We investigate high-energy photon emission and related radiation back-reaction effects in the bubble regime of ultra-short, extreme intensity (1023–1024 Wcm − 2 ) laser interactions with under-dense plasma. Both the spontaneous emission by the accelerated electron beam in the focusing fields of the cavitated bubble (betatron motion) and the stimulated emission by oscillating electrons in the fields of the guided laser pulse are discussed. Our analyses are in good agreement with our particle-in-cell simulations performed using the contemporary particle code EPOCH (Arber et al 2015 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 57 113001). Intense bursts of hard photons ( ≥ 50 keV ) at density n p h o t o n ∼ 10 20 cm − 3 with a dominant fraction of gamma ray ( > 500 keV ) content are observed at a typical intensity I ̃ 10 23 Wcm − 2 and plasma density 0.01 critical density. The intensity and energy of photons become highly enhanced by using higher plasma densities. Moreover, spontaneous emissions by the accelerated electron beam become partially collimated along the pulse propagation direction. At high plasma densities, the self-consistent plasma fields and plasma profile are noticeably modified by radiation backreactions, and strong effects are observed on the accelerated electron beam.


This work analyzes licentiate student's motivation to join the Teaching Initiation Scholarship Institutional Program (TISIP) and identifies its positive points and weaknesses in 770 scholarship students' perspective, in Minas Gerais. This descriptive and exploratory study, structured from information collected by an online instrument, points out that the aspects related to teaching practice, the receipt of the scholarship, and the development of research are presented as the main motivations for participation in the program. The positive and weak points allow inferring that the program cannot be characterized as an autonomous space, but must enable reflection within licentiate courses in order to review their curricula and claim themselves as a central locus of teachers' training.


Described herein are systems and methods for cryogenic fluid delivery to achieve the lowest reasonable saturation pressure while dispensing a cryogenic fluid such as liquefied natural gas to a holding tank on a use device. The systems and methods utilize a liquid nitrogen component and a liquefaction engine, very cold liquefied natural gas and a liquefaction engine, or a combination of both very cold liquefied natural gas and a liquid nitrogen component to deliver LNG to a holding tank on a use device.


Online guide to support and showcase Dia de los Ninos/Dia de los Libros (Children's Day/Book Day) programming at Cal State Fullerton


Aim

To describe and analyse the body size frequency distributions (BSFDs) of avian assemblages at several spatial scales in the Afrotropics. We also tested if the variation in median body size across assemblages at different spatial scales was related to environmental variables and whether purely stochastic processes could explain BSFDs.

Location

The Afrotropical biogeographic realm.

Methods

Avian body masses for 1960 species where analysed at continental, biome, ecoregion and local spatial scales with standard metrics. Variation in median assemblage body size was modelled as a function of environmental and spatial explanatory variables to assess non-random assemblage structure. We tested if BSFDs of smaller spatial scale distributions are random subsets of the larger spatial scale assemblages in which they are embedded, and used three different null model randomizations to investigate the influence of stochastic processes on BSFDs.

Results

The African avifauna's continental BSFD is unimodal and right-skewed. BSFDs generally become less skewed and less modal with decreasing spatial scale. The best-fit model explained 71% of median body size values at the ecoregion scale as a function of latitude, latitude2, longitude, species richness and species range size. BSFDs at smaller scales show non-random assembly from larger scale BSFDs distributions.

Main conclusion

African avifaunal BSFDs are quantitatively dissimilar to African mammal BSFDs, which are bimodal at all spatial scales. Much of the change in median body size with spatial scale can be captured by a range-weighted null model, suggesting that differential turnover between smaller- and larger-bodied species might explain the shift in the central tendency of the BSFD. At the local scale, energy may well contribute to structuring BSFDs, but this pattern is less pronounced at larger spatial scales.


People with a dual diagnosis experience disruption in carrying out their daily occupations. This article describes a study in which an occupational therapist explored the leisure participation of clients with a dual diagnosis. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with four outpatients from an alcohol and drug rehabilitation programme. Inductive analysis of the informants' interviews identified two main themes: leisure as part of the recovery process and the barriers to leisure participation. This study provides support for the need to understand the leisure occupations of the clients with whom occupational therapists work. Further research is required to examine the interventions that assist clients with a dual diagnosis to develop meaningful leisure activities.


The natural anti-oxidant has an extensive distribution in the nature.Research have shown that natural products such as polysaccharide,flavonoid,polyphenol,alkaloid,saponin,vitamin,and so on could safely and effectively scavenge free radicals and protect body health.With the trend of the return to nature and the enhancement of safety consciousness,people pay more attention to the natural anti-oxidant because of its high efficiency and low poison.It has become an inevitable trend for the modern medicine and the health care industries to find new anti-oxidant from natural products.Now it summarized research progress of the activated components coming from natural products,which played the anti-oxidative function,so as to provide some references for the research and development of the natural anti-oxidant.


LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Letters are selected for their expected interest for our readers. Some letters are sent to reviewers for advice; some are accepted or declined by the editor without review. Letters must be brief and may be edited, subject to the author's approval of significant changes. Although some comments on published articles and notes may be appropriate as letters, most such comments are reviewed according to a special procedure and appear, if accepted, in the Notes and Discussions section. 共See the ''Statement of Editorial Policy'' in the January issue.兲 Running controversies among letter writers will not be published. SOLAR BLACKBODY SPECTRUM AND THE EYE'S SENSITIVITY Virginia Trimble's wonderful article on cosmology 共December 2002, pp. 1175– 1183兲 states that ''any blackbody source at a temperature near that of the sun...is bound to look white. This is not a coincidence, but a product of evolution; our eyes are most sensitive at the peak of the solar spectrum.'' I had believed this for years, until I read Bernard Soffer and David Lynch's article in AJP, November 1999, pp. 946 –953. They show that the quoted statement is mislead- ing and erroneous, because the spectral ra- diance versus wavelength graph is a density distribution function whose peak position changes when plotted in terms of a differ- ent variable such as frequency, while the eye's sensitivity is an ordinary function. Furthermore, ''the eye does not appear to be optimized for detection of the available sunlight. ...It is likely that we are viewing the world with a souvenir of the human evolutionary voyage.'' Art Hobson University of Arkansas Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701 Electronic mail: email@example.com AUTHOR'S RESPONSE Professor Hobson is, of course, right about the details of this issue. But what I 共and many others兲 have always meant by Am. J. Phys. 71 共4兲, April 2003 the broad remark is that there are good rea- sons that we do not have eyes that are pri- marily sensitive to far IR, UV, mm, radio, or x-ray emission. Although astronomers sometimes speak of the sun as belonging to a category of ''yellow'' stars, people who measure color for a living 共for example, my father was a chemist specializing in color- forming materials兲 define ''white'' as the appearance of things like clean paper in full, clear sunlight. Virginia Trimble Department of Physics and Astronomy University of California Irvine, California 92697 GATEWAYS INTO ELECTRONICS In the review of my book, Gateways into Electronics, 1 that appeared in the May 2001 issue of AJP, 2 the reviewer ponders at length about its suitability for his students at UC, Berkeley and decides that Gateways is not for them. This choice is of course his prerogative. He does, however, make a statement to which I would like to respond, namely, that Gateways is not suitable for an introductory course. As I wrote in the Preface, the chapters in Gateways are of two distinct types: elemen- tary chapters that deal with standard topics such as circuit theory and transistor ampli- fiers, and more advanced chapters that pro- vide the mathematical and physical under- http://ojps.aip.org/ajp/ pinning for the elementary chapters or deal with complementary topics such as trans- mission lines and signal recovery. For ex- ample, Chapter 1 discusses simple linear systems to the extent required in subse- quent elementary chapters and involves only complex numbers and linear differen- tial equations, whereas Chapter 2 is a full- blown exposition of generalized functions and integral transforms that leads to the convolution theorem for linear systems and Shannon's sampling theorem. Chapter 2 is intended for those who might eventually find it of interest, but in a first reading, or if only an introductory treatment is desired, it can be skipped or postponed with no loss of continuity. Gateways has its origins in an introduc- tory course for students straight out of high school, so that although it is true that the text has become more mathematical and now has juniors in physics preferably in mind, its thrust has not changed and the elementary chapters remain, as they were at the outset, quite accessible to beginners. Peter C. Dunn, Gateways into Electronics 共Wiley, New York, 2000兲. A brief description and a table of contents are available at 具www.amazon.com典. Joel Fajans, review of Ref. 1, Am. J. Phys. 69, Peter C. Dunn 13A Ila Road Saugus, Massachusetts 01906 Electronic mail: firstname.lastname@example.com © 2003 American Association of Physics Teachers


Similarity metric optimization is an essential step in intensity-based rigid and nonrigid medical image registration. For clinical applications, such as image guidance of minimally invasive procedures, registration accuracy and efficiency are prime considerations. In addition, clinical utility is enhanced when registration is integrated into image analysis and visualization frameworks, such as the popular Insight Toolkit (ITK). ITK is an open source software environment increasingly used to aid the development, testing, and integration of new imaging algorithms. In this paper, we present a new ITK-based implementation of the DIRECT (Dividing Rectangles) deterministic global optimization algorithm for medical image registration. Previously, it has been shown that DIRECT improves the capture range and accuracy for rigid registration. Our ITK class also contains enhancements over the original DIRECT algorithm by improving stopping criteria, adaptively adjusting a locality parameter, and by incorporating Powell's method for local refinement. 3D-3D registration experiments with ground-truth brain volumes and clinical cardiac volumes show that combining DIRECT with Powell's method improves registration accuracy over Powell's method used alone, is less sensitive to initial misorientation errors, and, with the new stopping criteria, facilitates adequate exploration of the search space without expending expensive iterations on non-improving function evaluations. Finally, in this framework, a new parallel implementation for computing mutual information is presented, resulting in near-linear speedup with two processors.


