Purpose: This study was aimed at providing the basic checklist as a means to assess the crime risk in physical environment of the pedestrian passage at residential area. Method: For this purpose, the preliminary checklists were selected according to the review of the precedent studies of checklists in exterior pedestrian passage. The usefulness and the importance of the preliminary checklists were analyzed through the seven expert group meetings, the 87 questionnaires survey of the crime experts & the architectural/urban experts, preliminary assessment and field survey. Results: The assessment categories of checklists were sorted into six types, i.e. spatial structure & function, lighting, landscaping, security facilities, other facilities and cleaning & maintenance. The 49 checklists were proposed according to the assessment categories. The final checklists were divided key checklists and general checklists based on the results of experts" weighting of each list item. There were significant differences between crime experts" weighting and architectural/urban experts" weighting in several checklists, i.e. dividing between pavements and streets, the brightness of light, white light


Effects of combustion chamber parameters on combustion characteristics were studied in a compression ignited natural gas engine with separated chamber by coupling the detailed chemical kinetic mechanism with multi-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamic(CFD) code.Calculated data were compared with experimental data to verify the model predictability.The effects of structural parameters of combustion chamber,such as the passage area,the orientation,the cross-section shape and the position,on ignition timing,cylinder pressure,temperature and NO mass fraction were discussed.Results show that the optimum passage area is 132.66 mm~2,and satisfactory combustion characteristics was obtained with passage orientation of 50° to piston moving direction,the circle-section passage gives better ignition characteristics and lower NO emission compared with those of the rounded-square passage,and passage orientation has small influence on combustion characteristics.


In response to the article on using oral steroids as a diagnostic test to distinguish between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma by Broekhuizen and colleagues,1 the discussion turns in part to one of nosology, as Hahn puts it: when, along the continuum of a lifetime of lung disease, do asthma and COPD become part of an overlap syndrome in which "pure" asthma can evolve into "pure" COPD over time?2 Boundaries in clinical medicine are often, if not always, fuzzy, and using steroids to distinguish between 2 clinical entities, where steroids have an effect in both, is not helpful. As Crownover mentions, the situation is particularly vexing when an empirical trial of steroids for treatment, which is recommended in some guidelines, rather than diagnosis confounds the issue.3 The anti-inflammatory effect of steroids can help in infection as well as reactive airway disease. Furthermore, Van Schayck points out that there is very little indication for inhaled steroids, and they should not be confused with oral steroids for management in situations where there is not a clear diagnosis of asthma.4 All respondents agree on 2 points: the standards for management are neither clear or gold, have to do with the populations of patients in whom they are developed, and are not simple in what is often a mixed disease state. More primary care based studies should help management at that level.


BACKGROUND/AIM
The aim of this study was to investigate the state of chromatin condensation in peripheral blood leukocytes of alcoholics, during the early detoxification period, in order to highlight structural modifications, indicating epigenetic mechanisms regulated by alcohol.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Blood samples were obtained from alcoholic patients, who were admitted for detoxification on an inpatient basis, and from healthy controls. The level of condensed heterochromatin and de-condensed euchromatin were detected through the ratio of lysine to arginine residues, by the application of the ammoniacal silver reaction (ASR) staining on leukocyte pellets, and through immunohistochemical localization of histone H1 on peripheral blood smears.

RESULTS
Lymphocytes and neutrophils with relaxed de-condensed chromatin were found, indicating a more reactive genome in alcoholics, even at the stage of detoxification.

CONCLUSION
The results underline the importance of chromatin structure of leukocytes as a sensitive, peripheral, biological marker for epigenetic studies in living chronic alcoholics.


This study describes total energy changes over eight regions of the QRS time-frequency (TF) plane, during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). The study population consisted of 43 patients undergoing PTCA, with no previous myocardial infarction history: 25 in the right coronary (RCA), 10 in left anterior descending (LAD) and 8 in left circumflex (LCX) arteries. Blockwise and exponential signal averaging technics were used at pre-processing stage; continuous Morlet wavelet transform and total energy calculation were applied. Significant changes were found in the HF regions (p<0.05) in patients assessed at the end of the PTCA (80-250 Hz/second QRS half) compared with their values previous to inflation. Total energy over specific time-frequency regions, assessing high frequency using a frequency band from 80 to 250 Hz, could be used as a marker for ischemic events during depolarization. These results suggest that leads II and aVF are more sensitive to such changes.


In this "revisionist interpretation of American broadcasting history" (p. 5), Robert McChesney, an assistant professor of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, resurrects a forgotten political story in the history of radio broadcasting. Employing extensive research in primary sources and insights from recent works on related topics, McChesney reveals that between 1928 and 1935 a disparate and poorlyorganized "radio reform movement" challenged the relationship between the commercial radio industry and the national government. Although the book omits some important contexts, it is a study that business historians should know about. It falls within an emerging approach, exemplified by Gerald Berk's Alternative Tracks: The Constitution of American Industrial Order, 1865—1917 (1994), in which historians have challenged a perceived "determinism" in the historiography of Modern America, particularly with regard to business-government relations. In short, McChesney argues that the triumph of commercial radio broadcasting over non-commercial forms was not inevitable, nor a natural evolution within the capitalist-democratic system in America: options existed, were put forth, but failed to take hold. Although his personal sympathies lie with the reformers, McChesney candidly admits that the broadcast reform movement was not as effective in the political arena as were the national broadcast systems.


Choriocarcinoma is an aggressive tumour arising as a malignant transformation of the gestational trophoblastic disease or rarely from the germ cells in the ovary and from testicular mixed germ cell tumour. Renal involvement due to Choriocarcinoma is rare we report here one of such rare cases. A 26yr old woman presented with painful right sided loin swelling with painless total haematuria of 3weeks duration .Abdominal Ultrasound and CT scan showed a solid Right kidney mass with a cystic component. She had right radical nephrectomy.Histopathological examination revealed metastatic choriocarcinoma. The challenges we faced in her management is highlighted and a brief review of literature on the subject is presented.


A cross sectional study was carried out in and around Jimma town from November 2015 to May 2016 to determine the prevalence of trypanosomosis species in naturally infected cattle and its associated risk factors. From three selected peasant association 384 cattle were randomly selected and examined for trypanosomosis by taking blood sample for laboratory analysis. The overall prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was 31(8.1%) of which 20(5.2%), 5(1.3%), 6(1.8%) was T. congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei respectively which was highly statistical significant (P=0.00). A significant association was observed (P<0.05) between the disease positivity and body condition score also. Sex wise prevalence of trypanosome infection was higher in male 28(10.5%) while 3(2.5%) female animals and The mean PCV value of parasitemic and aparasitaemic animals was recorded as (PCV>24%) and (PCV≤24%), respectively. This study result indicates the high prevalence of T. congolense which indirectly indicate that high distribution of tsetse fly. Therefore, Strategic control of bovine trypanosomosis including vector control should be strengthened to improve livestock production and agricultural development in the area and educating the public in the tsetse belt or affected areas of trypanosome to participate in control strategies. [Mohamed Husen, Masire Mesay, Beshatu Ferede, Bihonegn Wodajnew. A Study On Prevalence Of Bovine Trypanosomosis In And Around Jimma Town Oromia Regional State, South West Ethiopia. J Am Sci 2020;16(9):77-83]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 6. doi:10.7537/marsjas160920.06.


Background
We have previously shown a potentially beneficial role of chilli in improving postprandial glucose metabolism in healthy, but overweight individuals.
Objective
To compare the effects of a bland meal and a chilli-containing meal, at the end of a bland diet and a chilli-containing diet respectively, on postprandial plasma glucose, insulin and cytokines (IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α) in twenty-five type-2 diabetics.
Design
Participants (11 male, 14 female; aged 63.1±7.1 years) consumed a bland diet, followed by a similar diet with 30 g/day of 'Freshly chopped chilli' blend (Masterfoods™; 62% cayenne chilli) every day for one-week each. Use of other spices was restricted to minimum amounts in both dietary periods. Postprandial glucose and insulin profiles were assessed in response to a standard bland meal and to a chilli-containing meal at the end of each respective dietary period. Meals were iso-caloric and provided the same amounts of protein, carbohydrates, and fat.
Outcomes
There was no significant difference between fasting plasma glucose concentrations at the end of chilli and bland dietary periods (P=0.58). Area under the curve for glucose (AUCgluc) after the chilli meal was approximately 25% lower than AUCgluc after the bland meal (P=0.035). In contrast, AUCinsulin was significantly higher after the chilli meal compared to the bland meal (P=0.025). Although plasma glucose peaked at 60 min post-meal for both meals, the peak concentration for the chilli meal was 1.8 mmol/L (95% CI -0.9 to -2.69 mmol/L) lower than the peak for the bland meal (P=0.0002). IL-6, IL10 and TNF-α were not significantly different between the two meals.
Conclusion
Chilli may have beneficial hypoglycaemic effects in type-2 diabetes. Further studies are required to elucidate mechanisms and test whether these beneficial effects can be maintained over long-term.


Although a wide range of medical ontologies has already been deployed in the last decade, most of them follow design principles different to those required by semantic Web applications and consequently can not be directly integrated and reused. We describe a method to construct a semantic Web-based medical ontology, which is used for the semantic annotation of medical reports, and evaluate the engineering process against a reuse-oriented approach


Simply the author of this essay lists some common problems and relevant judgment basis in air condition certification and test, accordingly, give some opinions and advices.


