Political ecologists have long studied the effects of resource enclosure and privatization on subsistence livelihoods and cultural practices. A voluminous literature has examined how enclosure and privatization undermine indigenous and noncapitalist or precapitalist institutions (Robbins 2004; Mansfield 2008). Less well understood, however, is the reverse: What happens when access to communal resources is returned to a community after a period of enclosure? That is precisely what happened in the San Luis Valley of southern Colorado, in a historic court ruling that returned resource-access rights to an enclosed commons. In 2002 the Colorado Supreme Court reversed decades of precedent in Lobato v. Taylor by awarding heirs of original Sangre de Cristo Land Grant settlers access to a 77,000-acre tract of land that had long been private property and closed to usufructuary rights (71 P.3d 938 (Colo. 2002)). Although the land remains privately owned, more than 4,000 individuals have been awarded access to graze, gather firewood, and cut timber on it (Golten 2005). "La Sierra," as the land is known locally, comprised the commons of the 1843 grant and was used communally by "Hispanos" (descendants of former Mexican citizens). Since the United States assumed formal sovereignty over the area in 1848, use of resources by grant heirs has been subject to complex and changing socioecological relations, ranging from open access to complete enclosure. Usufructuary rights and communal traditions have persisted alongside private property, often contentiously (Hicks 2006; Mondragon-Valdez 2006). In 1960, however, Jack Taylor, a wealthy North Carolina lumberman, purchased the land and forcefully closed it to local use. These actions prompted the formation of the Land Rights Council among Sangre de Cristo grant heirs in San Luis, many of whom were still engaged in subsistence-based agricultural and grazing practices despite having been denied access to the commons. Grant heirs filed suit against Taylor in 1982 to regain legal rights to La Sierra--a battle they would finally win two decades later. The land-grant system distributes access to resources widely, centered on varas (long, thin strips of settled land) combined with communal land for hunting, fishing, grazing, firewood, and recreation (Westphall 1983) (Figure 1). New Spain and Mexico made more than 300 land grants across present-day New Mexico and Colorado, but after the Mexican-American War many Hispanos lost access to land and resources. Scholars argue that U.S. law cannot sufficiently accommodate the complex property arrangements of land grants and that the U.S. approached acquisition of Mexican territory with desires to appropriate as much land as possible without being beholden to Mexican claims (Ebright 1994; Montoya 2002). Loss of grant land across the Southwest spawned a contentious and sometimes violent movement for land and resources among Hispanos that continues today (Rosenbaum 1981; Gonzales 2003; Pena 2005). [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] In this context, Lobato appears to reverse the trend of lost land and resource rights for Hispanos. Ryan Golten, a legal scholar, called the ruling "astounding" and argued that the case provides "a model for recognizing some of the oldest and most important property rights in the American Southwest" (2005, 458-459). In this essay I describe some interim results of dissertation fieldwork underway in the San Luis Valley that, in part, ethnographically assesses this claim. With research support from the Land Rights Council, I conducted research in San Luis for roughly fifteen months between 2008 and 2011 (Figure 2). The fieldwork comprised in-depth interviews with resource users, ranch staff, resource-management experts, public officials, and other involved individuals; extensive participant observation in governance-related meetings, community events, and daily life in San Luis; and analysis of archival documents. …


Fujitsu Laboratories of America, Inc. and Fujitsu Laboratories of Europe Ltd. have been doing R&D on healthcare. We investigated what should be done in this area as an information and communications technology (ICT) company, and found out two important areas: improving medical systems and promoting preventive medical care. Both of these could be done very efficiently by utilizing ICT. To improve medical systems, we introduced the new notion of Q-Score, which represents the quality of each provision of healthcare, in order to evaluate them. Also, with respect to preventive medical care, we are conducting investigations on how to measure biodata such as blood pressure, pulse rate, or weight. There is a need to do this in various aspects of life without inconveniencing those who are having their data measured. We would like to have a method where people can be given advice based on such biodata as a way to promote health management. Moreover, such advice could be made dynamic, incorporating real-time contextual elements such as environmental data and health status. We report an overview of the current status of our activities in this paper.


Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) capacitors with Bi2Te3 thin film sandwiched and embedded inside the oxide layer have been fabricated and studied. The capacitors exhibit ferroelectric-like hysteresis which is a result of the robust, reversible polarization of the Bi2Te3 thin film while the gate voltage sweeps. The temperature-dependent capacitance measurement indicates that the activation energy is about 0.33 eV for separating the electron and hole pairs in the bulk of Bi2Te3, and driving them to either the top or bottom surface of the thin film. Because of the fast polarization speed, potentially excellent endurance, and the complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor compatibility, the Bi2Te3 embedded MOS structures are very interesting for memory application.


Tofacitinib is an oral Janus kinase inhibitor. The objective of this phase 1, open‐label study was to characterize the single‐ and multiple‐dose pharmacokinetics (PK) of tofacitinib in 12 healthy, adult Chinese volunteers. Eligible subjects received oral tofacitinib 10 mg once daily on days 1 and 6 and twice daily on days 2–5. Blood samples were collected on day 1 predose and over 24 hours postdose (day 2 predose), predose on days 3–6, and over 12 hours postdose on day 6. PK parameters were calculated using noncompartmental analysis. Mean concentration–time profiles for days 1 and 6 were similar, with median time to peak concentration of 0.5 hours on both days. Plasma concentrations declined rapidly following attainment of peak concentrations, with a mean terminal half‐life of 3.3 hours on day 1 (single dose) and 2.5 hours on day 6 (multiple dose). No accumulation in plasma occurred with twice‐daily administration: accumulation ratio of 1.04. The rapid absorption, elimination, and systemic exposures (peak and area under the concentration–time curve) observed in healthy Chinese volunteers in this study are similar to those previously reported in white subjects.


The performance of the semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA)-based ultrafast nonlinear interferometer (UNI) gated by an ultra-high speed pseudorandom binary sequence is theoretically analyzed using a comprehensive model developed for this purpose. By conducting numerical simulation, the impact of the SOA and input data critical parameters on the Q-factor is thoroughly investigated and assessed enabling to extract useful design rules for their proper selection so as to optimize this performance metric and ensure error-free operation.


504 Background: The NOAH trial evaluated the addition of trastuzumab (H) to chemotherapy (CT) for pts with HER2-positive LABC. A significant improvement in pCR has been reported (Gianni. ASCO 2007; abs 532). Methods: 228 pts were randomized to receive 3 cycles of doxorubicin (60 mg/m2) and paclitaxel (150 mg/m2) q3w, 4 cycles of paclitaxel (175 mg/m2 q3w) and 3 cycles of CMF (C 600 mg/m2, M 40 mg/m2, F 600 mg/m2 d 1+8 q4w) with or without concomitant H (8 mg/kg loading dose then 6 mg/kg q3w for 1 year) before surgery. 171 (75%) core biopsies obtained before treatment were available for assays of c-Myc (by FISH), PTEN (by IHC) and IGF1R (by IHC) in addition to estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR). Results: The 171 pts with available biopsies were representative of the overall NOAH population, although with a lower incidence of ER+ tumors. Negative PgR status was strongly associated with pCR in the H group (51% vs 16% in PgR-positive tumors; p=0.008). Overall, 32 pts had c-Myc amplificatio...


Hardware/software partitioning is a key issue in the design of embedded systems where performance, chip area and/or power dissipation constraints have to be met. The granularity for automatic partitioning has great impact on the run-time of the partitioning and the quality of the final implementation. In this paper we present a new approach that generates partitioning objects using the dependency of the operations in the system. By clustering the dependent operations into one object, the number of the objects and the coupling between them are lowered. Compared to the fine-grain partitioning, our approach, which is called dependency driven partitioning, prunes a great portion of invalid solution space during partitioning objects formation, so as to expedite the partitioning without loss of the quality. Experiments with simulated annealing optimization show a faster convergence than that of fine-granularity with comparable partitioning quality


Contarinia tritici emerges the same year as the larvae are in the wheat ears and up to 3 years later. Its parasites emerge up to 2 years after the larvae are in the wheat ears, but never the same year. This indicates that the supernumerary generation of C. tritici that occurs on couch grass in August and September may be expected to be free from parasites and so constitutes a dangerous source of replenishment of the pest.

Emergence of Sitodiplosis mosellana can take place after the larvae have been in the soil up to twelve winters. Most of any one year's larvae do not necessarily emerge as midges after one winter, although usually this is so. Any one year's flight is probably a composite one derived from several previous generations of this one-generation-a-year gall midge.


Bi2O3 is a kind of photocatalyst with excellent performance, which can generate photo-generated electrons under light. Through the recombination of Bi2O3 and BiOI, photogenerated electrons are more easily generated. UiO-66 is added to form a ternary composite material, which improves the stability of the material. Through simulated visible light degradation experiments, it was found that the ternary composite material had a significant degradation effect on rhodamine and tetracycline, which was 22.2 times and 1.04 times the original. This is mainly due to the addition of BiOI to widen the photo sensing interval of Bi2O3 and reduce the forbidden band width of Bi2O3. After loading this composite material on UiO-66, it has a coating effect on the material, which hinders the secondary combination of photogenerated electrons and holes, and improves the photocatalytic efficiency. Bi2O3@BiOI@UiO-66 composite material has high efficiency and stability, and is an excellent photocatalytic degradation material.


To determine if a dose‐response relationship exists between percentage changes in body weight in persons with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA) and self‐reported pain and function.