Toxicological Reviews Copyright 2005 Adis Data Information BV Volume 24(2), 2005, pp 93-106 Poisoning due to Pyrethroids [Review Article] Bradberry, Sally M; Cage, Sarah A; Proudfoot, Alex T; Vale, J Allister National Poisons Information Service (Birmingham Centre), City Hospital, Birmingham, UK Correspondence and offprints: Sally M. Bradberry, National Poisons Information Service (Birmingham Centre), City Hospital, Birmingham, B18 7QH, UK. ---------------------------------------------Outline Abstract Chemistry Uses Epidemiology Mechanisms of Action and Toxicity Effects on Sodium Channels Effects on Chloride Channels Effect on Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptors Other Actions Pyrethroid Poisoning in Animals Toxicokinetics Absorption and Distribution


This paper presents a method of reconstructing dynamic events from limited photographically recorded responses. It is based on a wavelet representation of the unknown applied loading in conjunction with a general finite element program. The incorporation of regularization terms provides a robust solution to these usually ill‐conditioned problems. The method allows for the data collected to be of dissimilar type (e.g. strain and displacement), as well as for the data to be collected remotely. As a demonstration of the method, multiple force reconstructions for an impacted plate with a hole are determined using synthetically generated Moiré displacement data. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The study of the phenomenon of longevity is the most promising in populations with a fairly large proportion of centenarians. Since old times cases of pronounced active longevity have been widely known in the Caucasus region. The complexity of age-related processes of aging assumes the involvement of multiple complex factors that have affect on life expectancy. Therefore the study of the pleiotropic genes with their multiple effects and functions could be helpful in that case. The angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene and the multiple drug resistance gene ( ABCC11) are of great interest because of their high importance for essential vital functions. The aim of the study was the search for correlations in the frequencies distribution of polymorphic variants of pleoitropic genes ABCC11 and ACE in the population of Abkhazians with the longevity. The material included the DNA samples from indigenous residents of Abkhazia. They were divided into two groups: older age (N = 79) and control (N = 97). The differences in the frequencies distribution of 538G>A genotypes and alleles of the gene ABCC11 in the older group and control were not significant. ACE gene insertion-deletion polymorphism ( rs1799752) genotyping was performed by PCR-AFLP. The genotype frequencies were : II = 0.186; ID = 0.412; DD = 0.402, allele frequencies I and D were equal to 0.392 and 0.608 for the control group of Abkhazians. The older group did not differ significantly from the control in genotype frequencies, the ratio for II/ID/DD genotypes were as 0.088/0.380/0.532, and the frequencies of alleles I and D corresponded to 0.278 and 0.722. The obtained results revealed that the ACE gene deletion allele frequency was significantly increased in the older group of Abkhazians.


The microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology could provide opportunities for electricity generation from the organic matter. Indeed a MFC can produce electric energy by converting a part of the chemical energy contained in biodegradable substrates through the metabolic activity of bacteria. This could be both economically and environmentally effective when the organic matter does not have any intrinsic value as in the case of domestic or industrial waste waters. This paper presents the principle and current development in the domain of MFC and gives an idea of potential future applications.


Genetic diversity study was conducted in 49 chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes using Mahalanobis D2 Statistics. Based on D2 values, 49 genotypes were grouped into 17 clusters. The cluster III consisted of maximum 13 genotypes followed by Cluster I and cluster II which both had 10 genotypes. Inter cluster values varied from 4.31 to 26.36. The maximum inter cluster distance was recorded between cluster IX and XIII (26.36). Characters 100 seed weight (62.07%), days to 50% flowering (17.94%) and canopy temperature depression (5.27%) contributed maximum towards diversity. On the basis of cluster mean values, cluster XIII was superior for yield per plot and 100 seed weight. The genotypes belonging to the clusters separated by high genetic distance could be used in hybridization programme for obtaining a wide spectrum of variation among the segregants.


The traditional methods of structural health monitoring (SHM) have obvious disadvantages such as being time-consuming, laborious and non-synchronizing, and so on. This paper presents a novel and efficient approach to detect structural damages from real-time vibration signals via a convolutional neural network (CNN). As vibration signals (acceleration) reflect the structural response to the changes of the structural state, hence, a CNN, as a classifier, can map vibration signals to the structural state and detect structural damages. As it is difficult to obtain enough damage samples in practical engineering, finite element analysis (FEA) provides an alternative solution to this problem. In this paper, training samples for the CNN are obtained using FEA of a steel frame, and the effectiveness of the proposed detection method is evaluated by inputting the experimental data into the CNN. The results indicate that, the detection accuracy of the CNN trained using FEA data reaches 94% for damages introduced in the numerical model and 90% for damages in the real steel frame. It is demonstrated that the CNN has an ideal detection effect for both single damage and multiple damages. The combination of FEA and experimental data provides enough training and testing samples for the CNN, which improves the practicability of the CNN-based detection method in engineering practice.


Noise originates at the pump, and system designers can't do much about that, but they can deal with several additional factors that contribute to and determine the final noise level.


In this chapter, a framework for assessing the openness of virtual archaeological reconstructions to a multiplicity of readings is presented by focusing on the case of Çatalhöyük, in Turkey. Since its discovery in the 1950s, there has been a diversity of opinion on Çatalhöyük's settlement rank along the path from settled village to urban agglomeration. This diversity of opinion has been expressed both verbally and visually, the latter including numerous computer-based visualizations for a variety of purposes and target audiences. Among the internationally approved principles for computer-based visualizations of cultural heritage is the need for intellectual and scientific transparency. Umberto Eco's theory of the "open work," as applied in literary and visual works including motion pictures, offers a theoretical framework for discussing the transparency of Çatalhöyük visualizations, as does Siegfried Kracauer's idea of "cinematic materiality." Three of the virtual works on Çatalhöyük are briefly presented in this chapter, as a basis for discussing the applicability of Eco's and Kracauer's ideas in this type of production as a measure for "open multivocality," leading to an assessment of whether visualizations reveal any or all alternative interpretations of the site.


Long duration working in space extreme environment might have negative psychosocial effects on astronauts,which may lead to incompetence in performing their tasks successfully.Psychological support has always been one of the most important measures which can maintain the astronauts'mental-health and their working capabilities in space station.The psychological problems occurred in Mir and ISS are reviewed,and the support measures and their effects are analyzed,which will provide a good reference for the design of the psychological support program for our space station missions.


A general method for preparation of large-area inorganic nanostructure arrays based on the use of core-shell cylinder forming ABC triblock terpolymers is presented. The essential perpendicular cylinder alignment is achieved by the use of a low surface energy B block (polyisoprene), which drives spontaneous perpendicular alignment of cylindrical C domains (polylactide) in a matrix of A (polystyrene), eliminating the lengthy anneal steps, external field alignment procedures, or specialized surface preparations that could severely restrict potential applications.


The present article focuses on one of the most interesting Romanian literary epistolary, An Epistolary Novel, by I. Negoițescu and Radu Stanca, both members of Literary Circle of Sibiu. The re-editing of the correspondence of the two writers completes, where possible, the collection of letters, but also passages censored in the first edition. It also offers an interesting research core for Romanian literary studies from the perspective of so-called memory studies and life writing. The epistolary "novel" is, in fact, a "bildungsroman," as Negoițescu characterized it, and also a fresco of the Romanian literary life from 1943 until 1961, with the related cancans, with the little mischief and chicanery, with the obstacles to be overcome in the editorial and the artistic world.


—Game is a form entertainment determined by a rule and conflict resolution by the player. A good game is able to display attractive visual, make the player get engaged and feel the needing pleasure. Visual is a medium that only concerns the sense of sight while the other senses like sense of hearing (sound) cannot be included in the visual use Visual in a game is a part of the user interfaces. User interface is a medium between a system and the user. The Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia has released various free website-based edugames that can be accessed and played by the Indonesia especially elementary school students. Mamat Adventure is one of the edugames provided by the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture. This theoretical exploration has been begun with a discussion about the visual appearance related to the user interface in the edugame of Mamat Adventure. This analysis uses the Heuristic Evaluation method initiated by Jakob Nielsen and Rolf Molich to measure the effectiveness of the user interface in the game of Mamat Adventure


With the growing popularity of autonomous electric vehicles (AEVs), optimizing their path-planning and charging strategy has become a critical research area. However, the dynamic nature of transport networks presents a significant challenge when ensuring their efficient operation. The use of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) has been proposed to tackle this challenge. However, establishing efficient communication and optimizing dynamic paths with charging selection remain complex problems. In this paper, we propose a joint push–pull communication mode to obtain real-time traffic conditions and charging infrastructure information (i.e., charging stations and energy segments). We also analyze the selection of relay vehicles in multi-hop communication routing, considering factors such as link stability, vehicle distance, and reputation values. Furthermore, we formulate a dynamic optimization problem based on real-time information to minimize travel and charging costs. Our proposed algorithm enables AEVs to obtain charging services from charging stations and conduct dynamic wireless charging via energy segments. We present a dynamic real-time A* algorithm to solve the path-optimization problem and a dynamic real-time charging selection algorithm based on dynamic path optimization when the state of charge is lower than the charging threshold. Extensive simulations demonstrate that the proposed joint push-pull communication mode can provide vehicles the up-to-date information and the developed optimization algorithms effectively reduce travel and charging costs.