During 1975 there were 46 wells drilled to explore for and develop geothermal resources in the states of California, Hawaii, Oregon, Nevada, Idaho, Utah and New Mexico. Of these, 37 appear to have found at least potentially commercial amounts of steam or hot water, 2 wells are suspended and 7 were abandoned. This is an indicated success rate of at least 80 percent, disregarding any future production possibilities from the suspended wells. The drilling activity is summarized by states and by operator.


DOI: 10.1002/admi.201500282 binding affi nity to the air–water interface and have been shown to form stable, well-defi ned fi lms. [ 12c ] Here we demonstrate that LK peptides can template nanometer thin silica fi lms at the air– water interface. We compare fi lm morphologies obtained from peptides with two different secondary structures – αhelical LKα14 (Ac-LKKLLKLLKKLLKL-COOH) and βstrand LKβ15 (Ac-LKLKLKLKLKLKLKL-COOH) peptides ( Figure 1 a). [ 9 , 12c ]


WHEN CORTISONE for oral administration became available, the manufacturer placed at our disposal a large supply of the drug for use in the treatment of pemphigus. During the period covered by this report, eight cases were available, five of pemphigus vulgaris, two of pemphigus erythematosus, and one of pemphigus foliaceus. An attempt was made to follow the laboratory work-up so as to provide a comparison with the laboratory results obtained when cortisone was given by the parenteral route. These results are in the accompanying Table. REPORT OF CASES Case1.—History.—Mrs. J. T., a white woman aged 48, was in good health until November, 1949, at which time fever, coryza, and a sore throat developed. She then noticed a white patch on the side of the tongue about the size of a quarter. She was told by her local physician that she had a similar patch in her


It was the purpose of this investigation to determine whether socio-economic class position and minority group status, in the United States, is related to hostility. Subjects were 327 female students in a medium-sized state college in the eastern U.S.A. All participants were administered the Siegel Manifest Hostility Scale, the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory and the Bendig Covert-Overt Factored Hostility Test. In addition all subjects were rated by the Hollingshead and Redlich questionnaire to determine their social class status and religious and other ethnic information ascertained.

The results showed that first generation middle-class students (i.e. from lower class parents) were significantly more hostile on most measures than second generation middle-class students (i.e. from middle-class parents). The first generation was, however, less covertly hostile than the second. The second general finding suggested that religious affiliation was related to hostility. Jewish students, regardless of class affiliation, were overall more hostile than Catholic or Protestant subjects. Here too, however, there was some difference found in the direction of hostility; while Jewish participants were high on overt hostility, Protestants were high on covert hostility measures. In this sample Negro subjects were revealed high in covert hostility but this racial difference was probably due to the fact that these subjects were nearly entirely middle-class Protestants. Rural or urban residence did not seem related to attitudes or expression of hostility.


In order to realize the miniaturization of three-dimensional cone-beam CT image reconstruction system to small-scale,A three-dimensional image reconstruction system based on FPGA is established.The memory bandwidth requirement of the FDK reconstruction algorithms and the data throughput of the storage system which is composed of SDRAM,SRAM and the internal RAM resource of FPGA is introduced.First,based on filtering algorithms and back projection algorithms the memory bandwidth requirement of a three-dimensional cone-beam CT image reconstruction system is studied.Then,a data access scheme is presented,which uses a SDRAM chip as its main storage a SRAM chip as its external cache and the SRAM resources of FPGA as its internal cache.Then,the process of the implementation and the testing methods of the storage scheme is introduced.Finally,data access capacity of the three-dimensional image reconstruction system was tested.Experimental results indicate that: the storage system can achieve a sequential access data rate of 151.9MB/s and a random access data rate of 100MB/s.It can satisfy the memory bandwidth requirement of a small-scale three-dimensional image reconstruction system.


In order to study the effects of girdling treatments on fruit quality of kiwifruit,the 10-year-old plants of cultivar—'Jinkui'(Actinidia deliciosa'Jinkui')were selected as materials.During full bloom and young fruit development period(20days after full bloom),the development uniformed branches were treated with different width of girdling(1/6,1/5,1/2,1/3,1of diameter of treated stem with 2cm away from the mother branches).Then,the fruits of treated branches were collected and the quality was analyzed.The results showed that there were significant differences on fruit quality from treated branches.At the same time for different width of girdling treatment,the fruits of treatment with 1/2or 1width of branch diameter had higher content of soluble solids,titratable acid,soluble sugar,Vc,dry matter and ratio of sugar and acid than that of the control.When the same width of girdling was applied at different time,the treatment with 1/6width of branch diameter had effect on fruit quality at full bloom,but no effect at young fruit development stage.Considering the effects of girdling treatments on fruit size,yield,quality and nutrient backflowing,etc,suggested that during full bloom or about 20days after full bloom 'Jinkui'kiwifruit can be treated with girdling in width of 1/2of branch diameter to improve fruit quality.


The utility model discloses an enhanced graphite heat-dissipation film which comprises a release film layer, a bonding layer and a graphite film layer, wherein the bonding layer comprises a first bonding layer, an enhanced base material layer and a second bonding layer which are sequentially arranged. As the enhanced base material layer is added in the bonding layer, the mechanical strength of the bonding layer used for bonding the surface of an electronic component in the graphite heat-dissipation film is increased, therefore the overall mechanical strength and the bonding strength of the graphite heat-dissipation film are increased, the graphite heat-dissipation film can closely bond the surface of the electronic component and is not easy to generate stripping or shift, and the service life of the graphite heat-dissipation film can be prolonged.


In the present dog-eat-dog society,with the fast step of lifestyle,female shows herself on the social stage,competing with male coequally.Female can play more and more social roles.How to play the numerous roles well It is a very important problem to build image successfully.Based on the social background,this article describes the A-line skirt combined with modern women's figure,amenity and aesthetic judgment.It indicates that the Aline skirt has greatly affected on image-building of modern women.


The purpose of this paper is to present a survey of the currently available kits for tertiary education in robotics. Our selection criteria are (i) modularity (ii) re-usability (iii) versatility and (iv) affordability. We focus on toolkits that allow ease of re-use to teach in different curricula (such as electronics, programming, or human-robot interaction). We also considered the interoperability with libraries and open-source frameworks. Finally, we present an overview of our contribution in the form of a robotic manipulator built with LEGO Mindstorm NXT and its integration with Matlab and the ROS robotic framework.


We examine some controversial country-specific factors influencing vertical and horizontal intra-industry trade including foreign direct investment and income distributions. As concerns, the effect of differences in countries' levels of economic development (richness), both theories and econometric estimation results are diverging (basically concerning the share of vertical intra-industry trade). Our purpose is getting closer to the right answers to these more or less open questions, and the basic particularity of our analysis is the examination of the issues in the trade between countries with various differences of richness.


The lighting system is one of the main systems in the building and contributes a considerable amount of energy. Therefore, the daylight harvesting system (DHS) is vital in the lighting system for control and minimize energy consumption from artificial lighting. The main objective of the lighting system is to minimize the dimming level of the luminaires. The optimization method was used in this research to solve the problem formulation in the lighting control system. There are several benefits by using optimization methods such as energy-saving while fulfilling the standard of the average illuminance level based on the European Standard EN12464-1 for the occupancy comfort. In this research, the Firefly Algorithm (FA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm were compared in order to determine the best optimization method which can solve the problem formulation in the lighting system. The simulation result for FA and PSO has been carried out using MATLAB software. Based on the results, the PSO algorithm shows high performance compared to FA method in order to minimize the dimming level.


This paper presents the results of a comparison between the Geodatabase topology of ESRI and Radius Topology of Laser-Scan. The result of this comparison is a list of main differences, some conclusions and recommendations. The main conclusion is that in the Geodatabase concept, the user is able to decide which topological relationships have to be defined and what to do with objects that do not meet these rules defined by the user. In the concept of Radius Topology, the topological structure is fixed in a sense that it has to obey the implemented topological structures and the objects are persisted into a topological structure. The concept of Laser-Scan is interoperable.


5'-Ethoxy-4-[2-(4-morpholino)ethoxy]spiro[cyclohexane-1,3'-indolin]-2'-one(2)and4-t-butylcarbamoyl-2-methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride (3) were synthesized from 4-ethoxyaniline and 3-hydroxybenzoic acid as starting materials, respectively. SR-121463, an arginine vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist, was synthesized from 2 and 3 by condensation.


Objective
To explore the effect of lncRNA of growth arrest-specific 5 (lncRNA GAS5) on the radiosensitivity of colon cancer cells by targeting miR-223.

Methods
The expressions of lncRNA GAS5 in a few of colon cancer cell lines were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). The cell lines with low expression level of lncRNA GAS5 were selected for subsequent study. The effect of overexpression of lncRNA GAS5 on the radiosensitivity of colon cancer SW480 cells was detected by cell cloning experiments. The target gene miR-223 of lncRNA GAS5 was predicted and validated by the bioinformatics database starBase and dual luciferase reporter assays. qPCR was used to detect the expression of miR-223 in various colon cancer cell lines and the influence of lncRNA GAS5 overexpression on the expression of miR-223 in SW480 cells.