ED FROM Smedslund G, Berg RC, Hammerstrøm KT, et al. Motivational interviewing for substance abuse. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;5:CD008063. Correspondence to Geir Smedslund, Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Postboks 7004, St Olavs Plass, Oslo N-0130, Norway; firstname.lastname@example.com Sources of funding There were no external sources of funding supplied for this review; the internal source of support was the Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services. Smedslund and colleagues identifi ed 59 clinical trials meeting inclusion criteria in order to describe the state of research on motivational interviewing (MI) for treating alcohol and other drug (AOD) abuse. Secondary outcomes examined include retention in treatment, readiness to change and repeat convictions. The focus of this study is on AOD and includes RCTs compared with other systematic reviews on MI since 2003. The authors point out their use of 'a comprehensive and systematic search strategy aiming to be exhaustive' as a particular strength. Indeed, the authors' attention to, and documentation of review methods, including notes regarding contact attempts to RCT researchers, are exemplary. Another particular strength is the authors' grading of the quality of the evidence upon which their fi ndings are based. For example, the authors give a 'moderate' quality of evidence grade in their fi nding that MI outperformed no treatment control groups at shortterm follow-up, based upon 15 studies, involving 2327 participants. In contrast, they give a 'low' quality of evidence grade to the fi nding that MI outperformed no treatment controls at the 12-month follow-up based upon a single study with 363 participants. Also notable is the authors' inclusion criterion that video and/or audio recordings were reviewed for fi delity. Thus, the study emphasised quality over quantity. In doing so, the authors largely pre-empted common nagging questions regarding whether or not the studies reviewed actually delivered the purported intervention. This study reports a thorough search of the literature using the most relevant search engines and tools, use of rigorous methods and conclusions fi rmly grounded in the data. The authors painstakingly summarised each of the reviewed RCTs and the data are presented succinctly and objectively with minimal discussion. If anything, perhaps the authors could have offered more conclusions regarding which gaps in the data were most troubling and in need of future study. Nevertheless, the authors leave us with extremely useful syntheses of data that may provide the basis for many more questions to come.


Abstract : Self-assembled quantum dots by MBE (Molecular Beam Epitaxy) are examined as a structure of solar cells and other novel nanoelectronic devices. Zero-dimensionality of quantum dot gives rise to certain unique properties: charge storage and single-electron transport due to Coulomb blockade. The devices have low energy consumption and high speed operation due to quantized states inherent in quantum dot structure. Basic research on self-assembled quantum dots is detailed to understand the growth mechanisms and the electrical properties of the quantum dots so as to realize practical engineering applications like quantum dot solar cells, quantum dot lasers and single electron devices for quantum computing. The uniqueness of quantum dot solar cells is the possibility that they possess charge storage function, in addition to their electricity generating capability. Multi-stack with well controlled dot size is the key approach to be adopted throughout the research. Self-assembled quantum dots are very practical in engineering point of view. Another basic research would be the ordering of self-assembled quantum dots, which is an important requirement for many nanoelectronic devices.


Selective activation of 3-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl propanamide with P(NMe2)3–CCl4, and subsequent intramolecular cyclisation yields β-lactam derivatives that have both surface and antibiotic activity.


Vapor-phase bioreactors are an efficient method to treat air contaminated with volatile organic compounds. To ensure stable long term performance, several design and operating factors must be considered. Common problems include nutrient limitations, biomass clogging, inactive biomass, low moisture content and reductions in pH. Based on several bioreactor studies, the underlying cause of each of these problems is identified, monitoring requirements are outlined and a range of appropriate response actions are presented. These solutions range from modification of bioreactor design and operation (e.g., step feed configuration and directionally switching operation) to the use of alternative types of microorganisms (e.g., fungi).


A novel high-performance optical tap with low wavelength-dependent loss(WDL), polarization-dependent loss (PDL), and excess loss is described. The tap is based on exciting a high-order mode by an abrupt change in the waveguide profile, and then tapping the optical power in the high-order mode by using a modal-demultiplexer. The tap can be designed to give a tapping ratio in the range of -30 to -10 dB over a wavelength range of 1510-1640 nm. In addition, it is shown that the tapping ratio is tolerant to process variations, repeatable and predictable, enabling the design to be implemented in a single process run, with no need for additional fine-tuning iterations, while achieving a high process yield. We show that measurements are in good agreement with simulated results. In the tap channel we measured 0.3 dB WDL and 0.2-dB PDL over the C- and L- bands, while the signal in the main channel was virtually uncontaminated relative to a plain single-mode reference waveguide.


Data mining has been substantially studied and useful into numerous fields which include the Internet of Things (IoT) and the business growth. However, data mining approaches also take place serious challenges due to enlarged sensitive information disclosure and the violation of privacy. Privacy-Preserving Data Mining also called (PPDM), as an essential branch of the data mining and an exciting topic in privacy preservation, has gain particular attention in current years. This discussion describes the privacy concern that occurs due to data mining, particularly for the national security applications. We discuss privacy-preserving data mining by Anonymization Method in which we use hierarchical clustering in order to divide the given data and DES algorithm for encryption of data in order to prevent sensitive data from attacker.


Formative assessment is of critical importance to student learning. With learning and teaching, and also retention, high on the agenda of higher education, the professionalism of academics as educators is of increasing significance. A key component of educators' professionalism—formative assessment—is weakly conceptualised, and hence it is likely that the contribution of formative assessment to student learning and retention is not being optimised. The first, larger part of this article discusses formative assessment in the context of the current political and structural environment of higher education. The second part considers how formative assessment might better contribute to student development and retention, particularly in the critically important first year of a higher education program.


Objective: To study the key indicators of satisfaction for admitted patients in PNS Rahat.
Study Design: Single Step Cross-Sectional Survey.
Place and Duration of Study: PNS Rahat, June 2007 to Dec 2007.
Patients and Methods: Priority population of 450 admitted patients whose feedback was recorded through a written questionnaire having 15 close ended questions out of which 2 questions were later excogitated to reduce study bias (duplication).
Results: Ninety three point seven percent (n%) patients filled the questionnaire reducing the sample size to 422 out of 450 patient approached. Fifty six point three percent patients were highly satisfied, 29.1% patients were moderately satisfied, 11.56% patients were just satisfied and 2.7%remained unsatisfied with hospital services provided during admission. In highly satisfied patients, performance of consultants was rated 82.7%. In moderately satisfied patients, standard of catering in ward was rated 41.5 %. Twenty nine point five percent patients remained just satisfied and 25.4% were unsatisfied with hospital canteen services.
Conclusion: Winning hearts and minds of admitted patients relies on consultants' and nurses' competence and availability. However, patients are highly dissatisfied by substandard catering in wards, unhygienic conditions and insufficient hospital canteen services


According to the needs of a research institute, the design of the automatic tool changing system in developing the numerical controlling experimental device, which is simulatedly used to cut propellants, had been accomplished. In this design, some analyses and researches, concerning methods of exchanging cutters, description of the circuit and the related instructions and procedures of PLC, had been finished. To realize the controlling of the automatic exchanging cutters process, the four stations vertical electric turret and PLC had come to use. The automatic exchanging cutters device improves the manufacturing efficiency, reduces the labor intensity, enhances the safety of operation and adequately guarantees the security of operators.


The electronic structure and chemical bonding of B 5 2 and B5 were investigated using anion photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. Vibrationally resolved photoelectron spectra were obtained for B5 2 and were compared to theoretical calculations performed at various levels of theory. Extensive searches were carried out for the global minimum of B 5 , which was found to have a planarC2v structure with a closed-shell ground state ( A1). Excellent agreement was observed between ab initio detachment energies and the experimental spectra, firmly establishing the ground-state structures for both B 5 2 and B5. The chemical bonding in B 5 2 was investigated and compared to that in Al 5 . While both B5 2 and Al5 2 have a similarC2v planar structure, their p-bonding orbitals are different. In Al 5 , ap-bonding orbital was previously observed to delocalize over only the three central atoms in the C2v ground-state structure, whereas a similar p orbital (1b1) was found to completely delocalize over all five atoms in the C2v B5 . This p bonding in B5 2 makes it more rigid towards butterfly out-of-plane distortions relative to Al 5 . © 2002 American Institute of Physics.@DOI: 10.1063/1.1511184 #


Sir.—I read with interest the article by Fleisher1regarding wrongful births. While I certainly agree with looking into actions taken intentionally, such as drug use, I believe we should also be looking at actions that are intentionally not taken. As an example I present the case of a pregnant, 19-year-old mother who had an 8-month-old first child (the product of a 37-week gestation with preterm labor) and who was given tocolytics and intensive educational programs for the last five weeks of her first pregnancy. The mother chose not to receive prenatal care until approximately 22 weeks' gestation, even though she knew she was pregnant. At 23 weeks' gestation of her current pregnancy, she began having contractions at 8 am. She recognized the contractions for what they were, but did not seek advice from anyone until approximately 2 pm, when she was told to come to the hospital immediately.


