Cross cultural understanding is one of the courses that require lecturers' creativity in their teaching in the classroom. Students difficulties in understanding cross cultural until they can feel the cultural confusion experienced by a stranger who enters a region that has a different culture with him/ her. The purpose of this study is to get the best method used in course learning cross cultural understanding. The method used is research literature by comparing and analyzing some cross-cultural understanding of learning methods in several past studies. The results of this study are 1) The used learning method must involve students in the foreign culture studied; 2) Internet is one of the best learning media in the process of learning cross cultural understanding; 3) Students at least understand the language of the culture studied. The conclusion of this study is that cross cultural understanding learning is not easy to do if it only provides theory because students need an in-depth understanding of the cross-cultural process which experienced by someone.


The purpose of this research is to identify and summarize the creative stages, components and sequence of impersonation in the cinema and the theatre. The research methodology is to apply the theoretical and analytical approach, in particular, while analyzing works and guidelines of theorists and practitioners of acting. The scientific novelty is an analysis of the sequence of the actor's activities on the role in the cinema and the theatre. The main creative stages of the actor's activities on the role are clarified. Based on the analysis of techniques and methods of impersonation, the relationship of the structural components that form the actor's image in the cinema and the theatre is determined. Conclusions. The constituent elements of the act impersonation and its constituent elements are analyzed in the article. The acting creative process is divided into two main stages: preparation for the role-playing and the role-playing itself. The creative stage of preparation for the role-playing includes analysis and formation of the personality and characteristics of the particularities of the character, action analysis and play in the imagination. The second creative stage is the roleplaying in public, which means the creation by the actor of an act of experience based on external and internal role image, previously created independently and with the director. Structural components that form an actor's personality are elaborated in detail. Gradual plan for impersonation has been developed and defined. The factors that influence successful role-playing are summarized.


This study assesses the economic impact of tourism on the Penghu Islands using an input-output analysis. The objectives of this study are to determine multiplier effects of tourist spending on the local economy, characterize distributive issues regarding the economic impact of tourism, and to identify the impact on per capita personal income by sectors. According to the results, it is suggested that certain sectors on the Penghu Islands have been more positively influenced than others because of their relationship to tourism. Only tourism-related sectors (retail trade, food and beverage services, transportation, hotel services, and recreation services) receive any direct economic impact. Few nontourism-related sectors in the economy have been positively affected by tourism in both output and per capita personal income. Therefore, the tourism industry needs to be integrated into the local economy in order to benefit the whole community.


Adopting Universal Design for Learning (UDL) principles in order to create online course content allows higher education faculty members to reach out, not only to learners with disabilities, but also to learners who are increasingly using mobile devices to connect to campus and to each other. This article outlines 5 key strategies for creating and converting online course content to be more accessible to today's Web 2.0 learners. One challenge of creating content according to UDL principles is the large scope of a full-on UDL treatment. This article shares specific time-based milestones to help readers to work through the UDL process in a realistic, step-by-step fashion.


Traditionally alerts are based on time. But there are many situations the alerts are based on your current location and not based on time. It is difficult to find the persons in a particular location where some disaster is going to happen. In this situation fixing the search area and accurate location is difficult. In this modern era we have mobile devices capable of finding the user's current location using the Global Positioning Systems (GPS). In this paper we use our own algorithm "Extended Polygon Match Algorithm using Quadtree" to find whether a mobile is within a defined polygon shaped area using their GPS coordinates. This algorithm determines the spatial indices of the polygon region and mobile user's Current location. We build a prototype system using Android software to send alerts to mobile devices within the defined geographical area. This mobile application will alert you if you are in that defined geographical region and you can know the distance between you from the defined reminder location.


Together with an extensive review of recent literature in the area of civic participation and drawing upon a series of interviews with citizens of a neighbourhood in a large city that experimented with the use of NICT and Internet in order to reinforce citizen's participation and voice, this article offers an appraisal of the impact of such an experience. We particularly question whether in their enthusiasm for bringing the use of NICT into politics its advocates really look to increase citizen's involvement in local policies by allowing them to participate in the outcomes of nearby public issues. A particular concern raised is that local authorities place much less weight on democratic underlying issues and place a high value on political marketing and in the control of technologies involved, expecting higher levels of citizens' participation by means of a cosmetic exercise. This paper examines structural democratic local issues and uses a field experiment in the neighborhood of a large European city to examine the degree to which the use of Internet impacts local residents, the importance they place on NICT to participate in local issues, and the impact they have for enhancing local democracy and network governance.


Original Articles are accepted OH the condition that they have not •previously been published elsewhere. If reprints are required it is requested that this be stated when the article is first forwarded to this Journal. Such reprints will be charged to the author. Editorial Communications are to be addressed to "Editor of JOURNAL OF LAKYNaoi.OQT, care of Messrs. Adlard Sf Son Sf West Newman, Limited, Bartholomew Close, B.C. 1."


As shade reduced PFD, stomatal limiting valus (Ls), stomatal conductance (Gs) and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) were all decreased somewhat. So was photosynthesis in ginger leaves. With the shade degree increased, the pigments content was higher, at the same time the root succinic dehydrogenase activity improved but the activity of NR was diverse.\;


There have been multiple education reforms aimed at incorporating patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) into routine clinical care. However, many factors can impact PROM use, including employment setting/policies or access to literature.

 To explore the influence of educational background and employment setting/policies on athletic trainer (AT) attitudes and practices related to PROM use in the secondary and collegiate settings.

 Cross-sectional survey.

 Secondary schools; National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I, II, and III; National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics; and junior colleges.

 Five hundred and seven ATs working in secondary and collegiate settings.

 An established scale evaluating attitudes toward PROMs was distributed to a purposeful sample of 4000 ATs. Also included were questions concerning use of PROMs, employer policies related to PROMs, access to non–National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA) journals, and educational background. Scores on each scale were compared based on educational background, employment setting/policies, and access to non-NATA scientific journals using Kruskal-Wallis tests with a Bonferroni correction. Frequency of PROM use was evaluated using chi-square tests (α = .05).

 PROMs were viewed positively across all participants, with more positive attitudes toward PROMs observed among those with clinical doctorates (P = .029) compared to those with master's or bachelor's degrees and by those with an athletic training-–related postprofessional master's degree (P = .030) compared to a non–athletic training master's degree. There were no differences in attitudes based on timing of professional degree completion. There were no differences in the usage of PROMs based on educational background or employment setting, with only 10% of respondents reporting routine PROM use. However, access to non-NATA scientific journals (P = .016) and employer policies related to the use of PROMs were associated with increased use of PROMs (P < .001).

 Educational reforms have enhanced the attitudes of practicing ATs toward PROMs; however, environmental facilitators, such as expanded access to scientific literature and policies regarding the use of PROMs, are necessary to increase the use of PROMs.


THE dark adaptation test for vitamin A deficiency is based on a common and familiar experience which consists essentially of the observation that in order to " see " in relative darkness the human eye must become accustomed or " adapted " to darkness. The physiological characteristics of this phenomenon, known as dark adaptation, have been extensively studied. Fundamentally the process is a photochemical reaction in which visual purple, the light sensitive pigment in the rods of the retina, is desensitized to dim light by exposure to bright light and is resensitized to dim light through regeneration in darkness. It is a well established fact that moderately severe vitamin A deficiency is accompanied by an abnormality of the dark adaptation reaction, known as functional night blindness, which is manifested by an inability to see at night or in a dim light. Also, a direct chemical relation between vitamin A and visual purple has been proved. The precise physiological relation between vitamin A, visual purple, and rod function is not yet known; but it has been postulated that the amount of vitamin A in the body may


This paper introduces the idea of personal knowledge, defined as the degree to which an individual possesses information about a work colleague that is completely unrelated to the domain of work, such as non-task, non-role, or non-firm information.. This is the first exploration of this concept and includes a description of the construct and a summary of how this construct is distinct from existing organizational behavior constructs. This paper also develops a measure of personal knowledge through both qualitative and quantitative studies. These five studies demonstrate convergent and discriminant validity and develop a measure of personal knowledge is validated and ready for use in survey studies.


Summary::

In the young of Chipea sprattus, C. harengus, and C. pilchardus about 20 to 30 mm. in length, the right:Ind left coracoid regions fuse to a solid cartilnginous ventral bar, which becomes bent and again subdivided in later stages. This fusion is probably a specialisattion to strengthen the support of the pectoral fins before the complete developinent of the dermal bones of the pectoral girdle.


character more closely related to the concerns of this journal, in particular that on Intellectual Honesty and Christian Faith in the group entitled 'Fundamental Questions' and that on Truthfulness under the heading of 'Christian Virtues'. Of the thirteen essays collected in Volume VIII, six will be of special interest to anyone who wishes to see how the contemporary problems and opportunities of the Roman Catholic Church appear to a prominent theologian whose position might be described as progressive without being revolutionary. Two of these deal with the role of the layman in the Church and with the position of woman in the new situation. Two of them deal with the position of the Catholic intellectual and the task of the Christian writer. And two, bearing primarily but not exclusively on the life of the religious communities, are concerned with the evangelical counsels and the theology of poverty. It is surprising that the last of these, while posing searching questions to the communities, assumes almost without qualification that the world today is one of bourgeois comfort and prosperity and ignores the economic gulf between the developed and the developing nations.


PURPOSE
To describe a unique cause and therapy for vasomotor flushing.

METHODS
Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol, renal and liver function studies and urinalysis were performed as well as a water load test.

RESULTS
All laboratory tests were normal but the water load test showed inadequate four-hour urine excretion when she was erect but normal when supine. Complete relief from vasomotor symptoms occurred shortly after treatment with sympathomimetic amines.

