This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as an 'Accepted Article', doi: 10.1111/j.1755-148X.2012.00999.x © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S LETTER TO THE EDITOR Follicular vitiligo: a new form of vitiligo


With the rapid development of the Internet, the world wide web has become the carrier of a large number of information, and the search engine has entered the public life. In order to help search engines capture related web resources, web crawlers emerge as the times require. Web crawler is a program that automatically extracts web pages. Some malicious web crawlers will not only steal the information of the website, but also cause irreparable damage to the website. Along with it, anti-crawler, the enemy of web crawler, comes into our life. This paper studies the use of machine learning for crawler recognition, so as to make a better anti crawler strategy, use machine recognition instead of manual recognition, reduce the workload of manual recognition of crawler, reduce the loss of human and material resources, and improve the recognition rate of crawler, so as to protect the website information and website equipment.


A Ni-7.2at%Ti alloy was prepared and the d-electron occupancy of Ni was measured from electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) of nickel. The results showed that the white-line intensity of Ni EELS and the d-electron occupancy of Ni in Ni-7.2at%Ti alloy did not change significantly relative to pure Ni.


Three types of parameters in management of economy are considered in article. The greatest attention is paid to illusory parameters, as the most difficult for understanding. Researches cover the period in four years for the managers of the city Zhukovsky who are training on the MVA program. Some triads of the parameters connected with each other are revealed. These triads form response surfaces for the description of internal life in the organizations. Examplesof such triads are the complexes connected with a conflictness and skill to communicate of staff of firms.


Oncocytomas are rare benign epithelial neoplasms composed of oncocytes, which are large cells with granular eosinophilic cytoplasm containing excessive and atypical mitochondria. We report a case of oncocytoma of parotid salivary gland which constitutes between zero and three percent of salivary gland neoplasms.


We describe some key astrophysical processes driving the formation and evolution of black hole binaries of different nature, from stellar-mass to supermassive systems. In the first part, we focus on the mainstream channels proposed for the formation of stellar mass binaries relevant to ground-based gravitational wave detectors, namely the {\it field} and the {\it dynamical} scenarios. For the field scenario, we highlight the relevant steps in the evolution of the binary, including mass transfer, supernovae explosions and kicks, common envelope and gravitational wave emission. For the dynamical scenario, we describe the main physical processes involved in the formation of star clusters and the segregation of black holes in their centres. We then identify the dynamical processes leading to binary formation, including three-body capture, exchanges and hardening. The second part of the notes is devoted to massive black hole formation and evolution, including the physics leading to mass accretion and binary formation. Throughout the notes, we provide several step-by-step pedagogical derivations, that should be particularly suited to undergraduates and PhD students, but also to gravitational wave physicists interested in approaching the subject of gravitational wave sources from an astrophysical perspective.


Acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) use active sonar to measure current velocities by measuring the sound returned by scatterers (most often zooplankton) in the water column. The volume of scatterers, or echo intensity, has been used to measure the abundance of zooplankton and characterize diel vertical migration (DVM). DVM is the mass vertical movement of zooplankton and fish between the surface waters where they feed at night, and the mesopelagic zone where they avoid predators during the day; it is considered the largest migration of biomass on Earth, happens in every ocean, and is important to the global carbon cycle. This thesis uses a combination of data that I helped acquire during the Office of Naval Research-funded CALYPSO 2022 field campaign in the Balearic Sea. Acoustic backscatter from a 38kHz ADCP and a 150kHz ADCP is translated into mean volume backscattering strength (MVBS) to characterize the sound scattering layers (SSLs) in the Balearic Sea. WireWalker data is used to model subsurface light. The MVBS is compared to measurements of temperature, salinity, chlorophyll concentration, and dissolved oxygen (DO) from the EcoCTD, a towed instrument that simultaneously measures hydrographic and biological parameters. The analysis reveals one permanent scattering layer at 300m – 600m and two migrating scattering layers in the top 50m and between 100m – 300m. The layers are likely made up of zooplankton like krill and pteropods and pelagic fish. The speed of vertical migration ranges from 1 – 11cms−1, and migrators are follow isolumes during migration times. DVM has the strongest effect on backscatter anomalies, but during daytime and nighttime, DO is most correlated with the backscatter anomaly. We demonstrate that ADCPS can be used to characterize SSLs and DVM. The uniquely co-located EcoCTD data from CALYPSO enables us to compare the frontal variability in scatterers to variability in biological and physical parameters. Characterizing the SSLs, DVM, and frontal variability of acoustic backscatter furthers understanding of the global carbon cycle.


Most Chinese farm produce export businesses have suffered greatly in the recent years because of Japan's tightening of its "green trade barrier" measures such as raising the standard of chemical residue check and adopting stricter checking criteria. Thus, with such "green barriers" becoming the chief obstacle to China's export of farm produce to Japan, it is imperative for the concerned departments and institutions of our country to conduct in-depth studies of the various forms of Japan's green barriers to its import of foreign farm produce and to analyze the causes of Japan's setting up such green barriers, so that effective countermeasures could be taken to break through such green barriers and to guarantee the share of market for our country's export of farm produce.


This paper describes an integrated Bayesian approach to maneuver-based trajectory prediction and criticality assessment that is not limited to specific driving situations. First, a distribution of high-level driving maneuvers is inferred for each vehicle in the traffic scene via Bayesian inference. For this purpose, the domain is modeled in a Bayesian network with both causal and diagnostic evidences and an additional trash maneuver class, which allows the detection of irrational driving behavior and the seamless application from highly structured to nonstructured environments. Subsequently, maneuver-based probabilistic trajectory prediction models are employed to predict each vehicle's configuration forward in time. Random elements in the designed models consider the uncertainty within the future driving maneuver execution of human drivers. Finally, the criticality time metric time-to-critical-collision-probability (TTCCP) is introduced and estimated via Monte Carlo simulations. The TTCCP is a generalization of the time-to-collision (TTC) in arbitrary uncertain multiobject driving environments and valid for longer prediction horizons. All uncertain predictions of all maneuvers of every vehicle are taken into account. Additionally, the criticality assessment considers arbitrarily shaped static environments, and it is shown how parametric free space (PFS) maps can advantageously be utilized for this purpose.


Thailand 4.0 policy encourages the country to bring basic research into innovation for the beneft of Thai people. This article, therefore, focus on transforming the knowledge in nanotechnology research into innovation of wound dressing especially for patients under palliative care and others. The patients are suffering from the incurable diseases, pain, anxious of wound infection which causes of stress and pain. These suffering
will affect to not only the patients, but also to care givers and family members. The innovation of wound dressing from nanotechnology could help the nurse in caring to ease the pain, reduce risk of infections which also further reduce the cost of wound infection treatment, the duration of occupied bed in hospitals which consequently improve the quality of life both of patients and family. Therefore, this article is integrated
knowledge of nanotechnology and nursing for wound caring in developing the continuing new knowledge in caring.


Objective To investigate the correlation of neuropeptide Y(NPY) and calcitonin gene related peptide(CGRP) in intercerebral hematoma with pathologic change of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage. Methods The Levels of NPY and CGRP in hematoma and plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay in 30 cases of patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage. Results Compared with the control group,the levels of NPY and CGRP in hematoma and plasma of patients increased significantly. Compared with the non continuing hemorrhagic group,the levels of NPY and CGRP in hematoma of continuing hemorrhage increased signifircantly. The levels of plasma decreased after operation. Conclusion The substances of NPY and CGRP are the major causes of continuing hemorrhage,hematoma enlargement and brain edema.


ABSTRACT The authors examined the effects of six types of teacher professional learning activities on student achievement growth over 4 years using statewide longitudinal survey data collected from 467 middle school mathematics teachers in 91 schools merged with 11,192 middle school students' mathematics scores in a standardized assessment in Missouri. The data showed that teacher-centered collaborative activities to learn about mathematics teaching and learning (teacher collaboration and informal communication) seem to be more effective in improving student mathematics achievement than learning activities that do not necessarily involve such teacher-centered collaborative opportunities (professional development programs, university courses, individual learning activities). Teacher-driven research activities through professional conference presentation and participation were also found to be associated with student achievement growth in mathematics. The districts and schools may benefit from investing their professional development funds and resources in facilitating teacher-centered collaborative and research-based learning activities in order to improve student learning.


Abstract : We present a cursory survey of existing computational methods and known challenges in estimating accurate electronic band structures of materials suited for electronic device concepts. Both ab initio and empirical approaches are described, but greater emphasis is on atomistic and continuum-based empirical methods. Empirical pseudopotential, Slater-Koster tight-binding, k.p, envelope function, and effective mass methods are discussed and compared. Remarkable variability is found in the approaches for incorporating the effects of strain. Despite these differences, however, all methods are suited for handling infinitesimal strain. The results within this context show good agreement among the methods.


The history of the fixed poetic forms development in the Udmurt literature is outlined in the paper. The paramount importance of the form components in the elucidation of the content of the given kind of lyrical poetry has been studied on the example of the " Sund2 no Wuža no… " sonnet sequence by G. Sabitov, the first sonnet sequence in the Udmurt literature (translation into Russian Solntse zakhodit - solntse vstaet [The Sun sets - the Sun rises] by O. Poskrebyshev). The impulsive meaning of G. Sabitov's work in appearance of a number of works in this genre in the national literature is revealed. Comparing to other examples in some Ural-Volga region literatures a certain topical priority to the sonnet sequences-dedications is disclosed. The future of this poetic form in the national literature is forecasted.


