed for classification of emotion (human affective states). We in this paper steadily examine available approaches for solving the problem of machine understanding of facial emotion and compare important issues like the collection and availability of training and test data. We finally outline the challenges we would work on to advance facial emotion recognition based on the explored latest work of various authors. We conclude this paper with the improvements and further advancement needed in facial expression recognition.


This paper provides data to aid the user or prospective user of the Navy Navigation Satellite System to better understand what results can be expected from either a two-minute doppler position fix program or a short doppler position fix program. Brief summaries of satellite theory and the mathematical and mechanizational differences between two minute and short doppler computations are presented. A description of a computer program capable of computing both two-minute doppler and short doppler position fixes is given. Data is presented which has been computed using the actual real-time computer program. Position fix results from the two different doppler methods, obtained from the same satellite passes, are shown. Conclusions are drawn from these results as to the inherent accuracies of the two methods and in what circumstances one method or the other is more advantageous.


This paper aims to present a discussion of air quality based on the classification analysis developed by hybrid method. Problems that occur, where the longer the air quality is getting worse and can cause serious problems for human life. The method in performing the used analysis consisted of K-Means clustering, Multiple Linear Regression (MRL), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Decision Tree Algorithm C.45. The results of MRL measurement show that correlation relationship is the same as the variable with an output of 70.7%. Then the results of determination with ANN showed an MSE value of 0.0018197 and output accuracy of 99.99%.


The present invention by providing the visual impression and physical feel and audible feel and mass production of products to be in the design of the input device, makes it possible effectively to assess the input device of various types and different features. In the present invention, receives a rotational input by the user, generating a soft sikidoe pre-programmed, and an input device that generates a controlled and soft so as to correspond to the rotation input by the user; Appearance, but the design of the virtual input device display possible, and a display device for displaying the input device in cooperation of the virtual to correspond to an operation of the user; Is connected to the input device, a control device for controlling the display unit to control the input device to provide a touch corresponding to the operation by the user, and displayed to correspond to the input device of the virtual manipulation of the user, It is achieved through a system for the development of input devices comprising.


Synopsis : Based on the studies of electrochemical stability of Mo carbides, a new method for state analysis of M2C in Cr-Mo steel was established. By use of this method, the precipitation behavior of carbides during creep rupture test was examined. Results obtained are as follows : 1) M2C in Cr-Mo steel was electrochemically less stable than carbides of M3C, M7C3 and M23C6, but almost as stable as M6C. The electrochemical stability of carbides in Cr-Mo steel is in the following order M2C•¬M6C•ƒM7C3•¬M23C6. 2) M2C can be selectively decomposed by the secondary electrolysis of primary electrolytic residues, prepared in the porous-graphite electrode, at the anode potential of 0.65 V vs. SCE in 4% methyl salicylate-1% salicylic acid-2% LiCl-methanol. M6C is also decomposed at the same condition. 3) The amount of M2C can be determined by the dissolved amount of Mo after the secondary electrolysis. When M6C is present in primary electrolytic residues, the amount of M2C is calculated by subtracting the amount of Mo as M6C, amount of which is calculated from the dissolved amount of Fe (Fe as M6C) after the secondary electrolysis, from the dissolved amount of Mo by the same treatment. 4) The amount of M2C precipitated during the creep rupture test is found to roughly correspond to the change in the master rupture strength of the specimens. The creep rupture strength is increased with increasing the precipitation amount of M2C in these specimens.


Ameloblastoma is one of the most frequent odontgenic tumols in oral regions, and it occurs usually in the mandibla.There have been a few reports on the cases of ameloblastoma of the maxilla.Since we experienced a case of Ameloblastoma which appeared in the right side of the maxilla in a 61 years old man, we described it with some discussion.


The use of X rays for diagnostic radiology is very common and important to Medicine, including mammographic diagnosis focusing decreasing of the doses applied to the patients and preserving high quality of the diagnostic image. A quality control program of the irradiation systems it is very necessary. The Instruments Calibration Laboratory (LCI) of IPEN perform calibration in dosemeters used in radiation dosimetry (in diagnostic radiology) for many years. The objective of that paper is determining the point of greatest intensity of the beam issued by the mammograph equipment. Exposures were made with filters Rhodium and Molybdenum. That mapping is important before applied a routine quality control program of the mammograph equipment and the calibration of instruments in the diagnosis.


The invention provides a preparation method of a hollow gold nanometer cage, comprising the following steps: dissolving chloroauric acid, hexamine, and a protecting agent in water to prepare a growing liquid; getting the growing liquid and adding in a reducing agent and gold nanometer particle and mixing well to prepare gold seed solution; getting the growing liquid, adding in silver salt and the reducing agent, mixing well to prepare a mixed solution; adding the gold seed solution in the mixed solution, standing and reacting to prepare the hollow gold nanometer cage. The method provided by the invention directly enables the gold nanometer particle to grow into the hollow gold nanometer cage in water phase at normal temperature; besides, the process is simple, the reaction is easy to control, and the efficiency is high. Simultaneously, the preparation method has no need of performing post treatment to the product, thereby reducing the use amount of the reagent, reducing the production cost and simplifying the operation steps.


Abstract Under the influence of an alternating electric field, the loss angle and dielectric constant of a sheet of rubber vary as a function of the frequency, while the conductivity remains negligible even at low frequencies. The essential difference between this behavior and that of the crystalloid liquids already studied by the authors is that, instead of a single absorption curve and a single dispersion curve extending through a narrow range of frequencies, there is a series of curves extending a considerable distance toward the low frequencies. However, the relations between absorption and dispersion remain the same as with crystalloid liquids, so here too the losses can be explained by the orientation polarization, and the same qualitative scheme of dipolar oscillators which follows, with a certain dephasing, the alternations of the field. However, instead of being a single type and individually identical, these oscillators are in this case polyisoprene chains which differ in length and consequently...


The presence of a steel core in the commonly used aluminum conductor, steel reinforced (ACSR) on overhead transmission lines causes an increase in the AC resistance of the conductor, as a result of the magnetic induction in the core. This induction, which is higher with an odd number of aluminum layers, causes hysteresis and eddy current power losses in the steel, and a redistribution of current in the layers of aluminum wires. The effects of the total current in the conductor and the temperature of the steel core on the current distribution, the AC/DC resistance ratio and the power loss are determined for a Grackle conductor with three layers of aluminum wires. It is shown that the resistance ratio and the power loss can be significantly reduced at higher currents by careful design of the lay length (pitch) of each layer of aluminum wires.


Nowadays, the teaching degrees in Chemistry are trying to overcome incipient pre-service education models (pedagogical complementation, short-term degree, etc.) that have failed to adequately respond to the educational demands that involve teaching. Based on this reality, the teaching degree in Chemistry at Faculdade de Filosofia Dom Aureliano Matos, offered by the Universidade Estadual do Ceará has graduated teachers since 2007. This article1 aims to describe a case study focused on the articulations of this teaching degree with the teaching of science/chemistry in basic education, as well as its repercussions on the professional development of its graduates. The official documents that represent and that regulate teacher education in Brazil were submitted to documental research to capture, interpret and characterize the articulations and repercussions through textual discourse analysis. Among many, the following were highlighted: effective promotion of teaching in Science/Chemistry; the offer of extensive pre-service education in this field; preparation and qualification for professional activity, especially in teaching. The official prescription of the course elevates it to the level of pre-service education for teaching. Nonetheless, further analyses are required to verify the convergence between the precepts and the reality experienced in pre-service education, considering the information available in the academic community.


Abstract : Semiconductor lasers are essential components that enable high-speed long-haul communication and have been widely used for various applications in photonics technology. Semiconductor lasers under optical injection locking exhibit superior performance over free-running lasers and provide useful applications not achievable through the free-running lasers. The performance of injection-locked lasers has been found to be significantly improved with stronger injection. In this dissertation, the characteristics and applications of semiconductor lasers under strong optical injection locking are presented and analyzed in various aspects. First, ultra-strong (injection ratio R ~10 dB) optical injection locking properties are investigated experimentally and theoretically. Direct modulation responses of ultra-strong optical injection-locked distributed feedback (DFB) lasers show three distinctive modulation characteristics depending on frequency detuning values. These different optical properties and electric modulation characteristics can be utilized in various applications such as analog fiber optic link, broadband digital communications, RF photonics and opto-electronic oscillators (OEOs). Using the strong injection-locked lasers, a novel single sideband generation has been demonstrated. A modulation sideband on the longer wavelength side is enhanced due to the resonant amplification by the slave laser's cavity mode, resulting in a 12-dB asymmetry at 20-GHz RF modulation. The dispersion limited RF bandwidth has been greatly increased by maintaining the variation of fiber transmission response within 7 dB up to 20-GHz RF carrier frequency over 80-km fiber transmission. Second, to improve fiber optic link performances, gain-lever distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) lasers have been fabricated. With a gain-lever modulation, 9-dB increase of a link gain has been achieved compared with a standard modulation.


