Considering the sharp increasing flow of network traffic, it is extremely emergency to detect malicious and anomalous network traffic to protect network security. Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) can be used to detect normal and anomalous behavior by analyzing network traffic. However, network traffic data consist of large quantities of features, increasing the difficulty of detection. These features contain many redundant features, which can affect the effectiveness of detection. In this paper, a method of learning automata is proposed to select the optimal and significant features for network traffic intrusion detection. Multiple LAs collaboratively remove redundant features and fully consider the redundancy of single feature and multiple combined features. The experiments on KDD99 show that the proposed feature selection scheme can effectively reduce feature dimension and select the optimal feature subset. It can also achieves higher detection accuracy compared with other feature selection methods.


The current state of knowledge, as indicated by existing literature, is extremely limited in terms of published descriptions of drug abuse prevention programs targeting high risk children, such as children from drug abusing families. A Cumulative Strategies Model posits four basic principals for effective prevention for high risk children and guides prevention program design. Representing a Cumulative Strategies Model, described herein is a multicomponent prevention program that is theory-driven, risk-based, and targets children affected by familial alcohol abuse. Three components of this program and specific methods of implementing each component are discussed, and field reactions are reviewed.


The still growing demand for bioethanol is currently met by two microbiological processes. The by far most important process is the use of first- (sugar) or second- (lignocellulosic biomass) generation raw materials and yeast as catalysts. Yeasts convert the sugars via glycolysis to pyruvate, which is decarboxylated, and the resulting acetaldehyde is then reduced to ethanol by a monofunctional ethanol dehydrogenase. The second and industrially less important is the bacterial process, in which pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA, which is then reduced by a bifunctional aldehyde dehydrogenase/ethanol dehydrogenase (AdhE) to ethanol. This pathway is found in many fermenting bacteria (Fig. 1). There is also a growing interest in longer-chain alcohols that have advantages over ethanol in certain applications; for example, butanol is superior to ethanol as an additive to gasoline. Pathways for production of butanol are found in specific groups, such as in Clostridia , and the encoding genes have been implemented in industrial production strains, such as yeast (1). Bacteria that produce even higher alcohols are rare.

Fig. 1.
Pathways for ethanol formation from glucose in yeasts ( A ) and bacteria ( B ). Adh1, alcoholdehydrogenase 1; AdhE, bifunctional CoA-dependent ethanol/aldehyde dehydrogenase.

In PNAS, Basen et al. (2) report a completely different and novel metabolic route generated by insertion of a single gene into the archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus (Fig. 2). This hyperthermophile grows optimally near 100 °C and ferments sugars to acetate, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen. The pathway used for sugar breakdown is a modification of glycolysis in which the oxidation of glycerinaldehyde-3-phosphate is not coupled to the reduction of NAD+ but to that of ferredoxin (3), a small iron-sulfur containing redox protein with a rather low redox potential (E′ = −480 mV). Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and carbon dioxide is also coupled to the reduction of ferredoxin.

Fig. 2.
Bioenergetics and …

[↵][1]1Email: vmueller{at}bio.uni-frankfurt.de.

 [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1


States is how to protect the atmosphere that sustains human life and safeguard the economy that ensures human livelihood. To meet this challenge, policymakers and others rightly advocate for using market-based mechanisms , such as tradable emissions permits, to combat climate change. However, not all market mechanisms are created equal. Some involve giving away " rights " to emit greenhouse gases, which would unnecessarily raise the costs of climate protection. In fact, 2,500 economists, including eight Nobel laureates, state that market mechanisms , such as auctioned tradable emission permits or carbon taxes minimizes the costs of climate protection. 1 To obtain the full economic benefits of market mechanisms, policymakers must charge emitters for their greenhouse gas emissions and return the revenue to the U.S. economy. This paper expands on one of three arguments summarized in " Fair and Low-Cost Climate Protection " (Redefining Progress 1999). 2 It explains why charging polluters and returning the revenue to citizens and investors improves economic well-being—by giving firms flexibility to meet their environmental obligations, reducing the impact of higher fossil fuel prices on the economy, and avoiding costly battles among firms to obtain free permits. Many economists, some environmental organizations, and some business people have touted the benefits of market-based instruments over governmental command-and-control regulations that stipulate how to reduce emissions as well as how much. Market-based policies can capture the positive qualities of a market system: competition and flexibility. The combination of competition and flexibility spurs innovation, as companies seek to reduce their emissions at the lowest cost, thereby reducing the overall costs to the economy of meeting environmental obligations. We all benefit when firms compete to reduce emissions at the least cost, because we get a cleaner environment , with smaller price increases for the products these firms make. The development of the sulfur dioxide (SO 2) trading system under the Clean Air Act offers an example of the economic gains that can be realized from market-based mechanisms. 3 Early efforts to control SO 2 involved command-and-control regulations: government told utilities how to reduce SO 2 by mandating tall stacks and scrub-bers. This regulatory approach did not count reductions resulting from other actions, such as switching to cleaner coal, even when they reduced emissions by a greater amount and at a lower cost (Joskow and Schmalensee 1997). Because of these and other problems, Congress created the Sulfur Dioxide Allowance trading program in …


In this short note we point out that not every star product is induced by a Drinfel'd twist by showing that not every Poisson structure is induced by a classical r-matrix. Examples include the higher genus symplectic Pretzel surfaces and the symplectic sphere S. ∗ firstname.lastname@example.com firstname.lastname@example.com ‡ firstname.lastname@example.com § email@example.com


A layer‐stripping procedure for solving three‐dimensional Schrodinger equation inverse scattering problems is developed. This method operates by recursively reconstructing the potential from the jump in the scattered field at the wave front, and then using the reconstructed potential to propagate the wave front and the scattered field further into the inhomogeneous region. It is thus a generalization of algorithms that have been developed for one‐dimensional inverse scattering problems. Although the procedure has not yet been numerically tested, the corresponding one‐dimensional algorithms have performed well on synthetic data. The procedure is applied to a two‐dimensional inverse seismic problem. Connections between simplifications of this method and Born approximation inverse scattering methods are also noted.


WASTE MANAGEMENT A specially designed waste management system, which capitalized on emerging vacuum cuttings-handling technology and a sophisticated hydraulic-monitoring program, played key roles in drilling an exploratory well offshore Norway with oil-based mud (Ekeli, 1999). French companies discovered the advantages of composting and other waste management methods superior to incineration or landfilling, as evidenced by facilities in places such as Strasbourg in eastern France; Rueil-Malmaison near Paris; and the vineyards region of southwestern France (Anonymous, 1999). The city of Raleigh, North Carolina demonstrated that backyard composting could significantly reduce the amount of materials that were collected, transported to a central facility and disposed or otherwise processed (Leighton, 1999). Vanderberg, L.A., and Foreman, T.M. (1999) developed a multicomponent treatment technology, which combined biodegradation, enzymatic digestion, and metal ion extraction to treat a heterogeneous radiologically contaminated waste. Formation of chlorinated and nonchlorinated organic micropollutants at high temperatures more than 650 °C were studied in a laboratory scale reactor by Wikstrom et al. (1999). Combustion products were studied in consecutive-flow ovens at different temperatures in order to optimize municipal solid waste incineration (Park and Bozzelli, 1999).


The Bayesian analysis of the Burr type Χ distribution (Exponentiated Rayleigh) has been considered in the research. The Gamma, Exponential, Chi-Squared and Jeffrey prior have been assumed for posterior analysis. The estimation has been made under singly type ΙΙ censored samples. The Bayes estimation has been obtained under eight different loss functions (Squared error, Quadratic,Weighted, Linear exponential,Precautionary, Entropy, De Groot and non-Linear exponential loss functions). The simulation study has been conducted to compare by mean square error (MSE) for the performance of various estimators. Keyword: Bayesian Analyses,Exponentiated Rayleigh Distribution, Burr type Χ distribution, Loss function, Prior, Posterior, (Squared error, Quadratic, Weighted, Linear exponential, Precautionary, Entropy, De Groot and non-Linear exponential) loss functions.


Traditional Chinese Medicine and other herb are widely used in China and other Asian countries. Some herb drug can inhibit or induce cytochrome P450, and affect drug metabolism, others can affect the pharmaceutical effect of chemical drug. This article reviews drug interaction related to Traditional Chinese Medicine and other herbs reported in recent literature. In conclusion, the pharmacokinetics, metabolism mechanism, and drug interaction of Traditional Chinese Medicine need to be further studied.


The sol-gel process has been applied for the synthesis of inorganic-organic powder materials. For this purpose, low reactivity and, for reasons of comparison, nanoscaled sol-gel precursors and nanoscaled silica filler were used to synthesize a low molecular weight inorganic-organic composite which was meltable between 85°C and 100°C and curable at temperatures of 150°C - 200°C. The powders were used for electrostatic coating of aluminum sheets. The resulting coatings of the unfilled system exhibited excellent mechanical properties, e. g. a high abrasion resistance (weight losses between 6 mg and 10 mg per 1000 cycles by taber abrader test (ASTM D1044)) and high values for hardness (universal hardness (DIN 55676): 150 N/mm 2 ). The hardness of the materials was increased up to 210 N/mm 2 by the addition of silica, while the abrasion resistance remained unaffected.


[Extract] Conventional finance theory proposes that the cost of equity capital is determined primarily by risk. The greater the risk (holding all else constant), the higher the expected return demanded by risk-averse investors as compensation. The classic capital asset pricing model (CAPM) proposes that the asset's expected return is an increasing function of its undiversifiable systematic risk - its covariance with the market portfolio, or δ - and is unaffected by its unsystematic diversifiable risk. However, empirical tests on the pricing of stocks usually do not find support for the pricing of stock δ, and the evidence on the pricing of the unsystematic risk is that the return-risk relation is negative, both in the U.S. and around the world.

