Objective To compare two anesthesia methods'advantages and disadvantages,comparative laryngeal mask-remifentanil joint propofol with laryngeal mask-ketamine joint midazolam in pediatric laparoscopic high ligation of hernia sac.Methods 64 cases of selective patients in pediatric laparoscopic high ligation of hernia sac were randomly divided into two groups,group of laryngeal mask-remifentanil joint propofol(group remifentanil) and group of laryngeal mask-ketamine joint midazolam(group ketamine).After rapid intravenous anesthetic induction inserting laryngeal mask,remifentanil 0.15 μg/(kg·min) and propofol 6 ~ 8 mg/kg.2 mg/(kg·h) were pumped into the vein of group remifentanil to maintain anesthesia.Vital signs,recovery time,operative and postoperative complications were recorded.Ketamine 0.08~0.1 mg/(kg·min) and midazolam 0.15~0.2 mg/(kg·h) were pumped into the vein of group ketamine.Result After Intravenous anesthetic induction MAP and HR of group remifentanil clearly lowered compared with that before anesthesia(P0.05) and group ketamine was not obvious.After celiac inflated,MAP and HR of two groups was higher than before inflatable(P0.05) and group ketamine was more obvious.Recovery time of group remifentanil was clearly shorter than group ketamine(P 0.05).Incidence of intraoperative limbs,cough,holding breath and postoperative restlessness in group ketamine was clearly higher than group remifentanil(P 0.05). Conclusion Advantages of laryngeal mask-remifentanil joint propofol in laparoscopic polio-minimally invasive surgery were rapid induction of anesthesia and recovery,relatively stable hemodynamics,fewer adverse reactions and etc.


The rise of popularity of social media (e.g. Facebook, Twitter, Plurk, Mixi) to share opinions about what's on people's mind has opened possibilities to track the public's activities and sentiments. By using generic identifiers (hashtags #journaal and #RTLnieuws) on two of the most watched news programs (NOS journal provided by the public service broadcaster, and RTL Nieuws by commercial broadcaster RTL) we are able to see the audiences' responsiveness to news broadcasts. This study focuses on explaining engagement activity as a function of type of program, the specific airing time of newscasts, the specific weekday the newscast was broadcasted and specific news events. Findings show that the commercial broadcaster's news cast is more popular in terms of engaging on Twitter. This holds for the general level as well as for the daytime programs.