Internally, salt stocks consist of isoclinal, attenuated, vertically-plunging, complex folds and resemble a handkerchief drawn vertically through a small ring. They appear to have developed by intermittent and shifting movements which may have been controlled largely by strain hardening of halite crystals and varying rates of sedimentation. These movements must have strongly affected external structures and oil migration. External structures, like grabens and faults, may be related to internal structures like zones of shearing and differential movement (faulting?). Close cooperation among petroleum geologists, geophysicists, and salt-fabric geologists is needed if we are to decipher the origin of salt massifs, salt spines, overhangs, and intermittent salt movements. End_of_Article - Last_Page 347------------


During a microstructure survey off California in Monterey Bay, we found a midwater beam of strong turbulence emanating from the shelf break along the ray path of the semidiurnal M2 internal tide. Within the 50-m-thick beam the turbulence kinetic energy dissipation rate e exceeded 10−6 W kg−1, and the diapycnal eddy diffusivity Kρ was >0.01 m2 s−1. The beam extended 4 km off the shelf break. Several factors suggest that this beam of strong turbulence resulted from the breaking of semidiurnal internal tides: the beam appeared to originate from the shelf break, which is a potential generation site for semidiurnal internal tides; the beam closely followed the ray path of the semidiurnal internal tide; the average e off the shelf break varied by a factor of 100 with a semidiurnal tidal periodicity; the isopycnal displacement confirmed the presence of semidiurnal internal tides. Processes associated with the breaking of internal tides are intermittent and sporadic. At the same location we also observed equally intense turbulence in a ∼100-m-thick layer of stratified water across the ridge of a sea fan. This layer of strong turbulence was separated from the bottom and was clearly not generated by bottom friction. Although less well resolved in time, the strong turbulence above the bottom seemed to vary with the semidiurnal tide and existed at the lee of the ridge, where the isopycnal surface dipped and rebounded in a pattern resembling that of internal hydraulic jumps. On the basis of the behavior of the density field, we believe that the deep mixing was most likely produced by the across-ridge current of internal tides. The breaking of internal tides at middepth, where the Richardson number is close to the critical value, is likely due to shear instability. The presence of the coastal ridge provides an alternative pathway for converting energy from internal tides to turbulence via internal hydraulics. Multiplying the average e in the midwater beam by the length of the global coastline gives 31 GW, only a small fraction of the estimated 360 GW dissipated globally by M2 internal tides. Our observations suggest that either most internal tides are generated away from shelf breaks or most internal tides generated at shelf breaks propagate away from their generation sites, rather than dissipate locally, and eventually contribute to pelagic mixing.


Utilization of soil bacteria as biocontrol agent is becoming popular due to its valuable and effective mechanisms to suppress plant pathogenic microbes. We have previously isolated Bacillus sp, designated as Bacillus sp CR64, which exhibited effective plant growth promoting and antifungal activities. In this study, CR64 was examined in inhibiting the growth of Rhizoctonia solani, the causing agent of root rot disease. Partial sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene revealed that this isolate similar with Bacillus cereus (94%). Furthermore, a gene designated zmaR was detected by means of specific amplification of DNA fragment approximately 950 bp. This fragment was then cloned onto pCRII-TOPO (3.9 kb) and sequenced using DNA sequencer ABI PRISM 310. Sequence analysis revealed that it had highest homology with the ZmaR protein (89% identity; 90% similarity) of B. thuringiensis serovar kurstaki (AAF82729.2). Alignment analysis with other ZmaR sequences from other antibiotic-producing Bacilli exhibited an almost fully conserved region within ZmaR sequences. Keyword : PGPR, Bacillus sp CR64, Zwitermicin A, Cloning, Antifungal.


In this paper, a multi-layer and multi-function broadband metasurface has been designed. It can switch from polarization conversion to polarization separator through changing the PIN diodes status on the top and bottom layer. The polarization conversion unit can convert co-polarization into cross-polarization from 9.8 GHz to 40.4 GHz with the conversion efficiency over 90%. The polarization separator unit can forward transmit the co-polarization and backward reflect the cross-polarization from 17 GHz to 29.8 GHz.


Shri Baba Ram Devji once announced in Dainik jagran Newspaper dated August 26, 2006 that he will replace soft drinks by an indigenious ayurvedic drink prepared by the leaves of TULSI, Karela, Kaddu and fruit Kheera possibly following the principle of Rasayana. We do not know what method has been followed in the preparation of such drinks. Our pharmacochemical insight indicated that this ayurvedic or natural product soft drink possesses diverse anticarcinogenic chemical structures. We rationalized the chemopreventive potential of this ayurvedic formulation.


Citrus limon (lemon) belongs to the Rutaceae family and has great therapeutic applications. The chemical ingredients of C. limon have been used in the formulation of several ethnic herbal medicines. The application of antibiotics has shown the development of drug resistance in antibacterial drugs. Due to the drug-resistant nature of microorganisms, there is an urgent need to develop a novel drug active against wildtype and MDR resistant strains of pathogens.


A traditional view holds that the medical and public health work environment changes as a result of the adoption of best practices that, in turn, are based on scientific research. However, this linear and one-way paradigm of translating science into practice is far too limited. As we increasingly appreciate, sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinical and prevention practice is shaped by a number of forces other than science alone: feasibility, acceptability, yield, cost, available resources, and the interest and enthusiasm of the work force to continuously improve quality and innovate in the face of reduced funding. All determine the ultimate translation and effectiveness of scientific evidence and best-practice guidelines into the real world of STD prevention and thus their impact on public health. ''The Real World of STD Prevention,'' therefore, seems an appropriate title for a new section in Sexually Transmitted Diseases that provides an editorial framework for articles focusing on STD clinical and prevention practice and the science-to-program interface. This section, a collaborative effort between the journal and STD Prevention Online, aims to address this 2-way exchange by publishing ''downstream'' evaluations and reports of the translation and implementation of guidelines and research findings into the practice setting, as well as the ''upstream''description and evaluation of innovations developed at the individual practice site. The primary audience for these publications comprises STD clinical and prevention practitioners including clinicians, disease intervention specialists, prevention workers, program administrators, and those involved with training the STD prevention workforce. Of course, these types of articles have appeared in the journal before. However, by providing a special framework, we hope to emphasize the importance of these publications for STD prevention practice, and by publishing these manuscripts free of charge in the journal and on STD Prevention Online simultaneously, we aim to attract a readership that has not been traditionally reached by the journal. Manuscripts published in the new section will be accompanied by an editorial comment to discuss their relevance for clinical and prevention practice. Use of the STD Prevention Online Web site to publicize the work though blogs and podcasts and also to facilitate reader feedback will further enhance access to the work. The frequency of this section appearing in the journal will depend on the availability of suitable manuscripts, and we encourage readers of the journal and members of STD Prevention Online to consider submitting manuscripts for publication in this section. To be clear, manuscripts submitted or solicited for this section will be held to the same high standard as other manuscripts submitted to the journal and will go through the same peer-review process. We envision this section to be a part of the larger concept of ''program science,'' defined as ''the systematic application of theoretical and empirical scientific knowledge to improve the design, implementation and evaluation of public health programs.'' Thus, program science is a systemslevel, scientific framework to determine the most effective and most efficient combination and integration of prevention program components that will yield the greatest impact on STD/HIV transmission. A series on program science was recently launched by 2 of us (S.A. and J.B.) in the journal Sexually Transmitted Infections. However, in contrast to articles in the program science series, the focus of the articles featured in The Real World of STD Prevention will be on the more specific 2-way translational issues and outcomes related to programs and services provided by individual STD clinics or local or state health department STD prevention programs. Moreover, EDITORIAL


The present study was concerned with determining whether the threshold for movement would be related to angle of approach or retreat of the stimulus-object in relation to S where movement was of the binocular 'tracking' type. This type of real movement may be contrasted with two other types: movement of the eye relative to a stationary object; and, movement of an object in space relative to the location of the eye. It is doubtful that these all correspond to the same process. In these latter two, the probable cue is the movement of the primary stimulus across the retina, while in the first the cues are kinesthesis and the movement of stationary reference-stimuli across the retina. Data on thresholds for movement, particularly of this type, are notably sparse.1


CONTEXT
Passive diffusion of new medical innovations is an important mechanism by which knowledge transitions from research to clinical practice. Preliminary evidence has emerged about the effectiveness of the alpha(1)-adrenergic blocker prazosin hydrochloride in the treatment of nightmares and hyperarousal among patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This treatment has been neither widely accepted nor the subject of active dissemination efforts, and its efficacy was discovered in a discrete geographic location.

OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the pace and reach of the passive dissemination of a promising technology within a national health care system.

DESIGN
Geographic surveillance data study.

SETTING
Academic research.

PATIENTS
We tracked the use of prazosin in the treatment of patients diagnosed as having PTSD in the Department of Veterans Affairs during fiscal years 2004 (n = 203 414) and 2006 (n = 319 670).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
The percentage of patients diagnosed as having PTSD who received a prescription for prazosin.

RESULTS
Whereas 37.6% of patients with PTSD treated within the Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Tacoma, Washington, in 2004 were prescribed prazosin, only 18.2% were treated with prazosin at medical centers up to 499 miles (to convert miles to kilometers, multiply by 1.6) away, 6.7% at centers 500 to 999 miles away, 4.0% at centers 1000 to 2499 miles away, and 1.9% at centers 2500 miles away or farther. Adjusting for patient characteristics, patients with PTSD treated up to 499 miles from Puget Sound were about 49% less likely in 2006 and about 63% less likely in 2004 to be prescribed prazosin than their counterparts treated within Puget Sound, while those who were treated 2500 miles away or farther were about 94% less likely in 2006 and about 97% less likely in 2004 to be treated with prazosin than patients within Puget Sound.