In this paper we present global evidence in support of an alternative theory of asset pricing: stock illiquidity is priced, and thus a stock's expected return is an increasing function of a stock's illiquidity or trading costs.


In 1925 William Carlos Williams published no poems. Nor, apparently, did he write any. Early in the year he did finish work on In the American Grain, which had occupied him for most of 1924, writing the chapter on Poe and the short sketch of Lincoln, and he saw the manuscript through to publication in November. He also wrote, again early in the year, a letter for Aesthete 1925, at the invitation of Malcolm Cowley, taking on H. L. Mencken, whose writing on the American language he would come to admire within a decade, and in the course of the following months he managed a few more essays, notably a piece on Marianne Moore, but there were no poems. In 1926 only six poems appeared, but two had been written in 1910. His first significant collection of poems after Spring and All appeared in the fall of 1928 in Ezra Pound's magazine The Exile. Consisting of twenty-one poems interspersed with eighteen chunks of prose journal, all begun on board the S.S. Pennland in the autumn of 1927 as he was returning from Europe where he had left his family for a year, it was entitled The Descent of Winter, announcing the onset of a new, bleaker poetic season after the earlier advent of Spring and All. "This is winter / winter" he incanted in another poem written at the same time (CP1, p. 277). Whereas in Spring and All he had sensed that he was on the edge of


Analysis of solder joints mechanical behavior under thermal cycle service is a feasible means to research solder joints failure mechanism.Develop wave soldering solder joint reliability finite element model with MSC.MARC2000/MENTAT2000 and solve it with suface evolver software,research the forming of the liquide surface in three-dimensional space which influenced by gravity,surface tension and other exogenic actions.Study failure mechanism of solder joints based on experiment result of wave soldering solder joints reliability under the thermal shock and analysis of solder joints inner mechanics parameters and its stress field distributing characteristic by the means of building up the finite element mechanical model and stress-strain process under theraml cycle of typical through hole components wave soldering solder joint.


The properties of bubbles in a bench-scale fluidized bed reactor, 30 cm in diameter, during coal combustion were determined by means of a newly developed cooled bubble probe and a data processing system at temperatures up to 850°C and fluidization indexes up to 10 in axial and radial positions in the bed. The fluidization index above 4 and the temperature have only slight effect on the bubble properties. Their variation along the height above the gas distributor is dominant. Oxygen and Co2-concentration profiles were measured in the bed and in the freeboard, and the o2-profiles were calculated by means of measured bubble data and bubble models. A comparison of measured and calculated o2-profiles indicates that the mass transfer rates between the emulsion and bubble phases are larger than the ones calculated by the models.


Honey-Can-Do SRT-01603 Kids Toy Organizer and Storage Bins, White/Pastel see review, you will get discount or special price this product


As a complex nonlinear system, modeling analysis is an important method to the research of the static and dynamic characters of the locomotive diesel engines. Also the model facing the control behavior verification can be used in the electronic control unit's HIL(hardware-in-the-loop) simulation which can lessen the cost and uncertain factors in the later platform experiments. With the mode of system identification, this paper builds the dynamic model of the diesel with neural network. Aiming at the nonlinear character of the diesel with large inertia, the paper uses NARMAX(Nonlinear Auto-Regressive Moving Average with eXogenous inputs) as the main structure and uses LM(Levenberg-Marquardt) algorithm to train the network. In order to overcome the redundancy of the network structure caused by the artificial experience, this paper puts forward the Time Cycle Comparison method to determine the ranks of the input signals and uses the Optimal Brain Surgeon strategy to optimize the network structure. The simulation results proves that this method can eliminate the redundancy and improve the generalization capability of the network commendably under the same output error scopes. Comparison between the train results and the measured results shows that the dynamic model has the good real-time performances and little output error. So the model can meet the need of the system character analysis and technology application.


The availabilty of reference genomes is accelerating rapidly, making their use in a wide variety of biological research programmes more feasible than ever. However, current Next-Generation Sequencing platforms are limited in the length of reads they are able to produce; requiring the correct order to be determined algorithmically. While there is a potential for errors in assembly algorithims, genetic pedigree data can be used to identify recombination events and, as recombination events are rare locally, test the order of sequences within a genome assembly. We use high-resolution population genomic data to test and compare the assembly quality of the three most recent reference genome assemblies for the western honey bee (Apis mellifera). As a model organism, there are several reference genomes available for A. mellifera with estimated recombination rates ranging from 19 cM/Mb to 37 cM/Mb. We identify a large degree of variation between assemblies and find that at least 20% of the most recent A. mellifera reference genome is mis-assembled. Providing an explanation for the degree of variation in estimated recombination rates and potentially influencing results downstream.


Telecommunications Regulation Today and Tomorrow edited by Eli Noam. New York: Law & Business, Inc./Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983. 454 pages. $45.00.


The on–orbit GPS satellite clock signals demonstrate signi ficant periodic fluctuations for periods of 2.003 and 4.006 cycles /day. A timescale algorithm which includes the on–orbit GPS c lo ks should account for these periodic variations in order to mitigate t heir influence on the timescale. This is accomplished in a Kalman filter by introducing the periodics as independent states which evolve in a discrete–time algorithm alongside four other clock dynami c states. However, there is some freedom in the choice of how these harmonic states are coupled to the oth er states depending on the application at hand. A typical model of a clock's dynamics is a four state c lo k model, including the phase of the clock, its first derivative (frequency) and its second deriv ati e (drift), each perturbed by an independent random walk; one additional phase state is also include d in order to model a pure white phase noise. Four additional states are joined with the typical cl o k states in order to accommodate the periodic processes, where each of the four harmonic states a re also perturbed by stochastic noises of some type (e.g., random walks) in order to account for any ran dom change in the harmonic amplitude or phase over time.


(The present invention introduces) promoting tissue from the area of the surface damage in a predetermined direction towards the inside reproducing system, method and apparatus in a human an organ tissue structures or animal an in vivo. By a set of structure (5) to the damaged area to trap to prevent granulation tissue ingrowth thereto while into the mechanical guide means (11) for guided tissue regeneration in a predetermined direction in the damaged area jacket in. On the one hand added the fibrin network to the surface of the sleeve in the wound area production inhibitor. On the other hand mechanical guide means using contain one or more guide channels of the gel structure of the way to guide regenerating tissue in a predetermined direction to grow.


ABSTRACT This study aims to investigate the Reactive Red 198 (RR198) dye removal from an aqueous media by Boehmite/Fe3O4/Graphene Oxide (GO) magnetic nano-adsorbent. To this end, the structures of the synthesised materials were fully studied using SEM, FTIR, BET, XRD, TGA analyzes. Then, the effect of assorted variables like contact time, adsorbent dosage, pH, and temperature on the elimination of RR198 by the nano-adsorbent was investigated. According to the results, the highest removal efficiency was 98.9% at pH: 3, adsorbent dosage 2 g/l, contact time, 20 min, and temperature 40°C in the initial dye concentration of 100 mg/l. Furthermore, studying the adsorption process equilibrium and kinetic behaviours indicated that the adsorption process pursues the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the PSO kinetic model, with the maximum RR198 dye sorption capacity being 107.5 mg/g using the Langmuir equation.


At first glance, the suggestion that having open heart surgery in the first few weeks of life makes you a happier person is hard to believe. However, in their large-scale study, involving more than 500 children with congenital heart disease (CHD), Reiner et al 1 propose just that; self-reported health-related quality of life (HRQoL) scores, as measured by the KINDL, were significantly higher in patients with CHD when compared with age-matched controls (78.6 vs 75.6; p<0.001). Furthermore, the results were consistent across all severity classes and diagnostic subgroups. Despite the steady advances in surgical techniques and medical management of these patients, these findings do not, at first glance, seem logical. A systematic review published in Archives in 2017 of postoperative patients with CHD found general HRQoL was worse in patients compared with controls with a standard mean difference of −0.56 (physical functioning) and −0.44 (psychosocial functioning).2 So why the discrepancy between studies, and wherein lies the truth?

Before we get into the specifics of this study, …


This explorative study of network orchestration pro cesses conducted by innovation brokers addresses new issues in bridging SMEs and research institutes in innovation networks. It includes four in-depth case studies in the agri-foo d sector from different countries. The guiding research question is how innovation brokers successfully orchestrate innovation networks of SMEs. Based on literature research and c ses, we conclude that the innovation broker may have great added value in innovation net works with divergent organizations, especially when the innovation broker takes the lea d in three network orchestration functions: innovation initiation, network composition and inno vation process management. In addition, the case findings offer best practices of innovatio n brokers for these orchestration processes.


In this paper the application of ternary composite foundation in engineering is introduced. Ternary composite foundation can reduce superficial stress concentration and deep settlement displacement. And that it can acquire reasonable plan with good treatment effect, low cost and short time limit.


In this paper, firstly, based on asphalt pavement central layer, the comparison with the foreign related gradation of asphalt mixtures, one typical kinds of gradations are decided; Secondly, the asphalt aggregate ratio is predicted based on professor Lin's Theory , and five asphalt aggregate ratio are selected. Finally, the road performance of asphalt mixture is experimented, and the road performance of five asphalt aggregate ratio is analyzed. As a result, we can predict the range of the optimum asphalt aggregate ratio based on the road performance.