Landfills remains an important component in waste management as it deals with municipal solid waste directly and complements alternative waste management technologies, which in themselves give rise to residues that require disposal ultimately via landfill. As an assessment study, the work was carried out by visitation to existing dumpsites to obtain needed data and information through the instrumentation of a checklist, interviews, questionnaire and focus group discussions. Stratified random sampling was also used to provide appropriate representation of the societal classes in the population across the 25 Local Government Areas in the State. Results showed that most solid waste collected are deposited in open dumpsites/ landfills on the outskirts of urban areas thereby forming breeding sites for disease vectors and polluting the environment and plausible recommendations for improved waste and environmental management in the State.


Muon radiography is the non-destructive testing technique of large-scale constructions with cosmic ray muon. Cosmic ray muon has high penetrating power and it always comes from the whole sky. In the same way of taking a X-ray photograph, we can obtain integrated density of constructions which thickness are several tens to several hundreds. We had ever applied this technique to nuclear reactors, volcanos, and so on. Nuclear emulsion is three dimensional track detector with micrometric position accuracy. Thanks to high position resolution, Nuclear emulsion has mrad angular resolution. In addition, the features which require no power supply and can observe in a large area suitable for muon radiography. In Nagoya University, we launched emulsion manufacturing equipment at 2010. It has become possible to flexible development of our detector and succeeded to development of high sensitive nuclear emulsion film (Nagoya emulsion). An important factor is the temperature characteristic to withstand the outdoor observation as a detector to be used in the muon radiography. There is a phenomenon of a latent image fading, whichit is well known in the photographic industry, and this phenomenon is known that temperature and water are involved. So we examined temperature and humidity characteristic of latent image fading about Nagoya emulsion. As a result, we found latent image fading is strongly depends on both temperature and humidity. By dehydrating emulsion film in RH8%, over 95% (Grain Density>40) detection efficiency of muon track keeps over 3months in 25degree, for 2months in 35degree. Additionally it was showed in this test that increasing back ground noise "fog", which may have occurred by sealing emulsion film in a narrow space, is reduced by buffer space in the bag. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of 26ICNTS.


The validity of Smoluchowski's theory is demonstrated by its application to the bimolecular triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA) T1 + T1 → S0 + S1 in viscous solution. For that purpose the delayed S1 → S0 fluorescence of anthracene in cis-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane/trans-1,4-dimethylcyclohexane (1∶1) was measured after UV excitation with long laser pulses (∼30 μs) in a temperature range where TTA is completely diffusion controlled. Through the adequate treatment of the kinetics of TTA upon spatially homogeneous and spatially periodic excitation (which is partially based on the results of previous publications)
 absolute values for the diffusion coefficients D of triplet molecules, for the effective annihilation distance RA and for the Forster radius RST of heterogeneous annihilation S1 + T1 → S0 + Tn were determined. The temperature dependence of all three parameters (D, RA and RST) is discussed. From the decrease of RA with increasing temperature, the parameters A and L can be determined, which define the exponential distance dependence of the annihilation of a triplet pair in the kinetic model of Butler and Pilling (1977). Differences of the two models and applicability criteria are discussed.


The deceptive meaning of Tuo(脱) or Zhuan(赚) is the phonogram of Tuo(詑) Zuan(詀正(譧俗)respectively.Tuo(脱) means "to lose,to escape",while Zhuan(赚)means "to obtain" in itself which is to be connected with deceptive concept objectively or subjectively.The generation of deception in Tuo(脱) or Zhuan(赚) is to remember the sound,but the change mechanism is the integration of concept,the result of which is the creation of emergent meaning of deception based on subjective semantic change.


Abortion is illegal in almost all circumstances in Ireland, permitted only where there is a risk to the life of the woman due to the eighth amendment to the Irish Constitution. While abortion is banned, women living in Ireland do access abortion; they do so legally by travelling abroad, and illegally within Ireland by accessing the abortion pill online. This access is highly mediated by race, class and migration status. This article will consider the politics of Ireland's abortion ban through the prism of public debates around abortion, reflecting on the discursive devices employed to both challenge and uphold the status quo on abortion. This conclusion will focus on different dimensions of the "Repeal" movement; a movement that propelled Ireland to finally face up to the reality of abortion and change it laws through removing the eighth amendment from the constitution.


Full fat soy (S), 85% full fat soy and 15% egg (85S) and 75% full fat soy and 25% egg (75S) flours were prepared and substituted for 10,20 and 30% of the wheat flour in a chemically leavened quick bread. Thiamine content of the breads was significantly different from the control and was affected by the level of substitution. Sensory evaluation of the quick breads indicated that acceptable products could be made with up to 30% substitution of S, 85S and 75S flours although scores decreased with increasing levels of the soy flours.


A key indicator of bank profitability is the net interest margin (NIM). NIM is influenced by several factors. This thesis focuses on the effect of competition as measured by the HH index. Using bank-ing data from 11 countries for the period 2000 to 2016, the effect of competition on the interest rate margin was statistically significant and even positive. This suggests that the increase in the oli-gopoly structure in the banking sector increases NIM.


In the present study, we investigate the photocatalytic properties of α-Ag2WO4 nanocrystals-
modified Palygorskite (PAL) clay synthesized by the impregnation method. The PAL clay
was chemically purified and heat-treated (500 ºC for 2 h), which served as an excellent supporting
matrix for loading α-Ag2WO4 (α-AWO) nanocrystals.

Water contamination is one of the most serious problems affecting human health, ecosystem
survival, and the economic growth of societies. Industrial effluents, such as textile dyes, when
not treated and improperly discharged into water resources are considered the main cause of water
pollution. Thus the scientific community has been developing effective remediation technologies
based on advanced oxidative processes to reduce the harmful effects of these organic pollutants.

This study aimed to improve the photocatalytic activity of PAL clay with α-AWO nanocrystals
to degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye.

We purify and heat-treated the PAL clay, synthesize nanocrystals ofα-AWO nanocrystals and modify PAL clay with 30% α-AWO nanocrystals by the impregnation method. The modified PAL clay was able to improve RhB dye degradation. The materials were characterized by XRD, RAMAN,FE-SEM, FT-IR, XRF, etc. The samples were used as photocatalysts under UV-C lamps for the degradation of RhB dye in order to analyze its catalytic performances.

The PAL clay modified with 30% α-AWO nanocrystals showed a catalytic efficiency of
79%, and degradation kinetics about 16 times higher when compared to PAL-500 only purified and
heat-treated at 500 ºC. In this way, this PAL-modified is an alternative as a low-cost photocatalyst for
the degradation of RhB dye.

 Ultraviolet-visible spectra revealed that our materials have optical band gap energies
controlled by indirect and direct electronic transitions and suitable to be activated under ultraviolet illumination.
The adequate amount (30 wt.%) of α-Ag2WO4 nanocrystals added to PAL brought significant
improvement in the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B. Finally, a photocatalytic
mechanism was proposed in detail.


This study was carried out as part of the research project FFI2017-85306-P (The Construction of Discourse in Children's Picturebooks, AMULIT), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness.


The Association for Water and Rural Development through one of its projects, "Save the Sand", has over the past six months developed a framework for involving water related stakeholders in the Sand River Catchment (located in the north eastern part of South Africa) in awareness raising activities. The main purpose of the awareness raising is to enable the actualisation of Integrated Catchment Management practice in accordance with the National Water Policy (1997) and National Water Act (1988). The Public Awareness Campaign (PACAM), now in its second phase, has designed a model for awareness raising, competence building and skill development guided by Integrated Catchment Management principles. The model, with a collection of methodologies, is currently being implemented with a reflexive orientation in the densely populated and water stressed Sand River Catchment. The intention is to develop a open-ended, responsive 'curriculum' for learning and awareness raising that can be modified for use with a total of 40 identified focus groups resident in the catchment. The model, which takes the form of a spiral, pays special attention to social processes, conceptual capital development, continuity of learning, integration of policy and practice, and holistic understanding while being responsive to specific needs and contextual factors. The 'spiral orientation' adopted by PACAM represents a departure from traditional awareness building models that rely on the development and dissemination of 'messages' that are often ambiguous, devoid of obvious links to context and do not take prior learning into account. With the spiral approach awareness raising is mediated by a facilitator with a strong emphasis on competence development and 'learning by doing'. The learning opportunities are designed with specific contexts in mind with the possibility of inputs from individuals within the focus groups. The presentation will involve an introduction to the model as well as a discussion of some of the important findings associated with implementing it to date. Special consideration will be given to participation, consensus reaching, conceptual capital


In the 1990's in the sub-disciplines of development studies and security studies a number of research programmes began to take shape. In the former the literature increasingly became concerned with the decentring of the state, the growth of global governance and the privatisation of development, while in the latter a number of different approaches emerged or re-emerged – security regimes, securitization and balance of power, etc. – that were also to some extent concerned with the growth of non-traditional threats, the broadening of the security agenda to include such issues as health and the environment, and the growing use of private military contractors. Despite the obvious synergies between the two strands of literature, few works have attempted to draw these perspectives together. While the concept of governance has gained ground in the comparative and development literature it remains under examined in security studies with some notable exceptions. This paper aims to draw out the implications of taking a global governance perspective for our understanding of the less studied aspects of the War on Terror. It develops a theoretical framework based on the governance literature and applies it to the intersection of national and international, private and public control of security at Airports in the EU and US. The goal is to trace the multi-lateral and multi-level strategies that operate above, below and between the State in this aspect of the quiet 'War on Terror'. 2


This study is an extension of our previous memristor bridge synapses advancing one step toward its circuit implementation. The architecture of the memristor bridge synapse is designed with memristor emulator circuits. Neural cells are built by combining memristor emulators-based synapses and differential amplifier circuits. Various simulations are performed to examine the linearity of the synaptic performance and pulse-based synaptic operations.