CONCLUSIONS
Idiopathic orthostatic cyclic edema can cause vasomotor flushing even with normal estrogen and serum FSH, and treatment of the edema state with the drug of choice dextroamphetamine sulfate can effectively control these symptoms.


Breast milk consists of the nutrients and immunity needed for the growth and development of babies in the first months. Breastfeeding until the end of two years is recommended because it has physiological and psychological benefits for both mother and baby. Lactation failure is often caused by several lactation problems, one of which is the problem of breast engorgement. Postpartum mothers with breast engorgement due to incomplete emptying process of the mammae with breast pain when it is pressed. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors that influence the breast engorgement in postpartum mothers. The research design is a quantitative analytical survey with a cross-sectional approach with a population of 50 respondents and a sample of 35 respondents with purposive sampling technique, data analysis using univariate and bivariate analysis. The results showed that there is a relationship between breastfeeding techniques and the occurrence of breast engorgement with the results of the chi square test statistical test obtained p-value 0.02α<0.05, there is a relationship between the condition of the nipple and the occurrence of breast engorgement with the results of the chi square statistical test -value = 0.01α<0.05, and there is a relationship between breast care and the occurrence of breast engorgement with the chi square test statistical test results obtained -value = 0.03α<0.05. There is a relationship between breastfeeding techniques, the condition of the mother's nipples, and breast care with the occurrence of breast engorgement.

Keywords: Breast Engorgement, Breastfeeding Technique,Nipple condition, Breast Care.


Good quality drinking water can be polluted in many several ways of which faecal and soil pollution are the most important with respect to microbial agents. The aim of the study was to assess the contamination status of drinking water stored in household poly tanks in 5 selected student hostels at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH), Accra, Ghana. Questionnaires were administered to residents to obtain information about the poly tanks and the usage of water from the tanks by users. Samples of the poly tank water were collected aseptically and 100 ml filtered through sterile membrane filters with 47 mm diameter and 0.45 µm pore size obtained from Merck Millipore, USA. The membrane filters were aseptically placed on prepared sterile agar plates including, Harlequin agar for total coliforms and Escherichia coli, media-faecal coliforms (m-FC) for faecal coliforms, and plate count agar for total viable counts, respectively. The inoculated Harlequin and plate count agar plates were incubated at 37° for 24 h whiles the inoculated m-FC plate was also incubated at 44° for 24 h. From the questionnaires administered, 26% of the study participants said they use the poly tank water for drinking, 70% uses it for cooking, whiles all use it for bathing, and washing purposes. Mean counts of the indicator bacteria in the household storage poly tanks ranged 2.5-3.5 log10 CFU/100 ml for total viable count, 2.3-3.2 log10 CFU/100 ml for total coliforms, 2.1-2.6 log10 CFU/100 ml for E. coli, and 0.5-2.9 log10 CFU/100 ml for faecal coliforms. From the study all the selected household storage water poly tanks were contaminated with faecal indicator bacteria including faecal coliforms and E. coli above the recommended World Health Organization (WHO) standards of concentration of faecal coliforms must be zero in safe drinking water. However, further studies are also recommended to be done to understand the effect of type of water storage tank (i.e. plastic, concrete, etc) on the water contamination.


The glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen and may be involved by transforaminal tumors.1,2 Weakness of the muscles supplied by these cranial nerves may simulate the bulbar variant of ALS or myasthenia gravis. Here we report a 94-year-old woman with a schwannoma of the left jugular foramen (figure, …


Abstract Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have been developed over the years as a means to solve a variety of transportation problems. The primary objectives of ITS have been focused primarily on improving safety and increasing transportation efficiency. However, ITS can also have significant environmental benefits. There has been long term concern regarding vehicle pollution and associated air quality. More recently, there is an increased concern with energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Many existing ITS programs have the potential to reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions; however, it is also possible to specifically design ITS programs that minimize environmental impacts of transportation. In this paper, we briefly outline different kinds of ITS programs and their potential environmental benefits. We then review several ITS research projects being carried out in Southern California that are specifically targeting reductions in energy consumption and GHG emissions.


s Journal of ISAKOS 8 (2023) S29–S44 Category: Knee ACL Prevalence and Severity Oo Anterior Knee Symptoms after ACL Reconstruction Using BTB Autograft vs BTB Allograft Abstract ID# 22130 All Authors: Sean Hazzard PA UNITED STATES Maria Virginia Velasquez-Hammerle MD UNITED STATES Peter Asnis MD UNITED STATES Miho J. Tanaka MD, PhD UNITED STATESID# 22130 All Authors: Sean Hazzard PA UNITED STATES Maria Virginia Velasquez-Hammerle MD UNITED STATES Peter Asnis MD UNITED STATES Miho J. Tanaka MD, PhD UNITED STATES Summary: While BTB autograft is a commonly cited risk for anterior knee pain after ACL reconstruction compared to allograft, our study found that graft option did not significantly influence Kujala score or specific limitations related to anterior knee pain at 1 year after surgery. Data: Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is one of the most commonly performed procedures in sports medicine, yet continued controversy exists with regard to optimal graft options. Patellar tendon (BTB) autograft has been associated with increased risk for anterior knee pain, however the severity of symptoms and limitation in function associated with this have not been quantified. Therefore our aim was to quantify the presence and severity of anterior knee symptoms, comparing knees undergoing BTB autograft vs BTB allograft, and identify risk factors for increased symptoms. Methods: Patients who underwent ACL reconstruction with BTB autograft or BTB allograft by a single surgeon were prospectively enrolled and assessed at 1 year followup using the Kujala score, a validated measurement of patellofemoral symptoms. Kujala scores reported at 1 year were compared between groups using the Mann Whitney U test. Frequency of those reporting limitations in function specific to the anterior knee (pain with stairs, squatting, and prolonged sitting with the kneesflexed), were reported and compared using two proportion z-test. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to assess the role of risk factors identified at the time of surgery (graft type, age, BMI, and Outerbridge score of the patella and trochlea) on Kujala scores at 1 year followup. Results: 154 (86F,68M) were included in this study (mean age: 33.4+/13.4). 91 patients underwent BTB autograft, while 63 patients underwent BTB allograft. At 1 year followup, patients with autograft BTB had a higher Kujala score (94.4+/-6.5 vs 90.1+/-11.5, p1⁄40.039). 13.2% of autograft patients and 19.0% of allograft patients reported at least some difficulty with stairs at 1 year (p1⁄40.324), whereas 16.4% and 25.4% reported some difficulty with squatting (p1⁄40.175). 23.1% of patients with autograft and 17.4% of allograft patients reported pain with prolonged sitting (p1⁄40.398). Stepwise multiple regression analysis demonstrated an independent negative relationship on Kujala score with older age at the time of surgery and increased Outerbridge score on the trochlea. Conclusion: While BTB autograft is a commonly cited risk for anterior knee pain after ACL reconstruction, our study found that graft option did not significantly influence Kujala score or specific limitations related to anterior knee pain at 1 year after surgery. However, older age and greater severity of chondral defects on the trochlea at the time of surgerywere found to increase the severity of anterior knee symptoms. Further study is needed to better understand the morbidity related to graft options and identify those at risk in patients undergoing ACL reconstruction. Category: Knee ACL Mid-Term Follow-up of the STABILITY Study Multicenter RCT Comparing Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With and Without Lateral Extra-Articular Tenodesis in Individuals at High Risk of Graft Failure Abstract ID# 22196 All Authors: Katelyn Inch MSc CANADA Dianne M. Bryant PhD CANADA Robert Litchfield MD, FRCSC CANADA Kevin R. Willits MD, FRCS CANADA Andrew Firth PhD CANADA Hana Marmura BSc CANADA Richard Magony MSc CANADA Stability Study Group CANADA Alan Getgood MD, FRCS(Tr&Orth), DipSEM CANADAID# 22196 All Authors: Katelyn Inch MSc CANADA Dianne M. Bryant PhD CANADA Robert Litchfield MD, FRCSC CANADA Kevin R. Willits MD, FRCS CANADA Andrew Firth PhD CANADA Hana Marmura BSc CANADA Richard Magony MSc CANADA Stability Study Group CANADA Alan Getgood MD, FRCS(Tr&Orth), DipSEM CANADA Summary: Preliminary results of the STABILITY long-term follow-up suggest differences in graft failure rates persist longer than two years postoperative in favour of the S30 added LET, with no negative influence on patient-reported outcome measures, or range of motion. Data: Background: Studies have shown high ACL re-tear rates in patients returning to pivoting sports after ACL reconstruction (ACLR). The STABILITY study was a prospective, multicenter randomized clinical trial (RCT) comparing hamstring tendon (HT) autograft ACLR with or without a lateral extra-articular tenodesis (LET) that showed a significant reduction in graft failure rates with the addition of LET at two years postoperatively. Objective: The purpose of this study was to conduct a mid-term follow-up (three, five and seven years postoperative) of patients involved in the STABILITY study at the Fowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic (FKSMC) in London, Ontario, to determine if differences between the surgical groups persisted beyond two years. Methods: Of the 196 participants at the FKSMC, 82 (42%) participated in this mid-term follow-up. Patients completed patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) including the ACL Quality of Life Questionnaire (ACL-QOL), Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (IKDC), and Marx Activity Rating Scale (MARS). Adverse events and range of motion (ROM) measurements were recorded, and objective knee function was assessed by a surgeon. The primary composite outcome of clinical failure (asymmetric pivot shift and/or graft failure) was determined by the pivot shift test, presented as a relative risk reduction (RRR) and risk difference (RD). An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted for PROMs and ROM, with days from surgery to follow-up and baseline values serving as covariates. We reported descriptive information and proportions of adverse events. Results: There was no significant difference in the incidence of clinical failure between the ACLR only and ACLR+ LET groups (RRR 0.25, 95% CI: -0.10 to 0.49, p1⁄40.14 and RD 16%, 95% CI: -7% to 40%). There was a significant difference in incidence of graft failure favouring the ACLR + LET group (RRR 0.88, 95% CI: 0.08 to 0.98, p1⁄40.04 and RD 18%, 95% CI: 3% to 34%). There was no statistically significant difference between groups for scores on the ACL-QOL (Adjusted Mean Difference (AMD)1⁄4 2.2, 95% CI: -5.9 to 10.3, p1⁄4 0.34), KOOS (AMD1⁄4 3.2, 95% CI: -1.6 to 7.9, p 1⁄4 0.08), IKDC (AMD 1⁄4 3.2, 95% CI: -2.4 to 8.7, p 1⁄4 0.09), or MARS (AMD 1⁄4 -1.0, 95% CI: -3.1 to 1.2, p 1⁄4 0.37). There were no significant differences between groups in side-to-side limb differences in extension and flexion. At least one adverse event (infection, stiffness, meniscal injury, graft failure, etc.) from the time of surgery to most recent follow-up was experienced by 47 of 82 (57%) patients. Conclusion: While there was no statistically significant difference between groups in terms of ACLR clinical failure, the ACLR alone group experienced significantly more graft failures than the ACLR + LET group. Preliminary results of the STABILITY long-term follow-up suggest differences in graft failure rates persist longer than two years postoperative in favour of the added LET, with no negative influence on PROMs or ROM. Category: Knee ACL Risk Factors for Reoperation for Arthrofibrosis Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Results from the New Zealand ACL Registry Abstract ID# 22474 All Authors: Richard Rahardja MBChB, BMedSc(Hons) NEW ZEALAND Hamish Love FRACS NEW ZEALAND Mark G. Clatworthy FRACS NEW ZEALAND Simon W. Young MD, FRACS NEW ZEALANDID# 22474 All Authors: Richard Rahardja MBChB, BMedSc(Hons) NEW ZEALAND Hamish Love FRACS NEW ZEALAND Mark G. Clatworthy FRACS NEW ZEALAND Simon W. Young MD, FRACS NEW ZEALAND Summary: Female sex, a history of previous knee surgery and a transtibial femoral tunnel drilling technique are associated with a higher risk of arthrofibrosis following primary ACL reconstruction. Data: Introduction: Arthrofibrosis is a less common complication following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. It is unclear what factors increase the risk of arthrofibrosis, however there are concerns that undergoing early surgery may be associated with arthrofibrosis. The aim of this study was to identify the patient and surgical risk factors for arthrofibrosis following primary ACL reconstruction. Methods: Prospective data recorded by the New Zealand ACL Registry was analyzed and cross referenced with data from the Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC), which is the New Zealand Government's sole funder of ACL reconstructions and any subsequent surgery. Primary ACL reconstructions performed between April 2014 and December 2019 were analyzed, allowing for a minimum follow-up of two years. Patient and surgical data Abstracts Journal of ISAKOS 8 (2023) S29–S44s Journal of ISAKOS 8 (2023) S29–S44 including age, sex, time from injury-to-surgery, a history of previous knee surgery, graft type, concomitant meniscal injury and femoral tunnel drilling technique were analyzed as recorded in the New Zealand ACL Registry. The ACC database was used to identify patients who underwent a subsequent reoperation with review of operation notes to identify those who had a reoperation for "arthrofibrosis" or "stiffness". The rates of arthrofibrosis were calculated for each patient and surgical factor and compared via Chi-Square test. A multivariate Cox regression survival analysis was performed to identify the risk factors


