RUNX1 is a member of the RUNX family of transcription factors that also includes RUNX2 and RUNX3 [1]. Early studies identified RUNX1 as a key regulator of definitive hematopoiesis and the role of RUNX1 as a tumor suppressor in leukemia is well established [1]. In more recent sequencing studies of solid tumors, molecular alterations have been identified in other cancer types, suggesting a broader role for RUNX1 in epithelial cells and carcinomas. RUNX1 is the predominant RUNX protein expressed in the normal human breast epithelium and it is the only RUNX family member for which somatic mutations have been identified in human breast cancer. These mutations are primarily loss of function mutations that occur through nonsense, frameshift or missense mutations within the Runt DNAbinding domain [1]. These RUNX1 mutations occur almost exclusively in the ER+, luminal subtype of breast cancer and indicate a tumor suppressor role for RUNX1 [2]. In contrast, elevated levels of RUNX1 expression correlate with poor outcomes in triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs), indicating a positive, oncogenic role for RUNX1 in this breast cancer subtype [3]. These disparate findings support a cell-context dependent role for RUNX1 in breast cancer. The functional consequences of RUNX1 loss or gain of expression that contribute to breast cancer development and progression have not been fully elucidated. A role for RUNX1 in suppressing ER oncogenic signaling is suggested by the fact that combined loss of Runx1 with either TP53 or Rb1 leads to hyperproliferation of ER+ luminal cells in the mouse mammary gland [2]. Inactivating mutations of RUNX1 may be an early event that enhances estrogen signaling, creating a permissive environment for the development of ER+ luminal tumors. Regulation of ER signaling would explain the luminal subtype specificity of RUNX1 mutations in human breast cancer. With regard to tumor progression, the first evidence to support an association of RUNX1 with cancer metastasis came from a gene expression analysis comparing human primary adenocarcinomas of multiple types with unmatched metastatic lesions [4]. A 17-gene expression signature that distinguished primary from metastatic adenocarcinomas, and that identified primary tumors that were most likely to be associated with metastasis and poor clinical outcomes, included RUNX1 (downregulated expression). A recent study by Hong et al provides a mechanistic explanation for this association of RUNX1 loss with tumor progression to metastasis [5]. Specifically, TGF-β downregulates RUNX1 mRNA and protein expression in the normal, immortalized mammary epithelial cell line, MCF-10A, and loss of RUNX1 is required for the ability of TGF-β to induce an epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in these cells. Importantly, loss of RUNX1 expression alone promotes EMT, which is also observed for ER+, luminal MCF-7 cells, indicating a direct role for RUNX1 in maintaining the epithelial phenotype. One mechanism by which RUNX1 inhibits EMT is through interactions with the CDH1 promoter to positively regulate E-Cadherin expression. In apparent conflict with the role of RUNX1 as a suppressor of EMT in ER+ luminal tumors, downregulation of RUNX1 expression in TN tumors inhibits tumor invasion and metastasis [6]. How do both high and low levels of RUNX1 expression contribute to tumor progression? Although loss of E-Cadherin is commonly associated with the mesenchymal, invasive phenotype that occurs with EMT, tumor cells can also rely upon E-Cadherin expression for collective invasion from the tumor [7]. Moreover, in a recent study investigating the role of cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in tumor invasion, a heterotypic interaction between N-Cadherin on CAFs and E-Cadherin on tumor cells was required for efficient invasion of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells [8]. Therefore, either high or low levels of RUNX1 could regulate invasion and promote tumor progression in breast cancer through a mechanism involving regulation of E-Cadherin expression. In summary, increasing evidence supports a role for RUNX1 in breast cancer progression. Understanding how RUNX1 functions in a cell context-dependent manner will be essential for determining the mechanism(s) by which this transcription factor impacts tumor biology.


We discuss the Isgur-Wise function [xi]([ital y]) in the small velocity (SV) limit within the QCD sum-rule method. The behavior of [xi]([ital y]) in the SV limit is sensitive to the particular form of the duality relations used to decontaminate the sum-rule predictions from the continuum contribution. Peculiarities of the duality relations in the problem at hand are revealed. It is shown that the proper requirements of duality and angular isotropy for [ital S]-wave states lead to an unambiguous form of the sum rules for the Isgur-Wise function. We illustrate the constraints due to these requirements using a toy model of the harmonic oscillator. The slope parameter and the shape of [xi]([ital y]) are determined.


In order to investigate the mechanical properties and fracture mechanisms of (Gd,Dy)BaCuO dense bulk material fabricated by the infiltration growth technique, tensile tests were carried out for specimens cut from the as-grown bulk material. The average tensile strength value of the (Gd,Dy)BaCuO dense bulk material fabricated by the infiltration growth technique was 44 MPa, which is superior to that of a porous bulk material fabricated through melt-processing in a 50% O2 atmosphere (37 MPa), and comparable to that of a dense bulk material fabricated through melt-processing in 100% O2 (45 MPa) that have been reported elsewhere. Through the observations of the flow-like patterns formed by the crack propagations on the fracture surfaces, the fatal crack initiation site was identified. One extraordinarily large pore, segregated secondary phase particles and some inclusion that mainly consists of Pt were observed around the crack initiation site on the fracture surfaces of the (Gd,Dy)BaCuO dense bulk material.


Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has the potential to serve as a widely applied reaction monitoring tool, particularly provided the growth in commercially available benchtop NMR systems and accompanying flow...


The utility model relates to a solder strip of a solar energy cell sheet. The solder strip comprises a solder strip base, the surface of which is provided with a heat conduction layer. Microstructure in a nanometer or submicron scale is arranged on the surface of the heat conduction layer. The utility model provides a solder strip which can conduct the heat and simultaneously increase utilization of light. Through the structure of the solder strip base, utilizations of heat conduction and light reflection are simultaneously realized. Moreover, a hollow design is adopted on the solder strip, further, shading loss is further reduced. The solder strip of the solar energy cell sheet is applied to a solar energy module, the light source is effectively utilized, and working temperature of the control module is controlled, meanwhile electric power loss during a transition process is simultaneously reduced and power of the solar energy module is increased.


Recent work in the Philosophy of Mind has suggested that alternatives to reduction are required in order to explain the relationship between psychology and biology or physics. Emergence has been proposed as one such alternative. In this paper, I propose a precise definition of emergence, and I argue that chaotic systems provide concrete examples of properties that meet this definition. In particular, I suggest that being in the basin of attraction of a strange attractor is an emergent property of any chaotic nonlinear dynamical system. This shows that non-reductive accounts of inter-theoretic relations are necessary, and that non-reductive accounts of the mental are possible. Moreover, this work provides a foundation for future work investigating the nature of explanation, prediction, and scientific understanding of non-reductive phenomena.


Lithium fluoride is an important candidate material for windows on high-power, short-pulse ultraviolet and visible lasers. Lithium fluoride crystals have been press forged in one step over the temperature range 300 to 600/sup 0/c to obtain fine-grained polycrystalline material with improved mechanical properties. The deformation that can be given to a lithium fluoride crystal during forging is limited by the formation of internal cloudiness (veiling) with the deformation limit increasing with increasing forging temperature from about 40% at 400/sup 0/C to 65% at 600/sup 0/C. To suppress veiling, lithium fluoride crystals were forged in two steps over the temperature range 300 to 600/sup 0/C, to total deformations of 69-76%, with intermediate annealing at 700/sup 0/C. This technique yields a material which has lower scattering with more homogeneous microstructure than that obtained in one-step forging. The results of characterization of various optical and mechanical properties of single-crystal and forged lithium fluoride, including scattering, optical homogeneity, residual absorption, damage thresholds, environmental stability, and thresholds for microyield are described.


David Underdown tells his readers in the preface to Revel, Riot, and Rebellion that my skepticism over a cup of tea in the Institute of Historical Research was one of the things that led him to write the book. It is, of course, true that many books have been conceived in that tearoom, but this must be one of the few of them not to have been stillborn. Alas, he and I have too few occasions to debate such issues over tea; this review is thus in essence an open letter to tell him whether he has now persuaded me that he is right about patterns of allegiance in the Civil War and whether my skepticism was misplaced. The answer, I suppose inevitably, is yes and no.


PURPOSE: An improved method for preparing cefdinir which is a cephalosporin antibiotics is provided to resolve environmental problem of by-product and waste materials. CONSTITUTION: A crystalline cefdinir compound of chemical formula 1 is prepared by deprotecting cefdinir intermediate in which O-trityl of chemical formula 4 is substituted using cation exchange resin under the presence of solvent. The solvent is water, methanol or ethanol, aceonitirile, 1,4-dioxane, isopropanol, ethanol, methanol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone or methyl isobutyl ketone.


This paper represents the review of Optical Time Division Multiple Access (OTDM) networks. Functioning of this multiple access technique is discussed thoroughly. Improvement in the structure and evolution of components is reviewed. Various techniques, to enhance the quality of signal have been discussed and compared. Future possibilities to raise the area of application and user capacity are illustrated.


This research aims to examine the effect of the quality of medical services and quality of administrative services at the Pertamina Hospital in Cirebon Cirebon Pertamina Hospital patient satisfaction and impact on patient loyalty
This study uses population in this study were patients Pertamina Hospital Inpatient Cirebon. The sample used in the study of 100 people, and the method used is accidental sampling. The data was collected by distributing questionnaires to the respondents. The analysis used is multiple linear regression, where Y refers to the variable patient loyalty, Y2, patient satisfaction, Y1, administrative services variables, X2, service variable, X1.
Based on the results of the study concluded that medical services and adminitarasi positive and significant impact on the level of patient satisfaction and loyalty and service of medical pasien.Pelayanan admnitrasi better will improve the level of patient satisfaction and loyalty. Patient satisfaction and significant positive effect on the level of patient loyalty. Greater satisfaction of patients perceived to increase the level of patient loyalty to the hospital


Abstract: The article examines interrelationship between traditional national sovereignty and autonomy in Internet reflected in the presence of the national domain. Moreover the author analyses existing misbalances in substantive filling of national domains, testifying various levels of stateness in virtual political space.