This paper is an attempt to analyze competitiveness and efi¬ ciency in dairy agribusiness in i¬ ve states of Brazil. These states are the largest producers of dairy products in the county. Primary data were collected in 150 farms operating in association with the most representative industrial i¬ rms of the milk chain: NestlA©, Parmalat, ElegAa, Cantrolanda, Batavo, Centro-Leste and Coommai. For a simulation purpose, it was used an industrial plant with the full capacity of processing one million liters of milk per day. Then, costs were estimated and analyzed in four segments of the milk chain: i) production at the farm level; ii) transportation up to the dairy mill; iii) industrial processing; and iv) transportation costs up to the distribution center in the city of SA£o Paulo. The costs estimation was done according to the results of different chain sectors. And for the competitiveness and efi¬ ciency analysis it was used the Policy Analysis Matrix – PAM. The results lead to the general conclusion that the dairy agribusiness sector is competitive and efi¬ cient, in spite of distortions resulting from public policies and from the prevailing market failures.


History of Chinese Literary (Higher Education Press) attributed the booming of narrative novel creation in late Ming dynasty to the rising of Lu-Wang parapsychology in middle Ming dynasty so that it was considered to break down the mental barriers of Cheng-Zhu's Neo-Confucianism. Take "San Yan" for example, we should not praise it to the height of "affirming reasonable requirement of human needs, claiming equality between people, seeking for the natural evolution of personality and even extolling free marriage and equality between sex difference". Actually, the creation of "San Yan" was more influenced by Cheng-Zhu's Neo-Confucianism and did not jump out the barriers of Neo-Confucianism.


Traditional phase retrieval methods fail to retrieve piston errors greater than one wave in segmented systems. We present a new algorithm that uses broadband light to fit large piston error with a high convergence rate.


The electromechanical coefficient ${d}_{33}$ of wurtzite ZnO is determined by direct first-principles density functional calculations which are performed for solids under finite electric fields. Our theoretical ${d}_{33}$ value of $12.84\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{pC}∕\mathrm{N}$ turns out to be in good agreement with experiment. This electromechanical response in ZnO (which is the largest among the known tetrahedral semiconductors) is found to originate from the strong coupling between strain and polarization, namely, a notably large $\ensuremath{\beta}$ parameter. We further show that the electromechanical response in wurtzite semiconductors bears a previously unknown resemblance to the polarization rotation mechanism in ferroelectric $\mathrm{Pb}(\mathrm{Zn}\mathrm{Nb}){\mathrm{O}}_{3}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Pb}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and $\mathrm{Pb}(\mathrm{Mg}\mathrm{Nb}){\mathrm{O}}_{3}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Pb}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ single-crystal solid solutions. Our results demonstrate that, different from what is commonly believed, the main effect of electric fields in wurtzite semiconductors is not to elongate the polar chemical bonds, but to rotate those bonds that are non-collinear with the polar axis. This finding also suggests that the electromechanical response in wurtzite materials is governed mainly by the ease of bond bending, which may provide an useful scheme for designing better piezoelectric semiconductors with enhanced performance.


Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)are brominated flame retardants used in modern industry. PBDEs share close physicochemical properties with other persistent organohalogen contaminants (OHCs) and endocrine disrupters(EDs). The biotoxicity of PBDEs has been paid close attention by world environmental ecologists. In this paper, serum thyroid hormones (THs) level of the adult rats exposed to decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE -209) at different doses was determined and the influence of BDE -209 to thyroid hormones (THs) was studied preliminarily. The dose dependent relationships between THs and BDE -209 concentrations were studied. The results indicated that TT4, FT4 and TT3 concentrations were significantly decreased with the increase of BDE-209 exposure doses in the treatment groups. It seemed that THs (T4, T3)synthesis and release of thyroid body were inhibited by BDE-209. The positive correlation coefficients of TT4~FT4 and TT4~TT3 at different BDE-209 exposure doses were higher than those of FT3~TT3 and FT3~FT4. It implied that exposure of BDE -209 would not affect obviously the separation from transthyrein (TTR)and deiodination of binding T4, while would affect the separation of binding T3 from TTR and deiodination of free FT4, consequently the balance of thyroid system was disturbed by BDE-209. The time dependent relationships between BDE -209 disturbance relative effects to thyroid body and days were studied using benchmark analysis. The results indicated that the disturbance effects of BDE - 209 in thyroid system would appear after 5 to 8 days and last at least 14 days due to the strain of thyroid and antipoison defense system of living body.


I contrast the theoretical foundation of profit maximization of Mas-Colell, Whinston and Greenٳ ܍icroeconomicsݠagainst that provided by Scitovsky in a paper of 1943. Whereas Mas-Colell, Whinston and Green try to show that profit maximization can be derived from utility maximization, Scitovsky categorically states the contrary view. I argue, first, that the foundation provided by Mas-Colell, Whinston and Green is not sound and, secondly, that Scitovskyٳ line of reasoning opens a better way to model business behavior.


Increasing the incubation temperature of two swamp slurries from 2°C to37°C resulted in a 8- to 18-fold increase in the H2 partial pressure. The concentration of volatile fatty acids remained fairly constant except for butyrate, which decreased with increasing temperature. Calculation of Gibbs free energies of syntrophic degradation of butyrate and propionate, and of methanogenesis from acetate and H2 revealed that these reactions were exergonic after the slurries had stabilized at the incubation temperatures. The changes in H2 partial pressure and butyrate concentration with temperature were found important to render the processes exergonic within the tested temperature range.


A printed folded-dipole antenna of length l and radius a can be made optimally broadband (≈ 40%) with just a few steps of manual manipulation in the Smith chart, on the frequency locus of the folded-dipole. The optimization design procedures are quite simple due to the physics-guided manipulations. During the manipulation steps, the structure changes of the printed folded-dipole is linked with the changes of locations of and speed along the frequency locus, around the Smith chart center. The results indicate the validity of the optimized design method.


Background: Rhodnius prolixus presents a heme-binding protein (RHBP) in eggs and hemolymph. Results: Eggs lacking RHBP failed to develop embryos and showed defective mitochondria. Conclusion: Maternally provided heme transported by RHBP supports mitochondrial function and early steps of embryogenesis. Significance: Recycling of intercellular transported heme is not restricted to heme auxotroph organisms and may be widespread in metazoans. The heme molecule is the prosthetic group of many hemeproteins involved in essential physiological processes, such as electron transfer, transport of gases, signal transduction, and gene expression modulation. However, heme is a pro-oxidant molecule capable of propagating reactions leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species. The blood-feeding insect Rhodnius prolixus releases enormous amounts of heme during host blood digestion in the midgut lumen when it is exposed to a physiological oxidative challenge. Additionally, this organism produces a hemolymphatic heme-binding protein (RHBP) that transports heme to pericardial cells for detoxification and to growing oocytes for yolk granules and as a source of heme for embryo development. Here, we show that silencing of RHBP expression in female fat bodies reduced total RHBP circulating in the hemolymph, promoting oxidative damage to hemolymphatic proteins. Moreover, RHBP knockdown did not cause reduction in oviposition but led to the production of heme-depleted eggs (white eggs). A lack of RHBP did not alter oocyte fecundation. However, produced white eggs were nonviable. Embryo development cellularization and vitellin yolk protein degradation, processes that normally occur in early stages of embryogenesis, were compromised in white eggs. Total cytochrome c content, cytochrome c oxidase activity, citrate synthase activity, and oxygen consumption, parameters that indicate mitochondrial function, were significantly reduced in white eggs compared with normal dark red eggs. Our results showed that reduction of heme transport from females to growing oocytes by RHBP leads to embryonic mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired embryogenesis.


Specificity of the Cardiocerebral-Event Reductions in the Kyoto Heart and Jikei Heart Study
The Kyoto Heart Study was a prospective randomized open blinded end-point (PROBE)-design trial, in which 3031 Japanese patients (mean, 66 years) with uncontrolled hypertension were randomized to either valsartan add-on or non-angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) treatment.


INTRODUCTION: Conversion of proliferating chondrocytes into maturating hypertrophic chondrocytes (cells express Col10a1 gene exclusively) is a crucial step in endochondral ossification of developing bone, as well as in progression of osteoarthritis (OA). Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), member of transforming growth factor- (TGF-) superfamily, promotes chondrocyte maturation, whereas TGF- inhibits this process. Indeed, loss of TGF- signaling in mice leads to the promoted hypertrophic differentiation of articular chondrocytes, accompanied by progressive loss of articular cartilage and formation of osteophytes in synovial joints, the phenotypes of OA 1)2) . Therefore, the maintenance of TGF- signaling in joint cartilage is an attractive approach in prevention and treatment of OA. However, the molecular mechanisms of which TGF- inhibits chondrocyte maturation or expression of Col10a1 gene remain unclear. We searched for molecular targets downstream of TGF signaling to inhibit expression of Col10a1 in chondrocyte.


The Financial Diaries data-set is a unique, new set of year-long daily income, expense and financial transactions for households from three different areas of South Africa. These data show that over-indebted households (those that spend 20 per cent or more of their gross monthly income on debt) do not fit one homogeneous profile. Formal debt tends to be responsible for over-indebtedness in the urban areas, while in the rural areas the cause tends to be informal debt. In the urban areas high indebtedness is more prevalent among medium-income and high-income households, whereas in the rural areas it occurs at all income levels. High indebtedness in grant-dependent rural households tends to be persistent, whereas in wage-dependent urban households it is often short-lived. These findings present a new financial picture of poor rural populations that is unlikely to be touched by recent policy measures to address over-indebtedness.


