General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact email@example.com providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Abstract We initiate research into a generic theory of diagnosis of faulty ontologies. The proposals are based on, but generalise, our experience with the GALILEO and ORS systems. We make some initial simplifying assumptions, which we hope will not restrict the application of the proposals to new areas. In particular, we look at repairing faulty ontologies where the fault is revealed by an inference failure and the repair is implemented by a signature and/or theory morphism. More concretely, we focus on situations where a false conjecture has been proved. Diagnosis consists of constructing a morphism by analysis of failed inference. It is assumed that an oracle is available that can answer (and sometimes ask) questions, but whose own ontology is otherwise inscrutable.


In this paper we developed and implemented a model program control unit preprocessing, video codec, which has artificial intelligence, which is chosen as a synergetic network computing architecture microtubule cytoskeleton of the neuron. A complex algorithm intellectual preprocessing, the result of which is no longer an image and a description of the image.


IN HER CRITICAL WORK ON Emily Dickinson and nineteenth-century poetry, Susan Howe comments that, "for the Robert Browning of 'Childe Roland' [...] velocity, mechanics, heat, thermodynamics, light, chaos of formulae, electromagnetic induction must be called back into the Sublime, found and forgotten." (1) It is a passing observation, but it suggests something of the way Brownings 1855 poem, despite its medieval setting and fantastical trappings, seems to offer a strangely modern and perhaps unsettling vision of the material world. (2) And yet, as Ivan Kreilkamp has argued, the poem's dreamlike quality seems to have discouraged critics from taking the kind of historical approaches that would contextualize Howe's insight, and, in his words, "situate the poem in the particular cultural conditions of the 1850s." (3) Such situating work offers intriguing possibilities; he comments that "to consider Browning in such a super-charged realm of electricity, speed, heat, and light might yet lead to a provocative new vision of him as a prophet of the 'shocking encounters' produced within a technologically mediated nineteenth-century modernity." (4) In an essay on what he terms Browning's "optical unconscious," he persuasively discusses the impact of emergent photographic media technologies on "Childe Roland." In this essay, I would like to follow Kreilkamp's lead, but focus on a different aspect of the poem's "technologically mediated modernity": its depiction of widespread environmental collapse. This feature of the poem is salient and unmistakable: Browning describes a land of "bog, clay, and rubble, sand and stark black dearth" (150) where the grass grows "scant as hair in leprosy" (73-74), and the earth looks used up, "desperate and done with" (147). (5) Indeed, the ruined landscape is perhaps the single most memorable thing about the poem. Yet the common assumption is that this landscape is not real, that it functions as a projection of some aspect of, or conflict within, Childe Roland himself. For most critics, the external environment is "a world of his own imagining" (Carol Christ); a sign of "the unconscious mind projecting itself in the action of the poem" (John Willoughby); or the representation of an "apocalyptic consciousness" (Harold Bloom). The search for the dark tower thus becomes a form of "interior questing" (Edward Strickland)." (6) But the assumption that the environment is reducible to the inner state of the protagonist has perhaps prevented us from reckoning with the ways in which the poem might express anxiety about actual degraded material environments during a period when they were of undeniable interest to the culture. After all, the poem was written at a time of acute ecological crisis, on display most spectacularly in cities like London and Manchester, but also in ostensibly "rural" territories and the outskirts of populated areas. Consider Dickens's description in The Old Curiosity Shop (1841): "they came, by slow degrees, upon a cheerless region, where not a blade of grass was seen to grow, where not a bud put forth its promise in the spring, where nothing green could live but on the surface of stagnant pools, which here and there lay idly sweltering by the black road-side." (7) Or F. R. Conders account of his journey into the "carbonised landscape" of South Staffordshire and North Worcester in 1868: "a pair of lofty cupolas vomiting flame. All around the earth is black [...] The cranks and wheels of the gaunt, skeleton-like steam-engines, working without shelter and without rest, raise a dismal clatter." (8) These are the kinds of "mean landscapes" that G. K. Chesterton saw reflected in the world of Brownings poem. (9) For Chesterton, "Childe Roland" evoked at once the "grey mean street" of the Victorian city and "the shabby and hungry aspect of the earth itself," that is, a world poised uncertainly between the urban and the rural, the natural and the industrial. (10) But although we now read works by Dickens, Ruskin, Gaskell, Kingsley, Disraeli, and many of Brownings other Victorian contemporaries in such terms, (11) as texts deeply concerned about the strange new material environments produced by a rising industrial modernity, Brownings wasteland has received, since Chesterton, almost no such attention. …


Pomegranate fruits have been widely used in ancient plants as a source of nutritional value. Pomegranate fruits are attracted by researchers' interest as they are rich for biologically active compounds, microelements and vitamins. The products obtained from the processing of pomegranate fruits are widely used in various juices, meat and fish processing products, pharmacology, and other medicinal products (Cowan, 1999; Dahanukar et al., 2000; Das et al., 2009; Radhika et al., 2011).


This paper discusses challenges, contradictions and progress from a transdisciplinary case study taking place in the municipality of Uddevalla, Sweden. The aim is to develop a ´living lab´ to suppo ...


Cloud Computing has emerged as revolutionary paradigm for large-scale data intensive analysis over the last decade. In addition, Map Reduce and its implementation Hadoop have been successful at developing and running Big Data Distributed computations. However, their effect on datacenters energy efficiency has become significant; some of the servers are run without being used actively on daily basis. Making use of Cloud Computing advantages such as elasticity and scalability along with Hadoop's powerful distributed architecture has been an important research axis. The ability of managing resources (adding/removing nodes that run Map Reduce jobs to the cluster) automatically based on workloads without affecting time response has been investigated. This paper presents an approach of auto-scaling in the Hadoop framework, we have focused on separating nodes to core/computation to avoid data loss and guarantee the ability to remove nodes smoothly and instantly.


-The problem in this research is how the implementation of vocational guidance in Vocational High School (VHS), carrying capacity and constraints on the implementation of Vocational guidance, and how its development strategy. The study was conducted with the CIPP model of evaluation research approach, the method of data collection by observation and indepth interviews. Analysis of data using qualitative descriptive approach. The results of the study concluded that: 1) the implementation of the aspects context vocational guidance is included in the category enough, the input aspect is included in the good category, the process aspects included in the poor category, and the products aspects are included in the medium category. 2) Carrying capacity of the principal in the implementation of vocational guidance the availability of human resources, the response of students and parents were positive, while the main constraint is the ability to the management and content of vocational guidance services that have not been feasible. 3) Strategies undertook for the implementation of vocational guidance in vocational future for the better vocational guidance necessary to develop a model that fits the needs of the school and can be applied appropriately. Keywords--evaluation, vocational guidance, strategy


Based on the data of the second national soil survey in China,coupling characteristics and spatial variation of soil organic carbon(SOC) and total nitrogen(TN) in the plow layers of paddy and upland fields were studied.Results show that SOC and TN contents were higher in paddy fields than in upland fields by 47.8% and 45.5%,respectively,but spatial variation of SOC and TN were found higher in upland than in paddy fields.Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen ratio((C/N)) was about 10.8 in paddy fields,higher than 9.9 in upland fields.The highest C/N ratio value was found in the paddy fields in Northeast China while the lowest in the upland fields in Northwest China and East China.Meanwhile,results also show significant regional variation of C/N ratio in upland fields,but little significant variation in paddy fields.Correlation analysis shows that SOC was significantly and positively correlated with TN,with correlation coefficients being all higher than 0.8 in paddy and upland fields except for in North China.Moreover,the correlation coefficients may decrease along with the length of agricultural land use.The findings above indicate that there exist close coupled relationship between SOC and TN and distinct regional variation in the plow layer of farmland under different land use patterns.To understand these coupled characteristics will greatly contribute to improvement of regional farmland productivity and agro-ecosystem environment,and as reference to the technique selection and policy making for carbon sequestration in farmland soils in China.


Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are the key underlying technology of the Internet of Things (IoT); however, these networks are energy constrained. Security has become a major challenge with the significant increase in deployed sensors, necessitating effective detection and mitigation approaches. Machine learning (ML) is one of the most effective methods for building cyber-attack detection systems. This paper presents a lightweight ensemble-based ML approach, Weighted Score Selector (WSS), for detecting cyber-attacks in WSNs. The proposed approach is implemented using a blend of supervised ML classifiers, in which the most effective classifier is promoted dynamically for the detection process to gain higher detection performance quickly. We compared the performance of the proposed approach to three classical ensemble techniques: Boosting-based, Bagging-based, and Stacking-based. The performance comparison was conducted in terms of accuracy, probability of false alarm, probability of detection, probability of misdetection, model size, processing time, and average prediction time per sample. We applied two independent feature selection techniques. We utilized the simulation-based labeled dataset, WSN-DS, that comprises samples of four internal network-layer Denial of Service attack types: Grayhole, Blackhole, Flooding, and TDMA scheduling, in addition to normal traffic. The simulation revealed promising results for our proposed approach.


Abstract : An accelerated life testing problem in which the stress s can take only a fixed, finite number of values is known as accelerated life test with step stress. In general, the item under test is started under the lowest stress first and if an item has not failed until a certain specified time, then it is moved into the next level of stress. This process is continued until the item fails. Thus the life test duration of the item is shortened. A Bayesian formulation of the problem is given in this paper. It is assumed that there only two stress values under consideration (1) standard use environmental condition (ii) a higher level of stress that is fixed in advance and is the same for all items to be tested. However, the time at which an item on test is taken out of use environment and put under higher stress environment can be chosen by the experimenter subject to a cost structure. We consider the inference and the optimal design problem of when the change the stress as the test progress. Keywords: Accelerated life test, Step stress, Optimal design, Bayesian approach.