This tool tooth comprises a tooth 10 having a notch 24 to profile roughly trapezoidal which tapers towards its opening. Placing an insert 40 having a profile complementary to the recess is laterally engaged in this notch and it is blocked by a taper pin 60 inserted into a complementary hole 34 formed in the head 10 and that intersects the base of the notch. Setting has a groove corresponding to the pin profile The invention is particularly applicable to excavating tools for tunneling and mining.


Writing ability is one of the demands of learning English. However, writing is also the most difficult skill faced by high school students in the city of Pekanbaru. For this reason, the learning model should be appropriate in accordance with the age development and problems faced by students. Thus, the authors attempted to analyze; (1) the effect of blended learning on students' writing ability; (2) the effectof language attitude on students' writing ability; and (3) the effect of
blended learning model and language attitude on students' writing ability. Referring to the problems and purposes of this study, the author used a quantitative approach namely the experimental method with factorial design. The research was conducted at SMAN 6 Pekanbaru by using a random sampling technique. To measure students' writing ability, the researchersemployed a writing test. Whereas to obtain information or collect data related to language attitude in this study, the researchers distributed questionnaires that have been tested for validity and reliability. After collecting data, researchers tested the data and hypotheses using SPSS 21. In this study, data was normally distributed and the population was homogeneous so that hypothesis testing could be continued. Based on the results of hypothesis testing, this study could be concluded that; (1) there was an effect of blended learning on students' writing ability; (2) there was an effectof language attitude on students' writing ability; and (3) there was no effect of blended learning model and language attitude on students' writing ability.


The drag from the underbody, including wheels and wheel housing, constitutes a significant amount of the total aerodynamic drag of heavy vehicles. A correct simulation of the underbody boundary conditions, including rotating wheels and moving ground, has turned out to be of great importance in the minimising of the aerodynamic drag. In the current study several front wheel housing design parameters have been evaluated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Design concepts, like enclosed inner wheel housings, underbody panel and wheel housing ventilation, were evaluated by flow analysis and comparison of the drag force contribution. It was shown that changes to the wheel housing geometry had an important impact on the local flow field and force distribution. The total drag of the vehicle decreased with reduced wheel housing volume and wheel housing ventilation can reduce the aerodynamic drag significantly provided it is designed properly. It was also found that even though there were large differences in the drag force of each component the change in total drag was small.


The invention shows a device for detecting signal interferences with a processor device and a comparison device. The processor means is adapted to calculate a power of a component of a received signal having an exponent greater than 2 and to output a result based on the power. The comparison device is designed to compare the result with a predefined threshold value and to provide a signal interference result as a function of the comparison.


In this paper the authors investigate the predictors of long-term care placement. Regression analysis is used to estimate a multivariate placement model. Variables found to be significantly related to placement are sex, marital status, help from relatives, client and family preferences, index of ADL, number of medical conditions, ability to take medications, ability to make decisions, and income. The estimated function explained 68 percent of the variance. Discriminant analysis and logistic regressions were used to evaluate the performance of the estimated placement function. The authors stress the importance of learning more about the placement process before making causal inferences about the cost-effectiveness of alternative long term care settings.


A learning style assessment is used to assist staff in motivating undergraduate engineering students to participate in group work. Students who joined groups allocated on the basis of their learning style performed at a higher level than the students who self selected. This is similar to the findings of other researchers.


Due to their pervasive presence in biological and pharmaceutically relevant structures, the preparation of heterocycles remains a focal point in organic synthesis. In this short review, we will focus on recent discoveries for the formation of heterocycles via amide activation with triflic anhydride. Abstract Trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride is a powerful reagent for the activation of a wide range of functionalities. Among them, the electrophilic activation of amides is a compelling approach to access heterocycles under mild reaction conditions. Herein, we outline the most recent achievements in the construction of heterocycles via amide activation with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride.


Using annual data for the period 1995–2012 for seven Central American and Caribbean countries, six different open-economy growth models that allow for internatio nal (eco-) tourism are estimated using panel-data estimation techniques. The main result of the investigation is that not only international tourist arrivals per capita have a highly significant impact on real GDP per capita but also that five different sustainability indicators interacted with internat ional tourism have a positive impact on economic development in addition to international tourism . Furthermore, quantile regression shows that lower and medium income deciles in particular benefit mo st fr m international (eco-) tourism. The results are complemented by very similar estimation res ults for a set of 12 Central American and Caribbean countries using two sustainability indicato rs only, thus corroborating the validity of the specification. In addition, control variables are also g enerally significant and feature the algebraic signs as expected from economic theory.


Today, the English language is widely used throughout the world both as a medium for written and oral communications. It is one of the official subjects in our country's formal educational system. There are various ways and methods in acquiring English language: through natural development as a mother tongue, formal classroom lectures and selfdevelopment learning. However, specifically for the oral communication, the only way to acquire is to speak and continue to practice the language. Hence, this research study is to experiment a self-practice method that may provide an effective way for students to develop their English oral communication skill successfully. The self-practice method is done in a small group among close friends to enable students to learn more comfortably, and confidently. The results of the experiment showed the self-practice method may be effective if the program is assessed academically with lecturer-facilitator support.


Summary A 22‐year‐old Dutch Warmblood mare was referred to Utrecht University with progressive left hind limb paresis and hyporeflexia. The preliminary clinical diagnosis was the neurological form of equine herpes virus (EHV‐1) infection. Within 1 day of admission, the mare became recumbent and deteriorated rapidly. Postmortem examination revealed an adenocarcinoma of the caecum, with metastases in all regional lymph nodes and extending from the lumbar nodes into the vertebral canal, causing spinal cord compression and destruction of the left 4th and 5th lumbar nerves.


This paper proposes a new technique for auto-annotation and semantic retrieval based upon the idea of linearly mapping an image feature space to a keyword space. The new technique is compared to several related techniques, and a number of salient points about each of the techniques are discussed and contrasted. The paper also discusses how these techniques might actually scale to a real-world retrieval problem, and demonstrates this though a case study of a semantic retrieval technique being used on a real-world data-set (with a mix of annotated and unannotated images) from a picture library.


The classic regression model for multivari- ate time series prediction suffers from the curse of dimen- sionality because the least squares estimates become unre- liable when the predictors of the time series are large and the number of samples is limited. The classic methods such as ridge regression, lasso regression, principal component regression are researched to solve the problem above. The ridge regression and principal component regression can not give the clear interpretation features for prediction, and lasso regression does not work well under collinear- ity, also the selections given by lasso regression are unsta- ble and very sensitive to minor perturbations of the data. A practical method based on improved Incremental asso- ciation Markov blanket (IAMB) with Expanded Markov blanket (EMB) was proposed for high-dimensional time series prediction. The EMB was constructed with simulta- neous predictors and past predictors for time series. Since the faithfulness condition and reliable conditional indepen- dence test are not satisfied for high-dimensional time series with limited samples in practical applications. The sym- metry of Markov blanket (MB) and the partial correla- tion coefficient criterion for conditional independent test were employed to learn the EMB, on which the regression was used for prediction. Empirical results show that our method based on EMB for macroeconomic prediction has less mean-square forecast error than other classic methods, especially when predicting the value with sharp fluctua- tion.


The onset, characteristics, and drivers of paleo‐monsoon conditions in East Asia remain a topic of heated debate. Records from the Eocene suggest pronounced rainfall seasonality consistent with monsoon rainfall across China, likely driven by migrations of the Inter‐Tropical Convergence Zone. Model simulations indicate that modern‐like monsoon circulation of China was established by the early Miocene at the latest, but uncertainty remains due to a paucity of proxy records from the Oligocene. Here, we provide the first annually resolved, quantitative estimates of seasonal precipitation from East Asia during the Oligocene, based upon intra‐annual variation in carbon isotopes across growth rings of exquisitely preserved fossil wood from southern China. We find a clear pattern of consistent, summer‐dominated precipitation with ∼4.5 times more precipitation in summer (Ps) than winter (Pw). Seasonal precipitation estimates were calculated using Monte Carlo resampling, resulting in median Ps = 1,042 (95% C.I. = 628–1,517) and Pw = 235 (95% C.I. = 50–578), which are indistinguishable from the instrument record at a nearby weather station, where Ps = 977 (95% C.I. = 662–1,434) and Pw = 292 (95% C.I. = 165–515), and from proxy application on two modern trees near the fossil site, where Ps = 1,058 (95% C.I. = 617–1,558) and Pw = 188 (95% C.I. = 31–583). These data demonstrate that by the late Oligocene, precipitation patterns in East Asia had similar strength and seasonality to modern conditions, which suggests the presence of an East Asian Monsoon‐style system prior to the Neogene.


Direct simple shear tests have been conducted on a variety of reconstituted frozen soils and on ice in order to investigate the load transfer process associated with the adfreeze bond to piles, and to obtain creep properties of frozen soils. The test develops uniform shear strain between plates of different roughnesses provided the applied shear stress is less than the ad freeze strength of the pile. Tests have been performed at about −1°C for durations up to 45 days to explore ultimate creep rates. The long-term flow of ice in this test is consistent with previously published power law relations. The experimental data on the frozen soils indicate how creep rate tends to decrease with increasing density except for dirty ice, which displays creep rates slightly higher than those observed for pure ice.