A feeding experiment was conducted on rats to investigate the inhibitive effects of baik-kimchi against the toxicity of Amaranth (Am, Food Red No.2) on growth, fecal weights and bulk, and the digestibility of protein and lipid. The body weight of the Am diet group (5% Amaranth) remained at the lowest level of all diet groups, because of diarrhea symptoms throughout the feeding period, 229.8 g of total body weight or 79.4% of the basal diet group (289.4 g). However, in the baik-kimchi diet group (10% baik-kimchi powder+5% Amaranth) no diarrhea symptoms were evident and total body weight remained at a similar level (280.3 g) to the basal diet group. It therefore appears that baik-kimchi offers an inhibitive effect against the toxicity of Am. In the baik-kimchi diet group, the total fecal weight (173.99 g/3 weeks) was 15 times that of the basal diet group (11.13 g/3 weeks) suggesting that baik-kimchi has the effect of increasing fecal bulk. The large intestine and the cecum of the baik-kimchi diet group were significantly (p


Modal analysis on gear is the foundation of dynamics analysis for electronic servomechanism based on ball guide screw. The driven wheel is used as research object of the servomechanism,and its modal analysis is done. Natural frequency and vibration mode of the gear are obtained,and these offer the essential foundation for dynamics analysis and optimum design.


This study of the behavior of fiber reinforced high strength semilightweight concrete investigated the workability, behavior under compression, splitting tension, flexure, and shear. Silica fume and high-range water-reducing admixtures were used to obtain the high strength. The lightweight aggregate used was made of expanded shale. The primary independent variables were fiber content and fiber length. Study results showed that the silica fume can be successfully used to obtain high strength. The brittleness of silica fume concrete can be overcome by using fibers. The addition of fibers provides a significant increase in young's modulus. splitting tensile strength, and shear strength. Strength increase is also considerable under flexure. In all cases, fibers provide substantial improvement in ductility.


With the method of pseudo-excitation,the random response of a cantilever double-disc rotor system under bearing rotary random excitation,rotor imbalance random excitation and ground random seismic excitation were analyzed using computer numerical simulations.The results showed that the bearing rotary random excitation has a larger effecr on the random responses of bearings,but a smaller effect on the random responses of disks,so the bearing stiffness difference should be controlled within a certain range;more attentions should be paid to the random vibration responses of the disk at the free end and bearings at the clamped end.


With cease fire and the reestablishment of peace in Vietnam, the country should be in a position to make major advance towards becoming self supporting and an economically stable nation. To achieve this end, every material and resource must be effectively used. Among the natural resources, fishery products represent an important contribution and a major factor in supplying the much needed additional protein food needs of the people. At the same time it may be possible to supply quantities of exportable fishery products to earn foreign exchange. In 972, total fishery production was 677,700 MT from which about 2,000 MT of shrimp have been exported with a value of 6 million US$. Fish resources of Vietnam come from: ( 1) Inland waters (fresh water and brackish water) including the swampy and flooded areas of the Mekong Delta and an inextricable network of rivers and canals throughout the country. Most of the tropical species of fish of the Indomalaysian archipelago are found in inland waters. Some are widespread and are used for local consumption. These include snake-head fish and Trichogaster which are caught in flooded rice field and other types like common carp and catfishes which are cultivated in fish ponds. Some introduced species such as the Chinese carp promise to be adaptable to the local conditions. (2) Marine waters (inshore and offshore) abound with common species of the South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand. These include red snappers, mackerel, threadfin, pomfret grouper squid, herring, liza rd fish, etc... Shell fish, such as shrimps and prawns, lobsters, mussels, clams, and crabs are also taken in variable quantities depending on the area. Due to the geographical situation of the country adjacent to the wide continental shelf of most of Southeast Asia, Vietnam has a great potential for develop ment of fishery resources. In spite of the ravaging war that hindered fisheries from developing, our production of fish in 1972 reached about 677,700 tons, comprised of more than 500,000 tons of marine products, 82,000 tons of fresh water fishes and about 96,000 tons of shrimp, crab and molluscs combined. Nearly all of these resources were used for local consumption. The small remainder, some 2300 MT with high unit value in the international market were exported and brought nearly 6 million US$ into the trade balance. Export species included shrimp, polynemeus threadfin, pomfret, red snapper, squid etc... 1. FRESH WATER AND BRACKISH WATER RESOURCES Almost all tropical water resources are found in Vietnam, especially in the south west region flooded every year by the Mekong River. Many farmers in this region are also part-time fishermen. They use many kinds of fishing gears and small outboard boats for fast transportation of their catch to the market. Deep ponds near the rice fields are used for fish concentration when the water runs down toward the river. The main species caught in the south west are as follows: English name Scientific name Snake head fish Ophicephalus striatus, and Ophicephalus micropeltes Fresh water catfish Clarias batrachus, and Clarias fuscus Climbing perch Anabas testudineus


Presenteeism can bring about physical and mental health risks to the individuals and it can cause organizational productivity loss. Based on the analysis focusing on foreign research literature, analyzing presenteeism from the aspects of its connotation, theoretical framework, measurement methods, antecedents and outcome variables and so on, this thesis explores the impact of different variables on the act of presenteeism, and tries to construct the occurrence mechanism of presenteeism. Meanwhile, suggestions on theoretical construction, indigenous research, special group research, method and tool development, quantification of productivity loss and currency conversion are made for future research. Keywords—Presenteeism; Health; HRM; Organizational behavior


Neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and platelet distribution width (PDW) may indicate the systemic inflammatory response associated with various cancers. We aimed to investigate the relationship between NLR, PLR, PDW and endometrial pathologies including hyperplasia and cancer.


The common symptoms of cervical spondylopathy include dizziness and vertigo, headache, neck rigidity and numbness, or pain in the shoulders, arms, and fingers. Modem medicine has divided cervical spondylopathy into 6 types, namely, the cervical,radicular, spinal, vertebroarterial, sympathetic, and the mixed types. In TCM, according to the main symptoms of dizziness and vertigo, cervical spondylopathy is traditionally called 'cervical vertigo'. Having been engaged in TCM for more than 40 years, Prof. Luo Zhiqiang (罗致强) has acquired a profound and unique knowledge about this disorder and obtained quite good therapeutic results. The following is a brief introduction of his experience in the TCM treatment of cervical vertigo.


Including pamoic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable soft chewable pharmaceutical products for delivery to the active ingredient of the animal, and a method of manufacturing the soft chewable pharmaceutical products.


To form a thin film transistor substrate of the planar drive (in-plane switching) mode liquid crystal display device does not exist in the dielectric layer between the pixel electrode and the common electrode and the alignment layer. Thus forming the pixel electrode and the common electrode, it is possible to form the pixel electrodes and the common electrodes on the protective insulating film on the gate insulating film in order, and may remove the protective insulating film thereon. Or the pixel electrodes and the common electrodes may be formed and removed both the gate insulating film and the protective insulating film above a substrate. The major benefit is to prevent a reduction in the effective voltage caused by the influence of the dielectric film between the alignment film and the electrode, it is possible to reduce the image retention. Further, in the case of forming the pixel electrode and the common electrode on the protective insulating film can reduce the film thickness of the electrode to less than 100 nm can be reduced and the defects resulting light leakage of liquid crystal alignment due to the step difference.


About 7 years ago Coppice with Reserves was recognised as one of the Silvicultural Systems in India. However, the prescriptions which have been formulated under the system in many Working Plans and Schemes in the State and those which have been professed in its literature so far are not compatible but variable and confusing. For giving correct concept of the system large number of examples are given in this article, and deductions recorded which will perhaps clearly bring out various aspects of this system to the readers as was suggested several years ago in Trevor's Silvicultural Systems. It will clearly show that it is not a system which can be applied to all types of forests and for all types of objects of management. Ecological impact of this system on the composition of forests and several other aspects connected with management systems like the felling cycle, rotation, are also given in details.


To screen the soybean varieties suitable for maize and soybean intercropping in Cangzhou,using the pattern of 2 rows of maize with 3 rows of soybean,the effects of intercropping on the photosynthetic characteristics,yield and economic benefit of maize and soybean were studied.The results showed that intercropping significantly improved the leaf SPAD value,the ear leaf area,and the photosynthetic rate of maize than single cropping,while decreased the leaf SPAD value and photosynthetic rate of soybean than single cropping.The economic benefit of maize and soybean intercropping was increased significantly than that of maize or soybean single cropping.The soybean varieties suitable for intercropping were Cangzhou No.6,Cangzhou No.10 and Jidou No.12.The maize and soybean intercropping pattern could be popularized in Cangzhou.


DR. RYAN receives the Laureate Recognition Award during the Opening Session, which takes place Sunday, 8:30 to 10 a.m., in North Hall B. The award is given annually to honor physicians who have made the most significant contributions to ophthalmology leading to the prevention of blindness and restoration of sight worldwide.


ABSTRACT In this paper, we apply empirical likelihood for two-sample problems with growing high dimensionality. Our results are demonstrated for constructing confidence regions for the difference of the means of two p-dimensional samples and the difference in value between coefficients of two p-dimensional sample linear model. We show that empirical likelihood based estimator has the efficient property. That is, as p → ∞ for high-dimensional data, the limit distribution of the EL ratio statistic for the difference of the means of two samples and the difference in value between coefficients of two-sample linear model is asymptotic normal distribution. Furthermore, empirical likelihood (EL) gives efficient estimator for regression coefficients in linear models, and can be as efficient as a parametric approach. The performance of the proposed method is illustrated via numerical simulations.


