Summary
1The observations of Ambronn on the dichroic behaviour of cellulose fibres dyed with certain direct dyes have been extended. It is found that all direct dyes, all vat dyes in the reduced leuco-form, some insoluble azo dyes, and some acid dyes on ramie exhibit positive dichroism.
2Elongated direct dye micelles and dye crystals exhibit negative dichroism.
3These dichroic phenomena are best explained by the absorption of dye by cellulose as single molecules, not as micelles. In the dyed material the elongated direct dye molecules are oriented parallel to the cellulose molecular chains with which they are co-ordinately combined. Direct dye molecules are positioned transversely across elongated dye micelles.
4These conclusions are confirmed by the dichroic behaviour of ramie dyed with alcoholic solutions of direct dyes, in which it is believed the dyes are molecularly dispersed.
5Normal, fully oxidised, vat dyed materials are not appreciably dichroic.
6A molecular theory of the dyeing of cellulose with substantive dyes is described. The dye solution is considered to contain particles of all sizes from molecules to large aggregates in a state of dynamic equilibrium. Cellulose is capable, for mechanical reasons, of absorbing molecules and small aggregates only.

Further, the diffusion of dye molecules through the capillary pore system of cellulose is probably not a free diffusion, but a thermally activated process. The effect of these two factors can be combined into a "mobility factor" representing the retardation of diffusion from the speed expected for a free diffusion with absorption. The value of the mobility factor covers the range, 10-1 to 10-1, for the direct dye class.

Dye absorption proceeds by means of the diffusion of dye molecules, which are continually re-formed from the larger particles in dye solution, to the interior of the cellulose fibre, until finally a true equilibrium between dyed cellulose and dye solution is reached.

The essential conditions necessary for substantivity of dyes on cellulose are discussed.


In terms of appropriate extended moduli spaces, we develop a finite-dimensional construction of the self-duality and related moduli spaces over a closed Riemann surface as stratified holomorphic symplectic spaces by singular finite-dimensional holomorphic symplectic reduction. Dedicated to the memory of Peter Slodowy. 2020 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary: 53D30 Secondary: 14D21 14L24 14H60 32S60 53D17 53D20 53D50 58D27 81T13


Disaster prevention in multiple mining is an area of research focus worldwide. Although coal is the most abundant and cheapest energy resource, its disadvantages cannot be ignored. In particular, spontaneous combustion events in mines have been regularly reported. Therefore, the factors responsible for these disasters must be identified and preventive measures implemented. The objective of the present study was to establish a mechanism for the thermal stability analysis of lignite and long flame coal mixed with CuO, Fe2O3, or coal's products; the mechanism involves conducting thermogravimetric analyses at different temperatures. The kinetic parameters obtained through these analyses facilitate the development of remining technology and the improvement of standard operating processes in remining. Moreover, they contributed to the safer design of instruments and the development of a database on the risk of spontaneous coal fires. [Received: November 25, 2016; Accepted: March 12, 2017]


This chapter argues that the classical legal notion that international legal personality is exclusive to States and some international organizations is nothing more than a fiction based on outdated theories about legal personality. It aims to bridge the gap between the legal fiction of international law being an exclusive State club and the de facto power of transnational corporations (TNCs) over the global environment by proposing an evolution in the legal theory of personality. The chapter examines first how TNCs have directly and indirectly influenced international environmental policymaking. It then argues for a legal presumption that TNCs must have international personality in the arena of international environmental law. The following sections of the chapter proposes one pragmatic model for engaging TNCs as international subjects responsible for good faith participation in international environmental governance and law-making that protects and sustains resources for this generation and future generations. Keywords:de facto power; international environmental law; international legal personality; transnational corporations (TNCs)


Currently, education forms students to think creatively and critically, this can be supported by the multimedia technology for education, including Islamic religious education. Islam requires all of its Muslim to read the Qur'an. Tajweed is an important because it is related to the articulation of reading the Qur'an properly and correctly. This article discusses the application of augmented reality (AR) as one of the multimedia technologies that can be used as an interactive educational medium to help study the tajweed of Qur'an. The method used in this research is Features from accelerated segment test (FAST) corner detection. The testing result with 31 tajweed objects show that FAST is able to recognize all Tajweed objects and display their AR. Besides, based on a survey with questionnaires to several students, the result shows that 88.2% of students responded very well and judged that it was sufficient to help study the tajweed.


The medium-spin structure of the 92 Rb nucleus, populated in spontaneous fission of 248 Cm and 252 Cf has been studied using the EUROGAM2 and the GAMMASPHERE Ge arrays, respectively. Two isomers have been found in 92 Rb at 284.2 keV and 1958.2 keV with halflives of T 1 / 2 = 54(3) ns and T 1 / 2 = 7(2) ns, respectively. A measurement of neutron-induced fission of 235 U, at the PF1B cold-neutron beam facility of ILL Grenoble has been performed to confirm the assignment of the T 1 / 2 = 54(3) ns, 284.2-keV isomeric level to the 92 Rb nucleus. Excited levels in 92 Rb and 94 Rb nuclei have been calculated in a large-scale shell-model framework. Isomers observed in these two nuclei have been interpreted as proton-neutron configurations involving the high- j ν 1 h 11 / 2 and π 1 g 9 / 2 orbitals.


This Guide covers library databases and other resources useful for the STARS summer student course. This page identifies resources on laboratory protocols for STARS students.


Abstract We used field-surveyed and digital elevation model (DEM) parameters to predict density distributions of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma in remote streams on Prince of Wales Island, southeast Alaska, and to identify influences of associated reach-level habitat characteristics. Fish densities were highest in two reach types (low-gradient floodplain reaches and moderately contained reaches) characterized by numerous pool habitats, low pool spacing distances, and abundant large woody debris. Regression analyses indicated that channel gradients measured during field surveys (M-gradients) accounted for significant amounts of the variance in coho salmon and Dolly Varden juvenile densities. The DEMs derived from a 2000 space-shuttle radar mapping mission were used to estimate channel gradients (DEM-gradients) and gradient zones: (0–3, >3–6, >6–15, and >15%) in stream networks. A high correlation between DEM-gradients and M-gradients (r = 0.92), along with the r...


In the past,medical service was the emphasis on health development. Subsequently, new focus on health promotion and disease prevention was introduced and further expanded to cover environmental health. Services began to shift from providing for the sisk groups in the population, e.g. mother and child. Since the Fourth Development Plan,the focus further shifted toward the community, i.e. the creation of health volunteers and their role in primary health care. The key to success was identified as a trilogy of strong community,manpower organization and finance. Presently,the community organization has been institutionalized. So are the volunteer and budget component. Hence,time is ripe for the community to develop its own health programmes for the underprivileged as well as protecting its own physical and social environment.


In this article semi-rigid timber connections which are used as beam-to-beam connections, are analysed. These connections also may be implemented as beam-to-column or column-to-foundation connections.The main analysis and design principles of existing semi-rigid beam-to-beam connections are discussed. An innovative timber semi-rigid beam-to-beam connection construction is proposed and investigated experimentally. The analyzed connection is composed using welded steel details which are anchored into timber elements. Steel details are anchored into the timber element by a back T-shaped steel plate. Welded steel details are anchored into tension and compression joint zones. This creates the possibility of using such connections for elements in which acting bending moments and axial forces. Initial slip between timber and steel is eliminated by filling the gap between the timber and steel with filler. Two different types of fillers are used to fill the gap between the timber and steel: two component polyurethane and cement-based fillers with polymer fibres. Laboratory experiments on five joints with the same geometrical parameters are


Twelve Sunflowers was the masterpiece of von Gogh.In his painting the colors he used were very strong and bright and he spurned the traditional gray tone and disappearing immediately light in the painting,and only took part of the bright color of Impressionism,therefore it made the color of the piece full of strong exhibition.von Gogh mainly used the color of yellow,and the color of the piece was so strong and bright that the painting had a strong wallop of the eyesight and great exhibition,which materializes the painters pursuit and style.


We introduce and study time-inhomogeneous quantum Markov chains with parameter $\zeta \ge 0$ and decoherence parameter $0 \leq p \leq 1$ on finite spaces and their large scale equilibrium properties. Here $\zeta$ resembles the inverse temperature in the annealing random process and $p$ is the decoherence strength of the quantum system. Numerical evaluations show that if $ \zeta$ is small, then quantum Markov chain is ergodic for all $0 < p \le 1$ and if $ \zeta $ is large, then it has multiple limiting distributions for all $0 < p \le 1$. In this paper, we prove the ergodic property in the high temperature region $0 \le \zeta \le 1$. We expect that the phase transition occurs at the critical point $\zeta_c=1$. For coherence case $p=0$, a critical behavior of periodicity also appears at critical point $\zeta_o=2$.