Lobe pumps do not damage the structure of a highly viscous substance. Therefore, the lobe pumps are increasingly used for pumping the liquid food products, despite the high cost. For selecting the rotary lobe pumps, the dependences of the productivity on the pressure drop are necessary. Some manufacturers of the lobe pumps post online the dependences of these characteristics on the rotor speed. There is considered a method developed for calculating the performance diagrams of lobe pumps (Q–P) subject to the influence of the viscosity of pumped liquid food products based on the results of the tests. For example, the characteristics of WEB RF-024, Pomac PLP 1-1.5 when pumping fish oil are considered. The analysis of the test results showed the need to take into account in the calculations the minimum speed
of rotation of the rotor n0, at which pumping of the liquid begins. It is stated that the minimum rotational speed n0 is
a nonlinear function of pressure drop. The volume of liquid pumped in one revolution does not depend on the pressure drop. The volume of liquid with high viscosity pumped in one revolution does not depend on the pressure drop. An in-crease in the temperature of fish oil leads to a decrease in the performance of the lobe pump.


Of formula (I): [In the formula, R R Ring A is an aromatic heterocyclic monocyclic or bicyclic, R R m is an integer of 0 to 2, n is an integer of 0 to 5, R is halogen, oxo, cyano, nitro, substituents or unsubstituted alkyl or the like, Compounds represented by p is an integer of 0 to 2], to provide a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as novel compounds having NPY Y5 receptor antagonistic activity.


Although most cells are thought to respond to IFNs, there is limited information regarding specific cells that respond in vivo. Viperin is an IFN-induced antiviral protein and, therefore, is an excellent marker for IFN-responsive cells. In this study, we analyzed viperin expression in vivo during acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Armstrong infection, which induces high levels of type I IFNs, and in persistently infected lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus carrier mice, which contain low levels of type I IFNs. Viperin was induced in lymphoid cells and dendritic cells (DCs) during acute infection and highly induced in neutrophils and macrophages. The expression kinetics in neutrophils, macrophages, and T and B cells paralleled IFN- a levels, but DCs expressed viperin with delayed kinetics. In carrier mice, viperin was expressed in neutrophils and macrophages but not in T and B cells or DCs. For acutely infected and carrier mice, viperin expression was IFN dependent, because treating type I IFNR knockout mice with IFN- g –neutralizing Abs inhibited viperin expression. Viperin localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplet-like vesicles in neutrophils. These findings delineate the kinetics and cells responding to IFNs in vivo and suggest that the profile of IFN-responsive cells changes in chronic infections. Furthermore, these data suggest that viperin may contribute to the antimicrobial activity of neutrophils. The Journal of Immunology , 2010, 184: 000–000. Finally, cells washed and incubated in paraformaldehyde 0.25M HEPES (pH 7.4) immunocytochemistry, previously described (21), and VIP and anti-calreticulin, followed by 10- and 5-nm gold (Cell Netherlands), respectively. A Tecnai 12 Biotwein and charge-coupled device were used to examine and capture images.


The axial current density in an infinite cylindrical conductor is calculated as a function of radius and time. In the problem studied the total axial current is specified as a function of time. The case of a rigid conductor is studied first, and the analysis is extended to the case of a radially expanding or contracting cylinder such as occurs in a linear pinched plasma. The radial velocity is assumed proportional to the radius, while the outside radius of the conductor is a general but specified function of time. It is shown that the variation of total current with time can give rise to distributions of current density which bear no resemblance to the normal skin effect. In fact, an inverse skin effect or even reversal of current may occur. This latter effect causes a reversed pinch force and perhaps eventual break-up near the surface of a plasma. Some special total current profiles are used to illustrate these features.


The kinetics rule of adsorption and desorption of imazethapyr on Black soil and Planosol soil was studied. According to 10∶1 ratio of water and soil, adsorption-desorption kinetics of imazethapyr on Black soil and Planosol soil was studied by the batch equilibrium method at 25±2°C. The results showed that dual constant equation can describe well the adsorption and desorption kinetics of imazethapyr. Comparing with Planosol soil, the capacity of adsorption and desorption on Black soil was higher. Adsorption rate of Imazethapyr on two kinds of soil was higher than desorption rate. Adsorption rate and desorption rate of imazethapyr with higher initial concentration were higher than those with lower initial concentration. The adsorption rate and desorption rate of imazethapyr on Black soil were higher than those on Planosol soil. The desorption capacity of imazethapyr on Black soil and Planosol soil increased with the adsorption capacity before desorption, which showed significantly square power functional relationship between them. There was the same rule in kinetics of adsorption and desorption of imazethapyr on Black soil and Planosol soil. In the case of the same adsorption or desorption time, the adsorption or desorption capacity and adsorption or desorption rate of imazethapyr on Black soil were higher than those on Planosol soil. The desorption capacity of imazethapyr on Planosol soil was higher than that on Black soil, when the adsorption capacity before desorption was same. It was due to the organic matter content, pH vale and initial capacity of adsorption or desorption in the soil.


In recent years, as fossil energy sources such as oil and coal continue to be consumed, the issue of resources and the environment has become one of the main challenges to the sustainable development of human society. People's electricity consumption has increased dramatically, and the demand for energy storage batteries has also increased. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are a very worthwhile development because of high Na reserves in the world, which can bring many advantages. The electrolyte can control the battery's inherent electrochemical window and performance, influence the nature of the electrode/electrolyte interface, and is one of the most important material choices for SIBs. The electrolyte simultaneously influences the electrochemical performance and safety of SIBs. This paper focuses on electrolyte materials in SIBs, explaining the fundamental needs and categorization of sodium ion electrolytes and highlighting the most recent advances in liquid and solid electrolytes. It is found that SIBs still have problems such as lower energy density, narrower electrochemical stability windows, poorer solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) stability, etc. Solving the related technical problems is of great significance for commercializing SIBs.


We added four different feeding dose of cysteamine (50mg/kg、70mg/kg、90mg/kg、110mg/kg)in foundational daily forage of chicken which were at 70 days age in Pu Ge during the experiment.30 days later,the results indicated that comparing with the control group,the body weight、dressed percentage、percentage of eviscerated、percentage of half eviscerated yield、percentage of breast muscle and percentage of leg muscle of the chicken in the test groups all increase.In the test group in which the cysteamine's adding dose is 90 mg/kg,the growth velocity is the most fast、the forage use ratio is the biggest、and the raise rates of dressed percentage、percentage of eviscerated、percentage of half eviscerated yield are all the biggest,these differences between the control group and the test group is significant(P0.05).Percentage of breast muscle and percentage of leg muscle are raise 10.6% and 11.2% respectively,percentage of abdominal fat decrease 12.4%,the differences between the control group and the test group is very significant(P0.01).The results also shows that the cysteamine is added in the daily forage of Pu Ge chicken can raise forage use ratio and abatage rate,decrease content of fat,improve quality of naked body significantly.


We examine a realistic 3-band model, finding it capable of exhibiting the d-wave pairing characteristic of CuO2-based high-Tc superconductors, but only in the presence of symmetry-lowering charge-density stripes aligned along (1,0) axes, preferably of diameter 2 cell-widths. The present theoretical treatment has no adjustable parameters (the unit of energy t^2/V factors out of both kinetic and potential energy terms,) does not require fine-tuning, and is in qualitative accord with experiment.


A broad-area multimode laser can be made into a powerful random number generator Human-made physical random number generators (RNGs) can be traced back 5000 years or more. Early examples such as knucklebones, two-sided throwsticks, or dice have been found in the Middle East, India, and China. RNGs were used for fortune telling and games of chance, with the oldest known board games of similar age as those of the number generators. Today, RNGs are vital for services and state-of-the-art technologies such as cryptographically secured communication, blockchain technologies, and quantum key distribution. Moreover, RNGs are needed in machine learning and scientific applications such as Monte Carlo numerical methods. On page 948 of this issue, Kim et al. (1) demonstrate an ultrafast RNG based on a broad-area laser with a multispot beam that is analogous to generating random numbers by using many dice at once.


The main goal of this work is to derive an integral formula refering to bounded convex sets (section 3), in order to obtain some results involving lattices of points in the Minkowski plane (seccion 4). To prove such a formula it is necessary to develop some tools of differential geometry in the large. This is done in section 2, where the turning tangents theorem for Euclidean curves is carried over to Minkowski plane.