Auditory feedback has been used to shape behavior. Using TAG (teaching with acoustical guidance) has some advantages: the auditory stimulus can be delivered immediately following the behavior, produces one sound which is uniform across trainers or experimenters and it is easy to implement. In a matching-to-sample task using arbitrary stimuli, there were three conditions that compared the effects of auditory feedback: TAG paired with edible, verbal praise paired with edible and edible alone. The participants were 3 males ranging in age 14-15. All were diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder and attended a school for children with autism. Each participant was trained on a matching-to-sample task with 2 sets of arbitrary stimuli. This study was conducted with a multi-element design. Conditions were counterbalanced across participants and stimuli. Based on the results for all the participants the average rate of acquisition was more efficient in the verbal praise paired with an edible condition. TAG paired with an edible was the next most efficient treatment followed by the edible only condition. The results of the study indicate that using verbal praise paired with an edible and TAG paired with an edible are more efficient when training an acquisition task than using edible only. Effects of Auditory Response 8 Reinforcement is an important component of educational programs for children with autism spectrum disorders (Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2007). As noted in Catania (2007) "a stimulus is a positive reinforcer if its presentation increases responding that produces it." There are two types of reinforcers that are used, primary reinforcers and conditioned reinforcers. Primary reinforcers are events or stimuli that are of biological significance to the individual; for example, food and water. Conditioned reinforcers are defined as initially neutral events or stimuli that are paired with a primary reinforcer, and through this pairing acquire reinforcing properties (Catania, 2007). There are two variables that should be considered when studying the effects of reinforcement: establishing operations and amount of time between the behavior and the delivery of the reinforcer. An establishing operation may increase or decrease the effectiveness of a reinforcer (Cooper et al., 2007). For example, satiation of a specific reinforcer may temporarily decrease the effectiveness of that reinforcer, and behavior that previously lead to contacting that reinforcer will decrease in frequency. Delay between the occurrence of the target behavior and the onset of the consequence can have an impact on the effectiveness of reinforcement (Sassenrath, Yonge, & Shrable, 1968). The immediacy of reinforcement is particularly important because other behaviors or responses may occur during the delay between the behavior and reinforcer. Delayed reinforcement may result in adventitious reinforcement of behavior other than the target behavior. Although they are important, these factors related to the effective use of reinforcement are not always possible to include in a behavioral educational program. It is not always possible to deliver reinforcement immediately after a response, and the use of primary reinforcers such as edibles can lead to temporary decreases in motivation. Effects of Auditory Response 9 Conditioned reinforcement has been used to address both of these issues. Auditory stimuli can serve as conditioned reinforcement and can be used for the purpose of avoiding delays to reinforcement (Breland & Breland, 1961). Additionally, a conditioned reinforcer can be paired with many different primary reinforcers so that satiation is less likely (e.g., Moher, Gould, Hegg & Mahoney, 2008). Effective applications of conditioned reinforcement in the form of an auditory "click" has been demonstrated repeatedly and popularized by Karen Pryor (1999). She developed a procedure called clicker training, and used this procedure to establish and shape desired behavior in humans and animals. Clickers are devices that produce auditory stimuli that can be used to provide feedback for or "mark" the occurrence of the correct response and signal the availability of reinforcement. Shaping is defined as "gradually modifying some property of responding by differentially reinforcing successive approximations to a target operant class" (Catania, 2007). The auditory stimulus is not necessary for shaping to be successful, but may be helpful. Because of the association with dog training, Pryor refers to the use of clickers in teaching situations with humans as TAG (Teaching with Acoustical Guidance). TAG teaching has been used to train athletes including gymnasts, divers, and dancers. There are a few advantages to using the clicker to shape behavior. First, the auditory stimulus can be delivered immediately following the behavior, eliminating some of the effects of reinforcement delay. Second, the clicker produces one sound which is uniform across trainers or experimenters, increasing the procedural integrity with which the reinforcer is delivered. Third, the use of the clicker is easy to implement. Last, the Effects of Auditory Response 10 sound of the click can be paired with multiple reinforcers, and could decrease the effects of satiation. The delivery of an auditory stimulus immediately following target behavior is a component of animal training procedures dating back to the 1960s. Breland and Breland (1961) used a whistle to reinforce the jumping behavior of dolphins. They described the whistle as a "bridging stimulus." The whistle was sounded when the dolphin jumped in the air, indicating that reinforcement was available. Upon hearing the whistle, the dolphin would swim to the side to receive reinforcement. Breland and Breland's (1961) article, The Misbehavior of Organisms, discussed the conditioning of thirty-eight species with over 6,000 individual animals, including reindeer, cockatoos, raccoons, porpoises and whales. They found many different examples of unexpected patterns occurring when conditioning behavior. One of the examples was a story about a dancing chicken. The goal was for the chicken to come out of its compartment, pull a ring on a rope and stand on a platform for 12-15 seconds. When the interval ended, the door to the compartment would open with food present and the chicken would return to the compartment. Over the course of training, the chicken began to scratch or peck at the platform, looking as though it was dancing. Breland and Breland (1961) described many other instances in which behavior drifted from the original target. Using a conditioned reinforcer such as an auditory stimulus would have eliminated the delay to reinforcement and may have prevented the drift in behavior from the original target. Several studies have investigated the use of stimuli as conditioned reinforcers with animals. In Lieberman, Mcintosh & Thomas (1979) rats were trained to perform a Effects of Auditory Response 11 spatial discrimination in a two choice T-maze; with one arm painted white and the other arm painted black. There were two groups of rats: the control group and the experimental group. In all experiments and with both groups, after making a correct choice, there was a 1-min delay before a food reward was presented at the start of the maze. After making an incorrect choice no food was presented, and the trial was repeated. In Experiment 1, after the choice selection, the control rats were picked up by the experimenter and then immediately replaced at the start of the maze. The experimental rats were transferred to their home cages during the delay interval, and then replaced at the start of the maze after 1 min. Both groups learned to make the correct choice. In Experiments 2 and 3 the rats were not handled immediately after the choice response and no learning occurred. In Experiment 4 the choice response was followed by an intense light or noise, and the rats learned to make the correct choice. In summary, rats learned to discriminate the correct choice when handled immediately after the choice response or when the choice response was followed by an intense light or noise. Thomas, Lieberman, McIntosh and Ronaldson (1983) replicated Lieberman et al.'s (1979) study. Thomas et al. (1983) trained rats to perform a spatial discrimination in a maze similar to the one in the previous study. In this maze the rats would start in a start box and then enter a choice box where the rat could make a choice selection. The rat then entered one of the two side arms and walked down the side arm to a delay box. The rat entered the delay box and stayed there for 2 min until the door to the goal box opened. If the rat made a correct choice the food reward was placed in the goal box, and if it made an incorrect choice the goal box would be empty. An auditory stimulus was used: a 2-s burst of noise from a loud speaker built into the top of the maze. In Experiment 1 there Effects of Auditory Response 12 were two groups; for the first group the auditory stimulus was presented twice: immediately following choice making, and after the 2-min delay, before the rat entered the goal box. This auditory stimulus was presented in this way for both correct and incorrect choices. For the second group, the auditory stimulus was presented once: immediately after choice making. Thomas et al. (1983) found that that the second auditory stimulus after the choice response and the delay is unnecessary for learning to occur. Experiment 2 compared the effects of presenting auditory stimuli before and after the choice response. For one group the auditory stimulus was presented prior to the choice response, and for the other group the auditory stimulus was presented following the response. The auditory stimulus was presented on both correct and incorrect trials. The authors found that an auditory stimulus presented before a response is as effective as one presented after. In these two studies,


This article aims at learning how languages influence on culture and society as a result of translators' lack of familiarity with the culture of that language properly and developing a common method regarding how to translate old languages (Arabic, Persian and Turkic languages written in Perso-Arabic script) into English correctly specifically, by determining difficulties and problems occurred when translating old languages into English and give suggestions to solve such problems based on the three different copies of the old Turkic legendary book the book of Dede Korkut, which is well known among Turkic speaking countries and which was written in Perso-Arabic script in XI-XVI centuries AD (Mirabile, 1991: 6; Shikhbabayev, 2009: 13), and The Alcoran of Mohammed translated into English directly from the original Arabic by George Sale in 1861 (Sale, 1861). Keyword: Translation, Sociolinguistics, Dede Korkut, The Quran.


Bending strength is a parameter used in wood structure planning. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of time and water of immersion on increasing bending strength. The main ingredient of this research is malapoga wood (Toona Ciliata M. Roem) which was previously preserved by immersion with brackish water, sea water and river for 2,4,6 and 8 weeks. Bending strength specimen and testing procedure refer to ASTM D14. A cross section of the test specimen is then subjected to a macro photograph to determine its failure mechanism. The test results show that Immersion using river water gives a greater bending strength value followed by using brackish water and sea water. The maximum bending strength of the river water is 26. 64 MPa at the time of immersion 4 weeks later followed by brackish water at 25. 86 MPa while the maximum bending strength value of seawater occurs in immersion for 6 weeks which is 24. 52 MPa. The immersion time causes the malapoga wood to become denser due to all the cavities in the malapoga wood filled with material contained in brackish water, sea and river so that the fibers of malapoga wood close up, dry out and crystallize inside the malapoga wood cavity which causes the bending strength of malapoga to increase.


In this letter, a new hybrid automatic repeat request (ARQ) approach is presented to enhance receiver performance for communication systems employing forward error-correction codes in frequency-selective fading environments. This new approach involves a simple modification to the traditional turbo equalizer by combining multiple ARQ transmissions via integrated channel equalization. This modification leads to better computational efficiency, better exploitation of channel diversity, better channel-estimation ability, and improved performance (frame-error rates) when concatenated with an outer code. These improvements are verified through evaluations of extrinsic information transfer charts and ARQ simulations when compared with iterative combining of multiple transmissions.