As the kidney of the earth,natural wetlands play an important role in water purification,and guarantee a healthy drinking water supply for rural areas.As a result,utilizing natural wetlands for mitigating non-point source water pollution has attracted more and more worldwide attention in the past decades.The mechanisms of the retention of nitrogen and phosphorus,both of which are considered substantial to water eutrophication,are mainly due to the cooperative functions of wetland sediment,plants and microbes.The detailed processes of pollutant removal involve sedimentation,dissolution,biological adsorption,and biochemical reactions mediated by microbes,such as nitrification,denitrification,etc.The water purifying efficiencies of natural wetlands have great differences between each other,by reason of the different wetland characteristics,which include wetland area,wetland spatial structure,wetland location,loading time of water purifying,precipitation and temperature,etc.However,results drawn by different scientists from research work at different wetlands varied between each other.Natural wetlands have many types,three of which,named riparian wetlands,river wetlands and peatlands,have been most widely used in water purification.The reason is that:first,they are the most widely distributed wetlands around the world;second,they satisfied the demand for socio-economic development.Each type of the three had respective research progress in both mechanisms and applications of pollutant removal,and the progress in one type usually differed quite a lot from that of the others,as a result of different research histories and varied characteristics of sub-disciplines.The potential aspects to be attached importance in the future of the research on natural wetland purification ability are as follows:the physical and chemical processes in wetlands boundary and their impacts on water purification ability;restoration of degraded wetlands and the recovery of their water purification ability;continuable programming of wetland water purifying on catchment scale;and dynamic impacts of wetland changes driven by natural and human factors.


This paper proposes a new improved algorithm for gear calculating allowing justified selection of sizes and heat treatment of the material for manufacture of gears and wheels, considering service life and operational mode. On the basis of the proposed algorithm, a program for gear calculation is developed.


Measurements of the vector magnetic field were made at about 8000 stations over Australia, mainly during the period 1967?75 (Dooley & McGregor 1982); these measurements comprised the Third-order Regional Magnetic Survey. The distribution of the measurement sites is shown in Fig. 1. One of the objectives of this survey was to improve the representation of the field for the production of magnetic charts; however, it also provides an opportunity to study long wavelength anomalies associated with crustal features.


Nowadays, both BDS-3 and Galileo can provide global positioning and navigation services. This contribution carried out a comprehensive analysis and validation of positioning performance in terms of positioning accuracy (RMS) and convergence time, which are derived from BDS-3 and Galileo precise point positioning (PPP) solutions at a global scale. Meanwhile, the comparison with GPS was demonstrated. The performance and geographical distribution of RMS and convergence time for each satellite system were analyzed. GPS outperforms the other two systems on a global scale. Galileo and BDS-3, on the other hand, only perform moderately well in certain latitude zones. The combination of dual systems related to each single system is analyzed. For the dual-system combinations, the combination of systems presents a definite advantage over Galileo and BDS-3, and this advantage is more pronounced for the kinematic PPP. For GPS, the combination with Galileo and BDS-3 has little improvement in positioning performance. For the dual-system combination based on Galileo and BDS-3, the RMS and convergence time can be improved by 50% compared with the single system. The influence of single-system kinematic PPP selection for precise products from different MGEX analysis centers on positioning performance was studied. Among the five precise products, grg products have the best positioning performance for GPS, while cod products have the best positioning performance for Galileo and BDS-3. The difference in RMS and convergence time between 2 cm and 15 min can be caused by different precise product selections.


Estimation of the sampling standard deviation of the variance stabilised correlation coefficient by the smoothed bootstrap is reconsidered. Four different strategies for empirical choice of the smoothing parameter are discussed and their performances examined through a Monte Carlo experiment.


We study the size of broad-line regions (BLRs) of low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (AGN), also called 'dwarf AGN',defined as having L Hα ≤ 10 41 erg s- 1 . We more than double the sample size analysed previously by Wang & Zhang. In this study we first confirm our previous result -that the sizes of BLRs of low-luminosity AGN are larger than those expected from the empirical relation R BLRs -L Hα valid for 'normal' AGN (Seyfert Is and quasars), except for objects with accretion rate m Hα > 10 -5.5 . Secondly, we find a positive correlation between the linewidth of the narrow emission lines (as a tracer of velocity dispersion and thus bulge and black hole mass) and the size of BLRs for both normal and low-luminosity AGN. In this paper we find a non-linear dependence of the BLR sizes of low-luminosity AGN on black hole masses. We also show that the sizes of BLRs are more strongly dominated by the 'specific accretion rate' m Hα , defined as m Hα = L Hα /L Edd , than by the masses of their central black holes. An expected result of this is that the size of the emission regions of low-ionization broad Ha of NGC 4395 should be consistent with the value from the empirical relation of R BLRs -L Hα , according to the high accretion rate.


Recently, the airplane use rate has been renewing its peak every year. Especially, Gimpo-Jeju route is the busiest air route in the world and all domestic airlines are competing. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to propose differentiated marketing strategies from other airlines by analyzing the effect of customers' brand attitude on satisfaction and intention to reuse of airlines competing on the most competitive routes. 350 questionnaires were distributed to domestic passengers who have experiences using Gimpo Jeju route in recent 3 years and 338 questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS24 program. The results of the study showed that brand attitude showed meaningful effects on satisfaction and intention to reuse, and brand image was the most influential factor among the sub factors of brand attitude. Therefore, airlines operating Gimpo - Jeju route suggest the importance of marketing strategy to enhance brand image among various brand attitudes.


In this paper, we consider the synchronization control for a kind of complex dynamical networks which are composed of some dynamical subsystems. Based on the stripping principle, we design, for each node, the integral feedback with variable gain so that the interconnected parts, uncertainties and disturbances can be removed or eliminated. Then we use error feedback control without concerning all those disturbances. In such a way, we turn the problem of networked synchronization control into that of decentralized control. Therefore, with little restrictions to the structure of networked systems and using a simple control method, we can get satisfactory synchronization control results even for synchronizing the signals which are with the features of non-smooth or chaotic. The theoretical analysis and simulation results are shown to indicate the effectiveness.


The present invention provides a cover assembly comprising the battery and, the cover assembly comprising a cover plate assembly body, the cover plate and the electrode terminal connecting member; cap plate having a through-hole electrode connecting member connected to the cover member, the electrodes hole through the inter-electrode terminal connecting member and the insulating cover seal; flap body having a through hole penetrating the upper cover of the body, through the through-hole electrode terminal lead-out current; connecting member sealingly connected to the cover flap body. Aspect of the present invention can improve production efficiency, reduce production costs, especially good rate, security, performance, while the cover assembly is firmly connected structure of the present invention, good sealing performance, development and practical application of ceramic sealed battery lay the foundation.


The Constitutional Court overruled the petition that the Framework Act on Korean Language's selective education of Chinese letters at elementary and middle schools in 2016 and the Ministry of Education distributed the notice on 'editing materials for textbooks' in 2018 to abolish the previous administration's policies to add Chinese letters to elementary school textbooks. Therefore, elementary schools cannot teach Chinese letters as a part of regular curriculums and students can learn Chinese letters during creative experiential activities. Under these circumstances, this study discussed the education of Chinese letters and traditional value using the Korean classics written in Chinese letters as a potential part of the curriculums. In order to teach the traditional value, learners should be motivated to read the classical text containing traditional value and explore the meanings for spontaneous examination. However, the resources that teach the Korean ancestors' traditional value are mostly written in Chinese letters and many elementary school learners cannot read the text written in Chinese letters. Therefore, this study discussed a way to teach using the epic text that translated the classics reflecting traditional values. The resources using the epic text reflecting traditional values include ≪Samgukyusa三 國遺事≫ and ≪Samguksagi三國史記≫. The resources such as ≪Myeongshimbogam明心寶 鑑≫, ≪Dongmongseonseup童蒙先習≫, and ≪Gyeongmongyogyeol擊蒙要訣≫ which the Korean ancestors used to nurture the pupils may be more suitable for teaching the traditional value as they contain the traditional Confucian values about human nature, the five virtues, and the principles of interpersonal skills, but they are not suitable considering the current circumstances of elementary school classes. Therefore, this study focused on the fact that elementary school learners participate in class when they listen to epic stories and selected some anecdotes from ≪Samgukyusa≫ and ≪Samguksagi≫ as the epic text that reflects traditional value. The 2015 Elementary/Middle School Curriculums suggested four figures to achieve the educational objectives related to humanitarianism and disciplining, qualities of democratic citizens, humane lives, democratic development and prosperity of mankind. The four figures are spontaneous people, creative people, people with common sense, and social people. Also, the 2015 Elementary/Middle School Curriculums suggested six capacities to nurture through the entire school curriculums to realize the qualities pursued by the educational curriculums. Those qualities are self-control, knowledge informationprocessing, creative thinking, aesthetic emotions, communication, and communities. This study discussed the education of traditional value in relation to the six capacities based on the belief that it is important to nurture the capacities. However, knowledge information-processing was discussed as human nature with reference to middle school Chinese Letters classes and curriculums. The epic text of ≪Samgukyusa≫ and ≪Samguksagi≫ is an example and can be replaced with other epic texts considering each subject's learning objectives and topics. Also, it would be possible to use various classics written in Chinese letters besides the epic resources of ≪Samgukyusa≫ and ≪Samguksagi≫ for the elementary school learners to stay interested in learning. It is hoped that this discussion triggers the study of various teaching and learning methods using the Korean classics written in Chinese letters at elementary school classrooms.