This third edition of the book has been completely re-written, providing a wider scope and enhanced coverage. It covers the general principles of the natural occurrence, pollution sources, chemical analysis, soil chemical behaviour and soil-plant-animal relationships of heavy metals and metalloids, followed by a detailed coverage of 21 individual elements, including: antimony, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gold, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silver, thallium, tin, tungsten, uranium, vanadium and zinc. The book is highly relevant for those involved in environmental science, soil science, geochemistry, agronomy, environmental health, and environmental engineering, including specialists responsible for the management and clean-up of contaminated land. Heavy metals in soils continue to receive increasing attention due to the growing scientific and public awareness of environmental issues and the development of analytical techniques to measure their concentrations accurately. Building on the success and acclaim of the first edition, this book continues to provide an up-to-date, balanced and comprehensive review of the subject in two sections: the first providing an introduction to the metals chemistry, sources and methods used for their analysis; and the second containing chapters dealing with individual elements in detail. The iron and steelworks at Rooty Hill and Port Kembla, NSW, Australia may be emitting heavy and trace metals to the environment. However, their emissions on soil have remained unstudied. This study investigates the trace metals and heavy metals in soils near the two steelworks as compared to the background site at Macquarie Park and also whether the soils from these sites exceed the NEPM 2011 guideline. The proximate, acid extractable elements analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were performed for soil analysis. Acid extractable elements analysis for the trace metals and heavy metals showed no considerable difference in trace metals at all sites. However, there was higher concentration of chromium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc, titanium and iron at Port Kembla as compared to Rooty Hill. Rooty Hill had higher concentration of manganese. Furthermore, all the sites had lower concentrations of trace metals and heavy metals with reference to the NEPM guideline 2011, except for molybdenum, titanium and iron which lack guidelines. This study suggests that soils near Port Kembla steelworks have higher heavy metal concentrations as compared to Rooty Hill. Also, the guideline should be established for all heavy metals including molybdenum, titanium and iron due to their high concentrations in soils. Soil Pollution: From Monitoring to Remediation provides comprehensive information on soil pollution, including causes, distribution, transport, the transformation and fate of pollutants in soil, and metabolite accumulation. The book covers organic, inorganic and nanoparticle pollutants and methodologies for their monitoring. Features a critical discussion on ecotoxicological and human effects of soil pollution, and strategies for soil protection and remediation. Meticulously organized, this is an ideal resource for students, researchers and professionals, providing up-to-date foundational content for those already familiar with the field. Chapters are highly accessible, offering an authoritative introduction for non-specialists and undergraduate students alike. Highlights the relevance of soil pollution for a sustainable environment in chapters written by interdisciplinary expert academics and professionals from around the world Includes cases studies of techniques used to monitor soil pollution Includes a chapter on nanoparticles as soil pollutants Offers comprehensive coverage of soil pollution including types and causes "Heavy Metals: Problems and Solutions" is divided into three sections dealing with basic geochemical processes, remediation and case studies. The basic geochemical processes are discussed with respect to mobility in the environment and impact as well as methods to derive guidelines for heavy metals. Remediation focuses on currently available methods to treat contaminated sediments and soils. In addition, it considers the concept of geochemical engineering for remediation of large areas contaminated by metals. A number of case studies of polluted sediments and soils and their environmental impact highlight the principles discussed in the first two sections. Concerns regarding heavy metal contamination in terrestrial ecosystems have prompted increasing efforts on limiting their bioavailability in the root zone. The complexity of the hydrologic system gives rise to the need for understanding the fate and transport of trace elements in the soil-water-plant environment. Dynamics and Bioavailability of Heavy Metals in the Rootzone provides a multidisciplinary approach with emphasis on geohydrology, plant and soil science, and environmental chemistry. The primary focus of this book is on different approaches that describe the dynamics of heavy metals in the soil system. These approaches are key to providing direct information on the concentration of heavy metals and hence on their transport, toxicity, and bioavailability. The book includes chapters covering equilibrium and kinetic models of heavy metal interactions as well as non-equilibrium transport models. It also discusses chemical processes controlling soil solution concentrations and modeling of heavy metals adsorption. Addressing the biological component of heavy metal dynamics, this work examines rhizosphere microorganisms and phytoremediation. Colloid-associated transport, which can result in groundwater contamination, is discussed in relation to reclaimed mine sites. The authors also present an overview of recent advancements in the biogeochemistry of trace elements and their environmental implications. Additional chapters include examination of various natural environments including runoff waters at the watershed scale, heavy metal transformation in wetlands, dynamics of trace metals in frequently flooded soils, and effects on crops in biosolid-amended soils. Reliable assessment of potential risks resulting from the transport of trace elements in the soil environment requires the examination of complex chemical and biological interactions due to the heterogeneous nature of soils. This text describes the current state of the art in this field and explores innovative experimental and theoretical/modeling approaches that will enhance this knowledge. The book provides a coherent presentation of recent advances in techniques, modeling, and dynamics and bioavailability of heavy metals in the root zone. While not all metals in Soil--plant systems are inherently toxic, particularly in low concentrations, there is an increasing incidence of metal pollution from aerial fallout, spoils, wastes and agricultural amendments including sewage sludge. Toxic Metals in Soil--Plant Systems discusses the processes of trace-metal cycling in contaminated ecosystems under conditions where their concentrations become toxic through high loading rates, long-term exposure or altered environmental conditions. Other environmental and pedological concentration mechanisms are discussed, including cation exchange and anion adsorption onto different soil materials. The book is divided into two sections; the first part discusses the sources and fates of metals in ecosystems, with an up-to-date review of the processes which control metal speciation in soils, metal uptake mechanisms, and plant responses to toxic metal concentrations in soils. A clear understanding of these processes and their interactions in soil is necessary before it is possible to instigate amelioration and restoration programmes for metal-contaminated land. In the second part of the book, a selection of case studies are presented which discuss metal toxicities and metal cycling in a range of different ecosystems, including managed agricultural systems, deciduous woodland, upland heather moorland, and tropical wetlands. In these studies a number of current issues are addressed, including the setting of toxicity thresholds for safe sewage sludge application to agricultural land, the accumulation of soil metals over time in aerially impacted systems, and metal transfers between ecosystem compartments, which are of particular concern in food crops. Providing an integrated view of toxic metals both in the soil and associated growing plants, this book covers a wide range of topics including agriculture, soil science, ecology and forestry and will be of use to researchers and environmental consultants working in these fields. It is hard to imagine a more concise summary of the prodigious work and voluminous publications in this field... This volume should be available to students at the undergraduate level, to those in law school,