OBJECTIVE To study the effect of puerarin on inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)activity and iNOS gene in the gut mucosa of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion rats.METHODS A total of 42 rats were randomly divided into sham-operated group,intestinal ischemia reperfusion 2 h and 8 h group,high-dose puerarin treated group(140 mg·kg-1·d-1),low-dose puerarin treated group(70 mg·kg-1·d-1).All treatment lasted for 7 days.The intestinal ischemia reperfusion was induced in rats by clamping superior mesenteric artery for 45 min followed by 2 or 8 h of reperfusion.Histological analysis was carried out in tissue samples.The serum nitric oxide(NO)concentration,inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)activity and iNOS gene expression in the gut mucosa were measured.RESULTS Puerarin pretreatment could alleviate the mucosal histological disruption caused by intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury.It was shown that iNOS gene expression increased significantly at 2 h of reperfusion,while serum NO concentration,mucosal iNOS activity increased significantly during 8 h of reperfusion,in contrast,mucosal iNOS gene expression decreased significantly in puerarin high-treated group(P0.01)CONCLUSION Puerarin can reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)activity and iNOS gene expression in the gut mucosa of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion rats,which might be one of mechanisms of its action.


was investigated. MEVOOs produced were characterized by high oleic acid (72–83%), tocopherol (182– 530 mg/kg), and phenolic compounds (326–1110 mg/kg) content and by a similar polyphenolic profile. 1-Penten-3-one was found to be the compound with the highest contribution for the aroma of the four MEVOO, related to bitter, pungent, and leaf attributes. MEVOO from Verdeal cultivar showed the best performance in terms of the composition: the highest yield of oil, the highest content of oleic acid, high tocopherol, polyphenol and sterol content, and the lowest content of linoleic acid. These characteristics give to these MEVOO not only a great oxidative stability but also interesting properties from the health point of view. MEVOO obtained with fruits at the maturity index of around 4 were in general richer in beneficial minor compounds. MEVOO produced were discriminated by variety and ripeness stage, using a stepwise linear discriminant analysis. This discrimination will in the future enable the prevention of adulteration of these monovarietal olive oils with specific nutritional composition with other olive oils. Practical implications: High-quality MEVOOs have recently been introduced in the market, which for growers is a practical way to differentiate and increase the commercial value of extra virgin olive oil. The quantification of major and minor olive oil compounds in monovarietal olive oils represents an objective way of predicting the sensory characteristics, stability, and potential health benefits of the oils, as well as preventing their adulteration with other olive oils. This study will help in the selection of olive varieties during the maintenance or development of new olive orchards and also to select optimum harvest period for these varieties, in order to obtain MEVOOs with the maximum quality and health benefits for consumers.


Building subways is one of the important ways to deal with transportation problems. Currently most of the main provincial capitals and cities specifically designated in the state plan are working on the city subway's plan and design. Subway design is a kind of system engineering and it involves many sections. Furthermore the designs of a subway station, plane and vertical section are the key to the whole build of the subway. The author of the paper did some research and discussion on the computer aided design (CAD) system of subway plane and vertical section design. The author implemented the CAD system on the platform of AutoCAD 2004, which developed the functions of interaction design, conjunct design, convenient fast information query, automatic computation needed in the process of design, automatic drawing of the maps of plane and vertical section, and necessary adjustment. The system has been used in many subway engineering projects in China and users appreciate the system because it acts positively in transportation engineering.


Study Design. A study on active cervical range of motion (RoM) in healthy females of different ages. Objective. Perform a three-dimensional quantitative analysis of active head-cervical RoM in healthy females to assess the relationship with age. Summary of Background Data. Age-related variations in active cervical RoM are still partially unknown: some investigations demonstrated that age has no effect whatsoever on the primary movements, whereas other studies found an inverse proportionality between age and cervical RoM. Methods. Three groups of females were compared: 22 aged 15 to 18 years (adolescents), 25 aged 20 to 30 years (young adults), and 16 aged 35 to 45 years (mid-aged women). Active flexion and extension, lateral bending and axial rotation were recorded via an optoelectronic system. After the mathematical exclusion of thoracic movements, cervical RoM was referred to head local reference system and calculated using the tilt/twist method. Data were compared using analysis of variance. Results. Flexion and extension were larger in the adolescents (137°) than in the young adults (128°) and mid-aged women (127°). Lateral bending had similar ranges in the 3 groups: 103° for adolescents, 101° for young adults, and 100° for mid-aged women. Axial rotation had similar ranges in the adolescents and in the mid-aged women (143°) and a slightly larger range in the young adults (151°). Primary movements were always associated with out-of-plane components. Conclusion. In healthy females, between 15 and 45 years old, cervical RoMs in the principal planes decrease (except for rotation), but these variations are not statistically significant (P > 0.05).


Attempting to decrease the Cycles per Instruction (CPI) of an out-of-order execution we implemented a victim buffer into the Simplesim simulator. This change should affect the miss penalty and thus the CPI. We introduce two different kinds of victim buffers. The difference lies in the way it interacts with the Instruction Cache Level 1 (IL1) and the way it gives the required data to the CPU. Simulations show a speedup in performance for both victim buffer models. The result in this report is helpful to design a CPU with higher performance.


Since the formation of state institutions and institutions of entrepreneurship, the attention of scientists has been attracted by the question of the influence of these institutions on each other. In the context of globalization of the world economy, the greatest interest has always been aroused by questions about what the state should and should not do, as well as where is the border between society and the state, is there a certain principle that would allow to clearly separate the first from the second and propose their harmonization.
In the article, the authors touch upon topical economic problems that have developed in small and medium-sized businesses in the United States, and also consider the features of the application of measures of influence on the country's economy, taking into account new realities and in connection with the need to improve the interaction of the state with participants in entrepreneurial activity.
The authors present a general and comparative analysis of the impact of measures of state support for small and medium-sized businesses on the example of the foreign experience of the United States, considered and analyzed the norms of the legislation in force in the United States, which serves as the basis for organizing and regulating the activities of small and medium-sized businesses, and also analyzed the norms of the legislation in force in the United States. serving as the basis for organizing and regulating the activities of small and medium-sized businesses.
In the article, the authors propose adjustments and additions to the model of managing small and medium-sized businesses in the country, taking into account the increasing possibilities of scientific and technological progress, the development and improvement of the general theory of business management and general digitalization of both business processes and public administration.
The study allows us to deeply analyze and supplement the theoretical picture of the relationship between participants in small and medium-sized businesses and government bodies that control the operational activities of economic entities, which determines the theoretical and practical significance.


Nakahira (1991) over a decade ago there have been extensive attempts to harness the potential of nanostructural metals, ceramics, and composites in a number of applications (Niihara and Nakahira, 1991; Selaho et al., 1997; Sekino and Niihara, 1995; Khalil, 2012; Aalund, 2008). It is generally realized that reducing the grain size of materials to nanoscale offers a significant improvement in properties. Attempts to synthesize nanostructured compacts by conventional sintering methods have not succeeded owing to the uncontrollable high rates of grain growth driven by long dwelling times at the sintering temperatures and large powder surface areas (Sergueeva et al., 2009; Gua, Khora, and Chieng, 2004; Tang et al., 2009). Following the development of spark plasma sintering (SPS) technology, it is now possible to process nanocrystalline materials with controlled grain growth. SPS, also referred to as the field-assisted sintering technique (FAST) or pulsed electric current sintering (PECS), was developed with the aim of improving on the well-established hot pressing (HP) technology (Kessel and Hennicke, 2007; Suarez et al., 2013; Jiang et al., 2007; Park, Chung, and Kim, 2006; Elissalde, Maglione, and Estournes, 2007; Borodianska et al., 2009). It offers rapid densification, with minimal grain growth, of a wide range of powders which include ceramics, polymers, composites, and metallic-based (Niihara and Nakahira, 1991; Selaho et al., 1997; Sekino and Niihara, 1995; Khalil, 2012; Aalund, 2008). Densification is attained within minutes compared to hours with conventional hot pressing technology (Kessel and Hennicke, 2007; Suarez et al., 2013). This ingenious technique enables homogeneous volumetric heating of both the die set and the specimen, mainly by means of a low-voltage large-pulse current (Joule heating) (Khalil, 2012; Sergueeva et al., 2009; Kessel and Hennicke, 2007; Suarez et al., 2013). Furthermore, the heating power is dissipated at the contact points of the powder particles where energy is required for sintering, which results in improved bonding between the particles (Khalil, 2012). This is a result of the combined effects of rapid heating, pressure application, and the possibility of powder surface cleaning induced by the low-voltage large-pulse current momentarily generated during operation (Khalil, 2012; Aalund, 2008). Conversely, in hot pressing a lot of heat is wasted in an attempt to heat up the whole volume of space from which the specimen indirectly receives heat. Thus SPS is capable of achieving nearly 100% theoretical density in most materials without the use of binders, and higher purity materials through the vapourization of impurities in the voids between powder particles (Khali, 2012; Aalund, 2008; Rajeswari et al. 2010; Kessel et al., 2009). Spark plasma sintering (SPS) – an advanced sintering technique for structural nanocomposite materials


The utilization of four different agro-industrial b y-products, Sugarcane Bagasse (SB), CornBran (CB), Wheat-Bran (WB), Fenugreek Straw(FS), in addition to the well known solid medium, Cooked Rice (CR) without any supplemental addition as productive media for fungal natural products were described. Endophytic fungal strain, Alternaria alternate was isolated from the Egyptian land-weed Euphorbia helioscopia, and grown in the fine grounded and autoclaved media by the system steady state fer mentation for about 30 days at 30oC. The growing fungi and its products were homogenized in the presence of methyl alcohol (MeOH). The main products of this fungus extracted were: Al ternariol ( 1), alternariol methyl ether ( 2) and tenuazonic acid ( 3), purified and identified using different spectros copic analysis. Cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of the isola ted compounds were tested.


When a new tunnel is constructed under/near existing tunnels,it will give disturbance to the existing tunnels.The setup of the slurry pressure in the slurry chamber becomes quite significant to the behavior of existing tunnels.In order to elucidate the mechanism of this effect,the three-dimensional finite element method is adopted to analyze the relationship between the slurry pressure and the deformation of existing tunnels and ground surface.The results indicated that the settlement of existing tunnels increased with the decrease of slurry pressure,and slurry pressure ratio should be kept within 0.8 to 1.0.


This contribution deals with robust carrier phase tracking in Global Navigation Satellite Systems, where the ultimate goal is to obtain accurate and robust phase estimates under non-nominal conditions, such as high dynamics, strong fading and ionospheric scintillation. Within this framework, an Interacting Multiple Model approach, using a bank of parallel Kalman-based filters with different dynamic state models, is proposed to cope with signals corrupted by severe ionospheric scintillation. In the proposed formulation, the time-varying and correlated scintillation phase is introduced into the dynamic system using an AR(1) model. Simulation results are provided to show the enhanced robustness and improved accuracy of the proposed approach, with respect to state-of-the-art carrier phase tracking techniques.