Introduction Environmental management has evolved over the past four decades. At first, businesses responded to new regulations as they were enacted. These regulations generally addressed pollution by separate environmental media, such as water or air. This type of regulation, where government dictated the actions to be taken, was often perceived by business as being overly restrictive, inefficient, and costly. In response, many businesses began to seek more proactive ways of effectively managing their environmental impacts. One of the most widely used voluntary environmental initiatives is the ISO 14001 environmental management standard. ISO 14001 is an international environmental management standard that offers a systematic approach to compliance and continual improvement while being flexible and widely applicable to a variety of organizations, such as manufacturers, service providers, and government agencies. Despite these advantages, ISO 14001 has not gained complete approval in the United States. It could be argued that its flexibility and lack of performance requirements make it ineffective, while others question if it adequately addresses the management of environmental impacts. This study explored the relationship between environmental management practices and ISO 14001 certification by comparing ISO 14001 certified facilities (ISO group) with a control group of non-ISO 14001 certified facilities (non-ISO group) to see if there were differences in their environmental management practices. Additionally, this study will determine if there is a difference over time between the ISO group and the non-ISO group in the chemical toxicity of releases and the chemical management practices. This study found that facilities with ISO 14001 certification differ in the implementation of some environmental practices from facilities without


Crystallography has been fundamental to the development of many scientific fields. By measuring the 3D arrangement of atoms with high precision, coupled with quantum mechanical calculations such as density functional theory, we can understand and engineer new materials with applications from electronics and energy conversion to disease fighting drugs. But, the limitation of this powerful technique is that we can only know the periodically averaged structure. Crystallography is blind to defects and aperiodicities in the atomic arrangements, which are often crucial to a material's performance. Although cryo-electron microscopy can determine the 3D structure of biomolecules at near-atomic resolution, it requires the averaging of many copies of the biomolecules with identical or similar conformations. The development of powerful ultra-high resolution imaging methods such as scanning probe microscopy and aberrationcorrected electron microscopy allow us to see individual atoms without the constraint of periodic averaging. However, seeing atoms is not the same as knowing their 3D coordinates with sub-angstrom resolution, which is required for accurate prediction of properties using quantum mechanics. However, we are now on the cusp of a solution to this problem. By combining the atomic resolution electron imaging methods with powerful tomographic reconstruction, it is now possible to obtain the 3D atomic structure of crystal defects and non-crystalline systems. Many challenges had to be overcome for atomic electron tomography (AET) to succeed, but over the past years several such structures have begun appearing heralding a revolution in structure science that may be comparable to that of x-ray crystallography a century ago. Here, we review the major advances and the interdisciplinary science enabled by this groundbreaking methodology that is expected to transform our understanding of structure function relationships in materials science, chemistry, condensed matter physics, nanoscience and nanotechnology


Rough categories into which wool damage may be classified for study include hydrolysis, reduction and oxidation effects, and incipient decomposition caused by exposure to light or high temperatures in the presence of air. Data have been accumulated which describe some specific effects obtained by treating woolen swatches in boiling water as a function of time, in boiling acid (sulfuric) or alkaline (sodium hydroxide) solutions over a wide pH range, in boiling reducing (thioglycollic acid, zinc formaldehyde sulfoxylate) or oxidizing (hydrogen peroxide) solutions over a wide rH range, and upon drying at 260°F for periods ranging to 128 hours. Quantitative measures of wool damage which have been used include loss of weight, area shrink age, alkali solubility, wettability in water and 0.1N sodium hydroxide, and loss of tensile strength.


The article presents some new results obtained for the non-relativistic approximation of the Dirac equation in a non-inertial reference frame — rotated and accelerated — and in Schwarzschild gravitational field. These results are obtained with new routines of algebraic programming in REDUCE + EXCALC language for the Dirac equation in a non-inertial reference frame and after three successive Foldy–Wouthuysen transformations.


Off-line handwritten word/phrase recognition systems generally have monotonically cascaded architecture in these architectures, the recognition engine follows a static model with a fixed feature space. Built-in resources are exhaustively used at each stage of the serial engine regardless of input complexity For optimality and efficiency, a system that achieves maximum performance with minimum processing effort is desirable, and autonomous adaptation to input is one of the solutions to the goal.
A recursive computational model for handwritten character/word/phrase recognition that has some similarities to the human cognitive approach is proposed. Two concepts, (i) altering recognition action using feedback and (ii) evaluating and regulating terminating conditions actively, are introduced for dynamic and interactive recognition. A hierarchical classification method is presented with dynamic usage of hierarchical feature space that preserves the benefits of the multi-resolution model. A lexicon-driven word recognizer which operates dynamically and has different degrees of classification ability is also presented. A concept of lexicon complexity derived from "matching transform distance" is utilized as a decision metric, which measures the difficulty of the given lexicon set with respect to the classification ability of the character recognizer.
Recognition, decision making and recursive updating from the closed loop architecture is designed for a recursive recognition scenario. This proposed model recursively enhances the degree of classification until decision conditions are satisfied. A prune stroke analysis which detects the writer's spacing style is formulated to extend word recognition to phrase recognition system. The prime stroke period is used as a metric to limit the combination of strokes for word recognition and to generate phrase hypotheses. The proposed models achieve 98% and 96% of top choice correct rates in character and word recognition performance tested on NIST digit set and city name word images collected from the USPS mail stream respectively, Application of our phrase recognition to the recognition of street lines in USPS mail pieces resulted in a 100% improvement comparing to the performance of a word mode recognition.


The main objective from this academe degree work is to: Design a multimedia proposal focused on the rescue of the historical memory from the documentary investigation of the figure of Dolores Cacuango Quilo. lt also wants to distinguish the elements of historical memory by documenting the developed role of Cacuango as a remarkable cultural and political character; and determine the features to be included in a biographical multimedia product. Dolores Cacuango an Ecuadorian popular character, is known for his literacy work of the Kichwa indigenous populations from Ecuador (Flores, 2012, p. 88). The dissemination of important events that mark her legacy will recover essential parts of national memory, and ensure recognition of the values and cultural identities in the history of Ecuador (Paredes, 201 O, pp. 33-40) Front suitability, for the recovery of identity and memory, of historiographicalaudiovisual works that emphasize the role played by Cacuango, this project seeks to portray the figure of Dolores Cacuango Quilo through a contemporary visual language; lt goes beyond the historiographical portrait, trying to sensitize the public about the personality of the indigenous leader: the social context to which she faced, her cultural achievements, her contribution to the Ecuadorian history. This project aims to produce an audiovisual proposal, compounded by multimedia elements; also provides a new perspective on the character by changing the dimensions of the language with which it communicates, it leaves aside the traditional historiographical account of print, by moving the narrative to the audiovisual portrait, with multimedia elements of communication, besides gives a different degree of perception and interpretation of the message. (Edo, 2007, p. 14). This communicative proposal enhances a recognition of the historical value of popular characters that have went beyond significantly in the political and cultural lite for the social memory of Ecuador, in the specific case the figure of Dolores Cacuango, her legacy and work; this proposal also focuses to the contemporary audience with a modem visual language, using the hypertext mode of interaction with interlocutors and in contrast to the historiographical accounts limited to the printed media. The recovery of memory and identity are essential tasks in the social construction, the portrait of protagonists of social lite in the history of the of Ecuador, provides with integral values for the formation of new leaders.


Auditory speech perception is more accurate when combined with visual speech. Recent ERP studies suggest that visual speech helps 'predict' which phoneme will be heard via feedback from visual to auditory areas, with more visual salient articulations associated with greater facilitation. Two experiments tested this hypothesis with a speeded auditory identification measure. Stimuli consisted of the sounds 'apa', 'aka' and 'ata', with matched and mismatched videos that showed the talker's whole face or upper face (control). The percentage of matched AV videos was set at 85% in Experiment 1 and 15% in Experiment 2. Results showed that responses to matched whole face stimuli were faster than both upper face and mismatched videos in both experiments. Furthermore, salient phonemes (aPa) showed a greater reduction in reaction times than ambiguous ones (aKa). The current study provides support for the proposal that visual speech speeds up processing of auditory speech.


This paper counted up the station thunderstorm gust days over the years and analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics by using 78 meteorological stations daily thunderstorm gust data in Anhui Province from 1971to 2010.It also analyzed the temporal and spatial variation of thunderstorm gust in recent 40years in Anhui Province by using Mann-Kendall method,wavelet analysis method,EOF decomposition method and etc.The results show as follows.There was a significant decreasing trend of thunderstorm gust days sum in Anhui Province.The most concentrated period of time for thunderstorm gust was in the summer from June to August,accounting for about 69%of the year.The diurnal variation of thunderstorm gust mainly showed single-peak structure,peaking in 15∶00to 16∶00BT.The spatial distribution characteristics had no obvious relationship with latitude,mainly had relationship with the influence of convective weather system and factors of regional and terrain.Thunderstorm days had a significant mutation at 1987in Anhui Province.Wavelet analysis showed that there were 10years and 6—8years significant oscillation cycle.In the time scale of 10years,thunderstorm gust days experienced 4alternating cycles from more to less,multiple thunderstorm gust periods were around 1995and from 2003to 2005,and the thunderstorm gust days would remain in the reduced state after 2010.For 10years the quasi-periodic,oscillation of 10years was small before 1995,but intense oscillation occurred after 1995.The contribution of the first four modal cumulative variance of EOF decomposition of thunderstorm gust days was up to 61%.The first mode could most reflected the main characteristics of thunderstorm days annual distribution in Anhui Province.The time coefficients of each mode had obvious interdecadal variation.


Recent years have witnessed the progress of sequential recommendation in accurately predicting users' future behaviors. However, only persuading accuracy leads to the risk of filter bubbles where recom-menders only focus on users' main interest areas. Different from other studies which improve diversity or coverage, we investigate the calibration in sequential recommendation. However, existing calibrated methods followed a post-processing paradigm, which costs more com-putation time and sacrifices the recommendation accuracy. To this end, we propose an end-to-end framework to provide both accurate and calibrated recommendations. We propose a loss function to measure the divergence of distributions between recommendation lists and historical behaviors for sequential recommendation framework. In addi-tion, we design a dual-aggregation model which extracts information from two individual sequence encoders with different objectives to further improve the recommendation. Experiments on two benchmark datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our model.