After exposure to the atmospheric-pressure air plasma at different discharge powers, the adhesion characteristics of Twaron aramid fibers were investigated. For the 12 s-300 W plasma treatment, the interlaminar shear strength of Twaron fiber reinforced thermoplastic poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) was increased from 46.0 to 61.7 MPa by 34.1%, and the diffusion of water molecule into the resulting composites was proved to be effectively prevented. These results showed that surface adhesive properties of the plasma-treated aramid fibers were improved. At the power level of 300 W, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed the increases in concentrations of oxygen and nitrogen polar groups on the fiber surface, and atomic force microscopy observations led to the conclusion that the fiber surface morphology was changed and the surface roughness was greatly increased. These new polar and irregular surface structures accounted for the better adhesion between the fiber and the matrix, while due to the reasonability of this discharge power level applied to the surface modification, the measured fiber tensile strength only decreased by 2.0%. POLYM. COMPOS., 2014. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers


The development of Russian-Japanese relations from the moment the two countries met in the eighteenth century was an arena of clashes and fights for the islands of the Sea of Okhotsk – the Kurils and Sakhalin. Russia and Japan divided them among themselves according to their political needs. At the outbreak of war in the Far East, South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands were within the borders of Japan. The Soviet Union had been planning to change this situation for years. It did so by starting war with Japan in August 1945. The USSR occupied not only the islands promised at Yalta, but much more, namely the Southern Kurils, i.e., the islands of Iturup, Kunashir, Shikotan, and the Habomai. Japan demanded their return citing historical rights.


Based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and the observed precipitation data in the South China from 1958 to 2000,the impact of 30~60 day oscillation of atmospheric heat sources on the drought and flood events in June in the South China is discussed.During the flood(drought) events,there exists an anomalous low-frequency anti-cyclone(cyclone) at the low level of the troposphere over the South China Sea northeastward to the northwestern Pacific,accompanied with the anomalous low-frequency heat sinks(heat sources),while there exists an anomalous low frequency cyclone(anticyclone) with anomalous heat sources(sinks) over the area from the South China to the south of Japan.On average,the phase evolution of the low frequency in drought events is 7~11 days leading that in flood events in May to June in the South China.In flood events,there are very regular propagations of the low frequency heat sources and cyclones northward from the southern South China Sea,northwestward from the warm pool of the western Pacific and westward from the northwestern Pacific around 140 °E,which have very important impact on the abundant rainfall in June in the South China.However,in drought events,the northward propagations of the low frequency heat sources and cyclones from the South China Sea and its vicinity region are rather later compared with those in flood events,and there is no obvious westward propagation of the heat sources from the northwestern Pacific.The timing of the low frequency heat source propagation has remarkable impact on the June rainfall in the South China.


Introduction Linear matrix inequality (LMI) problems are widely encountered in numerous science and engineering applications [1]. For example, in multi-agent team cooperation in game theory, to avoid a lower cost for each agent at the expense of requiring full information set, additional constraints are added to the structure of the controller by using the linear matrix inequality (LMI) formulation of the minimization problem [2], where the following Lyapunov matrix inequality is involved, , T B XA X A ≤ + (1.1) mostly in the time-varying form, ), ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( T t B t A t X t X t A ≤ + (1.2) where n n R t A × ∈ ) ( and n n R t B × ∈ ) ( are smoothly time-varying coefficient matrices, assumed to be known numerically or could be estimated accurately, and n n R t X × ∈ ) ( is the time-varying unknown matrix to be solved. In this paper, a recurrent neural network Zhang neural networks (ZNN) model is studied for solving time-varying Lyapunov matrix inequality (1.2). And numerical simulations are presented to show the excellent performance of the ZNN approach for Lyapunov matrix inequality (1.1).