We have previously shown that mutant B lymphoblastoid cell lines, totally deficient in expression of human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐class II molecules, but with normal HLA‐class I expression, develop enhanced susceptibility to natural killer (NK) and lymphokine‐activated killer (LAK) cell lysis. The current investigations were aimed at examining the role of HLA‐DR and native peptides occupying the antigen‐presenting grooves of HLA‐class II molecules in protecting mutants of the same B‐lymphoid lines against LAK‐mediated lysis. No augmentation in LAK lysis was observed despite using two mutant B‐cell lines (9.22.3 and 3.1.0) that lacked HLA‐DR. Both these lines expressed HLA‐DP and HLA‐DQ. However, when using other B‐cell lines with point mutations in certain regions of the HLA‐DR α‐chain (78, 80 and 96) significantly increased their susceptibility to LAK lysis despite normal expression of HLA‐DR and the other class I and II molecules. Of particular interest was the finding that absence of native peptides in antigen‐presenting grooves of all the HLA‐class II molecules did not render the mutant B cell (9.5.3) susceptible to LAK lysis. These observations support the concept that there are different NK or LAK clones. Certain LAK clones recognize 'self' major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens (but not the native peptides in their antigen‐presenting grooves). Presence of 'self' MHC antigens inhibits such clones. Conversely, other NK or LAK clones recognize 'non‐self' in the context of MHC antigens. Hence, point mutations at certain specific sites on the MHC molecules or foreign peptides in the antigen‐presenting grooves enhances the susceptibility of these cells to LAK clones recognizing 'non‐self'.


Remote Access Laboratories have been successfully installed around the world enabling students to practice practical skills and develop their knowledge through experimentation. Remote laboratories have the advantage of being accessible from anywhere anytime allowing users more flexibility and mobility. Typically installations are designed to resolve issues of access or utilization. Clear pedagogical design is now seen as a critical development in the instigation of new experiments, and access systems. This paper examines existing system designs, using a Program Logic analysis to identify key inputs, outputs, and impacts for the creation of systems. It aims to identify commonalities, or differentiation with respect to the original goals. Through this analysis it was identified that many RAL systems implement direct mimic user interface design focusing on individual access to a kinesthetic learning experience. Learning design is also typically implemented by the system and experiment designers, potentially reducing the impact of the system or activity usability.


The spin element of the Onsager matrix for the spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ critical XXZ chain at infinite temperature and zero magnetic field is studied to evaluate the spin diffusion. Its formula is written down by known functions with the use of TBA equations for the integrable XXZ chain with arbitrary spin. We treat the element of the Onsager matrix as a function of the anisotropy parameter $\Delta=\cos\theta$ where $\frac{\theta}{\pi}$ is a rational number. The element shows a popcorn dependence on the $\Delta$ in a way it is discontinuous at every parametrized point. Moreover the element diverges at all the discontinuous points.


Temperature affected ethanol fermentation of energy beet greatly.This study showed that yeast HADY was tolerant to high temperature and when the fermentation temperature was 45°C,the translation rate of ethanol was higher.The three main factors were screened out from nine factors related fermentation by Plackett-Burman design and response surface methodology, such as substrate concentration, ratio of solvent to material, added HADY amount,nutrient salts, phosphorus addition amount, pH value, rotational speed, fermentation temperature and fermentation time. The three main factors included substrate concentration, fermentation temperature and phosphorus addition amount.The optimized technological parameters of HADY were as follows:substrate concentration12%, ratio of solvent to material 1:1, added HADY15%,nutrient salts 0.5,added phosphorus 0.9%, pH 5.0,rotation speed 130r/min, fermentation temperature 37°C and fermentation time 44 hours.At the time, the result showed that the translation rate of ethanol was 89.43%.


The ion beam etching of HfO2 film and AZ1350 photoresisit mask were investigated in argon. The etch rate and mechanisms were measured and analyzed as a function of ion energy, ion beam density and ion incidence angle. The equations of etch rate versus such parameters were developed by the least-square-fit. The fidelity pattern transfer of mask and substrate were analyzed with the etching depth. The surface quality before and after etching were examined with AFM tapping mode. The details of etch rate have been interpreted in terms of mechanism of etching. The results show that etch rate has linear dependence on square root ion energy and ion density and varies versus incidence angle. Compared with the unetched substrate the etching process slightly lowers RMS roughness and the fidelity pattern transfer degrades with the etched depth on HfO2 film as a result of poor selectivity towards photoresisit. So it is necessary to improve the selectivity to achieve high fidelity pattern transfer. These results have been applied in the fabrication of HfO2/SiO2 multiplayer diffractive grating patterns.


— The accuracy of the large, curvilinear, Lagrange-type elements has been analyzed. We have compared the results of the four differently hp-refined models and pointed out the accuracy of our models and the necessity for the large-domain approach in modeling. The influence of geometrical inexactness to the limit of achievable accuracy has been investigated. It has been shown that the elements used here represent a good choice for fast and reliable geometrical modeling of EM structures.


rT1 HE objective of this study was to determine the utilization of winterrange forage by elk, Cervus canadensis nelsoni and mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus hemionus, at different levels of population density. Some indication of the carrying capacity of grassland communities grazed by elk and deer alone is evident from the data presented here, and may be useful for comparison with ranges open to livestock grazing.


This paper proposes a method checking compatibility and a tool for checking web services composition in pervasive computing. In order to ensure the correctness of the composite web service, we have developed the verification tool which can be embedded into web services composition platform. Based on the mapping between BPEL4WS and extended pi-calculus with type system that can express XML Schema ; the tool implements the compatibility examination algorithm of the composite web services. An example in which the loan approval process is used to illustrate the compatibility checking method is feasible clearly. Finally , a novel method for discovering and matching services under the guidance of checking compatibility of composite web services is discussed. Keyword Pi-calculus type system web services Composition compatibility checking 1.Introduction Derived from the features characterizing pervasive computing , discovering device services described as Web Services and compositing them in an ad hoc way into a new one is a challenging task. Especially for complex composite services integrated on demand, the guarantee about correctness of the composition orchestration remains an open problem due to dynamic and heterogeneous character of pervasive computing, and the situation gets worse when most of actual pervasive computing, such as Internet , does not provide testing environment[1]. So , except for the limited testing the way of checking the composition orchestration validity mainly depends on formalizing method such as compatibility examination that we propose in this paper.


In the modern organizations, staff determine the success and failure of organizations by the means they deliver the services to the client through interactions. The foremost valuable assets available in every organization are its individuals. The main purpose of the study was to evaluate the role of compensation strategies on performance of permanent non-teaching employees': a survey of Technical and Vocational Education Training Institutions in Uasin Gishu county.The specific objective was to establish role of nonfinancial compensation on permanent non–teaching employees' performance in Technical and Vocational Education Training institutions in UasinGishu county.The current study adopted cross sectional survey design based on a sample size of 184 drawn from a target population 0f 384 non teaching staff in public TIVET institutions(Eldoret National Polytechnic, Rift Valley Technical Training Institute and Ziwa Technical Training Institute) in Uasin Gishu County based on Krejcie and Morgan (1970) schedule. Data was collected using questionnaires whose validity was ensured through piloting. For reliability, Cronbach's coefficient Alpha was 0.83. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics technique using the SPSS version 21.0 and presented on tables. The study found that non-financial compensation (r=0.501, p<0.000), has a significant and positive effect on performance. The study therefore concluded that non-financial compensation has an effect on non-teaching staff performance in TVET institutions. Hence recommends that TVET institutions should strengthen their policies on non-financial compensation strategies (Recognition, Appreciation, Learning and Development and Work Environment) to engender maximal performance amongst the non teaching staff.


The present study investigated the effects of brief mindfulness and thought suppression instructions on the appraisal of emotional (positive and negative) and neutral pictures. It was expected that mindfulness would promote positive emotional reactions toward picture stimuli, whereas thought suppression would promote negative emotional reactions. Sixty participants were randomly assigned to one of the three conditions (mindfulness, thought suppression, control). In each condition, participants rated emotional and neutral pictures on two 9-point scales, one pertaining to picture valence and the other to picture arousal. Contrary to what was expected, the present study revealed no effects of mindfulness on dealing with emotions provoked by emotional and neutral pictures. Thought suppression, on the other hand, was found to be a successful strategy in dealing with emotions provoked by negative pictures. It is suggested that thought suppression is a successful short-term emotion regulation strategy for dealing with negative emotions of low intensity.


Previous undrained biaxial experiments on water-saturated sand are analysed in relation to shear banding and linear stability under locally drained and globally undrained conditions. The regularization of the underlying mathematically ill-posed initial value problem in the small strain regime of deviator softening is achieved through viscous singular perturbation of the flow theory of plasticity. In the regime of large strains the problem is regularized by means of a non-coaxial regular perturbation combined with a second grade singular perturbation of the flow theory of plasticity. The occurrence of shear bands under globally undrained conditions is critically discussed. L'article analyse les resultats d'essais de compression biaxiale non drain´s de sable saturee d'eau pour examiner la formation de bandes de cisallement et la stabilite lineaire, dans des conditions de drainage global nul avee zones drainees localisees. Dans le cas des contraintes faibles du ramollissement deviateur, on a recours a une pe...