We propose a video graph based human action recognition framework. Given an input video sequence, we extract spatio-temporal local features and construct a video graph to incorporate appearance and motion constraints to reflect the spatio-temporal dependencies among features. them. In particular, we extend a popular dbscan density-based clustering algorithm to form an intuitive video graph. During training, we estimate a linear SVM classifier using the standard Bag-of-words method. During classification, we apply Graph-Cut optimization to find the most frequent action label in the constructed graph and assign this label to the test video sequence. The proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art performance with standard human action recognition benchmarks, namely KTH and UCF-sports datasets and competitive results for the Hollywood (HOHA) dataset.


RAMOS, the Russian American Observational Satellite program, is a cooperative space-based research and development program between the Russian Federation and the United States. The planned system configuration is a constellation of two satellites orbiting in approximately the same plane at an altitude of about 500 km, separated from one another by a variable distance centering on about 500 km. These satellites are equipped with passive electro-optical sensors, both US- and Russian-built, that operate over a range from infrared (IR) to ultraviolet (UV) and are designed for near-simultaneous stereo imaging capability. The sensor suite will include visible, IR and UV imaging radiometers, an IR spectrometer, and a short-wave infrared (SWIR) polarimeter. The projected launch date is 2008 with a planned minimum on-orbit lifetime of two years, and a five-year lifetime possible. This paper summarizes the program objectives, anticipated measurements and expected data, and presents the basic system design, expected performance characteristics, and the capabilities of each of the sensors.


During the late spring and summer of 1948, the Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy, conducted a series of underwater explosive tests off Barren Island in Chesapeake Bay. Because of previous fish mortalities in the Bay caused by numerous military operations over the past decade, considerable public resentment over the proposed tests was expressed in the press and among commercial fishermen and sportsmen groups. As a result of these protests, both the Maryland Department of Research and Education and the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service were requested by the Navy to send ob-


A novel integrated optical device based on electrooptical control of Bragg gratings has been developed and fabricated. The device provides a possibility of a versatile control of the grating spectral transfer function and can be used as a dynamically recofigurable spectral encoder/decoder for OCDMA networks. Electrooptical control of the device ensures a high speed of dynamic reconfiguration (switching between codes) that can be used not only for the multiplexing of different channels in a network but for modulation of optical signals in the channels with information content and for development of new modulation formats.


Glibenclamide is a sulfonylurea oral hypoglycémie compound closely related chemically to tolbutamide, chlorpropamide, acetohexamide and tolazamide. It has a high potency compared with all other sulfonylureas and is up to one thousand times as active as tolbutamide. Glibenclamide acts by stimulating pancreatic beta cells to release insulin similar to other sulfonylureas. Its major use is in the treatment of the maturity-onset diabetic, who cannot be controlled by diet alone. Glibenclamide is not considered a major advance, because it has not increased the number of diabetic patients who can be treated with oral agents. It is a useful addition to the existing range of sulfonylurea compounds, according to an article in Brit. Med. } . 2:644645 (June 12) 1971. (3 ref.)


Traditional WLANs consume significant amount of power to contend to the shared wireless medium as well as to periodically broadcast special beacons for identifying themselves to mobile nodes within the service area. Improving energy efficiency can be achieved by adopting power saving mechanism if no data is transferred for a particular amount of time. This paper aims at investigating such a mechanism, employed in WLANs. The performance analysis is carried out by analytical modelling under different service time distributions and inactivity timer values using a semi-Markov process. Numerical results demonstrate the trade-off relationship between energy consumption and cumulative wake-up delay performance.


From November/2003 to November/2004, water and soil samples were collected every three months in the Paranapiacaba Biological Reserve, an important fragment of Brazilian Atlantic rain forest, to study Oomycota diversity. To isolate these organisms, the samples were treated by the baiting technique, which resulted in the identification of 35 species: one belongs to Leptomitales, four to Peronosporales, two to Rhipidiales and 28 to Saprolegniales; in this paper we describe and illustrate, with comments, the species already mentioned for Brazil. Three are cited for the first time for Sao Paulo state, Leptolegnia eccentrica Coker & Matthews, Pythiopsis humphreyana Coker and Pythiopsis irregularis Seymour, and 20 for this area.


Raman spectroscopy, widely used for material analysis, has formed an extensive spectral library. In practical applications, it is usually necessary to preprocess Raman spectroscopy of the target material and then identify the material through spectral-library comparisons. Baseline correction is an important step during pre-processing and it usually requires a special algorithm. However, it demands time and high-level professional skill, confining Raman spectroscopy to laboratories rather than large-scale applications. Therefore, to improve its efficiency and take advantage of the big data in the spectral library, this paper proposes a simple data-augmented deep learning method to achieve Raman spectroscopy recognition without baseline correction. In this method, a simple mathematical baseline (linear or sine function) is added to the spectrum in the database to complete data augmentation. Its training set is used to train the deep learning model. The trained deep-learning model can identify 20 minerals with 100% accuracy without additional baseline correction. Therefore, the method is effective for rapid and direct recognition of Raman spectra.


The activation of the nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) pathway has been associated with the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). Parthenolide (PTL), a well‐known inhibitor of the NF‐κB pathway, has emerged as an alternative treatment. However, whether PTL activity is tumor cell‐specific and dependent on the mutational background has not been defined. This study investigated the antitumor role of PTL after tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) stimulation in various CRC cell lines with different mutational statuses of TP53. We observed that CRC cells displayed different patterns of basal p‐IκBα levels; PTL reduced cell viability according to p‐IκBα levels and p‐IκBα levels varied among the cell lines according to the time of TNF‐α stimulation. High concentrations of PTL reduced more effectively p‐IκBα levels than low doses of PTL. However, PTL increased total IκBα levels in Caco‐2 and HT‐29 cells. In addition, PTL treatment downregulated p‐p65 levels in HT‐29 and HCT‐116 cells stimulated by TNF‐α in a dose‐dependent manner. Moreover, PTL induced cell death via apoptosis and reduced the proliferation rate of TNF‐α‐treated HT‐29 cells. Finally, PTL downregulated the messenger RNA levels of interleukin‐1β, a downstream cytokine of NF‐κB, reverted the E‐cadherin‐mediated disorganization of cell–cell contacts, and decreased the invasion of HT‐29 cells. Together, these results suggest a differential antitumoral activity of PTL on CRC cells with different mutational statuses of TP53, modulating cell death, survival, and proliferation underlying the NF‐κB pathway TNF‐α‐induced. Therefore, PTL has emerged as a potential treatment for CRC in an inflammatory NF‐κB‐dependent manner.


In a previous introductory paper , the ranges, possibilities and operation practice of the new calibration facilities for Natural Gas and several Oil products in Europe, are depicted. The stringent claim on CMC or 'Calibration and Measurement Capability' is the driving force for criteria set for process stability, day-to-day reproducibility, long-term behavior of working standards and finally accuracy of the international linked reference value at the position of the device under test. The superb CMC claims imply highest demands in innovative designing. This paper focuses on a 'metrological engineering' concept in which via an iterative process a balance is found between: optimal piping configuration, smallest uncertainties, sustainable traceability maintenance at one side and effective operation, lowest operational and capital expenses on the other. The International traceability of the Hydro Carbon calibration facility (HyCal) will be realized by unique piston provers covering a range up to 5000 m/h. Theoretic and empirical correction methods will be avoided and most 'sensitive' parameters will be determined on the spot to increase credibility of estimated uncertainty sources. For instance, e.g. seal leakage, line-pack effects, diameter change will be measured and processed. International acceptability of these rather small uncertainties will increase when uncertainty estimations are supported by 'on scale demonstration of auxiliary instrument performance' therefore a significant set of tests is scheduled in the near future. The design of the intelligent piston will be shown as well as simulations of the piston behavior related to pump performance, inertia's, control characteristics of valves etc. The primary realization will be intrinsic in the piston prover itself and changes of the reference volumes due to pressure, temperature and oil movement will be measured on line. Traceability of the HP Gas Calibration laboratory will be based upon a Gas Oil Piston Prover and the Dutch-German-French Harmonized Reference Value. The prover was built in 2001 together with a multiplier and carrier of reference values, embodying the new traceability chain. The paper also focuses on the methods and steps to validate and certify such large Natural Gas calibration loop. In due coarse, the public will be informed regularly through series publications. INTRODUCTION In the past decade it became clear that the need for test facilities that offer primary standards for large flows in the oil and gas working field is still expanding. New metering principles like Ultrasonic-, Coriolis, Clamp-on US and pipe wall vibration sensing principles seem to always need at least one or repeated validation measurements somewhere in the life-cycle of the instrument, even when manufacturers claim the 'dry-calibration is sufficient' philosophy. The economics of valuable goods on the 'downstream oil and gas side' demands smaller uncertainties and comparable reference values between buyers and sellers (third party access..). For the 'upstream side' the demand focuses upon


Relates to a bidirectional organic EL display element, a first substrate, a first transparent anode, a first emitting layer, the first anode is formed over sequentially the first organic EL panel and the first negative electrode stacked in the second cathode and the second a light emitting layer, the second transparent positive electrode, the second substrate is located between sequentially stacked and the second organic EL panel, comprising: a first anode and a second cathode of the organic EL panel of the organic EL panel, the first cathode and the second It is in contact with the second anode, the first cathode and the first and the second cathode are bonded to each other comprising: a buffer layer for electrical connection. Buffer layer, the first anode, the second anode


By making use of the advantages of automatic modeling tool JTOPment in two-phase flow modeling,and combining the mathematic modeling for the turbine,condenser system,water-supply system,oil-supply system and air-supply system,this paper determines an overall system modeling under the working situation,providing a reference for the next system simulation.


