Current time domain reflectometry (TDR) equipment suffers from certain limitations [1]. These can be resolved by using a vector network analyser (VNA) system [2]. This paper will highlight the advances and drawbacks of using a VNA for the localization of failures within the signal path of packages or input-/output-stages of chips. Various examples will demonstrate the capabilities. Further improvements by using simulation tools may be possible.


The paper is concerned with analyzing the consumption patterns of the households in Erzurum, providing efficient estimates for the models related to the income hypotheses, viz., absolute income, relative income, permanent income, and life cycle hypotheses, comparing parameter estimates implied by the different models, and choosing one of them as the best model which explaines the consumption tendency of the households by using the Household Survey Data conducted by the author for the year 1991. The major findings of the analysis reveal that Engel's law is also valid in Erzurum, that besides income, demographic characteristics of the households such as occupation, education are important factors affecting the consumption, that climate has a special importance in explaining the consumption, and that the linear model is the best. Furthermore, an attempt made to compare the present estimates with those generated in previous studies in Erzurum shows that the welfare level of the households was fairly low although it had been rising for the period of 1986-91.