This paper studies the acoustics of Thai intonation in four types of emotional speech; anger, surprise, happiness and sadness. The subjects are radio performers, one male and one female aged 30 40 years. The results confirm that the speaking rate, average pitch, and pitch range of the intonation as well as amplitude of the utterance varies according to the type of emotion involved. Anger and surprise are in agreement with Luksaneeyanawin (1983). Anger and sadness are in agreement with Cahn (1988). The pitch for the male speaker shows two separated registers; anger, surprise and happiness are separate in a higher pitch level whereas neutral speech and sadness employ a lower pitch level. Thus, the overall pitch range for all emotional types combined for the male speaker is broader than that of the female speaker. However, when considered separately, the pitch range for each emotional type is quite comparable between male and female speakers. The Highs and Lows of the intonation vary greatly among utterances of the same emotional type unlike the intonation of Thai declarative sentences without emotion superimposed where the Highs and Lows are clearly rule-governed. Nevertheless, the results of this study have implications for speech technology. Sentences can be manipulated in the dimensions of time, fundamental frequency and fundamental frequency range as well as amplitude contour according to the emotional type targeted for vividness and naturalness.


Fast Algorithms for High Frequency Interconnect Modeling in VLSI Circuits and Packages. (December 2009) Yang Yi, B.S., Shanghai Jiaotong University, China; M.En., Shanghai Jiaotong University, China Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Weiping Shi Interconnect modeling plays an important role in design and verification of VLSI circuits and packages. For low frequency circuits, great advances for parasitic resistance and capacitance extraction have been achieved and wide varieties of techniques are available. However, for high frequency circuits and packages, parasitic inductance and impedance extraction still poses a tremendous challenge. Existing algorithms, such as FastImp and FastHenry developed by MIT, are slow and inherently unable to handle multiple dielectrics and magnetic materials. In this research, we solve three problems in interconnect modeling for high frequency circuits and packages. 1) Multiple dielectrics are common in integrated circuits and packages. We propose the first Boundary Element Method (BEM) algorithm for impedance extraction of interconnects with multiple dielectrics. The algorithm uses a novel equivalentcharge formulation to model the extraction problem with significantly fewer unknowns. Then fast matrix-vector multiplication and effective preconditioning techniques are applied to speed up the solution of linear systems. Experimental results show that the algorithm is significantly faster than existing methods with sufficient accuracy. 2) Magnetic materials are widely used in MEMS, RFID and MRAM. We present


The Diels-Alder reaction of cyclopentadiene with methyl vinyl ketone was remarkably promoted by anhydrous LiTFPB as a Lewis acid catalyst both in dichloromethane and in toluene. Experimental and computational investigations revealed the effects of solvent, hydrating water molecules, and counter anions on the Lewis acidity of the "naked" lithium ion.


GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT ABSTRACT The intramolecular S = O···H−O hydrogen bond in a chiral cyclic sulfite ester, which affects the reaction behavior and spectral properties considerably, was studied.


The paper presents an anaiysis of the source-excited fields. The method is applied to the case of a wave guide formed by two parallel plate dielectrics. The condition for the existence of surface wave, leaky wave and guided wave is discussed.


Ocean renewable energies (e.g. ocean waves or currents) provide an opportunity to coastal regions to cost-efficiently cover their energy needs especially in countries that have only little fossil energy resources. To effectively exploit those energy sources, suitable locations have to be identified. Among others, coastal engineering aspects and estimates of the power potential need to be taken into account. On the one hand the acquisition of the necessary information for larger areas in the coarse site selection process can be challenging, on the other hand the high spatial variability of meteo-marine parameters near the coast demands high resolution data in order to obtain a good accuracy for a possible ocean renewable energy (ORE) facility site. Spaceborne Earth observation methods can largely meet both conditions.
Over the past decades, spaceborne remote sensing has developed to a mature technology. It is now playing an important role in Earth observation due to its capabilities of global coverage, high temporal and spatial resolution, and advantages for long-term observations. Platforms like TerraSAR-X (TS-X), TanDEM-X (TD-X), RADARSAT-2, COSMO-Skymed or SENTINEL-1 with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensors, can provide two dimensional information about the ocean surface. The twin satellites TS-X and TD-X for instance can acquire images with a resolution of up to 1m. They are thus capable of giving wind and wave information for the ocean surface with unprecedented detail, while maintaining a large spatial coverage.
A country that could strongly benefit from sophisticated methods to identify promising ORE facility locations is Indonesia, with an extended coastline, tidal channels between the individual islands and very limited fossil fuel deposits. The bilateral Indonesian-German project Science for the Protection of Indonesian Coastal Marine Ecosystems (SPICE) [1] has the overarching goal to address the scientific, social and economic issues related to the management of the Indonesian coastal ecosystems and their resources. One central research topic is dedicated to the estimation of the power potential from ORE facilities in Indonesia and to identify suitable locations.
We evaluate the improvements of the TS-X wave algorithm XWAVE in a case study for a potential ORE site on the southern Java coast. We compare our data to both, fine-scale local wave model results and in-situ wave-rider measurements recorded during a dedicated campaign at the test site. We observe a good agreement between the SAR-based results and both, model and buoy data (Fig 3). Our findings indicate that the exploitation of spaceborne SAR data with the above methods can thus contribute to both, the identification of promising ORE potential on a regional scale along the extensive Indonesian coastline and to the small scale micro-siting process for possible facility locations.