A considerable literature has accumulated which deals with the coexistence of tuberculosis and cancer in the same individual and in the same organ. While this combination is no longer considered one of great rarity, nevertheless it must be regarded as of infrequent occurrence. Of much practical importance has become the fact that glands in the neighborhood of tumors may not uncommonly show only evidences of tuberculosis a fact which makes the clinical evidence of enlarged glands of doubtful value in the determination of malignancy. This is, in my experience, particularly the case in glands of the jaw and neck which occur in connection with tumors of the mouth and pharynx, particularly in ulcerating growths. Bastedo cites similar instances in other parts of the body. The discussion of this combination amongst pathologists has centered around their etiological relation. It seems well established that long continued tuberculous lesions may pave the way for the development of cancer. This has been demonstrated satisfactorily in the relationship which lupus has to cancer of the skin. There exist also a few instances in which this seems to have occurred in the lung (Wolf, Friedlander, Lubarsch, Schwalbe), in the larynx (Crone, Pepper and Edsall), and possibly in the gutthe latter, however, not with absolute certainty (Naegeli). More frequently are those cases in which a cancer develops either in an individual with old tuberculosis or in which a tuberculous inflammation is engrafted upon a flourishing carcinomatous disease. Lubarsch, whose extensive study is generally quoted in this connection, found that the majority of reported cases of


It is 3 AM on Saturday, and you have just admitted a 15-year-old girl with a decreased level of consciousness, jaundice, and seizures in to your critical care unit. You worry if this is acute viral hepatitis, but you are not sure what else it could be. You wonder if it really matters and quickly decide it does. Wouldn't it be great to have a computerized aid that promptly suggested the likely diagnostic possibilities? For adult physicians, the search for such a general diagnostic aid would, so far, have led to Dxplain (www.lcs.mgh.harvard.edu), Quick Medical Reference (v3.8.5, January 2001 on CD-ROM, First Databank Inc, CA), or ILIAD (v4.5 on CD-ROM, University of Utah). These are "expert systems," developed in the 1980s primarily to suggest the "correct diagnosis" (a diagnostic oracle). On the upside, they display up to 30 results (ranked by clinical probability) and provide explanations for their suggestions. On the downside, though, they require considerable patient data input using a controlled vocabulary (data entry alone often taking 20-40 minutes). You would also tend to use expert systems only when you faced a diagnostic dead end (which is rare in practice), or if you were motivated enough to spend time entering data into the system. Unlike QMR and ILIAD, Dxplain is available on the Web, but you have to request a license for its use by mail or fax. The CD-ROM-based aids have to be updated regularly and cannot be used by multiple users, such as on a hospital network. This picture may change by the end of this year—a popular Web-based diagnostic reminder system (Isabel, www.isabelhealthcare.com) is now planning to cover adult medical conditions, as well as the pediatric diseases it has covered for more than 3 years. Although the pediatric system was provided free on the Internet until June 2004, the full version is now only available to individual or institutional subscribers. After decades of research, it has become obvious that the clinician is best served today by a "diagnostic helper," and not a "diagnostic oracle." Isabel developers have followed this model: the system is designed to function as a reminder system (or a checklist), thus presenting its 8 to 10 diagnostic results arranged by body system, rather than as a ranked list. However, this trade-off is more than adequately compensated by the ease with which clinical data can be entered directly in free text natural language, taking less than a minute of clinician time. Diagnostic suggestions are readily linked to references, in the form of textbook disease descriptions, annotated images, management guidelines, lessons learned from error, and information on which tests to order. Isabel is also configured for wireless-enabled PDA users (www.isabelhealthcare.com/pda). Clinical evaluation in emergency pediatrics showed that Isabel reminded physicians of a vital diagnosis in nearly 15% of the cases they used it on (in press). Results from a critical care study also suggest that Isabel has the potential to remind ICU physicians of important possibilities (currently submitted for publication). With rising interest in the use of electronic medical records (EMR) to enter clinical data, diagnostic decision support is increasingly likely to occur in the background, so that active advice is provided to physicians rather than waiting for them to seek assistance. The Isabel system has already developed such interfaces with several US-based EMR systems. Despite these technological advances, it is important to remember that clinicians will retain the final responsibility for making clinical decisions, even though they may depend on computers to help them make better decisions. P a dma n b h n Rar y a n, MRC ( UK) ,P C H


INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE Coverage Positions are intended to supplement certain standard CIGNA HealthCare benefit plans. Please note, the terms of a participant's particular benefit plan document [Group Service Agreement (GSA), Evidence of Coverage, Certificate of Coverage, Summary Plan Description (SPD) or similar plan document] may differ significantly from the standard benefit plans upon which these Coverage Positions are based. For example, a participant's benefit plan document may contain a specific exclusion related to a topic addressed in a Coverage Position. In the event of a conflict, a participant's benefit plan document always supercedes the information in the Coverage Positions. In the absence of a controlling federal or state coverage mandate, benefits are ultimately determined by the terms of the applicable benefit plan document. Coverage determinations in each specific instance require consideration of 1) the terms of the applicable group benefit plan document in effect on the date of service; 2) any applicable laws/regulations; 3) any relevant collateral source materials including Coverage Positions and; 4) the specific facts of the particular situation. Coverage Positions relate exclusively to the administration of health benefit plans. Coverage Positions are not recommendations for treatment and should never be used as treatment guidelines. ©2007 CIGNA Health Corporation Coverage Position CIGNA HealthCare does not cover computer-aided detection of chest radiographs for lung cancer screening (e.g., RapidScreen ™) because it is considered experimental, investigational or unproven. The lung is the second most common site of newly diagnosed cancer and the most common cause of cancer-related death among both men and women in the United States. An estimated 213,380 new cases of lung cancer and 160,390 deaths from lung cancer are expected to occur in 2007. Risk factors associated with lung cancer include tobacco smoking, exposures to environmental and occupational substances, and family history of lung cancer. The initial evaluation usually includes a physical exam, chest x-ray and sputum cytology. Most lung cancer patients are diagnosed when their disease is advanced, and nearly 90% die within two years (National Cancer Institute [NCI], 2007). Screening is the periodic testing of asymptomatic individuals in the general population to detect previously unrecognized conditions. Screening is distinct from surveillance, which is aimed at subpopulations of high-risk groups (e.g., smokers, occupational groups) and monitoring, which is follow-up of individuals with a known medical condition. The NCI states that screening for lung cancer with chest x-ray and/or sputum cytology does not reduce mortality from lung …


We propose a new class of partially information-coupled (PIC) turbo codes to improve the transport block (TB) error rate performance for long-term evolution (LTE) systems, while keeping the hybrid automatic repeat request protocol and the turbo decoder for each code block (CB) unchanged. In the proposed codes, every two consecutive CBs in a TB are coupled together by sharing partial information bits. This coding structure introduces irregular variable node degree distributions in the Tanner graph of the PIC-turbo codes. We propose a feedforward and feedback decoding scheme and a windowed decoding scheme to decode the whole TB by exploiting the coupled information between CBs. We calculate the extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) functions for the PIC-turbo codes by assuming that the coupled information are perfectly decoded. An SNR gain upper bound of the PIC-turbo codes over the LTE turbo codes for various coupling ratios is derived by the calculated EXIT charts. Numerical results show that the proposed codes achieve an SNR gain of 0.26–0.73 dB for various code parameters at a TB error rate level of  $10^{-2}$ , which complies with the derived SNR gain upper bound.


During 1976-1978, the Georgia Department of Transportation installed reflectorized pavement markers on the centerlines of nearly 700 curves in Georgia which had horizontal curvature in excess of six degrees. Nighttime crashes were reduced by about 20 percent compared to daytime crashes at these sites subsequent to the installation of the markers. Nighttime single-vehicle crashes were reduced more than other nighttime crashes.


Robert Hooke's intellectual life was steadfastly dedicated to the pursuit of natural philosophy and the formulation of an appropriate method for studying nature, His daily life, however, was seemingly fragmented—an energetic rush in and around the city of London, with him acting now as curator (and later secretary) of the Royal Society, now as Cutlerian Lecturer in the History of Nature and Art, now as Geometry Professor at Gresham College, now as architect and surveyor of postfire London, and forever as a member of a number of intersecting social, intellectual, and professional circles that made up London's coffeehouse culture. Such a range of activities was perhaps wider than that of many of his contemporaries, though other diarists, most notably Samuel Pepys, recorded similarly crammed lives. Yet despite the apparently unsystematic nature of his daily round he was, also like Pepys, a methodical man who hated to waste time, and for long periods he kept a diary that helped him account for how he spent it. I argue here that his diary keeping was an integral part of his scientific vision reflecting the epistemological and methodological practices that guided him as a student of nature. The diary should be read, I propose, not as an "after-hours" incidental activity removed from his professional and intellectual life; both its form and its content suggest that he chose to record a self that was as subject to scientific scrutiny as the rest of nature and that he thought that such a record could be applied to producing, in the end, a fully objective "history" with himself as the datum.


Due to the variety of shapes as well as the diversity of applications there does not exist any single method for computing the shape orientation of all shapes. In this paper, we introduce a new shape orientation measure, shape orientation pattern, to find the crisp and fuzzy shape orientation as well as shape orientability from any shape. We also illustrate that the new shape orientation measure can be used as a RST invariant shape descriptor.


In a graph G, those dominating sets S which give minimum value for |S|+ m(G−S), where m(G−S) denotes the maximum order of a component of G−S, are called dominating integrity sets of G (briefly called DI-sets of G). This concept combines two important aspects namely domination and integrity in graphs. In this paper, we show that the decision problem domination integrity is NP-complete even when restricted to planar or chordal graphs.


The group tried to address how and what applications of nondestructive deflection testing (NDT) measurements are used currently and envisioned in the future. Specific areas suggested for consideration were pavement performance, pavement management, pavement design, bridge evaluation, and material property determination.