CONCLUSION
Passive diffusion of a new treatment can be rapid in the immediate area in which it is developed, but the geographic gradient of use seems to be steep and enduring even when cost and organizational barriers are minimal.


The crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic is more severe than other crises that have occurred before such as the crisis in 2008. This is because of the speed and scale it has created. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis on changes in the behavior of Muslims in Indonesia, namely accelerating the payment of zakat during the Covid-19 pandemic. The data used in this study is primary data, where data were collected through questionnaires to respondents who were selected purposively throughout the big islands of Indonesia and collected as many as 256 respondents. By using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) Partial Least Square approach, it is found that several variables have an influence on the behavior of Muslims to accelerate paying zakat, including the Attitude variable and the Perceived Behavioral Control variable. However, it was found that the Subjective Norm variable was not proven to significantly influence the behavior of Indonesian Muslims to accelerate paying zakat during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. The limitations of this study are that the sample that dominates is only from the island of Java and the age proportion of the respondents is dominated by millennials and generation z.


According to the current situation of the anti-corrosive paint technology for steel structures of river-crossing bridges,the design scheme of three-layer coatings was confirmed,in which the epoxy zinc rich is used as the primer,MIO(micaceous iron oxide) epoxy is used as intermediate paint,and fluorocarbon is used as finish paint.Some matters need attention in the painting process was mentioned.Practical application of this method in the steel structures and support saddles of Wuhan Tian-xing-zhou bridge and Nanjing Da-sheng bridge showed that it can achieve a satisfactory effects of anti-corrosion and decoration.


IN THE FIRST two years of medical s c h o o 1, as I in other graduate-professional schools, the training of students proceeds from one quarter (or semester) to the next one as if the students had retained and would be able to utilize the essence of the material taught them. Presumably, teaching in the more ad vanced courses would be more effective if it were geared to the actual level of student retention of ma terial covered in antecedent courses. Alsoitseems plausible to anticipate that the training of medical students would be facilitated if one were able to predict the individual differences in the permanence of retention obtaining in a class of medical students. This present study is an attempt to investigate the extent to which students retain materials subse quent to completion of a course of study and what measure or measures best predict individual dif ferences in such long-term retention. Perhaps the simplest way of measuring long term retention is to administer exactly the same test on two occasions separated by a period of months or y e a r s. Long term retention is estimated by comparing the to tal number of correct responses obtained on the sec ond testing with the total number of correct responses obtained on the first testing. Though such a meas u r e has been successfully utilized (4, 5, 7) it undoubtedly is the resultant of retention, guessing and other test taking behaviors. This multi-determination tends to preclude the discovery or development of other measures which will predict performance on this measure. One way of reducing its ambiguity asa measure is to break it down into two components, that is, into measures of stable memory and flue tuating memory. Stable memory is estimated by the total number of items a subject answered correctly on both test ing occasions while fluctuating memory is estimated by the number of items a subject answered correct ly on one or the other, but not both testing occa sions. Thus it would appear that the Stable Memory score (SM) is almost entirely a measure of mor e readily accessible, more permanent retention whereas the Fluctuating Memory score (FM) isa function of less readily accessible, possibly less I permanent retention as well as correct guesses. If so, one would anticipate that SM, as compared with FM, would tend to have more positive relation ships with various measures of ability and achieve ment (e.g., Medical College Admission Testand grade point average). In addition one would be able to de termine which of these measures, alone or in com bination, best predicts the Stable Me m or y (SM) score. Also of particular interest is the r e lation ship between the SM and FM scores in that this relationship will provide some further insight into cognitive functioning. If we find a strong positive relationship between SM and FM then it would suggest that the major dif ferences between individuals lies in the amount they retain with SM and FM in roughly the same proportion for most individuals. If there is a strong negative relationship between SM and FM, then the implication is that there may well be qual itative differences in individuals' memorial pro cesses which are categorical in nature, that is , either an individual has high SM or high FM but not both. Weak relationships or the absence of a re lationship between SM and FM would indicate that in all probability a wide variety of combinations of functioning on these two dimensions are to be found in medical students.


This paper presents the performance of a new magnetorheological elastomer-based semi-active/passive variable stiffness and damping isolator (VSDI) in a scaled building system. The force of the VSDI can be controlled in real time by varying the applied magnetic field. To demonstrate the performance of the VSDI, four prototypes are built and utilized in a scaled three-story building. A Lyapunov-based control strategy is employed and it is demonstrated that it works well for the scaled building system under the scaled El Centro earthquake motion. Experimental results show that the VSDIs significantly reduce the acceleration and relative displacement of the building floors.


THE EUROPEAN UNION EXTERNAL ACTION IN TIMES OF CRISIS AND CHANGE  INTERNATIONAL SECURITY CHALLENGES AND CRISIS RESPONSE  Advocacy, Governmental Organisations and Research networks Associated – AGORA Forum (www.agora-‐forum.eu) – Organised by the Institut d'Etudes Européennes de l'Université Libre de Bruxelles in partnership with the European External Action Service and the European Commission on 27-‐28 February 2013  6 Round Table's Summary of Findings and Policy Recommendations  M. Johan ROBBERECHT (Université Libre de Bruxelles, BE) / Based on the background note and reviewed by Prof. Jolyon HOWORTH (Yale University, USA)


This paper studies on the reasons of possible pollution rebound of enterpries having reached to the standard after treatment in Taiyuan City,and puts forward some measures and suggestions for preventing pollution rebound and consolidating the results of environmental treatment.


This paper presents the AulaNet learning management system, its architecture and the collaboration model that guided its development and that was refined during this process. A case study of an online course indicates the necessity to have an architectural support for collaboration aspects and a collaboration-based engineering approach to groupware development. This approach, groupware engineering, is based on software engineering and on concepts originated in the field of CSCW.


A series of poly(siloxane-arylacetylene)s with o-carborane in the backbone (CB-PSOA)s were prepared by the coupling reaction between poly(siloxane-arylacetylene) (PSOA) and decaborane (B10H14) in the presence of CH3CN. CB-PSOAs were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py–GC–MS). The results show that the average amount of carborane units in a CB-PSOA chain could be raised when the molar ratio of B10H14 to PSOA is increased from 0.6 to 2.4. The crosslinking reaction could be carried on at above 140°C for CB-PSOAs. The CB-PSOA thermosets show excellent thermo oxidative stability with over 85% residue yield at 1000°C in air.


The purpose of this study is to determine the level of environmental literacy and the degree of relationship between the environmental components (attitude, behavior and knowledge) in the students of the University of Sonora (UNISON), campus Cajeme, with an instrument designed by the Wisconsin Center for Environmental Education in the USA. The study was conducted during the school year from August to December 2011, with students studying the first and third semester. The level of environmental literacy of students of UNISON campus Cajeme is unacceptable (D), obtaining an average of 113.13 equivalent to 62.85% of the rating scale used. In the correlation between environmental components, no significant relationship was found, since all denoted weak positive relationships.


[Objective] To find the optimal conditions for identifying the viability of Gardenia jasminoides seeds by the 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride(TTC)staining method and to investigate the relationship between seed viability and germination rate.[Method] With 10 kinds of G.jasminoides varieties,the staining effect of TTC treatment on G.jasminoides seed embryos was observed at different staining temperatures,staining time and TTC concentration by orthogonal test.And then,the viability and germination rate were determined.[Result] The staining temperatures,staining time and TTC concentration had certain effects on the detection of seed viability,and they were closely related to each other.Within proper range of TTC concentration,the staining temperatures and time affected the detection of seed viability significantly.The relationship between seed viability(X)and germination rate(Y)was in accordance with the following regression equation:Y =-13.154+1.077X.[Conclusion] The optimal conditions for identifying the viability of Gardenia jasminoides seeds by the TTC method are as following:staining temperature,35 ℃;TTC concentration,1.0%;and staining time,2.5 h.Under these conditions,seed viability is significantly related to germination rate.


Clearly, it would be great to have all patients done on the most state-of-the-art systems. But there are other perspectives that are important. In a world where our resources may be more tightly allocated it is good to consider those.


In 2009, your authors published an article entitled An Examination of the Evolution of Crimes at Sea and the Emergence of the Many Legal Regimes in Their Wake. The article discussed various international problems that can occur on cruise ships at sea. The cruise ship industry was, and still is, largely self-regulated-which in turn leads to serious problems arising from the neglect of passenger concerns. At that time, we disclosed that there were many international regulations addressing some areas, but not all.The present day poses different problems than in the past. The intention of this article is to explore crimes that affect passengers on cruise ships from outside the ship; crimes committed on board the ship; the lack of universal medical standards; worrisome medical malpractice concerns; as well as, to offer suggestions for the benefit of both the passengers and the cruise lines. As this article will show, the cruise ship industry has not been forthcoming when making all available statistics public. Specifically, there has been a lack of reporting from the industry of certain criminal activity and illness outbreaks on board the ships. By failing to make this information available to the public, consumers cannot make informed decisions about whether or not to set sail on a particular cruise line.