ABSTRACTThe recent recession in the US economy was triggered by a severe financial crisis that threatened a collapse of the American banking system. The banking industry has subsequently faced intense political and regulatory scrutiny, with one of the primary targets being executive compensation. As a result, limits were placed on executive pay at banking institutions bailed out by the federal government under the 2008 Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP). This paper reviews the contractual issues affecting the compensation of bank executives and analyzes the compensation policies of the largest banks receiving government bailout money under TARP. We report that CEO pay, particularly incentive compensation in the form of bonuses and stockbased compensation, decreased markedly following the bailout. Thus, it appears that compensation was reduced at most TARP recipient banks following the government bailout of the banking industry.INTRODUCTIONThe recent recession in the American economy represents the largest economic downturn since the Great Depression. While many factors contributed to the slump, the financial services industry faced some of the most serious criticism due to the subprime mortgage crisis, the collapse of the housing market, and the stagnation of global credit markets. In order to stem the crisis and restore credit markets, the US Congress approved a $700 billion bailout package in late 2008 to stabilize the financial sector (Herszenhom, 2008). A significant feature of this plan was the Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP), which was designed to buy troubled assets from financial institutions that had been weakened by the subprime mortgage crisis. Purchasing these assets allowed banks to stabilize their balance sheets and avoid further losses (Congressional Budget Office, 2009). However, taxpayers were outraged when they discovered the levels of compensation received by executives of these struggling financial institutions. In March 2009, for example, executives from insurer AIG received a combined $165 million in compensation after AIG had received a substantial infusion of TARP funding to avoid bankruptcy. This situation triggered heightened public scrutiny of the legitimacy of rewarding financial executives considered to be responsible for policies that led their firms into financial difficulty (Reddy & Bendavid, 2009).This study examines the compensation policies of banks receiving the largest levels of TARP funding in order to gain insight into the effects of the financial crisis and increased public scrutiny on levels of executive pay. We focus on the three-year period around the financial crisis of 2008 in order to evaluate changes in the compensation policies of TARP recipients. While non-banking institutions also ultimately participated in the TARP program (e.g., AIG and certain US automobile companies), we focus only on banks in order to retain industry homogeneity in our sample. Our results indicate that most banks decreased CEO pay throughout the three years of the study, particularly incentive compensation such as bonuses and stock options. However, we find that the decrease in pay was greater following the heightened public scrutiny that followed the disclosure of sizable AIG compensation in early 2009 and the modification of TARP to establish limits on executive pay for recipients of bailout funds.LITERATURE REVIEWAgency Costs and CompensationThe contractual motivations for the elements of executive compensation are commonly traced to Jensen and Meckling's (1976) seminal work on agency theory, which presumes a conflict of interests between the goals of principals and the goals of agents who work on their behalf. Their theory holds that, in order to minimize agency costs, contracts should provide incentives for managers (agents) to subordinate their personal interests in order to serve the interests of their principals. The goal of contracting is to structure the contractual relationship so that an agent will make choices that maximize the principal's welfare. …


Manovich (2001) describes the changes that result from translating an established cultural product into a new technology as 'transcoding'. This study investigates the form that the journalism of The New York Times takes when transcoded to the Web by evaluating multimedia news packages published on nytimes.com from 2000–2008. The number and sophistication of the multimedia packages grew over time to include new interfaces that incorporated elements native to digital environments such as hypertextual links, interactivity, elements borrowed from digital games and social media tools. Most packages were produced as sidebars to stories published in the newspaper, suggesting that multimedia was used as an extension of the written word, not as a primary storytelling format.


FIELD: machine building. SUBSTANCE: here is disclosed sapphire substrate with flat surface and crystallographic orientation chosen from group including orientation in a-plane, r-plane, m-plane and c-plane. Also, this substrate has nTTV approximately not over 0.037 mcm/cm 2 , nTTV corresponds to change of total thickness normalised relative to area of flat surface. The substrate has approximate diametre not less, than 9.0 cm. EFFECT: production of substrates of high quality with large surface areas. 15 cl, 6 tbl, 5 dwg


The study aims to assess the health professionals' knowledge, attitudes, and practices
toward the evaluation and prescription of PA (physical activity) to develop public health measures to improve PA preventive interventions.; Methods: A cross‐sectional study, using a confidential self‐administered questionnaire applied to health practitioners involved in individual preventive services related to PA in Romania, was conducted. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was explored, and the data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics; Results: A total number of 464 health professionals (community nurses, family doctors, and other professional categories) completed all questionnaire. We found differences in knowledge distribution, with the lowest level for nurses (p<0.001). Women have a positive attitude toward PA counselling compared
to men (p=0.037).The patient's nutritional status (89.2%) and positive attitudes towards PA (42.0%) are the most mentioned factors that positively influence the PA prescription. Among barriers to prescribe PA, the most health professionals list: patient low compliance (65.3%) and lack of systematic training (63.8%); Conclusions: The participants have relatively good knowledge and positive attitudes toward the importance of PA. They feel self-confident and need public health support for systematic training, health-promoting resources, and national guidelines


Last decades have been marked by a decline in the psychological well-being of adolescents around the world. Both environmental, family and school factors, as well as personal factors contribute to the maintenance of well-being, and from the standpoint of modern psychological theories of well-being, positive relationships with significant others play a leading role. However, these factors are rarely explored in the system; moreover, the specific contribution of environmental factors varies from culture to culture. This article aims to assess the role of the system of environmental and personality-motivational variables as predictors of the psychological well-being of Russian adolescents. The material of the study was the data collected within the framework of the PISA 2018 project on a representative sample of Russian teenagers (N=7608). We studied the role of three groups of variables reflecting the quality of a teenager's relationship with 1) parents (parental support), 2) teachers (perception of informative feedback from teachers), 3) school society (the value of cooperation and climate of cooperation and exposure to bullying). It was assumed that the variables characterizing the quality of the three types of relationships with significant others would contribute both independently and mediated by personal and motivational variables to well-being. Gender and family SES were considered as control variables. The results of structural equation modeling confirmed the hypotheses, demonstrating a significant contribution to the well-being of not only relationships with parents and peers, but also teachers, both directly and indirectly by variables reflecting the ability to set productive goals, cope with difficulties and feel comfortable at school. The results are discussed from the standpoint of the self-determination theory, which asserts the importance of satisfying basic psychological needs in relationships with significant others for the psychological well-being. Universal and cross-cultural aspects of the findings of the study are discussed, as well as its limitations.


The construction qualities of earth dams built in the fifties to seventies of the twentieth century are usually worse and their foundations are the silty soil which has low density and is quite easy to be liquefied under the action of earthquake. It's necessary to estimate their aseismic safety and study on the corresponding aseismic measures. Aiming at Qing-an Reservoir, the three schemes, such as concrete continuous wall, vibro-replacement stone column and rock pressure, are analyzed by FEM; and the reasonable engineering measure which may be widely used in the analogous project is recommended.


SiC/Al co-continuous phase composites were fabricated by pressureless infiltration technology with reticulated silicon carbide porous ceramics as matrix and aluminum or magnesium as reinforcement phase. The effect of magnesium addition and holding time on the relative density, mechanical properties and macro morphology of the composites was investigated. The results showed that the porosity of SiC/Al co-continuous phase composites decreased with the increase of the holding time. The wettability of SiC and Al was improved with the addition of Mg. The hardness of SiC/Al co-continuous phase composites increased with the increase of the holding time. SiC and Al combined closely at longer holding time.


Bulk electricity transmission lines are linear assets that can be very exposed to wind effects, particularly where they traverse steep topography or open coastal terrain in cyclonic regions. Interconnected nature of the lattice type towers and conductors also, present complex vulnerabilities. These relate to the direction of wind attack to the conductors and the cascading failure mechanisms in which the failure of a single tower has cascading effects on neighbouring towers. Such behaviour is exacerbated by the finely tuned nature of tower design which serves to minimize cost and reserve strength at design wind speeds. There is a clear need to better quantify the interdependent vulnerabilities of these critical infrastructure assets in the context of the severe wind hazard. This paper presents a novel methodology developed for the Critical Infrastructure Protection Modelling and Analysis (CIPMA) capability for assessing local wind speeds and the likelihood of tower failure for a range of transmission tower and conductor types. CIPMA is a program managed by the Federal Attorney-General's Department and Geoscience Australia is leading the technical development. The methodology then involves the development of heuristically derived vulnerability models that are consistent with Australian industry experience and full-scale static tower testing results, considering isolated tower loss along with three interdependent failure mechanisms to give overall likelihoods of failure.


A PROTECTION alarm disguised as an identity badge has been successfully trialled and will reduce the threat of violence for lone workers, health secretary John Reid said last week.


Abstract Results are presented from a new homogenization of data since 1959 from 527 radiosonde stations. This effort differs from previous ones by employing an approach specifically designed to minimize systematic errors in adjustment, by including wind shear as well as temperature, by seasonally resolving adjustments, and by using neither satellite information nor station metadata. Relatively few artifacts were detected in wind shear, and associated adjustments were indistinguishable from random adjustments. Temperature artifacts were detected most often in the late 1980s–early 1990s. Uncertainty was characterized from variations within an ensemble of homogenizations and used to test goodness of fit with satellite data using reduced chi squared. The meridional variations of zonally aggregated temperature trend since 1979 moved significantly closer to those of the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) after data adjustment. Adjusted data from 5°S to 20°N continue to show relatively weak warming, but the error is...