The photochemical and thermal oxidation of 1-methylsilene (2-silapropene) (1a), 1,1-dimethylsilene (1b), and 1,1,2-trimethylsilene (1c) has been investigated in O 2 -doped argon matrices. All silenes 1 are easily photooxidized in matrices containing more than 1% O 2 , but trimethylsilene (1c) is the only silene that exhibits thermal reactivity toward oxygen at temperatures as low as 20-40 K. The photochemical reactivity increases from 1a to 1c with increasing number of methyl groups at the double bond and decreasing ionization potential. Key intermediates in both the photochemical and the thermal oxidation of 1 are siladioxetanes 9


Modulated generation of the ground electronic state oxygen atoms, O(3P), and phase‐shift measurements have been used to determine the rates of O(3P) addition to ethylene, propylene, 1‐butene, and isobutene in the temperature interval 25–200°C. Absolute values of the Arrhenius activation energies and pre‐exponential factors have been determined and compared with the corresponding previous relative data from this laboratory and with other absolute measurements reported in the literature. Most of the experimental results are now seen to be mutually consistent. The apparently different previous conclusions regarding the activation energies of the O(3P) reactions with olefins based, respectively, on the relative and the absolute rate measurements can be reconciled in a simple manner. The rate constants and the Arrhenius parameters for the reaction of O(3P) atoms with NO have also been determined.


The polymerization of styrene oxide was carried out at 20°C in chloroform with an acid-exchanged montmorillonite as acid solid ecocatalyst (Mag-H+). The effect of the amount of catalyst, solvent, and concentration of monomer on yield and molecular weight of polymer was studied. A typical reaction product (PSTO) was analyzed by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, as well as by gel-permeation chromatography and MALDI-TOFMS. The mechanism of the polymerization appears to be cationic. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1681–1687, 2006


Compounds of the formula (See formula) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof, wherein R 1 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, amino or aminoalkyl; R 2 is hydrogen, alkyl or halogen; R 3 is hydrogen, alkyl or halogen; R 4 is phenyl, naphthyl, thiophenyl, pyridyl, quinolyl, piperidyl, morpholyl or thiomorpholyl optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, halogen, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, cyano , trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, heterocyclyl, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylalkoxy and alkyl-SO2-; R 5 is hydrogen or alkyl; R 6, R 7, R 8, R 9 and R 10 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, cyano, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy and alkyl-SO2-; A is nitrogen or CR 10; E is nitrogen or CR 9; G is nitrogen or CR 8; and wherein no more than one of A, E and G is nitrogen; wherein - the term "alkyl" alone or in combination, means an alkyl group straight chain or branched alkyl having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, - the term "cycloalkyl", alone or in combination, it signifies a cycloalkyl ring with 3 to 8 carbon atoms, - the term "aryl" alone or in combination, means a phenyl or naphthyl group, - the term "heterocyclyl", alone or in combination means a heterocycle 5 to 10 membered saturated, partially unsaturated or aromatic contains one or more hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, - the term "amino", alone or in combination, it signifies a primary, secondary or tertiary amino group bonded via the nitrogen atom, with the secondary amino group carrying one substituent alkyl or cycloalkyl and the tertiary amino group carrying two alkyl substituents similar or different cycloalkyl or the two nitrogen substituents together form a ring, and salts and e pharmaceutically acceptable esters thereof.


The goal of this paper is to test microstructure of machining part IK.18-PI.16 with help of optical microscope. The machine part is made of brass. The work consists both of a theoretical and experimental part. The theoretical part contains description of most important characteristics of copper and zinc, which in alloy, makes up the brass. There were listed classification and characteristic of brass and where is it most used. The latter part of theoretical part describes preparation of metal samples for metallographic analysis, microscopy and microstructure. In the experimental part were listed and presented procedures for preparing a sample for microscopy. The analysis was done in a polished and crumbling state. In the end microfilms are shown and a conclusion is made based on them.


The annual ADOA Building System Capital Improvement Plan, reviews agency capital requests, and submits recommendations to the Governor's Office of Strategic Planning and Budgeting and the Joint Legislative Budget Committee.


We report the all-photonic transduction of microcantilevers using a differential splitter consisting of an asymmetric double-step multimode rib waveguide and aY-branch splitter. An average deflection sensitivity of 0.32×10-3nm-1is demonstrated for multiple microcantilever arrays.


Abstract The effects of dry matter production and the remobilization of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) on grain filling were investigated using the Indica-based Japonica crossed rice cultivar Takanari, which can bear a large sink. For three years,beginning in 1994, shade treatments were conducted with different nitrogen applications to develop large variations in plant growth. The percentage of ripened spikelets showed the greatest correlation with the total amount of carbohydrate supply per spikelet during 10 to 20 days after heading, calculated by adding the amount of dry matter increase to the amount ofNSC decrease in leaf sheaths and culms during the period. Between the two components, the dry matter increase was more important. The NSC reserve played a role in compensating for the shortage of carbohydrate supply from assimilates after heading and showed a tendency to increase the percentage of ripened spikelets when dry matter production after heading was limited. However, the maximum ratio of compensatory translocation from the NSC reserve was estimated to be only 48%, becauseofsmaller reservoir size compared with the demand. The NSC reserve at heading was not significantly increased by increasing the dry matter production before heading. It was concluded that to increase grain filling ability it is more effective to increase the dry matter production after heading than that before heading. Nitrogen application showed negative effectson the translocation of reserve NSC. It is important to optimize the nitrogen content to maximize the total source of carbohydrate supply.


After the forty-fifth flyby of Titan, the Cassini spacecraft has successfully completed the planned four-year prime mission tour of the Saturnian system. This paper reports on the orbit determination performance of the Cassini spacecraft over two years spanning 2006 - 2008. In this time span, Cassini's orbit progressed through the magnetotail and pi-transfer phases of the mission. Thirty-four accurate close encounters of Titan, one close flyby of Iapetus and one 50 km flyby of Enceladus were performed during this period. The Iapetus and Enceladus flybys were especially challenging and so the orbit determination supporting these encounters will be discussed in more detail. This paper will show that in most cases orbit determination has exceeded the navigation requirements for targeting flybys and predicting science instrument pointing during these encounters.


Combined with the research status of crop straws, and the comprehensive utilization of crop straws and the existing problems in Jilin Province, China. This paper proposes to crop straws to be used as the insulation materials of the precast concrete sandwich wall, which can't only settle the problem of the lower utilization of crop straws, but also accelerate the development of the precast concrete structure in our country. Based on the research status of crop straws materials at home and abroad, the article summarizes the manufacture methods of crop straws as the insulation materials of precast concrete sandwich Wall. I hope that this article can provide valuable reference to speed up the comprehensive utilization of crop straws, and accelerate the process of building industrialization in Jilin province.


For grasping the characteristics of modal choice by the parking policy in tourist region, we carried out the stated preference survey to tourist in Kyeryong and Sorak Mountain. We grasped the whole characteristics by principal analysis for finding an effect that parking policy affect modal choice behavior, and made modal choice behavior model. As the results, we found that the parking policy of tourist region has many affects on modal choice behavior. Therefore, we have an very important proposal for the parking demands adjustment policy, that is, guide to use of public transport for tourist region is very important first of all.


The present study was designed to investigate the cytotoxic activity of ethanol extract of Camellia Sinensis on brine shrimp and thrombolytic activity on human blood. Ethanolic extract of Camellia Sinensis was assessed with the Brine shrimp lethality bioassay was used to evaluate cytotoxicity and this extract assessed with human blood to evaluate thrombolytic effect. The Brine shrimp lethality bioassay was used to evaluate cytotoxicity. The extract showed remarkable cytotoxic activity, LC50 value of the extract was 5.312 μg/ml compared to vincristin sulphate, a reference drug. It also has evaluated as thrombolytic agent compared to streptokinase. It has significant thrombolytic effect. These findings demonstrate that the bud & leaves extract of Camellia Sinensis have excellent cytotoxic activity and significant thrombolytic effect.


Objective Analysis of clinical effects of Qizhi Taohong Siwu decoction on prevention and treatment of deep vein thrombosis.Methods 90 cases diagnosed deep vein thrombosis were selected as research subjects from October 2012 to October 2014, and they were divided into control group(43 cases) and observation group(47 cases). The control group was treated with subcutaneous low molecu-lar weight heparin treatment. The observation group was given Qizhi Taohong Siwu decoction. The incidence of deep venous thrombosis,platelet count and hemoglobin were observed after treatment, and comparative analysis conducted. Results The incidence of deep venous thrombosis and platelet of the two groups were compared after treatment 11 d, the difference was not statistically significant( P 0.05);the hemoglobin of the observation group after 11 d significantly higher than that of the control group, the difference was statistically signifi-cant(P 0.05). Conclusion Qizhi Taohong Siwu decoction on the treatment of deep vein thrombosis had a high clinical value, can sig-nificantly improve patients' hemoglobin, promote the rehabilitation of patients, and was worthy of promotion.


Abstract A review of bone needles from the Mallorcan earliest prehistory is presented. They are not artifacts, but actually represent natural items, identified as Myotragus balearicus fibular diaphysis. The corpus fibulae of M. balearicus is here illustrated by first time. Archaeological and paleontological implications of this diagnosis are discussed in this paper.


In order to obtain the optimal condition of acetic acid bacteria by freezing dry,taking cfu·mL-1 of freeze-dried bacteria as criterion.Four factors,including composition and concentration of protection,prefreezing temperature,prefreezing time and freeze drying time,were systematically analyzed by single factor and orthogonal experiments.The results showed that the optimal condition of freeze drying was protection concentration 12%,defatted milk+5%,glucose/saccharose(1∶2),prefreezing temperature-80℃,prefreezing time 3h,freezing dry time 4d.The livability of acetic acid bacteria by freeze drying arrived 70% under this conditions.