To automatically reconstruct the prior austenite grains from as-quenched martensitic structure, we applied a deep learning algorithm to recognize the prior austenite grains boundaries hidden in the martensitic matrix. The FC-DenseNet architecture based on FCN (fully convolutional networks) was used to train the martensite and ground truth label of the prior austenite grain boundaries. The original martensite structures and prior austenite grain boundaries were prepared using different chemical etching solutions. The initial PAGS detection rate was as low as 37.1%, which is not suitable for quantifying the basic properties of the microstructure such as grain size or grain boundary area. By changing the weight factor of the neural net loss function and increasing the size of the data set, the detection rate was improved up to 56.1%. However, even when the detection rate reached 50% or more, the quality of the reconstructed PAGS was not comparable to the analytically calculated results based on EBSD measurements and crystallographic orientation relationships. The prior austenite grain size data sets were obtained from martensite samples via the FCDenseNet method, and had a linear correlation with the mechanical properties measured in the same samples. In order to improve the accuracy of the detection rate using neural networks, it is necessary to increase the number of neural networks and data sets. (Received November 16, 2020; Accepted November 24, 2020)


In 2008,20 typical sample villages in Sichuan were selected by the per capita industrial output value.400 typical households from those villages were chosen to be interviewed and specific research data are obtained.According to the comparative analysis of the survey data,the paper studies the supply structure and potential of rural labor from the perspectives of age,sex,education and health in the hilly and mountainous areas in Sichuan.Then,various factors that restrict the surplus labor obtaining non-agricultural employment are explored.The results show that the rural labors in the hilly and mountainous areas in Sichuan are slightly older,and the average age is 41 years.The average years of education are low,only 6.64 years,and just close to the level of elementary school graduation.The potential of surplus agricultural labors who can participate in non-agricultural employment is limited.Moreover,there is a tendency that the conditions of labor in the hilly and mountainous areas will approach Lewis turning point.


In the American civic culture of the nineteenth century, which had begun on the basis of a popular revolution and was beholden to the idea of popular sovereignty, anything that smacked of elite, i.e. European, pretensions had a difficult time. Any kind of high or avant garde art therefore had to fight for its legitimate place and function. Not an easy task when ex-President Adams for one freely admitted that he preferred the minstrel show to opera. Understandably, classical music had a hard and late start. Theodore Thomas, the German-born conductor who came to the USA in the middle century, battled singlehandedly to create an audience that would prefer Wagner to 'Yankee Doodle'. After 1870 Leopold Damrosch, after 1880 Anton Seidl and Karl Muck joined his efforts towards creating a market for classical music. By the end of the century there was a new upper-middle-class, basically composed of white anglo-saxon protestants (WASP), to support and finance these high cultural strategies of uplift. This class believed in cultural stewardship, quite in keeping with the Progressive spirit of the times. From this group came what Moore calls the Yankee composers such as Arthur Farwell, Edward Burlingame Hill, Carl Ruggles, John Alden Carpenter, Roy Harris, and especially Charles Ives and Daniel Gregory Mason. These Yankee composers shared the prevailing mood that Western civilisation was going down the drain and that high art and what they, in keeping with a European definition, called culture had redemptive power to combat the onslaught of a materialistic, hedonistic, primitive and mongrelised civilisation, brought about by immigration and its consequences. They saw the enemy in certain non-aryan products of modernism and their promoters: in certain non-American composers such as George Gershwin, Aaron Copland, Ernest Bloch, Anton Dvorak, Igor Stravinsky, in younger music critics such as Gilbert Seldes, Carl Van Vechten and John Hammond, and in the numerous black and white jazz musicians of the day.


PURPOSE: A manufacturing method of a floor plywood is provided to compress a bimetal and a surface paper in a single process, thereby enhancing productivity. CONSTITUTION: A manufacturing method of a floor plywood comprises following steps. A press consisting of a top press heat plate (10) in which a heating wire is equipped and applies heat and a lower side press thermal plate (20) in which a heating wire is equipped and applies heat. A bimetal and a surface paper is laminated between the top press heat plate and lower side press thermal plate and compressed by applying heat. An air discharge pad (100) which is equipped with a sump ball (110) of steam and gas in a netting form at a top of a lower side of the press thermal plate in the form of the netting and has heat resistance is laminated. A bimetal (200) and a surface paper (300) are laminated in the top of the air discharge pad, compressed with high pressure by applying heat to the top press heat plate and lower side press thermal plate and molded.


Aim: The presence of neuropsychiatric disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) has been recognized since Charcot first described the disease and reported at rates reaching 60%. However, knowledge about impulsivity which can significantly affect the quality of life of patients and their relatives is limited. In this study, we aimed to determine whether there is a relationship between MS and impulsivity. Material and Methods: MS patients and healthy controls were included in this paired case-control study. The clinical (disability rate, duration of disease, clinical course) of MS patients and demographics (age, gender, income status, marital status, educational status) characteristics of the whole population were questioned. Beck depression scale and Barrat's impulsivity scale were applied to all participants. The patient and control groups were compared in terms of impulsivity. Considering that depression is frequently observed in MS patients and depression may affect impulsivity, the groups were compared again with covariance analysis. Results: The study included 60 MS patients of whom 41 was female and 51 healthy controls of whom 40 was female. Cognitive impulsivity was significantly higher in the MS group, and the MS group was significantly depressive than the controls. This difference in cognitive impulsivity continued after the effect of depression stabilized. Conclusion: Impulsivity was significantly higher in MS patients than in normal controls. Approaches that take into account impulsivity may be useful in the treatment of MS.


Four Hodgkin's lymphoma cell lines (KM‐H2, HDLM‐2, L428, L1236) were analyzed for cytogenetic aberrations, applying multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization, chromosome banding and comparative genomic hybridization. Each line was characterized by a highly heterogeneous pattern of karyotypic changes with a large spectrum of different translocated chromosomes (range 22–57). A recurrent finding in all cell lines was the presence of chromosomal rearrangements of the short arm of chromosome 2 involving the REL oncogene locus. Furthermore, multiple translocated copies of telomeric chromosomal segments were frequently detected. This resulted in a copy number increase of putative oncogenes, e.g., JAK2 (9p24) in 3 cell lines, FGFR3 (4p16) and CCND2 (12p13) in 2 cell lines as well as MYC (8q24) in 1 cell line. Our data confirm previous cytogenetic results from primary Hodgkin's tumors suggesting an important pathogenic role of REL and JAK2 in this disease. In addition, they provide evidence for a novel cytogenetic pathomechanism leading to increased copy numbers of putative oncogenes from terminal chromosomal regions, most probably in the course of chromosomal stabilization by telomeric capture. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Most living organisms synchronize their physiological and behavioral activities with the daily changes in the environment using intrinsic time-keeping systems called circadian clocks. In mammals, the key molecular features of the internal clock are transcription- and translational-based negative feedback loops, in which clock-specific transcription factors activate the periodic expression of their own repressors, thereby generating the circadian rhythms. CLOCK and BMAL1, the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)/PAS transcription factors, constitute the positive limb of the molecular clock oscillator. Recent investigations have shown that various levels of posttranslational regulation work in concert with CLOCK/BMAL1 in mediating circadian and cellular stimuli to control and reset the circadian rhythmicity. Here we review how the CLOCK and BMAL1 activities are regulated by intracellular distribution, posttranslational modification, and the recruitment of various epigenetic regulators in response to circadian and cellular signaling pathways.


Instructors are always interested in creating environments that motivate students to engage dynamically in their learning process. Mind mapping is one of the teaching and learning strategies that has emerged in this regard. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of mind mapping technique on the development of the organization of writing and learning of intermediate English as Foreign Language (EFL) language learners in Iran. Accordingly, thirty female intermediate English language learners were selected from a well-known institute in a small city as the participants of the study. They were randomly allocated to a control as well as an experimental group each consisting of 15 subjects. The control group was provided with the usual training, while the experimental group was presented with the intervention twice a week during the summer of 2019. Pretest and posttest were applied for both groups in this experimental study and the results were then compared. Based on the research findings application of mind mapping in teaching writing could improve the learners' writing organization. However, it didn't show any significant effects on their writing style. As the results of the statistical analyses indicated, an application of mind mapping in writing classes would help the learners to organize their writings in more effective ways..


For the purpose of providing security for the equipment, apparatus and method of the voltage drop in the welding power source capacity (10). Resistive load and the output voltage is monitored and the welding power supply output and a predefined or preselected threshold comparison and generating an output signal voltage load condition status signal (e.g., logic signal). Load condition signal and the output signal voltage condition as the voltage drop control logic device (370) is input, the voltage drop control logic device (370) to enable and disable input welding power supply as defined in accordance with the control logic generates a control signal (372) and output. As a result, during a dangerous operating condition, the welding power source to provide the user an additional safety measure to prevent electric shock.


Aconite poisoning has been reported in previously published literature and case reports. It may occur due to accidental consumption of aconite tubers or when it is used in medicinal preparations. In this case report we describe a case of aconite poisoning in a primary case of anxiety disorder, after use of herbal medicine. He gave history of consumption of herbal remedy with honey from folk medicine with unknown content. Our patient presented with symptoms of vomiting, diarrhea, numbness and dizziness that are common symptoms of aconite poisoning. The management was mainly supportive care depending on the symptoms. Our patient recovered after 30 hours, probably due to slow elimination of the metabolites overtime. Our case represents one case where poisoning was not due to wrong consumption but due to drug-drug interaction. It is important that physicians should take drug interactions into consideration while prescribing drugs and also educate patients regarding the same.


Abstract The purpose of this study was to point out processes that can provide triazine oxidation via hydroxyl radical production in a water treatment line. We focus our attention on: - oxido-flocculation, using Fe2+, H2O2 - inter-oxidation, using O3, H2O2 and eventually an heterogeneous catalyst. - disinfection, using UV, O3 and H2O2 combinations. Results show that triazines can be removed by all these processes with different efficiencies. At full scale, the O3/H2O2 process presents the best performances from an economical and technical point of view.