No single factor in the treatment of end-stage renal disease is more central to how patients will live from day to day than their choice of treatment. This impacts their diet, medications, symptoms, the frequency of hospital visits, and how long they will live. Most patients never learned about any treatment options other than standard in-center hemodialysis. To have life options, patients must have treatment options, but in the most recent U.S. Renal Data System Annual Data Report, 91.6% of U.S. dialysis patients were


Phasic 3-D images of the left and right heart walls are generated from a small set of magnetic resonance (MR) spin echo slices. From six to eight slices are obtained obliquely to the body axis but perpendicular to the long axis of the left ventricle. The orientation allows for an efficient rendering algorithm. The chamber edges are extracted and interpolated so that the heart can be described as a set of polygons. On a Sun S3/60 workstation the reconstructed images can be viewed at any angle and displayed in cine format at up to 16 frames/s. In addition, quantitative information such as left ventrical mass and ejection fraction can be calculated.<<ETX>>


The paper explored the relationship between graffiti and new media, with specific focus on the effect of new media appropriation on the growth of graffiti writing in Nigeria. Qualitative research design and methodologies were used. The theory of technological determinism provided the conceptual directions. Findings showed that graffiti artists were increasingly active on social media; and, used social media for different purposes, including graffiti-based artistic activities. While a wide range of social media were used, only Instagram was the most preferred, because of its unique technical qualities. The engagements of graffiti artists with new media were, in varying ways, bearing innovative and socio-cultural benefits. Apart from providing opportunities for the showcasing of talents or the digital documentation of graffiti, the interface had also allowed for improved artistic creativity, through the placements of graffiti arts unto virtual spaces as Non-Fundable Token Arts (NFTs), as well as the education of young adults online/offline on graffiti arts. Also, in order to mitigate the low status of public awareness on graffiti in Nigeria, graffiti artists should heighten their engagements with social media to popularize the practice in its contextual form; and, the placements of graffiti arts on NFT panels should be seen as a step in the right direction, towards the preservation of graffiti arts for posterity.


Introduction European Union (EU) integration under the "third pillar," police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters, is progressing rapidly. The 2004 implementation of the EU arrest warrant framework decision gave a significant boost to "major" European mutual assistance in criminal matters. It requires each national judicial authority to recognize, "ipso facto, and with a minimum of formalities," requests in regard to the surrender of a person made by the issuing judicial authority of another Member State. Formal extradition requests and proceedings are no longer necessary. An equivalently important development in "minor" European mutual assistance in criminal matters are two European Council Framework Decisions that 1) require Member States' courts to give the same weight to criminal convictions in other Member States as they would to convictions in their own country and 2) create a system that


In FY 1979, Sandia National Laboratories started evaluation of the potential of tuff for a nuclear waste repository. At that time, only the Bullfrog Member at Yucca Mountain was being considered as a potential repository horizon. In May, 1981, several potential repository horizons were added. Horizons now being considered at Yucca Mountain, in order of increasing depth, include: (1) the Topopah Springs Member, (2) the Tuffaceous Beds of Calico Hills, (3) the Bullfrog Member of Crater Flat Tuff, and (4) the Tram Member of the Crater Flat Tuff. Three studies underway in FY 1981 initiated work leading to the final rank-ordering of potential repository horizons. In the first study, potential repository hozizons were classified on the basis of available data using the South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Geomechanics Calssification System. The second study addresses the effects of dipping beds at Yucca Mountain; and the third study addresses the concern about variation in thermomechanical properties.


The invention discloses a metal-gradient-material laser-shock-forging composite additive manufacturing method and device. The method includes: gradually spraying multi-metal mixed powder, which changes according a preset mixing proportion curve, according to a 3D printing filling scanning path, using a heat source to fuse the metal mixed powder to form the cladding layers of a workpiece, and using shock waves induced by pulse laser to impact and forge the cladding layers; stacking the cladding layers layer by layer, and forming the workpiece. The metal-gradient-material laser-shock-forging composite additive manufacturing method and device has the advantages that the cladding layer forming using the heat source to fuse the mixed metal powder and the cladding layer impacting and forging using the pulse laser are performed at the same time and are coordinated to manufacture a metal part, shaping and reinforcing are completed in one step in an efficient and high-quality manner, defects such as air pores, non-fusion and shrinkage cavities of the cladding layers are eliminated, and part internal quality is increased.


The China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone (SPFTZ) was approved by the State Council in August 2013 and established on 29 September of that year (Central Government of the PRC 2013; Xinhuanet 2013). It is located in the district of Pudong in Shanghai, and is the integration of four existing special customs supervision areas (SCSAs): Shanghai Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Logistics Park, Yangshan Free Trade Port Area and Pudong Airport Comprehensive Free Trade Zone.1


Four polyphenols were isolated and purified from a
brown alga Eisenia arborea. These
phlorotannin compounds showed strong radical scavenging and some enzyme
inhibitory activities. All of the compounds showed strong antioxidative,
acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory, and tyrosinase
inhbibitory activities at 100 μg/mL. Dieckol and PFF inhibited
butyrylcholinesterase, a new target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease,
very strongly even at 10 μg/mL, more
strongly than AChE. These two compounds also effectively inhibited tyrosinase.
These results support the potential of developing natural antioxidants and
antidementia agents from the brown alga.


In incidence calculus inferences usually are made by cal culating incidence sets and probabilities of formulae based on a given incidence function in an incidence calculus theory However it is still the case that numerical values are assigned on some formulae directly with out giving the incidence function This paper discusses how to recover incidence functions in these cases The result can be used to calculate mass functions from belief functions in the Dempster Shafer theory of ev idence or DS theory and de ne probability spaces from inner measures or lower bounds of probabilities on the relevant propositional language set


The first step towards silent construction machines shoulds be the use of silent components. The authors depict this by way of the example of the engine


Statement of Novelty: This study analyzes the influence of the washing process and the calcination temperature on the morphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics of SCBA. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the morphological, physical, chemical
 and mineralogical characteristics of sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA). The ashes were obtained by calcination of sugarcane bagasse (SCB), a waste product generated by the sugar and alcohol industry, at temperatures of 500°C, 600° C and 700°C, and the influence of this calcination
 on the pozzolanic activity of SCBA. The techniques used to characterize these ashes include helium gas picnometry, sedigraphy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The evaluation of the
 pozzolanicity of these ashes was carried according to chemical titration method as proposed by Fratini, modified Chapelle method and finally using the pozzolanic activity index (PAI) with cement. The results showed that the SCBA presented high pozzolanicity, regardless of the calcination temperature.


We investigate the effect of word typicality — the degree of membership of a word to its superordinate category — on the N400 event-related potential (ERP) using a single trial detection approach based on spatiotemporal beamforming. Unlike the norm in studies, where mostly concrete categories are used (imaginable objects), we considered a total of 6 basic categories: three abstract and unimaginable (emotion, event, illness), one abstract yet clearly imaginable (color), and two concrete categories, a coherent (mammals) and an incoherent one (furniture). We also investigated the source of the observed N400 ERPs in the brain to detect possible differences between the semantic processing of these categories. Our results show that, independently of word abstractness or concreteness, word typicality has a clear effect on N400 both in terms of amplitude and scalp localization as well as in N400 sources, all of which in turn is indicative of differences in difficulty of word processing.


77 pp. Published June 2007. The text was transcribed in June 2007 by Risa Bear from the edition by G. B. Harrison, London, Robert Holden & Co, Ltd., 1927. Harrison has modernized the spelling and punctuation, and rewritten many of the stage directions; we have elided some of the more obtrusive of these. The title page is taken from the quarto of 1594 and is not found in Harrison.


In this research, a new method for hiding image has been proposed. The proposed method relied on hiding the region of interest in the image by specifying it using fuzzy logic. Images play a large and important role in several areas. Therefore, The more important the image, the greater the need to protect and preserve it. In this research, the work was divided into two parts, the first part represents the sending side and in it the face area is defined as an important region in the image and hidden then, while the second part, represents the receiving side and in it the hidden image is received and unhide. Fuzzy logic was used in the process. The proposed algorithm provide security to the images being transmitted. Matlab language was use to perform this work.


One of the shortcomings of artificial neural networks (ANNs) is the difficulty in predicting the best control parameters for a certain application. The number of combinations of parameters is very large. This makes it very inefficient and expensive to search manually by trial and error. Genetic algorithms (GAs) are an excellent and effective search technique suitable for this task. This paper describes an investigation into the use of GAs to automate the choice of parameters in both a standard backpropagation (SBP) and a fuzzy backpropagation (FBP) network for different applications.


: At present, the key to the development of tourism industry is to change the irrational supply structure, solve the problem of the supply and demand. Tourism resources as the basis for the development of tourism industry, the supply condition of its direct impact on tourism development and consumption patterns. Hainan tourism resources supply structure is still in scenic spot tourism resources as the main supply, can't meet the demand of tourists from sightseeing to the experience of tourism, harder to achieve pull function on the travel demand. In this paper, based on classify and evaluate of Hainan no scenic spot tourism resources, from supply mode and supply structure put forward the reform path In order to achieve the goal that from traditional tourism resources supply to "no scenic spot" tourism resources supply, such as "Provide policy support, improve the information transmission, manage the supply, to realize resource integration, pay attention to supply quality, eliminate excess supply" etc.