Results
Compared with normal human colonic epithelial cells (NCM460), the expressions of lncRNA GAS5 in the colon cancer SW480, LOVO, HT-29 and SW620 cell lines were significantly lower(t=15.25, 8.69, 14.42, 11.62, P<0.05), with the lowest level in SW480 cells. Both overexpression of lncRNA GAS5 and down-regulation of miR-223 significantly increased the radiosensitivity of colon cancer cells by decreasing cell survival fraction(at 8 Gy, lncRNA GAS5, t=13.51, P<0.05; anti-miR-223, t=14.93, P<0.05)and promoting apoptosis(lncRNA GAS5, t=8.30, P<0.05; anti-miR-223, t=7.32, P<0.05). Bioinformatics analysis showed that the 3′sequence of lncRNA GAS5 contained the binding sites with miR-223. After overexpression or downregulation of lncRNA GAS5, the expression of miR-223 was enhanced or reduced.

Conclusions
The lncRNA GAS5 promotes the apoptosis of colon cancer cells and inhibits its survival by targeting miR-223 expression, thereby increases the radiosensitivity of colon cancer cells.

Key words:
Long chain non-coding RNA; Colon cancer cells; Radiosensitivity; GAS5; miR-223


The software development is a important part in the sea monitor technology and the device research and development,the software development quality relates directly to the sea monitor instruments and the device quality.This paper introduces the concept and characteristics of UCD,basic principle and the key activity in the approach.The paper also conducts the comparison research to the traditional software method.This method can enhance user's production efficiency and the production quality,also reduces the enterprise support and the training aspect expense,then enhances the product and the service competitive power.


Hidayati, Nurul. 2014. The constructed Huffman Code by Using Binary Tree Assisted Programming Language PHP.Thesis, Department of Mathematics Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Muhammadiyah Malang. Advisor: (1) Drs. Baiduri, M.Si, (II) Drs. Hendarto Cahyono, M.Si
Data compression is the process of encoding the information in a bits series of data shorter than the previous series of bits. Encoding is a process to carry out the establishment of a code from specific data. Currently, there are several compression algorithms that can be used, one of them is the Huffman algorithm.
Huffman algorithm is an algorithm created by David A.Huffman that establishment code utilizing one discussion on graph theory, namely the binary tree. Binary tree is a rooted tree whose branches a maximum of two nodes. This tree will form a code that will be called with the Huffman code.
This study aimed to describe the process of a sentence Huffman code constructed using a binary tree structure and programming-language program PHP that can assist in its construction.
The method used in this research is the study of literature / literary studies and source materials obtained from books, journals, and information from the internet relating to the topic issues.
The results of this study stated that the Huffman code to construct a sentence process is the emergence of opportunities specifies any character, and then made a binary tree. After the binary tree is formed, specify code each character by looking at the binary tree is formed and stacking them into a code in accordance with the sentence. To facilitate the reader in constructing the Huffman code a sentence then that is given an example of a program using the PHP programming language that arrangement consists of 3 menu program that is 'Home' which is as the main display, 'Konsep' which contains of history and the steps of code construction manually and 'Kode Huffman' which has content of form used to entering data / sentence then it processed by a command so that will be made of their Huffman codes.


In this paper, a monotone-iterative scheme is established for finding
 positive periodic solutions of a competition
model of tumor-normal cell interaction. The model describes the
evolution of a population with normal and tumor cells in a
periodically changing environment. This population is under
periodical chemotherapeutic treatment. Competition among the two
kinds of cells is considered. The mathematical problem involves a
coupled system of Lotka-Volterra together with periodically pulsed
conditions. The existence of positive periodic solutions is proved
by the monotone iterative technique and in a special case, the
uniqueness of a periodic solution is obtained by proving that any
two periodic solutions have the same average. Moreover, we also
show that the system is permanent under the conditions which
guarantee the existence of the periodic solution. Some computer
simulations are carried out to demonstrate the main
results.


To the Editor: Children with hemoglobin SS (HbSS) and asthma have a higher rate of sickle cell disease (SCD)-related morbidity and mortality compared to those with HbSS and without asthma [1,2]. Since the preponderance of literature describing asthma as a risk for morbidity and mortality is in children, the objective of this case study is to examine a death due to asthma with supporting autopsy findings in an adult with SCD. A 51-year-old male with hemoglobin SC (HbSC) developed diffuse pain and difficulty breathing at home. Attempting to go to the hospital, he died in a parking lot next to his car with an albuterol inhaler found nearby. Past medical history was notable for chronic pain, avascular necrosis of the hips as well as poorly controlled asthma requiring frequent hospital admissions and prior treatment with chronic oral corticosteroids. Medications included albuterol, fluticasone/salmeterol (500/50), and montelukast 10 mg. He was a non-smoker. Pulmonary function tests demonstrated a forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) of 2.58 L (80% predicted), a forced vital capacity (FVC) of 3.83 L (95% predicted), FEV1/FVC was 68%, change in FEV1 with bronchodilator was 46%, and total lung capacity was 5.68 L (101% predicted), consistent with an obstructive pattern with reversibility upon administration of a bronchodilator. Serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) was 1,334 IU/mL. Notably, aspergillus antibodies to evaluate for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis were negative. Gross autopsy revealed hyperinflation of the lungs (right lung 290 g; left lung 300 g) along with extensive fibrous adhesions. Cut sections revealed occlusion of the bronchi and bronchioles with thick mucus plugs. Microscopic sections demonstrated mucous plugs containing epithelial cells and numerous eosinophils in the lumina of bronchi and bronchioles. Basement membrane thickening and parabronchial muscular hyperplasia was also noted. There was a predominance of eosinophils within the bronchial wall inflammatory infiltrate and surrounding blood vessels were filled with sickled red blood cells (Fig. 1). Histologic sections of the brain, heart, liver, spleen, and kidneys showed extensive sickling of red blood cells within blood vessels and occasional vascular occlusion. Cause of death was attributed to bronchial asthma. Symptomatic asthma is less common in adults than children [1,3]. Growth of airways with age and less attendant airway obstruction accounts for clinical improvement in the course of asthma [3]. This case report suggests that although symptomatic asthma is seen less commonly in adults, when present, the risks in adults are similar to those demonstrated in children. A high prevalence of self-reported respiratory symptoms has been described in adults with SCD [4]. In one retrospective cohort study (n 5 114), 30% of adults reported recurrent, severe wheezing episodes. This subgroup of patients had a higher rate of painful vaso-occlusive crises (pVOC), acute chest syndrome (ACS), and premature death [4]. In another retrospective cohort study that included adults, the association between wheezing and SCD morbidity was confirmed, providing additional evidence that wheezing is a marker for patients with more severe disease [5]. In both studies there was no relationship between asthma diagnoses and SCD morbidity. The most likely explanation for these findings is that wheezing, not related to an underlying asthma diagnosis, occurs during pVOC; although, under-diagnosis of asthma, potentially due to the presence of non-atopic asthma, cannot be ruled out. Unlike the prior studies describing wheezing in the absence of asthma, the patient in this case report had clinical features consistent with asthma. During the fatal event, he had an asthma exacerbation that occurred during a pVOC, similar to reports in children describing that asthma exacerbations promote pVOC [6]. Potentially, regional hypoxia in the lung induced by bronchoconstriction is promoting the formation of sickle erythrocytes and subsequent pVOC. If true, aggressive management of asthma to prevent respiratory symptoms may lead to improved outcomes in patients with SCD. Since only a minority of adults with SCD has symptomatic asthma, however, we do not recommend screening for asthma in asymptomatic adults. Instead, we suggest a targeted approach to thoroughly evaluate those adults with characteristic signs and symptoms of asthma (e.g., wheezing, atopy). When asthma is diagnosed, adults should be managed in collaboration with an asthma specialist in an attempt to prevent poor outcomes such as described in this report. BINOD DHAKAL, KRISTINZA GIESE, LINUS SANTO-THOMAS, AND JOSHUA J. FIELD, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Fond du Lac County Medical Examiner's Office, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Conflict of interest: Nothing to report. *Correspondence to: Joshua J. Field, MD, MS, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, 8733 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


We have performed a detailed evaluation of radiation-induced charge trapping and low-frequency noise for back-gated graphene transistors fabricated on a thermal SiO2 layer, with Al2O3 or hexagonal boron nitride passivation over-layers. Irradiation with positive or 0 V back-gate bias leads to negative shifts of the charge neutral point (CNP) of the graphene transistors; irradiation under negative back-gate bias leads to positive CNP shifts. The low-frequency noise increases with irradiation and decreases with 400 K postirradiation annealing. The temperature dependence of the noise is described well by the Dutta–Horn model of low-frequency noise. Peaks in effective defect-energy distributions of irradiated devices at ~0.4 and ~0.7 eV are identified via measurements of the temperature dependence of the low-frequency noise. The noise of as-processed devices stored in room ambient also decreases with baking, but does not show the clear peaks observed after irradiation. Density functional theory calculations suggest that OH− and H+ at or near the graphene/dielectric interfaces likely play key roles in both the irradiation and baking response. Low-frequency noise and CNP voltage shifts during switched-bias postirradiation annealing at room temperature also suggest significant roles for O vacancies in the near interfacial SiO2 and/or passivation layers.