JIT purchasing, as many other trends in supply management, is not applicable to any circumstances, rather its implementation responds to particular factors. Focusing on the characteristics of the purchased products, this paper contributes to identifying some of these factors. Seven variables, volume, specificity, technological complexity, essentiality, fragility, variability and economic value of procured products, have been analysed and their effects on JIT purchasing implementation have been tested over a sample of 152 Spanish auto component manufacturers. In order to precise such effects, four dimensions of JIT purchasing have been distinguished: operational, relational, involvement and quality practices. Results show that companies do not pursue the minimisation of inventory maintenance costs, but they seem to be motivated by objectives such as quality, responsiveness, innovation or minimisation of circulating capital. Thus, operational JIT purchasing practices are mainly applied to fragile and expensive products whereas the other complementary practices are applied to specific, technologically complex and essential purchases.


As an example of high use recreation areas there is the Wadden Sea National Park in the north of Germany. It is a very important recreation area with more than 4 million day trips and 17 million overnight stays a year. During the summer months there are several hot spots along the coast and on the islands where user density is very high and crowding occurs. One of the tourist hot spots are the "Nordfriesische Halligen" small marsh islands in the Wadden Sea which are unique in the world.


With development of sophisticated renewable energy technologies, paradigm shift of both power generation and power distribution is happening and happening fast. Compared with conventional power generation, renewable energy sources are installed to the utility grid in a distributed fashion, which may result in various power quality issues, such as unbalance voltage and harmonic voltage resonance. An active damping method for interface converters of distributed generation is presented in this paper. The converter operates as admittance for fundamental positive-sequence frequency, and various conductance for fundamental negative-sequence frequency and harmonic frequencies. The admittance command is dependent on generator available power and grid voltage regulation; the conductance commands are determined according to required suppression of unbalance voltage and harmonic voltage at the converter installation location. Based on the control, the converter can deliver real power, absorb or release reactive power for grid voltage regulation, and provide active damping for both unbalance voltage and harmonic voltage. Therefore, positive-sequence voltage, unbalance voltage, and voltage distortion of the grid would be simultaneously maintained at an allowable level as the converter delivers real power. Operation principles are explained, and computer simulations are provided to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.


Complete missing records have a great importance in hydrology problems. In this paper we applied genetic algorithms and genetic programming models for precipitation in Cutzamala River Basin, Mexico. Such models depend on the geographical coordinates and altitude of climatologic stations currently operating. The obtained models were applied to interpolate 24 hours rainfalls for three analyzed storms. The genetic programming model (GP) outperformed the genetic algorithm (GA) in the estimation of 24 hours precipitation estimated on site, with respect to the measured data.


An optical system of communication using a coherent light source and a direct-detection device is analysed from the points of view of the information and rate distortion. The performances attained with a photon number counting and a photon time interval processing are compared.


The traditional teaching method might help impart knowledge and pass culture,but can not playing a big role in achieving the goal of cultivating students.The teaching mode of "Team work-Student teaching-Debate" puts forward the idea of cooperative learning,pays attention to showed students' personal integrity and urges students to do inquiry by asking questions.This new method will result in,the development of students' genius,individuality and personality.


During the GRIP deep drilling in Central Greenland, the ice sheet topography and surface movement at Summit has been mapped with GPS. Measurements of the surface velocity are presented for a strain net consisting of 13 poles at distances of 25–60 km from the GRIP site. Some results are: The GRIP site is located approximately 2 km NW of the topographic summit; the surface velocity at the GISP 2 site is 1.7 m/yr in the W direction. The present mass balance at Summit is calculated to be −0.03±0.04 m/yr, i.e. close to steady state. This result is the best now available for Summit. A small thinning rate might be a transient response of the Greenland Ice Sheet due to the temperature increase at the Wisconsin‐Holocene transition.


There are almost 90% faults happens on the inner rings and the outer rings in the ball bearings filed.This paper uses bispectrum to research the vibration signal.According to the MATLAB graphical analysis and the different fault character among each frequency band,it can validly diagnose what kind of fault it belongs to.


Integrated intensities of the 2900, 1720, 1460, 1370, and 1200 cm−1 bands are reported for four ketones and five esters, and grating spectra are shown for the 2780–3060 and 1300–1500 cm−1 spectral regions. CH3 and CH2 structural group integrated intensities are derived from the data which are adequate for predicting the integrated molecular intensities of the bands in the 2900, 1460, and 1370 cm−1 spectral regions. The data show that the carbonyl and ester structural groups reduce the intensities of the stretching modes and increase the intensities of the deformation modes of adjacent CH3 and CH2 groups. A number of empirical correlations are pointed out between positions of absorption maxima in the 2900, 1460, and 1370 cm−1 regions and the internal molecular environment of CH3 and CH2 groups.


Antihistamines, like the one reported in this note, are commonly prescribed to treat perennial rhinitis, pruritus, motion sickness and numerous other minor ailments. These drugs have a very broad spectrum of action, and by their influence on widespread enzyme systems, they often produce effects which are totally unrelated to their capacity to antagonize histamine. Central nervous system side effects, which have been reported for this type of drug, range from insomnia to heavy sedation. A few cases of toxic psychotic reaction have been reported with prophenpyridamine, which is somewhat similar to pheniramine p-aminosalicylate (Yapalater and Rockwell, 1950; Waldman and Pelner, 1950), but apparently none in recent years with the newer drugs which have since come on the market. Prophenpyridamine is no longer available in Australia and has been superseded by safer and better compounds. Some of the stronger antihistamines (e.g., promethazine) are phenothiazines which structurally resemble some of the better known antipsychotic drugs. The alkylamines, to which group pheniramine p-aminosalicylate belongs, have a tranquillizing and parasympathetic effect, and even in high toxic doses, no psychotic effect should be expected. We were impressed with the truthfulness of our informants and hesitated about publishing the name of the drug for fear that publicity might encourage others to try. The unpleasant experience of a toxic psychotic episode


Grassland accounts for a high proportion of the agricultural area of the United Kingdom, but the significance of its contribution to the nation's food supply has been questioned. Using representative figures for the composition of UK ruminant livestock diets, we estimated the total production of human-edible protein from grass and forage crops consumed by cattle and sheep. We found that this equates to 21.5 g of protein per person per day, of which 15.2 g comes from milk, 4.71 g from beef and 1.60 g from sheep meat. This represents 45% of the total amount of human-edible animal protein produced in the UK (46.6 g/head) and is equivalent to one-third of the recommended adult human daily protein intake of 64 g/head. Given the growing pressure to produce food in a more resource-efficient manner, grasslands have a valuable role to play in providing food alongside multiple public goods.


Commentary Controversy has long surrounded whether vaccination causes seizures and encephalopathy in infants and children (1). The implications of causative claims have been profound with antivaccination lobby groups gaining ground in public debate by sowing seeds of concern in the minds of anxious parents. This fear of vaccination has fueled preventable outbreaks of disease such as measles in developed countries escalating from 40 cases in France in 2006 to >22,000 cases during 2008–2011 (2); such diseases are associated with significant long-term morbidity and even death. To add to this dilemma, claims of vaccine-related injury have resulted in large medicolegal payouts from vaccine manufacturers, further compromising vaccine access and uptake (1). Often, families facing a devastating disease firmly believe the vaccine is causative; nonetheless, large epidemiologic studies have refuted a causal link between vaccination and seizures (3). So-called "vaccine encephalopathy" was a relatively poorly defined entity in which previously well, developmentally Etiologies for Seizures Around the Time of Vaccination.


With 1/3 of children classified as overweight or obese in the US, effective programming is important. Child obesity programs are conceptualized to reach various settings (e.g., school, home) and (e.g., parents, teachers). In this submission, we describe general geospatial methodologies useful for understanding the environmental resources of a community prior to implementing a child obesity program. Our rationale is that having a better understanding of the community will contribute to the fit between the community and a program. A better fit would, in turn, contribute to the program's success and sustainability.
 For this study, we explored the associations between the mean BMI% by zip code and the distance to the nearest school-based health center (SBHC). Child BMI percentile (BMI%) of 10,806 2nd graders and 5,596 5th graders were collected by the CARDIAC Project in 2009-2010 and used in this study. Zip codes with more than 5 data points were retained for these analyses.
 On average, 8% of the zip codes had a mean BMI% representing an overweight-obese population. SBHCs were found in 10.2% areas and adjacent to an additional 37.5%. The average distance to a SBHC was 28.9 kilometers. No significant association was found in mean BMI% based on the distance to a SBHC. SBHCs and other child-focused services within the community might be applicable locations for new obesity prevention programs. Future work will focus on characteristics of the SBHCs including types of programs offered and involvement within the community in hopes of better understanding the dynamic between these programs and West Virginia's adolescent obesity issues.


SUMOylation is a dynamic post‐translational protein modification that primarily takes place in cell nuclei, where it plays a key role in multiple DNA‐related processes. In neurons, the SUMOylation‐dependent control of a subset of neuronal transcription factors is known to regulate various aspects of nerve cell differentiation, development, and function. In an unbiased screen for endogenous SUMOylation targets in the developing mouse brain, based on a His6‐HA‐SUMO1 knock‐in mouse line, we previously identified the transcription factor Zinc finger and BTB domain‐containing 20 (Zbtb20) as a new SUMO1‐conjugate. We show here that the three key SUMO paralogues SUMO1, SUMO2, and SUMO3 can all be conjugated to Zbtb20 in vitro in HEK293FT cells, and we confirm the SUMOylation of Zbtb20 in vivo in mouse brain. Using primary hippocampal neurons from wild‐type and Zbtb20 knock‐out (KO) mice as a model system, we then demonstrate that the expression of Zbtb20 is required for proper nerve cell development and neurite growth and branching. Furthermore, we show that the SUMOylation of Zbtb20 is essential for its function in this context, and provide evidence indicating that SUMOylation affects the Zbtb20‐dependent transcriptional profile of neurons. Our data highlight the role of SUMOylation in the regulation of neuronal transcription factors that determine nerve cell development, and they demonstrate that key functions of the transcription factor Zbtb20 in neuronal development and neurite growth are under obligatory SUMOylation control.