Introduction: Fracture classification systems help in communication, treatment planning, assessing prognosis and form standards to report treatment results. The ideal classification system should be reliable, reproducible, all-inclusive, mutually exclusive, logical and clinically useful. The aim of our study was to assess the inter observer reliability and intra observer variability for the AO, Schatzker and Hohl and Moore classification systems. Materials and Methods: We randomly selected fifty sets of radiographs of tibial plateau fractures occurred between 2000 and 2005. Exclusion criteria: Only one available view, inadequate films. Four orthopaedic surgeons at various level of experience i.e. one senior senior house officer, two registrars and a trauma consultant classified the fractures. Radiographs were blinded and each time the radiographs were presented to the observers in a different order. Radiographs were viewed at two separate sittings 8 weeks apart. The data was analysed using kappa statistics through SPSS version 14. The Kappa co-efficients were interpreted according to Landis and Koch grading. ( 0.8=excellent) Results: For the AO classification the mean kappa co-efficients for inter-observer and intra-observer reliability were 0.36 (0.33–0.39) and 0.83(0.61–1.00) respectively. For the Schatzker classification the mean kappa co-efficients for inter-observer and intra-observer reliability were 0.47(0.45–0.49) and 0.90(0.75–1.00) respectively. For the Hohl&Moore classification mean kappa values for inter-observer and intra-observer variability were 0.14 and 0.81(0.59–1.00) respectively. According to Landis and Koch grading, AO classification is fair in terms of interobserver reliability, the Schatzker classification is moderate and the Hohl&Moore is slight. Conclusions: None of the three systems fulfils the criteria for an ideal classification system. However, the Schatzker classification system was found to be superior. The Hohl&Moore system was least reliable of all. Hence, we recommend usage of Schatzker classification system in tibial plateau fractures both in clinical practice and clinical studies until a superior classification system evolves.


The crystal bar bonding correction instrument including a base plate, a rotatable base arranged on the base plate, a pole connected to the base plate, and a dial gauge or a dial indicator connected to the pole, wherein, the base can be closely contacted with a crystal holder; the pole is vertical to the base plate; according to the change of the pointer of the dial gauge or the dial indicator, the crystal bar bonding correction instrument disclosed can accurately adjust the relative position of the crystal bar and the crystal holder to enable the coaxiality of the two to be ensured, thereby improving the quality of the butted square bar and reducing the production cost.


In Table 2, there are errors in the " Dominant, " " Recessive, " " Overdominant, " and " Allele frequency " rows. Please view the corrected table below. article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.


We leverage proof techniques in coding theory and Fourier analysis to derive new bounds for the problem of non-interactive simulation of random variables. Previous bounds in the literature were derived by applying data processing inequalities concerning maximal correlation or hypercontractivity. We show that our bounds are sharp in some regimes, and are also tighter than the existing ones in some other regimes. As by-products of our analyses, various new properties of the average distance and distance enumerator of binary block codes are established. Finally, by using an existing hypercontractivity bound for non-interactive simulation, a new bound on the average distance is derived.


This study investigated the intrasentential patterns of codeswitching in Turkish-English bilingual discourse in L2 English classroom interactions. The patterns were structurally analyzed in terms of their consistency with two grammatical constraints, namely the Free Morpheme and the Equivalence Constraint. The findings suggested that the data were incompatible with the Free Morpheme Constraint as there were many instances of bound morphemes from Turkish attached to the nouns in English. Yet, the data were partially consistent with the Equivalence Constraint as shown by some switches presenting phrasal congruence and violations confirmed by switches at points where the languages showed no linear equivalence.


1329 metabolic syndrome. In addition, there is a three-fold increase in the prevalence of LOH and as the number of criteria for the metabolic syndrome increase, as well as the incidence of LOH.Finally, there is a growing body of recent evidence suggesting that metabolic syndrome might be related to other aspects of men's health, including erectile dysfunction, prostate cancer [8] and LUTS. This might pave the way for multi-disciplinary management of these patients, similar to that in urological oncology.


The marine littoral staphylinid Heterota plumbea (Waterhouse), previously known only from western Europe and the Canary Islands, is reported from Jamaica, Quintana Roo (Mexico), and Florida (USA). The subcorticolous staphylinid Coenonica puncticollis Kraatz is reported for the first time from Jamaica, and Florida (USA), and seems to have a cosmotropical distribution. The 6 other known species of Heterota and 63 of Coenonica are limited in distribution to the Old World. Adults of H. plumbea and C. puncticollis are described and illustrated. Coenonica cameroni Frank and Thomas is a new name for C. granulipennis Cameron, 1948, a homonym of C. granulipennis Cameron, 1939.


Theaddition ofNOtooxidized cytochrome c oxidase (ferrocytochrome c:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC126.96.36.199) causes theappearance ofahigh-spin hemeelectron paramag- netic resonance (EPR) signal duetocytochrome a3. This suggests that NOcoordinates toCu+2 andbreaks theantiferromagnetic couple byforming acytochrome a+3-Cu+2-NO complex. The intensity ofthehigh-spin cytochrome a3signal depends onthe method ofpreparation oftheenzyme andmaximally accounts for58%ofoneheme. Theeffect ofN-onthecytoehrome a3-Cuj2-NO complex istoreduce cytochrome a3totheferrous state, andthis isfollowed byformation ofanewcomplex that exhibits EPRsignals characteristic ofatriplet species. Onthe basis ofoptical andEPRresults, aNObridge between cyto- chrome+2andCu+2isproposed-i.e., cytochrome +2-NO-Cu+2. Thehalf-field transition observed atg=4.34 in theEPRspectrum ofthis triplet species exhibits resolved copper hyperfine splittings with IAS I=0.020 cm-1, indicating that the Cu+2 inthecytochrome a3-NO-Cu+ complex issimilar toa type 2copper site. Mitochondrial cytochrome coxidase (ferrocytochrome c:oxygen


• Seven cases of eosinophilic meningitis associated with neoplastic infiltration of the leptomeninges have been reported. Five of the tumors were reticuloendothelial, one was a melanoma, and one was a medulloblastoma. We report a case of malignant astrocytoma with seeding of the subarachnoid space and eosinophilic meningitis.


There are plenty of reasons why a project to fail. While all projects strive to succeed, many of them are either over budget or unable to deliver their objectives and that is the reason almost 90 % of all projects either become restarts or fail. On the other hand, project success is possible and there are some other essential criteria to accomplish that. London Olympic Committee and ODA believed the Olympic projects were successful, delivered on time and within the budget. Was that really the case? Although there were many facts to consider that the event was a "triumph", many believe projects were not delivered within budget and there was an undelivered failed project. Moreover, from whose point of view the entire event would be a complete triumph, success or failure still arguable? This research believes that there were many perspectives and different opinions about the games and therefore, business, user and suppliers point of views were explained to understand why there would be always different opinions and perspectives on the events. In order to create successful and valuable projects "sustainability" becomes paramount for project management. The researcher proposes that project management has a lot to learn from sustainability. Especially, Velodrome Park and Wind Turbine projects represent great examples of success and failure, respectively.


The validity of NMOHEMS probe′s design and the CFD method of motion simulation both need experiments to verify and modify.The model was made using CAD and 3D rapid prototyping,and experiments in lab pool and lake were designed and completed.In lab pool,several lower mass probes were measured precisely by high speed camera and image manipulation in finite depth,and the falling curves and limit velocities of probes were acquired after error analysis and modifying,and the CFD simulation method will be regulated by many experiments.In lake,the experimental device was independently developed,the falling motion of higher mass was measured,and the limit velocity after error correction was 1.923m/s,which verifies the validity of probe′s design.


We theoretically study the coherent expansion of a Bose-Einstein condensate in the presence of a confining impenetrable hard-wall potential. The nonlinear dynamics of the macroscopically coherent matter field results in rich and complex spatio-temporal self-interference patterns demonstrating a nonlinear Talbot effect, and the formation of vorticity and solitonlike structures.


It is of particular importance to estimate a regional financial eco-environment, based on which the administrators can make their efficient policy, and the investors may estimate the potential risk in investment to make brilliant decisions. For this purpose, the current paper deals with the measurement of a regional financial eco-environment. A mathematical model has been proposed by means of multivariate statistical methods, for example, the factor analysis method, the cluster methods and the discriminant analysis method, and it has been well tested and verified in estimating for regional financial eco-environment through the real data of ten states in United State.


A large variety of di erent concepts have been introduced to express the subtypes and inheritance. Single inheritance, multiple inheritance, independent multiple inheritance and delegation are all various forms of subtyping and inheritance. In this paper, we give a structural framework for the semantics of these concepts that allows one to distinguish them in a precise manner. This framework accounts for the structural and for some of the behavioral characteristics of subtypes and inheritance.