Environmentally friendly power sources such as photovoltaic solar cells, small scale wind turbines and fuel cells are particularly suitable for distributed generation systems, but typically produce a relatively low magnitude DC voltage output that can vary significantly as operating conditions change. Hence a power electronic inverter is required to condition this output into a more conventional constant magnitude AC supply voltage. Such an inverter should be light weight, low cost, efficient, and provide galvanic isolation between the source and the AC output/grid connection. It is also often preferable that the inverter draws constant DC current from the input energy source, which means it must smooth out the double-fundamental-frequency energy flow of a single phase AC load connection. These requirements can be met with a double conversion system incorporating a high frequency DC-DC step up converter to produce a relatively constant high voltage DC output from the varying DC input, and a high voltage DC-AC inverter and filter to produce the final AC output. This paper describes the winning entry inverter developed by the Monash University FEC undergraduate team for the 2005 IEEE Future Energy Challenge to meet these requirements. The specifications for the inverter were quite challenging in terms of input voltage range, efficiency, volume weight and cost. Design details, innovations, and simulation and experimental results are included in the paper.


The antenna is the basic element of radio communication systems. Its proper design allows for a sufficiently wide transmission range and quality of data transmission. Most known communication systems operate in a certain frequency range and dipole antennas only work at one frequency of resonance, therefore log-aperiodic antennas are built for covering a wide bandwidth. In a typical configuration, such antennas are made of metal rods; however, in textronics garment applications a flat structure integrated with the textiles is necessary. This article presents the construction and research of a flat antenna entirely made with textile materials and with the use of technologies. Embroidery technology was proposed for the prototyping of antennas for all three communication technologies. Polyester multifilament yarns with a silver top layer were used in the research. A textile impedance matching circuit for the antenna was also built with the use of textile technology. The antennas were designed for the Global System for Mobile Communications, Global Positioning System and WiFi systems, because such wireless technologies have been used in the prototype system for transmitting measurement data of human physiological signals in textronics clothing. Wearable antennas are a part of a device that ensures continuous health monitoring of an elderly person or a patient without hindering his day-to-day activities. The construction of this system was the subject of a project financed by the National Centre for Research and Development in Poland. The design stage was presented along with the method of connecting the antenna with the transmitter. The repeatability of the antenna parameters was also analyzed and a textile impedance matching circuit was presented. In this article, the author focused on checking the quality and repeatability of electrical and geometric parameters of textile antennas for various types of transmission, including connections in constant environmental conditions.


For the radiometric calibration of spaceborne synthetic aperture radar systems, active targets with known backscatter, so called transponders, are used. These serve as an external absolute reference, and the quality of the derived calibration parameters depends on the quality of the deployed transponders. Due to the temperature dependent behavior of the implemented active radio frequency components the transponder radar cross section is sensitive to the temperature of the components. This effect requires the implementation of a reliable and precise temperature management system to stabilize the temperature of the radio frequency components to a constant value under all relevant environmental
conditions. In this master thesis an new temperature control concept is developed and analyzed with measurments in a climatic chamber in order to fulfill the increasing requirements for future transponders towards radiometric accuracy.


It is often convenient to as sume that history is a series of facts waiting to be discovered. But there are so many facts. The facts that we do discover are, to a large extent, auto-selected according to who we are and why we are looking for them. This influences where we look for facts and what we do with them when we have found them. The history that is so generated can be very personal, even subjective, and the great challenge is to persuade others of the value or reward to be gained from adopting a certain approach to history. As a practising design engineer, the author's own journey into the past began with questions about how people in former times might have designed things. The search uncovered a wonderful range of material in various different strands of structural engineering history:


A method, closely related to Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC), is introduced that more nearly matches practical methods of estimating the parameters of an autoregressive (AR) model of a stationary time series. The method is computationally similar to AIC, and in preliminary experiments has shown considerable success in identifying AR model orders.


But I knew that it could not come back--the cry of absence in the afternoon, the house that waited and the child that dreamed; and through the thicket of man's memory, from the enchanted wood, the dark eye and the quietface,--poor child, life's stranger and life's exile, lost, like all of us, a cipher in blind mazes, long ago--my parent, friend, and brother, the lost boy, was gone forever and would not return. Thomas Wolfe, The Lost Boy (77) Like William Faulkner, who called his Yoknapatawpha his "little postage stamp of native soil" (255), Wolfe created a "cosmos of [his] own" (Faulkner 255) that is closely related to his identity as an individual, to his region and his country, [1] even though he felt, as the epigraph illustrates, that home was a place he could never really return to. In order to " [construct] a kind of geography of his universe, composed of these powerful and instinctive affections and dislikes" and thus re-create the world of home he evoked in The Web and the Rock, Wolfe turned to the past, to memories, for, like the novel's protagonist, "the feeling for specific locality that later became strong in him, came, he thought, from all these associations of his youth" (11). For Wolfe, the past and the present cannot be separated. Human life is like a river flowing from a definite source. Its course is not always straight, and its current might sometimes get diverted or blocked, but overcoming the obstacles is always formative and beneficial. The metaphor of the river pervades Wolfe's fictional writings and his correspondence. In a letter to Maxwell Perkins, for instance, it surfaces in the terms he uses to describe the ways in which he probes his mind for creativity and in his assessment of the difficulties over which he had to prevail: ... I have been faced with the problem of discovering for myself my own language, my own pattern, my own structure, my own design, my own universe and creation... . In one sense, my whole effort for years might be described as an effort to fathom my own design, to explore my own channels, to discover my own ways. ... I get my material, I acquire my wealth, as every artist does from his own living, from his own experience, from his own observation. ... I have nothing to be afraid of. And my greatest duty, my deepest obligation now is to the completion of my own work. (576-95) What also comes out in this passage is Wolfe's emphasis on his dedication to his work, through the superlative forms ("greatest," "deepest") and the repetition of the adjective own. His search for the best ways and means to make sense of his earthly experience and translate it into words is brought into relief, as well as his conviction that he will eventually come to an adequate formulation for his envisioned masterpiece. Everything emerges from the self and depends on its relation to place, on the outcome of its exploration of the world at hand. Wolfe's 1935 novel, Of Time and the River, not only explicitly links the river with the passage of time in the title but uses the metaphor throughout. In this book, the river stands for America as Wolfe saw it--a place that is full of life, always on the move, always undergoing changes. Because it cannot be described in a consistent way, it crystallizes his search for coherence. Indeed, as C. Hugh Holman explains, "He was obsessed by the vastness and the complexity, the beauty and the terror, the loneliness and the crowded manswarm that went together in all their contradictory ways to make his native land" ("Thomas" 56-57). In other words, the restlessness of the America Wolfe was trying to portray crept into his books and gave them what he was aware was an unfinished feel; he was never totally satisfied with their final shape. However, even if Wolfe's correspondence suggests that he was sensitive to people's comments on his works, he never let them influence him to the point of changing his approach in any way, and his books are a fine illustration of Ber tram Wyatt-Brown's perception that "The practice of art affords the chance for self-expression without the need to please others or conform to their wishes and sentiments" ("Desperate" 64). …


High-plateaus are relatively flat areas at high elevations. The stream-power river-incision law predicts that surface water incises the landscape proportionally to local river slope, and therefore the margins of high-plateaus are prone to a river erosion that should terminate the low relief of the highlands that characterizes the plateau. This means that long-lived high-plateaus need an additional mechanism to compete with river incision.

In absence of tectonic deformation, river networks propagate into the plateau via a retrogressive wave of river incision. A well-constrained non-tectonic scenario is provided by the Neogene Duero and Ebro sedimentary basins in N Iberia, where ongoing incision rates presently range from .02 (Duero) to .5 m/kyr (Ebro) and have propagated upstream at similar rates of up to 0.2 km/kyr, based on cosmogenic dating studies combined with numerical modeling. These rates started with the transition from internal (endorheic) to external (exorheic) drainage of both basins sometime between 8 and 12 million years ago. Interestingly, while the pre-exorheic Ebro Basin sedimentary plateau has been mostly obliterated by erosion, the Duero Basin still preserves large areas of low relief, in spite of the very similar geological setting. The causes will be discussed using landscape evolution numerical modeling.

In contrast, tectonically active regions can counteract river incision and preserve high plateaus by longer time periods. Recent studies based on sedimentary stratigraphy of endorheic basins suggest that large areas of the Tibetan high plateau remain internally drained since ca 35 Ma. In the Altiplano/Puna plateau region internal drainage dates to ~15 Ma and the majority of the topographic uplift has taken place after 10 Ma. Computer models have shown that tectonic deformation is sensitive to internal drainage, because endorheism implies a nearly perfect sediment trap that effectively reduces the output of orogenic erosion to zero. The cancellation of orogen-scale erosion can severely modify tectonic deformation patterns, increase topography and propagate deformation further into the undeformed forelands of the orogenic system. Symmetrically, internal drainage is also promoted by the orographic rain shadow due to the growth of topography in the early stages of tectonism.

Numerical models coupling the aforementioned mechanisms have shown that, as sediment transport and accumulation within the endorheic region progresses, the propagation of deformation to areas more distal to the tectonic plate boundary can lead to a lower‐relief landscape. A recent reassessment of the ages of the Tibetan plateau sedimentary record in the Lunpola Basin seems consistent with an early onset of low relief and internal drainage. Finally, as topography and crustal thickness increase, lower crust flow is facilitated by the lower viscosity implied by higher pressure, favoring a further reduction of local relief within the highlands.