Fetal vascular lesions or malformations such as sacrococcygeal teratomas, cervical teratomas, chorioangiomas, and vein of Galen aneurysms are associated with an increased risk of fetal death due to cardiac failure and hydrops. Large vascular lesions have the potential to result in increased cardiac output and volume overload on the fetal heart. As the heart compensates for the increasing blood flow, cardiovascular changes, demonstrable on fetal echocardiography, are likely to occur in the fetus. In the current era of fetal intervention and surgery, it is important to characterize these changes as a means of recognizing cardiac dysfunction and selecting patients for fetal intervention and management. This retrospective study characterizes the echocardiographic findings in fetuses with vascular lesions or malformations using 2D, color, and pulsed-wave Doppler imaging.


Symmetries concerning the ordinary coordinate spacetime and internal spacetime are discussed. A possible unification model of electroweak, strong and gravitational interactions is briefly described.


Official Development Aid allows are volatile, non-predictable and not delivered in a transparent way. All these features reinforce asymmetric information between the citizens and the recipient government about the amount of aid flows received by developing countries. This article uses a political economy model of rent extraction to show how this asymmetry (i) encourages rent extraction by kleptocratic regimes, thus reducing aid efficiency, and (ii) increases the negative impact of aid volatility. It identifies a new channel - the "asymmetric information" channel - through which aid volatility is costly for recipient countries. The empirical relevance of the model is confirmed on a panel data of developing countries. Using various specifications and econometric methods, and developing new yearly estimates of aid volatility, I show that (i) introducing more information increases aid efficiency, that (ii) the negative impact of aid volatility on aid efficiency vanishes once one controls for information, and that (iii) this positive impact of information does not come from the fact that more transparent countries tend to have better institutions.


DOI: 10.4328/JCAM.5879 Received: 16.04.2018 Accepted: 10.05.2018 Published Online: 15.05.2018 Printed: 01.11.2018 J Clin Anal Med 2018;9(6): 574-7 Corresponding Author: Selman Sarica, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü Imam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. GSM: +905057556654 E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com ORCID ID: 0000-0003-4246-8595 Abstract Aim: Permanent hearing loss in children is congenital in more than 80% of cases. Hearing screenings of newborns are important in the early determination of hearing loss. The aim of this study was to draw attention to the importance of a careful otoscopic examination before hearing screening in newborns. Material and Method: In this retrospective study, the records of patients who underwent a hearing test according to the hearing screening program in our clinic between January 2015 and January 2017 were examined. Evaluation was made of patient data with findings such as vernix caseosa, impacted cerumen, serous otitis media, external otitis, and ear canal anomalies in the notes from the otoscopic examination conducted prior to the evoked otoacoustic emission (EOAE) test. Results: The EOAE test was applied to 1417 patients immediately following otoscopic examination. The EOAE was normal in 1266 patients, while no response could be obtained from the ears bilaterally in 91 patients and unilaterally in 60 patients. After follow-up and treatment of patients with serous otitis, ear debris, or vernix caseosa determined in the otoscopic examination, hearing loss was determined with a repeated EOAE test as bilateral very advanced in 2 patients, unilateral very advanced in 1 patient, moderately advanced in 2 patients, at 30 dB in 5 patients, and hearing neuropathy was considered in 1 patient. Discussion: The significant improvement in hearing loss after treatment of vernix caseosa, cerumen, and serous otitis media has shown how important the otoscopic examination as part of the initial hearing screening of newborns.


Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect of kissing stents placement in Leriche syndrome. Methods The data of 15 Leriche syndrome cases treated with kissing stents placement were collected and the therapeutic effect was retrospectively analyzed by 6 to 12 months follow-up. Results Kissing stents placement was successfully preformed in 15 cases with Leriche syndrome. Within 2 weeks,10 cases got complaints disappeared completely and recovery of normal walking ability,the other 5 cases got prolonged walking distance and obvious relief of uncomfortable symptom,and 3 cases got sexual function recovery. Mild complication occurred in 5 cases who recovered well after symptomatic treatment. In the follow-up of 10.2 months no recurrence and long-term complication occurred. Conclusion Kissing stents placement is a minimally invasive,rapid and effective method for the treatment of Leriche syndrome. Kissing stents placement combined with transcatheter thrombolysis and balloon angioplasty might be the first choice to treat Leriche syndrome type I and Ⅱ.


Retail investors are prone to the disposition effect and submit many more limit orders than market orders. Mechanical effects stemming from the price-contingency conditions for order executions can lead these limit orders to inflate an investor's measured disposition effect (Linnainmaa 2010). Our paper is the first to demonstrate that the relationship between the disposition effect and order choices is bi-directional. Using trading data of thousands of investors, we show that investors who are prone to the disposition effect differ from others in their use of limit orders and in their choice of limit prices.


The chapters of Aristotle's De Anima are not in their original sequence. The last two chapters, III 12-13 (434a22-435b25) have nothing to do with what immediately precedes; they have apparently dropped out of the text at some stage and been placed at the end, but internal evidence shows, I shall argue, that they originally belonged between II 4 and II 5 (between 416b31 and b32). The restored sequence brings into clearer focus many of Aristotle's most famous and controversial doctrines about perception. I


The invention relates to a sampling apparatus and a sampling method used for estimation of the source intensity of a non-point atmospheric pollution source. The apparatus comprises a frequency-variable fan, a gas purifying tank, a differential pressure flowmeter and a sampling wind tunnel successively connected through pipelines, wherein the outlet of the sampling wind tunnel is connected with a wind tunnel outlet hybrid tube which is provided with a sampling port. According to the invention, the frequency of the frequency-variable fan is indicated and adjusted through the differential pressure flowmeter so as to purify a set flow of ambient air, and the purified ambient air is sent to the sampling wind tunnel, passes through the surface of the non-point source below the sampling wind tunnel at a corresponding sweeping air speed and carries pollutants given out by the surface of the non-point source; and the emission source intensity of the non-point source at the surface wind speed can be estimated through acquisition and determination of gas-phase concentration of the pollutants under such a condition at a sampling point of an outlet pipeline of the sampling wind tunnel and combined consideration of determined parameters like the flow of sweeping gas and a sweeping area. Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages of accuracy, reliability and the like.


Prosodic as well as semantic constraints have an effect on children's and adults' speech production. For language acquisition there are many reports indicating a preference for the avoidance of *LAPSE meaning two or more unstressed syllables in a sequence (Gerken 1996). Furthermore, there are findings demonstrating an effect of ANIM, the preference for animate referents to be produced before inanimate ones (Prat-Sala et al. 2000; Drenhaus & Féry 2008). In our study, we examined the interaction between *LAPSE and ANIM in German preschool children's speech production as it was done for English speaking adults by McDonald, Bock and Kelly (1993). Our results show first indications of the constraints' influence on the word order of German speaking children.


This work is devoted to distributed optimal control problems for multiharmonic eddy current problems in unbounded domains. We apply a multiharmonic approach to the optimality system and discretize in space by means of a symmetrically coupled finite and boundary element method, taking care of the different physical behavior in conducting and non-conducting subdomains, respectively. We construct and analyze a new preconditioned MinRes solver for the system of frequency domain equations. We show that this solver is robust with respect to the space discretization and time discretization parameters as well as the involved "bad" parameters like the conductivity and the regularization parameters. Furthermore, we analyze the asymptotic behavior of the error in terms of the discretization parameters for our special discretization scheme.


The utility model discloses an automobile steering system parameter measurement test bench. The automobile steering system parameter measurement test bench mainly comprises actual parts, a rigid experiment fixing device, a support bench frame and loading system and a parameter measurement and data acquisition system. The automobile steering system parameter measurement test bench can fully measure and acquire various characteristic parameters of an automobile steering system, and not only can the automobile steering system parameter measurement test bench be used for scientific test researches to simulate actual situations of the real automobile steering system so as to provide reliable data bases for optimized design and improvement of the steering system, but also be used as a comprehensive test teaching platform to promote comprehensive and design research-based teaching researches related to the steering system.


Instrumented impact testing and analysis were performed on an interlaminartoughened carbon fiber epoxy composite (Toray 3900-2/T800H) and a conventional (untoughened) epoxy composite (Fiberite 934/T300). Severity of impact was varied by using a wide range of impact energy. The effect of difference in the tup of the impact instrument was discussed. The residual compressive strengths after compact (CAI's) were measured by using a universal mechanical tester. The impact damage and delamination resistance of the toughened and conventional composites were quantitatively compared. At the same impact energy, the extent of damage was much less severe and the CAI was higher for the toughened composite. Relationships between the CAI's, the state of impact damage, and impact energy were investigated. Impact damage mechanisms for these two composites were not exactly the same. The impact damage of the conventional composite exhibited much greater extents of delamination. By contrast, interlaminar delamination in the toughened composite was found to be significantly suppressed, and the impact damage was more dominated by controlled matrix cracking/fiber damage, instead of catastrophic delamination. As a result, the CAI's of the toughened composite exhibited a monotonous decrease with increase in the impact energy and in the linear dimension of extents of damage.