The natural instability of an inverted pendulum and its dynamics richness, in terms of nonlinearity, provide a nice apparatus to reproduce behaviors of analogous systems. In this way, it is useful to perform benchmark tests for new control approaches developed. In this paper, we address the main inverted pendulum problems: pendulum stabilization, tracking, and catching swing‐up control. We show how robust recursive, control and filtering, techniques improve the system performance. They are developed to solve stochastic problems based on deterministic approaches, in order to decrease the worst influence of uncertainties. Experimental results of the proposed robust approach provide robust stability and performance despite parametric uncertainties, disturbances, and noise effects.


Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, Vol. 13, No. 4, 2017 Continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) is one of the most common treatments of sleep apnea, and dry mouth is a common and bothersome side effect. Dry mouth can be the reason patients are nonadherent to CPAP therapy. The absence of saliva in the mouth causes an unpleasant and scratchy sensation, difficulty swallowing, bad breath, and the growth of fungi and bacteria in the mouth with mucosal lesions and perlèche because the antimycotic and antibacterial action of saliva is lacking. It is thought that dry mouth is caused by an influx of air that dries up the oral mucosa. This would seem to be the case when using a full-face CPAP appliance, or if a patient's mouth remained open when using a nasal-only CPAP appliance. However, dry mouth also occurs when the mouth is closed with a chin strap, taping, adhesive, or bandages to force breathing through the nose. If the absence of saliva is not caused by the flow of air through the mouth, then what is the cause of dry mouth? Saliva is produced by the activity of salivary glands, which send secretions into the oral cavity through ducts at a determined pressure. If the pressure in the oral cavity is higher than that of the secretion pressure at the duct outlet, the flow of saliva is blocked. In resting conditions, the secretion pressure is approximately 6.20 +1.48 Pa (equal to 0.06 cmH2O). Under stimulation, the secretion pressure can reach 537 +118.28 Pa (equal to 5.47 cmH2O). Because the pressure of CPAP devices in the oral cavity or in the nasopharynx that is in communication with the oral cavity typically ranges from 6 to 14 cmH2O, it is likely that this high pressure is impeding the flow of saliva. With oronasal masks there is nothing that can be done to reestablish a normal flow of saliva, even with saliva secretory stimulants, because the increase in pressure comes from the mouth. With nasal devices, the only remedy for decreasing the pressure against the outlets of the salivary ducts is to close the opening between the oral cavity and pharynx, where there is increased pressure. The isthmus faucium can LETTERS TO THE EDITOR


The present invention will be problems to provide a production method of peeling or cracking the light emitting device, a light emitting device capable of preventing the occurrence of the negative electrode layer, and an electronic apparatus. According to the present invention to solve the above problems, the light emitting device 1 includes a substrate 200 on top, a plurality of openings (221a) corresponding to the positions of formation of the plurality of first electrodes 23, first electrodes 23 a partition wall 221, and at least opening the second electrode 50 covering the organic functional layer 60, a partition wall 221 and the organic functional layer 60 is disposed (221a) and a second electrode (50 having ) for covering the first inorganic layer 52, a first inorganic layer 52 to cover the second inorganic layer 54, the second and the inorganic layer 54, the organic buffer layer 210 to cover the organic buffer layer (210 ) has a gas barrier layer (30) covering the. A light emitting device, an electronic device, the cathode layer


The present invention discloses a light emitting device and a lighting unit having a light emitting device. The light-emitting device comprising: a body having a cavity, the cavity having an open upper portion; a projecting portion, the projecting portion projecting from an upper portion of said body; a plurality of lead electrodes, said plurality of lead electrodes located cavity; and a light emitting diode, a light emitting diode disposed in the cavity and electrically connected to the plurality of lead electrodes.


Today poultry farming is one of the profits making agro-based sector that provides continuous flow of income round the year by the sale of meat/ eggs. The magnificent expansion of poultry industry is also due to the fact that it provides the main source of animal protein through meat at cheaper rate as compared to other sources of animal protein.The nutritive value of maize seed depends on the technological processes used, such as milling, oil extraction, starch separation and germination. The experiment was conducted on 200 broiler day old chicks, which are randomly divided into five groups of 40 chicks each. Group 1 is kept as control, in group 2 the multienzyme complex was added with broiler ration, in group 3 the germinated sorghum was added at 50% level, in group 4 at 75% level and in group 5 at 100% level. The significant increase in serum calcium and phosphorus along with significant decrease in alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase revealed that the use of germinated maize increase of availability of calcium and phosphorus for better production. There were non significant increase in serum glucose, total cholesterol and total protein in all treated group as campare to control.


Open source software (OSS) is becoming increasingly popular in several aspects of software engineering activities, ranging from using OSS for development or execution environments to incorporating OSS directly into developed products. OSS and its development projects differ from proprietary software and closed source projects in several aspects. Therefore, these aspects should be known and analyzed, before making a decision for using OSS in a software development project. This paper analyses various OSS usage strategies in the context of software development projects. Dependent on cases of usage, different open source project collaboration models, based on business process models, are analyzed from several relevant aspects.


The articulation errors of one adult subject demonstrating a spastic variety of congenital cerebral palsy were evaluated via a phonological process analysis. This analysis indicated that a stopping process (replacement of fricatives with homorganic stops) was the most detrimental to the subject's, intelligibility. Subsequent to this analysis a phonemic contrasting programme was initiated toward the goal of minimizing the influence of the stopping process. Results of  spontaneous speech sample analyses indicated that this approach was successful in increasing the percentage of correctly produced fricative patterns. Success in this case suggests the applicability of  a linguistically based intervention approach in structural/functional disturbances of speech articulation.


The — in some ways innovative — objective of this paper is the study of the dynamics of the disequilibria provoked by the emergence of involuntary unemployment in the labour market, and the role of the economic policy authorities (through welfare, incomes and employment policies), with the aim of discovering if there is an explicit or implicit consistency between the role of these authorities, their actions and the pursuit of maximum employment (or elimination of the disequilibria).

We seek to show, in other words, whether the actions of the government authorities conform to their accepted meaning (the aim of reducing the disequilibria) or whether, on the contrary, it may not be possible to put forward a different interpretation, if sociopolitical variables are introduced into the analysis, thus placing in the foreground different and alternative objecties such as "conflict control" and/or the reaching of a consensus between the different social partners.

The paper therefore begins by analysing separately the historical-theoretical characteristics of the individual policies considered — welfare, incomes and employment — in their evolution (with particular reference to the last two decades), and then attempts an interpretative key in synthesis, by resorting to a specific model derived from the theories of disequilibria.


The World Wide Web is probably the most important mean for retrieving all
kinds of information nowadays and a large number of users visit the web sites
every day. The web sites' number increases rapidly and the web sites'
administrators are trying to understand what the users really need and desire. In
order to achieve this, the administrators use the access data of their web sites,
hoping that this data will help them make the web sites more useful and effective
for the final users.
The web sites' access data is stored in the web servers in the form of documents
that are called Web Access Logs. These logs are text documents, created by an
automated process, which hold information about each request made from a user
towards the web server, in a serial manner. Each recorded request is represented
as a line of text including many heterogeneous kinds of information about the
request itself, the user that made it and the page or file of the web site that was
requested.
Although the information held in the web access logs is structured, their main
drawback is that this information is not easily readable by humans. Hence, there
are many commercial tools that can analyze the web access logs' information.
This thesis includes the development of such a tool, which aims to extract and
process only the useful information contained in the web access logs. This
approach provides the web sites' administrators with the ability to obtain truly
useful data concerning the access to their web site. This kind of data is considered
efficient for designing web sites in a more effective way, focusing on the true
users' needs and demands.
This thesis presents a new approach on the web access log analysis issue, which
basically focuses on the storing and management of the useful information that
comes out of the web access logs. This led to the creation of a new, XML-based,
language for the description of web access logs. Nowadays, XML tends to
become a universal standard for storing information because of its well structured
nature and its independency of computational platforms. The new language, due
to its XML nature, specifies the elements that comprise the web access logs'
useful information in a strict and thorough manner.
This new language has a number of advantages that make it a practical and
functional language. The new language's syntax and structure are based on XML
allowing it to transfer its data towards any computational environment, where the
data can be further processed. Another noticable advantage is the storage space
that can be saved by using the new language. The web access logs are rather big
files and the extraction of the useful information which they contain allows the
new language's files to store the access information in a more easily readable and
manageable form, while occupying much less storage space.
The new language for the description of web access logs may easily present the
useful information of the logs in a variety of visual manners and the new
language's files have the ability to be combined easily and effectively. This last
feature allows the gathering of integrated information that concerns large periods
of time. It must be pointed out that this feature is not a common one among the
existing commercial log analysis tools which mainly create static and not flexible
reports. The easy and effective combination of the new language's files
constitutes one of the most important advantages of the language as the
integrated information can lead to more useful and reliable inferences about the
traffic and the usage of the web site.
This thesis studies the useful information that is hidden inside the web access logs
and investigates the field of this information's extraction and processing.
Furthermore, this thesis thoroughly presents the new language that describes the
web access logs in order to achieve a better structure and management of their
information. Moreover, a complete web access log analysis and processing system
is presented, which extracts the logs' useful information and converts it into files
of the new language. The system provides a number of useful functions such as
the combination of the new language's files, the creation of files that visually
present the information and the integration of a tool that validates those files.
The implemented system fully exploits the new language's advantages and aims to
accommodate the administrators' efforts for the improvement of their web sites'
structure and effectiveness.