With the emergence of research prototypes, programming using atomic blocks and transactional memory (TM) is becoming more attractive. This paper describes our experience building and using a debugger for programs written with these abstractions. We introduce three approaches: (i) debugging at the level of atomic blocks, where the programmer is shielded from implementation details (such as exactly what kind of TM is used, or indeed whether lock inference is used instead), (ii) debugging at the level of transactions, where conflict rates, read sets, write sets, and other TM internals are visible, and (iii) debug-time transactions, which let the programmer manipulate synchronization from within the debugger - e.g., enlarging the scope of an atomic block to try to identify a bug.
 In this paper we explain the rationale behind the new debugging approaches that we propose. We describe the design and implementation of an extension to the WinDbg debugger, enabling support for C# programs using atomic blocks and TM. We also demonstrate the design of a "conflict point discovery" technique for identifying program statements that introduce contention between transactions. We illustrate how these techniques can be used by optimizing a C# version of the Genome application from STAMP TM benchmark suite.


The city of Berezniki, Perm region is located on an underworked mine area. For several years, the city has been experiencing active subsidence of the soil, which provoke the destruction of buil-dings. Therefore, for several years now, the city's buildings and structures have been monitored, which makes it possible to analyze the degree of subsidence. Models of a sufficiently high order are used for an accurate analysis of the situation and forecasting. The article is about a possibility of modeling the deformation of buildings associated with soil subsidence, as a result of mine workings in the city of Berezniki. The purpose of the study is to consider the capabilities of the 'Robust Control Toolbox' for reducing the order of complexity of models. An example of an eight-story building included in the collection of reference examples for reducing models of linear dynamic systems is used. Materials and methods. Typical steps for solving the problem of model reduction are presented, commands and tools used to solve this problem are described. The parameters of the model in the state space are determined, which has 48 states, which are displacements or rates of change. The singular values of Hankel are used to select states that can be neglected. The model is reduced using an adaptive error boundary. Reduction using the multiplicative error bound is considered. Comparison of the results of reduction of the model by all described methods is carried out, the choice of the best method of reduction of the model is substantiated. Results. An analysis of the approximation error was performed for all the methods. The maximum relative error has been calculated. An example of calculating the order of the model for a given error value of 5% is given. The order of the result model is 34 states with the error less is then 1%, which is less than the original model. As a result, the AFCs of the original and reduced models, as well as the transient processes of the models, were constructed. The plots in the frequency domain of the models practically coincide, which indicates an adequate description of the system. Conclusions. As a result, it was shown that it is possible to reduce the size of the model by 14 orders of magnitude, goal achieved.


In a previous paper (George & Stratmann, 1952) we showed that the oxidation ofmyoglobin to metmyoglobin by oxygen at constant oxygen pressure, pH, salt concentration and temperature was first order in unoxidized myoglobin. It thus resembles the autoxidation ofhaemoglobin investigatedby Brooks (1931). In air the oxidation rate is 4*25 times faster than with haemoglobin. Brooks (1935) showed that the observed first order rate constant for haemoglobin autoxidation was a function of the oxygen pressure, having a well defined maximum value at about 20 mm. In this paper the results of a similar investigation are reported for myoglobin, together with the determination of the equilibrium constant of the myoglobin-oxygen reaction, K6


Purpose: This study was to explore the relationship between personality type and learning attitude and academic achievement of nursing students. Method: 91 students were sampled from freshman in nursing school. Data were collected from April 2 to October 5 2007. Analysis of the results were carried out using SPSS win 12.0 for frequency, mean and standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation. Result: The result of MBTI test was that nursing students in this study showed extraversion(52.7%), sensing(82.4%), thinking(56.0%), judging(57.1%). Academic achievement according to personality was that only feeling(F) type students had significantly higher score of English than thinking(T) type students(p=.013). Learning attitudes according to personality were that sensing(S) type students had significantly positive attitude toward their college than intuition(N) type students (p=.016). And think(T) type students had significantly higher confidence of learning than feeling(F) type students. There was significant positive correlations between learning method and score of English, Fundamental Nursing, Anatomy(p


Objective: Heart rate variability (HRV) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) are influenced by various internal and external factors, making it necessary to establish universal reference values. We aimed to identify independent factors affecting short-term HRV parameters and BRS, as well as determine appropriate reference ranges, which are lacking in Asian populations.
Materials and Methods: A total of 117 healthy Thai participants (aged 20-72 years; final n=117) were recruited based on strict criteria, including normal medical history, physical examination (ascertained by a physician), and normal blood profile. Spontaneous 5-minute HRV parameters (time and frequency domains) and spontaneous cross-correlation BRS were measured.
Results: Age and resting heart rate (HR) are independently and inversely correlated with BRS and all HRV parameters, except LFnu (normalized low-frequency component) and LF/HF ratio (ratio of low- to high-frequency component). Sex differences were observed only in LF, which was higher in men. However, multiple regression analysis showed that sex did not significantly contribute as an independent variable to either HRV or BRS. Remarkably, BRS exhibited moderate to strong correlations with all HRV values, indicating its prominent role in influencing HRV and surpassing the impact of age.
Conclusion: Age and resting HR were identified as independent factors influencing 5-minute HRV and BRS. Our findings suggest that decreased baroreflex function associated with aging may contribute to reduced HRV among the elderly. Furthermore, we established reference ranges for each 5-minute HRV parameter and BRS, categorized by age group (20-39, 40-59, and ≥60 years old). These reference values offer valuable clinical insights, particularly for Asian populations where such normative ranges were previously unavailable.


This paper presents a system-level codesign methodology of hardware/software for HDTV source decoder. We give out the hardware/software codesign method, which can meet the requirements of HDTV source decoding application. According to the algorithm development and analysis, the MPEG-2 MPHL decoder process is partitioned into software and hardware at the system level. We construct the system model that can represent the system architecture and application program of interest. A platform-based design environment is developed that can provide modularity, scalability, and flexibility in cosimulation and development for system on chip. Our main contribution is to introduce platform-based codesign tools where the software and hardware are validated and developed concurrently at the cycle accurate level.


It must have been around 1987 when one of us (HT) submitted his first ever paper to David Hickson, then Editor of Organization Studies (OS). The paper derived from an empirical project — the so-called 'Mini Project' — that each doctoral student had to carry out during the first year of study at the Manchester Business School. David Hickson wrote back a couple of months later explaining to the ambitious young researcher why his paper could not be published in OS. David complimented the way the paper was written, found a few good things to say about the data presented, but had serious reservations about the theory. For a paper to be published in OS, he wrote, it must have more than data — it should contribute to theory development; it should suggest ways of seeing the world differently. It is no use, continued David, merely summarizing what other authors have said on the topic of your choice; it is no use either merely describing an empirical phenomenon, no matter how interesting that description is. What is more important is for an author to show how he or she advances our collective understanding of a particular topic and this can be done only if you can demonstrate how your theory contributes to what we already know. 'I do not think your paper sufficiently does that,' David wrote. All rejections are disappointing anyway, but for a junior researcher they are particularly stinging. Yet, despite the natural disappointment it caused, David's editorial letter was an unforgettable lesson for the young researcher. It was a lesson in many ways: the Editor's patient explanation of his decision showed what needed to be done for a paper to be publishable in OS. It dawned then on the author of the paper that a publication in a high-quality academic journal that takes theory development seriously ought to be more than storytelling, more than just an elegant summary of previous academic work. It ought to have more than a scholarly appearance: it should offer a new interpretive angle, a new set of distinctions, a fresh perspective on the phenomenon of interest, building on hitherto existing knowledge. Good academic work is about continuity and development, acceptance and critique, embedding your argument in a theoretical tradition and taking it further. David's lesson, however, was not only about the substantive weaknesses of the paper. The very response itself, the way it was framed, was a lesson in itself: how to show a junior academic apprentice to be a good researcher without appearing condescending; how to be critical without being offensive; how to be forthright without being aggressive. The Editor's letter balanced praise with critique; it spotted the weaknesses of the paper but it also suggested ways in which they could be overcome; it was encouraging but also tough; critical but constructive; disappointing in its decision but rewarding in its content. As carriers of learning and disciplinary knowledge, academic journals have a substantive as well as a pedagogical task: following the canons of what constitutes valid knowledge at a certain point in time, journals judge issues of theoretical and empirical substance and they do so in a way that is of Organization Studies 24(7): 1003–1014 Copyright © 2003 SAGE Publications (London, Thousand Oaks, CA & New Delhi) 1003 Authors name


A descriptive, retrospective and cross sectiona l study was carried out in 315 patients with nosocomial sepsis in "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" General Tea...


This paper has presented an experimental framework based on artificial neural networks such as the multilayer perceptron. The aim is to represent and classify genes with the use of deep learning algorithms. It is aimed at reducing the time needed for training such a network in addition to lowering the hardware requirements for its virtualization without sacrificing accuracy. Futhermore, this paper has proposed an open source, easy to modify graphical user interface using modern technologies for researchers within the field.