The paper describes the construction, development, and use of the double-end tenoner from the original belt-driven machine with babbitted bearings, with its limited range of cutting stock to length and making tenons, to the present motorized ball-bearing machine, with its broad range of sizing, tenoning, shaping, dadoing, relishing, notching, and dovetailing all rectangular parts in two passes through the machine, and making certain styles of lock joints. It is by far the nearest to a universal use machine yet developed for a production woodworking plant.


In this paper we study some link control protocols for use in point-to-multipoint communication over broadcast links. We concentrate on automatic repeat request protocols of the go-back- N type and define, analyze, and compare three such protocols. A major contribution of this paper is a relatively simple protocol which is easy to implement and performs very well under a wide range of conditions. Our analytical models show that this protocol performs considerably better than the other go-back- N protocols, particularly in environments with a large number of receivers.


A series of well-defined dumbbell-shaped triblock copolymers consisting of linear poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and comb-like poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) with varied PCL arm lengths have been synthesized via the sequential preparation of different generation terminal dendronized PEG and ring-opening polymerization of e-caprolactone. The copolymers were characterized using Fourier transform infrared, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. Differential scanning calorimetry was performed to measure the glass transition temperature, melting point and degree of crystallinity and the PEG segment and PCL segment crystallization temperatures. The crystallization of the copolymers was also studied using X-ray diffraction. The dumbbell-shaped copolymers were further used to construct microspheres using a double emulsion method. Scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering results showed the size of the microspheres was about 2 to 4 µm and the size distribution was quite narrow. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry


A method of simultaneous determination of 5 preservatives and sweeteners in mooncakes by microwave extraction-high performance liquid chromatography was set up.In this paper,mobile phase and detection wavelength were researched.Orthogonal experiment was carried out to optimize the conditions for microwave extraction.Then extraction effect by microwave extraction was compared to the one by ultrasonic extraction.The result showed that microwave extraction was more efficient and it costed only 1/15 of the time ultrasonic extraction need.The analytical method showed that the limits of detection were 0.2mg/kg~0.70mg/kg,the linear ranges were 0.4mg/L~400mg/L and the recoveries in spiked samples were 96.0%~103.2%,which satisfied the need of analytical detection.


The photorearrangement of cyclohex-2-enones 4a-h to bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-ones 5 and cyclopent-2-enones 6 (λ = 350 nm, MeCN) was investigated. Both the quantum yield (Φ−4 = 0.004– 0.024) and the product ratio (5/6 = 65:35–31:69) vary only over a rather small range, indicating the rearrangement to be relatively insensitive to substituents on C(5) or C(6). Compounds 4b, 4c, and 4g with just one alkyl group at either C(6) or C(5) rearrange selectively to the diastereoisomer 5 with alkyl group and three-membered ring in trans-configuration, while 6-fluorocyclohex-2-enones 4d and 4f afford mixtures of diastereoisomeric bicyclohexanones. Mechanistic conclusions regarding an intermediate trimethylene biradical are presented.


The design of the MCU LPC(932A1)software for the intermediate frequency adapter in IEEE802.16d wireless access system is introduced. The MCU is used to control and monitor the two-channel outer radiofrequency unit(ODU)according to the orders from the system MODEM,and to implement the settings of the frequency synthesizer and VGA amplifier.


Operations strategy is a mature field and requires novel insights for further research and practitioners in companies. To fill this gap, 280 articles were analyzed, by way of a systematic literature review, considering two approaches: topic perspectives (content, process, and competitive priorities), and research paradigms (analysis perspective, general methodology, research design, research typology, and alternative paradigms). Eight challenges were identified and discussed to make novel contributions to cutting-edge knowledge. Among other things, it was found that people's perceptions of object reality prevail as the dominant paradigm, regarding the source and type of information used. In this sense, the literature suggests additional investigation through the direct observation of object reality and experimental studies, in which the action research approach could play an important role as an alternative paradigm. Additionally, considering Industry 4.0 advances, new research opportunities have emerged which permit artificial reconstruction of object reality to support decision-making. The main contribution of this study is to discuss eight challenges by which to improve research relevance and make both academic and practical contributions. Moreover, several useful data for researchers are provided, including statistics regarding response rates in survey research (dominant paradigm). Finally, these findings can be used to perform further research with additional functional strategies in the companies.


The global high pixel density display ran into the consumer's life since 2012, almost all TV factory and company recommend 4K TV currently. For these reasons, it is the inexorable that the pixel density will be higher and higher, such as 8K even 16K type high pixel density display will appear. However, it is very serious technologic challenge for panel factory, so 8K or 16K type high pixel density display will not be easy to develop. Therefore, we bring up the novel methods that combine gate signal control design and micro scale IC transfer to solve these problems, let higher pixel density and quality display bring to consumer's life.


The Feature Cerebellar Model Arithmetic Computer (FCMAC) is a multiple-input-single-output neural network that can provide three-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) pose estimation for a robotic vision system. The FCMAC provides sufficient accuracy to enable a manipulator to grasp an object from an arbitrary pose within its workspace.
The network learns an appearance-based representation of an object by storing coarsely quantized feature patterns. As all unique patterns are encoded, the network size grows uncontrollably. A new architecture is introduced herein, which combines the FCMAC with an Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) network. The ART module categorizes patterns observed during training into a set of prototypes that are used to build the FCMAC. As a result, the network no longer grows without bound, but constrains itself to a user-specified size. Pose estimates remain accurate since the ART layer tends to discard the least relevant information first. The smaller network performs recall faster, and in some cases is better for generalization, resulting in a reduction of error at recall time. The ART-Under-Constraint (ART-C) algorithm is extended to include initial filling with randomly selected patterns (referred to as ART-F). In experiments using a real-world data set, the new network performed equally well using less than one tenth the number of coarse patterns as a regular FCMAC.
The FCMAC is also extended to include real-valued input activations. As a result, the network can be tuned to reject a variety of types of noise in the image feature detection. A quantitative analysis of noise tolerance was performed using four synthetic noise algorithms, and a qualitative investigation was made using noisy real-world image data.
In validation experiments, the FCMAC system outperformed Radial Basis Function (RBF) networks for the 3-DOF problem, and had accuracy comparable to that of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and superior to that of Shape Context Matching (SCM), both of which estimate orientation only.


The management of respiratory failure associated with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome of prematurity, or, as we prefer to call it, clinical hyaline membrane disease, is an important facet in the therapy of this condition. However, it is the final stage of a program of management, and, in most instances, can be avoided by early attention to other aspects of the syndrome which pressage its occurrence. Respiratory failure usually follows a period of marked respiratory effort after birth, associated with decreasing lung compliance, progressive atelectasis, vascular congestion, and eventual physical exhaustion. Severe metabolic changes usually accompany this progressive deterioration with lactic acidemia and hyperkalemia often contributing to the clinical picture (TABLE 1 ) . Severe anoxemia, despite oxygen therapy, a falling arterial pH, and a rising PaC02, reflect the failure of both respiration and circulation to meet the infant's needs. If, despite attempts at oxygenation and buffering of pH, an infant with severe hyaline membrane disease shows progressive anoxemia associated with decreasing respiratory effort, respiratory assistance is indicated. These events usually occur gradually over a period of several hours and may not develop until the infant has exhausted himself at 24 to 48 hours after birth. The premonitory signs are usually recognizable, although sudden respiratory arrest can occur without warning in a previously satisfactory baby. This may be due to a cardiac emergency such as an arrhythmia or standstill, to mucous plugging in the airway, to acute and overwhelming pulmonary edema or hemorrhage, or to a seizure. The baby whose course is gradually and inexorably downhill toward respiratory failure is much more common. One of the first warnings is the development of very irregular respiration followed by a gradual but steady decrease in respiratory rate and effort without other signs of improvement in a baby previously making maximum efforts to breathe. When the respiratory rate drops by 20 to 30/min. over a course of 30 to 60 minutes, especially if accompanied by deepening cyanosis, some type of ventilatory aid will be needed shortly. The cyanosis is usually ashy gray at this point due to extreme peripheral vasoconstriction, and the pH can be predictably estimated at a dangerously low level and dropping fast. Bradycardia may develop as deterioration progresses and conduction defects appear on the electrocardiogram. The infant ceases to breathe except for convulsive gasps. Ashy cyanosis becomes extreme and the baby dies if unassisted. Two types of ventilatory assistance have been used by us, each with advantages in certain circumstances and they can be combined on some occasions with good effect. The first and most widely available type of ventilatory assistance for infants is intermittent positive pressure insufflation of the lungs. This cannot be carried out for any prolonged period of time with a mask and requires tracheal intubation or tracheostomy. We have used a pressure control rather than a volume control system, although both are available. A maximum of 30 mm. Hg. or 40 cm. of water is the limit of pressure used and lower pressures are much preferred but not