The so called "isobar run" or RHIC was designed to compare a number of observables for collisions of 96 40Zr with those of 96 44Ru, aimed at identification of Z-dependent effects. However, as the STAR data have shown with unprecedented accuracy, these two nuclides differ stronger than expected, producing effects larger than those depending on charge. So far, multiple studies tried to quantify their shape differences, in relation to various observables. General consensus is that these differences somehow should be related to nuclear structure, in particularly properties of the lowest excited states. Yet the precise connection between these fields – low and high energy nuclear physics – is still missing. In this paper I propose such a connection, via a concept of thermal density matrices of a "preheated" nuclei. The effective temperature should parameterize which set of excited states should be included in the calculations. I also suggest semiclassical "flucton" method at finite temperatures to be used to calculate thermal density matrices.


The energy industry must change dramatically in order to reduce CO2-emissions and to slow down climate change. Germany, for example, decided to shut down all large nuclear (2022) and fossil thermal power plants by 2038. Power generation will then rely on fluctuating renewables such as wind power and solar. However, thermal power plants will still play a role with respect to waste incineration, biomass, exploitation of geothermal wells, concentrated solar power (CSP), power-to-heat-to-power plants (P2H2P), and of course waste heat recovery (WHR). While the multistage axial turbine has prevailed for the last hundred years in power plants of the several hundred MW class, this architecture is certainly not the appropriate solution for small-scale waste heat recovery below 1 MW or even below 100 kW. Simpler, cost-effective turbo generators are required. Therefore, the authors examine uncommon turbine architectures that are known per se but were abandoned when power plants grew due to their poor efficiency compared to the multistage axial machines. One of these concepts is the so-called Elektra turbine, a velocity compounded radial re-entry turbine. The paper describes the concept of the Elektra turbine in comparison to other turbine concepts, especially other velocity compounded turbines, such as the Curtis type. In the second part, the 1D design and 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) optimization of the 5 kW air turbine demonstrator is explained. Finally, experimentally determined efficiency characteristics of various early versions of the Elektra are presented, compared, and critically discussed regarding the originally defined design approach. The unsteady CFD calculation of the final Elektra version promised 49.4% total-to-static isentropic efficiency, whereas the experiments confirmed 44.5%.


The Preisach formalism is used as a basis for a vector model of magnetic hysteresis in soft magnetic materials subject to tensile stress. The model uses as vector elementary hysteresis operator the Stoner-Wohlfarth mechanism of coherent rotation while the Preisach density is constructed as the weighed sum of probability density functions corresponding to the high and low induction regions. The model reproduces the basic phenomenology of stress-dependent hysteresis: the double peak in differential permeability modeled as the effect of internal demagnetizing fields emerging from residual stresses; the increase in coercivity due to increased pinning; the decrease in magnetic induction as the result of non-180o domain rotation. The role of the negative differential permeability near remanence and its derivative is discussed with respect to residual stresses and magnetic NDT.


Dust particles were collected from the dust box of a wetor dry-type dust-collecting apparatus attached to a heating furnace for the burning of animal bodies and excreta. They were analyzed for constituent elements both qualitatively and quantitatively. Analysis was carried out by two instruments, a flat diffraction-spectrum camera and an atomic extinction spectrophotometer. As a result, it was clarified that Ca, Fe, Mg, and Si showed high concentrations as main constituent elements of dust particles. There was a tendency for the concentration of elements contained to be higher in dust particles collected from the dry-type dust-collecting apparatus than in those from the wet-type one. It was demonstrated that the Fe content was high in dust particles collected from the wet-type dust-collecting apparatus. Such elements as Al, B, Cd, Cr, Mg, Mn, P, Pb, Si, V, and Zn have been regarded as particularly injurious substances for respiration in living enviroment. They were proved to have been contained in dust particles collected from the burning furnace where animal bodies and excreta had been hnrned.


Abstract This article presents the results of an online survey of access services departments at academic libraries on the responses implemented during the initial stage of COVID-19 in March–May 2020. The 33-question survey was completed by 121 respondents. The article identifies policies and procedures adopted by access services departments during the pandemic, including staffing, return of library materials, fines, due dates, quarantine periods, interlibrary loan, reserves, and retrieval of materials.


The genus Ayesha belongs to the tribe Dundubiini and is distinguished from other genera of the tribe by the spatulate and strongly overlapping male opercula. The synonymy of three species, Cosmopsaltria vomerigera Breddin, 1901, Dundubia lelita Kirkaldy, 1902 and Cicada elopurina Distant, 1888, which are treated as junior synonyms of A. serva (Walker, 1850) in the literature, is confirmed. Two other species, A. spathulata Stal, 1870 and A. operculissima Stal, 1870, are synonymized here with A. serva, so that Ayesha now becomes a monotypic genus. Ayesha serva is redescribed and recorded from Greater Natuna Island, the northern parts of Borneo and Sulawesi and the southern Philippines; the species is mainly found in trees on the beach, in mangroves and other coastal forests. The broad band long lasting monotonous calling song has a very simple and constant pattern. It consists of a fast repetition of many echemes of duration from 41.7 to 79.0 ms, which are composed of 8 to 19 pulses with a repetition rate of 240 pulses per second.


The electric self-heating behavior of carbon black (CB) filled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was studied in relation to the time-dependent current and surface temperature under various voltages and to the voltage-dependent surface temperature at electric–thermal equilibrium. The resistance increase due to self-heating restricts the current flow through the sample and thus stabilizes the electric power and the self-heating temperature to their saturation values, which vary with the voltage. A simple phenomenological model shows that self-heating at electric-thermal equilibrium is involved in the initial resistance, the electric field induced positive temperature coefficient (PTC) transition and the heat dissipation. The influences of annealing and irradiation crosslinking on the self-heating behavior are discussed. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry


C over carbon nanotube (CNT) properties including chiral angle, length, areal density, and diameter is crucial for applications ranging from fibers to separation membranes. A primary avenue of research into enhancing CNT properties has been the use of heteroatoms. Often this has been nitrogen, but others such as sulfur, phosphorus, and boron have also been used. Nitrogen is prominent because it can affect diverse CNT properties when added to synthesis, including field-emission, dispersibility, and catalytic activity. Nitrogen can also affect the synthesis process more directly and has been shown, for instance, to alter the chiral angle of CNTs, reduce CNT growth rate, increase nanotube areal density, and increase or decrease the crystallinity of nanotube walls. We have also previously shown that many nitrogen forms allow the production of multiwalled CNTs in which every layer has an identical chiral angle and have proposed a synthesis mechanism for these CNTs relying on their growth from an oriented Fe3C catalyst particle containing a restructured pure iron surface that is epitaxially matched to the CNT. That nitrogen addition to CNT synthesis causes such diverse and useful effects suggests a need to understand how it affects this process. Environmental TEM (ETEM) is a relatively new technique ideal for in situ measurements. We apply ETEM to study the effect of nitrogen on CNT growth, elucidating the mechanisms by which nitrogen acts, to guide efforts to optimize synthesis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in situ TEM study of the effect of nitrogen on CNT growth. Iron layers between 0.1 and 2.5 nm thick were sputter deposited onto amorphous 20 nm thick silicon dioxide membranes (SIMPore). Typically, the membranes would be introduced into the environmental microscope (FEI Titan 80/ 300 E-TEM, equipped with a CEOS postspecimen aberration corrector), heated to 650 °C, and then treated in 100−200 mTorr hydrogen for 10 min. Next, acetylene and ammonia were added to begin CNT growth. Ammonia is compatible with the microscope and likely to be completely dissociated on the catalyst, meaning that these results should also apply to other nitrogen sources, insofar as they can supply similar nitrogen activity. Typical reaction gas pressure in the microscope was between 2 and 30 mTorr. Bulk CNT array growth rate measurements were taken of CNTs grown with feedstock of 5 wt % ferrocene in 95 wt % toluene, and 5 wt % ferrocene, 75 wt % toluene, and 20 wt % pyrazine in a CVD furnace at 760 °C, with argon as carrier gas flowing at 0.8 L/ min. A laser extensometer was used for growth rate measurements using a previously described setup. The addition of a small relative pressure of ammonia (between 1:100 and 1:10 NH3:C2H2 pressure ratio) to the microscope during CNT growth had no noticeable effect on the synthesis process. Increasing the relative ammonia pressure to 1:1 NH3 C2H2, however, had a marked effect on CNT nucleation and growth. CNT nucleation initially involves the nucleation of a graphene cap from the catalyst, which forms the tip of the nanotube. With very low ammonia concentration the cap separates from the catalyst immediately following precipitation (Figure 1a). At higher ammonia concentration the carbon layer remains in contact with the catalyst it precipitated from throughout nucleation and growth (Figure 1b). That the catalyst remains in contact with the CNT even after nucleation at higher nitrogen concentration suggests that nitrogen decreases the interface energy between the catalyst and the CNT. In general, high chemical potential nitrogen sources, such as ammonia, reduce the driving force for graphite precipitation, stabilizing Fe3C. 7,13 Therefore, with a higher ammonia concentration, the CNT will nucleate on carbide catalyst. By contrast, the activity required for carbon precipitation from iron is lower than it is for the formation of graphite. Therefore, in the absence of ammonia, carbon should precipitate first, resulting in an interface with pure iron. Pure iron has a higher surface tension with the nanotube, which explains the separation of the CNT and catalyst immediately following carbon precipitation. A carbide particle will have a lower surface tension with the nanotube due to its higher carbon chemical potential and thus maintain its contact. The pure iron catalyst may become carbide following cap separation, but this will not affect CNT nucleation. Ammonia concentration also strongly affects catalyst morphology during growth. With less ammonia, the catalyst