FIELD: oil and gas industry. SUBSTANCE: geochemical investigation of geological site is performed, training sample of geochemical and geophysical data is created on "oil - empty" training wells, geochemical anomaly is recorded, oil-drainage boundary is determined as per parameters of natural electric field EF and magnetic field MF, oil-drainage boundary is simulated by means of discriminant analysis method. Training sample of geochemical and geophysical data is created on "oil - residual oil - empty" training wells, and geochemical probability GP parameter is obtained. In case geochemical anomaly is not available at geological site (GP 50% there obtained is sampling of four parameters, such as EF, MF, GP and AO, which are coordinate located at common investigation points, complex probability parameter CPP is obtained, and CPP map determining the oil-drainage boundary of geological site is built. EFFECT: increasing prediction reliability of hydrocarbon deposits. 6 dwg


It is shown that ferromagnetic filaments with free and unclamped ends undergo buckling instabilities under the action of twist. Solutions of nonlinear equations describing the buckled shapes are found, and it is shown that the transition to the buckled shape is subcritical if the magnetization is parallel to the field and supercritical when the magnetization of the straight filament is opposite to the external field. Solutions with the localized curvature distribution are found in the case of long filaments. The class of solutions corresponding to helices is described, and the behavior of coiled ferromagnetic and superparamagnetic filaments is compared.


Proteolytic cleavage of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) is essential for virus replication, but the relevant human proteases have not been defined. During a search for such proteases, Böttcher et al. (p. 9896–9898) cloned two trypsinlike proteases, TMPRSS2 and HAT, from human airway epithelial cells. Either protease can cleave HA and support virus infection in vitro in the absence of trypsin. This work establishes a new approach for the identification of proteases involved in influenza virus replication and pathogenicity in humans.


During the early 1970s much of the Sahel and northern Sudanic savannas of West Africa was gripped by a devastating famine which had its origins in a run of drought years in the late 1960s. Prior to the exposure of widespread starvation and human suffering throughout Sahelia, both the academic and popular presses paid scant attention to the Sahel's existence. Since 1974, however, the arid and semi-arid lands have assumed [some] popularity, if not notoriety, including an appearance on the cover of Time magazine under the dubious title of "creeping deserts." In fact, the Sahel famine in particular has gained a sort of textbook notoriety and is usually invoked as an archetypical example of poor land use, desertification, local or global climatic change, [...] population pressure, or life boat ethics in practice. The Sahel has even entered the heady realms of high culture for John Updike's witty novel, The Coup, based on the demise of the Kingdom of Kush − "land of delectable, delicate emptiness" − [and] clearly modeled after the Sahelian states. In addition there has been the commitment of a massive amount of foreign aid ($10 billion by the Club du Sahel); and political pressure from the Sahelian States themselves prompted the United Nations General Assembly to confront the global problem of desertification, from which emerged an International Conference convened in Nairobi during 1977. Yet, despite the resultant proliferation of Sahelian and Arid Lands Institutes, the profusion of rather ephemeral research organizations, multi-volume studies by USAID on long-


The effect of temperature on the cationic polymerization of piperylene in the presence of TiCl4 trichloroacetic acid catalytic system within the temperature range of (-70) 60oC was studied. The initial polymerization rate of piperylene slows down with the temperature increase, however, prolonged monomer conversions lead to the increase of the polymer yields along with the temperature rise, which is determined by the changes of kinetic curves of the polymerization process. The molecular weights of polypiperylene produced increase as a results of temperature decrease.


This paper expounds the concept and functions of the data-mining technology,introduces some common techniques and methods for the application of the data-mining,lists some companies and tools/products related to the data-mining,and probes into the application of the data-mining in the library.


Results of a workshop are given. Scientists with interests in the oceanography of Arctic regions, primarily ice margins in the Greenland Sea and Bering Sea, were convened with engineers familiar with the technology of oceanographic measurements in temperate ocean regions. Near-future capabilities in expendable instruments were surveyed, and the potential for new instruments were discussed. Logistics and effectiveness in field programs were considered along with the access to space and time scales in data made efficient by new expendable technology. (The workshop was held in December, 1981 and this is the first public report of its findings.)


Purpose

There is no consensus among the experts that welfare can be increased through philanthropy or market is sufficient for the achievement of targeted level of welfare. It is still a main quest that giving visible good to one known fellow is better or market ethos have more positive impact on the society where we have needs of thousands of unknown. Markets, in Hayek's view, are superior to philanthropy – economically, ethically and epistemologically – because they "confer benefits beyond the range of our concrete knowledge" (Hayek 1988, p. 81) and thus provide "a greater benefit to the community than most direct 'altruistic' action". The same can be expected from the ethical and moral financial institutions having the objective not to only increase their profit but also equally trying to serve the community and society. This paper aims to propose a constructive model in which markets, philanthropy and financial institutions work together to enhance welfare, human freedom, flourishing and voluntary social cooperation.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper examines the conceptual dualisms through which commerce – philanthropy relationship (e.g. modern versus Islamic socialism) and the historical–philosophical context in which they were formulated. This helps integrate philanthropy into Hayek's theory of economic and social order through financial institutions.

Findings

This paper explores the foundations of an Islamic view of philanthropic action. This discussion is inspired by the emerging literature of positive psychology and double movement of Polanyi (2001).

Research limitations/implications

Proper data are not available for the Islamic countries.

Practical implications

Without abandoning Hayek's theory of markets, this study sketches a view of commercial society in which markets and philanthropy ("voluntary giving and association that serves to promote human flourishing") work together to enhance welfare human freedom, flourishing and voluntary social cooperation under the umbrella of Islam and also explores the different dimensions that how Islamic financial intuitions are becoming the instrument for the incremental change of this integration.

Social implications

This study guides the policy makers that how social and economic welfare can be increased through the interaction of Islamic financial institutions and philanthropy.

Originality/value

This is an original attempt.


In explicit nonlinear dynamic inversion(NDI) control,a system is linearized accurately using nonlinear offset.However,because of the inversion errors in offset from the uncertainties of real models,the robustness of control system is hard to be guaranteed.Explicit NDI is found facing serious challenges when solving the motion issue of underwater vehicle exceeding water.Considering the severe change in hydrodynamic force and the strong impact of waves,its attitude control has become a research focus.Firstly,the control law of dynamic inversion in the form of implicit increments is derived and obtained,and the system is divided into a slow loop and a fast one using the idea of stepped construction on the base of affine motion model of underwater vehicle out of water.Then the feedback of state variation rate is introduced,the implicit control law independent of accurate models and with better robustness is designed based on these two time-scale separated loops.Finally,based on the implicit NDI control algorithm,the attitude of underwater vehicle in its out-of-water process is traced under the influence of waves and perturbation of hydrodynamic parameters and measurement noise,and the validity and rationality of the control law are verified.


Purpose – Transformational government has been on the European agenda for several years. However, progress towards transforming public services for older adults with age‐related cognitive impairments has been very limited. While socioeconomic factors associated with the older adult community which can hinder their usage of governments' online services, partly explain such slow progress, the paper argues that inability of current web‐based technologies and services to adequately cater for specific cognitive impairments of older adults plays a major part in this. Highlighting such limitations, the purpose of this paper is to present the results from a research project currently being undertaken in the UK, Norway and Italy, to demonstrate how assistive web‐based technologies can be developed to assist the transformation of governments' services for older adults with age‐related cognitive impairments.Design/methodology/approach – The research approach includes three phases. The aim of Phase 1 is to develop a ...


Critique has now produced 28-29 as a 275 page single issue on Victor Serge, as well as this issue over the last period but it has taken us two years to do so. For this we apologise to our readers and thank them for their patience. In this instance, the delay was not our fault in that we attempted to hand over Critique to publishers who failed to do what was expected. Critique 27, which went out of print, has also been reprinted. In order to deal with the pile up of articles we have also made this issue a similar size to the last.


The invention discloses a lithium iron phosphate/carbon composite anode material prepared by a catalytic graphitization method, and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method is characterized in that reactants for preparation of the lithium iron phosphate/carbon composite anode material are added with an appropriate amount of one or more catalysts, wherein the one or more catalysts can promote carbon material graphitization and improve conductivity between particles of the lithium iron phosphate/carbon composite anode material thereby improving electrochemical performances. The lithium iron phosphate/carbon composite anode material prepared by the preparation method has conductivity of 10 S/cm and excellent electrochemical performances, wherein the conductivity is far higher than conductivity of a lithium iron phosphate/carbon composite anode material prepared by the conventional method; the conductivity of the lithium iron phosphate/carbon composite anode material prepared by the conventional method is 10 S/cm; and capacity of the lithium iron phosphate/carbon composite anode material provided by the invention is 150mAh/g. The preparation method has the advantages of simple operation and good adaptability for mass production.


The structure of power turbine rotor has its own special characteristics. Dynamic balancing without conditions for high-speed dynamic balancing needs plenty of measures to get the effect of high-speed dynamic balancing. Due to the structural characteristics of rotor, different flexibility appears in different axial stage of rotor. Low-speed dynamic balancing must be done to every axial stage of rotor so as to get the effect of high-speed dynamic balancing and ensure the safe and stable operation of rotor.


Objective:To investigated the difference of myocardial ischemia symptom between right cononary artery(RCA) stenosis and left cononary artery(LCA) stenosis in the patients with cononary heart disease(CHD).Methods:Four hundred and eight patients with CHD were devided into two groups:acute myocardial infraction(AMI) group and angina pectoris(AP)group.In the group of AMI,we compared the myocardial ischemia symptom of RCA stenosis before AMI with that of LCA stenosis.In the group of AP,we further devided them into two sub-groups:single coronary artery stenotsis group and multi-coronary artery stenotsis group.Then we investigated the diffe-rence of finding-rate between RCA stenosis and LCA stenosis.Results:In the group of AMI,the patients with LCA stenosis had more myocardial ischemia symptom before AMI than the patients with RCA stenosis(P0.05).In the group of AP,as far as the finding-rate was concerned,there was no difference between RCA stenosis and LCA stenosis in the sub-group of more coronary artery stenotsis(P0.05).However,in the sub-group of single coronary artery stenotsis,the finding-rate of RCA stenosis was less than that of LCA stenosis(P0.001).Conclusion:RCA stenotsis has less myocardial ischemia symptom,or even lacks completely.Therefore RCA stenotsis can not be found easily.