Comparatively analyzed the trend of health financing level,structure and personal medical payment between urban and rural residents in China from 1999 to 2007.The results indicated that the percentage of health expenditure was converse between uran and rural.Per-capital health expenditure of urban residents was three times more than that of rural residents.There were large gaps on per-capita medical payment,which took up high proportion of health expenditure.Health-care payment had increased steadily by income rise,while the overall level of health consumption still was low.Income elasticity of health-care payment of rural residents was bigger than that of urban residents since 2003 so that relative gap was gradually dwindling.It had concluded that to boost the income level of rural residents,clarify financial and supervisory responsibility of governments in health domain,improve health service qualification and spread the coverage of medical insurance in order to drive rational health-care consumption,and pay more attention to culture elements to enhance health investment consciousness.


Wildfire can rapidly alter the forage availability for boreal ungulates such as woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou Gmelin, 1788). Since fire decreases available lichens, a crucial food source for caribou, it may be an important determinant of caribou range use and demography. Here we examined whether wildfire affected range use, habitat selection, and basic demographic variables of boreal caribou in three regions in northern Alberta, Canada. Contrary to expectations, caribou showed no change in home range sizes nor did they shift their home ranges in the years following fires, despite having up to 76% of individual home ranges burned. Within home ranges, caribou preferred stands >50 years old and avoided stands <50 years old, but the extent of home range burned did not affect habitat selection in the year after fire. Although fire does not seem to directly affect the spatial distribution of Alberta caribou, the generation of younger seral stages may affect how caribou distribute within their annu...


The political forces to reform health care have never been so strong in the United States. This culminated in a September joint session of congress address by President Obama. Despite the protocol ...


Acknowledged that the relationship with traditional Islamic law in Aceh is very tight even inseparable. How is this sociological claims when compared with the official texts of Aceh Darussalam kingdom? This article explores this through a review of the manuscript three laws of Aceh, particularly related to siyasa and shape relations between the two legal systems. For the first, the substance of the text compared with the thinking of al-Mawardi in al-Ahkam al-Sulthaniyyah, while for the latter used the theory of Islamic law and customary relations in Indonesia. From the search results Relations with the Islamic law of customary law in the Kingdom of Aceh Darussalam is found in two forms, namely the absorption of total and selective absorption.obtained the conclusion that the majority of Islamic law siyasa field has been absorbed into the structure of the Kingdom of Aceh Darussalam.


Study Design Systematic Literature Review. Objective To propose a systematic imaging algorithm for diagnosing posterior ligamentous complex (PLC) injury in computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to improve the reliability of PLC assessment. Methods A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. The Scopus database was searched from its inception until July 21, 2022, for studies evaluating CT or MRI assessment of the PLC injury following thoracolumbar trauma. The studies extracted key findings, objectives, injury definitions, and radiographic modalities. Results Twenty-three studies were included in this systematic review, encompassing 2021 patients. Five studies evaluated the accuracy of MRI in detecting thoracolumbar PLC injury using intraoperative findings as a reference. These studies indicate that black stripe discontinuity due to supraspinous or ligamentum flavum rupture is a more specific criterion of PLC injury than high-signal intensity. Thirteen papers evaluated the accuracy or reliability of CT in detecting thoracolumbar PLC injury using MRI or intraoperative findings as a reference. The overall accuracy rate of CT in detecting PLC injury was 68-90%. Two studies evaluate the accuracy of combined CT findings, showing that ≥2 CT findings are associated with a positive predictive value of 88-91 %. Vertebral translation, facet joint malalignment, spinous process fracture, horizontal laminar fracture, and interspinous widening were independent predictors of PLC injury. Conclusion We provided a comprehensive imaging algorithm for diagnosing PLC in CT and MRI based on available literature and our experience. The algorithm will potentially improve the accuracy and reliability of PLC assessment, however it needs multicentre prospective validation.


Subtitle: Ivar A. Baste, director of the Environment Management Group Secretariat, UN Environment Programme, discusses how the UN is determined to be part of the transition to a low carbon, resource-efficient green economy.


The working principles and the existing problems of the crossbeam structure wrist force transducer with six degree of freedom are analyzed, and an intelligent scheme that reduces the number of strain gauges and simplifies the mechanism structure, the electric circuits, and the data dealing is proposed. In the three main beam transducer proposed in this paper, only six strain gauges are required to measure the six degree of freedom force. So, the strain gauge, amplifier and A/D converter circuits are further simplified, and the micro controller PIC14000 is used to sample the data and convert them into actual force and moment values. With the I 2C bus, the measured value and differentials can be transmitted to the host.


The research problem is how the effectiveness of integrated implementation management of children disorder (IMCI) toward respiratory disease children recovery. The purpose of this research is to determine the effectiveness of integrated implementation management of children disorder toward respiratory disease children recovery in Tanjung Karang Public Health Center. This research is observational analytical and using operational crosssectional design, the sampling technique using accidental sampling with the total of samples around 30 respondents. This research conducted in Tanjung Karang Public Health Center started on 14 of March until 31 of March 2016. The instrument of data collection using questionnaire. Data analyzed using Chi Square. The results showed that 18 (60%) infants had IMCI appropriately, the infants who were recover as much as 20 (66.7%) and the statistical test showed there is effectiveness of integrated implementation management of children disorder toward respiratory disease children recovery with value I p - velue 0.004 (p <0.05) and value of OR = 16,000 (2399 - 106 731). Based on the results, there is the effectiveness of integrated implementation management of children disorder toward respiratory disease children recovery in Tanjung Karang Public Health Center. Suggestions that can deliverered is need further research about the effectiveness of integrated implementation management of children disorder IMCI program for another cases such as malaria, diarrhea, dengue fever, and measles.


Since 2004, Indonesia has become an importer of fossil oil in the world and it is increase steadily year by year. Currently its production of oil is only about 857,000 barrels per day, on the other hand its consumption has increased to 1,5 million barrels per day. The raising of oil subsidy and the increase of oil consumption has pressure Indonesian economy. On the other hand, Indonesia has a potency of production of various plants to produce vegetable oils as biofuel feedstock, such as : palm, coconut, jatropha, castor, calophyllum, sunflower, corn, olive, peanut, cotton/kapok and other sources like algae and biomass. Therefore, Indonesia has to develop soon plants to produce vegetable oils to replace fossil oil. Besides that, this study also reveals the processing of biofuel by using the trans-esterification method to convert triglyceride to ester namely biodiesel.


Structural analysis has revealed widespread extension associated with discontinuous fault segments previously considered to represent a Mesozoic thrust in the Mine Mountain area, Nevada Test Site, of southern Nevada. Complex fault and stratigraphic relations characterize allochthonous Ordovician to Devonian dolomite and local quartzite that are in fault contact above less deformed (but anticlinally arched) Mississippian siltstone in this area. Although initial juxtaposition of the older and younger rocks probably occurred during Mesozoic thrusting, most of 714 small faults examined at 25 sites within the upper plate reflect later extension. Normal faults that chiefly accommodated S.55[degree] W.-directed extension are earliest and widespread in the upper plate. These faults are concentrated above the basal fault surface and have dominantly top-to-the-southwest slip, except on the east-dipping flank of the keel where top-to-the-northeast slip is indicated. These relations suggest that the upper plate was extended mostly in place after or, permissibly, during development of the lower plate anticline. Faults that accommodated S.55[degree] W.-directed extension are unconformably overlain by middle Miocene volcanic rocks; younger faults that accommodated northwest-directed extension are also interpreted to predate middle Miocene volcanism, although a depositional onlap relation is not preserved. Deformation at Mine Mountain may have been coeval with Oligocenemore » to early Miocene extension that is well known in areas farther north and south in the Basin and Range province but poorly documented in southern Nevada. The authors cannot preclude, however, that extension might have occurred within upper structural levels of the Mesozoic Sevier hinterland.« less


ADVANCED AND ROBUST MOBILE SEARCH ENGINE FOR PERSONALIZED Mr. Yogesh B.Jadhao*1 and Assoc.Prof. Shyam S. Gupta 2 *1Research scholar,Computer Engineering, Siddhant College of Engineering,Sadumbare, Pune, India 2Assoc.Prof. Shyam S. Gupta, Computer Engineering, Siddhant College of Engineering,Sadumbare, Pune, India ABSTRACT Data mining is becoming more popular. The main function of data mining is to retrieve hidden useful information from database. This paper uses data mining concept for collecting user's multiple response from click through data given by user. The collecting user feedback is based on the search results and the location of the user. PMSE describes privacy of the user and returns the result of user query. Here methodologies are introduced to balance the weights between the content and location facets which can able to gives exact result from different query data