Abstract Integral pressurized water reactors are innovative reactors in which all of the components typically associated with the nuclear steam supply system of a nuclear power station are located within the reactor pressure vessel. In order to facilitate this modification in large [~1000-MW(electric)] light water reactors (LWRs), compact heat exchangers such as microchannel heat exchangers must be used. Previous attempts at using microchannel heat exchangers were unsuccessful since they are prone to vapor locking and crud blockage when the primary coolant boils. Therefore, the authors propose the use of a flashing drum to facilitate boiling in conjunction with a primary microchannel heat exchanger for a large integral LWR. The integral inherently safe light water reactor (I2S-LWR) is used as a basis for the implementation of this novel concept. The high-temperature, high-pressure secondary water generated in the secondary loop through heating in the microchannel primary heat exchanger of the I2S-LWR is sent to a flashing drum where 99.9% pure vapor is extracted and sent to the turbines. This prevents boiling in the primary heat exchanger that in turn reduces crud deposition, flow instabilities, and the potential for channel blockage or vapor locking in the small channel sizes of microchannel heat exchangers. The benefits and disadvantages of this approach are presented in this paper. Unfortunately, this innovative approach to nuclear steam generation for integral LWRs is challenged by a potential decrease in thermodynamic efficiency. Therefore, a sensitivity study is presented that explores the impact of several design variables on the thermodynamic efficiency of the plant. As part of this study, a simple and a complex Rankine cycle were modeled in order to determine the impact that system design modifications can play in recovering thermodynamic efficiency lost by the steam drum. Both cycles utilize turbines, condensers, and condensate/recirculation pumps, while the complex Rankine cycle utilizes a four-stage turbine with subsequent separation and open feedwater heaters. The optimized efficiencies for the simple and complex Rankine cycles are 31% and 33%, respectively, indicating that additional system enhancements to the power conversion system could compensate for the inclusion of a flashing drum.


A novel phytase of Acidobacteria was identified from a soil metagenome, cloned, overexpressed, and purified. It has low sequence similarity (<44%) to all the known phytases. At the optimum pH (2.5), the phytase shows an activity level of 1,792 μmol/min/mg at physiological temperature (37°C) and could retain 92% residual activity after 30 min, indicating the phytase is acidophilic and acidostable. However the phytase shows poor stability at high temperatures. To improve its thermal resistance, the enzyme was redesigned using Disulfide by Design 2.0, introducing four additional disulfide bridges. The half-life time of the engineered phytase at 60°C and 80°C, respectively, is 3.0× and 2.8× longer than the wild-type, and its activity and acidostability are not significantly affected.


O‐acetylation is one of the major modifications of sialic acids that significantly alters biological properties of the parent molecule. These O‐acetylated forms are components of the cellular membrane and can affect physiological and pathological responses. Understanding the role of N‐glycans in physiology is of increasing relevance to cellular biologists in various disciplines who study glycoproteomics yet lack information regarding the function of the attached glycans. It is well known that stress may decrease immune function in fish; however, there are only few suitable biomarkers available to monitor the physiological responses under the stress conditions. This study is the first report on the effect of stress on the profile of O‐acetylation of sialic acids in fish serum. In order to preserve the relevant structural characteristics as much as possible, native N‐glycans were directly analyzed using CE‐MS. We have characterized the N‐glycans in serum of salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to long‐term handling stress (15 s out of the water, daily for 4 wk) and compared with the results obtained from sera of control fish. The results indicated that major N‐glycans in salmon serum contained mono‐acetylated sialic acids (83%), and that the O‐acetylation pattern of sialic acids could be altered by long‐term stress.


Adenotonsillar hypertrophy (ATH) is the most common cause of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children,1 and the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) were at least 1–3% in children.2 Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is often associated with loud snoring, daytime sleepiness, and daytime mouth breathing. Complications of SDB may include failure to thrive, nocturnal enuresis, sweating during sleep, reduced neurocognition, behavioral problem, and school performances.3-5 Several possible mechanisms for failure to thrive have been assessed. Interruption of the insulin-like growth factor-I axis secondary to abnormal nocturnal growth hormone secretion,6 low caloric intake caused by poor appetite and dysphagia,7 recurrent tonsillitis,8 and high energy expenditure as a consequence of increased work of breathing during sleep9 had been proposed as causes. Also many studies had suggested and proved that growth failures were improved after adenotonsillectomy in children with ATH.10-12 On the other hand, obesity could be one of the risk factor for SDB in children.13 There were few studies about the effect of adenotonsillectomy in obesity children, instead it was reported that children who undergo adenotonsillectomy could be at risk to develop overweight in the years after surgery.14 The effect of SDB and adenotonsillectomy on children might be different according to the growth status, but little is known in this aspect. Received: June 8, 2016 Revised: June 17, 2016 Accepted: June 20, 2016


SUMMARY Advancements in the delivery of community-based services and tight utilization management of high-cost treatment options result in youths with serious behavior problems receiving intervention in lower levels of care than was true ten or fifteen years ago. This shift in where services tend to be delivered necessitates enhancement of risk assessment technology. Systems, structures, tools, and practice guidelines/protocols are available to support contemporary service provision. A model of clinical risk assessment and management is elaborated that integrates multiple sources of data and interdisciplinary teamwork to prevent adverse case outcomes and to maximize potential for community safety.


CASE
A 61-year-old woman with an asymptomatic hip presented acutely with a swollen lower limb 15 years after a metal bearing surface total hip replacement (THR). A large intrapelvic pseudotumor was discovered compressing her femoral and iliac vessels. Collaboration between an orthopaedic and vascular surgeon led to a 2-stage surgical procedure with resection of the pseudotumor, followed by revision of the THR implant 3 months later.

CONCLUSION
This case demonstrates the importance of long-term follow-up of patients with metal bearing surface implants, early recognition of an unusual presentation of a common problem, and the utility of collaboration between orthopaedic and vascular surgeons.


Introduction Over the last decades labour market participation of women increased, while fertility declined in most advanced countries. This pattern is consistent with microeconomic predictions: economic models of fertility behaviour predict in fact that an increase in women's schooling levels and wage rates leads to an increase in their labour supply and to a reduction in fertility. The existence of an inverse relationship between fertility and participation was theoretically established by Becker and Lewis (1973) and Willis (1973) and empirically documented by Butz and Ward (1979) for the U.S. and Mincer (1985) on a cross-country basis. Table 1. Fertility Rates and Female Participation rates in selected countries Country Fertility rates Participation rates 1977 200


The application of salt-marsh foraminifera to reconstruct historical sea-level trends was investigated for the Croatian coast of the Adriatic Sea using a transfer function approach. This technique, whilst well practised from north Atlantic sites along the shores of America and UK, has previously evaded any published study in the Mediterranean region. A total of 70 surface samples were collected across separate transects established at two micro-tidal salt-marsh sites from the central Croatian coastline to establish a modern dataset of foraminifera. In addition, environmental variables were also investigated including salinity, pH, organic matter, particle size, distance (from open water) and altitude, relative to the Croatian national datum. Three sediment cores were sampled for fossil foraminifera and composite chronologies involving short-lived radionuclides, radiocarbon dating and pollution indicators from XRF. Age-depth models were created using classical and Bayesian approaches. Quantitative analysis of the foraminiferal assemblages revealed on average three faunal zones in which characteristic species occurred. This comprised a faunal zone composed almost exclusively of agglutinated species; J. macrescens, T. inflata and M. fusca extending between mean tidal level (MTL) and beyond MHWST (higher altitude). A second faunal zone was more variable and comprised of a mixed assemblage of agglutinated species described above in addition to calcareous species; Ammonia spp., Elphidium spp., Haynesina germanica and Quinqueloculina spp. This zone spanned a large vertical range above and below MTL. In a third faunal zone calcareous species dominated and was restricted to the lower altitudes of the salt-marsh environments. Further quantitative measures were employed to test the hypothesis that foraminiferal distributions were
controlled by altitude. Partial ordination techniques revealed altitude as a statistically significant control confirming their suitability as proxies for sea-level in transfer function reconstructions. An analysis of species environment relationships revealed strong linear response suggesting the use of PLS regression models. Transfer functions were then developed for both site specific and a total combined dataset, where small r2 jack values largely reflected the short environmental gradients despite relatively low predictions errors (RMSEP jack = <0.11). The total combined dataset was chosen and screened to remove
sample outliers improving model performance (r2 jack = 0.54 and RMSEP jack = 0.08). Finally, the transfer function model was applied to core sediments to reconstruct mean sea-level
where an inflexion observed at AD 1940 showed acceleration comparable to other proxy reconstructions. Indeed this trend was similar to instrumental data from Trieste tide-gauge
records. Similarly the transfer function reconstruction identifies the dramatic increases in MSL observed in both tide-gauge (Split and Trieste) and satellite observations since the early 1990s.