The quality of service is the most important element in determining a service enterprise's sales result and economic profits.This thesis analyzes the present service quality of Anhui Mobile Company with the help of the service quality differential analyzing model.From the perspective of process regulating and monitoring,the following service quality improving strategies are put forward: strengthening service awareness,improving service skills,enlarging service presentation and publicizing,and administering customers.


Introduction: Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) repairs infarcted heart through paracrine mechanism. We sought to determine whether MSC - derived exosomes could enhance myocardial repair and how exosome ...


Functional MRI Predicts Postsurgical Memory following Temporal Lobectomy Rabin ML, Narayan VM, Kimberg DY, Casasanto DJ, Glosser G, Tracy JI, French JA, Sperling MR, Detre JA Brain 2004;127:2286–2298 Temporal lobectomy is an effective therapy for medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), but may be complicated by amnestic syndromes. Therefore, presurgical evaluation to assess the risk/benefit ratio for surgery is required. Intracarotid amobarbital testing (IAT) is currently the most widely used method for assessing presurgical memory lateralization but is relatively invasive. Over the past decade, functional MRI (fMRI) has been shown to correlate with IAT for language lateralization and for memory lateralization in a small number of patients. This study was carried out to compare fMRI during memory encoding with IAT testing for memory lateralization and to assess the predictive value of fMRI during memory encoding for postsurgical memory outcome. Thirty-five patients with refractory TLE undergoing presurgical evaluation for temporal lobectomy and 30 normal subjects performed a complex visual scene-encoding task during fMRI scanning at 1.5 T by using a 10-min protocol. Encoding performance was evaluated with subsequent recognition testing. Twenty-three patients also completed the same task again outside the scanner, an average of 6.9 months after surgery. A region of interest (ROI) analysis was used to quantify activation within hippocampal and a larger mesial temporal lobe ROI consisting of hippocampus, parahippocampus, and fusiform gyrus (HPF), as defined by a published template. Normal subjects showed almost symmetrical activation within these ROIs. TLE patients showed greater asymmetry. Asymmetry ratios (ARs) from the HPF ROI correlated significantly with memory lateralization by IAT. HPF ARs also correlated significantly with memory outcome, as determined by a change in scene recognition between presurgical and postsurgical trials. When absolute activation within the HPF ROI was considered, a significant inverse correlation between activation ipsilateral to temporal lobectomy and memory outcome was observed, with no significant correlation in the contralateral HPF ROI. Although further technical improvements and prospective clinical validation are required, these results suggest that mesial temporal memory activation detected by fMRI during complex visual scene encoding correlates with postsurgical memory outcome and supports the notion that this approach will ultimately contribute to patient management. Pre-operative Verbal Memory fMRI Predicts Post-operative Memory Decline after Left Temporal Lobe Resection Richardson MP, Strange BA, Thompson PJ, Baxendale SA, Duncan JS, Dolan RJ Brain 2004;127:2419–2426 Functional MRI (fMRI) of cognitive tasks depends on technology widely available in the clinical sphere but has yet to show a role in the investigation of patients. We report here the first demonstration of a clinically valuable role for cognitive fMRI. Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is commonly caused by hippocampal sclerosis and is frequently resistant to drug treatment. Surgical resection of the left hippocampus in this setting can cure seizures but may produce significant verbal memory decline, which is hard to predict. We report 10 right-handed TLE patients with left hippocampal sclerosis who underwent left hippocampal resection. We compared currently used data for the prediction of postoperative verbal memory decline in such patients with a novel fMRI assessment of verbal memory encoding. Multiple regression analyses showed that fMRI provided the strongest independent predictor of memory outcome after surgery. At the individual subject level, the fMRI data had high positive predictive value for memory decline.


Thermoelectric energy conversion utilizing nuclear heat sources has been employed for several decades to generate power for deep space probes. In the past, lead telluride and, more recently, silicon-germanium alloys have been the prime choices as thermoelectric materials for this application. Currently, a number of refractory semiconductors are under investigation at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in order to produce power sources of higher conversion efficiency and, thus, lower mass per unit of power output. Included amongst these materials are improved Si-Ge alloys, rare earth compounds and boron-rich borides. The criteria used to select thermoelectric materials, in general, and the above materials, in particular, will be discussed. The current state of the art and the accomplishments to date in thermoelectric materials research will be reviewed.


Today we equate constitutional democracy with the basic principle that every adult citizen is entitled to vote, but this was not true at the founding. At the founding voting was a privilege possessed by the few, not the many. And it was a privilege possessed by men, not women. It took seventy-five years of debate for women to secure the right to vote during which time the question of woman suffrage was referred to simply as the "woman question." The debate over woman suffrage was referred to as the woman question because the debate over woman suffrage raised fundamental questions about women's roles, nature, and place in the constitutional order. Voting is no longer the site of struggle over the woman question. Yet this society has not settled the woman question. Instead, it has continued to debate the woman question in new contexts. For the last four decades, abortion has been the site of struggles over the woman question, just as, for decades, schools were the site of struggles over the race question, or today the institution of marriage is the site of struggles over the standing of gays and lesbians. This lecture commemorates Roe's fortieth anniversary by reconstructing how the woman question became entangled in the abortion debate in the twentieth century. The abortion debate is commonly thought to concern the question of when life begins. But the question of when life begins is not the only question that makes the abortion debate explosive. I will show how the entrance of women's rights claims into the abortion debate fatefully changed it, and led opponents of abortion to engage the woman question in terms that have changed shape over the last several decades, from the frames of "pro-family" to the more contemporary discourse associated with claims that "abortion hurts women." Tracing the fourdecade arc of this conversation allows us to see more clearly the many forms in


Abstract RNA recombination is well documented for an increasing number of viruses and it is thought to have affected viral evolution and adaptation. However, molecular mechanisms mediating crossover events have been studied in only a few viral systems due to difficulties such as the low frequency of the event, and the scattered distribution of junction sites. Therefore, the uniquely high recombination frequency and nonrandom crossover site distribution for recombination among turnip crinkle carmovirus (TCV) RNAs make TCV an excellent model recombination system. Characterization of large numbers of junction sites between two species of TCV satellite RNAs and between the TCV genomic RNA and one of the satellite RNAs revealed for the first time the role of specific sequences and structures in recombination. Also, recombination was found to play a role in formation of novel chimeric RNAs, multimeric forms of satellite RNAs as well in 3′ end repair of mutated satellite RNAs. A replicase-driven template-switching model is presented to explain many common features occurring during recombination in TCV infections.


A method for controlling position, damping and inertia in parallel-plate electrostatic actuators is proposed. This method overcomes the pull-in effect and the limitations produced by the parasitic capacitances without requiring any additional electrodes or position sensors. It forces the actuator to behave like a linear second-order system with full control of the dynamics, being able to electronically adapt the mass and damping coefficients for a better performance for each particular application. A continuous-time, analog linearization law, feasible to be implemented with typical blocks of analog or digital signal processing, is described and analyzed in this paper.


Background: Many azoospermic patients with non obstructive azoospermia (NOA) are candidate for testicular sperm extraction (TESE) and in vitro fertilization. Because sperm might be present in some but not all parts of the testes of such men, multiple sampling of testicular tissue are usually necessary to increase the probability of sperm finding. Sperm finding can be done by two methods: 1) classic histopathology and 2) wet smear. Objective: Comparative study of pathology and wet smear methods for discovering sperm in testis biopsy of azoospermic men. Materials and Methods: We prospectively studied 67 consecutive infertile men who referred to Fatemieh Hospital, Hamedan, Iran between April 2002 and September 2004. All patients were either azoospermic or severely oligozoospermic. They underwent intraoperative wet prep cytological examinations of testis biopsy material and then specimens were permanently fixed for pathologic examination too. Results: Among the 67 testes that underwent wet prep cytological examination, 44 (65.7%) were positive and 23 (34.3%) had no sperm in their wet smear. On the permanent pathologic sections, 19 (28.4%) were positive and 48 (71.6%) cases were with no sperm in their sections. Among all the individuals 18 (26.8%) were negative in both studies, while 14 (20.8%) had minimum 1 sperm in their smears in both examinations. The positive cases in wet prep cytological examination were significantly more than the cases in the permanent histopathologic sections (p-value=0.000). Conclusion: It seems that wet prep cytological examination is more reliable than permanent histopathologic sections in detecting sperm in testis biopsy of azoospermic men.


The utility model provides an elevator falling protection device, relates to a transport means, constitutes its characterized in that by emergency braking button, elevator floor button, car guide, independent source of power, car frame, brake magnet, car: elevator floor button is installed on the inside the right of car, and the emergency braking button is installed on the upper portion of elevator floor button, and the car is installed in the car frame, and the two sets of independent source of power install both sides about car frame upper portion respectively, and four brake magnet install both sides about the car frame, and car guide cooperates with brake magnet and installs in car frame both sides. The useful part of this invention is: the characteristics that the device is the biggest lie in that whole anti -falling device is independent of outside elevator safety device and the control system. When the fracture of elevator steel cable, when reasons such as stopper brake force is not enough, safety tongs inefficacy cause the elevator to fall, the passenger can press the emergency braking button and supply power to brake magnet through independent power in the car to brake the elevator, avoided casualties and loss of property because of the elevator falls and causes.