This study argues for a generic approach to selective exposure research. Empirically, we dismantle the relative importance of three different forms of selective exposure to likeminded political news that has dominated the communication literature: message cues, party cues and source cues. In a uniquely designed conjoint experiment, a large probability-based panel of Norwegian citizens was faced with news headline choices, randomly varying several different factors simultaneously. We not only show that the effects are in line with previous research but also, more importantly, that these effects are additive and distinct effects that prevail when three known countervailing forces are accounted for. We conclude that scholars should move towards a more generic and less country specific approach to selective exposure research. ∗The data collection for this study was funded by the Bergen Research Foundation and the University of Bergen. †Corresponding author (firstname.lastname@example.com).


Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs) are high-energy photon bursts originating from the Earth's atmosphere. After their discovery in 1994 by the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) detector aboard the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory [Fishman et al., Science, 264, 1313, 1994], this phenomenon has been further observed by the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) [Smith et al., Science, 307, 1085, 2005], the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope [Briggs et al., JGR, 115, A07323, 2010] and the Astrorivelatore Gamma a Immagini Leggero (AGILE) satellite [Marisaldi et al., JGR, 115, A00E13, 2010]. Measurements have correlated TGFs with initial development stages of normal polarity intracloud lightning that transports negative charge upward (+IC) [e.g., Lu et al., GRL, 37, L11806, 2010; JGR, 116, A03316, 2011]. Moreover, Øsstgaard et al. [GRL, 40, 2423, 2013] have recently reported, for the first time, space-based observations of optical emissions from TGF-associated IC lightning flashes. The purpose of the present work is to quantify the intensities of optical emissions resulting from the excitation of air molecules produced by conventional streamer discharges in negative corona flashes of stepping negative leaders and by the large amount of electrons involved in TGF events based on two production mechanisms: relativistic runaway electron avalanches (RREAs) [Dwyer and Smith, GRL, 32, L22804, 2005] and production of runaway electrons by high-potential +IC lightning leaders [e.g., Celestin and Pasko, JGR, 116, A03315, 2011; Xu et al., GRL, 39, L08801, 2012]. We employ a Monte Carlo model to simulate the acceleration of electrons in the energy range from sub-eV to GeV in either large-scale homogeneous electric field sustaining RREAs or highly inhomogeneous electric field produced around the lightning leader tip region. With the knowledge of the electron energy distribution function, a model similar to that described in [Liu and Pasko, JGR, 109, A04301, 2004] is used for the calculation of optical emissions from the first and second positive band systems of N2 and the first negative band system of N2+. Results are compared to those recently published by Dwyer et al. [GRL, 40, 4067-4073, 2013].


Neutron diffraction measurements were carried out on single crystals of CsCoCl 3 , a quasi-one-dimensional antiferromagnet of Ising-like spins, in the long range ordered region. The determined magnetic structure at 4.2 K is composed of antiferromagnetic stacking of ferrimagnetic c -plane with three sublattices as determined by Melamud et al. The spins are aligned along c -axis and were evaluated to be 3.11 µ B at 0 K by extrapolation. Unusual temperature dependence of magnetic reflection intensity was observed and interpreted as a partial disordering transition in which one of the three sublattices in a c -plane loses its magnetization above 13.5 K resulting in antiferromagnetic c -planes. This transition is discussed in connection with the antiferro-ferrimagnetic transition in the triangular Ising lattice. The critical exponent of the magnetization was found to be 0.34 around the Neel temperature 20.82 K.


AIM: This study was designed to determine the significance of Bcl 2, p53 expression and telomerase activity abnormality in the patients with non small cell lung cancer. METHODS: Telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) PCR ELISA was used to detect the telomerase activity in NSCLC tissues. The expression of Bcl 2 and p53 was detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: 45.2% and 53.2% showed positive staining for Bcl 2 and p53, respectively. Bcl 2 expression was associated with negative lymph node involvement (59.4% vs 24.0%, P 0.05 ) and Bcl 2 positive immunostaining was 20% in stage Ⅲ, which was significantly lower than that in stageⅠ and Ⅱ ( P 0.05 ). p53 expression was significantly associated with histological types, tumor size and pTNM stage ( P 0.05). There was no correlation between Bcl 2 and p53 expression. Telomerase activity was detected in 89.6% and was closely associated with tumor size ( P 0.01), lymph node involvement, histological grade and pTNM stage ( P 0.05 ). Telomerase activity was higher in p53 positive tumors ( P 0.01), but had no correlation with Bcl 2 expression. CONCLUSION: Bcl 2, p53 expression and telomerase activity abnormality may play an important role in the oncogenesis and development of NSCLC. It is of great significance to measure and analyze them synthetically for the early diagnosis and prognostic evaluation in the patients with non small cell lung cancer.


Victor Fuchs and I have been talking with each other about the economics of health and health care since we met nearly 30 years ago. I was pleased therefore when he asked me to organize this session of his American Economic Association annual meeting but then rather dismayed by his suggestion that, as one of the papers in the session, I offer an overview of what I have learned about the subject during those 30 years. As a profession, we have indeed learned a great deal in these three decades. The rapid growth of health care spending that doubled its GDP share to one-seventh of the economy and the 1966 Medicare and Medicaid programs that have made federal health care spending exceed the combined total of all domestic discretionary federal outlays have attracted a generation of researchers to a subject that had been largely neglected by economists before the 1960's.1 Econometric research and conceptual developments have been mutually reinforcing, helped by advances in econometric theory and by the government's creation of a rich array of detailed data. Although there remains substantial controversy about many issues in this field (as in most other parts of economics), there is no doubt that anyone setting out to teach a course on health economics or to do policy analysis in this area would start from a very different base today than 30 years ago.


The article deals with the actual problem of introduction of distance learning during lockdown. Quarantine measures in educational institutions made it impossible for traditional forms of education and direct contact of lecturers with students at the classroom. Acceptance of this fact indicated the distance learning is the only way of in the current circumstances, and forced skeptics to change their views and beliefs about distance learning and to take possession of its technologies.
The authors carried out a careful analysis of the legal documents that became the basis for the introduction of distance learning in educational institutions of Ukraine, in particular at universities. World education and science trends in distance learning are explored and other countries' experiences of using technological innovations in educational services was examined.
The review of the psycho-pedagogical literature on the organization of distance learning helped to distinguish such basic features: interactivity; using of new achievements of information technologies in the educational process; business communication skills during video communications, and during group video conferencing.
The conducted survey of students showed that the advantages of distance learning are: the lack of a rigid time frame for mastering the learning material; the opportunity to independently organize your time intended for training; access to training materials and educational services at any time; the use of modern means of communication with teachers; the opportunity to get advice at a convenient time, quickly get an answer to questions through chat services of instant messengers or video communication technology; lack of transportation and accommodation costs and etc.
The article provides examples of use by teachers of the National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine of such web resources as Zoom, Skype and etc. for educational online lectures, online practical classes, and technology of 3D-virtual tours to production enterprises during quarantine.


$^{*}$ Supported by the Air Force Cambridge Research Center. $^{\dagger}$ Corning Glass Works Foundation Fellow. $^{1}$ P. Kusch and V. Hughes, Handbuch dev Physik XXXVII/1, 141.


In this paper, a smart real-time monitoring system is developed, which attempts to produce key features for different kinds of sensing targets via applying chaos mapping strategy. Traditional way for machine learning is to extract and select those features from original signals, which requires domain knowledge related to the sensing targets, and many of statistics approaches are necessary for further selecting high-correlated features. In this paper, a smart machine with feature-production is developed, where those measured signals are mapped into chaotic domain. Through properly parameters adjusting and autonomous optimization of feature values, different and obvious key-features can be obtained for each of distinct states, which are clear as well as unique to their original signals properties. Finally, simple criteria can be further defined for states classifications. The classical ball-bearing system with four distinct states is illustrated for investigations. The experiment results reveal the proposed strategy is effective and feasible, where the high accuracy rate for states classifications can be achieved.


The evolution of 64 years of the ocean heat content for the upper 300 meters (OHC300) in the Indonesian Maritime Continent, viz the Banda Sea, the Sulu Sea, the Java Sea, and the Karimata Strait, was investigated using the combination of ocean and atmosphere reanalysis data. The study aims to understand its long-term trend variability and association with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). The result showed a positive trend in all basins except the Banda Sea. The most significant rise was the Sulu Sea. The IOD fluctuation was more pronounced in the Western part of Indonesia. In contrast, the ENSO variation was more apparent in the Eastern part of Indonesia. The coincided La Nina events and the negative IOD significantly increased OHC—conversely, the coinciding of the El Niño events and the positive IOD caused a decrease in OHC magnitude. The significant factor increasing OHC in the maritime continent is the ENSO fluctuation, followed by the IOD fluctuation.


Carbon black (subtypes are acetylene black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black and thermal black) is a material produced by the incomplete combustion of heavy petroleum products such as FCC tar, coal tar, ethylene cracking tar, and a small amount from vegetable oil. Carbon black is a form of paracrystalline carbon that has a high surface-area-to-volume ratio, albeit lower than that of activated carbon.