Artificial Grammar Learning and Neural Networks Karl Magnus Petersson (email@example.com) F.C. Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands CSI, Center for Intelligent Systems, Universidade do Algarve, Portugal Peter Grenholm (email@example.com) Cognitive Neurophysiology Research Group, Karolinska Institutet 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden Christian Forkstam (firstname.lastname@example.com) Cognitive Neurophysiology Research Group, Karolinska Institutet 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden transition (Figure 1). The modified RM1 outputs an infinite symbol string: first an end-of-string symbol '#', then a Reber string, a '#', a new string, and so on indefinitely. It turns out that to recognize all possible output strings of RM1, a necessary and sufficient condition is to know a set, TG, of 48 trigrams. A string is generated by RM1 if and only if the string starts with '#' and only contains trigrams in TG. To show this, we observe that the Reber grammar yields exactly the same strings as RM2 (Figure 2). Assume that we know RM1 and that we know the latest two symbols in an output string from RM2. This determines the internal state of RM1 and RM2. The set of possible bigrams is {MT,MV,…,#V}. Abstract Recent FMRI studies indicate that language related brain regions are engaged in artificial grammar (AG) processing. In the present study we investigate the Reber grammar by means of formal analysis and network simulations. We outline a new method for describing the network dynamics and propose an approach to grammar extraction based on the state-space dynamics of the network. We conclude that statistical frequency-based and rule-based acquisition procedures can be viewed as complementary perspectives on grammar learning, and more generally, that classical cognitive models can be viewed as a special case of a dynamical systems perspective on information processing. Keywords: artificial grammar learning, neural network, dynamical systems. Introduction T According to Chomsky a core feature of natural language processing is the 'infinite use of finite means'. The family of right-linear phrase structure grammars, implementable in the finite-state architecture (FSA), is a simple formal model of this idea. The work of Reber (1967) suggested that humans can learn AGs implicitly and that the relevant structure is abstracted from the input. Reber (1967) proposed that this process is intrinsic to natural language learning and it has been suggested that AG learning (AGL) is a relevant model for aspects of language acquisition (Gomez & Gerken, 2000). Recent FMRI studies indicate that language related brain regions are engaged in AG processing (Petersson et al., 2004). Here we investigate the Reber grammar (Figure 1) by means of formal analysis and network simulations and outline an approach to grammar extraction based on the network state-space dynamics. Elementary formal analysis We begin by showing that the Reber grammar, and in certain respects similar AGs, can be learned by acquiring a finite set of n-grams (for details see Grenholm, 2003). To this end, we modify the Reber machine (RM0) by connecting the final to the initial state with a #-labeled V M T X R M V X R Figure 1: The transition graph representation of RM1 corresponding to the Reber grammar. We obtain the set of possible trigrams from RM2 if we take these 21 bigrams and extend them according to Figure 2, yielding TG={MTT,MTV,…,#VX}. It is clear that a string is an output of RM1, if it starts with '#' and only contains trigrams in TG. Conversely, assume that a string begins with one of the 48 trigrams, the first symbol of which is '#'. The only possibilities are '#MT', '#MV', and '#VX', which


In Big Data analysis Semantic Web Large data analysis is an important topic in cloud computing that are used particularly using RDF. This has positioned the issue of scalable data processing techniques for RDF as a vital issue in the Semantic Web research community. The RDF data model is a fine-grained model representing associations as binary relations. Thus, responding queries over RDF data requires several join operations to reassemble related data. While MapReduce based processing is emerging as the Map and Reduce paradigm for processing large scale data. In addition, most of the existing techniques for optimizing RDF data handing out do not transfer well to the MapReduce model and often require significant lead time for pre-processing. MapReduce is a programming structure in cloud computing to compute data analysis in parallel.We suggests three concepts. First data are filtered primary according to the query statements. Second, the filtered data are sent to its equal worker according to the join expression for advanced level parallelism. Each worker then performs the corresponding join operation after acceptance of the filtered data. Finally, we aggregate the result by using aggregate functions specific in the select clause.


Many housewives these days keep powdered milk in the store cupboard to use as a standby when no fresh milk is available or in the attempt to cut down on calories or animal fat. A number of powdered milk products are available, but do housewives always know what they are buying?


Optimal management of the cloud resources for multimedia contents is the important aim of this research. In our previous work, multiple kernel learning with support vector machine (MKL-SVM) is introduced, which can achieve a balanced resource usage with multimedia user request. However, existing work do not concentrate on caching mechanism which might lead to more computational overhead. To solve this problem, new method is proposed namely improved storage and scheduling of multimedia contents in cloud storage (ISS-MCCS). In this work, fuzzy neural network classification is utilised for handling the server clusters with unevenness. Then task scheduling is done using hybrid genetic-cuckoo search algorithm where hybrid fuzzy weighting scheme is used for the fitness evaluation. Finally, adaptive replacement cache (ARC) is integrated to optimise memory. The overall assessment of the research work is done in cloudsim environment which proves it can manage the multimedia contents with efficiently.


An English word-study method using Indo-European root information is better that other conventional methods. Actually, the user of the Hyper-dictionary requested something that English word-studying support tool, a type of quiz for English word-study support tool using Indo-European-Roots information is developed as a web-application. The main purpose of this thesis is to develop a method of studying English using IndoEuropean Root information. By developing this webapplication, it is expected that this method of studying English using Indo-European Root information will become a more general method in the future.


This article was aimed at physicochemical interaction between epoxy resin and carbon fiber under composite processing conditions.The influences of temperature on surface tension of E51 resin,E51/DDS and E51/imidazole systems,contact angle between E51 resin and T700 fiber,and the initial apparent contact angle between E51 resin and T700 fiber bundle were studied first;and then the contact angle between E51/DDS and T700 fiber was investigated,based on what the thermodynamic work of adhesion was calculated.The results indicated that wetting between epoxy resin and fiber can be improved by increasing the temperature and lowering the viscosity of resin,of which the effect of the latter is more significant.Before chemical reaction of the epoxy system started,improvement of adhesion between fiber and resin was not significant by increasing the temperature.


THERE IS no room for complacency among nurse researchers who have not been successful in getting their message across, the conference heard.


We consider scalar field theory in the D-dimensional space with nontrivial metric and local action functional of the most general form. For this model it is possible to construct a generalization of the renormalization procedure and the RG-equations. In the fixed point the diffeomorphism and Weyl transformations generate an infinite algebraic structure of D-dimensional conformal field theory models. The Wilson expansion and crossing symmetry enable us to obtain sum rules for dimensions of composite operators and Wilson coefficients.


The book is, no doubt, very commendable, and an exemplary piece of research work done by Dr. Rao, in which he not only discusses the issues of continuity and change in tradition and culture of the Lodhas and the Santhals in the backdrop of modern and mainstream developments, but also suggests the ways-forward to make the planning and implementation of the plannings succinct and effective for the developmental programmes in the tribal areas. The work is a valuable contribution to the interdisciplinary discourse, and administrative engagement with tribal development. The book is an outstanding outcome from an administrator-cumacademician, which would go a long way to help the policy makers, planners, academicians, administrator, and all scholars engaged in development of tribal people.


Measurements of thermoelectric power and resistivity have been made on three dilute alloys of chromium in copper in magnetic fields up to 3 T. The measurements covered the temperature range 0.3 to 10K and the samples contained 5, 27 and 110 ppm chromium. The results were used to extract from various relevant theories estimates of the Kondo temperature TK, the antiferromagnetic exchange energy J and other parameters appropriate to describe the behaviour of chromium dissolved in copper.


To the Editor:— In "Cat-Scratch Disease" ( 207 :312, 1969), the authors used the criterion of erythema of 1 cm or more for 48 hours after injection of 0.1 cc of antigen intradermally. "Induration has not been as useful as erythema for interpreting the cat-scratch skin test." The data from our laboratory suggest that erythema is a poor way of defining a positive skin test to catscratch antigen. Warwick et al ( Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 93 :253, 1956) have quite clearly documented evidence that the major reactant to the skin test antigen is the migration of mononuclears and that the basis for a positive reaction must of necessity rest on this phenomena. Our major criterion has been induration of 5 mm or more at 48 hours. Frequently, erythema has not been helpful. A great discovery is a fact whose appearance in science gives rise to shining ideas, whose light dispels


Human activity recognition (HAR) has made a significant impact in a variety of applications, not least of which includes wearable Internet of Things (IoT). Considerable research is currently underway in the field of machine learning, deep learning and neural networks, an objective of which is to improve the efficiency of relevant algorithms, as well as to increase the truthfulness of the recognition model. For purposes of analysis and consistency, much of the published research uses either self-collected sensor-based databases or publicly available databases for potential research objectives. There exist diverse open source sensor-based time-series datasets that are applied to the testing of algorithm efficiency, which is then used for human activity detection. Essential to algorithm performance testing are datasets that consist of balanced data and labels. Such datasets vary in size, labeling, accuracy, number of activities performed by each user, type of sensor data included, and various other elements. In this paper, we evaluate two popular datasets by comparing selected factors; we also demonstrate our experimental results. We implement minimal data processing by extracting five basic features - mean, standard deviation, absolute mean error, mean squared error, and histogram plots – and perform experiments on both datasets to study their outcomes. We compare the UCI HAR and WISDM (Wireless Sensor Data Mining) datasets, based on their accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score on nine different machine learning algorithms. Both datasets contain tri-axial sensor data. Experimental results show that the UCI HAR dataset is the more promising of the two. Additionally, we show that with basic data processing, simple activity recognition is possible with current state-of-the-art algorithms. Specifically, as we increase the type of sensor data, the accuracy of simple human activity detection is improved. We conclude with a discussion of results, as well as study limitations, challenges, and future research.


Drug-target interaction (DTI) plays a central role in drug discovery. How to predict DTI quickly and accurately is a key issue. Traditional structure-based and ligand-based methods have some inherent deficiencies....