The Barisan Madura Corps is one of the indigenous militas that were originally founded in various areas of the Residency in Java and also in Madoera in 1831. For further mention of Barisan Madura is the Barisan Corps. Although the formation of this corps was not special but at that time the corps was widely used as a native aid force which was included as one of the strength forces of the Dutch East Indies colonial government. The main tasks that must be carried out by the corps were to maintain calm in the community and to assist the government army at the time of the war. In practice this obligation can be carried out well by the Barisan corps on many shipments out of the Madura region in order to assist government forces in carrying out military operations in the framework of pacification in various regions in the Dutch East Indies. In its development there was a decision to turn the Barisan corps into a professional military unit so that it was deemed necessary to reorganize. This reorganization includes many things, especially in the form of institutional reform. Government regulations issued in 1885 at the same time as the implementation of the government system directly in Madura by the Dutch colonial government also simultaneously regulates the existence of the Barisan Madura corps. This corps was subsequently under the direct supervision of the government and had more opportunities to be incorporated into the Dutch East Indies army structure as a sort of reserve army compared to the recruitment of indigenous militia members under coercion.


Abstract In addition to boasting the highest density of baryonic matter in our galaxy, the center of the Milky Way is also believed to contain an extremely high density of dark matter particles. While dark matter is expected to be gravitationally subdominant to baryons near the Galactic center, many models allow for the annihilation of dark matter into standard model particles, a phenomenon which could be a significant source of high energy radiation in the Galactic center region. In fact, standard models of the dark matter density distribution and annihilation spectrum predict that dark matter at the Galactic center would (1) produce the brightest flux from dark matter annihilation of any region in the sky, and (2) contribute a significant portion of the total γ-ray luminosity observed within several degrees of the Galactic center by the Fermi/LAT. This makes the effort to understand and differentiate the morphologies and spectral features of dark matter and astrophysical γ-ray emission at the Galactic center potentially rewarding. Here, I will summarize the recent developments in indirect searches for dark matter annihilation at the Galactic center, and discuss several of the difficulties in producing accurate models of the high energy astrophysical emission. Finally, I will comment on current efforts to produce multi-wavelength models which better constrain or indicate a dark matter signal at the Galactic center.


We present a new electro-absorption modulated laser based on a lumped configuration, identical epitaxial layer scheme, and a new low-permittivity planarization method. The design of the device is intended to offer a high modulation frequency using a simple and cheap fabrication process. A thick-film of HSQ spinon coating was used to planarize the device and enable a low capacitance contact to the p-side. A $6- \mu \mathrm{m} -$thick planarized HSQ layer was fabricated and used to implement the electrode to the electroabsorption modulator.


During the pandemic, distance learning gained its necessity. Most schools and universities were forced to use e-learning tools. The fast transition to distance learning increased the digitalization of the educational system and influenced the increase of security incident numbers as there was no time to estimate the security level change by incorporating new e-learning systems. Notably, preparation for distance learning was accompanied by several limitations: lack of time, lack of resources to manage the information technologies and systems, lack of knowledge on information security management, and security level modeling. In this paper, we propose a security level estimation model for educational organizations. This model takes into account distance learning specifics and allows quantitative estimation of an organization's security level. It is based on 49 criteria values, structured into an AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) tree, and arranged to final security level metric by incorporating experts' opinion-based criteria importance coefficients. The research proposed a criteria tree and obtained experts' opinions lead to educational organization security level evaluation model, resulting in one quantitative metric. It can be used to model different situations and find the better alternative in case of security level, without external security experts usage. Use case analysis results and their similarity to security experts' evaluation are presented in this paper as validation of the proposed model. It confirms the model meets experts-based information security level ranking, therefore, can be used for simpler security modeling in educational organizations.


By an analysis of LTI system time-donmain,a group of initial conditions will be used to determine the uncertain response coefficients,and the most important part for system analysis is to correctly determine anduse the initial conditions.A research is made on the determination of initial conditions and their application.


To represent fractals by means of L systems, a graphic interpretation of the L system is required. Two families of graphic interpretations have been used: turtle graphics and vector graphics. Both are proved to be equivalent for two interesting families of L systems that include many of the fractals in the literature. The equivalence theorems make it possible to start from one L system in one of the families and obtain other systems that represent the same fractal. Sometimes a fractal that has previously been assumed not to be representable by any L system in one of the families can be shown to be representable in this way. Another point shown is the fact that supposed deficiencies in L systems, which have prompted the proposal of extensions, are really deficiencies in the graphic translation scheme.


"Think of yourselves as cheese makers," said the tutor. Just as cheese makers must bring their cheese to the attention of the public via cheese sellers, so you must package your research to appeal to the cheese sellers (otherwise known as journal editors) and the cheese buying public (journal readers). Being in public health, this was perhaps an unfortunate analogy given recent scares concerning E coli and Listeria. However, it did serve to demystify what can at times appear to be a distant goal, attainable to only a select few.

Rule one : If left in a drawer for several months research (just like cheese) will go off. Several tutees, myself included, shift uncomfortably in their seats. "Getting more publications" …


Synchrotron-based in situ time-resolved X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy were used to study pure ceria and Pd-loaded ceria nanotubes and nanorods (1D-ceria) as catalysts for the ...


Vegetation evolution is one of highlighted issues of ecosystem evolution research,and focus on biological and ecological features of 'living fossil' plants is a critical basis of it.Composition of both spermatophyte and pteridophyte flora of a relict Alsophila spinulosa community in Wutongqiao Nature Reserve of Leshan region was discussed.It shows the proportion of Tropic and Cathaysia elements in both spermatophyte flora and pteridophyte flora was almost 2/3 of the total at the genus level,and even more at the family level.There was a distinct ancient endemism phenomenon in spermatophyte flora,owning to being 8 relict and remnant endemism genera in the total of 9.Furthermore,the proportion of Tropic and Cathaysia elements both at family and genus level in the pteridophyte flora were much greater.We selected 15 representative floras from different climatic zones from north to south,and did DCA ordination between the Reserve flora and them.It showed that both spermatophyte flora and pteridophyte flora of the Reserve were more close to some southern floras,which located in much lower latitudes.It indicated evidently tropical floristic remnant and affinity in the Alsophila spinulosa community.Comparing with the fossil flora from late Cretaceous and Tertiary(i.e.Northeast China flora,Fushun flora in Liaoning,Jinggu flora in Yunnan and Shanwang in Shandong) in China,pteridophyte flora of the Reserve was quite similar to that of late Cretaceous.Nevertheless,its spermatophyte flora was little similar to that of Tertiary,where angiosperm were booming in that period.In a conclusion,there were a considerable proportion of relict and remnant elements which can be traced back to Mesozoic,and even Paleozoic,as well as typical ancient endemism.All of these fully showed evolutionary conservatism and phylogenetic antiquity of the Alsophila spinulosa community during the process of vegetation evolution.


This article documents the conflict in Rwanda and the effect on its citizens particularly womens experiences. It describes the human rights situation in the country specifically womens and childrens rights explains the impact of the armed conflict on women and children details the interventions and strategies used to address the situation and includes a section on the government of Rwanda.


Abstract Edited by John Gunn and Pamela J. Taylor. Butterworth Heinemann. Oxford, 1993; 1151 pp.; recommended retail price $350; ISBN 0 7506 0349 6.


Objective To establish a new multiplex-PCR assay to improve the detection rate of mutations in the DMD gene in Chinese patients. Methods A retrospective review of DMD deletion spectrum of 355 DMD patients with deletions all over the gene was performed. All deletions were confirmed by " one-step approach" diagnostic procedure and MLPA analysis. The exons with high frequency of mutations were identified to constitute the amplification system and the PCR conditions were optimized. Results Two new multiplex-PCR assays were established. Assay one was used to detect 10 exons including exon 5, 8, 17, 44, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51 and 52 of DMD gene, in two PCR sets. The theoretical detection rate would be 92% (326/355). Assay two was used to detect 5 exons including exon 12, 19, 35, 43 and 54, which could be used to screen additional 5% (17/355) deletion cases. The method was validated in other 22 DMD patients. Multiplex-PCR results were completely identical to the MLPA results in all 22 DMD patients. Conclusions The two multiplex-PCR assays were established based on the analysis of 355 Chinese DMD patients with gene deletions. It is believed that the new approach would be more applicable for deletion detection on the Chinese DMD patients since the DMD cases involved were from the whole country.

Key words:
Muscular dystrophy, duchenne;  Dystrophin;  Gene deletion;  Polymerase chain


The marginal approach to risk and return analysis compares the marginal return from a business decision to the marginal risk imposed. Allocation distributes the total company risk to business units and compares the profit/risk ratio of the units. These approaches coincide when the allocation actually assigns the marginal risk to each business unit, i.e., when the marginal impacts add up to the total risk measure. This is possible for one class of risk measures (scalable measures) under the assumption of homogeneous growth and by a subclass (transformed probability measures) otherwise. For homogeneous growth, the allocation of scalable measures can be accomplished by the directional derivative. The first well known additive marginal allocations were the Myers-Read method from Myers and Read (2001) and co-Tail Value at Risk, discussed in Tasche (2000). Now we see that there are many others, which allows the choice of risk measure to be based on economic meaning rather than the availability of an allocation method. We prefer the term "decomposition" to "allocation" here because of the use of the method of co-measures, which quantifies the component composition of a risk measure rather than allocating it proportionally to something. Risk adjusted profitability calculations that do not rely on capital allocation still may involve decomposition of risk measures. Such a case is discussed. Calculation issues for directional derivatives are also explored.