Risk aversion is well established in the health and safety literature, and ambiguity is addressed in theoretical and experimental economics literature, but few theoretically-consistent empirical models addressing the relationship between ambiguity, risk, and preferences exist. Even fewer address ambiguity about health or mortality risks. To fill this gap, we propose a theoretical non-expected-utility model (NEUM) that is relatively easy to estimate. The NEUM we develop hinges upon two sources of variability, one over risk and the other over uncertainty about the risk. The model, like the second-order probability models of Segal (1987) and Quiggin (1982), grounds ambiguity in the compound lottery context. However, our model differs from previous approaches by assuming that the moments of the subjective-risk distribution drive preferences through the utility function rather than via the usual probability weights. Moreover, the model allows for heterogeneity in information sets and/or personal characteristics thereby offering individual-specific estimates of utility and the value of welfare changes. Using data from a survey of Nevada residents concerning risks from high-level nuclear-waste transport, we explore heterogeneity in the moments of their subjective-risk distributions. Next, we estimate the ex-ante value of those risks as a function of the moments of the subjective-risk distribution. Our findings suggest that negative externalities associated with nuclear-waste transport based on perceived risks may be quite substantial. We also find that uncertainty about the program clouds individuals' understanding of the risks, and that ambiguity significantly influences choices and values


Optical motion capturing systems are widely used to acquire human beings' motion patterns in humanoid imitation learning research. However, optical motion capturing systems have a restricted movable area. This paper proposes the HMM based mimesis scheme using a monocular camera mounted on a humanoid. This scheme releases the restriction of movable area and enables imitation in daily life environments. Also, natural human-robot-interaction is expected during imitation. From two-dimensional image sequences of the demonstrator's motion, the demonstrator's pose and motion is estimated and recognized through the mimesis model and the humanoid generates its joint motor commands for imitation in 3D space. The feasibility of the proposed scheme is demonstrated by simulation.


Considering the trait of HVAC on printing enterprise,this paper describes the integration control system based on SIEMENS'PLC CPU224?PROFIBUS?USS protocol?WINCC5.0 configuration software,introduces the formation and principle of control system in detail.and the application of control system in HVAC.


The author reported the major reasons and strategies for the pressure on nurses in operating room.The pressure was originated from working evironment,working load,man-made conflict,occupational danger,impropriate media-publicing,enriching professional knowledge and evaluation or technical title. In the case of different factors,measures were taken,which included cognition of self-value,coordination of relationships,enhancement of self-protection and improvement of education on laws. In such a way can nurses in operating room face pressure leisurely and further improve nursing quality.


ABSTRACT Renewed interest in the culture of Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus, a high-value species first identified as an excellent candidate for mariculture over three decades ago, has occurred in recent years. To support the development of pompano mariculture, trials were conducted in 2004 and 2005 to evaluate captive reproduction of pompano via gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) induction. Adult pompano collected seasonally beginning in 2003 from the wild were subjected to quarantine and feed training. Fish were held in recirculating tank systems (sex ratio 1:1) under controlled photo-thermal conditions and were sampled periodically to assess health and reproductive condition. To initiate spawning, ripe females (mean oocyte diameter > 500 μm) and males were implanted with a 75 μg GnRHa pellet. Fish spawned approximately 36 hours post-implantation and eggs were collected and stocked into incubation tanks (24–26°C) with hatching occurring approximately 30–36 hours post-fertilization. In 2004, three spawning trials were conducted resulting in the production of 4.4 million eggs, of which 979,000 (22.0%) were floating (mean fertilization rate 81.8%). In 2005, six trials were conducted resulting in the production of 5.8 million eggs, of which 2.5 million (42.7%) were floating (mean fertilization rate, 96.9%). Hatching rate of fertilized eggs in trials conducted ranged from 73.1–95.4%. Results to date indicate that pompano broodstock can be readily spawned in captivity over extended periods of time through GnRHa implantation. Although moderate variability in egg quality between spawning events has been observed, pompano produce relatively large quantities of eggs necessary for mass production of seed stock.


The invention relates to a device for regulating and balancing of currents for DC / DC converters, between first and second voltage sources, comprising: - n converters (C1, C2 ... Cn) connected in parallel to the first voltage source (11), - n inductors (L1, L2 ... Ln) connected in output to the second voltage source (R) through n bonds, - n current sensors (22) disposed on each of these routes, - one control channel connected to the input to said n current sensors (23) and in output to the n converters (C1, C2 ... Cn).


Generating a stable oscillating frequency is the main purpose of any oscillator. We investigate operating points of the optically injected semiconductor laser where inherent stable-frequency limit-cycle oscillations can be found. Oscillation frequencies at these operational points have favorable phase-noise and jitter characteristics over a wide microwave frequency tuning range. Regions of operating points that reduce the sensitivity of the limit-cycle oscillation frequency to fluctuations in the injection strength, the detuning frequency, or the bias current are mapped for the period-one and period-two dynamics regions. Limit-cycle oscillations that are insensitive to fluctuations in two or more control parameters are also demonstrated, showing the optimal operating points for the optically injected laser system.


This paper discusses the connotation of knowledge, skill and competence in general sense, and then focuses on their connotation in foreign language teaching and learning,some related English terms of competence are also concerned. The relationship among the three aspects and how knowledge can be turned into skills and eventually into competence in foreign language teaching and learning are an important issue, which is discussed in the latter part of the paper.


We have investigated a transport mechanism for the enrichment of the intra‐cluster medium (ICM) due to Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) outflows, induced by galaxy interactions. We assumed flybys and mergers of late‐type galaxies as a triggering mechanism for the AGN activity. The simulation setup of our investigations consists of a combined N‐Body/hydrodynamic technique for dark matter and the ICM and a semi‐analytical galaxy formation model. In total, we have performed eight different galaxy cluster simulations, spanning a broad mass range. The obtained metalicity maps and profiles of the ICM were compared to the maps and profiles obtained from the X‐ray observatories of different galaxy clusters. The main result is: AGN‐triggered outflows of the inter‐stellar medium (ISM) in the central parts of late‐type galaxies do not contribute significantly to the observed metalicities found in the ICM of galaxy clusters.


The artificial airway cuff can play a role of immobilization, keeping the occlusion pressure, preventing gas leak, anti-leakage, and so on, but also is easy to cause a variety of complications, including aspiration, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), mucosa ischemia and necrosis, stenosis and perforation of the airway, etc. In recent years, the research of artificial airway cuff has obtained a rapid development, but there are still many problems in the clinical application. The cuff pressure is affected by body position change, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), and so on, which is in dynamic fluctuation and greatly increases the difficulty of the study. Even if the latest conical ultra-thin polyurethane cuff also cannot reduce leakage, aspiration, VAP, and other related complications. The latest research results about the artificial airway cuff at home and abroad in recent years were summarized to provide the new ideas for the clinical application of the cuff.

Key words:
Artificial airway balloon;  Cuff pressure;  Ventilator-associated pneumonia;  Aspiration


Abstract : This is an Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) systems design document that describes the standard or "convention" the Department of Defense (DoD) will use to accept an invoice using the ASC X12 Transaction Set 810 Invoice (003010). It contains information for the design of interface computer programs that serve to link systems application computer programs and an EDI translator computer program. Computer programmers can use this document to identify the data in a populated EDI transaction with data requirements of their specific application database. Conversely, programmers can identify where their applications data requirement should be carried in an EDI transaction.


The synthesis of a new perfluoro-tagged benzyloxycarbonyl protecting group is reported, as well as its application in the parallel protection of amines. Isolation of the protected amines was performed by simple liquid-liquid extraction between perfluorinated and organic solvents. Deprotection was achieved by standard hydrogenolysis. The novel protecting group was also applied to cyclization protocols leading to quinazoline-2,4-diones. These products were isolated by simple extraction procedures


THE TREATMENT OF ANTERIOR POLIOMYELITIS. THAT the diffusion of knowledge as to the early treatmellnt of anterior poliomyelitis is most desirab-le can hardly be too much insisted upon at the presenit time. The necessity for preventing deformities in the -victims of this disease is not yet fully realized, and on these grounds we welcome the paper by AMr. Harry Platt on early mechanical treatment, published at page 266. As he frankly confesses, there is little that is novel in his suggestions, but they are none the less valuable, seeing that it is to be feared that previous warnings hlave nlot been entirely effectual. Surgeons seldomn lhave any opportunities of treating cases of this disease in its early stages, before the appearance of contracture; when the orthopaedic surgeon first comes in conitact wNith them much valuable time and effort, which miean money either to the parents or the public authorities, must be expended in correcting deformities that slhould not have been alloN-ed to come into being. MIr. Platt's summary of the symptomiatology, diagnosis, and early treatment is concise but comprehensive, and it should be of great value to all praetitioners who may at any time be called on to diagnose and treat a case. Above all, it is important to ema-phasize the teaching that in the acute stage any active measures can do nothing but harm, and that rest and restraint are the principles on wihich to act. Only in a few parts of this country has the treatment of cripples been sufficiently well organized to miake-it probable that any moderate epidemic of poliomn elitis could be promptly dealt with; no such organization exists in the great towns or in the country generally, so that a reallv great epidemic would find us but ill prepared to deal w-ith it. This is not an imaginary danger. We lknow that in Smweden and Norwtlay ini 1905 there was an appalling number of cases in proportion to the population, and in Germany and Austria in 1909 there were more or less localized epidemics, amounting, in the one case to more than 500 and in the other to 1,000 cases. In the Eastern alnd som-le of the mniiddle States of the United States tremendous epidemics have occurred, towhich our own little outbreaks are as nothing. Thus in 1916 in Ne\w York City and State there were 13,223 cases, with a muortality of more than 25 per cent. The conditions that render possible these great calamities are not kIown, but it is elear that, since they have occurred in places as far south as the latitude of New York, as far north as the Scandinavian peninsula, and as far east as Silesia, in countries whose stulimmer climates do not very widely differ from our own, the barrier that protects us from them is probably frail, and one easily to be broken through. Therefore, while there is yet time we should set our house in or(ler and see to it that as far as it is possible provision should be made for the early treatment of cases, anid the profession be well informed as to the best measures to take to ensure that the immediate effects of the infeetion are as much as possible minimized, and to preveint tile development of contractures. The letter from Mr. Muirhead Little, also published in this issue (p. 292), would seem to suggest thlat at the other end of the long, course of treatment of these palsies it is essential to look ahead before resorting to radical surgical operations to remove an apparently useless limib. He is led to believe-and he is in a particularlI good position to form an opinion-that am-iputation of the thigh in cases of extensive infantile paraly sis is being performed much mnore frequently than w-as the ease some years ago. He gives good reasons for asking, surgeons to hesitate not once or twice before resorting to this method of treatment, but to give Very full consideration to what can be done afterwards, and to form a clear estimate of the limitations of prosthetic surgery.