Rationale: Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a rare vascular disorder that causes abnormal cell growth in arterial walls. The classic "string of beads" sign has been reported in many cases, whereas the appearance of tubular stenosis and distal tapering of renal arteries with multiple renal infarctions, as well as left kidney atrophy occurring in one patient, has not been precisely described. Patient concerns: A 19-year-old woman presented to us with a history of elevated blood pressure without any symptoms for the past 1 month. Routine laboratory tests indicated a moderately impaired renal function, and ultrasound examination demonstrated a small-sized left kidney and seriously decreased blood flow of the left renal artery and its branches. Diagnosis: Subsequent contrast-enhanced computed tomographic angiography (CTA) demonstrated multiple ischemic infarctions in the bilateral kidneys, and FMD was suggested at that time. Thereafter, we performed selective reno-angiography, which confirmed that the all left renal arteries had tubular stenosis and that right renal arterial branches presented distal tapering. Intervention: Antihypertensive drugs were prescribed conservatively, including nifedipine 60 mg/d and prazosin 4 mg/d, to lower the patient's blood pressure. Outcomes: The patient had a well-controlled blood pressure and an improved renal function at her 6-month follow-up. Lessons: We should take the diagnosis of FMD into account if young women develop asymptomatic hypertension. To our knowledge, this is the first case that exhibited renal artery FMD manifesting as tubular stenosis and distal tapering, especially followed by bilateral renal infarctions and significant atrophy of the left kidney. In addition, CTA combined with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) may be more sensitive than other tests with respect to the detection of intrarenal infarctions and arterial variants of FMD.


The decoder with double optical hard-limiters(OHL) is proposed to optimize the transfer performance based on asynchronous OCDMA systems.The bit error probability of the optical asynchronous systems with the single OHL was reduced lightly by relating to the systems without OHL.This is because the bit error which is produced by channel interference is not eliminated completely by the decoder with the single OHL.Through numerical analysis,this paper presents the relations of signature sequence codes(optical orthogonal codes,OOC′s),code length,code weight and the system′s bit error probability.The result demonstrates that the decoder with double OHL has much better performance than that with single OHL.


This paper presents a practical low-power, low-frequency magnetic induction (MI) transceiver based on symmetrical gaped two-loop antennas with an empirical circuit model for wireless underground communication. Because of the quasi-two-dimensional loop antennas for the transmitter (Tx) and the receiver (Rx), the tailored hardware platform is not only simple, but can be readily extended to a mutually orthogonal 3-D scheme. Through a mixed model of actual measurement data and theoretical parameters, we developed the two-loop antenna with the space of the antenna radius optimized for energy efficiency. The Tx power almost doubles that of the single Tx one, which provides channel expansion as well as system stability in terms of the Tx current level. Accordingly, the Rx signal is considerably increased by 9.5 dB in contrast with a typical single-Tx single-Rx configuration. Moreover, we used empirical-based modeling for a reliable electrical model. The empirical mutual inductance, which was modeled in a 25 m corridor, resulted in a channel correction factor of 0.86, showing that the signal intensity was reduced by 14% in the underground corridor compared to the free space. A maximum range of 68 m under a SNR of 9.5 dB and a path loss of 100.7 dB on a load of $50~\Omega $ at 34.5 dBm were predicted from the model. In addition, this study confirmed the system feasibility by a SNR of 8.7 dB in a practical lossy environment between two floors, where its value was converted into a MI channel at a distance of 70 m in the underground corridor.


This paper presents a study on effects of perforation flow geometry on the evaluation of the flow performance of perforations. From data obtained in the laboratory serious deficiency and poor accuracy were identified in exploring the linear perforation targets recommended by API RP 43 Section II for the evaluation of the flow performance of perforations. This discredits the validity of the procedure and poses doubt to the correctness of applying API RP 43 results to the downhole conditions. The work suggested that perforations with radial flow configuration should be utilized in such an evaluation.


Bioactive β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) coating onto titanium was studied. It is shown that the β-TCP adhered to the surface of a titanium plate by the use of a frit, which was composed of CaO, TiO2, P2O5 and a few mol% Na2O. The frit as a coated layer resulted in the formation of β-TCP and CaTi4(PO4)6 phases by a thermal treatment at 800°C for 24h.


Abstract Single pot strategy of wittig olefination-Claisen rearrangement has been employed to obtain 3-prenylated indoles. The resulting indoles on the consecutive sequence of epoxidation, cyclization and further oxidation afforded short, protecting group free total synthesis of bruceolline D, E and H. Graphical Abstract


Huperserratines A (1) and B (2), two novel macrocyclic Lycopodium alkaloids, possess an aza-12-membered ring. Here, we describe the first total synthesis of these two natural products in 12 steps....


t he most memorable events are frequently the most surprising ones; indeed, surprises may be the most influential events of any era. This is certainly true of the environmental surprises of the past 25 years and those that we can anticipate over the next 25 years. Anticipate'/ Aln though, by def~ inition, genuine ill surprises are ~ always unantic~ ipated (at least :« by most of us), ~ ~ g :jl


We report a new formal oxidation state for neptunium in a crystallographically characterizable molecular complex, namely Np2+ in [K(crypt)][NpIICp″3] [crypt = 2.2.2-cryptand, Cp″ = C5H3(SiMe3)2]. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the ground state electronic configuration of the Np2+ ion in the complex is 5f46d1.


Mesotrione and nicosulfuron are two herbicides commonly applied in corn fields and not safe to some corn varieties.Topramezone is a new foliar applied herbicide registered in corn by BASF.The aim is to research the tolerance of different corn varieties to three herbicides.[Methods] Relevant experiments were performed by greenhouse pot test.[Results] The ten corn varieties grew well after spraying topramezone.Herbicide injury occurred in some corn varieties after spraying mesotrione and nicosulfuron.[Conclusions] The results proved that topramezone is safer to the ten corn varieties than mesotrione and nicosulfuron.


Steep plasma pressure gradient can be stably sustained in tokamaks if the magnetic shear s is weak, either positive or negative. A fully kinetic integral equation code has been developed to investigate stability of the drift and ballooning modes in tokamaks. For small shear |s|≪1 where the magnetohydrodynamic ballooning mode is known to be stable, the kinetic ballooning mode is stable only if the pressure gradient exceeds a threshold.


Teplovizion visualisation of area of an injection after initiatings to subdermal-fatty cellulose solution medicinal of medical facilities of different volumes and the temperature provides safe and timely revealing post-injections iflammations.


For a stochastic epidemic of the type considered by Bailey [1] and Kendall [3], Daniels [2] showed that 'when the threshold is large but the population size is much larger, the distribution of the number remaining uninfected in a large epidemic has approximately the Poisson form.' A simple, intuitive proof is given for this result without use of Daniels's assumption that the original number of infectives is 'small'. The proof is based on a construction of the epidemic process which is more explicit than the usual description.


The goal of the work is research of increase of teachers professional competence in the period of courses taking into account opportunities of municipal methodical service in conditions of school district.


New challenges make clear that past achievements of the CAP cannot be taken for granted. A strong European agricultural policy remains necessary after 2013, at the service of Europe's citizens and agricultural sector. However, in order to realise the vision embedded in the European agricultural model, the CAP will have to evolve. Beyond dealing with the negative consequences of the economic crisis, more attention should go to competitiveness and entrepreneurship. The functioning of the supply chain should be improved leading to a fairer distribution of costs and benefits. Producer organisations should be expanded and strengthened. Work is needed to put into practice the concept of green growth and to explore the synergy between the demand for public goods and the need for higher farm income. An improved system of direct support remains justified, to compensate for extra costs and to stabilise income. The CAP post-2013 should offer a strong EU framework, able to meet shared challenges, with clear objectives and sufficient funding. Within that framework, diversity is a fact, and regions should be able to deploy CAP policies and funds in a more flexible way to accommodate local needs and problems and to be able to react to changing circumstances. Copyright (c) 2010 The Author. Journal compilation (c) The Agricultural Ecomomics Society and the European Association of Agricultural Economists 2010.


This study conducted experiments to measure air currents in an experimental building according to external conditions, types of induction ducts, and types of internal sockets by applyingan external induction duct comprised of inducing openings and lines and induction units to the kitchen and bathroom vents at the rooftop of a super high-rise apartment building in order to help to improve the venting performance.The study also proposed the optimization of the external induction-style kitchen and bathroom vents capable of wind power generation. (1) As for air current distribution according to vent velocity changes, it increased the venting performance of the kitchen and bathroom by 1.0㎧ at ventvelocity of 2.0㎧ or higher and allowed for wind power generation. (2)As for air current distribution according to external velocity changes, it increased the venting performance of the kitchen and bathroom by 1.2㎧ at external velocity of 2.0㎧ or higher and allowed for wind power generation. (3) As for air currentdistribution according to wind direction changes (0∼180°), it was favorable for higher vent velocity when the angle between the external induction duct direction and prevailing wind direction was within±30°. (4) As for air current distribution according to induction duct type, the [M1] type combining the inducing opening sand lines with the induction units recorded the highest improvement effects in the kitchen and bathroom venting performance by increasing vent velocity by 46%. (5) As for air current distribution according to the changing types of internal sockets where them ainducts of the kitchen and bathroom are connected to the external induction ducts, the venturi tube type[Sv]increasedventvelocity by 66% based on the smoothest external inflow.