An apparatus is to provide once the patient head is positioned, a simple positioning of the patient's head with respect to the coordinate system of the patient head, a simple positioning of the TMS coil. The TMS coil is fixed at a treatment position in the coordinate system of the head of the patient, the position of the coordinate system is recorded for use in subsequent clinical sessions. Positioning assembly supports the weight of the TMS coil, the operator, to allow for free movement that the TMS coil to search for patient movement limit position (MTP) and / or treatment position (TXP). The TXP is aligned with the MTP, the the MTP is determined, the positioning assembly need only adjust the magnet position once the find the position of the TXP, wherein said coil during TMS treatment, It is locked. By recording the position of the different adjustable components in the respective coordinate direction of the patient's head, to accurately repositioned the TMS coil for the patient in subsequent clinical visit, without the use of expensive imaging equipment possible to become. .FIELD 1


Based on the panel data of each provinces from 1990 to 2008,this paper authenticates Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis of the non-point source pollution of fertilizer input in China,then the paper analyzes the drivers of the non-point source pollution change of fertilizer input.The results show that China's chemical fertilizer input point source pollution and economic growth exists between the typical inverted U-curve relationship.China's chemical fertilizer input in influencing the spatial and temporal evolution of point source pollution of many factors,income levels and raising the level of environmental needs,help to reduce pollution in the agricultural environment;farmers increasing levels of non-agricultural employment,urban and rural environmental management system vegetables and melons and other economic crops and cropping acreage increased substantially increase fertilizer input is rising-point source pollution,an important reason.Technological advances in agriculture is conducive to reducing China's chemical fertilizer input point source pollution,but because of China's small-scale farmers and agricultural science and technology research and development,promotion and application of low level,making the environmental effects of technological advances in agriculture have not been fully realized.


Results of a study of the impact of climate change on the level of zero isotherm in Kakheti are presented. To do this, a statistical analysis of data on monthly average maximum air temperatures was carried out for six points of Kakheti (Telavi, Sagarejo, Kvareli, Gurjaani, Dedoplistskaro and Lagodekhi) from 1956 to 2015, as well as data on the height of the zero isotherm over the studied region from 1958 to 1961 and from 2012 to 2016. In particular, it was obtained that from 1956 to 2015 in Kakheti, at almost all six points in June and August, climate warming took place. In July, September and October an increase in the maximum air temperature is noted in the majority points. Accordingly, from June to October over the study area in 2012-2016, compared with 1958-1961, there was an increase in the height of the zero isotherm within 71-442 m. During May changes in the values of maximum air temperature in 1958-2015 is not observed, the height of the zero isotherm in this month in the second period decreased by 260 m. In all months, except June, into 2012-2016 in comparison with 1958-1961 an increase in the values of vertical gradient of air temperature is noted.


The substructure of the marginal bundle of microtubules supporting the discoid shape of platelets has been examined in negatively stained cells. Platelets were swollen first by exposure to distilled water, spread by surface tension, and mounted on carbon stabilized formvar coated grids. The findings differ from the work of previous investigators in the following ways: 1. Usually one microtubule remains in the circumferential bundle after pretreatment with distilled water. 2. The microtubules are composed of 12-15 subfilaments in parallel association. Each subfilament is composed of beads stacked in such a manner as to suggest a helical wind. 3. A diagonal pattern with a periodicity of 40 A° cuts across the long axis of the parallel subfilaments. This pattern suggests that globular subunits are 35-40 A° by 40 A° in size, and that beads on adjacent subfilaments are not in exact parallel register. Thus, the entire microtubule appears to be composed of subfilaments associated in a helical array. 4. At sites of partial fracture in microtubules, subfilaments lose their parallel association and spray out as free elements. The free subfilaments are essentially identical in appearance to hyaloplasmic microfilaments. The relationship between subfilaments of microtubules, hyaloplasmic microfilaments, and the contractile mechanism of the platelet is discussed.


DYNAMICS OF NONLINEAR SNAP–THROUGH CHAINS WITH APPLICATION TO ENERGY HARVESTING AND WAVE PROPAGATION By Smruti Ranjan Panigrahi There is much current research interest in nonlinear structures, smart materials, and metamaterials, that incorporate bistable, or snap-through, structural elements. Various applications include energy harvesting, energy dissipation, vibration absorption, vibration isolation, targeted energy transfer, bandgap design and metamaterials. In this dissertation, we explore snap-through structures with nonlinearity and negative linear stiffness. We start with a study of a simple Duffing oscillator with snap-through orbits around the separatrix. Multi-degree-of-freedom snap-through structures are known to convert the low-frequency inputs into high-frequency oscillations, and are called twinkling oscillators. A generalized two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) snap-through oscillator is shown to have rich bifurcation structure. The steady-state bifurcation analysis uncovered two unique bifurcations "star" and "eclipse" bifurcations, named due to their structures. The 2-DOF twinkler exhibits transient chaos in the snap-through regime. A fractal basin boundary study provides insight into the regions in the parameter space where the total energy level is predictable in an unsymmetric twinkler. Due to its capacity to convert low frequency to high-frequency oscillations, the snapthrough oscillators can be used to harvest energy from low-frequency vibration sources. This idea has led us to explore the energy harvesting capacity of twinkling oscillators. Using magnets and linear springs we built (in collaboration with researchers at Duke university) novel experimental twinkling oscillators (SDOF and 2-DOF) for energy harvesting. When the magnets exhibit high-frequency oscillations through the inducting coil, a current is generated in the coil. This experiment shows promising results both for the SDOF and the 2-DOF twinkling energy generators by validating the frequency up-conversion and generating power from the low-frequency input oscillations. The experimental twinkling oscillator converted a 0.1 Hz input oscillation into 2.5 Hz output oscillation, a 25 times frequency up-conversion. The second part of this dissertation focuses on the dispersive nature of the waves in one dimensional nonlinear chains with weak nonlinearity. For metamaterial design, it is important to study the wave dispersion properties in the material for channeling energy in a desired direction or to build frequency-selective materials. In nonlinear structures there are various design parameters that can be tuned to produce desirable properties. The motivation of the wave propagation analysis is to understand the quadratic and cubic nonlinearity effects on the wave propagation behavior in an uniform periodic chain. Here the dispersion properties are studied through a multiple-scales perturbation approach for weakly nonlinear periodic media. Wave speed, cut-off frequencies, and wave-wave interaction characteristics are presented. The results show significant effect of quadratic nonlinearities in the dispersion characteristics of the waves in the chain. To the two strongest women in my life, my beautiful and loving wife Jovy, and my loving and caring mother Sabitri