Summary

Two new forms of pressure-membrane apparatus are described. One has been developed for routine use, while the other has been used for pressure-membrane tests at very high pressures (up to 1,500 atmospheres, or pF 6·2).

For soil in both the wetting and drying condition it is shown that the relation between suction and moisture content determined by pressure-membrane tests agrees with that obtained using the suction plate, the centrifuge, the vacuum desiccator, and the sorption balance. The rate of attainment of moisture equilibrium in the pressure membrane is also examined experimentally, for a very wide range of air pressures.


The presented article summarises part of the long-term propagation experiments on fruit tree rootstocks carried out at the Faculty of Horticulture in Lednice. The goal of this long-term evaluation project is to verify the propagation potential and effectiveness of fruit tree rootstocks using different concentrations of phytohormones. The rooting potential of hardwood cuttings of stone fruit rootstocks such as Pumiselect (P. pumila L.), VVA-1 (P. tomentosa × P. cerasifera), AP-1 (P. cerasifera Ehrh. × P. persica L.), PS-1 (probably P. persica L. × P. cerasifera Ehrh.) etc. were evaluated in this experiment. The best results were obtained with Pumiselect that had an overall rooting percentage of 63.5%. The rooting potential of softwood cuttings was evaluated in rootstocks such as AP-1, VVA-1, LESIBERIAN (P. persica), which rooted successfully (AP-1 - 60.5%, VVA-1 - 62.7%). Also other rootstocks such as ISTHARA, MRS etc. were evaluated. The rootstock MY-KL-A (Prunus cerasifera L.) was used for a comparison, control cultivar, due to its easy propagation by hardwood cuttings. This study evaluated the time of year for cutting excision, the application of hormone stimulation as well as heat callusing and rooting potential. This experiment evaluated both commercial stimulators and non-commercial stimulators modified for use on softwood cuttings of selected pome fruit and stone fruit rootstocks. There were no statistically significant differences in (at the 95% confidence level) among the phytohormones used in the stone fruit rootstock experiment. AP-1 and VVA-1 were the best rooting rootstocks.


This article is an introduction to the subsequent one by Jodi Latremouille's "My Treasured Relation." It demonstrates that hermeneutic work is always about the application of particular cases to universals, demanding of universals to listen to the difference that the case portends.


Rosuvastatin (RST), a BCS class II drug, is a poorly water-soluble antihyperlipidemic agent. The aim of the present work was to determine and compare the drug release kinetics from the RST calcium innovator (Crestor) and generic products (Ivarin and Resova) marketed in Saudi Arabia by employing various drug release kinetic mathematical models. A dissolution study was performed on all RST calcium immediate-release tablets. The in vitro drug release profiles were determined in three different dissolution media: 0.1 N HCl (pH 1.2), 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), and 0.05 M citrate buffer (pH 6.6). Drug release data were obtained, correlated quantitatively, and interpreted with the help of mathematical models, then the drug release kinetics were analyzed. The criterion for selecting the most suitable model was based on the highest coefficient of correlation ( R 2 ) with the dissolution profile in each respective media. The innovator product followed the Hixson-Crowell model ( R 2 = 0.955) only in 0.1 N HCl (pH 1.2), whereas in other media all the formulations followed first order release kinetics with non-swellable matrix Fickian diffusion, which is considered ideal for an immediate-release tablet formulation.


We report a novel switched-mode light-emitting device (LED) in an undoped ultra-thin body (UTB) InAs channel based on the electrostatically induced electron-hole (EH) bilayer concept. The induced EH channels at their respective gate interfaces, which remain spatially separated in steady state, gradually diffuse and recombine during a switch-off transient. Using TCAD simulations, we show that continuous switching of the gates with a ~ 12 µs time period leads to radiative recombination of the induced charge carriers with a peak internal quantum efficiency (IQE) as high as ~ 92%. The proposed concept obviates the need for chemically doped p-n junctions in the UTB device for light emitting applications and could also be employed for other direct bandgap semiconductors. However, the switching speed is ultimately limited by the thermal generation time.


Abstract It is shown that synthetic rubbers, in contrast to natural rubber, can be vulcanized to soft rubber by a simple thermal treatment without any previous admixture of sulfur or accelerators. This process has been designated as "Thermovulcanization" to distinguish it from the regular vulcanization procedure under heat with the addition of sulfur and accelerators. Various synthetic rubbers of Schkopau production have been investigated for their behavior in the process of thermovulcanization. Both butadiene-styrene and butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers as well as the butadiene block polymerizate lend themselves to vulcanization by this thermal treatment. For the butadiene-styrene copolymer with higher styrene content, thermovulcanization leads to products which are not equivalent to the regular sulfur-accelerator vulcanizates. Natural rubber cannot be vulcanized to soft rubber by thermovulcanization. The investigation of the effect of temperature revealed that a temperature of 195° C, for example, was...


: This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of L-shaped columns composed of concrete-filled steel tubes (LCFST columns) connected by steel linking plates. As a new kind of composite column, the fundamental structural behavior of LCFST columns connected by steel linking plates is discussed in this paper. Eight large-scale LCFST columns were constructed and loaded under either concentric axial compression or biaxial eccentric compression up to failure. Slenderness ratio, thickness of the steel linking plates and load eccentricities were all studied within the experimental programme. The relationships of load versus longitudinal displacement, lateral deflection at mid-height, longitudinal strain at mid-height etc are presented. It is demonstrated that specimens with larger slenderness ratios or eccentricities have lower ultimate load capacities, as expected. It is also demonstrated that the steel connection plates, also as expected, have a considerable influence on confining lateral deflections of the mono CFST columns


Abstract Parallel lines of investigation have developed into non-aphasic language disorders following frontal lobe (FL) injury and right (non-dominant) hemisphere (RH) lesions. In this paper the main findings of these investigations are reviewed. It is surmised that patients with either type of lesion are likely to display similar types of language impairments. These include verbose, disorganized, confabulatory discourse; lack of critical regard of verbal behaviour; concrete and fragmentary performance on language tasks and an inability to interpret or utilize conversational inference. These types of performances have been hypothesized to be indicative of a failure of holistic processing in the right hemisphere by RH theorists, and described as a result of a failure in executive processing by theorists interested in FL function. Methodological problems related to non-exclusivity of populations as well as problems inherent in analysing complex discourse are discussed.


Upon stimulation of vagal nerves, acetylcholine (ACh)c is released from axonal terminals and decelerates the heart beat. This historic discovery by Otto Loewi in the 1920s established the concept of chemical synaptic transmission ([Loewi, 1921][1]; [Loewi and Navaratil, 1926][2]). Since then, many


Long neurotoxin 2 protein from the venom of Naja naja shows a great affinity towards acetylcholine receptors, which produces peripheral paralysis by blocking neuromuscular transmission at the postsynaptic site. In this study, we use a cascade SVM based TAPPred method which found 26 High affinity TAP Transporter peptide regions. TAP is heterodimeric transmembrane protein which transports antigenic peptide proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum where it binds to MHC class I molecules, These MHC-peptide complexes will be translocated on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs), where they are recognized by T-cell receptors to elicit an immune response. Therefore, prediction of TAP-binding peptides is helpful in identifying the MHC class I-restricted T-cell epitopes and hence helpful in the designing of synthetic peptide vaccine.