This article directly resulted from the teacher/researcher experience, describing new analyses resulting from subtitling a film for curriculum incorporation: Tango feroz, la leyenda de Tanguito (1993). Set in Argentina in the sixties and loosely based on the life of José Alberto Iglesias Correa, also known as Tanguito, this film portrays an early exponent of rock nacional argentino. This article contrasts how this film has become known as a film that promotes women's liberation, transgression of traditional race and class boundaries, and criticism of authoritarian neoliberal regimes, yet an analysis of the film's dialogue and aesthetics reveals a double-register pregnant with ambiguity, in particular regarding the role of neoliberalism in Argentina's national economy.


In November, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN began its first heavy-ion run, producing lead-lead collisions with the highest center of mass energy ever achieved. Now, a pair of papers appearing in Physical Review Letters, from the ALICE [1] and ATLAS [2] experiments at the LHC, presents a first glimpse of what new information these high-energy collisions will offer about the quark-gluon plasma—the state of matter believed to have filled the universe at the time of the Big Bang. The ALICE results strongly indicate that the quark-gluon plasma remains a nearly ideal liquid, as seen earlier at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), even at significantly higher energies. Complementing this work, the ATLAS team has shown that even very high energy jets of particles emitted from the collision lose a large fraction of their energy into the quark-gluon plasma (and are sometimes completely dissipated), a sign that the quarks and gluons are strongly interacting with the hotter plasma.


Government debt levels in industrialized economies are rising rapidly at a time when monetary policy remains constrained by the zero lower bound (ZLB) on policy rates. This confronts policymakers with a formidable challenge. On the one hand, reducing government spending under these circumstances directly curtails demand, potentially undermining economic recovery. On the other hand, delaying consolidation may lead to rising sovereign risk premia that spill over to private sector funding conditions and cannot be offset by monetary policy. In this paper, we use a new Keynesian model to study how the timing of fiscal retrenchment affects economic outcomes at the ZLB. The model incorporates a risk premium that rises endogenously with the deterioration of the fiscal outlook. We find that if public debt is low, delaying government spending cuts leads to output gains relative to earlier fiscal retrenchment. However, if public debt is already high, there is a strong case for immediate policy action, because high debt levels—via their impact on the risk premium—enlarge the region of parameters for which the equilibrium is indeterminate and thus magnify the risk that expectations become unanchored.


Abstract Our studies of larval growth of Pandalus borealis revealed that the available literature for identification of the larval stages was inconsistent and thereby difficult to use. We present a robust key for identification of larval stages of P. borealis, that separates the five zoea stages (ZI–ZV), one megalopa stage (M) and the post-larva (P) in the North Atlantic. Through extensive morphometric measurements and analysis we have developed this key for the identification of larval stages that will serve as a helpful tool in future P. borealis larvae research. The key is based on the functional development of the larvae with emphasis on the telson shape, and on distinct morphological characteristics in each stage. We studied live and preserved larvae, both reared and wild caught, originating from North Norwegian fjords and the Barents Sea. The literature study suggests differences, in morphology and size, between larval stages for the Atlantic (P. borealis) and the Pacific (P. eous) species or subspecies.


Summary: This report describes a new method for the surgical repair of the chest wall deformity encountered in complex Poland's syndrome. In this report, we describe the use of a customized titanium implant that was used to replace the missing second through fifth ribs and to provide chest wall stabilization before breast reconstruction. This approach might be considered an alternative to autologous rib grafting in patients who have reached skeletal maturity. It avoids the morbidity and risk associated with rib grafts and improves chest wall symmetry.


The process of nation-forming in nineteenth-and twentieth-century Europe can be characterised as a mobilisation by a liberal elite to win popular support for what can be viewed as a giant modernisation project. History played a large part in this mobilisation. Shared mythologies, which could serve as that many shared points of reference, were created in a process of'invention of tradition'. Recent research has shown that religion played an important part in this process. For example, England and the Netherlands were defined as essentially Protestant nations. The large Catholic minorities in these countries had two courses open to them: to desecrate this supposed Protestant past or, no less important, to create their own, more Catholic-leaning national mythologies. Since nations were defined as communities of memory, a battle for memory began. This article looks at the role played by the religious orders and congregations. In the Netherlands, the Redemptorists organised largescale popular missions. It was a Redemptorist, J.A.F. Kronenburg, who wrote a major national-Catholic history, Neerlands Heiligen (The Netherlands' Saints). In this multi-volume series, the saints were given key roles through their redefinition as great 'national' saints. By opting for a chronological structure of his story, he could show how interwoven Dutch history was with the nation's great saints. In Belgium, the Jesuit Judocus Hillegeer published a similar national-Catholic mythology, Belgie en zijne heiligen (Belgium and its saints), with no less of a national Catholic purpose. This resulted not only in a nationalisation of the Catholic past, but to a confessionalisation of the national past, with which Catholics now could also identify.


A memory (100) may include a phase change memory element (130) and series connected first (125) and second (120) selection devices. The second selection device (120) may have a higher resistance and a larger threshold voltage than the first selection device (125). In one embodiment, the first selection device may have a threshold voltage substantially equal to its holding voltage. In some embodiments, the selection devices (120, 125) and the memory element (130) may be made of chalcogenide. In some embodiments, the selection devices (120, 125) may be made of non-programmable chalcogenide. The selection device with the higher threshold voltage may contribute lower leakage to the combination, but may also exhibit increased snapback. This increased snapback may be counteracted by the selection device with the lower threshold voltage, resulting in a combination with low leakage and high performance in some embodiments. ® KIPO & WIPO 2007


The primary aim of this work is to study the sensitivity of Luxembourg bond funds to interest rate movements. For this purpose, the dataset compiled at the Banque centrale du Luxembourg (BCL) since December 2008 is used to analyse the balance sheet composition of Luxembourg bond funds and to measure the interest rate exposure of their bond portfolio. An econometric model with time-varying parameters is then estimated on monthly data over the sample 2008:1-2014:6 to analyse the evolution of the interest rate sensitivity of the Net Asset Value (NAV) of Luxembourg bond funds. The main findings of the study are the following. At the end of the period under review, Luxembourg bond funds have lengthened the residual maturity and the duration of their portfolio, which have returned to a similar level as the one observed in December 2008. This evolution, which points toward a search-for-yield behaviour in a low interest rate environment, suggests that Luxembourg bond funds have recently become more sensitive to fixedincome market developments. According to the level of the parameter estimate obtained with the Kalman filter at the end of the sample, a 100 basis points rise in long term interest rates on the sovereign bond markets associated with an additional 100 basis points rise in the risk premium on the high-yield bond markets would materialise approximately into a 10% decrease in the NAV of Luxembourg bond funds.


The World Trade Organization (WTO) plays an important role in the establishment of trade relations between its member nations through multilateral international trade agreements, which are considered an important source of international law that regulate commercial transactions, and reduce impediments to international trade among its members. Therefore, countries that are yet to join this organization continually attempt to do so. Thus, it is not in Iraq's interest to remain outside the scope of the organization. This analytical study investigates the role of the Coalition Provisional Authority after 2003 and the fall of the Baath regime in the reformation of the Iraqi law system, especially with regard to commercial laws and Iraq's integration with the international economic system following its accession to the WTO. The article concludes that these Coalition-led amendments to Iraqi laws laid the legal foundations for the opening of the Iraqi market. It argues that despite the continuation of this approach and the amendment of laws by the Iraqi parliament and government, there remain some legal obstacles to Iraq's accession to the WTO. The study also suggests the existence of laws that are yet to be passed or amended.


Study of 18th-century "witchcraft" trials from the Audiencia de Quito indicates that many acts of magical aggression and defense belonged to the South American tradition of shamanic combat but that the conflicts provoking them derived from specifically colonial stresses. Due in part to the poor fit between jurally mandated institutions of colonial governance and the dynamics of native communities, shamanic achievement continued to be a route to indigenous power. The failure of Spanish administrators to interpret such facts politically had the paradoxical effect of accrediting shamans' magical potency in European eyes and strengthening the conviction that peoples of the colonial periphery were ungovernable and dangerous. [shamanism, Andes, Ecuador, ethnohistory]


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the mediating effects of self-efficacy and the belief about medication on the association between depression and medication adherence in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Methods: 128 patients aged ≥19 years, who were regular outpatients or admitted patients diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus at a tertiary hospital in B city, participated in this study. Data were collected by using a self-administered questionnaire. Testing of mediating effects was analyzed by a parallel redundant mediated model using the PROCESS macro for SPSS version 3.3. Results: They scored an average of 16.71±11.13 for depression, 694.14±170.68 for self-efficacy, 3.05±4.60 for the belief about medication, and 90.14±15.37 for medication adherence. The direct effect of depression on medication adherence was not statistically significant, but the indirect effects of depression mediated with self-efficacy and belief about medication were statistically significant. Conclusion: It is necessary to develop and apply a nursing intervention program that can not only relieve depression but also promote self-efficacy and the belief about medication with the objective of improving medication adherence among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.


In this paper we address sales forecasting of brake rubber for 1600 pickup truck manufactured by Iran Khodro Co. To this end, we use two different methods named Neural Network (NN) and regression model. Further, we develop two types of neural networks, one general network and a set of monthly networks. Results reveal that when data are nonlinear and chaotic, traditional models like regression are less likely to be useful. In these cases we can use nonlinear models like neural networks. It is shown that general network is not a useful tool for forecasting sales of brake rubber, whereas monthly networks are accurate and useful for this purpose.