1 H Nmr examination of 6- or 8-prenylated isoflavanone derivative has shown that the location of prenyl side chain on A ring can be deduced from the chemical shift of the 5-hydroxyl proton. The effects of substituents of B ring for the chemical shift are also discussed


Measuring device (10) is provided for a transmission of a vehicle with a non-contact sensor means for providing an axial displacement of a shaft (12) correlating signals, wherein a further non-contact sensor means (18, 20), supplies the signals with a correlate at least in sections perpendicular to the axial displacement of the shift shaft (12), characterized in that - that the sensor device a plurality of sensor slave elements (16) which are arranged in a row parallel to the axially movable shaft (12) in a Wellenaxialrichtung, and a sensor transmitter element (14) in the form of a shaft shoulder on the shaft (12), - wherein the sensor slave elements (16) sense the axial displacement of the shaft (12) via the sensor transmitter element (18), - wherein the sensor transmitter element (14) is guided past in an axial displacement of the shaft (12) in the axial direction to the sensor slave elements (16), and - wherein an evaluation device is provided, which on the basis of the signals of the two sensor devices (14, 16, 18, 20) determines a corrected axial displacement of the shaft (12).


The goal of this paper is to review the technologies used for nitrate removal from water intended for human consumption. It also reviews the effects of nitrates on human health and the various legislative provisions in different states. The treatment technologies that will be detailed are: reverse osmosis, ion exchangers, biological denitrification and electrodialysis. For every technology, the following information will be provided: advantages, disadvantages, process performance and cost. Furthermore, there will also be examples of water treatment plants across the Globe that use these types of technologies for nitrate reduction.


The B77 roll control system evolved from a cold-gas driven assembly at its inception in 1974 to a warm-gas version at the time of program cancellation in 1978. The report documents that evolvement. Included are descriptions of the analytical support calculations, the hardware, and the test results. The problems encountered and the rationale which led to design choices are detailed. Although some problems had not been resolved as of cancellation, the designs provided the capability to meet B77 requirements.


Using moderation and mediation arguments in a choic e model, we theoretically link generalized beliefs – often considered as reflecting one's pers onality – to selection into entrepreneurship. Our m odel suggests that a personality that makes potential en trepreneurs perceiving higher chances of entrepreneurial success may not make them more like ly to become entrepreneurs; the attractiveness of a non-entrepreneurial occupation can be raised even m ore. Employing assumptions about autonomy and control in entrepreneurship, we argue that entrepre neurship is not only positively associated with gen eral self-efficacy, but also negatively associated with generalized beliefs about the supportiveness of ext ernal factors, such as luck and other people's support. A n Appendix provides a formal model. Data from a general population survey covering more than 20.000 people in 36 countries largely support our hypotheses, especially regarding the negative assoc iation of beliefs about external factors. Implicat ons for entrepreneurship theory and empirical research e discussed. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: For very valuable feedback we thank Alan Carsrud, Phil Phan, Dipankar Chakravarti, Maqbool Dada, and participants of semi nars at the Carey School of Business, Johns Hopkins University, at the Ted Rogers School of Management, Ryerson University, at the EBS Business School, and at the University of Antwerp. Diemo Urbig grate fully acknowledges the financial support through th e Odysseus program of the Flemish Science Foundation (FWO). CONTACT: Diemo Urbig; email@example.com; (T): +32-3-2655 139; (F): +32-3-2655079; Faculty of Applied Economics, University of Antwerp, Prinsstra at 13 (Z.309), 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.


A study has been done of microwave mixing at 20 GHz using the nonlinear (power dependent) resistance of thin niobium strips in the resistive state. Our experiments give evidence that electron-heating is the main cause of the nonlinear phenomenon. Also a detailed phenomenological theory for the determination of conversion properties is presented. This theory is capable of predicting the frequency-conversion loss rather accurately for arbitrary bias by examining the I-V characteristic, Knowing the electron temperature relaxation time, and using parameters derived from the I-V-characteristic also allows us to predict the -3-dB IF bandwidth. Experimental results are in excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions. The requirements on the mode of operation and on the film parameters for minimizing the conversion loss (and even achieving conversion gain) are discussed in some detail. Our measurements demonstrate an intrinsic conversion loss as low as 1 dB. The maximum IF frequency defined for 3-dB drop in conversion gain, is about 80 MHz. Noise measurements indicate a device output noise temperature of about 50 K and SSB mixer noise temperature below 250 K. This type of mixer is considered very promising for use in low-noise heterodyne receivers at THz frequencies. >


The paper shows that the invariance ranges of view-tuned cells in our model is in good agreement with quantitative experiments using paperclip stimuli. Here we shall briefly describe preliminary simulations that demonstrate that this performance is not specific to paperclip objects but rather transfers also to more natural object classes containing many members of similar shape, such as the class of cars. To be able to finely control stimulus similarities, we are using automatic, 3D, multidimensional morphing software developed by Christian Shelton in our lab 1 which allows us to create a large set of "intermediate" objects, made by blending characteristics of the different prototype objects spanning the class. This is done by specifying how much of each prototype the object to be created should contain, naturally defining a vector space over the prototype objects. Figure 1 shows several car prototypes and an intermediate car generated as a random combination of these prototypes.


Helmut Wagner, University of Hagen and Center for East Asia Macroeconomic Studies: This is a well-written paper with a clear message: Asia is special. Asia has gained in economic importance. Asia is not adequately reflected in the actions and quota regulations of international financial organizations. Therefore, Asia needs better financial arrangements of its own to protect itself from possible future financial crises. This in turn means that it should decouple itself from the West / IMF (at least in the medium to long term). To start with, the Chiang Mai Initiative Multilateralization (CMIM) should be fundamentally reformed and lead to an Asian Monetary Fund (AMF), possibly in the longer term also creating a separate common Asian currency. The experiences in Europe could serve as illustrative material in this context.


This study examined the impact of the conceptually designed assessment, test debate and test analysis, on students' critical thinking and ability to analyze literature. The test analysis and test debate process involved three steps: (a) teachers created and administered a multiple-choice exam that asked conceptual questions; (b) students participated in a Socratic test debate in which they were required to support their answers using specific textual references; and (c) students wrote a metacognitive reflection of the evolution of their thought process including an initial interpretation of the question, the points gleaned during the debate, and their final interpretation of the course concept or theme addressed in the question. Using a sample of convenience (n = 157), this study assessed the use of test debate and test analysis in six separate classes among heterogeneously and homogeneously grouped students in grades 6 through 11. The quasi-experimental research design of this study used The California Measure of Mental Motivation (CM3), Advanced Placement English Language and Composition raw scores, and New York State English Language Arts assessments to consider how well the process enhances students' critical thinking skills and students' ability to read and analyze literature.


AbstractEvaporation (Ep) has a vital importance for the management and development of water resources projects. In this study two scenarios are considered in prediction of monthly pan evaporation. ...


The authors argued from business strategies perspective to understand competitive advantage among homogenous producers. The population consisted of top and functional managers of flour mill companies in Lagos State, Nigeria. Cross sectional survey research design was adopted and primary data were collated and used. The research instrument was an adapted questionnaire. Its validity and reliability were statistically determined. Six hundred and twenty copies of the questionnaire were administered and 605 retrieved. Econometric equation was formulated and multiple regression analysis was employed for data analysis. Business strategies were found to have significantly affected competitive advantage. The study recommended product differentiation and portfolio diversification in order to achieve competitive advantage.


The method for Raman scattering enhancing with using of one-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) as a substrate is proposed. Light falls through photonic crystal at an angle, providing a total reflection from the far photonic crystal borders. Excitation of a surface wave at this interface leads to significant local field intensity increase. We have showed that the proposed method can improve the sensitivity of traditional SERS method up to two orders by numerical calculations. We offer to use PC for additional enhance for biological object adsorbed on gold nanoparticles located on the PC interface.


It would be reasonable to assume that today's business managers are aware of the ethical and legal obligations they have with regard to discrimination and harassment. Anyone acting in a management position should realise that organisation are 'subject to increasingly frequent lawsuits by a growing variety of groups, ranging from employees to clients' (Robbins, 1991:85). The wise manager will, therefore, utilise the competencies of qualified human resource and legal practitioners to constantly review procedures in areas vulnerable to litigation.


Using lattice QCD, a diquark can be studied in a gauge-invariant manner by binding it to a static quark in a heavylight-light hadron. We compute the simultaneous two-quark density of a diquark, including corrections for periodic boundary conditions. We define a correlation function to isolate the intrinsic correlations of the diquark and reduce the effects caused by the presence of the static quark. Away from the immediate vicinity of the static quark, the diquark has a consistent shape, with much stronger correlations seen in the good (scalar) diquark than in the bad (axial-vector) diquark. We present results for mπ = 293 MeV as well as mπ = 940 MeV, and discuss the behavior as the pion mass changes.