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INTRODUCTION Quick, what part of the federal court system is appointed exclusively by the Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, (1) allows parties as little as one minute to make their case, (2) and acts upon approximately 36,000 civil actions a year (3) from every corner of the country? If you answered the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation (JPML) then you probably either work in complex litigation or were tipped off by the Note's title. In truth multidistrict litigation (MDL), over which the Panel presides, is one of the legal world's best kept secrets. (4) MDL sidesteps traditional rules of procedure to efficiently consolidate large numbers of similar cases for pretrial proceedings. In order to achieve these massive efficiency gains, the JPML is vested with rather extraordinary power to consolidate and transfer litigation. The potential for abuse of this power justifies close scrutiny of the Panel's decisions, especially when the location of consolidation could have an adverse effect on a group of litigants. Exactly one such case arises out of a simple choice of law rule, which mandates that a court receiving an MDL docket should apply its own circuit's law to decide federal questions. When there is a circuit split on a dispositive pretrial issue, this rather innocuous-sounding rule effectively allows the Panel to decide MDL cases based solely on the location of consolidation. While there is no evidence that the Panel has been abusing its power, this choice of law rule opens the door for bias to enter into an increasingly important part of the federal judicial system, and it thus deserves attention. Part I of this Note provides an overview of the MDL process, while Part II details how federal choice of law issues provide an opening for bias. Finally, Part III reviews various prophylactic measures and concludes that mandating the use of transferor court law in the MDL context is the easiest and most effective means to prevent JPML bias. I. THE MDL PROCESS A. The Genesis and Purpose of Modern Multidistrict Litigation Over the latter sixty years of the twentieth century, a variety of factors contributed to a vast expansion of federal litigation. (5) As courts' dockets began to fill, some judges noted the growing issue of dispersed and duplicative litigation. In 1941, within the context of a district court's refusal to enjoin a patent infringement action already decided by another district court, Judge Maris of the Third Circuit noted: The economic waste involved in duplicating litigation is obvious. Equally important is its adverse effect upon the prompt and efficient administration of justice. In view of the constant increase in judicial business in the federal courts ... public policy requires us to seek actively to avoid the waste of judicial time and energy. Courts ... should therefore not be called upon to duplicate each other's work in cases involving the same issues and the same parties. (6) Judge Marls understood that the federal court system was beginning to face a crisis of resources, and his concern foreshadowed the creation of a procedural solution to growing dockets and duplicative actions: multidistrict litigation. The roots of modern MDL stem from the early 1960s, when Chief Justice Warren--responding to over 1800 civil actions related to conspiracy allegations spread across thirty-three districts--created the Coordinating Committee for Multiple Litigation of the United States District Courts. (7) Through voluntary agreement, the committee coordinated and consolidated discovery, established a casewide document clearinghouse, and utilized national depositions. (8) Due in large part to these measures, the cases were "disposed of by 1968, far earlier than had been anticipated." (9) Following this success, the Committee drafted and recommended to Congress the passage of a formal mechanism for case consolidation, centered upon a standing judicial panel. …


Speech assessment of 229 children with cleft palate treated by one surgeon shows that slight advantage is conferred by operation within the first 8 months of life, and strong theoretical arguments concerning early speech development and the effect of maternal separation after this age are presented in support of early operation.


Influences of three kinds of functioned PP,PP-g-MAA,PP-g-MAH and etched PP,which act as coupling agents for IFR/PP composites, on properties and compatibility of IFR/PP composites were studied.Mechanism of their compatibilization was also probed.


Load balancing techniques are useful for efficient networking systems. In teleconferencing systems, it is not an easy job to balance the loads and obtain efficient performance. The current study tries to suggest a network-based approach for load balancing in teleconferencing systems. The aim is to make use of the concepts of graph theory in practicing and simulating teleconferencing systems. In the suggested approach, each computer in the network is considered as a vertex, an edge will be created between two vertices if they are accessible to each other. The weight of the edge between the two computers specifies the cost of access from one vertex to another. The task of transferring happens between the shortest ways of the two nodes taking into consideration the deadline time of the tasks. In terms of the number of the missed deadline tasks, the proposed approach reflected effectiveness in comparison with other approaches. Using the proposed, it is guarantee to obtain a smooth conferencing among users, which is beneficial for the teleconferencing and e-learning as well. Finally, this proposed method is useful for securing smooth conferencing during further lockdown situation (i.e., COVID situation).


One of the most serious problems limiting the possibility of using intelligent methods of processing diagnostic information in the tasks of diagnosing complex technical objects is the difficulty of forming a training sample for all classes of the state of the object in an amount sufficient for high-quality training of reference diagnostic models or classifiers, due to high absolute reliability indicators of such objects. An effective way to solve the problem is to augment (artificially expand) training data. A feature of training samples in technical diagnostics tasks is the generally unknown type of their distribution in the space of features, while additional "synthetic" data should be distributed similarly to the actual training set to ensure high-quality training of the diagnostic model. As a result of the analysis of existing data augmentation methods, it was established that the possibility of determining data distribution parameters of the training sample in the course of training with subsequent reproduction of these parameters in the generated samples can be implemented in generative models based on variational autoencoders (VAE) and generative-adversarial networks (GAN). At the same time, the best results are achieved using GAN. In the tasks of intelligent classification of the state of a diagnostic object with marked training samples for generating additional data, it is preferable to use conditional GAN (CGAN). A serious problem that arises in solving practical problems related to the generation of additional data on the available sample (training sample of a small volume) is the assessment of the uniformity of the training and generated samples, the results of which determine the duration (number of eras) of the training process of the generative model. The paper proposes and substantiates an original method of estimating uniformity of multidimensional samples based on Ripley's G and F functions used in spatial cluster analysis of point processes. Based on it, a quantitative indicator has been determined for quality control and training duration of the generative model. The efficiency of the proposed method is confirmed by the example of solving the problem of augmentation of training data for the reference diagnostic model of the gas-air path of a diesel locomotive.


This article presents the design of a novel reconfigurable multiband slot antenna fed by a coplanar waveguide using commercially available radio frequency microelectromechanical system (RF MEMS) switches.This antenna includes various combinations of GSM900, DCS1800, PCS1900, UMTS2000, GPS1575, and WLAN2400/5250/5800. Good radiation performances of the proposed antenna over the operating bands are also obtained. Detailed analysis is performed to characterize the effect of the switches by taking into consideration the switch model and wire bonding effects. The antenna was fabricated, and a good agreement is achieved between measurement and simulation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:751–757, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25828


1 The healing of visceral and parietal peritoneum has been investigated in the immature animal by both light and electron microscopy. 2 Healing has been found to occur more rapidly in the immature animal when compared with the adult animal. Parietal peritoneum was covered by a new mesothelium in 7 days, while the liver was covered in 5 days. 3 The new mesothelium developed from subperitoneal perivascular connective‐tissue cells but it was not possible to determine whether these were primitive mesenchymal cells or fibroblasts 4 The findings are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of peritoneal adhesions.


Background: Conventional therapeutic approaches for ischemic heart disease have limited benefit in preventing post-ischemic heart failure. Therefore, stem cell therapy emerges as a hopeful tool for treatment of ischemic heart disease following myocardial infarction. Aim: To standardize a protocol ensuring the best differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) into cardiomyocytes by using 5-azacytidine with minimum toxicity. Materials and Methods: BM-MSCs were isolated from the bone marrow of albino rats, characterized by flow cytometry and then divided into five groups: Group I: control group, group II: exposed to differentiating medium containing 10 μmol/L of 5-azacytidine for 24 h, group III: exposed to the differentiating medium for 72 h, group IV: the differentiating medium was renewed twice weekly, group V: daily renewal of the differentiating medium was done. The experiment was terminated after 3 weeks from the induction time. Morphological changes of the cultured cells were examined under a phase contrast microscope. The effect of different duration of 5- aza exposure on BM-MSCs viability was evaluated by cell counting Kit 8 assay. Expression of cardiac troponin I and connexin 43 was measured using Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Transmission electron microscope was used to observe ultrastructural features of the induced cells. Morphometric study for comparing the length of the formed myofilaments in the four treated groups was done.Results: The obtained results from groups II and III showed initial limited signs of differentiation towards cardiac lineage. Groups IV and V showed optimal signs of differentiation with better results regarding group V, yet, this was at the expense of the viability of the cultured cells.Conclusion: The use of 5-aza showed a valuable differentiating effect on MSCs towards cardiomyocytes. Prolonged use resulted in promotion of the differentiation. Yet, it was at the expense of the viability of these cells.


of British nation formation is lacking. The main exception, the consideration of Elizabeth Fs implication in A Midsummer Night's Dream, follows already established lines, though the discussion of Bottom is finely formulated. Another aspect of historical abstraction is Hall's formulaic reading in the afterword of the three-part sequence of early modern, modern, and postmodern, which we are asked to take on faith, without considering whether other relations among these terms might be possible. Early modern and postmodern are said to converge "with all due allowances made for the specific differences" (269), but these differences are not indicated. One final element in the historical picture is announced on the jacket: the book "also arose from the author's experience of teaching a multicultural history of comic drama to largely nonWestern graduate students. Their probing questions make them the coauthors of this book." This information about Hall's geographical location in Hong Kong is relevant to an understanding of ethnicity and the British empire; but there is nothing in the book corresponding to this claim, which is hence reduced to empty marketing language. Hall's primary frame of reference is rather European, as seen especially in the opposition to fascism expressed in his initial statement that "joy can be fascist joy" (17) and in the reference to "the Hitler myth" (82) in the examination of antiSemitism. Although a reading of Othello (179-86) might have provided the opportunity, there is no significant discussion of other "racisms" (76). I imagine two conversations following from Hall's book. First, the empty space in Anxious Pleasures concerning Britain's relation to Asia in the Renaissance will be filled by the critical dialogue among such writers as Michael Neill (in "Putting History to the Question" in the Winter 1995 ELR) and Ania Loomba. Second, Hall's penultimate chapter on Measure for Measure can be referred to Harry Berger, Jr.'s final chapter on the play in his Redistributing Complicities (Stanford University Press).