As a reflective teenager, I would periodically descend on my father (also a neurologist) in the early evenings after dinner, as he was trying to get through his charts from the day, to talk with him about death. While interested in the usual pursuits of a young person, I had an early and, as my family affectionately put it, annoying fascination with the concept of death. While listening to John Lennon and his fellow-Beatles' Sergeant Pepper ' s Lonely Hearts Club Band , my father and I would ponder the ultimate conundrum: 'what happens when you die?' I simply could not get my head around the concept that life would cease, or rather, that my thinking or existence would cease. While continuing to work, nodding periodically to let me know he was still listening, my father allowed me to work through the issue that I found so ultimately challenging: how does one define death, and what happens after you die? Knowing full well that I was not the first to ask this question, I thought with the assurance of the unfettered teenage mind.

I did not realize at the time that I was neglecting to address the essential other side of the question: 'how does one define life?' I, like most at my age, took for granted that life was just a given. Death was more difficult to define; I knew it was the cessation of life, the darkness to the light, but I failed to recognize that I had not taken the first step of defining what makes me alive? With time, I have gained a better understanding of the great complexity of how we define life and death. It is not so simple as to consider one as the antithesis of the other. Each has tremendous complexities and …


Canada's International Development Research Centre (IDRC) under Grant 107099-99906075-034; and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) under grant 752-2013-1518.


Hardening is defined as the process of protecting from a system or set of computer systems by applying specific security settings to prevent computer attacks; Such a process can range from measures in software depending on the operating system that workstations work, as well as measures in hardware that help to protect the periphery of the system and its network in physical terms.

So, with the present work it is intended to reveal in detail what is hardening its applicability, advantages, strategies and techniques of the same, while it will recognize the importance of the defense model in depth promoted by Microsoft and will describe the Layers that compose it, such a way that from these can identify the shortcomings in computer security presented by the COTEL Institute of Tunja and propose solutions with respect to these.

To do this, tools and measures of hardening will be presented in Windows workstations such as Snort (IDS), WinAudit (TAAC), Reboot Restore software, blocking through the hosts file and application security policies in Windows and Windows server.

In the same way, will also be placed on identifying hardening tools and measures for workstations based on Linux environments through the recognition of Lynis, OpenVAS and snort features as well as the implementation of a two-step verification session; all the above around Linux Ubuntu desktop.

Finally, it is proposed to make a hardening proposal for the COTEL Institute of Tunja based on the findings found in a preliminary analysis of vulnerabilities according to defense model in depth.


The prevalence of childhood obesity has increased alarmingly worldwide. In infants, the etiology is multi-causal, highlighting the intake as a determinant for weight gain. The alimentary behavior of the infant and the poor perception of hunger and satiety signals of their children perceived by some mothers difficult the self-regulation of the appetite-satiety behavior and may favor the development of obesity. However, research is still limited. The objective of this study was to identify how the mother perceives the eating behavior of her child and how it relates to the nutritional status of the infant. The design was descriptive correlational. 40 dyads were studied (mother-son under the age of 6 months) who attended the Healthy Child Control program of a public health institution. The sociodemographic characteristics of the dyad and anthropometric measurements of height and weight were explored. The Baby Eating Behavior Questionnaire was used to measure the feeding behavior of the infant through four scales. The mean age of the infants was 4.03 months. (DE = 1.16). The 37.5 % were overweight and the 62.5 % were males. The mother´s most often perceived feeding behavior was "enjoyment of food" (= 4.85; DE = 0.34), and the least frequently perceived was "satiety responsiveness" (= 2.06; DE = 0.83). The "My baby has a good appetite" perception was correlated to the BMI of the infant ( rs = 0.299, P < 0.05). Mothers were more sensitive to perceive their child´s hunger signals, but not with satiety signals, which may favor the rapid weight gain in infants and thus the obesity development at early age.


In this article, a critical and reflective journey of two participatory action research experiences in educational processes of young people and adults, developed by social organisations during the 2000s in Argentina, a stage of resistance to neoliberalism and social rise is proposed. First we present the theoretical / methodological concept and function of the IAP (Investigacion Accion Participativa) for social movements in the production of knowledge. We then focus on the stage of socialisation and feedback between students, teachers and the research area team. We define this moment's pedagogical function based on Victor Turner concept of rite of passage, de-structuring and structuring the subject, putting in tension and enabling the relationship of the individual and the social, the other and us, and from there establishing the relationship between IAP and Popular Education in the experience. Finally, we describe and reflect on the educational project called "The world is becoming", a pedagogical proposal of IAP from social mapping at a school for youth and adults.


www.sciencemag.org (this information is current as of May 12, 2007 ): The following resources related to this article are available online at http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/316/5826/904 version of this article at: including high-resolution figures, can be found in the online Updated information and services, http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1140459/DC1 can be found at: Supporting Online Material http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/316/5826/904#otherarticles , 7 of which can be accessed for free: cites 30 articles This article http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/collection/psychology Psychology : subject collections This article appears in the following http://www.sciencemag.org/about/permissions.dtl in whole or in part can be found at: this article permission to reproduce of this article or about obtaining reprints Information about obtaining


Over the last few years, a number of rule-based approaches to passive investing have gained popularity by claiming to offer risk-adjusted performance superior to that of traditional market-capitali...


As the world's population is ageing, Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become a big concern since patients suffering from AD have become younger and the population of AD patients is increasing worldwide. It has been revealed that the neuropathological hallmarks of AD are typically characterized by the presence of neurotoxic extracellular amyloid plaques in the brain, which are surrounded by tangles of neuronal neuronal fibers. However, the causes of AD have not been completely understood yet. Currently, there is no drug to effectively prevent AD or to completely reserve the symptoms in the patients. This article reviews the pathological features associated with AD, the recent research progress on the drug development to treat AD especially on discovery of natural product derivatives to inhibit Aβ peptide aggregation as well as design and synthesis of Aβ peptide aggregation inhibitors to treat AD.


The evolution of primates is usually approached from the standpoint of adaptation and interspecific competition. However, climatic and eustatic changes associated with periodic glaciations have had a profound influence on their geographical distribution, favouring the intervention of contingency in evolution. This paper deals with the role of chance and competition in the dispersal and stocking of macaques in the islands of south-east Asia. The genus Macaca is unique among non-human primates for the range of habitats colonized, from continents to islands. We first review current knowledge about the zoogeography of macaques in Sundaland. We point out the inconsisten- cies present in the hypotheses thus far proposed to account for the colonization of shallow- and deep-water islands. We then propose a new perspective of macaque dispersal through the Indonesian archipelago, which takes into account sea-level changes, as well as latitudinal and altitudinal rainforest shifts following climatic cycles during the Quaternary. We envision three steps: (i) dispersal and partial disappearance of the first radiation of macaques; (ii) primary mainland recolonization by pigtailed and longtailed macaques; and (iii) secondary sea-rafting colo- nization by longtailed macaques. This model implies that liontailed, Sulawesi and Mentawai macaques stemmed from pre-glacial remnant populations, whereas pigtailed macaques originated in post-glacial populations that diverged later on. The model accounts for the distribution of longtailed macaques throughout the Indonesian archi- pelago. The riverine habits of this species would have favoured its dispersal by sea rafting, which was otherwise extremely rare for other primate species. Stocking would have been successful for longtailed macaques only in islands where no other macaque competitors were already present. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 75, 555-576. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: biogeography - colonization - competition - contingency - island - Macaca - Quaternary - Sunda shelf.


Transient events in railway rolling noise, such as the characteristic impulsive noise at switches and crossings, can significantly contribute to the perceived annoyance, despite being difficult to detect in the standard frequency-domain methods to analyse rolling noise. Studying these transient effects and their perception requires predicting the noise in the time domain. While several time-domain approaches exist for predicting the dynamic interaction of wheel and rail, predicting the associated rolling noise with adequate accuracy is computationally costly. The lack of a model for transient noise and the need for studying its perception was recently identified. Aiming for a comprehensive time-domain radiation model that includes the wheel and track contributions to rolling noise, this work focuses on the track radiation. The modelling approach taken here is based on a 2.5D formulation for the acoustic radiation and moving Green's functions in the air. The computational cost, which lies mainly in the 2.5D BE calculations, is addressed by pre-calculating acoustic transfer functions. These transfer functions can be combined with different dynamic track models. Different dynamic track models in turn affect radiated sound field in different ways. Here, the sound fields produced by six different track models are compared, including different support types and analytical and numerical rail models. Several descriptors of the sound field are analysed. In terms of the radiated sound power and radiation efficiency, modelling the rail as a simple beam leads to similar results as elaborate numerical models up to about 5 kHz. In terms of the track-side sound pressure, simple beam models can provide similar results only up to 2.5 kHz. Euler-Bernoulli (E-B) beams seem unfit for time-domain predictions of the radiated noise as they over-estimate the bending wave speed at high frequencies. The results also show that the standard track decay rate (TDR) and the decay of acoustic sound pressure along the track are comparable.


One of the main requirements for advanced driver assistance systems is the reliability of the acquired driving environment information. Typically the following statement can be applied: "the higher the safety level of an assistance system the more accurate the evaluation of the environment information". In this sense a method that robustly combines the features and data of dissimilar and partially redundant sensors, identifies and isolates sensor malfunctions is required. For these reasons the purpose of this work is to present an method that extends the conventional functionality of sensor fusion systems. This strategie brings out the benefits and further develops the features of multiple target tracking and fault detection and identification methods.


The following paper deals with the results obtained from investigations made during recent years in North Derbyshire with a view towards elucidating the relation of the so-called "Yoredale" or "Pendleside " Series to the Carboniferous Limestone.


The cost effective utilisation and acquisition of equipment is vitally important to the air force of any national defence force. This paper describes a simulation model which was developed to aid the decision makers of such an air force in determining aircraft system requirements for carrying out specific missions within different conflict scenarios. Comprehensive validation of the model has not been completed.