A. KAM1NSKAYA and T. TEPLOV (KliP.-Kaya Med., September, 1935, p. 1363) stress the occasional difficulty of the diagnosis of rheumatic fever. They have investigated the reliability of the intradermal test with Dick's streptococcal toxin, and have reached the following conclusions. The cutaneous reaction following the intradermal injection of this toxin was found positive in 62 per cent. of cases of acute articular rheumatism and in only 20 per cent. of other infectious diseases. In twelve cases of rheumatic fever without articular involvement the reaction was positive in only 33 per cent. Of ten cases of slow septic endocarditis the reaction to Dick's toxin was negative in every case. In cases of acute rheumatic fever the reaction to Dick's toxin remained positive as long as three to four months after the attack. Adequate salicylate therapy caused earlier disappearance of the reaction and weakening of its intensity. In cases where the reaction to Dick's toxin was positive, the reaction to streptococcal endotoxin (nucleoprotein) was positive in 46 per cent., and to the thermolabile streptococcal exotoxin in only 16 per cent. The cutaneous reaction to Dick's toxin cannot serve as an absolute indication of rheumatic fever in view of this reaction.


The present invention provides a cell search method and apparatus for a TD-SCDMA system, which is a cell search method using the downlink pilot code autocorrelation properties and cross-correlation characteristics of the downlink midamble decision to construct the interference judgment conditions and apparatus. The present invention overcomes the shortcomings of the conventional method, while the introduction of multi-frame energy accumulation and multiple interference judgment effectively overcome the interference noise caused by complex environment, while improving the sensitivity of the search reduces the probability of false searcher.


Ancestry. In the autobiographical sketch which Whitehead contributed to the volume on his philosophy in the Library of Living Philosophers he says: "My grandfather, born ... in Isle of Sheppey, was probably a descendant of the Quaker George Whitehead, whom George Fox in his Journal mentions as living there in the year 1670."1 This conjecture on Whitehead's part seems clearly erroneous, since, although George Whitehead was twice married, "By neither wife had he any surviving issue."2 That Whitehead was mistaken is confirmed by what we know of Fox and George Whitehead. The passage in Fox's Journal referred to is as follows: "After this I came into Kent . . . and at


Edible canna (Canna edulis) is a potential forest product that can be used for food diversification. The objective of this study was to obtain Type IV resistant starch which has been proven beneficial because of its physiological effect. In this study, the production of resistant starch was done by chemical modification using different concentration of acetic anhydride, namely 3, 4, and 5%, in 300 g of canna. Two types of canna used in this study were red and white canna. The degree of substitution gained through acetylation was 0.082, 0.168, and 0.257 for red canna and 0.083, 0.168 and 0.256 for white canna. Through proximate analysis, modification of canna starch resulted in increase of water content and decrease of ash content, while protein content, lipid, and carbohydrate content showed no significant difference. Total starch content (amylose and amylopectin), dietary fiber, resistant starch content, and digestibility of starch were measured for native and the selected modified canna starch (4% acetic anhydride concentration). The result also showed that modification through acetylation increased the resistant starch content. It increased about 3.54% in red canna, while for the white one was about 3.80%. This influenced the increasing of total dietary fiber with value of 2.45% for red canna and 1.95% for white one. The increasing of dietary fiber also resulted in the decreasing of starch digestibility with value of 1.58% for red canna and 1.98% for white one.


The history and development of study on tissue culture of orchid are summerized.Effects of explants,media,growth regulators on culture of explant,multiplication of PLBs,differentiation of shoots and the seed germination of orchid in vitro,and the progress on orchid protoplast culture,protoplast fusion,orchid genetic engineering are introduced.


The linear algebraic formulation involves the matrix A = (/,(•*/))> the column Y=(yj), and gives the vector of coefficients as C = (AA)~ AY (see [1]). The most common example is linear regression for which fi(x) = l,f2(x) = x, and/gives the least squares line. Our object here is to share an example of curvilinear regression for which the matrix algebra is beautifully simple. Consider average temperatures for 12 months: January through December. To model the average temperature as a function of month, one naturally considers a combination of sines and cosines with a period of 12 (months). That is, we take


The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Tremella fuciformis Berk spore fermentation (TSF) and the combination of TSF and porcine growth hormone releasing factor (pGRF) on growth,part immune indices and intestinal microflora in weaned piglets and the comparison with the effect of antibiotics.Forty-eight (28±2) d weaned D×L×Y piglets were randomly allocated to 4 groups with 6 replicates of 2 piglets according to gender and body weight,which were control group fed basal diet,antibiotics (kitasamycin 40 mg/kg + kangdisu sulfas 20 mg/kg),TSF (4 000 mg/kg) and TSF (4 000 kg/kg) combination with intramuscular injection of 1 mg pGRF into hind leg at the beginning of the trial.The experiment lasted for 28 d.The results showed that,compared with control group,both TSF and antibiotics supplementation significantly improved ADG and decreased F/G (P0.05).The piglets diet supplemented with TSF and TSF + pGRF demonstrated a higher T lymphocyte transfer ratio (P0.05),serum IL-2 (P0.05) and classical swine fever antibody titer compared with control group and antibiotics group.Meanwhile,the number of T lymphocytes was also improved (P=0.10). Two TSF supplement groups significant increased the number of intestinal Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in piglets compared with antibiotics group (P=0.05),but had no difference with control group (P=0.07).In conclusion,TSF supplementation had the same effects on promoting growth performance as antibiotics,and TSF could effectively improve the immune and optimize the intestinal microflora in weaned piglets.The combination of pGRF and TSF showed a tendency of further improving growth but had no impact on immune and intestinal microflora in weaned piglets.


Objective:To explore the effects and the mechanism of endostar on proliferation and apoptosis of the human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs)induced by renal cell carcinoma(ACHN cell lines)supernatant fluid.Methods: To detect the effects of endostar on the proliferation of the HUVECs by MTT;detect the effects of endostar on the apoptosis of the HUVECs by Annexin V-FITC binding assay;detect the effects of endostar on the expression of Cbl-b,c-Cbl,p-Akt and p-ERK by western blot.Results: Endostar inhibited the proliferation of HUVECs induced by renal cell carcinoma supernatant fluid,promoteed the apoptosis of HUVECs reduced the expression of Cbl-b,c-Cbl,p-Akt and p-ERK in HUVECs,and the effects were depended on the concentration of endostar.Conclusion: Endostar inhibits the proliferation,promotes the apoptosis of HUVECs induced by renal cell carcinoma supernatant fluid,and ubiquitin ligases pathway,p-Akt pathway or p-ERK pathway may be the molecular mechanism of endostar.


The statistical shape analysis of population-specific anatomical structures plays a pivotal role in both implant design and associated dedicated surgical robotic instruments. The sizes of current off-the-shelf humerus implants are unable to accommodate Asian patients since they are mainly produced for the American and European countries based on locally collected data. In this paper, an algorithm to construct a statistical humerus model is proposed so as to create a reference model for the development of humerus implants that conforms to the Asian population, and for the related design of snake-like robot for intramedullary procedures. The statistical humerus model is constructed from 14 CT datasets of male patients by implementing a three-step simplified method with improved alignment process. We have further constructed the statistical atlas showing the internal anatomy of humerus by adopting a spherical harmonics based method for the aim of developing intramedullary based implants used for humerus fixation. The validation results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves the efficiency of alignment without compromising the accuracy of the atlas. A comparison between the atlas constructed using the proposed method and that constructed utilizing the framework of spherical harmonics is further illustrated.


Observations of acoustically induced birefringence in liquids have been reported by several authors since the initial observation by Lucas in 1938. In most of these observations, a polarization analysis was performed on a collimated light beam immediately upon traversing an acoustic beam and the time‐average induced birefringence calculated. Since acoustic frequencies in the low‐megacycle range and acoustic pressures of the order of 0.5 atm are common, ultrasonic light‐diffraction effects are significant under these experimental conditions and must be carefully considered in analyzing the experimental data. In this paper, the light distribution that results from passing a plane, linearly polarized light beam through a liquid, made optically uniaxial by an acoustic beam, is discussed for both the near‐ and the farfield. Experimental measurements on several liquids that exhibit large birefringence effects are reported for both the near‐ and farfield and the interpretation of these data discussed in terms of...


Two-sided markets are platforms that in the last years, due to advances in technology, have had great development. In this paper we analyze the main differences against traditional markets, some real-life examples with comparative law cases and the possible anti-competitive practices that may arise. In this way, is evident that the challenge that the competition authorities have nowadays to develop a special analysis on current regulations that adjust to the characteristics of this type of markets, without restricting procompetitive behavior and overlooking anticompetitive one.


The effects of Sr substitution for Ba on the structural properties, electrical conductivity, and electrochemical performance of a cation-ordered perovskite LaBaCo2O5+δ (LBCO) oxide have been investigated as a cathode material for IT-SOFC applications. The electrical conductivity of LaBa0.5Sr0.5Co2O5+δ (LBSCO) is much higher than that of Sr-free LBCO. The minimum area specific resistance value is achieved at LBSCO composite with 40 wt % Ce0.9Gd0.1O2-δ (GDC). The best performance of LBSCO-40GDC based on a GDC electrolyte reaches 1.254 W cm at 600 C. Therefore, the ordered perovsikte structure, LBSCO-40GDC, is a potential candidate cathode material in IT-SOFC applications.