Old friends and new met at the Galt House in Louisville for the 21st Interdisciplinary Health Care Team Conference. Although the conference has no formal organizational structure or by laws, it has been continuously sponsored by various universities and colleges across the United States. For the last two years the University of Louisville and the National Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies have sponsored the conference. This year, over one hundred participants including researchers, educators, clinicians in primary care, and representatives from geriatrics, rehabilitation, and rural health attended from the United States, Puerto Rico, Canada, and the UK. They represented the Department of Veterans Affairs, the US Public Health Service, health maintenance organizations, community clinics, and university and community partnerships. Fifty presentations in lecture, workshop, and poster formats were offered. A notable feature of this conference is the ample opportunity provided the audience and presenters to engage in discussion about interdisciplinary teamwork and interprofessional care, including activities promoting informal networking. The presentations were varied, re ̄ ecting both current funding for interdisciplinary teamwork and education, and indicating present models and future directions for interdisciplinary teamwork. Some recurring themes were:


Three-dimensional scanning is used in many fields: medicine, architecture, industry, reverse engineering. The aim of the article was to analyze the changes in the shape of the limbs under the influence of a mechanical external load using the method of three-dimensional scanner uses white light technology. The paper presents a system of human movement, passive part - skeleton and active part - the muscles, and principles of their interaction, which results in a change of the position of the body. Furthermore, by using the 3D scan, the differences in appearance of the arm and leg depending on the size of the external load in different positions have been presented. The paper shows that with increasing load, which muscles must prevent, increases the volume of certain parts of the legs, while another parts of them will be reduced. Results of the research using three-dimensional scanner allow determining what impact on changing the legs shape has an external mechanical load.


A novel stellarator configuration, the double helix stellarator (DHS), is introduced. It is produced by a double helix centre post and has many unique characteristics. Among them are extreme low plasma aspect ratios, A M 1, significant rotational transform and extreme-high-P MHD equilibria. Other advantages include a high enclosed volume, absence of noticeable magnetic islands and improved particle transport caused by the absence of a magnetic field ripple on the outboard part of the torus. Compactness, simplicity and modularity of the coil system add to the advantages of the DHS configuration for fusion applications Very low aspect ratio stellarators represent a fairly new area of research to which not much attention has been paid until very recently, and the lowest aspect ratio stellarators ever built have an aspect ratio, A (which is the ratio of the average major radius, R, to the average minor radius, a, for the last closed flux surface), of about 5. At the same time, a lower aspect ratio and a stronger magnetic field (which is also much easier and less expensive to reach at low aspect ratios) are the main factors in advancing to controlled fusion, as can be explicitly seen from the well known LHD scaling law (l) for the triple product, nTrE, accessible in a stellarator, (b) High ,0 limits (p is the ratio of plasma pressure to magnetic field pressure), well above the 1 to 5% typical for traditional stellarators. (c) Positive and substantial plasma current; it is required that in a large and high-/3 SS device this plasma current be fully supported by the bootstrap effect (4, 51, so there is no need for external current drive.


This thesis consists of three self-contained essays that investigate the impact of fairness concerns among agents on the efficient design of real-world incentive contracts used to mitigate moral-hazard problems under non-verifiable performance. All papers consider situations in which a firm employs two inequity averse workers whose individual performances are, albeit observable by the contracting parties, not contractible. The first paper studies the effects of inequity aversion on relational employment contracts. Performance is evaluated via an agent's individual non-verifiable contribution to firm value. In contrast to the literature, we find that inequity aversion may be beneficial: In the presence of envy, for a certain range of interest rates relational contracts may be more profitable. For some interest rates reputational equilibria exist only with envious agents. In the second paper, I compare group to individual performance pay. Avoiding payoff inequity, the group bonus contract is superior as long as the firm faces no credibility problem. The individual bonus contract may, however, become superior albeit introducing the prospect of unequal pay. This is due to two reasons: The group bonus scheme is subject to a free-rider problem requiring a higher incentive pay and impeding credibility of the firm. Moreover, with individual bonuses the firm benefits from the incentive-strengthening effect of envy, allowing for yet smaller incentive pay and further softening the credibility constraint. The third paper contrasts a rank-order tournament with independent bonus contracts. Whereas the bonus scheme must be self-enforcing, the tournament is contractible. Yet the former incentive regime outperforms the latter as long as credibility problems are not too severe. This is due the fact that the tournament requires unequal pay across peers with certainty and thus imposes large inequity premium costs on the firm. For a simple example, I show that the more envious the agents are the larger is the range of interest rates for which the bonus scheme dominates the tournament.


On the morning of 8 March 2014, Malaysia Airlines flight MH370, from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing, lost contact with air traffic control shortly after takeoff and vanished. While the world waited for any sign of the missing aircraft and the 239 people on board, authorities and scientists began to investigate what little information was known about the plane's actual movements.


The requirements for embossing of cardboard for print and packaging applications are constantly increasing. High degrees of forming, richness of detail, and high shape accuracy are desired. However, current embossing technology can only fulfill these requirements to a limited extent. A loss of detail and moderate degrees of forming are typical defects in the embossing process. In previous research work, a positive effect on the forming behavior of cardboard could be observed by the application of ultrasound. Therefore, the influence of ultrasound was also investigated for embossing. In order to quantify the effects of ultrasound, conventional and ultrasonic-assisted embossing results were compared. New approaches for analysis and evaluation of embossing results and new characteristic values for describing the forming were applied for the comparison. Two exemplary embossing geometries and a range of ultrasonic parameters were used to characterize the impact of ultrasound and showed positive effects to the forming results.


Due to focusing on template matching, conventional approaches bound their capability by complex and varied layout structures. This paper proposes a novel and efficient logical structure description algorithm, named structure description algorithm, to automatically extract logical structures from hypertext (Web) tables. Based on table field relationships, our approach starts from each data cell to search leftward and upward for its correlated headers. After that, rules for describing logical structure can be generated without defining the layout structure pattern in advance. In addition through the help of a table translation strategy, our method outputs a relational table which can be fed into a SQL database directly for information query and processing. Experimental results show that proposed method not only retains the logical structure in output relational table, but also outperforms two major methods on handling very complex Web tables.


Neither Palmer nor Muir mentions Virgil as a possible source for Troilus and Cressida.6 Yet it seems likely that Shakespeare, writing a play about "the matter of Troy," would have remembered or revisited the Aeneid-a work he had drawn on in Hamlet.7 The death of Camilla is, in itself, memorable-nor would one easily forget Virgil's lavish description of Chloreus. Caxton, whose version of Hector's death is extremely brief, does not pause to pass judgment. Lydgatejudges Hector as guilty of "false covetise"; but, as Muir remarks, "It is doubtful whether Shakespeare meant to imply the same moral."8 In contrast to Lydgate's Hector, Virgil's woman-warrior dies because of conduct specifically described as womanish ('femineo praedae et spoliorum ardebat amore"). I suggest that Camilla was in Shakespeare's mind when he was writing about Hector, and that the Virgilian subtext provides an ironically apposite gloss on Hector's actions.


Supersonic jet screech generated by a rectangular nozzle with a pair of side walls added is studied both experimentally and numerically. A detailed observation of screech phenomena contributes to an understanding of the mechanism of sound generation. The numerical simulation shows that computational aeroacoustics is effective for strongly coupled flow acoustic problems such as screech. Flow visualization by an acoustically triggered pulse laser schlieren system clearly shows the dynamic motion of the third shock cell in the flapping mode. A traveling shock is found to exist in the third shock cell, and the sound is generated at the moment when the traveling shock coalesces into the end shock of the third shock cell. The instantaneous pressure distribution on the side wall shows that a pressure wave convectively propagates along the shear layer in the near field of the jet, while it propagates acoustically in the vertical direction away from the jet. Numerical simulation shows similar aspects of screech to those obtained in the experiment : the screech frequency, the flowfield, the fluctuating pressure distribution, etc. The calculated acoustic intensity shows that the acoustic energy is radiated at the end of the compression portion of each shock cell. The source of the first shock cell seems to supply the acoustic energy to its own shear layer to sustain the oscillation. It is also shown that the dimple spots observed in the isoamplitude contours of the screech sound pressure are a result of the interaction between discrete sources located at the end of each shock cell.


Only three female pilgrims appear in the 'General Prologue' and of these only two have full portraits: the Prioress and the Wife of Bath. Nevertheless, flourishing academic interest in the status and experience of medieval women from the 1980s onwards has rendered them among the most popular of the pilgrims for scholarly analysis. But despite the wealth of existing scholarship on the Prioress, the relationship of her gender to her authority has received comparatively little attention. As we shall see, her carefully presented femininity has been discussed at length, but the implications of this performance for an office-holding woman have not been much considered. It is worth emphasising that Chaucer's portrait of the Prioress is not just the traditional critique of the shortcomings of the female religious, but, more specifically, describes a rare and potentially troubling female 'power broker' in medieval society. Helen Phillips, who has considered this issue, contends that the portrait can be seen as 'a sexist "hatchet job"' which creates only to ridicule and destroy the idea of female independence. Focusing on this issue gives us a new perspective on the satire involved in her portrait. Taking account of the Prioress's potential for authority in an analysis of her representation suggests that Chaucer's depiction of her was rather less ambiguously indulgent and more deliberately disparaging than has often been allowed.


Net neutrality on the Internet is perceived as the policy that mandates Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to treat all data equally, regardless of the source, destination, or type of transmitted data. In this work, we consider a scheme in which the decision makers of the market are two ISPs, one "big" Content Provider (CP), and a continuum of end-users. One of the ISPs is neutral and the other is non-neutral, i.e. she offers a premium quality to a CP in exchange for a side-payment. In addition, we assume that the CP can differentiate between ISPs by controlling the quality of the content she is offering on each one. In this part of the paper, we consider a scenario in which end-users are not locked in with the ISPs and can switch between ISPs easily. We formulate a sequential game, and show that there exists a unique Sub-game Perfect Nash Equilibrium (SPNE) for the game, where the CP pays the side-payment to the non-neutral ISP and offers her content with the premium quality. In addition, the CP does not offer her content on the neutral ISP. Thus, driving this ISP out of the market.