A formula for the cross section of the ionization of an atom colliding with an excited atom, A*+B→A+B++e, was obtained. The calculations to the formula were restricted to the case where the transition A→A* is optically allowed and the excitation energy of A* exceeds the ionization potential of B as before. Here all degenerate states of A* and B+e were taken into account. The present formula gives a cross section which is 23% smaller than the previous result calculated by the use of the rotating‐atom approximation. Besides numerical calculations, an approximation method for the basic equations of the present problem is also shown. This method gives the upper and lower bounds of the approximate cross sections obtainable from the basic equations. Other similar calculations were compared with the present results.


The matched field processing on passive localization is prior to the classical passive source localization algorithm,but the application of the algorithm which has disadvantages of the environmental dependence and a large amount of computation is severely restricted. In order to decrease the computation,the classical simulated annealing algorithm( CSA) is adopted to find the global optimum position in the observation waters,so a new algorithm which is called fast matched field processing based on the simulated annealing( CSA_CMFP) is proposed. Then the effectiveness of the new algorithm is evaluated by a large number of simulations in the execution time,positioning accuracy,convergence performance,etc. In the end,the new one is 2 to 8 times as fast as CMFP as a result of the simulations.


Abstract A method for the content determination of felodipine from tablets using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was developed. Acetonitrile, methanol and a mixture of the two (2:1, v/v) were evaluated as the extraction solvents, at two different temperatures, 50°C and 100°C, for ground tablets. Acetonitrile gave the fastest extraction and methanol the slowest at both temperatures. No difference in extraction efficiency was observed between the two temperatures. To minimize sample handling, extraction of whole tablets was performed using the same parameters as for the ground tablets. 100°C gave higher recoveries than 50°C. However, quantitative recovery could not be achieved within an acceptable extraction time due to slow mass transfer in whole tablets. Hence, a different approach was used where tablets were crushed in a filter paper inside the extractor cell using a pair of flat pliers. This approach provided a straightforward way of transferring the entire tablet to the cell without losses. The fi...


Received June 11, 2018 Revised August 16, 2018 Accepted October 23, 2018 Address for correspondence Kyu-Sup Cho, MD Department of OtorhinolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49241, Korea Tel +82-51-240-7824 Fax +82-51-246-8668 E-mail firstname.lastname@example.com Background and Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of percutaneous and endonasal lateral osteotomy for the correction of deviated nose. Subjects and Method Medical records of 60 patients who underwent rhinoplasty to correct deviated nose were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with unilateral osteotomy, revision rhinoplasty, spreader graft, or who had no preoperative or postoperative photos were excluded from the study. The patients were categorized into two groups, which either had C-shaped deviation or I-shaped deviation. Preoperative and postoperative deviation angles were measured and their differences were analyzed according to the approach methods. Results In the percutaneous approach group, 26 patients had C-shaped deviation and 10 patients had I-shaped deviation, whereas in the endonasal approach group, 17 patients had Cshaped deviation and 7 patients had I-shaped deviation. In the percutaneous approach, the deviation angle was statistically improved in the C-shaped deviation, but in the endonasal approach, it was statistically improved in the C-shaped and I-shaped deviation after surgery. In the C-shaped deviation, the average degrees of improvement of percutaneous and endonasal approach were 5.2°±3.6° and 7.9°±5.3°, respectively, which showed significant difference. However, in the I-shaped deviation, the average degrees of improvement of percutaneous and endonasal approach were 2.9°±1.3° and 2.9°±1.0°, respectively, with no significant difference. Conclusion The improvement of deviation angle following osteotomy may be different according to the approach methods for deviated nose. Endonasal approach was more suitable than percutaneous approach in the correction of I-shaped deviated nose. Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2019;62(3):171-5


Ideas about infant feeding are formed earlier than previously assumed. School-aged children have thoughts on how they might feed their future babies. Based on inoculation theory, an image, was designed and pilot-tested which would promote breastfeeding to children as a 'natural' behaviour at an age when other influences have not pervaded their consciousness. Delegates to a breastfeeding conference were invited to view the image; asked for positive and negative feelings about it; and to rate their overall feelings. Demographic data were gathered. Written comments were analysed thematically. More negative than positive comments were made. Those giving more extreme ratings on the quantitative questions also made more extreme comments in the open-ended sections. Most negatives were about the art work itself rather than the health promotion message. Using art work in health promotion has specific strengths and weaknesses which include, for example, that art stimulates reactions. These reactions are themselves ...


The importance of parallel programming seriously emerges ever since the modern microprocessor architecture has been shifted to the multi-core system. Transactional Memory has been proposed to address synchronization which is usually implemented by using locks. However, the lock based synchronization method reduces the parallelism and has the possibility of causing deadlock. In this paper, we propose an efficient method to utilize transactional memory for the situation which has high contention. The proposed idea is based on the theoretical analysis and it is verified with simulation results. The simulation environment has been implemented using HTM(Hardware Transactional Memory) systems. We also propose a model of the dining philosopher problem to discuss the efficient resource management using the transactional memory technique.


3-D electrode model of two segments coil axial magnetic field(AMF)contact of 126kV vacuum interrupter was built up,and the 3-D magetostatic field and eddy current field for finite element model in case of discharge were simulated by the 3-D finite element meshod.The results show that deformation of the AMF on the slots is caused and the AMF distribution on mid-gap plane of contct is like a flat-roofed tent under magetostatic field.The AMF distributions on the plane of contact plate and mid-gap plane under eddy current field are similar with distributions under magetostatic field when current is peak.There are a peak and six secondary peaks of AMF on the plane of contact plate and a peaked tent appeared on the mid-gap plane under eddy current field when current is zero. Furthermore the distribution of the AMF phase shift time along the path of(0,-60,110)~(0,60,110)is a parabola with a minimum value and the maximal phase shift time is 0.36ms.


In some hospitals many children with protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) die within a few days of admission, and it is unfortunate that some of these hospital deaths are the result of inadequate or misguided medical treatment. In our Unit in Jamaica few children die and the mortality rate has rarely exceeded 5%. Elsewhere in Jamaica, although the severity of malnutrition is very uniform, mortality from PEM can vary from 5 to 50% depending on the hospital. Mortality rates of up to 50% have also been reported from hospitals in other countries, and it is therefore not surprising that some people question whether a hospital is the right place in which to treat PEM (Cook, 1971; Koppert, 1977). There are, however, hospitals with excellent records of low mortality and in each case the basic principles of treatment are similar and are based on a fundamental understanding of the physiological and biochemical changes which occur in PEM (Nichols et al. 1974; Suskind, 1975). In addition to mortality being unnecessarily high it is also regrettable that recovery from PEM is often distressingly slow, and a better understanding of the nutritional requirements for 'catch-up' growth would greatly improve the efficiency of treatment in both hospitals and nutrition rehabilitation centres. We find in our Unit, for example, that the weight deficits of even the most-severely-malnourished children can be corrected in 4-6 weeks, which is in marked contrast to the prolonged periods sometimes reported (Bengoa, 1976). The treatment of children with PEM can be divided as follows: ( I ) acute phase (a) resuscitation, (b) initiation of cure; (2) rehabilitation phase (a) catch-up growth, (b) transfer to 'family-type' diet. Children are most at risk in the acute phase and therefore treatment during this period is best carried out in hospital. The second phase of rehabilitation carries little risk, and an alternative location for treatment could be a nutrition rehabilitation centre.


Does the use of computer-based simulation activities in the Traffic Safety Education classroom enhance teaching and learning outcomes? This paper examines the use of a number of CD ROM based resources in the classroom and describes how they may maximize the chances of effective teaching and the learning. The resources are traffic safety education products. The outcomes measured are safe road user behaviour and knowledge of risk. The paper makes some tentative conclusions about the contexts and pedagogy for the most effective use of these CD ROM based products.


In this paper, a parameterizable Linear Feedback Shift Register design for LBIST applications is designed and implemented in Basys-3 FPGA board using Xilinx Vivado Suite 2020.1. The LFSR mainly helps us in pseudorandom test vector generation which can be used in Pseudo Random Pattern Generator (PRPG) and Multiple Input Signature Register (MISR) units for Logic Built In Self-Test (LBIST) applications. Increasing complexity and usage of Integrated Chips in military, medical, automobile and satellite devices has paved in the way for industries to look into LBIST based on-site chip testing instead of old traditional ATE based testing where the device had to be taken to ATE based test centres for probing, testing and validations. The design proposed in this paper can be reconfigured into multiple configurations like internal, external and complete configurations. Proposed design can also be programmed into multiple polynomial configurations based on intended application. Reconfigurable LFSR configuration features also integrated in the proposed design helping users to test the majority of the random pattern resistant faults present in the circuit while utilising the LFSR to create more sequences without increasing storage needs. The proposed design can generate multiple range of bits based on its intended applications.