The similarities between the features of Cushing's syndrome and those of the Metabolic syndrome have led to the suggestion that subtle abnormalities in cortisol action may underlie the associations of obesity with glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. Elevated circulating cortisol levels and a more responsive hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis have been said to link stress with the development of obesity and the Metabolic syndrome. 1,2 It follows that elevated cortisol levels might predict future weight gain and its metabolic complications. However, although seductive, this interpretation may be too simplistic. In several cross-sectional studies, morning cortisol concentrations have indeed been positively correlated with glucose intolerance, hypertension, and hypertriglyceridaemia. 3–5 However, obesity itself is associated consistently with lower, rather than higher, circulating cortisol concentrations; 5–7 this relationship obscures underlying positive associations between plasma cortisol and other features of Metabolic syndrome. The combination in obesity of lower plasma cortisol together with enhanced cortisol secretion rate and a more responsive HPA axis 8 is most readily explained by an increase in the metabolic clearance rate of cortisol 9–11 resulting in compensatory activation of the HPA axis. In this issue, Travison et al . 12 show one of the largest cohorts studied to date and provide some of the first prospective data linking cortisol with progression of obesity. They measured nonfasting cortisol and body composition on two occasions, approximately 5 years apart, in 999 men participating in the longitudinal Massachusetts male ageing study (MMAS). As in other studies, baseline circulating cortisol concentrations were lower in obese than in nonobese men. Baseline cortisol did not predict subsequent changes in body mass index or other parameters of body composition. Moreover, the greatest rise in cortisol occurred amongst subjects who lost weight during follow-up. The authors infer that a reduction in circulating cortisol is most likely to be a consequence of obesity. Does this mean that cortisol has a predictive role in obesity? There are other determinants of cortisol action over and above the circulating concentration. The expression of 11 β -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11 β -HSD1) is widely reported to be increased in adipose tissue in obesity 13 generating higher intra-adipose levels of cortisol. 11


The oil-film thickness between piston ring and cylinder liner in an internal combustion engine is conventionally predicted by the hydrodynamic lubrication theory. The predicted value of minimum oil-film thickness is comparable to or smaller than surface roughnesses of the piston ring and cylinder liner. In the present study, the theoretical analyses are conducted in order to evaluate the oil film and friction characteristics of the piston rings operating in the mixed lubrication regime. The average Reynolds equation based on the average flow model is used. The asperity interaction is also taken into account to obtain hydrodynamic and non-hydrodynamic components of load acting on the piston ring. The results show that the friction spikes at both ends of the stroke are very sensitive to the surface roughness.


A simple and successful design is developed which has the objective to put together a cost effective model, scaled down both in size and energy required for an average residential home driven through Solar Panels. It also deals with the autonomous illumination of streets of a model colony through solar panels to meet the requirements and attain the maximum efficiency of the available energy. The Photovoltaic system along with an inverter and intensity control circuit counts for the basic design. The effort deals with the efficient, cost effective and needful implementation of Photovoltaic systems which would be useful primarily in rural and remote parts of India for both social and economic development of the people.


The effects of host and parasitoid density on rates of parasitism by Trichogramma minutum, T. pretiosum , and T. exiguum were tested in l.8-liter (13 cm diam by 13 cm high), 43-liter (23 by 36 by 52 cm), and 4,000-liter (2 by 2 by 1 m) arenas. Soybean foliage and Heliothis virescens eggs served as substrate and hosts, respectively. Rates of parasitism were significantly higher at the highest wasp density in all arenas. The effects of host density were not consistent among arenas. Rates of parasitism by T. minutum were the highest in the l.8-liter and the lowest in the 4,000-liter arenas. Rates of parasitism by T. pretiosum exhibited the opposite trend. Rates of parasitism by T. exiguum did not differ significantly from those of T. minutum in the l.8-liter arena and T. pretiosum in the 4,000-liter arena. The cause of this lack of congruence in the relative performance of T. minutum and T. pretiosum in the different sized arenas was not determined, however it may be a result of differential vertical stratification of searching activity by these two species.


Aimed at the development of the Medical Virtual Library of Holguin Province a preliminary diagnosis of existing conditions was carried out. The main concepts related to the virtual library are exposed, institutions with a higher scientific potential in health care areas are identified as well as the products and information services that can be moved to the web. The strategy to the introduction of the virtual library is provided as well as its extension to the different institutions of the Health Care System of the province. Finally, some critical aspects for the success of this project are exposed.


Abstract Objective To determine whether 17-α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17P) reduces the incidence of preterm birth in women with a history-indicated cerclage. Study Design Retrospective cohort study of women who received a cerclage for a prior preterm birth, analyzed based on exposure to 17P. The primary outcome variable was delivery < 35 weeks. Secondary outcomes were preterm birth < 37, 32, 28, and 24 weeks; interval between cerclage placement and delivery; gestational age at delivery; and infant birth weight. Results Fourteen women received 17P and 80 did not. Baseline characteristics did not differ between these two groups. Preterm delivery at < 35 weeks did not differ between those who received 17P and those who did not (29% versus 15%, p = 0.46). There were no significant differences between the groups for any other outcome. Conclusion 17P does not appear to have an effect on preterm birth < 35 weeks in women with a history-indicated cerclage.


Anti-personnel landmines remain one of the unmet challenges of preventive medicine. In the aftermath of modern civil and international conflict, civilians—especially children—continue to be killed long after the end of hostilities.1 2 Many victims are not recorded in official statistics. None the less, estimates place the current death rate at some 800 people a month, with another 1000-2000 surviving each month with blast injuries and consequent disability.1 At least 26 of the estimated 200 nations of the world have landmines seeded over their surface, and many other countries have a role in their manufacture, sale, and use. Even if an international moratorium on the manufacture and use of anti-personnel mines were achieved now, landmine clearance will take centuries.3

The case against the continued production and use of antipersonnel mines, like that against poison gas and biological warfare, is their indiscriminate effects on civilians and children. The profession of arms, like all professions, has evolved a code of ethics,4 with the underlying ethos that even when all attempts to maintain peace have failed, when peoples or nations go to war, it is still possible to prosecute combat at a …


Water shutoff from production well using particle type material is a great challenge due to the complex pressure and flow distributions near wellbore. A mixed preformed particle gel (PPG) system was developed to enhance the performance for water shutoff in fractured carbonate reservoirs. The PPG blocking behaviors in fractures and methods to improve the water flush tolerance were investigated. PPG strength dominated the water shutoff performances in fractures. PPG with medium to high strength showed better performance than other samples due to the well-adjusted properties in blocking and flush tolerance. For the selected PPG, 30 mesh sample showed the best blocking performance among single mesh samples from 20 mesh to 80 mesh in the fractured artificial metal plug. Using 30 mesh sample as base sample, the 30 mesh and 40 mesh mixture with weight ratio 2:1 produced highest pressure build-up in two-size PPG mixtures. Further increasing the particle size distribution by combining various particle size PPGs, the blocking performance was improved. An optimized combination of 30 mesh, 40 mesh, 50 mesh and 60 mesh particles with weigh ratio of 4:2:1:0.25 was developed. In addition, a fiber material, added in the PPG, significantly improved the water flush tolerance of the PPG pack. A particle size combination of PPGs mixed with the fiber material generated better blocking performances than the other combinations. This study provides insights on packing behavior of deformable gel particles in fractures with a practical PPG based system for water shutoff treatments.


To solve the problem of the typical histogram equalization method used to enhance infrared image,a novel method based on dynamic and generalized histogram equalization is proposed.Firstly,generalized histogram can reflect the different image region feature through the fractional count based on local spatial complexity and prevent over-enhancement and noises magnification.Then,after smoothing and filtering the generalized histogram by SG algorithm,the GK clustering algorithm is adopted to realize the histogram's dynamic partition,which can avoid the dominance of background gray values of high probability on target gray values of low probability.Finally,the output gray value ranges of target and background are allocated dynamically to highlight the target's details and control the enhancement effect.The experimental results show that the proposed method can overcome the typical histogram equalization method's shortcomings,such as image details loss,enhancement effect uncontrolled and noises magnification,and is an effective infrared image enhancement method.


Walter Burley's De Motu Animalium has never appeared in print. Our edition of this work was prepared from six manuscript copies: Erfurt SB Amploniana Q. 312 (XIV century) fols. 78r–81r; London Lambeth Palace 70 (XIV) fols. 144r–147v; Lambeth Palace 74 (A.D. 1390) fols. 30r–32v; Oxford Magdalen College 80 (XIV) fols. 177v–180v; Oriel College 12 (XV) fols. 115–119; Vaticana Vat. lat. 2151 (XIV) fols. 239r–244r. The Magdalen (afterwards M.) manuscript is the most complete and is followed closely by Amploniana (A.), though A. is almost impossible to read by itself owing to the crabbed and scratchy manner in which it was written. Oriel (0.) makes the most omissions; it is incomplete and anonymous. The two Lambeth Palace MSS follow each other closely. L. 70 is anonymous and L. 74 is incomplete. Vatican was the original manuscript upon which our edition was based. It is an excellently preserved text but not quite sufficient by itself to constitute a safe reading of Burley's work. Our edition can claim to be critical to the extent that six manuscripts were consulted.


Malaysia can only recycle about 1,150 tons of solid waste than 23,000 tons of solid waste disposed of every day. This amount is equivalent to 5% of the total solid waste disposed of. At the same time, 19% of waste is dumped into water drainages such as rivers, trench, and drains. This activity contributes to clogged drains, mosquito breeding, and the transmission of other diseases. Waste management is an important issue that is commonly discussed and highlighted in the media. The most common issue is how to efficiently and effectively collect garbage waste. The current method of collecting garbage is very time-consuming and requires many workforces. In addition, the existing machine is expensive, and its usage is limited to certain areas only. To save the energy of human resources and time, a new garbage collector design should be proposed. Usage of machines focused on the big flat area such as at a field and open area like parking lot area. This area is commonly used for significant events like a night market, expo, concert, or exhibition. Therefore, this concept design is intended to solve and surmount the stated problem by designing and developing the new design garbage collector machine. The concept design follows an essential design process that identifies needs, conceptual design, embodiment design, and detail design. This design can be developed for the expected result and proceed for proof-of-concept testing to test the functionality and capability.