The interest for multimedia contents authentication has recently increased. In particular watermarking-based authentication schemes seem to be offering some advantages with respect to classical cryptography tools (e.g. real content authentication, localization of manipulations, storage format independence, transparency to common signal processing, etc.). In this paper a simple and secure self recovery authentication algorithm which hides an image digest into some DWT subbands of the to be authenticated image is presented. This technique has been designed for video surveillance and/or remote sensing applications. The main goal of this approach is to detect possible malevolent object manipulations undergone by the image (object replacing and/or deletion) by means of a self recovery processing. This valuable characteristic has to be maintained also when an image is processed through an usual and friendly transformation like JPEG compression. Particular care is given to make the scheme robust against innocuous manipulations, and secure against forgery attempts. Experimental results are presented that demonstrate the good performance of the proposed system.


The issue of the elderly person in the theoretical and educational analyses of a school
of higher education can be considered in two approaches. The first approach analyses the
specific nature of the school of higher education and its offer addressed to and the performance
of tasks for the benefit of the elderly. In that context a considerable part of the tasks
for the benefit of the elderly person is executed by the Universities of the Third Age usually
operating as part of the schools of higher education or under their patronage. The primary
objective of the Universities of the Third Age is to enhance the quality of life of the members
by promoting a healthy lifestyle, assisting social interaction and offering a free time management
potential.
The second approach involves the theoretical assumptions and the fields of research of
scientific disciplines related to the elderly, covered by the higher-education-school courses.
A special attention must be paid to the scientific discipline referred to as andragogy, covering
the aspects of the essence, need, objective, conditions, adequacy and the effectiveness of
adult education and self-education. The idea of education as a lifetime process can be located
at the bottom of the assumption of assisting in human development both in adult life and in
old age. With that in mind, the andragogy research involves the elderly education facilitating
the needs of that social group getting reasonably and effectively satisfied.


Abstract : A mobile maintenance facility (dental), was developed to provide mobile modern dental health care delivery in a controlled environment for nearly every situation. The van is capable of being transported by numerous transportation modes and is fully operational within two hours after arrival at the desired location. The two-operatory dental van utilizes field equipment, presently available, to provide dental treatment in all disciplines of dentistry, except prosthodontia. The van may be useful in the field with the Marines, aboard ships without dental facilities, pierside, in overseas area where permanent construction is not desired, to increase the capability of present dental facilities during emergencies. The van may possibly be of value to public health groups to provide mobile dental facilities in non-military environments. (Author)


Improvement of characteristic of swelling soil in expressions of bearing, swelling index, compaction and economic is the entrance according to an engineering vision. The swelling soil might be improved by chemical and /or mechanical techniques. Chemical additives could be suitable for stabilizing the physical and mechanical properties of swelling soils by addition cement kiln dust (CKD) which is an industrial products as well as waste materials. In this research, cement kiln dust (CKD) was used as an improver for geotechnical properties of swelling soil. Soil specimens are mixed with 3%, 6% and 12% of CKD (dry weight ratios) and are tested to find out their physical, mechanical properties and swelling pressure .The results pointed that the swelling soil mixed with 12% CKD has properties that satisfied the standard requirement and that make it as subgrade layer in roads construction.


The invention relates to light weight high fatigue resistance semi-chemical corrugated paper produced by steam blasting stalk Kraft process and its manufacturing method. The method includes the following steps: using stalk as the raw material; do steam blasting after coarse cutting; adding its 0.5-2% bone dry weight into caustic soda; filling in steam blasting pot; vapor phase boiling temperature is 145-180 deg.C; pressure is 0.9-2.0MPa; treatment is time 12-18 min; gaining steam blasting stalk; washing and extracting; coarse beating; sieving; purifying; fine beating; gaining steam blasting ryegrass pulp; mixing the pulp and the existing natural color long fiber with 50-70% and 30-50% of their absolute dry percentages; facing wire and forming; pressing; drying; balling up to gain finished products. The invention has the advantages of low energy consumption, low pollution, and high yield. And it is good for environmental protection. The produced semi-chemical corrugated paper has the features of light weight, high fatigue resistance, and flat appearance.


The energy-efficient building codes adopted by Tacoma, Washington will give the city a reservoir of power comparable to the water stored behind Grand Coulee Dam. The code standards reduce energy requirements 60%, a saving that will continue through the 50- to 60-year service life of the houses. The first to adopt the Northwest Power Planning Council (NWPPC) Model Conservation Stardards, Tacoma recognized that current electric power surpluses are temporary and that conservation is the cheapest way to get new power. The city adopted the plan despite its low rates because economic growth is likely to come from power-intensive industries. A support package for the plan combines building code compliance, an information system, marketing, and financial incentives.


In the quest to assiduously work towards achieving student-centred teaching and learning, there is a need to re-look at the existing learning spaces, formal and informal. It is common in most universities to find the formal learning spaces arranged with tables and chairs facing the whiteboard, signalling a preference for the didactic approach. Therefore, to accommodate the pedagogic paradigm shift towards active learning, a re-design of the formal learning spaces is required, with a slant towards more informal learning spaces, as they are the nexus between learning and pedagogy. This is because learning has become more informal, social and less structured. According to Hakkinen and Jarvela (2006), high-level collaboration among students in real-life learning settings is difficult to realise. There may be considerable inter-mental activities and group cognition in one team, while it is seriously lacking in another. Hence, it is important to find out what makes some interactions and environments successful, and under which circumstances, but not others. This study will explore the following research questions: What is the interaction between individual and social dimensions of collaboration in informal learning spaces? How are the individual and group-level learning activities intertwined in informal learning spaces resulting in productive collaboration and learning? What are the supports and barriers for productive learning activities in the informal learning spaces?. A case study approach is considered given the need for an in-depth comprehension of the collaborative learning in its real-life context. The research design employs a single case study with multiple embedded units of analysis, that is, different study groups. The researcher works closely with the participating lecturers in the design of learning activities suitable for collaborative learning in the informal spaces. All the learning outcomes which are normally taught in the classroom are now incorporated into the learning activities, and through collaborative learning in the informal spaces, students will attain these outcomes. The data collection is comprised of video recordings and video-stimulated cued retrospective semi-structured interviews (Van Gog, Pass, Van Merrienboer & Witte, 2005) as well as informal conversation with students. The video recordings will capture each group face-to-face collaborative learning sessions. The informal conversation is to feed data to design the semi-structured interview questions concentrating on the ways students used the informal learning spaces and how they are engaged in collaborative learning. During the semi-structured interviews, students are asked to describe how their group collaborates in learning, challenges within the group and how they dealt with the challenges, and the learning environments (physical, electronic, virtual and human interference) in the informal spaces. After the first round of interview, students are shown three video clips (length 2 – 3 minutes) specifically chosen by the researchers to represent what occurs just prior to, during and just after the emergence of challenges and collaboration of learning within the group. Subsequently, they are requested to report retrospectively what happens in the group, how they collaborate, and how they try to solve the challenges.


Mountain town sites in Sichuan during Song and Yuan Dynasties is a special period heritage in existing city sites which has large numbers,good protection and high cultural values. According to the administrative grade these town sites can be divided into four types: the business divison,regions,prefectures and counties that give priority to prefectures. Divided by geographic factors,there are also four types: the mountaintop which is subdivided into flat top,slant top,convex top and concave top,the peninsula,the island and the composite type. In view of the unspecified and careless problems in the survey records of the mountain town sites in Sichuan during the period of Song and Yuan Dynasties,in the future,the survey of the mountain town sites should be given greater efforts on basic information record of the address of town,age discrimination of the historical remains,investigation of the constituent elements,analysis of the defense system.


This article examines shipments of wine from European producers to 16 European ports. The research question focuses on disaggregated decisions about which port to use controlling for distance, port fixed effects and whether a national border must be crossed to reach the port. Using a conditional logit model we find heterogeneous impacts of transportation costs and national borders on port choice across shippers of various sizes. Based on the estimation results, we calculate the distance equivalents of national borders for shippers of various sizes. We show that border effects are non-trivial and asymmetric, even within the European free-trade zone.


In recent years, internet of things (IoT)-based technology has been deployed to different areas of water supply system. This is in line with the Smart Water Network Management (SWNM) initiative, that aims to propose a methodology to improve operational performance and monitoring of water supply systems. In the smart water network management applications, IoT-based technology is facing quite a few challenges. In this paper, we present IoT's applications for monitoring the water supply network with emphasis on its application to water quality and leakage monitoring. In these applications, the technical challenges of IoT-based technology are also discussed. Finally, future research directions in this domain are also highlighted, which may be useful for further studies.


By January 1, 2011, 4,594,732 people in the United States carried the diagnosis of invasive malignancy. On the other hand, with significant advances in anticancer therapies, the 5-year survival for cancer patients has increased from 48.9% in 1975–1979 to 68.5% in 2006 (1). These statistics show that a significant percentage of the population is likely to be exposed to chemotherapy and suffer various shortterm and, in case of survivors, long-term adverse effects of treatment. Kidneys are vulnerable to the development of drug toxicity due to their role in the metabolism and excretion of toxic agents. The kidneys receive close to 25% of cardiac output, and the renal tubules and proximal segment in particular have significant capacity for uptake of drugs via endocytosis or transporter proteins. The high rate of delivery and uptake results in high intracellular concentration of various substances that then undergo extensive metabolism, leading to formation of potentially toxic metabolites and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (2). Numerous chemotherapy agents have been associated with various renal toxicities including tubulointerstitial damage, glomerular disease, electrolyte abnormalities, hypertension, and proteinuria (Table 1).