Geographic information system is a computer-based system used to store and manipulate geographic information. Geographic information systems plantation resource Banyuasin them to know the potential of the location and plantation area or the types of plantations in Banyuasin, especially on the Plantation Office Banyuasin. The system uses the ArcGIS 10.2.2 in the map-making process of digitizing the prototype method, and ArcGIS Online. With the geographic information systems plantation resource in Banyuasin, it is expected that will be useful and help performance on the Plantation Office to manage and update the data of plantation land in Banyuasin, resulting in the delivery of information to become more effective and to facilitate the public to obtain relevant information on potential land exterence of area and the types of in the plantations. Keywords: geographic information systems, prototype, website


This thesis presents the research leading towards the development of an Active Area Neutron Dosemeter (AAND). A review of a number of current dosemeter designs is presented and examination of their responses in a selection of representative workplace neutron fields has been undertaken. In the light of this a new design was proposed, the AAND, which by the use of embedded thermal neutron detectors would allow more accurate determinations of ambient dose equivalent to be made. The design was to be optimised for use in 'soft' neutron spectra arising from the operation of a well-shielded pressurised water reactor. Both experimental and computational work has been undertaken. Extensive use was made throughout this work of Monte Carlo calculations. Experimental work addressed the selection of suitable thermal neutron detectors. The phenomenon of soft errors in dynamic random access memories was initially extensively studied. However, advances in device architecture were found to render this impractical. Instead detection with lithium fluoride coated photodiodes was studied. This proved successful. The response ftinctions of the various detectors in the AAND were determined computationally. An experimental verification using both mono-energetic and isotopic neutron sources was conducted. Good agreement was observed between the predicted and measured responses. Final demonstration of the AAND was conducted and indicated that that the ambient dose equivalent could be accurately determined. Furthermore, the novel ability to determine spectral characteristics, in this case the radiation-weighting factor, was demonstrated. Suggested further developments of the AAND have been identified. Most significantly the potential to determine the angular distribution of the neutron field is proposed.


This study discusses the design analysis of compression molding cavity and core under 12 tons of pressure and 100oC heat using experimental analysis and Ansys R19.2 simulation. This compression mold is used to process composite materials, mainly thermoset matrix composites. The compression product is a tensile test specimen according to the ASTM D638-4 standard. The main concern of this study aimed to analyze the stress distribution and deflection due to the compression load and heat on the cavity and core of compression molding. Hence, the die construction is safe during the operation under these loads. The analysis was carried out using Von Mises's stress of static loading criteria. The research parameter examined are stress distribution, deflection, and some critical dimensions in the cavity and core. These parameters significantly affect mold performance, product quality, and service life. Experimental analysis shows that the maximum deflection of the cavity and the core is 4.40 x10-4 mm and 1.53 x 10−4 mm, respectively. On the other hand, Simulation analysis shows the maximum deflection of the cavity and core is 4.56 x 10−4 mm and 7.41 x 10-5 mm, respectively. The error between experimental analysis and simulation is 6.87 x 10-5 mm and 3.32 x 10-5 mm for the cavity and the core, respectively. For stress analysis, the maximum value is 37.94 MPa for both cavity and core. On the other hand, simulation analysis shows 262 MPa and 256 MPa for the cavity and core, respectively. Both experimental analysis and simulation show that the result complies with the standard, less than 0,025 mm for deflection, and stress is less than 1034 MPa for maximum stress. Therefore, compression mold structure is safely used.


Two approaches to the development of improved HDN catalysts are being investigated. One approach is to synthesize high-activity, highly dispersed, ''surface-confined'' catalysts based on organometallic cluster complexes. The second approach is to examine the hydrotreating activities of metals not currently used in HDN and HDO catalysis. This second method arises from homogeneous modeling studies for the transalkylation reaction and from studies of bulk metals on the HDN of tetrahydroquinoline. From the results of these studies the investigators have found that ruthenium exhibits the highest activity for C-N bond cleavage. In this paper the syntheses and HDN activities of catalysts prepared using these two approaches are described. The conclusion is that both surface-confining techniques and metal-promotion with an active amine transalkylation catalyst such as Ru/sub 3/(CO)/sub 12/ greatly enhances the activity of CoMo or NiMo HDN catalysts. Not only are the activities of the RuCoMo and RuNiMo catalysts greater, but also the selectivity towards aromatic products are higher. Furthermore, unlike with bulk metals, these ruthenium promoted catalysts are sulfur tolerant. The exact mechanism of the promotion will require more detailed work. However, these preliminary results are highly significant with regard to the need to develop improved HDN catalysts that can removemore » nitrogen with a minimum amount of hydrogen consumption. 6 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.« less


Introduced by developed countries,the concept of "learning city" has been put into practice by OECD and EU and spread into developing countries.With the rapid urbanization of developing countries,it is necessary for the governments to play an important role in making detailed plans and targets and promoting study of all citizens through educational institutions,pedagogy and various policies.The establishment of learning city goes with challenges.Not only concepts and ideas will be established and utilized,but the practice of innovation.Governments should have clear goals and promises for sustainable development,thus providing sufficient learning opportunities for learners.UNESCO should promote the cooperation with the member countries and create more and better learning cities by facilitating learning city network.


Research ethics is informative with respect to research participant's rights but there are few practical examples in areas where this field is not normed, as it happens with Romania. This article presents such a practical model by systematically describing the major relevant themes: protection from harm, maintenance of privacy, coercion, informed consent, confidentiality, sharing research results, and debriefing. The example describes some of the issues of the international research implemented in Romania, "Exposure to violence and its psychological correlates in institutionalized children and adolescents 8 to 17 years of age in Iasi County, Romania", a doctoral research successfully defended at Case Western Reserve University, in Cleveland, Ohio, USA.


The purpose of this report is to meet three of the primary objectives of the Savannah River Site (SRS) environmental monitoring program. These objectives are to assess actual or potential exposures to populations form the presence of radioactive and nonradioactive materials from normal operations or nonroutine occurrences; to demonstrate compliance with applicable authorized limits and legal requirements; and to communicate results of the monitoring program to the public. This 1989 report contains descriptions of radiological and nonradiological monitoring programs, it provides data obtained from these programs, and it describes various environmental research activities ongoing at the site. Also included are summaries of environmental management and compliance activities, a summary of National Environmental Policy Act activities, and a listing of environmental permits issued by regulatory agencies.


HANG Tian zui,the figure in Fine Trees in South,a capsule biography,was the last man of letters in the feudal society of China. He was of all the richness and complexity of a feudal scholar inclined to Taoist school. He pursued an artized style of life,which unfortunately led to his lowspirits,and even to his paralysis in a cultural transpatten time. Despite of that,he was characteristic of a thinker with his thought penetrating,and noble and unsullied. HANG Tian zui's degradation stood for the cultural decline in an era,which touches off our complicated feelings.


Soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) is among the key oil seed crops worldwide, providing several benefits from human consumption to the enhancement of soil productivity. In Uganda, legumes are cultivated on roughly 1.5 million ha, with soybean being produced on a lower production area of 150,000 ha compared to beans (925,000 ha) and groundnuts (253,000 ha). In terms of achievable yield, soybean emerges the highest at 1.2 t·ha−1 as compared to beans (0.5 t·ha−1) and groundnuts (0.7 t·ha−1). Despite the smallest production coverage area, the crop's feasible grain yield is projected at 4.6 t·ha−1 under optimal environmental conditions. The major bottleneck to the crop's production is the decreasing soil fertility, mainly caused by low nitrogen (N) but also phosphorus (P) levels in the soil. There is a high potential for supplying N from the atmosphere through biological N fixation (BNF), a natural process mediated by the symbiotic bacteria Bradyrhizobium japonicum, which requires optimum P levels for effective N fixation and increased yield. The current work reviews the present status of soybean production in Uganda, highlights its ecological requirements, importance, and constraints, and proposes the use of inoculation and P application to boost its production.


Abstract : Support to management, beyond that provided by operations control systems, necessary to continuity and consistency in management of long range, large scale projects is afforded in a new indexing technique and machine-oriented retrieval system. (Author)


Some interpreters take the arguments at Cratylus 439D3–440C1 to argue for Forms. Some interpreters also believe that these arguments are elliptical or contain lacunae. I accept that the arguments are elliptical. However, I deny that they contain lacunae. I present the most natural construal of the text and argue that it neither trades on Forms nor postulates Forms. To make my case, I show that Cratylus 439D3–440C1 has a modest end, which is to refute a particular notion of flux.


Some heuristic random polynomial time algorithms for finding good cuts in arbitrary graphs are presented. A cut is good if there are a small number of edges across the cut and if the cut divides the set of vertices somewhat evenly. The algorithms obtain cuts from solutions to randomly chosen network flow problems based on the input graph. Probabilistic bounds for the goodness of the cut obtained in terms of the goodness of an optimal separator are derived. These bounds are valid for all input graphs. There is reason to think that the algorithm will perform better than the bounds indicate.


Competition in the industrial world is getting tougher, requiring companies to have the right strategy and planning in every production activity. CV. Puspa is a company engaged in rice production. CV. Puspa uses the First Come First Serve (FCFS) method in scheduling every job that comes. This research aims to minimize the total production time using the Nawaz Enscore Ham (NEH) and Heuristic Pour methods at CV. Puspa. The data used is quantitative data, namely data on the processing time for rice production during January 2021. Based on the results of a comparison of the total completion time with the efficiency index parameter, the NEH method shows better performance compared to the FCFS and Heuristic Pour methods as on January 19, 2021. Meanwhile, based on the results of hypothesis testing with the F test, it shows that the FCFS, NEH and Heuristic methods Pour has the same efficiency. Thus, in general the results of scheduling for January 2021 using the NEH method do not have significant an influence on the production scheduling used by CV. Puspa.


scope: conventional and unconventional natural gas crude import offset. Wind, solar, coal to liquid, Calera CO2 to cement fossil fueled utility sequestration chemistry, geologic CO2 sequestration residual crude recovery from spent wells, enhanced geothermal replacement of fossil fueled utility steam, and nuclear fusion. Energy and environment leave no nation untouched. This study recommends an urgent focus on mastering nuclear fusion energy.