Cyclic Adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) is a key second messenger known to directly regulate not only the protein kinase A (PKA) activity but also other important molecules such as the exchange protein activated by cAMP (EPAC), which is as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) of the low molecular weight GTPase, Rap2. Coxiella burnetii is a Gram negative bacterium that survives and grows in a large Coxiella replicative vacuole (CRV), which displays lysosomal and autophagic features. In this report, we present evidence that both, EPAC and its downstream effector Rap2b, were recruited to the CRV. The transient over-expression of the Rap2b wt protein, but not its inactive mutant Rap2b ΔAAX, markedly inhibited the development of the large CRV. Additionally, Rap2b wtinhibited the fusion of early Coxiella phagosomes with the fully developed CRV, indicating that homotypic fusion events are altered in the presence of high levels of Rap2b wt. Likewise, the fusion of endosome/lysosomal compartments (heterotypic fusions) with the large CRV was also affected by the over-expression of this GTPase. Interestingly, cell overexpression of Rap2b wt markedly decreased the levels of the v-SNARE, Vamp7, suggesting that this down-regulation impairs the homotypic and heterotypic fusions events of the Coxiella vacuole.


Domestic and global suicide prevention and remediation efforts are public health matters that would be managed more effectively, with improved outcomes, if done through health systems using interoperable practices and sharing comparable metrics. This position paper explores the need for a consensus global public health suicide prevent program and analytics.


Teenage pregnancy is an important health and Social problem in Nigeria. The study investigated the prevalence rate and the socio-economic factors that place adolescents at the high risk of early pregnancy in Oghara Kingdom. The respondents were 400 teenagers under 19years of age randomly selected from some villages in the two sub-clans of the kingdom. A structured interview schedule was used to obtain information used in the study. Frequencies, percentages and chi-square tests were used to analyse the data. The results of the study showed that the rate of teenage pregnancy in the study area was fairly high (66.2 percent). A large majority (87.3 percent) of the teenage pregnancies in the study area were unintended. Chi-square tests revealed associations between teenage pregnancy and respondents' education, sexual initiation, use of family planning, parents' wealth quintiles, wealth quintile of the person responsible for the pregnancy and place of abode before the pregnancy. Keywords: Teenage pregnancy, Oghara Kingdom, Socio-economic factors, Nigeria DOI : 10.7176/JCSD/55-03 Publication date: January 31 st 2020


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Objective: To explore the difference of the salivary gland protein content and profile among female Aedes albopictus at different age.Methods: The contents of salivary gland proteins were detected with Pierce protein assay kit,and protein profile was determined with SDS-PAGE electrophoresis.Results: The amount of salivary gland proteins of 0 day,3 days,5 days,7days and 10 days old female Aedes albopictus was 0.677±0.30μg,1.454±0.46μg,1.95±0.38μg,1.733±0.46μg and 1.205±0.43μg respectively.Twelve major bands of 15,18,30,32,34,40,45,48,50,62,68kDa and a band 116 kDa of salivary gland proteins of 0 day old female mosquitoes were showed by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis.There were also 12 major bands for older female mosquitoes but with 28kDa instead of 40kDa.Conclusions: There are certain differences in the salivary gland profile among female Aedes albopictus at different age.


Previous experiments in speech motor learning have demonstrated that acoustic feedback is used to control formant frequencies (Houde and Jordan 1998; Purcell and Munhall 2006; Villacorta, Perkell, and Guenther 2007). In these studies, the formants of a vowel were shifted using a real‐time signal processing system. When subjects spoke a vowel, they heard themselves saying a different vowel. The talkers spontaneously compensated for this auditory feedback perturbation by producing formants in the opposite direction in frequency to the perturbation. The purpose of the present study was to investigate if compensating for a perturbation in either the first or second formant also leads to a change in production of the other formant. A between‐subjects experiment was conducted where half the participants had a perturbation applied only to the first formant and the other half had a perturbation applied only to the second formant. As in previous experiments, both groups compensated for the perturbed formant. In co...


A new idea is put forward to realize unmanned computer laboratory by universal serial bus(USB).With the cards based on USB,it's able to make computers usable or not by taking advantage of plug-and-play of USB,and the cards can autosave the balance every 6 minutes with the scheduled rate.When the computers do not find the USB cards or the balance in the cards is lower then a certain amount,they will lock their keyboards and mice,otherwise the keyboards and mice will be unlocked,so that it's able to realize unmanned computer laboratory.


Aim: To determine the risk of rehospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection during the first 2 y of life in extremely preterm infants. Methods: Records on all rehospitalizations during the first 2 living years of all infants born with gestational age < 28 wk or birthweight < 1000g during 1994 and 1995 in Denmark were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Among 240 eligible infants, 43 (18%) had been rehospitalized 48 times owing to RSV. In infants (n= 210) without CLD the risk of rehospitalization for RSV was 16%, whereas in infants with CLD (n= 30) it was 30% (p= 0.065). Eighteen infants (38%) required respiratory support (supplemental oxygen only 3, continuous positive airway pressure 14, mechanical ventilation 1). Apart from CLD the only factor that could be associated with increased risk of hospitalization for RSV was discharge during autumn (p= 0.05). No infant died from RSV infection.


Seven species of the subgenus Tersilochus, genus Tersilochus, are described from the Russian Far East and Japan in this paper: T. grandiculus sp. nov., T. hokkaidoensis sp. nov., T. impunctator sp. nov., T. juxtus sp. nov., T. konishii sp. nov., T. offrenatus sp. nov. and T. spasskensis sp. nov. Two species, T. curvator Horstmann and T. liopleuris (Thomson), are recorded from the Russian Far East for the first time. A preliminary key to nine species of the subgenus Tersilochus, occurring in the Russian Far East and Japan, is given.


SummaryThe epidemiology of swine trichinellosis in China during 1999–2004 was reported in this paper. The seroepidemiological survey of swine trichinellosis was carried out by ELISA in 4 Provinces or Autonomous Regions (P/A), the seroprevalence was from 1.63 % to 15.21 %. The prevalence of Trichinella infection in swine slaughtered at abattoirs varied from 0.0001 % to 23 % in 7 P/A. Both of the seroprevalence and prevalence of swine trichinellosis in China has obviously decreased compared with that in 1990's. The decrease was probably due to a combination of factors, including development of industrialized pig farms, application of commercial grain forages, the improvement of pig production practices and the shortening of swine feeding time. At present, swine trichinellosis in China still is mainly transmitted by garbage (ie. feeding pigs with raw swill). Trichinella infected pigs are predominately from the small farms of suburbs where pigs are fed on swill from the restaurants and from some mountainous areas where pigs are raised outdoors. Pigs were sometimes slaughtered clandestinely at home in rural and mountainous areas without veterinary inspection. The prevalence of Trichinella infection in pork sold at the market was from 0.52 % to 3.66 % in 3 P/A. 17 outbreaks of human trichinellosis, with 828 cases and 11 deaths, were recorded in 8 P/M of China during 2000–2004. Out of 17 outbreaks, 13 (76.47 %) outbreaks were caused by eating raw or poorly cooked pork. Hence, the pig-rearing mode should be changed and all pigs should be raised in piggery, and the mandatory inspection of meat be further strengthen for the control of trichinellosis.


Phylogenetic reconstruction methods attempt to reconstruct a tree describing the evolution of a given set of species using sequences of characters (e.g. DNA) extracted from these species as input. A central goal in this area is to design algorithms which guarantee reliable reconstruction of the tree from short input sequences, assuming common stochastic models of evolution. The fast converging reconstruction algorithms introduced in the last decade dramatically reduced the sequence length required to guarantee accurate reconstruction of the entire tree. However, if the tree in question contains even few edges which cannot be reliably reconstructed from the input sequences, then known fast converging algorithms may fail to reliably reconstruct all or most of the other edges. This calls for an adaptive approach suggested in this paper, called adaptive fast convergence, in which the set of edges which can be reliably reconstructed gradually increases with the amount of information (length of input sequences) available to the algorithm.


Polishing a large mirror is difficult, requires a long time and is expensive. In replication technology, the large scale production of identical mirrors is possible through precise mold polishing, in very little time and at a low cost. We show here excellent reproduction of optical quality in replicating a 50 cm spherical mirror. With suitable resin systems, the final quality depends solely on the polishing of the mold. We plan to make larger size mirrors in the near future and investigate the feasibility of 3 meter replicated mirrors.