Clay is a cohesive and very soft soil if it has high water content. To overcome this problem, clay soils with high plasticity need to be stabilized. The method of soil stabilization with lime is an alternative effort to improve soil that does not meet the standards. Lime reacts with groundwater so that it changes the property of the soil, reducing the stickiness and softness of the soil. Lime also functions to solidify (stabilize) and stabilize (stabilize) soil in the form of fine powder consisting of metals and inorganic mineral composition. This study aims to determine the effect of clay soils when carried out stabilization by using a limestone additive which varies in levels of mixture. The results showed that lime effective for the stabilization high plasticity and expansive clay by increasing the compressive strength value of UCS with lime content of 10% under curing conditions in 28 days and unsoaked by 319%, the liquid limit value reduced by 6% and the plastic limit value increased by 46%.


Many strategies have been introduced to add several types of constraints within the most well known algorithms for mining frequent patterns. The current one algorithm to find frequent items is FP-growth algorithm. Infrequent Itemset mining is a variation of frequent itemset mining where it finds the rare patterns i.e., it finds the data items which occur very rarely . When there is need to minimize a certain cost function, discovering rare data correlations is more interesting than mining frequent ones. The existing method for discovery available in literature but there are some drawbacks related to itemset search space and large input database. The objective of this paper is to overcome these limitations. In this paper FP-Bonsai algorithm is proposed to find infrequent items. FP-Bonsai improve FP-growth performance by reducing (pruning) the FP-tree. In this algorithm, ExAnte data reduction technique is used in which double reduction is applied to find rare patterns. This technique is more efficient than existing methods in the context of reduction of search space i.e. reduction of memory requirement and reduction of large transactional database by applying constraints. Keywords — Data mining, frequent itemset mining, infrequent mining, FP-tree and constraint mining data mining.


Load classification is of great importance in load modeling.It is well known that it's difficult to judge the rationality of the type of a load substation through real time data and to check the validity and accuracy of the clustering results for lack of a checking method.The daily load data from EMS/SCADA is employed and its relative parameters are chosen as eigenvectors to classify the substation.A hypothesis proof-test based on formula T and Monte Carlo method are presented to guide the fuzzy clustering process and inspect the correctness of the clustering results.A case study shows the validity of the novel method through its application in a local power system.


Until recently, optimal filter theory has not explicitly included several limitations imposed by the physical nature of spatial light modulators and detectors. We review recent theory that includes colored input noise; finite magnitude and finite contrast ratio of a spatial light modulator; single-drive spatial modulators that couple their effect between amplitude and phase, or are limited to real values; and electronic noise in correlation detection. We set up a signal to noise metric to optimize, and we use several approaches to its optimization. One is the Cauchy-Schwartz inequality, another is differential calculus (variational calculus and partial differential equations), and the third is a relaxation similar to annealing.


The re-excavation of the Bano Nuevo-1 cave in the eastern Andean foothills at Aisen (Central Chilean Patagonia; 45°S) has yielded the skeletal remains of five human individuals. Two of them were complete and preserved well enough to infer not only basic characteristics (i.e. sex, age), but also some observations related to health and activity patterns. The other three skeletons, correspond to newborns, are fragmented and generally, in poor condition.. However, they do share the same stratigraphic position as the adults, as well as some of the same funerary patterns such as the association with canid bones and plant remains, which suggest that all five individuals correspond to the same chronology and "cultural system". The main difference between the adult and newborn skeletons is that the former are covered by stone piles. This observation, complemented by other recorded evidence, suggests that the construction of funerary stone piles took place earlier in Central Patagonia than further south. In Southern Patagonia, funerary stone piles (commonly called "chenques") are never found in caves and are associated with late occupations. Other relatively early funerary traits in Southern Patagonia (i.e. collective inhumation, use of ochre and cremation) are unknown in Central Patagonia.


Neutron scattering techniques have been used to measure the phonon dispersion curves for SmS in both the semiconducting and the metallic mixed-valent state. Large softening of the longitudinal acoustic phonon branches was found in the mixed-valent state, particularly for the (111) direction. It is apparent there is a strong coupling between the valence fluctuations and the phonons in the mixed-valent phase of SmS.


Englisch) The present study sets out to analyze and to describe what strategies professional media interpreters use to deal with the challenges posed by quick turn-taking. Simultaneous television interpreting of interviews is subject not only to restrictions imposed by media interpreting, but also to difficulties due to the rapid question and answer format. By means of a qualitative analysis, turn-taking is investigated as a problem trigger for interpreters, which therefore requires a range of specific interpreting strategies. The analysis is based on a corpus of 15 Formula One interviews broadcast on the Italian television channel RaiSport and interpreted simultaneously from English to Italian by the same professional media interpreter.


The aims of this research are to analyze performance and role of agricultural sector and
subsector in economic development of Blora regency. This research used secondary data. The
analysis method are descriptive and Klassen Typology Approach. The results of this research
shows that performance of the agricultural sector in Blora regency during the 2005-2009 views
that agricultural sector gives the largest average contribution (53.99%) among other economic
sectors, but the growth rate ranks seventh among nine economic sectors in Blora regency with an
average growth rate of 4.26%. Contributions and the growth rate of agricultural subsectors are
volatile. Food crops subsector has the largest an average contribution and growth rate among
other agricultural subsectors. Fisheries subsektor has the smallest average contribution and the
livestock subsector has the smallest an average growth rate. Based on Typology Klassen Approach,
it is known that the agricultural sector, crops subsector, livestock subsector, and forestry subsector
play a role as sector/subsector potential. Food crops subsector role as prime subsector, while the
fisheries subsector role as a retarded subsector.


Numerical model predictions and experimental measurements of oscillatory sheet flow sediment transport processes are compared. The experimental data comes from full-scale experiments carried out in a large oscillatory flow tunnel. Two numerical models are considered: a 2-phase, 1DV model in which complete fluid-particle interactions are included and a 2-layer 1DV model in which the description of processes within the sheet flow layer is empirically based. Comparisons are made of measured and predicted timevarying erosion depths, velocity, concentration and flux profiles as well as net sand transport rates. The models are seen to predict reasonably well the net transport rates, especially for the medium and coarse sands, as well as much of the detailed velocity and concentration behaviour.


Ayurveda the most ancient science of life, practiced in India for thousands of years based on its own unique fundamental principles such as prevention of disease, maintenance of health and promotion of health. Trayopasthambaconsists of Ahara (food), Nidra (Sleep) and Brahmacarya (good conducts). EachUpasthambahas its own importance in the prevention of disease. Various ancient texts of Yoga, Ayurveda and Puranas talk about the Gunas related to health, behavior and its effect of the personality in different ways.The concept of Gunadates back to Atharvaveda, it was discussed in Bhagawad Gita.The concept of Trigunahas been utilized to explain the concept of personality in modern era as well. The development of consciousness is apparently rooted in this concept of Triguna. These are known as sattvacalled as stability; Rajascalled as activation and Tamascalled as inertia. By quantifying those differences in thoughts, one can come to a conclusion where Gunasas a part of personality trait can be studied as aetiology for being diseased or disease free. It helps in building an individual's personality, depending upon the predominance of Gunas (Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas). Ancient Yogic science classified food in to three basic categories called the SatvikAhara, RajasicAharaand Tamasic Aharabased on their influence on Triguna of mind. In equilibrium, the three Gunas preserve the mind (and indirectly the body), maintaining it in a healthy state or in a state of equilibrium. Any disturbance in this equilibrium results in various types of mental disorders.


This paper applies and reenes the ProCoS approach to trans-formational design of real-time systems to a benchmark case study, the Karlsruhe production cell 10, 9]. We start by formalizing the informal requirements of 10, 9] in Duration Calculus and end with a distributed controller architecture where all components are speciied in the program speciication language SL time 18]. Novel is the full treatment of hybrid system components in a parametric and thus reusable way.


Higher education institutes play a key role in innovative countries.Jinling Institute of Technology(JIT),as a newly upgrade undergraduate college,has obligatory responsibility in innovative country construction.Through analyzing present JIT's scientific research,this essay brings forward the necessity of strengthening scientific and technoloical fundamental platform construction,the emphasis on scientific and technological fundamental platform construction,and offers the thread of driving JIT's scientific innovation,subject,speciality construction on the stand of basic platform.


Summary Automatic question answering (QA) is playing an increasingly important role in intelligent answer searching. Many approaches have been employed for retrieving answers to natural language questions with rule-based approach being one of them. Traditionally, rules for automatic QA have been generated manually which may be time consuming and limited in scope. To address this issue, we present a proposed automatic rule extraction approach to generate rules for QA from training data via structural clustering.


The right of social security, as a fundamental right of citizen, is a public right to the state. The state should try its best to ensure this right. This citizen's right is a duty of the state. But according to the theory of jurisprudence, this right isn't absolute. Different from other rights, the right of social security only can be exercised in the way of law, and cannot be abused. Along with the development of society, social security is not a charity any more, but a duly of the state. In order to realizing the right of citizen or duty of the state, we must make laws and form system to ensure it.


Making innovation happen is central to what many engineers do. However, when we
finish our training most of us believe that it is our job to conceptualize designs,
develop products and worry little about what happens after they have been introduced.
Our courses are generally too practical to bother with theories about how innovation
occurs, who it affects and how we might better manage the process. Diesel, inventor
of the diesel engine, distinguished between two phases in technological progress: the
conception and carrying out of the idea, which is a happy period of creative mental
work in which technical challenges are overcome, and the introduction of the
innovation, which is a "struggle against stupidity and envy, apathy and evil, secret
opposition and open conflict of interests, a horrible period of struggle with man, a
martyrdom even if success ensues" (as quoted by Mokyr, 1990, p. 155). Diesel is
perhaps overstating the difficulties of managing innovation, but nevertheless as
engineers we are still taught to prefer technical 'invention' and leave dealing with
people and the 'innovation' side to others. However, I learnt from experience that we
ignore the innovation process at our peril. The book, Enabling Innovation: A
Practical Guide to Understanding and Fostering Technological Change is my attempt
to explain why innovation approaches matter, and to develop an approach, based on a
model, to managing innovation that builds on peoples' ingenuity and motivations,
rather than one that fights against them.