This article outlines three major features of the digital society (information sharing, a levelled‐playing field, and reciprocal surveillance) and explores their manifestation in the field of diplomacy. The article analyzed the international network of 78 Ministries of Foreign Affairs (MFAs) on Twitter during the critical period of its growth between 2014 and 2016. To explain why some MFAs follow or are followed by their peers, both internal (Twitter) and external (gross domestic product) factors were considered. The analysis found the principle of digital reciprocity to be the most important factor in explaining an MFA's centrality. Ministries who follow their peers are more likely to be followed in return. Other factors that predict the popularity of MFAs among their peers are regionality, technological savviness, and national media environments. These findings provide a broader understanding of contemporary diplomacy and the fierce competition over attention in the digital society.


A US review into allergenic food tolerance has found that early introduction to specific food types can reduce the risks of allergy development.


Amid growing recognition for the role of global conservation initiatives in protecting biodiversity and mitigating climate change impacts, the interest in Indigenous-led and Indigenous-centered conservation in the circumpolar Arctic is also on the rise. Through literature and practice, Indigenous communities in the Arctic are shaping the global discourse around conservation approaches, mechanisms, and strategies and challenging colonial conceptions of how lands, waters, and species should be used, managed, and protected. Indigenous approaches, mechanisms, and strategies often differ from those found in the global conservation toolbox and rather focus on local priorities, Indigenous knowledge, traditional practices, sovereignty, and self-determination. Direction on how conservation should evolve and overcome challenges and related burdens is best given by Indigenous communities, scholars, organizations, and governments. Valuing Indigenous knowledge and supporting community-level initiatives, strategies, and practices comes with the benefits of understanding, forwarding, and implementing community priorities, needs, and values through attention and focus on funding, Indigenous-led research and management, and mutual mentorship. In addition to benefiting conservation itself, biodiversity research conducted within Indigenous homelands has the opportunity to serve as a model for how regional, national, and international initiatives best engage with Indigenous knowledge, conservation practice, and policy development in the Arctic and beyond.


Over the past three decades, theories of meaning have increasingly become informed by empirical generalizations based on data gathered in fieldwork with theoretically untrained native speakers. This paper discusses the interplay between theory and fieldwork in the study of meaning. Specifically, we argue that i) theory can guide fieldwork on meaning and when it does, more comprehensive meaning descriptions result, and ii) theoretically-informed descriptions are instrumental to improving theories of meaning, and to uncovering language universals and variation. We argue for


The monolithic on-chip integration and design of a high current density InP-based Triple Barrier Resonant Tunneling Diode within a bow-tie antenna structure for detection application is presented. The asymmetrical current-voltage characteristics of the Triple Barrier Resonant Tunneling Diode and its small capacitance provide a powerful candidate for THz signal detection. The integration into a planar broadband antenna structure such as a bow-tie design enables realization of a broadband detector from single GHz up to THz frequencies. In this work, experimental data are demonstrated in the frequency range of 75 to 110 GHz and from 220 to 330 GHz.


he phagocytic capacity (expressed as Geometric Mean of luorescence Intensity [GMFI], indicating the number of abelled ingested bacteria) of peripheral blood neutrophils as not significantly different between cirrhotic patients nd controls (GMFl 101,700± 24,470 vs. 118,700± 8143, espectively). Conversely, blister neutrophils from cirrhotics GMFl 8643± 14,730) showed a significantly reduced hagocytic capacity compared to both control blister neurophils (GMFl 69,770± 18,720; p= 0.004) and whole blood eutrophils from the same patients (p= 0.008). However, cirhotic neutrophils showed high resting oxidative burst in both lood and blisters with minimal increase when challenged ithE. coli ex vivo. IL-6 was significantly higher in the blister uid of cirrhosis patients compared to controls. onclusions. This study provides novel in vivo data describng, for the first time, severe phagocytic dysfunction in stable irrhosis that is unmasked when the patient's neutrophils re stressed by an inflammatory stimulus. Paradoxically, the eutrophils continue to generate damaging oxidative burst nd increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, accounting for ngoing inflammation despite the reduced ability to combat nfection.


To resolve the passenger volume calcula-tion in a track network with multi-lines and multi-directions,regarding the problems existed in the past passengervolume forecast, an application system for passengervolume forecast is developed that is fit for urban masstransit network. By analyzing data and application ofcomputer programs, an analysis model of passengervolume forecast that is suitable for China's situation hasbeen established. An effective result has been obtainedby a four-step analysis, namely: forecast of total journey,OD journey forecast for community, in-out station flowforecast and network flow forecast. This result has beenput in use for actual passenger volume forecast.


We consider an intrahost malaria model allowing for antigenic variation within a single species. The host's immune response is compartmentalised into reactions to major and minor epitopes. We investigate the dynamics of the model, paying particular attention to bifurcation and stability of the uniform nonzero endemic equilibrium. We establish conditions for the existence of an equivariant Hopf bifurcation in a ring of antigenic variants, characterised by time delay.


A direct-current voltage-voltage (DCVV) technique for the measurement of stress-generated interface traps in sub-micron metal-oxide-semiconductor transistors (MOSTs) is demonstrated. This method uses the source-bulk-drain structure of a sub-micron MOST as an effective lateral bipolar transistor when the channel region is out of inversion under the control of the gate voltage V/sub gb/. The emitter injects the minority carriers into the base region and the collector is open. The V/sub cb/ versus V/sub gb/ spectrum can be explained quantitatively using the extended Ebers-Moll equations and interface trap Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) recombination. A single effective interface trap at the source or drain side could be detected, and interface traps at the source side can be separated from those at the drain side by the new method.


The average person experiences no significant hazard from roentgen examinations, but in workers handling radioactive materials, such x-ray exposure may produce an excessive cumulative effect. Because the maximum permissible exposure at Brookhaven National Laboratory is 0.3 r per week total body radiation, it seemed desirable to determine the exposure for different types of diagnostic x-ray procedure. A search of the literature revealed insufficient data upon which to base expected radiation exposures (1 – 5). The x-ray apparatus2 used by the Medical Department had, therefore, to be calibrated. This report deals with the methods of measurement and the results. A Victoreen condenser r meter, number 2557, and 10- and 0.25-r chambers were used for calibrating. The 0.25-r chamber had been tested previously with the use of a standard radium gamma source and was found accurate to within 1 per cent of full scale. This chamber was used for all measurements except those made on the photofluoroscopic unit and the fl...


Nowadays,the shaping of region image has been paid much attention to.The symbolic image has a key role in attracting public attention,highlighting the city spirit and style,enhancing city fame and reputa-tion,which could leave people a comprehensive impression on an unfamiliar city.A symbolic building and landscape image should be identified clearly and easily.Essential elements affecting the composition of re-gion symbolic image must include regional culture characteristics,creation of landscape image,spatial ar-rangement,eco-background,and so on.Taking Lanzhou City as a case,the paper discusses the integrated de-velopment of material symbolic image in a region,and argues that the region symbolic image is featured with the uniqueness,symbolism,and historical inheritance.Lanzhou has come into being with its unique image and style of the natural geographical environment,deep historical and cultural details,which can be integrated as region symbolic images according to its significantly regional advantages.However,the developement of the symbols of Lanzhou is relatively backward and unbalanced,and the symbols' landscape image does not have its distinctive characteristics of the region.Based on the above,the paper puts forward some suggestions as follows: the integrating of the region symbolic image in Lanzhou;building of the symbols embodying the city development under the region background;configuration of the symbols playing a key role in image pro-paganda on the important location;the transformation of Yellow River Custom Tourist Line into an overall symbolic image;and molding of landscape image of the symbols presenting the sustainable and harmonious relationship between human and eco-environment.Finally,the paper maintains that the integration of region symbolic image is a long-term,complicated and systematic project which depends on the special symbolic image plan,a forward-looking,strategic and coordinated city plan.


Heart failure is one of the most pressing current public health concerns. However, in Spain there is a lack of population data. We aimed to examine thirteen‐year nationwide trends in heart failure hospitalization, in‐hospital mortality and 30‐day readmission rates in Spain.


The large-scale downsizings of the 1990s has renewed interest in the earnings losses of displaced workers. This study uses administrative data to follow 833,004 workers in California between 1989 and 1994, providing estimates of the extent of losses in quarterly earnings associated with the recent downsizings. Patterns of earnings loss that are similar to those found in studies using different data for different regions and periods are documented. However, we do not find that earnings decline substantially prior to displacement, which has been found in previous research. The study also finds that earnings losses: (1) vary substantially among workers, (2) differ by the period of displacement, (3) are related to the economic conditions at the time of displacement, (4) vary by firm size, industry of new employment, and the number of subsequent separations, (5) are similar within versus across firms, and (6) in the long-run are 17 to 25 percent. The effects on quarterly earnings versus hourly wages are also explored.


Islanded microgrids usually consist of diesel generators and renewable energy sources (RES) to reduce the operating cost. Such microgrids have shown values for powering remote locations, but introduced unique challenges for frequency control of the grid due to the variability of renewable energy as well as the decoupled design of converter interfaced RES. So, supportive control in RES becomes mandatory in such networks. This paper proposes a new dynamic control strategy, based on model-free control (MFC) approach, to support the primary frequency control of such islanded microgrids. The practical values of MFC have been discussed in various domains due to its control capability without modeling procedure and its efficient computation. In particular, we consider the diesel-wind system and the proposed MFC strategy is utilized as an online controller, which computes supplementary control signals for the rotor-side converter of the available wind turbine generators (WTGs). The computed input signals allow WTGs to respond to frequency variations and improve the frequency response of the system. The controller is implemented and verified using the modified IEEE 33-bus full nonlinear model of the three-phase diesel-wind system in Simulink. Simulation results show the enhanced frequency response from the MFC strategy.