Abstract Cellulose/silk blend solutions were prepared in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [BMIM]Cl and films were subsequently formed from coagulation baths. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were carried out to compare the influence of coagulation agents on the weight content of silk fibroin (wSF), secondary structure and morphology of cellulose/silk blend films. Rough and scaly films were formed due to rapid crystallisation induced by ethanol. When films were coagulated in acetonitrile, a change from random coil to β-sheet structure of silk fibroin and from cellulose I to cellulose II of cellulose occurred favourably. When blend films were coagulated in water, there was a protein component extraction which diffused into the coagulation bath.


System for monitoring conditions within a tire, comprising: means disposed in each tire of a vehicle sensor assembly; a is in contact with the sensor array transmitter, which transmits the characteristic of the state of the tire data; a remote control transmitter for operating a remotely operable keyless entry system; said remote control transmitter sends a signal to operate the function of the remote controlled keyless entry system; a receiver arrangement for receiving the signals, which are characteristic of the condition of the tire and which are provided for the actuation of the function of the remote controlled keyless entry system, wherein the tire condition characterizing signals are different from the signal for actuating the function of the remote controlled keyless entry system, characterized, in that the receiver arrangement comprising a receiver for the amplitudengetastete transmission and a receiver for frequency shift keyed transmission, wherein the two receivers are selectively switched to receive an incoming signal selectively in response to a predetermined trigger event.


An electromagnetic tomography (EMT) system, based on mutual inductance measurements is described for imaging tooth structures. The system consists of an array of miniature coils. The inductor coils are excited to generate tooth images by measuring the conductivity and permeability across a sensing pair. The apparatus is similar to conventional capacitance and electrical impedance systems for existing medical applications. Conductivity analysis for different tooth tissues and dental restorative materials have been investigated. The results illustrate that there are significant differences in conductivity between enamel, dentine, demineralised dentine, glassionomer, composite and amalgam. The difference between a healthy dentine and a demineralised sample produces results with approximately a 20:1 ratio. The conductivity of glassionomer, composite and amalgam have also been measured and found to have ratios of 15:30:1 respectively.


SUMMARY Four years of experimental work were conducted applying PCR-RFLP to detect the SNP polymorphic associations of the prolactin candidate gene (PRL) with milk traits in cattle. A total of 494 lactations for 180 milking cows of Friesian in Elkarda herd (FK) and Sakha herd (FS) and Baladi cows in Elserw herd (BS) were used. The PCR products were digested using NaeI and SmaI restricted enzymes to investigate the molecular associations of the PRL gene genotypes with milk traits . The highest expected numbers of alleles (NE) in CC, CD and DD genotypes of the PRL gene were recorded in the DD genotype in both Friesian and Baladi herds, while the lowest expected numbers were recorded in CC genotype in all herds. The highest NE in GG, GT and TT genotype was in the TT genotype and the lowest NE was in the GG genotype in all herds. PRL gene was not in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium in all herds. The allelic frequency for the D allele was much higher than the frequency of the C allele, while the frequency of the T allele was higher than the frequency of the G allele. The observed and expected values of heterozygosity for the PRL gene were mostly moderate in the three herds studied. The values of polymorphic information content (PIC) were mostly moderate in all herds. The values of fixation index (reduction in heterozygosity due to inbreeding, FIS) were high in the FK herd (0.82), FS herd (0.62) and BS herd (0.94). The molecular associations between PRL gene genotypes and milk traits indicate that the CD genotype of the PRL gene has strong molecular associations with yields of milk, fat and protein relative to CC and DD genotypes. GG genotype was significantly associated with all milk traits relative to GT and TT genotypes.


This article examines the phenomenon of linguists testifying as experts on meaning in legal disputes over the interpretation of statutes, contracts, transcripts of tape-recorded conversations, and other important legal texts before courts in the USA. It concludes that there is an important role for linguists in such cases -- the role of the tour guide. It suggests that judges need not be concerned about linguists usurping the traditional roles of the judge and the jury as ultimate interpreters provided that the linguist's testimony is appropriately circumscribed.


A rainfall depth-duration-frequency study was carried out for the South West India (Kerala State) using average seventy years data from 73 stations distributed in an area of 38000 km 2 . The annual maximum rainfall depths of 1,2,3,7 and 10 days durations were analysed. The extreme value type 1 distribution fitted with maximum likelihood estimates was used. Analysis was carried out for the individual stations and later regional relationships were obtained based on the station-year concept; the regions were demarkated considering rainfall and topographical characteristics. Satisfactory results were obtained


The performance of system was improved by the application of the cooperative communications in wireless network.Consider the thought of cross-layer and collaborate MAC layer and physical layer,a program of relay selection by cross-layer based on Decode and Forward model was proposed.The problem of when to cooperative was solved and the method of how to choose a relay and how to allocate the transmission power for the goal of minimizing the outage probability was given.At the same time,the frame and the concrete steps of relay selection by cross-layer were given too.The program can select the relay effectively by the latest channel state information,because it based on cross-layer thought.Moreover,it owns the specific distribution of transmission power,so can use the transmission power more efficiently.The simulation results show that the program can achieve a better performance of outage probability.


Although many studies have examined the effect of emotion on item memory for pictures, the evidence is scanty on the effect of emotion on source memory for them. In this study, participants learned a list of neutral, positive, and negative pictures, and then took tests for item and source memory. We found that emotion did not affect accuracy of item memory; however, positive emotion enhanced subjective feeling of remembering. Both positive and negative emotions reduced source memory, which is consistent with some previous studies. The findings suggest that emotion have differential effects on item and source memory, and have some implications for evaluating eyewitness testimony.


Abstract Four species of eriophyid mites are reported from sedges from Brazil, namely: Eriophyes cyperi Channabasavanna, 1966 and Eriophyes cyperinus n. sp. from Cyperus sp., and Moraesia tau n. gen., n. sp. and Novophytoptus silvai n. sp. from Cyperus giganteus Vahl.


Library news relating to Psychology as well as guides for finding Psychology-related articles and books and psychological tests and measurements Psychology reference and statistics sources


"Method for manufacturing a fabric with a rib structure, in Particular a false boucle fabric, Which method can be Applied on a double rapier weaving machine, worin weft threads (1), (2), (3) are Brought in successive sheds between warp threads (4-8) so did a fabric with pattern warp threads is FORMED (5), (6) Do you run Alternately below and above one or several weft threads (2), (3) so thatthey form ribs, a worin backing fabric is woven out of binding warp threads (7), (8), tension warp threads (4) and weft threads (1), (2), worin the fabric is provided Alternately with a set of two weft threads (3 ), (1) running one above the other and one single weft thread (2), worin the single weft threads (2) between the successive sets of weft threads (1), (3) are inwoven in the backing fabric at a rib side relative to the tension warp threads (4), and worin of the sets of weft threads (1), (3) a thicker top weft thread (3) is not incorporated in the backing fabric and extends al ong the top of the backing fabric and a bottom weft thread (1) is inwoven in the backing fabric at a backside relative to the tension warp threads (4) and worin the pattern warp threads (5), (6) are Alternately interlaced in the backing fabric round the single weft threads (2) and along one side of the backing fabric are rib-formingly passed round at least one top weft thread (3) running outside the backing fabric. "


The GaN HEMT is a novel wide bandgap device which could improve the overall efficiency and at the same time shrink the system size. In order to verify the reliability of this promising semiconductor device, new measurement and testing methods have to be developed. In this work, as a general basis for performing reliability tests junction temperature measurement methods for GaN HEMT were investigated. By using suitable temperature measurement method, several power cycling tests were performed on GaN HEMT from three different manufacturers. The main failure mechanism of the GaN HEMT from two manufacturers under power cycling tests is the degradation of solder layer between device and printed circuit board. The main failure mechanism of the devices from the third manufacturer is bond wire lift-off. In GaN the piezoelectric effect is involved in the formation of the 2DEG, and electrical characteristics are sensitive to compressive and tensile stress. The question is whether repetitive deformation leads to new failure mechanisms compared to Si devices.


SKOUPÝ, O., PROCHAZKA, D.: Automatic polygon layers integration and its implementation. Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2012, LX, No. 4, pp. 335–342 Land cover change analysis is one of the most important tools for landscape management purposes, as it enables exploring of long-term natural processes especially in contrast with anthropogenic factors. Such analysis is always dependent on quality of available data. Due to long tradition of map making and quality and accuracy of preserved historical cartographic data in the Czech Republic it is possible to perform an eff ective land use change analysis using maps dating even back to early nineteenth century. Clearly, because map making methodology has evolved since then, the primary problem of land cover change analysis are diff erent sources and thus diff erent formats of analyzed data which need to be integrated, both spatially and contextually, into one coherent data set. One of the most diffi cult problems is caused by the fact that due to diff erent map acquisition methodologies the maps are loaded with various errors originating from measurement, map drawing, storage, digitalization and fi nally georeferencing and possible vectorization. This means that some apparent changes may be for example caused by diff erent methodology and accuracy of mapping a landscape feature that has not actually changed its shape and spatial position through the time. This work deals with spatial integration of data, namely identifying corresponding lines in map layers from diff erent epochs and adjusting the borders plotted in the less accurate map to spatially correspond to the more accurate map. For such a purpose, a special program had to be created. It basically follows the work by Malach et al., 2009 who introduced their Layer Integrator. This work however presents a signifi cantly diff erent approach to creating an integration tool. integration, sliver polygon, map layer, vectorization


Based upon the analysis of the flaws of a kind of CCD-lens coupled digital X-ray imaging systems,improvement of the structure of the system is proposed and devices employed in the system are optimized. Experimental results show that better spatial esolution and inspecting sensitivity are acquired by the improved system.Besides,positive shot noise in the image is reduced,which significantly improves the quality of the image.