The choice of La Macération and Hable con ella results from a thematic resemblance: the desire of a man for a woman which can be expressed or not by the word. La Macération and Hable con ella, seem to be the most capable to carry forward the porosity between literature and cinema at the poetic (esthetic) level to express the notion of desire in its visceral link with the aquatic image and discourse.


According to statistical mechanics, micro-states of an isolated physical system (say, a gas in a box) at time t0 in a given macro-state of less-than-maximal entropy typically evolve in such a way that the entropy at time t increases with jt t0j in both time directions. In order to account for the observed entropy increase in only one time direction, the thermodynamic arrow of time, one usually appeals to the hypothesis that the initial state of the universe was one of very low entropy. In certain recent models of cosmology, however, no hypothesis about the initial state of the universe is invoked. We discuss how the emergence of a thermodynamic arrow of time in such models can nevertheless be compatible with the above-mentioned consequence of statistical mechanics, appearances to the contrary notwithstanding.


Background and aim: The efficiency of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade against the progression of end stage renal disease is limited because of the compensatory renin rise, the other way round vitamin D suppresses renin biosynthesis. In the present study the effect of low dose alfacalcidol on the progression of renal injury and the impact of its combination with lisinopril in a model of hypertensive nephropathy induced by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) in rats was investigated. Methods: Five groups of rats were used: Vehicle control group; L-NAME group (50 mg/kg); L-NAME and lisinopril (10 mg/kg) group; L-NAME and low dose alfacalcidol (0.1ug/kg) group, alfacalcidol and lisinopril group. All substances were given daily for 8 weeks by gavage. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was monitored at base line and by the end of the 8th week. Thereafter urine and blood samples were collected for renal function, plasma calcium, phosphorus fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and 1, 25-(OH)2 vitamin D measurements. Kidneys were isolated for histopathological examinations. Results: Lisinopril significantly reduced elevated SBP, improved renal dysfunction induced by L-NAME compared to alfacalcidol. Alfacalcidol , significantly limited the interstitial fibrosis (15%) as well as glomerulosclerosis (33%) compared with L-NAME and lisinopril treated group despite having lower effect than lisinopril on the elevated SBP induced by L-NAME. Alfacalcidol reduced plasma renin activity (PRA) increased by both L-NAME and lisinopril. Alfacalcidol had no significant effect on plasma FGF23 but lisinopril reduced it. A significant increase in 1,25 -(OH)2 vitamin D level was evident with lisinopril and alfacalcidol (12.6% and 22.43%) compared to L-NAME group. Conclusion: Alfacalcidol exhibited renoprotective effects by correction of vitamin D deficiency induced by L-NAME and reduction in PRA induced by lisinopril . Combined lisinopril and alfacalcidol treatment had a more protective effect than either agent alone.


Background: Approximately 25% of patients treated with adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) will develop a biochemical failure within 5 yr after RT when doses of 60-64 Gray (GY) are used. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is increasingly used for the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa), even in clinical settings in which there's no evidence-based proof of prolonged overall survival (OS). ADT, however, may be associated with numerous side effects, including an increased therapy-related cardiovascular mortality. Abstract: This study was performed on forty cases of and locally advanced prostate cancer, with mean follow-up period of 19 months, range (6-42 months). All patients were referred Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Department Outpatient Clinic, from Urology and Nephrology centre, Mansoura University Hospital, during the period from September 2001 to July 2005. And patients were blindly randomized into two groups. Group 1: Included twenty patients, who received combined external beam irradiation and androgen ablation therapy. Group II: Included twenty patients, who received external beam irradiation alone. Radiation therapy was delivered as a conventional fractionation schedule with a dose of 5000cGy over 5.5 weeks in 27 fractions to the whole pelvis followed by 2000cGy boost to the prostate over 2 weeks in 10 fractions. Concurrent and adjuvant hormonal therapy was given in the form of cyproterone acetate (androcur) which is steroidal antiandrogen in a dose of 200-300mg daily. Results: The overall response rate was 90% in group I versus 60% in group II, this difference was statistically significant (p=0.048). Complete remission occurs in 35% of group I versus 10% in group II. Partial remission occur in 55% of group I versus 50% in group II. No response occurred in 5% in both groups. The mean overall survival & progression free survival was 20.25 & 18.20 for group I versus 18.60 & 11.40 for group II. This difference was statistically significant as regard PFs (p=0.013). Correspondence to: Dr. El Sayed M. El Hindawy, The Departments of Clinical Oncology & Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University Two year overall survival was 84.6% for group I versus 71.4% for group II. As regard the complication there is significant increased rate of complication in group I than group II including Gil complication (proctatits & bleeding per rectum), hormonal related complication (easy fatigue) elevated liver enzymes and decreased lipido. Conclusion: The wide spread use of serum (PSA) as a case finding tool has patently increased the proportion of asymptomatic patients who present with non-palpable, clinically localized tumors. With the diagnosis of prostate cancer being made earlier, the emphasis of treatment has shifted from palliation of symptoms to altering disease related morbidity & morality & thus improving overall survival. It is highly apparent that a substantial proportion of men with clinically localized (Intermediate & high risk) or locally advanced prostate cancer not cured by radical radiotherapy for curative intent, and we have therefore explored the benefit of hormone therapy as adjuvant to radical radiotherapy which was feasible, tolerable & resulted in increase in overall survival, which did not reach statistical significance. Nevertheless, resulted in statistically significant improvement in both overall response rate & progression-free survival.


Abstract Background Citrus canker is a disease that has severe economic impact on the citrus industry worldwide. There are three types of canker, called A, B, and C. The three types have different phenotypes and affect different citrus species. The causative agent for type A is Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, whose genome sequence was made available in 2002. Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolii strain B causes canker B and Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolii strain C causes canker C. Results We have sequenced the genomes of strains B and C to draft status. We have compared their genomic content to X. citri subsp. citri and to other Xanthomonas genomes, with special emphasis on type III secreted effector repertoires. In


Organelle movement alongactin filaments hasbeendemonstrated indissociated squid axoplasm (Kurz- netsov, S.A.,Langford, G.M.& Weiss, D.G.(1992) Nature (London) 356,722-725 andBearer, E.L.,DeGiorgis, J.A., Bodner, R A.,Kao,A.W.& Reese, T.S.(1993) Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA90,11252-11256) buthasnotbeenshownto occur inintact neurons. Herewedemonstrate thatintracel- lular transport occurs along actin filament bundles inintact neuronal growth cones. Weusedvideo-enhanced differential interference contrast microscopy toobserve intracellular transport insuperior cervical ganglion neurons cultured underconditions thatenhance thevisibility ofactin bundles within growth conelamellipodia. Intracellular particles, rang- inginsize from<0.5-1.5 ,lm, movedalong linear structures (termed transport bundles) atanaverage maximumrateof 0.48,um/sec. Afterparticle movementhadbeenviewed, cultures werepreserved byrapid perfusion withchemical fixative. Todetermine whether particle transport occurred along actin, wethenusedfluorescence microscopy tocorrelate this movement withactin andmicrotubule distributions inthe samegrowth cones. Theobserved transport bundles colocal- ized withactin butnotwithmicrotubules. Therates ofparticle movement andtheassociation ofmoving particles withactin filament bundles suggest that myosins mayparticipate inthe transport oforganelles (orother materials) inintact neurons. Intracellular transport isessential toneuronal function. Cy- toskeletal elements, newmembrane, andmembrane proteins mustbecontinually supplied tospecialized regions ofthe neuronal plasma membrane. Thefast component oforganelle transport within neuronal processes occurs along microtubule tracks (1,2).However, microtubules rarely penetrate the cortical actin meshwork thatextends beneath theplasma membraneoftheentire cell. Therefore, othermodesof transport mayberequired fordelivering materials toandfrom theplasma membrane. Invitro studies oforganelle motility haveshownthataxoplasmic organelles arecapable ofmove- mentalong actin filaments (3,4).We setouttodetermine whether organelle movement occurs along actin filaments in intact mammalian nervecells. Theneuronal growth cone, ahighly dynamic cellular spe- cialization thatguides neurite outgrowth during embryonic development, isideal forintracellular observations ofactin- basedorganelle movement. Thegrowth coneisaflat, or- ganelle-rich neuronal structure withawell-defined cytoskel- eton. Although growth cones exhibit morphological variability, mostarecharacterized bytwodomains: athick, microtubule- rich central domain andathin, actin-rich peripheral domain. We usedvideomicroscopy toobserve intracellular transport along clearly visible tracks intheperiphery ofgrowth cones cultured underconditions thatrestrict microtubules tothe central domain. Byfollowing these video observations with fluorescence labeling ofcytoskeletal proteins, weshowthat intracellular particle transport occurs along actin filament bundles inneuronal growth cones. MATERIALSAND METHODS Materials. Twenty-day, timed-pregnant ratswere obtained fromSasco (Omaha, NE).Sympathetic neuronswerecultured inC-10-2 medium(5). Monoclonal antibodies raised against f3-tubulin werepurchased fromEastAcresBiologicals (South- bridge, MA).Otherreagents were cytochalasin B (Sigma), mouse laminin (Collaborative Research), nocodazole (Sigma),