Improvement of the performance of renewable energy harvesters is a crucial and complicated task. Among currently utilized renewable energy harvesters, parabolic solar collectors are some of the most promising and widely used apparatuses. However, researchers are still facing some issues regarding the optimization of PTC performance, including the enhancement of heat flux absorption by the absorber tubes. Among the proposed methods to overcome this drawback, the implementation of helical screw tape (HST) and nanofluids has proven to be most effective. In the present study, the CFD simulation of an absorber tube with HST is conducted. CuO/oil nanofluid with a nanoparticle volume fraction of 1 to 3% was chosen as the working fluid. The simulation is based on the realistic operational condition of a PTC absorber tube with corresponding nonuniform solar heat flux based on the local concentration ratio. The effects of the mass flow rate (Re), HST width and nanofluid volume fraction on pumping power and heat transfer are studied. Moreover, to combine the effect of both parameters, the performance evaluation criterion (PEC), a dimensionless variable, is calculated for all of the studied cases. Enhancement of the PEC parameter by the implementation of nanofluid and HST in comparison to base fluid passing through a plain tube is also determined and reported. According to the obtained results, with the implementation of the CuO/oil nanofluid, the PEC can be enhanced by 57.3–70.8, 68.7~86.4, and 83.4~105.9% for volume fractions of 1, 2, and 3%, respectively.


The present invention, the lattice parameter is 2.8895 +/- 0.0025A of crystalline chrome fixtures, and relates to an article comprising the above crystalline chrome fixtures, and the article, including the crystalline chrome fixtures, and a (111) preferred It has an orientation. The present invention, trivalent chromium and 2 comprises a source of sulfur, and 6 the crystalline chrome on phase, and a substrate immersion of the stage and the substrate to provide electrical FIG abstinence not containing chromium is substantially in FIG abstinence the electric comprising the step of applying a fixed current to the water fastness, and the chrome fixtures relates to a method of deposition a crystalline chrome fixtures are secured to the crystalline substrate. The crystalline chrome fixtures, lattice parameter, trivalent chromium, divalent sulfur, electrodeposition bath


Feed water Initially, synthetic sulphate-rich feed water was used (2.5 g/l, Na2SO4), which later changed to pre-treated, sulphate-rich mine water, consisting of one part acid mine drainage (AMD) and one part reactor effluent after biological sulphate reduction. Due to the acidic and metal-rich character of the mine water, it was pre-treated with the alkalinityand sulphide-rich effluent of the biological reactor in a 1:1 ratio, to increase the pH and to precipitate the metals as metalsulphides. The feed water entered the fermentation reactor (FR) at the top to get into contact with the grass cuttings. A recycle stream (60 l/d) was installed from the fermentation part of the reactor to the top of the reactor for mixing purposes. The effluent left FR at the bottom (Figure 2).


Background: Prediction of asthma control is a difficult task because many factors affect the control achievement. These include not least the lung function. To evaluate it along with the spirometry, the computer-aided tomography (CT) which allows to make a 3-dimensional quantitative analysis of lung inflation has been used recently (Il9in, A.V. et al. Eur Respir J 2014; 44: Suppl. 58, 5541). Aim: To develop the method to predict the achievement of asthma control using the indices of airway patency and lung inflation. Methods: Retrospective comparative analysis of the initial fucntional (spirometry and 3D CT-volumetry) indices was done among 64 asthmatics who achieved (group 1, n=15) and did not achieve (group 2, n=39) the asthma control after 6-month base therapy. Results: With the help of the discriminant analysis a significant difference in the indices between group 1 and 2 was found out: FEV 1 3.1±0.2 and 2.5±0.1 l, respectively (p 1 +0.1×RI. The limit value of the discriminant function (d) is 48.37. If d≥48,37 the controlled course of asthma is predicted after 6 months of the base therapy. The probability of the correct prediction is 96.9%. Conclusion: The developed method allows to predict achievement of asthma control after 6 months of the base therapy. The essential feature of this method is the application of RI which reflects expiratory/inspiratory inflation in the whole volume of lungs.


One of the most common strategies used in large-scale logistics problems is districting, in which one divides a service region into smaller pieces. This is particularly useful when one does not kno...


In this paper, joint morphologies and failure mechanisms of anisotropic conductive films (ACFs) during a power handling capability test for flex-on-board applications were investigated in terms of four conductive particles: gold-coated polymer ball, Ni metal ball, SnBi58, and Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu particles. It was found that all the polymer ball and Ni ball joints could not handle the ACFs' joint temperature of 200 °C presumably due to polymer resin expansion and physical contacts loss, and their corresponding contact resistance also became open circuit after the power test. In contrast, the failure mechanism of SnBi58 solder joint was that when temperature was over 138 °C and Sn element was quickly consumed by Sn-Ni intermetallic compounds resulting in brittle Bi-rich phase remaining, more severe crack occurred along the Bi-rich phase of SnBi58 joints. Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu solder ACF joints due to a higher solder melting point were the best among the four conductive particles in terms of the little crack formation in its joint morphology and the morphology and the remaining stable electrical resistance even after the highest power test to 300 °C, when FR4 printed circuit board burned. Beyond the FR-4 decomposition at 300 °C, ACF joints were burned due to epoxy resin decomposition from 330 °C.


Beginning from the basic procedure of infrared imaging, scheme of modeling land tank target for pure computer simulation was proposed. By dividing the complex environment into target and background, the physical model and calculate temperature fields were constructed separately. Taking the interaction of target and background into consideration, model of whole complex scene are gained by 'stitching'. Then the attenuate factor of atmosphere between scene and infrared sensor was calculated from atmosphere attenuate model. Last, the work characters of infrared imaging system were simulated for generating the final infrared image. The simulation procedure of land tank target infrared imaging system was also given. An economic and rapid way for developing of infrared system and weapon was provided using this system.


Populus tomentosa is the main tree species for afforestation in north China.To maintain its productivity,annual changes in leaf nutrient concentrations of N,P,K,Ca,and Mg with 11 clones of triploid P.tomentosa(S1 through S9,S11,and S12) were studied with diploid P.tomentosa(S10) as a control.The one-year-old seedlings were afforested in 2005,in Pinggu of Beijing,and leaves were gathered respectively in April,July and October of 2006 by representative sampling method with three replications,for determining N,P,K,Ca,and Mg concentrations in leaves.Results showed that(1) for a given nutrient,triploid P.tomentosa leaves had similar seasonal variations,N,P,and K,levels declined during the whole growth period;Ca gradually increased,while Mg increased and then decreased.Also,(2) greater P concentrations in leaves of different clones were highly significant(P 0.01,n = 36)with the greatest being 1.85 g·kg-1 in S5.Additionally,(3) compared to diploid P.tomentosa,throughout the growing season,P concentrations in leaves of triploid P.tomentosa increased for clones S1,S3 through S7,and S12.Finally,(4) during the growing season,for the different clones of P.tomentosa,concentrations of these macro elements were similar with the order and average content(in g·kg-1) of the five nutrients as:N(24.31)K(17.23)Ca(4.36)Mg(1.94)P(1.56).


Canine Leishmaniasis (CanL) is a zoonosis with wide distribution in Brazil and a complex pathogenesis caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum and transmitted by the female sandfly Lutzomya longipapis. The protective immune response against L. infantum is related to the activation of Th1 type CD4 + T cells. Helminths have been reported to affect clinical cure time and frequency of lesions in human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Helminths induce the Th2 type immune response. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the clinical manifestations of canine leishmaniasis (CanL) in animals coinfected with intestinal helminths. For this, 60 dogs were used, of which 46 were positive for CanL and 14 were negative for CanL. The animals were submitted to clinical, hematological, coproparasitological, cytological and histological exams. The results of the tests were expressed as percentage or mean and standard deviation. Kruskal Wallis test was used for comparison between groups regarding hematology and symptomatology. Spearman's correlation was used to evaluate the microscopic changes of the intestinal mucosa and the clinical signs of dogs with positive serology for CanL. The experimental protocol was approved by CEUA-UECE under registration 9057138/2017. 60 dogs, 46 were seropositive for CanL, and 30 of them had helminths (LCan-HELM group) in the coproparasitological examinations. Of the seronegative animals for CanL (n = 14), seven presented helminths (HELM group). Ancylostoma caninum was the most frequent of the helminths, representing 73.3% (n = 22) of the CanL animals and 57.1% (n = 4) of the seronegative animals, besides participating in the helminth mixed infections (13.3% ; n = 4). Clinical exams revealed that 83% (n = 25) of the animals in the CanL-HELM group were symptomatic, while 38% (n = 6) were asymptomatic. Coinfection with helminths aggravates clinical signs of CanL (P <0.05), and 82% (n = 18) of A. caninum monoinfected animals were found to be symptomatic for CanL. Total leukocytes remained within the reference range between the groups, however, CanL seropositive animals showed a high total leukocyte count when compared to CanL seronegative animals and absence of helminths (negative control group). The CanL-HELM group had hemoglobin levels below the reference values for the species and differed significantly from the HELM group. In cytological examinations of the rectal mucosa, the presence of bacilli and cocci was found, varying in intensity between groups. Macrophages were the most predominant cells, whereas the CanL-HELM group showed the highest macrophages in the analyzed samples (50%; n = 15). 86% of CanL-seronegative animals did not display macrophages. Histological analyzes of intestinal sections revealed edema, congestion, and inflammatory infiltrate, areas of necrosis, hyperplasia of goblet cells, and expansion of Peyer's patches in the CanL and CanLHELM groups. There was no correlation between the histological changes in the jejunum and ileum regions of intestinal mucosa and the clinical signs of canine leishmaniasis. It is concluded that co-infection with intestinal helminths exacerbates the clinical manifestation of CanL.