Support Vector Machines [1-4] is a learning technique that can be viewed as a new method for training polynomial, neural network, or Radial Basis Functions Classifiers. The decision surfaces are found by solving a linearly constrained quadratic programming problem. This paper evaluates the use of Support Vector Machines for object recognition. The dataset used is made up of different poses of 3-D objects. The system does not require feature extraction or pose estimation. The recognition rates achieved in the experiments were very good, in comparison with neural networks.


Distributed data correlation is an extremely important component for many networked applications including searching, monitoring, and anomaly detection, to name a few. In large wireless and wired networks, such as sensor networks and the Internet, it is possible and feasible to build distributed infrastructures that provide users with a distributed data correlation facility. To date, however, there have not been many successful infrastructures designed and especially implemented for distributed data correlation purposes. In this thesis, we address the design and implementation of distributed infrastructures for distributed data correlation.
First, we discuss a distributed indexing system, DIM, that supports multi-dimensional range queries for wireless sensor networks. We show that the insertion and query costs in DIM scale as O( N ) under reasonable assumptions of query distributions. We also describe a simple but efficient approach to balance DIM in a realistic sensor network workload.
Second, we discuss the design and implementation of an Internet distributed indexing system, MIND, that is specially designed for network monitoring applications. We present the details of MIND, including tuple insertion, query processing, loading balancing, and robustness under failures. We deployed a prototype of MIND on more than 100 nodes on the planet-lab and validated it with traffic traces from two large backbone networks: Abilene and GEANT.
Finally, we propose Defeat, a novel network-wide anomaly detection scheme which emphasize on high detection confidence and high robustness against failures or attacks. We show how one can use random aggregations of IP flows to enable more precise identification of the underlying causes of anomalies. We show how to combine traffic sketches with a subspace method to detect anomalies with high accuracy and identify the IP flows that are responsible for the anomaly. The Defeat approach has detection rates comparable to previous methods and detects many more anomalies than prior work, taking us a step closer towards a robust on-line system for anomaly detection and identification.


Positive Psychology offers novel insights and perspectives into traditional psychological approaches. It provides an opportunity to the larger field of psychology to learn from its limitations and determine an approach and solution to mental health illnesses. This paper examines the historical progression of positive psychology with the help of Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi's research. It attempts to explore the need for traditional modes of psychology in low socioeconomic groups with the aid of developmental psychologists.


Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Class I molecules present intracellularly derived peptide fragments for discrimination of self from non-self, thereby alerting the adaptive immune response to infecting pathogens. Among these pathogens are herpesviruses, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which are large DNA viruses that have coevolved with humans. Previous analyses suggest that natural selection pressures imposed by HLA recognition may affect herpesvirus genetic diversity, especially for proteins involved in the establishment of latency. Because HLA allele frequencies are highly differentiated across human populations, we tested the hypothesis that herpesvirus latency genes have also become differentiated across human populations through adaptation to the local HLA environment. We predicted the protein regions most likely to be recognized by HLA in EBV, Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) strains from >15 representative human populations. We compared sequence diversity and population differentiation in HLA-binding and non-binding regions of lytic and latent herpesvirus proteins. We observed increased population differentiation in herpesvirus latent proteins, specifically in regions targeted by HLA. Whereas HLA recognizes conserved peptides in most viral proteins, this pattern was reversed in HLA binding sites of EBV and HCMV proteins expressed in latency. We also predicted fewer HLA-binding latent EBV peptides from higher frequency HLA alleles, consistent with EBV adapting away from HLA recognition. Together, these results suggest that EBV and HCMV diversity is altered in regions recognized by HLA, perhaps due to population-specific natural selection by local HLA alleles.


Integration of DNA markers associated with disease resistance into breeding programs is one of the most promising approaches to control infections of livestock. The identification and im-plementation of such a marker for the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome is particularly topical. The disease causes significant economic losses in the industry, and the proposed vaccines against PRRS are ineffective and associated with a risk of developing viremia after immunization. A promising DNA marker of resistance to this disease is the single nucleotide polymorphism WUR10000125 ( WUR ) localized in the GBP1 gene. The aim of the study was to assess the reproductive, fattening and meat qualities of Large White and Landrace pigs bred in PRRS-free nucleus farms, considering the genetic variant of the WUR gene. Studies were conducted in 2018-2019 on pigs of Large White and Landrace pigs reared in Selection and Hybrid Center LLC (Voronezh re-gion). Genotypes of 206 sows of Large White and 112 sows of Landrace pig breeds were determined by PCR with using the QuantStudio 5 Real-Time PCR System (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). The reproductive qualities of sows (number of piglets born alive per litter; total litter weight at birth; number of stillborn pigs per litter; number of mummified pigs per litter; total number born per litter) were estimated based on the first three litters: for Large White pig breed in the period from 2008 to 2018 and for Landrace pig breed in the period from 2010 to 2018. Characteristics of meat and fattening qualities, including the age of 100 kg of body weight, the back-fat thickness, measured in three points, muscle depth (lifetime measurements), were evaluated. To assess the effect of genotype on WUR on the productivity traits the model equations for multivariate analysis of variance were used. The results of animal genotyping showed that the studied pigs were characterized by relatively low frequencies of the "desirable" allele G responsible of resistance to PRRS (2.9 and 13.4 %) and GG genotype (0.49 and 4.46 %) in pigs of Large White and Landrace breeds, respectively. The analysis of values of estimates of the WUR genotypes obtained by the least square means (LSM) method showed a statistically significant superiority of carriers of the AA genotype over animals with AG variant by the total number born per litter, prolificacy and total litter weight at birth in pigs of Large White breed, but the similar tendency in Landrace pigs breed was not found. We noted some superiority of the AA genotype carriers over the AG genotype carriers among sows of Large White breed by EBV of total litter weight at birth. Comparison of meat and fattening parameters did not reveal significant differences either by direct phenotypic estimates or by EBV values. Thus, assessment of the productive traits of Large White and Landrace pigs from PRRS-free nucleus farms did not show a significant effect of the WUR genotypes on the meat and fattening parameters, as well as on the reproductive qualities of Landrace pigs. The increasing of the G allele and GG genotype frequencies under nucleus conditions will lead to an increase in the number of animals with preferable character-714 istics PRRS conditions.


Article type: Original Article Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common autoimmune diseases in adults that cause disability in patients. Different studies were conducted on more rapid diagnosis of the disease such as measuring serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contents. Objectives: The current study aimed at measuring amyloid β (Aβ) serum levels in patients with relapsing-remitting MS. Materials and Methods: In the current case-control study, the serum levels of Aβ were measured in 48 patients with RRMS and 33 healthy controls using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique in Isfahan, Iran, from 2014 to 2016. Data analysis was conducted with SPSS. Results: The mean serum level of Aβ in the case (patients with RRMS) and control groups were 192.75±125.65 and 128.11±85.20 pg/mL, respectively; so serum Aβ levels in the RRMS group was significantly higher than healthy controls (p=0.02). Also, there was a positive significant correlation between the serum Aβ levels and the expanded disability status scale (EDSS) (r=+0.85, p<0.0001). Conclusions: Owing to the increase of serum Aβ level in patients with RRMS and its significant increase in severe MS cases (higher EDSS scores), so serum Aβ level can be considered as a marker for MS and its progression.


Objective:To discuss the curative effectiveness of erigeron breviscapus combined with mexobalamin in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Methods:106 patients with diabetes were randomly divided into two groups with 53 patients in each group. The patients in two groups were all treated with hypoglycemic drugs or insulin. The patients in the erigeron breviscapus and mexobalamin group were treated with erigeron breviscapus (50 mg) and mexobalamin (500 μg) combined, once a day, and those in the control group were treated with mexobalamin (500 μg) alone, daily once. The treatment courses were 4 weeks. Results:The effective rate in the erigeron breviscapus and mexobalamin group was 83% after 4 weeks and 84.9% after 6 weeks respectively, and the improvement degree of nerve conduction speed was significantly better than that in control group (P0.01). Conclusion:Erigeron breviscapus combined with mexobalamin to treat diabetic peripheral neuropathy is an effective therapy.


In this paper we investigate the invariance of the null distribution of the multiple coherence (MC) to the statis- tics of the examined signals. We show that when the MC is computed between a group of signals xi(n), i = 1;:::; K and a signal y(n), the null distribution of the MC is independent of the distribution of xi(n) and y(n) if at a given frequency the joint distribution of the spectra of the segments of xi(n) and y(n) is rotationally symmetric with respect to the rotation of the spectra of the segments of xi(n) or y(n). The significance of this result lies in the improvement of the multiple coherence analysis. Hitherto, the null distribution of the MC was known only for signals with the multivariate Gaussian distribution; therefore, an MC estimate could be evaluated for its statistical significance only in this limited case. With the results presented in this paper, it will be pos- sible to evaluate the statistical significance of MC estimates for much wider class of signals.


The following dramatic scenes were taken from a full-length play that was inspired by my reading of The Mamie Papers (Rosen and Davidson 1977). This remarkable collection of letters written to Fanny Quincy Howe (1870-1933), a Boston aristocrat and woman of letters, chronicled the life and times of Mamie Pinzer. Mamie was a "working girl" in the fullest sense of the word. Her struggle to live with autonomy and dignity often placed her at odds with standards of decency preferred by a society that looked with suspicion upon those values in women, if they implied independence from male hegemony. The letters are unique in their detail and passion, as well as the proto-feminist consciousness that emerges through daily confrontation with patriarchy.