The invention provides a GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-based monitoring wristband for activities of the old. The GPRS-based monitoring wristband is integrally ring-shaped, the outer surface of the GPRS-based monitoring wristband is wrapped with an EVA (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate) material, an instrument panel is embedded into the middle position of the wristband, and the instrument panel and a chain belt spliced with the two ends of the instrument panel form a ring-shaped main body; a GPRS communication module, a miniature vibrator and an audio player are embedded into the instrument panel; the instrument panel further comprises a triaxial gravitational acceleration sensor, a gyroscope and a DSP (digital signal processor), the DSP comprises an integrator and a filtering and optimizing module; the triaxial gravitational acceleration sensor outputs acceleration data information in an axis X, an axis Y and an axis Z, and the gyroscope is used for outputting the angular rate information of turning angles of a human body, the integrator of the DSP integrates the angular rate information output by the gyroscope into relative turning angles of the human body, and then outputs motion states according to the opposite corners, and the motion states comprise movement, stumbling and stationary.


Thesia I. Garner Senior Research Economist Division of Price and Index Number Research U.S. Department of Labor Postal Square Building, Room 3105 2 Mass. Ave., N.E. Washington, D. C. 20212 Voice: (202) 691-6576 Fax: (202) 691-6583 E-mail: email@example.com Kathleen S. Short Senior Research Economist Poverty Measurement Research Housing and Household Economics Division,. Room 1065 U.S. Census Bureau Washington, D.C. 20233 Voice: (301) 457-8521 Fax: (301) 457-3248 E-mail: email@example.com


This article surveys and describes the design of Portuguese proficiency assessment tools in use in the United States, in Europe, and in Brazil. Because the existing models vary considerably, it proposes further studies to establish equivalency among the three formats in order to facilitate global research in the field of acquisition and assessment of Portuguese as a second language.


Human trafficking is a complex socio-pathological phenomenon based on (historical) institutions of slavery and exploitation, i.e. on treating a man as goods or a thing, in order to exploit his labor power, knowledge and skills, bodily and sexual integrity in order to satisfy one's own or someone else's instinct, health or emotional needs or in order to gain direct or indirect material profit for oneself or somebody else. Certain forms of slavery and exploitation of persons known from ancient times can be seen today in identical form (public selling of victims, working exploitation in agricultural and home sector, sexual exploitation, forced participation in armed conflicts) or in modified forms (working exploitation in industrial sector, illegal adoption), and there are completely new forms (trafficking in human bodily organs or parts, performing medical experiments, forced pregnancy, and similar). On the other hand, manifesting forms of human trafficking do not differ in practice from some other similar phenomena primarily smuggling of migrants, prostitution and work of illegal migrants in so-called black economy sector. This is why it has been pointed to the main features of this phenomenon. The conclusion is that human trafficking is a multi-manifesting phenomenon, and this is why it is very difficult to come to a comprehensive, generally accepted classification of its manifesting forms. The offered classification of forms of human trafficking according to the degree of social danger, geographical level of implementation, physical and biological characteristics of victims and relation of victim to his/her position, in principle, does not exclude the possibility of some other classification. The cases of human trafficking in practice can almost always be identified as some of possible combination of previously mentioned forms and types. In addition to being a multi-manifesting, human trafficking is also a multi-structural phenomenon. The process of its realization, in principle, consists of four stages with many sub-stages within each of them. The dominant moments in realization of human trafficking are certainly recruiting of victims, their transport, exploitation and elimination. Finally, human trafficking is exceptionally developed and represented activity of organized criminal groups, more and more oft en transnational in scope. Excessive demand for sexual services increased the excessive demand for the victims of trafficking, but also the division of "jobs" among criminal organizations, their specialization and tendency to create monopole position at "human market", which is more and more characterized by marketing, work of agencies, rules of business operations and other epithets of modern economic management. There are huge possibilities of profit since the victims can be exploited in many various ways. The knowledge of the main characteristics of certain forms of human trafficking is an important condition to identify these complex and dynamic phenomena in practice, then to distinguish the human trafficking from other similar security problems as well as to identify active and passive subjects in human trafficking.


SIR, \ The main points of Professor Ushenko's letter in the October issue of Philo; sophy axe sufficiently impersonal to call for reply. I think that if he had realized ' that my review of his book. The Philosophy of Relativity, was addressed dispassion5 ately to the readers of Philosophy and not mockingly to himself, he would not have written the more extravagant passages, and I will therefore not comment on them beyond defending myself against a charge which, if it were just, would disqualify me for what I have always felt to be the serious and responsible work of bookreviewing. Professor Ushenko states that my review "contends that this book, although 'undoubtedly worth reading' for philosophers, is not a 'valuable contribution' to science. The reviewer might, of course, have made it clearer that I had no intention of contributing anything at all to science." What I said was not that the book was not a valuable contribution to science, but that "we cannot regard his book as a valuable contribution to its professed subject." Its professed subject I had already stated in these words, for which there is almost verbatim justification in the Preface: "This book, which is intended primarily for philosophers, may be described as an attempt to review the nature of physical reality in the light of the theory of relativity. To the physicist it is recommended as a possibly new interpretation of his equations." When, therefore. Professor Ushenko goes on to say that, according to me, "to say that philosophical speculation about the concepts of relativity does not contribute anything to the science of physics, is the same as saying that it is irrelevant to an understanding of the nature of physical reality," he ascribes to me notions which arise entirely from his own imagination. But the main point is Professor Ushenko's claim that my statement (really mine this time) that "The relation of any scientific theory to philosophy is simply the relation of science in general to philosophy, and that is not at all affected by the advent of relativity" is "simply not true to facts," because "In the history of philosophy before 'the advent of relativity,' the philosophies of events in spatiotemporal relations as contrasted with the philosophies of substances in mutual transactions were not, and could not be, heard of." True: and before the advent of the electromagnetic theory of light the philosophies of electromagnetic ethers as contrasted with those of mechanical ones were not heard of; nor were the philosophies of atomic as contrsfsted with those of continuous energy heard of before the advent of the quantum theory. These facts do not affect my statement, which is simply that the concern of philosophy is with the procedure of science and not with the particular products which happen to be in vogue at the moment. Professor Ushenko, for some reason which I do not understand, regards my lastquoted statement as inconsistent with my admitting "the relevancy of science to philosophy." He then proceeds to argue that relativity and solipsism are incompatible, in opposition to my statement that they were conformable with one another. This point is really important, and I venture to discuss it very briefly, since Professor Ushenko's understanding of relativity seems less complete than I was formerly willing to assume. In the language of relativity, the metric


Abstract A novel approach to area fraction measurement is developed to deal with the limitations of the segmentation method. The new approach takes advantage of the statistical nature of the noise within an image to deconvolute the image histogram and calculate, by means of fitting, the area fractions. Both segmentation and noise deconvolution approaches are critically discussed, and their limitations and advantages tested using two extreme backscattered electron images of a metal matrix composite. The deconvolution approach is shown to produce accurate results in a situation in which the segmentation approach fails.


Objective To observe the expression of and the correlation between ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) mRNA and microvessel density (MVD) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and to explore the mechanisms that ODC facilitates angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis of the carcinoma. Methods Reverse transcription-PCR method was used to examine the expression of ODC mRNA in surgical specimens of 41 pairs of primary esophageal squamous cell carcinomas and adjacent normal esophageal mucosa,and their T:N Ratio was calculated after a correction for the T:N ration of β-actin mRNA expression. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the microvessel density (MVD) by anti-CD34 monoclonal antibody in esophageal carcinoma tissue and correspondingly adjacent tissue. Results In 39 (95.1%) of 41 cases, the expression of ODC mRNA was greater in T than in N. In 40 (97 .6 % ) of 41 cases, the MVD was greater in T than in N. The T: N ratio of ODC mRNA expression and MVD in esophageal specimens has a significant correlation with tumor sizes, lymph node metastasis and adven-titia invasion, and ODC with tumor differentiation. There was a con-elation between the T: N ratio of ODC mRNA and the T: N ratio of MVD( r = 0.738 , P 0.05) . Conclusion ODC is closely related to tumor angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. It is possible that ODC may facilitate tumor invison and metastasis through stimulating angiogenesis.


AIM: To establish the fingerprint analysis method of Jiketing Granules(Fructus Forsythiae,Radix Scutellariae,Radix Bupleuri,etc) by HPLC-UV.METHODS: Aanalysis was performed on an alltima C_(18)(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm) column with a acetonitrile-0.1% acetic acid gradient.Detection time was 55 min.The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min.The montoring wavelength was changed.The colunm temperature was at 30℃. RESULTS: 21 peaks were separated on HPLC fingerprint in Jiketing Granules. CONCLUSION: The method is reliable,accurate and can be used as a quality control for Jiketing Granules.


ZSM-5 zeolite microparticles (MPs) were synthesized under hydrothermal condition using a low crystal seed addition approach without template. The synthesis parameters such as the seed addition amount, the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio, the aluminum source, the feeding addition method, aging, and crystallization were investigated. The structure, morphology and composition of the as-synthesized ZSM-5 zeolite MPs were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser particle size distribution (PSD) measurements, and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of ZSM-5 zeolite MPs was in the range of 20—80. The low seed addition was beneficial to improving the crystallinity and shortening the crystallization time, and the suitable amount of seed was 0.25% (SiO2). The ZSM-5 zeolite MPs synthesized with aluminium nitrate nonahydrate used as the aluminum source exhibited a relatively high crystallinity. An appropriate aging time could eliminate the effect of feeding addition method and effectively adjust particle size. The particle size of ZSM-5 zeolite obtained at an aging time of 20 h was around 2.0 μm. Prolonging the aging time appropriately could also shorten the high-temperature crystallization time. The suitable aging time was 24 h, and the relative crystallinity of ZSM-5 zeolite could reach up to 99% after crystallization for 24 h at 180 ℃.


Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a clinical syndrome of varying severity. Although the survival and prognosis of SLE have steadily improved, there is a group of patients who present an acute fatal outcome despite aggressive therapy. We designed this study to evaluate the factors associated with mortality in patients with acute severe SLE. During 2004—06, 41 Mexican SLE patients that could not be managed in the out-patient clinic and with acute severe major organ system involvement [nephritis, severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count below 20 000 per μL) acute neuropsychiatric pulmonary, gastrointestinal or cardiac disease and generalized vasculitis] were studied. During the first admission, disease activity (SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI), SLE Activity Measured), damage [SLE International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC)], and therapy were assessed. Survival using Kaplan—Meier curves, odd ratios with 95% confidence interval and logistic regression analysis were used to determine risk factors for mortality. Ninety percent were female with a mean age of 29 ± 19 years and mean disease duration of 21 ± 9 months. The principal causes of first admission were renal (27%), SNC (22%) and cardiopulmonary (15%). After a mean follow-up of 9.7 ± 6 months, 16 (39%) patients died. Deceased patients had significantly higher SLEDAI (P = 0.004), and SLICC (P = 0.03) scores. The manifestations associated with mortality were renal disease activity (odds ratio, OR 4.6, confidence interval, CI 95% 1.0—20.6), infections (OR 3.2 CI 95% 2.0—5.3) and thrombocytopenia (OR 4.0, CI 95% 1.0—15.9). The survival at 9.7 months was 72, 62 and 50% in patients with an SLEDAI score of 3—10, 11—20 and ≥21, respectively. The SLEDAI score, the presence of damage and infection were associated with death in patients with acute severe SLE. Lupus (2007) 16, 997—1000.


The authors have undertaken a real-space renormalisation group study of the weakly disordered Hubbard Hamiltonian. They find that the presence of a small correlation leads to an unexpected result: an enhancement of delocalisation which becomes more pronounced as the dimensionality increases.


In order to implement the strategy of national "west to east",to achieve the optimum allocation of resources and energy,and to promote the economic sustainable development of east and west,over the years,the provinces and foreign multi-area power grid interconnection have been achieved by China Southern Power Grid,the main grid and provinces grid structures of the "West Power to East" have been strengthened.The expansion of the power grid,bringing huge economic benefits,at the same time,making the network operation and management more complex,especially Tian-Guang,Gui-Guang,San-Guang and Yun-Guang four DC line simultaneously settle down in Guangdong,this also brought many new technical problems to the safe operation of power grid.So it is necessary to study the influence of the DC system on the AC system in both parallel transmission systems.


Maintaining ecosystems is one of the current leading public concerns. Some of the pressing problems that threaten water resources are pollution of water bodies with floating debris, illegal extraction of water resources, wear and tear of underwater communications. Therefore, the creation of special technical solutions is urgent. This paper reports a model-based design of an unmanned surface vehicle (USV), purposed to control and maintain the oxygen level and parameters such as acidity and the water temperature in rivers, lakes, inland waterways, and coastal waters. The developed USV navigation autopilot is described as a system with two inputs and one output. The autopilot selected is an adaptive controller based on the concept of proportional, integral, and derivative (PID). The autopilot is implemented on the STM32 microcontroller and allows precisely maintaining a given course, adjusting the speed and angle of rotation during wind drift and other influences. The new technique for sensor calibration and data acquisition is described. Simulation results are given, showing the performance of the autopilot algorithm in response to variations in the environment. The numerical experiments of the model have presented the result of confirming the sufficient correspondence between prototype characteristics and simulation results. Finally, thorough field trials were performed to verify the reliability and precision of the proposed solutions. The developed unmanned surface vehicle can be used for environmental monitoring (water sampling, hydrography, patrolling water areas). In turn, the solutions obtained will be suitable for the design of other USV of different sizes.


This article introduces the important function of periodicals on social politics,economy,culture and technology Because of the low rate of usage of periodicals,the problem of how to develop and use the information resource of periodicals is discussed And it emphatically puts forward to promote the development and usage of periodical literature by opening up service,developing surplus resource and improving the quality of its managerial personnel


It is with Chinese traditional culture as the reference culture that GUO Song tao was understanding western culture . Because of his overall understanding of Chinese and western culture, he could break the culture selection-and-rejection formula which was called Zhong Ti Xi Yong when he was comparing and selecting between Chinese and western culture. Meanwhile, the background of early modern exchange between Chinese and western culture also limited his views on western culture, which led to a series of contradictions and reflected obvious times limitation.


The utility model discloses a squeezing dehydration enhancing device belonging to papermaking equipment. In the prior art, the defects of paper breakage or stains on the surface of paper caused by accumulated steam mist and water dropping in a dead zone on the surface of a steam box exist easily. The squeezing dehydration enhancing device comprises a box body and guide walls; an inlet is arranged at the top of the box body, an upper-layer porous plate is arranged in the box body, and is provided with convex holes and upper-layer drain holes, the upper-layer drain holes are connected with an upper-layer drain pipe led outside the box body, a lower-layer porous plate is arranged at the bottom of the box body, and is provided with through holes and lower-layer drain holes, steam jets are installed on the through holes, the lower-layer drain holes are connected with a lower-layer drain pipe led outside the box body, the guide walls are connected on the lower side of the lower-layer porous plate, and the steam jets are distributed between the two adjacent guide walls. In work, saturated steam effectively stops condensed water from being brought onto the surface of the paper by the two porous plates so as to prevent the occurrence of stain paper, and a gap only being 3-5mm exists between the device and a wet paper web, so that the tightness is good and the phenomenon of on-site steam mist disappears.


The paper is devoted to understanding of essence and historical forms of unitary federalism. When comparing different existed in the history types of federal structure, the author reveals the originality of Russian unitary federalism. Special attention is paid to the understanding of prospects of transformation of unitary federalism in the context of globalization.


Since the beginning of the XX century it has been recognized that the bending strength of timber is affected by the size of the specimen.
In the present work the influence of depth (h) and thickness (t) on the characteristic bending strength (f k ) of both Scot (Pinus sylvestris) and Laricio (Pinus nigra) pine Spanish grown timber is assessed.
1.733 pieces of both species ranging in size from 100x40x2500 mm to 200x70x4.500 mm and especially sampled for this work, have been tested for bending in accordance with UNE EN 408 standard.
In both species, the influence of depth and thickness on the characteristic bending strength of timber is highly significative but different between them and lead to conclude that the effect of the species is also significative and thus that the proposition of general values should be done cautiously, avoiding extrapolations.
It is also concluded that, for both species, the effect of thickness seems to be highly significative and thus shouldn't be ignored by the European standards.
Finally, the convenience of revising the present depth factor considered in UNE EN 384 and UNE ENV 1995-1-1 standards is also suggested.


Aerodynamic integration of diverterless air intakes with increasingly compact serpentine shaping and the optimization of their performance as well as engine/intake compatibility are challenging tasks for innovative design of advanced unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) featuring superior combat or reconnaissance abilities. Within the Aerodynamics Action Group AG-46 "Highly Integrated Subsonic Air Intakes" of the Group for Aeronautical Research and Technology in Europe (GARTEUR) various technological aspects were investigated in order to advance intake design solutions. By applying modern hybrid Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods flow simulations were carried out for the EIKON UAV configuration which was previously designed and wind tunnel tested at FOI in Sweden. A major objective was to assess the capability of hybrid methods for the analysis of unsteady phenomena of serpentine air intakes and the accuracy levels of the computations. Numerical results for a variety of wind tunnel conditions were compared with Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) and unsteady RANS (URANS) data as well as experimental results. The time evolutions of distortion coefficients (e.g. DC60) at the aerodynamic interface plane (AIP) very well demonstrate the highly turbulent flow in the separated region downstream of the S-duct and allow the comparison of the dynamic intake distortion behavior with steady-state performance as well as experimental data, revealing an improved prediction of the time-averaged DC60 value with hybrid methods. A numerical study on intake lip shaping was conducted allowing an improved assessment of the sources of the aerodynamic forces. The impact of boundary layer ingestion versus boundary layer diversion was investigated in a trade-off study. Eliminating the boundary layer resulted in improved total pressure recoveries at the intake throat by approximately 2%. Internal passive flow control was studied by employing numerical models for the simulation of vortex generators in the intake duct, and active flow control was researched by applying devices in form of micro-jets. Results were compared with experimental data. At DLR in Gottingen experiments with a generic high aspect ratio diverterless intake model were performed in the cryogenic blowdown wind tunnel DNW-KRG with the goal to contribute to a better understanding and correlation of installed performance predictions of highly integrated innovative intake designs. In a parametric study the combined effects of boundary layer ingestion and an S-shaped intake diffuser on total pressure recovery and dynamic distortion at the engine face were investigated as a function of Mach number, Reynolds number, boundary layer thickness and intake mass flow ratio.