............................................................................................................................................... I Declaration .......................................................................................................................................... II Dedication: ......................................................................................................................................... III Quotes: .............................................................................................................................................. IV Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................................. V Content ................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. List of Figures .................................................................................................................................... XII List of tables .................................................................................................................................... XVI Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................. XVII Chapter One ........................................................................................................................................ 1 General Introduction........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Human Lung Microvascular Endothelial cells: .......................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Vascular endothelium role in regulating vascular tone: .................................................... 2 1.1.2 Vascular endothelium role in regulating haemostasis:...................................................... 3 1.1.3 Vascular endothelium role in inflammation: ..................................................................... 4 1.1.4 Vascular endothelium role in regulating angiogenesis: ..................................................... 6 1.1.5 Vascular endothelium response to shear stress: ............................................................... 7 1.1.6 Vascular endothelium and oxidative stress: ...................................................................... 8 1.2 Role of CFTR in cystic fibrosis: ................................................................................................... 9 1.2.1 The irregularity in CFTR protein expression and function in CF .......................................... 10 1.2.2 Cystic fibrosis therapies ....................................................................................................... 11 1.2.3 Hypothesis, aims and objectives: ......................................................................................... 12 Chapter Two ...................................................................................................................................... 13 Materials and Methods ..................................................................................................................... 13 2.1 Human Lung Microvascular Endothelial cells: ........................................................................ 13 2.1.1 Seeding HLMVECs: ........................................................................................................... 14 2.1.2 Passaging HLMVECs: ........................................................................................................ 14 2.1.3 Subculturing HLMVEC: ..................................................................................................... 14 2.1.4 Cryopreservation of cells: ................................................................................................ 15 2.2 Coating plates and chamber slides with collagen IV:.............................................................. 15 2.3 Processing samples: ................................................................................................................ 16 2.3.1 Supernatant: .................................................................................................................... 16 2.3.2 Cells: ................................................................................................................................. 16 2.4 Western blotting: .................................................................................................................... 17


The Argonne National Laboratory is designing and will build a large superconducting dipole magnet system for use in the Coal Fired Flow MHD Research Facility at the University of Tennessee Space Institute (UTSI). Presented in detail are the conceptual design of the magnet geometry, conductor design, cryostability evaluation, magnetic pressure computation, structural design, cryostat design, and the cryogenics system design.


Magnesium sulfate exists as a manganese electrolyte, which will be enriched continuously during the mother liquor recycling, thus affecting the electrolytic process and the quality of metal mangane...


The article confirms a generalization of a conjecture of Hanna Neumann for groups having the free product of three groups of order 2 as subgroups of finite index.


The Domain Name System (DNS) is the core system for managing Internet address resources, providing the most fundamental naming service. Currently, the DNS is classified into a tree structure. In this structure, it is difficult to normally access to the lower DNS, when there is an error in the upper DNS. Such a risk still remains even when a supplementary DNS is operated. However, due to the merit of the DNS enabling fast searches, it is impracticable to abandon the current tree structure. To efficiently correspond to DNS errors, this study suggests a method where the merit of the current tree structure is kept, while a temporary operation of the local DNS is available when errors occur by adding a horizontal and independent DNS structure.


EDITOR—Two letters have been prompted by Kay's editorial questioning the validity of the six monthly dental recall.1 I agree with Kay: there should be evidence supporting recall intervals. I am not convinced, though, that the argument should be focused on disease progression in either the dentition or the periodontium.

The role of the dental practitioner is not that of tooth technician but that of oral physician. Over 1900 new cases of oral cancer occur per year.2 Oral …


The following action plan details a strategy for protecting 80% of the surviving chimpanzees in West Africa at a cost of US$9 million. The plan resulted from a recent workshop in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, where an international group of 72 biologists, protected areas managers, government officials, and other experts met to discuss priority actions for protecting chimpanzees in West Africa. A key feature of this plan is the protection of chimpanzee habitat, an approach that would also benefit numerous other threatened species in a region that ranks among the world's most biologically diverse.


A method for synthesizing MCM-22 molecular screen, which possesses MWW topological structure, employing silicon, aluminium, alkali, mould agent and deionized water as reacting raw material, blooming under the temperature of 135-185 Deg C for some time, hydrothermal synthesizing the needed molecular screen; the invention is characterized by using diamin liquid mixture (BA) as mould agent to prepare molecular screen, one (SDAI) is hexamethylene amine (HMI), another (SDA2) is any one of the followings: cyclohexylamine (CHA)or buta (BuA) or isopropyl amine (IPA).


Abstract The oxidation of o-mercaptobenzoic acid (TSA: a model for pepsin) by methylene blue (MB) has been investigated kinetically in aqueous methanol and in presence of sulphuric acid. The principal reactants interact in a molar ratio of 2:1 forming diphenyldisulfide-2,2′-dicarboxylic acid as the oxidation product. The order in the oxidant is unity while the order in the substrate varies from zero to half at its larger concentrations. The rate depends on pH showing an optimum. The order in hydrogen ion increases from 0.04 to 0.1 when the runs are made at low concentrations of TSA (ca. 1.25 × M). The variation in ionic strength does not influence the rate but an increase in dielectric constant increases the rate. Here again, the rate attains a limiting value after a particular concentration of methanol (50% vh). The addition of reaction products retards the rate showing a variation in order of reaction in methylene blue from unity to zero on adding the leuco base. The possibility of the participation of ...


This article discusses about distance education in the context of sosiological point of view. The discussion emphasizes on the concepts of social capital and human capital, especially, the role of distance education in contributing social capital and human capital in the society. It is also focuses about the contribution social capital and human capital in the distance education institution in Indonesia, that is the Universitas Terbuka. The discussion shows us that distance education institution has the role in improving the human capital that, then, force in increasing the social capital between the human who are involved in the society social network.


We consider a tuple of states of an (s – 1)-order Markov chain whose transition probabilities depend on a small part of s – 1 preceding states. We obtain limit distributions of certain χ2-statistics X and Y based on frequencies of tuples of states of the Markov chain. For the statistic X, frequencies of tuples of only those states are used on which the transition probabilities depend, and for the statistic Y, frequencies of s-tuples without gaps. The statistical test with statistic X which distinguishes the hypotheses H 1 (a high-order Markov chain) and H 0 (an independent equiprobable sequence) appears to be more powerful than the test with statistic Y . The statistic Z of the Neyman–Pearson test, as well as X, depends only on frequencies of tuples with gaps. The statistics X and Y are calculated without use of distribution parameters under the hypothesis H 1, and their probabilities of errors of the first and second kinds depend only on the non-centrality parameter, which is a function of transition probabilities. Thus, for these statistics the hypothesis H 1 can be considered as composite.


Many successful companies never have the need to raise and execute a crisis committee, but this does not exempt the leader who is prosecuting the organization from not being prepared for the eventuality of a situation that may affect the course, development, name and reputation of the company. company that runs; hence the importance of being prepared as an executive and the team that surrounds him, to decide: "what is done and how is it done", to know the problem in depth, to resolve the matter and finally: "what is said and how It is said that". The crisis committee is responsible for acting in the face of pressing and declining events, understanding its implication for the good development of communication management in crisis management, starting with the ability to react in time to what happened, carry out the adequate plan and strategy and coordinated execution.


Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1 The politics of transition .......................................................................................................................... 1 Australia's changing role .......................................................................................................................... 2 The logistics of leaving ............................................................................................................................. 3 Post-2014 outlook .................................................................................................................................... 4 Training ............................................................................................................................................... 5 Finance ................................................................................................................................................ 6 Special Forces...................................................................................................................................... 7 Potential risks...................................................................................................................................... 8


The deformation monitoring value of Hengli Island soft strata by vacuum preloading was analyzed. The results show that the vertical settlement and lateral displacement of strata mainly occur in the first 20 days. The negative pressure attenuation at different positions is quite different, and the average negative pressure attenuation rate with depth is about 3.2kPa/m. The difference of additional stress by the overlying water leads to the average settlement of the central area of the preloading area is greater than that of the marginal area. The settlement calculation results of Layered Summation Method are basically consistent with the measured values. According to the lateral displacement law of different projects, it is concluded that the lateral displacement has a progressive relationship with the vacuum preloading area half width, the prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) length and the vertical settlement ratio of about 10 times, and the calculated value of lateral displacement agrees well with the measured value.


The conservative explanation for the persistence of poverty—that liberal social programs have created with disincentives‐explains very little of the poverty that exists. It has gained acceptance because liberal anti‐poverty efforts have been based on flawed understanding of the problem that insured their failure. Because of the oversupply of young adult workers in the 1970s, there was a proliferation of jobs paying low wages. Liberal programs that assumed that the poor simply needed training and education to lift themselves out of poverty, ignored the shortage of jobs paying above‐poverty‐level wages. Liberals also assumed that with the requisite training and jobs, all Americans have the capacity to gain the skills necessary to obtain those jobs. This neglects data showing that a larger proportion of individuals with low native ability have earnings beneath the poverty line than workers with normal ability, even when controlling for educational attainment. A new anti‐poverty effort must take into account these realities.


The author has been engaged in medical education and practice since 1930. He has been Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine in Georgetown University since 1935. In August, 1941, he became Lt. Commander in the U.S. Naval Reserve (MC) and Commander in July, 1945. He is now Senior Medical Officer and Psychiatrist in the U.S. Naval Disciplinary Barracks, Portsmouth, N.H. The author says of the present article: "The opinions and assertions contained herein are the private ones of the writer and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting. the views of the Navy Department or of the Naval Service at large. ''-EDITOR.


The article is devoted to the systematic analysis of the labor adaptation concept and the specifics of its application in the correctional system. The author has developed hierarchical factor structure of the prison labor adaptation system and revealed the significance of each factor in the life cycle of the system.


The occurrence of 2-nitrofluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene in particulate matter collected in urban, suburban, forest, and remote areas located in Europe, America, Asia, and Antarctica was investigated. The results obtained confirm the photochemical origin of these components by gas phase reactions with OH radicals and their ubiquitous occurrence in the troposphere. An important role in their formation and dispersion seems to be played by carbon particles.