This paper presents a new ocean environment continuous monitoring system to solve marine biofouling problem and to increase the lifetime of oceanographic instrumentations.The system is embedded in a large ocean data buoy and pumps seawater into a container to measure data with seawater sampling method.The system then washes the container and sensors with disinfectant and fresh water.The monitoring data is transmitted to a onshore control center and compared with that of the common instrumentations.Experiments show that the system can extend the lifetime of a water quality sensor to at least one year and improve its long-term accuracy and reliability.


The ECTS grade transfer scale is an interface grade scale to help European universities, students and employers to understand the level of student achievement. Hence, the ECTS scale can be seen as an interface, transforming local scales to a common system where A–E denote passing grades. By definition, ECTS should distribute the passing students into five cohorts representing fixed percentiles. This paper presents a generic method to distribute cohorts of students with differentiated passing local grades into ECTS, or any other grading scale, cohorts. It takes into account historic student performance, the percentiles required for the scale in question as well as the relative performance of a student group in relation to student groups previously graded in the same course module. This method can handle any number of equally or unequally spaced local grade cohorts of any size, and it allows direct transfer between local grades in the spirit of ECTS.


Learner's motivation difficulties are recognized as a problem in diverse educational scenarios, reaching up to university degrees. Among other techniques that are often applied by instructors to counteract this issue, those related to the use of gaming elements seem to very promising. In this context, considering the use of game-like properties in learning scenarios, known as gamification, has received increasing interest by academia in recent years. However, its application in higher education can be challenging, due to some unwanted effects caused by the lack of proven design methodologies have been detected. Choosing the adequate formal process for gamification design has become an important success requirement. This work presents a systematic review of the gamification design frameworks discussed in the literature, providing a useful resource to educational practitioners as well as gamification designers and researchers. A total of 2314 unique works are initially recorded, based on queries in databases, libraries, journals and search engines. After applying a systematic filtering process, a definitive list of 40 works is more closely analysed. Next to review over relevant literature, an assessment of the main features found in the discussed approaches is given, while also categorizing them according to their main application field and its suitability in higher educational environments.


-Penis enlargement spreads in millennial times, even the advertisements on Facebook and Instagram are widely spread into daily reading. It has even become controversial with the planning of the Indonesian health minister over the implementation of a traditional Indonesian Health Tourism, one of which is Penis enlargement ala Mak Erot. On the other hand, Tompi, a plastic surgeon stated that the traditional health tourism idea besides Mak Erot such as Purwaceng, Kerokan and Tongkat Ali is good because the impact on the body is also good, but for the Mak Erot case it is still debatable for its efficacy, because it leaves less effect good on most patients penises. This paper uses the IMRaD style (Introduction Methods Results and Discussion, preceded by Abstract and ended by Conclussion). This case in health law can be formulated on three: first, Does Mak Erot-style penis enlargement contain negligence and malpractice? Second, what is the legal solution for patients who are truly victims of negligence and malpractice? Third, If it is true that Mak Erotstyle Penis Enlargement is safe from negligence and malpractice, can this traditional health tour guarantee legal justice for both domestic and foreign patients? Legal sociology is used as a method of answering problem formulations so as to provide three research results, first, in the medical record kept by Tompi, Mak Erot-style penis enlargement contains negligence and malpractice, because the patient requests that his penis be repaired, even in the Tukul event, as told by the successor of Mak Erot that the patient was asked to sign Approval of Medical Actions (Pertindik). Second, the legal solution that can be applied in negligence and malpractice cases is to apply alternative sentences from some of the principles of usul fiqh and the application of law of tort as a reinforcer for cases of penis enlargement. Third, legal justice is applied in accordance with the agreements agreed upon by the parties when carrying out penis enlargement. The discussion is divided into three topics. First, the pros and cons of the Mak Erot method in the process of penis enlargement, the pros state that penis enlargement is not done by injection, meaning the penis is safe, different from the cons who believe that the penis enlarges like a body builder in men who are injected with hormones so that it is enlarged. Second, the legal solution to traditional medicine or clinics is a long debate because patients are free to make choices without any element of coercion. Third, Traditional Health Tourism which leads to penis enlargement and the level of endurance does require moral and religious support, so that it becomes an halal attraction for tourists. Conclusions are: first, the need for certification of Mak Erot-style penis enlargement becomes a necessity in realizing traditional health tourism that legally guarantees both patients and alternative medicine practitioners. Second, negligence and malpractice limits must be set by the government in more detail through health and tourism regulations. Third, Traditional Health Tourism should be socialized in all universities so as to bring up alternative medicine study programs that are certified.


Magnesium or chloroaluminium phthalocyanine (1 and 2) was dispersed to the micellar solution formed by a non-ionic surfactant with ferrocenyl moiety (3). The thin films prepared by the controlled-potential electrolysis of the micellar solution exhibited an intense nearinfrared absorption.


In a recent communication one of us (Rowe, 1) has presented the details of an objective method for the differential diagnosis of endocrine disorders, together with an analysis of a series of one thousand cases to which it has been applied. The present paper deals with the results obtained in the study, by this method, of a series of cases, four hundred in number, in which some form of pituitary malfunction was demonstrated as a primary etiological factor. As the full details of the method have been published in the earlier communication, it is enough here to state that a very thorough physical examination and the compilation of a detailed medical history are supplemented by a long series of laboratory tests, the significance of which has been demonstrated by elaborate preliminary studies. In addition, detailed examinations by the specialists of the consulting staff give supplementary information concerning indications of endocrine disease, and, even more significantly, the presence or absence of disorders...


Abstract Understanding bureaucratic corruption and maladministration in Africa has often hinged on political dimensions of the state and governance foci. This study crafts and applies the administrative rituals approach or a bureaucratic analysis to explore practical institutional and normative synergies of corruption and maladministration in Kenya. The discussion attempts to draw theoretical generalisations to address broader interests in bureaucratic theory and public accountability, drawing on empirical illustrations of how corruption and maladministration in Kenyan public administration fit within these explanations. The paper shows that despite their knowledge of anti-corruption laws, Kenyan public servants' actions and behaviours are ritualistically ordained to follow particular patterns over others, some of which reduce public accountability strategies to mere administrative symbols/rituals in public administration.


This research focuses on the self-perceptions of Hawaii's homeless population, specifically, the homeless beach dwellers on Oahu's west coast, as well as the perceptions of the homeless service providers whose job it is to meet their needs. A review of the literature indicates that homelessness in the United States continues to increase, with the largest group within this population being single parents with children. The current research elaborates on the numerous social policies that have been enacted including judicial polices outlawing such behavior. The literature further clarifies the noted stereotypes associated with the homeless population. What is missing in the research is the perspective or voice of a subgroup of the homeless population on Oahu's west coast. Here, numerous individuals including intact families live in makeshift shelters on the beach that they call home.


Factors involved in delayed flowering and the formation of abnormal capitula in four summer-to-autumn flowering cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. were investigated. Anomalous involucral bracts, i.e. bracts formed among ray and disc florets within the capitulum, were more frequent in 'Floral Yuka' plants grown at day/night temperatures of 20/12.5°C than at 20/20°C under a 12 h day length or natural day length of 14–15 h. The number of involucral bracts in the capitulum of plants grown at either 35/25°C or 25/15°C increased compared with that of plants grown at 30/20°C under a 12 h day length. A natural long day length suppressed flower bud development and promoted the formation of many involucral bracts in the capitulum, compared with inflorescences of plants grown under a 12 h day length. Long day length of 14–15 h induced anomalous involucral bract formation in 'Floral Yuka' and 'Iwa no Hakusen'. In contrast, high temperature promoted involucral bract formation in the capitulum, primarily in 'Seiun', and neither day length nor temperature affected involucral bract formation in 'Natsubiyori'.


The Modelica specification is ambiguous as to whether all the events are synchronous are not. Different interpretations are possible leading to considerable differences in the ways models should be constructed and compilers developed. In this paper we examine this issue and show that there exists an interpretation that is more appropriate than others leading to more efficient compilers. It turns out that this interpretation is not the one currently adopted by Dymola but it is closely related to the Scicos formalism.


Real world systems as diverse as biological networks or the World Wide Web are best described as networks with complex topology. The accurate modeling of how these networks evolve has significant implications for many areas of every day life. In this project, the study of a portion of the World Wide Web enable us to better understand the concept of a scale-free network. The main purpose of this project is to examine different models of network growth. Beginning with the verification of the Barabasi-Albert model as a model that generates scale-free networks through numerical simulations and theoretical results the study continues to consider algorithms proposed by the literature as well as an algorithm proposed here as suitable for describing network growth by using random walks for selecting vertices for attachment. The study's results demonstrate that simulations of these algorithms of up to one million nodes generate scale-free networks. However, the numerical results will not be confirmed theoretically. Suggestions for further research will therefore be made.


This reflection piece shares the innovative approach to an embedded skills model on an accelerated two-year BA programme. At the University of Greenwich annual teaching and learning conference (SHIFT), in 2020, a collaborative team from the degree course presented a case study on this model. This article explores how, through such partnerships, student success can be promoted and student outcomes can shine. Living and teaching through a pandemic has highlighted the importance of staff and student relationships to ensure success.