In this work we propose a gamma-ray spectrometer based on a LaBr/sub 3/:Ce scintillator coupled to a silicon drift detector (SDD). The SDD is a photodetector characterized by a very low noise thanks to the low value of output capacitance independent from the active area. With respect to a PMT, the SDD offers a higher quantum efficiency which reduces the spread associated to the statistic of photoelectrons generation. Also with respect to an APD, the SDD offers a lower photoelectrons statistic contribution, which, in the APD, is worsened by the excess noise factor with respect to pure Poisson statistics. Moreover, the SDD has a stable behaviour, less sensitive to temperature and bias drift. In the past years, good energy resolutions were measured using a SDD coupled to a CsI:Tl crystal. However, the long shaping time, to be used with this scintillator to prevent ballistic deficit, was far to exploit the best noise performances achievable with a SDD obtained at shaping times in the order of 1 /spl mu/s. On the contrary, this optimum shaping time is fully compatible with the short decay time of the LaBr/sub 3/:Ce crystal (about 25 ns). The results of the experimental characterization of the LaBr/sub 3/:Ce-SDD gamma-ray spectrometer are presented in the work and are compared with the performances achieved with other photodetectors, coupled to the same scintillator crystal. The SDD has an active area of 30 mm/sup 2/. Antireflective coatings have been implemented. Good energy resolutions were measured also at room temperature, thanks to the low leakage current of the detector: a resolution of 2.7% was measured at the /sup 137/Cs 661.7 KeV line and a resolution of 6.1% at the /sup 57/Co 122 KeV line. A discussion of the noise performances of the SDD is carried out in the last part of the paper.


Using unpublished judicial documentation related to the case, this article explores the sinking and loss of the bulk-carrier �Castillo de Salas� and its cargo off the port of Gijon in January 1986. The social impact of this costly naval accident was considerable, as was the scrutiny it received from government and the courts, yet it has been barely studied from a doctrinal perspective. It seems thus opportune to provide an analysis based on maritime law of the various elements that came together in the accident: pilotage and raising of the ship, its initial stranding, salvage attempts, refloating and lengthy retrieval of flotsam, marine pollution caused by the ship�s fuel and coal cargo, and the role of the controversial Enquiry Committee set up after the shipwreck.From the point of view of litigation and the administrative dispute, the following article will analyze the conflict between the government-owned shipping-company and the Asturian regional government over who had proper jurisdiction over salvage and anti-pollution operations. The article will also examine how the principle parties involved were subsequently absolved of criminal liabilities.
 This article will ultimately look at the case in the light of maritime insurance and civil compensation settlements reached between insurers and injured parties.
SUMMARY: I. INTRODUCTION. II. Stranding and sinking of the 'Castillo de Salas' vessel. 1. Practice and mooring of the boat. 2. Stranding and sinking of the ship. III. RESCUE VESSEL. 1. The salvage contract to refloat the freighter. 2. Refloating and sinking of the bow section. IV. REMOVAL OF WRECK. 1. The contract for the removal of the stern section and fuel extraction. 2. The removal of the remains 'of the remains' of the wreck. V. THE LACK OF COMPETENCE OF THE REGIONAL ADMINISTRATION IN DISTRESS. 1. Pollution by dumping of coal to the sea in relation to the Monitoring Committee. 2. The dispute over jurisdiction between the shipyard and the Asturian Administration. VI. THE CAPTAIN CRIMINAL RELEASE, PRACTICAL AND AUTHORITIES. VII. MARINE INSURANCE AND CONVENTIONS ABOUT THE SINISTER.


The Ottoman Empire was defeated in the First World War between 1914-1918 and signed the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918. The War of Independence actually started with Mustafa Kemal Pasha's landing in Samsun on 19 May 1919. It was not easy to carry out the independence struggle of the Turkish nation, considering the conditions of that day. Various remedies, including internal and external resources, were sought to meet the financial burden of the War of Independence. It was decided to receive assistance from foreign sources in a way that would not overshadow the independence of the Turkish nation. Indian Muslims, one of the external sources, declared to the Ankara Government that they would provide financial support to the War of Independence as the "Indian Islamic Society".Expressing that he came to Turkey on behalf of the Indian-Islamic Society, Tevfik Ubud Efendi stated that he wanted to come to Ankara and meet with Mustafa Kemal Pasha directly. Tevfik Ubud Efendi told the officials of the Ministry of War that he had brought a check for three million rubles with him. He stated that he would donate money in different amounts on behalf of the Indian-Islamic Society in the future. At that time, this support had an important place for the Turkish finance, which was very worn out at the end of the long wars. Mustafa Kemal Pasha gave the necessary orders to the authorities to send Tevfik Ubud Efendi, who had come to Mersin, to Ankara. Tevfik Ubud Efendi did not deliver the three million-ruble check that he said he brought, and none of the other money he expressed, to the Ankara Government. In various sources, it is stated that the Indian-Islamic Society provided financial support to the War of Independence. It is understood that the previously stated amounts were included in the archive documents we examined, but the amounts mentioned in the same archive documents were not delivered to the Ankara Government.Mustafa Kemal Pasha, in his work called Nutuk, which he wrote after the proclamation of the republic, did not include any information or document about the money coming from the Indian Islamic Society, although the documents of what happened from the time he went to Samsun on 19 May 1919 until 1927 were recorded in history. Tevfik Ubud Efendi, who said that he would provide financial aid on behalf of the Indian Islamic Society, admitted that he was spying on behalf of the French at the end of the trials. As a result of the researches, it was understood that Tevfik Ubud Efendi was not a member of the Indian-Islamic Society. In this study, it will be examined whether financial aid was given to the War of Independence from the Indian-Islamic Society by making use of archival documents and first-hand sources. The Tevfik Ubud Efendi file, which we obtained from ATASE archive documents, will form the basis of our study.


Solid-phase crystallization (SPC) of Si thin films on glass deposited by electron-beam evaporation is compared at different annealing temperatures. Four independent film characterization methods, optical transmission microscopy, Raman and UV reflectance spectroscopy (UV-R), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), reveal that 1.4 micron thick films with n+/p-/p+ solar cell structures have the incubation times of about 285, 32, and 10 min and the full crystallization times of about 825, 94, and 24 min at 600°C, 640°C, and 680°C respectively. The estimated activation energies for the incubation and crystal growth are 3.0 and 3.2 eV respectively. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the resulting polycrystalline Si (poly-Si) films after Secco etching show that the average grain size gradually decreases with a higher SPC temperature. Similarly, according to the Raman, UV-R, and XRD spectra the crystal quality of the poly-Si films is poorer for the higher SPC temperatures. The sheet resistivities, which are dominated by the properties of the two thin but heavily doped n+ and p+ layers, are similar for all SPC temperatures. The open-circuit voltages (Voc) of about 450 mV measured by Suns-Voc method are also similar for all SPC temperatures and comparable to previously reported values for the best evaporated poly-Si cells. However, the minority carrier diffusion length of about 0.5 micron in the absorber layers for all SPC temperatures extracted from the external quantum efficiency (EQE) data is much shorter than the cell thickness and than previously reported, which can be due to relatively high boron concentration in the absorber found by means of the capacitance-voltage (C-V) analysis.


To implement the Lorentz finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method in a 3D case, this communication presents the transformation formulas of the spatial and time increments, the field components, and the incident plane wave between the moving system and the laboratory system. The radiated fields from a moving dipole source are shown to verify the accuracy and validity of the proposed transformation formulas. The relative errors are within an acceptable range. The scattered fields of a moving metallic sphere are also illustrated to verify the validity of the proposed method. And, the scattered fields from a complex pyramid-shaped target are discussed.


The aim of the research paper was to assess selected laboratory results in children with fever without seizures and febrile seizure.


Bt~ckground. Infectious diarrhea is an important problem among travelers and deployed US military overseas causing substantial morbidity due to acute illness and may result in burdensome postinfectious sequelae. Methods. The nonsystemic antibiotic rifaximin was evaluated for prevention of travelers' diarrhea (I'D) in a US tuilitary and civilian adult beneficiary population in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. In all, 100 volunteers deployed to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, received rifaximin 1,100 mg once daily or placebo for 2 weeks, and participants were followed daily for 2 weeks. Results. In an intention to treat analysis (n = 95), TD (based on subjects meeting case definition or early treatment) developed in 6.3% (3 of 48) of the rifaximin group compared with 19.2% (9 of 47) in the placebo group (Fisher's exact test p = ().()7). Rifaximin provided 67% (95% confidence interval, -13% to 91 %,p = 0.07) protection against TD. Rifaximn 1,100 mg once daily was well tolerated with no observed differences in adverse events, whether solicited or unsolicited among the two treatment groups. Conclusirms. Rifaximin may represent an option among military personnel on deployment for prevention of TD with supportive future studies that consider deployment length, settings, and operational situations where widespread use of chemoprophylaxis may increase force healtl1 protection witlwut undue risk during critical deploy1nenL~.