In this work, we introduce and evaluate federated fine-tuning (FFT) toward developing decentralized systems for IoT applications using edge computing. We demonstrate a deployed, off-grid, FFT network composed of embedded hardware and assess the system and its performance. The federated averaging algorithm has become the popular approach in decentralized systems with multiple nodes due its low computational costs and simplicity. However, it is commonly implemented using a workstation or a cloud as its server node, typically demonstrated with unrealistic (small) neural network models and may have high communication cost for embedded applications. To address these challenges, we present two main contributions by: (1) Improving the federated averaging algorithm's weight initialization step and by limiting percentage of weights being averaged to enhance system security and model performance, and (2) Demonstrating the proposed system's effectiveness via deployment of realistic model using an edge device as the server node (first time for a federated system). For our evaluation, we use a centrally pre-trained MobileNetV2 model on the CelebA dataset. We record the transmitted model parameters across the network with the modified federated averaging algorithm and FFT, and capture metrics related to memory, power consumption, CPU load, and communication on the device. Overall, results demonstrate that FFT can improve federated system performance and model accuracy while providing stronger privacy, protection of intellectual property, and security against adversarial attacks on federated learning.


A compound represented by the formula (1), the first electrode and the second electrode and the first electrode and the second organic photoelectric device, which is located between the second electrode including an active layer containing a compound represented by the formula (1), and the organic photoelectric facing each other It relates to an image sensor including a device.


An aspect of the disclosure is related to prioritizing users during a server failure. A client device or a central non-regional component detects that a server arbitrating a packet-based voice communication service in a first region has failed, and redirects the client device registered to utilize the packet-based voice communication service in the first region to a second server providing the packet-based voice communication service, wherein the redirecting is based on a priority level of a user of the client device. An aspect of the disclosure is related to peer-assisted failover recovery. A first client device detects that a server arbitrating a packet-based voice communication service in a first region has failed, and notifies a second client device in the first region that the server arbitrating the packet-based voice communication service in the first region has failed.


Models analyzing a signaling mechanism in Artificial Immune System (AIS) could be expanded with advance of sensing networks. In principle, if a sensing network has enough nodes linked to propagate signals, it could be viewed as a continuous field, and be analyzed by field analysis methodology, meanwhile, it could be analyzed by random and probability methodology for that its nodes are also discrete. The two kinds of methodology should be applied to describe key characteristics of AIS, which is self-adaptation taking the forms of stability, immunity, and repellency. The paper proposes some models of the two kinds of methodology.


Large multilingual language models show remarkable zero-shot cross-lingual transfer performance on a range of tasks. Follow-up works hypothesized that these models inter-nally project representations of different languages into a shared interlingual space. However, they produced contradictory results. In this paper, we correct the famous prior work claiming that "BERT is not an Interlingua" and show that with the proper choice of sentence representation different languages actually do converge to a shared space in such language models. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this convergence pattern is robust across four measures of correlation similarity and six mBERT-like models. We then extend our analysis to 28 diverse languages and find that the interlingual space exhibits a particular structure similar to the linguistic relatedness of languages. We also highlight a few outlier languages that seem to fail to converge to the shared space. 1


Two dimensional electron systems (2DES) confined to the surface of narrowband semiconductors have attracted great interest since they can easily integrate with superconductivity (or ferromagnetism) enabling new possibilities to engineer topological states in solid state systems. In this work, we study indium arsenide (InAs) heterostructures where combining superconductivity, low density, and spin-orbit coupling can be achieved. We study the magnetotransport as a function of top barrier and density and report clear observation of integer quantum Hall states. Spin orbit interaction parameters, deduced from weak-antilocalization, can be tuned over large density range ($\sim 10^{12}$ cm$^{-2}$). We model various scattering mechanisms and find out un-doped optimal structure can improve electron mobility to exceed 44,000 cm$^{2}$/Vs.


Network security has become more important to individual computer users, organizations, and the military worse. With the advent of the internet, security became a major concern and the history of security allows a better understanding of the emergence of security technology. The Network structure itself allowed for many security threats to occur. The architecture of the internet, when modified can reduce the possible attacks that can be sent across the network. Knowing the attack methods, allows for the appropriate security to emerge. There are currently two fundamentally different networks, data networks and synchronous network comprised of switches. The internet is considered a data network. Since the current data network consists of computer‐based routers, information can be obtained by special programs, such as "Trojan horses," planted in the routers. The synchronous network that consists of switches does not buffer data and therefore are not threatened by attackers. That is why security is emphasized in data networks, such as the internet, and other networks that link to the internet. keywords Network Security, WLAN, Data Security, IFTE, Network Protocol.


This paper studies bargaining dynamics when the original counterparties face the endogenous entry of other agents. Time is continuous, there is a privately informed buyer and an uninformed seller who can make offers every instant, and they bargain while waiting for the possible entry of another privately informed buyer who observes their interactions. I show that allowing for endogenous entry fundamentally changes the equilibrium dynamics. In a typical case, there is a burst of trade at the first instant of bargaining, followed by a long impasse of slow, gradual agreement. In the burst of initial trade, the seller "drives an easy bargain," making an offer that an atom of buyer types accept instantly. During the impasse, the seller "drives a hard bargain," making offers that only be accepted by the (measure 0) highest buyer type who has not already been ruled out by prior play. By contrast, bargaining under any exogenous time-varying rate of entry is always atomless, with no bursts of trade. As a corollary, I show that making offers private (hiding them from the entrants) slows down trade for some initial buyer types. Real world bargaining happens in the shadow of other parties who can insert themselves in the interaction, changing the bargaining power of the original counterparties. Consider, for instance, the recent acquisition of Straight ∗Many thanks to my advisors Andy Skrzypacz, Matt Jackson, and Kyle Bagwell for guidance throughout the project. I would also like thank to Gabriel Carroll, Alex Bloedel, Shota Ichihashi, and Giorgio Martini for helpful comments. I gratefully acknowledge the support from the Kapnick Foundation Fellowship, granted through the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research. †Job Market Paper. ‡Department of Economics, Stanford University. firstname.lastname@example.com


Strain Bali I of Allomyces arbuscula is infected with a RNA virus; strain North Carolina is not. The virus appears to be avirulent, for strain Bali I showed no signs of pathogenicity. Virus aggregates occurred mostly in the cytoplasm during different stages of the gametophytic and sporophytic generations. Small intra-nuclear aggregates were found only in differentiating gametophytic hyphae and immature gametangia. In motile cells (gametes and zoospores) the aggregates are exclusively contained within the nuclear cap. This represents a reliable mechanism of transmission throughout the life-cycle.


In 1891 Mall 1 isolated what he considered to be a new type of connective tissue fiber differing from both the collagenous and elastic groups. These reticular or lattice fibers ( "Gitterfasern" ), so named because of their tendency to form true networks, resisted tryptic and peptic digestion and gave no gelatin when boiled with water. Mall himself felt that while the reticular fibers could be easily differentiated from the elastic ones, they were rather closely related to collagenous tissue—a point which was destined to become the center of an important and as yet undecided controversy. The study of reticular tissue showed no appreciable progress until 1905, when Maresch 2 discovered that Bielschowsky's method of silver impregnation could be used successfully for the elective staining of the reticular or, as they have been called since, the "argyrophil" fibers. With the aid of the new method the distribution of reticular


In order to evaluate drought resistance indices in eight safflower (Carthamus
tinctorius L.) genotypes were evaluated in a split plot design with three replications in two
levels of irrigation, one with stress and the other without stress at the Islamic Azad University
of Shoushtar, Iran, research farm in the year 2014. To evaluate drought tolerance genotypes
on the basis of yield performance in stressed (ys) and non-stressed (yp) environments,
quantitative measures of drought tolerance i. e. mean productivity (MP), stress tolerance
(TOL), geometric mean productivity (GMP), stress susceptibility index (SSI) and tolerance
index (STI) were computed. The analysis of variance showed that the genotypes had
significant differences in all the traits. Drought had highly significant difference on all of
the studied traits except number of seeds per capsule. The highest and lowest means of
grain yield were 356s6 (787 kg/ha) and 376 (362.2 kg/ha), respectively. The highest
values of SSI were observed in 357s6 and 27-N and the lowest values of SSI were observed
in Pi-258 and KW 13. These genotypes could be proposed as tolerant genotypes to drought
stress. Pi-258 and KW 13 with a smaller value of TOL were identified as the most tolerant
genotypes, while 44 and 376 with the highest TOL value were the most sensitive
genotypes.The results indicated that MP, STI and GMP had a significant (P<0.01) positive
correlation with yield under non-stress and stressed conditions indicating that these indices
are suitable criteria for screeningdrought tolerant genotypes.


New-build homes and bungalows are particularly at risk of overheating during hot UK summers. Bungalows are a dwelling type favoured by the elderly who are more vulnerable to the negative health impacts of overheating. Whilst modelling studies have identified overheating risk, monitored data is lacking and limited information about the adaptive opportunities available to households (e.g. ventilation and shading). Even less is known about the adaptive actions taken during hot spells or about the physical, physiological or psychological barriers to acting. A mixed-method survey tool (OAST) was developed for this study and used to assess overheating occurrence, adaptive opportunities, actions taken and barriers to action. The tool was deployed with a cohort of new-build (n = 4) and bungalow homes (n = 4) in Loughborough, central England. The survey highlighted potential indicators of overheating risk, including post-occupancy retrofit such as extensions and loft conversions. Occupants' reports provided context and were a key strength of the OAST. Expressed barriers to adaptive action included concerns about security, but there was an inherent lack of concern about overheating and the associated health risks. Recommendations are made for the further development of the OAST as a method of assessing overheating risk in households.