This research has the objective to asses the carrying capacity and criteria the standard in accommodation tourist to areas in organizing recreation of the Kao Kitchakute National Park (Praputthabaht Plung imprint area).  The recommend guidelines for appropriation effected management to accommodation tourist in level that does not cause damage by study in physical,  ecological,  facilities and psychological.  According of study results, the assessment of asses carrying capacity  and criteria the standard in accommodation tourist to areas in organizing recreation. When it's been compared in 10 years, since 2007-2016, that 2016 the maximum tourists per day are 23,786 persons (the average standard is 21,334 persons/area/time).  That is the amount of exceeded capacity in accommodation tourist to areas.  The amount of solid waste from survey of the collection of solid waste 61 areas that's found the smelling and landscapes are below acceptable levels, that can be acceptable.  An ecological issues, that;s been found the percentage of the covered roots still below acceptable as well.  The traces of cutting stems in the low averages and traces from the damage of big tree that effected in medium averages.  The facility issue is bee found that restrooms have been used in amount of exceeded capacity in radical averages. But, the amount of benches these're been used in low averages for psychological issues.  From the random of example tourists around 421  persons, that have been around the footpaths and Praputhabaht Plung imprint area have a feeling of congestion in radical averages  of tourist standard accommodation in psychological of significant at 0.05. Keywords : carrying capacity, Kao Kitchakute National Park, ccotourism, impact of tourism


The undesired side lobes in the far field emission of a linear array of phase coupled lasers can be reduced by using a single phase correcting mirror outside the laser array cavity [1]. Even in that case the beam has strong asymmetry and astigmatism, that can be corrected by an off-axis spherical mirror We show the beam obtained experimentally with this kind of correction The global optical set-up consists in three reflective optical elements producing a lossless transformation of the field distribution from a periodic repetition of small highly divergent sources to a quasi-gaussian symmetric beam.


Abstract Measurements of the sizes of defects produced in Cu by ion bombardment between 6 K and 295 K have been carried out. Contrary to previous investigations a dependence of the mean defect size on the irradiation temperature was not found.


It is shown that any smooth strictly convex global solution of $$\det(\frac{\partial^{2}u}{\partial \xi_{i}\partial \xi_{j}}) = \exp \left\{-\sum_{i=1}^n d_i \frac{\partial u}{\partial \xi_{i}} - d_0\right\},$$ where $d_0$, $d_1$,...,$d_n$ are constants, must be a quadratic polynomial. This extends a well-known theorem of J\"{o}rgens-Calabi-Pogorelov.


There are 115 counties of Yunnan province have the karst landform, among which, 63 counties have the lithified land area, with the total area of 21 490km 2, which account for 5 5 % of the whole land area of Yunnan The eco_environment of the lithified region was atrocious and the natural disasters are very severe and frequent With the last 5 years' integrated management, some effects were achieved In order to tackle the lithification of karst region of Yunnan province, some suggestions were proposed


The COVID-19 pandemic has led to distance learning in primary and secondary school. Little has been known whether home ICTs environment is appropriate for the distance learning. This paper aims to assess the current state of ICTs environment at home for the distance learning of children. Using 2012 and 2019 Korean Media Panel Survey, we investigated the number of smart devices owned by households and found differences in ownership by household characteristics. The results showed that the majority of household owned more than one smart devices per child. However, the difference in the proportion of households with less than one device per child varied depending on whether smartphone was included in smart devices. These results imply that public intervention is needed to prevent educational inequality caused by the home ICTs environment for the distance learning.


Shelter comprising Profiled structure comprising a roof having two inclined faces (40, 41) joined at a ridge (42). The inclined faces each have two transverse ridge (45, 46) separate nested in each other at the ridge, each of the cross ridge having a plate receiving groove (48) in which is fitted a plate filling (9), the throat plate receiving of each of the cross ridge being downwardly inclined with the same inclination as the inclined face to which it belongs.


Conventional extracorporeal membrane oxygenation utilises a gas-to-liquid transfer regime to oxygenate blood from a stream of oxygen gas. This work serves as an exploratory study of the liquid-to-liquid transfer of dissolved gases, which may prove advantageous for general applications of ECMO as it allows for higher partial pressures of oxygen as well as the use of isotonic solutions as a means of improving patient haemostability. This concept is of particular interest to an ongoing project which has investigated the use of repurposed hollow fibre membrane dialysers as a means of providing emergency respiratory support using existing equipment. The liquid-liquid regime mass transfer properties of the hollow fibre membrane dialysers were investigated by determining the mass transfer coefficients of carbon dioxide and salt through the membrane as well as the sieving coefficient and leakage rate. Three cartridge types (high flux Braun, low flux Braun and Leoceed 21N) were investigated using a liquid-liquid configuration with carbonated or saline water used as a blood substitute in contact with distilled water. The high flux cartridge demonstrated a high leakage rate making it unsuitable for the proposed use. The two low flux cartridges demonstrated adequate carbon dioxide removal of 75.8% and 64.4% of the recommended 200ml/min for the Braun and Leoceed cartridges, respectively. All three cartridges displayed sieving coefficients close to one, indicating a high rate of salt transfer and subsequent need for solute balance in the final application. The results of this work showed a higher mass transfer coefficient for the liquid-liquid transfer regime compared to prior studies using a gas-liquid transfer regime. This result suggests that a liquid-liquid configuration is not just useful for emergency respiratory support but could outperform existing ECMO techniques. Further study into the use of liquid-liquid HFMD for respiratory support, using blood and conditions more representative of the final intended use, is warranted


The reactions of lead tetraacetate with alkylaromatic compounds, acetophenone, halobenzenes, biphenyl, and anisole have been investigated. Controlled lead tetraacetate oxidation of alkylaromatic compounds offers a new method for the synthesis of substituted benzyl acetates. Acetophenone reacted at 120°C to give phenacyl acetate and phenacylidene acetate, the former being higher in yield. But neither nuclear acetoxylated nor nuclear methylated products were detected. Both chloro-benzene and bromobenzene gave nuclear acetoxylated products, the isomer distributions being, for chlorobenzene : o-, 85; m-, 5; p-, 10; and for bromobenzene: o-, 54; m-, 16; p-, 30%. Biphenyl reacted only at the reflux temperature to give acetoxybiphenyl. Anisole gave guaiacol acetate at 120°C, neither the m- and p-isomers nor the methylated products being detected.


Generation of electricity by clean development mechanism is the key area for researchers, many countries of the world has already shifted towards green energy. Energy is the key factor for the growth of any country. Per capita energy consumption is the significance of the progress of any nation. Recently the penetration of photovoltaic systems has increased to generate the electricity at grid or local level. Although this technology has improved a lot however the performance of these systems is site dependent, which is affected by various environmental parameters like radiation, temperature and wind. An experiment is conducted in laboratory of GLA University, Mathura, India (hot and dry climate zone of India) to emphasis especially on wind effect. Two PV modules of same electrical and mechanical specifications are taken for experiment. To conduct experiment; different months of a year from various seasons are chosen. It has been observed that increased module temperature reduces performance but the cooling mechanism provided bring down the module temperature due to which a net energy gain is 7.69% in considered time. Performance measure indices i.e. PR is improved by 7.14%.


Calculation formula of l and m are worked out for x~ay~b(cydx+exdy)+x~fy~h(kydx+pxdy)=0by selecting x~ly~m integrating factor.Moreover these results are illustrated by some examples.


The City of Tacoma Water Division recently incorporated integrated resource planning into its comprehensive water system planning process. This method of planning considers demand-side management programs as an alternative to, or in combination with, the development of additional supplies to meet future demands.


This brief focuses on the design of fault detection observer for continuous 2D delayed positive systems. Firstly, the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L_{1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-gain and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L_{-}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-index of the 2D positive delayed systems are calculated by 2D Laplace transform; secondly, necessary and sufficient conditions for the system to satisfy the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L_{1}/L_{-}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> performance are derived; finally, sufficient conditions for the existence of a mixed <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L_{1}/L_{-}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> observer are derived. The solution to the observer gain is given by an iterative linear programming algorithm. An example is given to demonstrate the validity of the proposed theoretical results.


Molecularly imprinted membrane was prepared by using penicillin as a template molecule by sol-gel synthesis and removing the imprinted molecule.Cyclic voltammetry was used to measure the response to penicillin.The enrichment time of molecularly imprinted membrane electrode was 200 s.In the concentration range from 0.1 μg/L to 1.8 μg/L,the current intensity of penicillin in PBS showed good linear relationship with its density.The sensor eluted with methanol could be reused three times.The imprinted molecular membranes could ensure the stability and the specificity within a week.


The beginning of the last century witnessed the entrance of western culture into China.Lin Yutang,as a Chinese literati expert at both western and Chinese culture,made some efforts to maintain Chinese traditional morals and criticized such values in western culture as individualism.


EBM PEARL: RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC CURVES (ROC): The true positive rate (sensitivity) of a test measured against its false positive rate (1-specificity), on the x-axis and y-axis, respectively, generates an ROC. ROC analysis was first developed during World War II to measure radar's ability to detect objects on the battlefield. Each point along the ROC curve represents diagnostic test cut-offs, unique true and false positive values. The curve is concave in the upper left-hand corner of a graph (Figure). The closer the curve approaches the upper left-hand corner, the more accurate the test. The diagonal line from 0,0 to 100,100 represents the true positive and false positive rates when the test cannot determine diseased from well patients (the likelihood ratio = 1). A common way to express test accuracy is to measure the area under the ROC curve (AUC). The higher the AUC, the more accurate is the test (ie, higher sensitivity and specificity). An example of the use of ROC and AUC may be noted in the De Martino et al paper in this issue of Current Best Evidence.