ABSTRACT This paper investigates the input–output decoupling problem of mix-valued logical control networks by using the semi-tensor product method. First, an algorithm is proposed to construct an output-friendly subspace of mix-valued logical control networks and necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the consistent output-friendly subspaces are derived. Then, necessary and sufficient conditions for the solvability of input–output decoupling problem of mix-valued logical control networks are obtained under open-loop controller. Finally, an illustrative example is given to show the effectiveness of the obtained results.


Research Institute of Petroleum Processing,SINOPEC,developed a new catalyst LVR-60 for heavy oil catalytic cracking unit.From January 20 to June 3,this catalyst was successfully used for a period of 117 days of commercial test in a 120 × 104 t/a heavy oil catalytic cracking unit,and commercial production using this catalyst started in August in the revamped unit,with satisfactory results.The proportion of blending heavy oil increased by 12%.A reliable performance of cracking heavy oil was got,and significantly increased the efficiency.


The paper reports on the design patterns we have found useful in Regis, a toolkit for constructing distributed applications. Regis supports the construction of a system from a set of components. Components interact by ac-cessing local and remote services. Access is implemented by one of a set of communication protocols. The protocol can be chosen and subsequently changed at runtime. Overall application construction is driven by a conng-uration description which speciies the application structure as a graph of interconnected components. This structure can also change at runtime. The design patterns we describe here have been used to satisfy the requirement for a exible support environment which can accommodate multiple communication protocols and which satisses the requirement for dynamic inter-component binding. The protocol structuring pattern and the associated binding pattern seamlessly integrate both rst-party (client) binding and third-party (manager) binding to services and have general application in the connguration management of distributed systems.


Many opportunities can be leveraged through the development of highly performing, sustainable, eco‐friendly products. Being compliant with local regulations is a prerequisite for responsible business; however, the industry could contribute much more to sustainable benefits by focusing beyond the minimum compliance level. For instance, material solutions can be developed with no substance of potential environmental concern throughout their life‐cycle and still achieve high performances. The path to more sustainable products and the challenges encountered are explained in this chapter.


We propose two new Q-learning algorithms, Full-Q-Learning (FQL) and Elimination-Based Half-Q-Learning (HQL), that enjoy improved efficiency and optimality in the full-feedback and the one-sided-feedback settings over existing Q-learning algorithms. We establish that FQL incurs regret $\tilde{O}(H^2\sqrt{ T})$ and HQL incurs regret $ \tilde{O}(H^3\sqrt{ T})$, where $H$ is the length of each episode and $T$ is the total number of time periods. Our regret bounds are not affected by the possibly huge state and action space. Our numerical experiments using the classical inventory control problem as an example demonstrate the superior efficiency of FQL and HQL, and shows the potential of tailoring reinforcement learning algorithms for richer feedback models, which are prevalent in many natural problems.


The basic subject of this work is long distance passenger transportation, history, recent situation and planned progress in the future. Here is the description of role of SŽDC (Manager of railway infrastructure) and Czech Railways stock company together with competitive ambience. Rival transport company, unsuccessful and potential are come up too. In over of work is express, than long distance passengers tranport is need purse on business basic because this is good for better offer and services.


System-on-Chip applications have been widen to various public, private, government and social communication systems for handling security and trust as a systems for mission critical and e-government. Most mission critical and embedded real time applications run on System -on -Chip. SoCs will have limited resources, processing ability and rigid power constraints therefore, SoCs becomes a holdup when it comes to handling the complex and large footprint software [3]. saRTL is standalone Real Time Linux operating system with small footprint and having hard real time features. The bare kernel of saRTL is approximately 200KB only. Therefore using saRTL is a better option for SoC based applications. miniDES is a symmetric key encryption algorithm with very small footprint. Approximately, the size of algorithm is 3KB only and it has the power and elegance of Data Encryption Standard algorithm (DES). Since, SoCs used in critical and Real Time embedded applications, security has to be enforced in the SoCs and there is a need to provide confidentiality, integrity and authentication for SoC based applications, especially, in the area of Embedded Real Time and critical communication applications. In this paper, I explore a concept of TCP/IP packet IP level encryption mechanism using miniDES with Digital Signature for securing information, while transmitting using saRTL running on SoCs. This work aims to show that encryption mechanism of IP payload provides confidentiality, authentication and integrity of applications running on SoCs using miniDES with


A native-microbial biomass obtained from a contaminated site in Puebla, Mexico was evaluated to determine hydrocarbonoclastic capacities and solubilization strategies of Mayan crude oil.  The biomass was able to use 13 g L-1 of Mayan crude oil as a single carbon source in a bubble column reactor during 14 days period. Gompertz model was chosen as the best fit for the profiles of growth and hydrocarbon consumption. The microbial biomass achieved removal efficiencies of 70 ± 2 % and a high maximum growth rate (μmax = 0.76 d-1). Hydrocarbon degradation increased due to solubilization strategies, mainly emulsification. In particular, a maximum emulsification index (17.7 ± 0.4 %) was reached at 12-day of cultivation increasing the solubility and dispersion of hydrocarbons. Our work contributes to understand the mechanisms of hydrocarbon-degradation in multiphasic systems and reveal the potential use of this native-microbial biomass for bioremediation purposes.


Cabbage is one of the most popular vegetables that is rich in sugars contributing to flavor and consumer acceptance; however, little information is available on the effect of genotypes and growing conditions on sugar accumulation. We assessed the seasonal variation in agronomic characteristics and free sugar content in cabbage ( Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) grown under open field conditions. Seventy-five cabbage genotypes were grown in the spring and autumn 2019, and their morphological characteristics and sugar concentrations were evaluated. Six cabbage types produced predominantly round-shaped heads (64 genotypes). Bright green and green were the dominant colors depending on the outer and inner leaves of the cabbage head. The most variable quantitative trait was head weight in both spring (36.9%) and autumn (49.2%). Glucose was the predominant sugar in most genotypes in both seasons. Mean glucose content in spring and autumn was 209.3 and 214.9 mg g -1 with 14.8% and 14.6% variation, respectively. Most genotypes produced higher fructose concentrations in fall than in spring. Sucrose levels showed the highest variation in both spring (36.0%) and autumn (60.5%), followed by fructose and glucose levels. Most agronomic parameters exhibited nonsignificant or negative correlations with sugar content, except the correlation of head height and width with glucose content. Fructose and glucose were positively correlated with total sugar content, while there was nonsignificant correlation with sucrose. Genotypes 160330 and 183701 produced comparably high and stable total sugar content in both seasons and can therefore be used as commercial breeding materials. We revealed a significant effect of genotype and season on cabbage agronomic characteristics and sugar content. sprinklers every day in the morning. Cabbage heads were first harvested 40 d after transplanting, depending on the genotype. Meteorological data were collected from a weather station close to the experimental field from the date of transplanting to harvesting in both seasons Leaf length was measured during harvest. Three cabbage heads of each genotype were used for sampling. Once harvested, cabbage heads were immediately taken to the laboratory and two to three outer leaves were removed to account for contamination with dust particles. The shape and color of the outer and inner leaves were evaluated. Head weight, height, width, and core length were measured. Each cabbage head was vertically cut into four parts with a knife and one part of each head was then cut into small pieces that were freeze-dried at -54 °C, ground into a fine powder, and stored at -20 °C until sugar analysis. Cabbage head shape and outer and inner leaf color were only evaluated in spring and all other measurements were recorded in both seasons. The leaf color was visually determined at harvest. However, this is the first report describing seasonal variation in morphological characteristics of different cabbage genotypes from different origins. Our results suggest that overall fluctuations in agronomic parameters are mostly due to plant genotypes and different climatic conditions between spring and autumn.


between Arkwright, Strutt and Need obscure; but the family correspondence which forms the core of the book, does tell us a great deal about Strutt as a person. He was profoundly introspective, apparently not at all the aggressive man of action. Indeed, in view of these letters, his success in business seems rather remarkable. One wonders to what extent the real drive in the firm may have come from his business associates and, in particular, from his sons who, although well-known for their cultural interests and friendship with radicals, are not usually remembered as business men. Unfortunately, this book does little more than perpetuate the old image of them. Another weakness is that we do not learn much about Arkwright beyond what is to be found already in Wadsworth and Mann. As the authors are obliged to confess, "he remains one of the biographical enigmas of the eighteenth century." Yet he is so much at the heart of the story that until we know more about his activities, we shall not know much more about the industry at this crucial "take-off" period. The authors have, however, made the most of what was already known and have been able to add a little to this slender body of knowledge. They emphasize Arkwright's technical ingenuity (and a contemporary account of his life at Bolton among the Strutt papers is enlightening on this point) and his appreciation of how to get the best out of his isolated labor force by presents and prizes and feasts. This is undoubtedly the book that those who wish to know the little that is known about Arkwright should consult first of all. Uneven sources cannot but lead to an uneven book. The authors may copy letter after letter telling us about the Strutts' private lives (a great quarry for the social historian—at times too great) but they tell us very little about what the Strutts' mills produced or about the machinery they used. Nor do they shed any light on whether it was the cost-reducing effect of new machinery and improved organization which made the greater contribution to the spectacular growth of the cotton industry at this time or the growing market and superior salesmanship. How much was due to smart operators like Arkwright and ingenious, careful, and fortunate manufacturers like Strutt, and how much to "born hustlers" like Samuel Salt and other wealthy merchants like Samuel Need? Perhaps the authors' failure to discover very much helpful economic evidence from these two important manufacturing firms may encourage others to try another line of investigation and look at the great merchants. This book does, however, make good use of the material at hand and it is salutary to be reminded of the economic importance at that time of the Derwent valley and of Derbyshire generally. T. C. BARKER, London School of Economics and Political Science