The aim of this study is to estimate both stochastic and mathematical programming cost functions and frontier studies with the ADERASA's database. ADERASA is a Latin American association of water regulators, which has done a systematic effort on data collection. Econometric and DEA techniques were employed here. This study fills a gap on the understanding of relative efficiency in the Latin American water sector., through a consistent database. Firstly we present a survey of the empirical literature related with cost and production frontiers in the water and sanitation sector. The survey shed light in order to determine the variables to choose in the models to be estimated. Secondly, some models were estimated, differing each other on the specification, and the environmental variables included. The results are satisfactory, with the expected signs and plausible values for the coefficients. Some consistency between methodologies was found.


Modern discussion of the Latin accent can be said to have begun in earnest with the publication of Weil and Benloew's Théorie générale de l'accentuation latine in 1855. Responses to this work divided scholars strongly into two opposing camps—or rather, they strengthened and extended a pre-existing division into two camps that had originally concerned only the relationship (if any) between Latin metrical forms and the position of the Latin word accent. On closer inspection the two camps turn out to be rather loose alliances, but when the focus is on the Latin accent itself they rally around opposing answers to a central question: did Latin have a pitch accent or a stress accent? Chapter 2 sketches the beginnings of this battle and the main turns it has taken, and then argues that it is a mistake to see 'pitch or stress accent' as the crucial question, or even as a meaningful one. Even attempts to offer intermediate views mostly put a misconceived and unhelpful question at the centre of the argument. But if this question can be put to one side, some genuine questions come into view.


This study evaluated the antifungal activity of essential oils (EOs) against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris Padwick (FOC) and their effects in inducing systemic resistance in chickpeas. The EOs chemical composition was analysed by GC-MS. Carvacrol, geraniol and 1,8-cineole were the major constituents in thyme, lemongrass and laurel EOs. The latter showed effective antifungal activity against FOC. In vivo tests revealed that thyme and lemongrass EOs were also very effective in reducing the severity in chickpeas and reached an inhibition rate of 99.3 and 88.9%, respectively. Chickpea resistance is mostly attributed to phenolic compounds accumulation. The highest content of polyphenols was obtained with thyme (22.7 to 57.5 mg/g). The studied EOs could be used as promising antifungal agents in preventing the occurrence of Fusarium wilt in chickpeas.


The invention discloses a traffic signal control device using power generated by wind-solar hybrid power supply system as power supply, which comprises a windmill generator and a windmill generator controller, a solar panel and a photoelectric plate controller, a direct current controller, a handheld remote controller, an accumulator battery pack and an LED traffic signal lamp group, wherein generating equipment is electrically connected with the accumulator battery pack and the LED traffic signal lamp group respectively through the direct current controller; and the direct current controller or the handheld remote controller controls the LED traffic signal lamp group. The device has the following advantages that: the natural renewable wind and solar energy resources are used as energy sources to conduct the function of wireless transmission multi-phase traffic signal control at crossings far away from downtown, so natural resources can be optimized and the energy source can be saved; and the manual real-time command and control function is conducted on spot by using the handheld remote controller, and functions of inputting, adjusting and correcting a traffic control scheme and a control plan are conducted by remote control at a certain distance.


Diabetes and lung cancer are common diseases worldwide,which have a serious impact on human health. Recently epidemiologic research has found that diabetes,which may enhance the incidence of lung cancer,is one of the risk factors of lung cancer. The metformin,a first-line drug for treatment of type 2 diabetes,can decrease the incidence of lung cancer and may have an antilung-cancer bioactivity,but its mechanisms are unclear. To make a further study of the mechanisms is expected to reduce the morbidity and is possible to help us find a new therapeutic target. The aim of this article is to review the potential mechanism of the metformin's anti-lung-cancer activity.


In a 2011 article, John Whicker describes the meaning of the term postprocess as "something we all seem to know but haven't yet clearly explained nor seemed to understand the same way," and goes on to demonstrate "the diverse and often contradictory ways" that compositionists have employed the term (497-98). For Whicker, this indeterminacy presents serious problems. He states, "Through this now dominant casual use of 'post-process,' the term becomes a great obfuscatory conflation of conceptualizations" or, stated more pointedly, a "power-move," intended to support any number of experimental institutional or pedagogical programs and deny other, more traditional ones (523). While I disagree with Whicker that the principal function of postprocess is to provide the shibboleth through which certain compositionists identify themselves as "members of the dominant clique in the field," I agree with his larger point (521). Whatever the adjective postprocess may denote when attached to composition theories or pedagogies, it doesn't resolve into just one thing. Inevitably, compositionists have neither understood its implications uniformly nor reached precisely the same conclusion(s) concerning its applications.The terminological confusion that Whicker identifies may have produced the "puzzling" silence in postprocess scholarship previously noted by Matthew Heard as well. Heard writes: "Part of why postprocess theory may have lost its foothold in composition is that we know its name but not what it really means" (285). Whicker and Heard hold substantially different views toward the utility and prospects of postprocess approaches, of course, with the former skeptical and the latter hoping to clear a space for pedagogical applications within the "unique environments of our situated classrooms, composed as they are by the values and backgrounds of our students" (Heard 301). But, even so, both fixate on the question of meaning, suggesting that its absence presents serious hazards to both postprocess scholarship and pedagogy. I find this common tendency understandable; in most cases, one cannot overstate the importance of terminological clarity. Yet, for both theoretical and practical reasons, defining postprocess precisely may not be as crucial as one might imagine.To ask what a thing means is to attempt to pin it down, to resolve its complexity, to gain some form of mastery over it, to translate it into something more recognizable-that is, to deny the thing its singularity or uniqueness. But, postprocess is rightly described as a rejection of mastery (Breuch 141), and it is a theory about attending to singularities as such. Postprocess theorists argue that if two things are not precisely the same, they are radically different. Therefore, the names we give to things often inhibit our ability to attend to them. As Gary A. Olson asserts, "When you mention 'prewriting,' say, you mean something very specific, but your notion of prewriting-what it is, how it works, how to teach students to engage in it-will be different from someone else's notion.... Nevertheless, we ignore this fact and treat aspects of writing as if they have a solidity that they just do not have" (424-25). If statements like this are true of prewriting, then they are equally true of the theory or theories one brings toward that act, including postprocess itself. In this light, one need not lament the polysemic nature of the adjective postprocess; rather, it is a necessary, even integral component of the theory itself. The sound and the fury are not simply smoke and mirrors; a lack of clear signification does not amount to deception.Making no pretense toward explaining postprocess theory as a whole, in this document I trace its genealogy within a single subset of composition scholarship: the body of work concerning rhetorical invention. In doing so, I hope to shift the scholarly conversation away from definitional concerns and to continue the intellectual project admirably begun by Heard, Lee-Ann M. …


There are many questions yet to be answered about the consequences of a change in school starting time. But one thing is certain: as the transition is being planned and implemented, all the stakeholders who will be affected need to be consulted and kept informed. SOME SCHOOL districts have responded to recent research findings on adolescent sleep patterns and needs by significantly changing high school starting times. Other districts are considering such a move. But tinkering with the school-day schedule is not without its risks. Aware of those risks, in the fall of 1996 several superintendents of suburban Minnesota school districts asked the Center for Applied Research and Educational Improvement (CAREI) at the University of Minnesota to assess the attitudes of stakeholders toward such a venture. Seventeen school districts agreed to participate in the study, which soon focused not only on high schools but also on elementary and middle/junior high schools, since the schedules of all buildings in a district are inextricably linked.1 Of the 17 districts, only one of them - Edina - had already made the decision to start the high school day 70 minutes later in 1996-97 than in the previous school year. At the start of the study, then, only the stakeholders in Edina were actually experiencing the change. A year later, the Minneapolis School District pushed back the starting time of its seven comprehensive high schools by an hour and 25 minutes, from 7:15 to 8:40 a.m., enabling CAREI to study the actual impact of a later starting time in that district as well.2 The CAREI researchers discovered that changing a school's starting time provokes the same kind of emotional reaction from stakeholders as closing a school or changing a school's attendance area. A school's starting time sets the rhythm of the day for teachers, parents, students, and members of the community at large. The impact of changing that starting time is felt individually, and the individuals who are affected need to have their views heard and legitimized so that the discussion can move forward in search of common ground. Another striking finding from the first year of the CAREI study had to do with the role that assumptions play in discussions of changing school starting times. Informal conversations on the topic seemed invariably to include a comment such as "The transportation department rules the district, and this change cannot take place because of bus problems" or "The coaches will never go along with this idea - there's no use in even approaching them." To assess the accuracy of these and similar assumptions, we conducted individual interviews during the first year of the study with each participating district's transportation director, with 51 coaches and co-curricular faculty advisors, with all 17 district directors of community education, with several food service directors, with several district personnel directors, with all elementary and secondary curriculum directors, and with local employers who provide after-school jobs for students. Surprisingly, none of the interviewees suggested that a change in school starting time - especially at the high school level - would be out of the question. Indeed, though coaches and transportation directors did voice some concerns, most respondents in all categories were willing to discuss at length ways of implementing such a change, since it would be beneficial for students and their learning. To allow untested assumptions to forestall debate on the issue is to close the door prematurely (and possibly wrongly) to later starting times for high school students. The CAREI study showed, too, that advocates for later school starting times tended to use in their lobbying efforts both hard data (e.g., the findings of sleep research on adolescents) and testimonials (e.g., positive outcomes from districts that had already made such a change). …