There is no greater potential for personal expression than building one's own shelter. For this reason alone, every effort should be made to enable new home construction to be sustainable for generations to come. Today, we realise that to be truly sustainable, it is not enough to imagine methods of minimising damage to the environment; instead, the results must have a net positive impact on it. Through the experiences and the information gathered and organised, we can demonstrate to residential design professionals and executors that it is absolutely possible to build a home that is beautiful, pleasing, functional, healthy, affordable and life-sustaining. By designing and adapting the places where we live in an ecologically responsive style, we can contribute to the well-being of our planet and its limited natural resources. Buildings as they are designed and used today symbolise unrestrained consumption of energy and other natural resources, with a consequent negative environmental impact. In India, the residential and commercial sector consumes 25% of the total electrical usage of the country, and a major portion of this is utilised in buildings. Green architecture or sustainable architecture is an integrated approach to building design which involves the judicious use of resources and application of efficiency measures, improved environmental quality of the planet, including air, water and land, protecting limited resources and ecosystems. Attention is to be drawn on natural resource and material conservation, minimising the use of non-renewable natural resources and buildings with low-impact materials. We as designers should ensure improved indoor air and environmental quality along with energy efficiency, lower energy consumption and promotion of renewable energy sources. Natural resources are to be saved following water efficiency and conservation, waste reduction and management, optimised operational and maintenance practices for a healthy planet for future generations.


One of the positive phenomena of the present culture is the enhancement of the voluntary engagement in the social service. As far as the voluntary work is not financially remunerated and contemporary the social status of this service increases, motivation becomes the most important issue for understanding the reasons for this type of work. For the management of the voluntary services is more and more important to consider and to evaluate the motivation for this service, especially regarding the aspirants (but not only). In this issue some special attention could and should be given to the religious motivation – both as the prevention from some "dangerous" motivational factors, and as the way to the integral social service.


It is a common experience that raindrops falling vertically appear to fall at an angle to a moving person. When trying to describe the sheltered area provided by an umbrella from the viewpoints of both moving and stationary observers, at first glance it may appear that the descriptions for the sheltered area in these two frames are not identical. It is shown as well as illustrated by simulation that the sheltered areas are indeed identical in both these frames as expected. The physics behind this is explained and in the process confirming distances, angles, and consequently areas, remain invariant under a Galilean transformation. The detailed treatment of the problem given in this paper may help undergraduate students gain a robust understanding of the important concepts of frame of reference and Galilean transformation.


A 60-GHz CMOS beamformer for sixteen conical-beam generation in both azimuth and elevation dimensions from planar array antennas is presented. The conventional 4-way Butler matrix allows four beams generated only in one dimension. For two-dimensional generation, two stacks of 4-way Butler matrix are composed to generate 16 beams in azimuth and elevation dimensions. The 16-beam beamformer was implemented in 0.18-μm CMOS technology, where the chip size is 2×2 mm2. The progressive phase error between adjacent output ports is 17.6° at 60 GHz, which will result in 3° main-beam direction error. The insertion loss of one path is 4.7 dB. The overall array gain is 6.5 to 8.4dB.


Objective: On the basis of traditional use and Ethno pharmacological evidences Boerhavia diffusa whole plant and root part of Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari) both are widely used to enhance the immunity. But in combination there is no scientific evidence so current study was designed.
Methods: Laboratory based study, namely, carbon clearance, cyclophosphamide induced immune suppression and neutrophil adhesion was designed using mice as an experimental animals in different combination of aqueous whole plant extract of B. diffusa and methanol extract of root part of A. racemosus were used as a test drug in the ratio 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 (100 mg/kg) against the established standard drug Ashwagandha.
Results: The results revealed that animals treated with combined extract (1:1, 1:2, and 2:1) at a dose of 100 mg/kg increase rate of carbon clearance from blood, there is significance alternation in blood parameter in cyclophosphamide group and also improve the Neutrophil adhesion when treated with different combination of polyherbal formulation treated groups.
Conclusion: The polyherbal formulation in different ratio showing good significant immunomodulatory activity as compare to standard.


The purpose of this paper is to show that Web-Based English Instruction (WBEI) focused on writing is effective in learning English in Korea. To investigate the effectiveness of WBEI, a survey was conducted to the experimental group after WBEI and a test was taken to compare the difference of the score of the experimental group and control group. According to the survey, almost all students thought that WBEI was a most effective way to improve communicative competence by exchanging electronic mails with native speakers. The test showed that the experimental group's score was somewhat low in comparison with the control group's in pre-test, but the former groups' was rather higher than the control groups' in post-test. This study also suggests that we should develop more effective Web-based English teaching-learning methods to activate WBEI in our classroom.


Heterostructure multilayers of ferroelastic TiNi coupled to thin film TiO2 and ferroelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) produces a smart material capable of performing both sensing and actuating functions. An important issue is the ability to generate the appropriate crystalline phases of each of the materials and to minimize the chemical interactions from the surrounding material. TiO2 and PZT thin films were deposited onto commercially available TiNi substrates by the sol-gel process. Minimum crystallization temperatures for the TiO2 phases and PZT perovskite phases were determined and characterized by x-ray diffraction.


This study gives an overview of the Academy of Theoretical and Practica1 Jurisprudence of Mexico since its fonding in 1811 until it closed its doors in 1876. It is based mainly on legal bodies which fonned the basis for their functions and regulate their important work in the training of lawyers during the Mexican state formation. He also realizes the existence of other Academies of Jurisprudence Theoretical Practice, based in cities across the country after independence.


A group exhibition at the Royal Scottish Academy, Edinburgh featuring the work of contemporary artists working in Scotland or with a connection to Scotland.


Background: Self-medication is a popular practice in developing countries where there is no strict regulation of drugs sold in local pharmacies. General public is usually unaware of the adverse effects of drugs used for common illness and continue using them without prescription during pregnancy. This study was carried out to know the extent of self-medication practised by pregnant women and various factors associated with it.Methods: A questionnaire based, cross-sectional study of pregnant women visiting the OB GYN-OPD of a tertiary care teaching hospital was conducted. 303 eligible subjects were questioned and statistical analysis was carried out.Results: Total 16.5% women were found to be self-medicating during pregnancy for common conditions like headache (26%), fever (23%) and common cold (19%). Odds Ratio between the self-medicating and non-self-medicating groups for variables like age (<25 years; ≥25 years), education (illiterate; literate) and gestational age (<20 weeks; ≥20 weeks) are 1.6, 2 and 1.73 respectively. Women with a history of self-medicating before pregnancy were significantly more likely to continue doing so during pregnancy (p value <0.00001).Conclusions: A significant proportion of pregnant women have been found to self-medicate without knowing the adverse effects of the drug used. Thus, spreading awareness against this health-predicament is necessary.


Alcoholism tends to run in families: Compared with children of nonalcoholics (non-COA's), children of alcoholic parents (COA's) have an approximately four times greater risk of becoming alcoholic themselves (West and Prinz 1987; Cotton 1979; Merikangas et al. 1985). The causal factors underlying the development (i.e., the etiology) of alcohol abuse and dependence. however, have not yet been conclusively determined. Studies conducted in the 1950's and 1960's generally emphasized psychosocial explanations, such as poor parenting, lack of good role models, and impoverished home life. Research performed since the 1970's, however, also has investigated heritable components in the familial transmission of alcoholism. Adoption studies (Goodwin et al.1973; Cadoret et al. 1985,1987; Cloninger et al. 1981), analyses of half-siblings (Schuckit et al. 1972), and studies comparing identical (i.e., monozygotic) and fraternal (i.e., dizygotic) twins (Heath and Martin 1988; Heath et al. 1991; Kendler et al. 1992; McGue et al. 1992) have all provided evidence that genetic factors play a crucial role in the etiology of alcoholism. Despite this strong evidence for a genetic contribution, few researchers would deny the influence of environmental factors in the development of alcoholism. The term "environmental" refers here to all factors that do not directly contribute to the genetic risk for alcoholism, whether they act in the prenatal period, early childhood, or early or late adolescence. Examples of such variables include maternal drinking during pregnancy, temperament and personality traits of the parents and children, psychopathology in the parents and children, geographic location, family and community environment, religious involvement, academic failure, and association with deviant peers. Because some of these factors (e.g., psychopathology) also have a genetic component, they may indirectly increase the genetic predisposition for alcoholism in some COA's. A major task in determining the etiology of alcoholism is to closely examine the interaction among the various environmental and genetic factors that determine a child's pathway toward or away from alcoholism. Most likely, numerous such pathways exist, although only a limited number of critical variables may affect most of them (Sher 1994). The identification of these variables may help researchers distinguish "at-risk" populations that should be targeted for research and interventions aimed at prevention. To determine critical risk factors for alcoholism, particularly among COA's, scientists have employed several study designs, including retrospective, cross-sectional, and prospective studies. Retrospective and Cross-Sectional Studies Most of the information on the developmental pathways leading to alcoholism comes from retrospective or crosssectional studies. Retrospective studies gather pertinent information about the subjects' past based primarily on self-reports by the study participants. This information includes, for example, the age at which the subjects began to drink, the level and frequency of alcohol consumption, and the presence of certain types of psychopathology (e.g., depression and antisocial personality disorder [ASPD]). Although retrospective studies have yielded important information, the interpretation of these data often is limited because the subjects' recall may not always be accurate. For example, although most study participants are able to report on their youth or young adulthood, they may forget certain events that occurred in the past or mistake the order in which the events occurred (e.g., whether the onset of depression preceded or followed the onset of alcohol problems). At least in some alcoholic subjects, these recall problems may be caused or aggravated by memory deficits resulting from long-term alcohol abuse. Cross-sectional studies assess the subjects at one point in time. This method is useful in adults to determine traits that appear to be linked to alcoholism. …


This paper uses DeepLab v3 to extract glacier information from remote sensing images. DeepLab v3 is embedded into the stacked model to study the glacier recognition in the hinterland of Qilian Mountains in Gansu Province, learn the glacier characteristics and background characteristics respectively, and then integrate the two channels to produce the final results. With this method, glacier information can be extracted with high efficiency and accuracy.