Complete C and N assignments of the B3 IgG-binding domain of protein G (GB3) in the microcrystalline solid phase, obtained using 2D and 3D MAS NMR, are presented. The chemical shifts are used to predict the protein backbone conformation and compared with solution-state shifts.


Abstract Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of minimum antibacterial values of medicaments used in endodontic regeneration on stem cells. Materials and Methods "Minimum inhibitory concentration," "minimum bactericidal concentration," and "minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration" of triple and double antibiotic paste, a modified triple antibiotic paste (minocycline replaced by clindamycin), Augmentin, and calcium hydroxide were determined using Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) by microtiter plate method. Direct cytotoxic effects of drugs were evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase and water-soluble tetrazolium salt-1 assays using stem cells of apical papilla obtained from immature third molars via enzymatic digestion. Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 24, one-way analysis of variance and post hoc comparisons. The statistical power was set at p < 0.05. Results All medicaments caused similar cytotoxicity and cell proliferation at "minimum inhibitory concentration" (p > 0.05) except Augmentin which was significantly more toxic than others (p < 0.05). At "minimum bactericidal concentration," calcium hydroxide was more toxic than other drugs (p < 0.001), but its adverse effect on cell proliferation was the same as Augmentin (p > 0.05). Triple and double antibiotic paste revealed similar favorable effects in terms of toxicity and proliferation rate at most of the tested concentrations (p > 0.05). At "minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration" both the modified paste and Augmentin caused less proliferation rate than triple and double antibiotic paste (p < 0.001and p < 0.05, respectively) and Augmentin induced more cytotoxicity (p < 0.05). Conclusions Considering the antimicrobial potency, triple antibiotic paste seems to be the safest drug for the stem cells of apical papilla, while Augmentin may have some adverse effects.


Abstract Dialkyl(cyanomethyl)ammonium salts 1 were synthesized and used as a novel class of activators for the stereospecific condensations of diastereopure nucleoside 3′-O-oxazaphospholidines with a nucleoside. This new oxazaphospholidine method could efficiently produce both (Rp)- and (Sp)-dinucleoside phosphorothioates.


Isotope separation by gaseous diffusion through a granular type barrier was studied by means of model barriers made with granulated bronze of 40, 60, 120μ grain size and of 35–74% measured porosity and 9.7–24.5μ mean pore radius. The relation between permeability and mean pressure of two vessels was obtained by observing the transient behavior shown during the equalization of a pressure difference provided between the two vessels, when they were connected to each other by a passage through the barrier. The isotope separation efficiency of Ar was measured at various flow rates obtained by changing the fore-pressure in steps of 30, 50 and 100 torr. The experimental results were compared with calculated values obtained with the granular model theory. The observed values of permeability agreed well with calculation, but in respect of the separation efficiency the computed values were somewhat high. The results were also compared with the theoretical values based on the capillary model. The effective pore radi...


Over the past few decades, there has been much research on additive manufacturing in both the academic and the industrial spheres to overcome the limitations of conventional manufacturing methods, thereby enabling the production of complex designs for improved performance. To achieve this purpose, it is crucial to meticulously set suitable laser parameters within the context of microstructural characteristics, including type and fraction of defects, texture development, residual stress, and grain size, etc. In the present study, we focused on recrystallization behavior, a type of relaxation process for accumulated thermal stress during the L-PBF process, as a function of laser power applied on the L-PBF process. The laser power has significant effects on the amount of recrystallized grain, directly related to the recrystallization temperature. Within the range of laser power used in this study, a downward trend was observed in the recrystallization temperature as the laser power increased from 370 W to 390 W. This trend suggests that higher laser power leads to a faster cooling rate, influenced by the volume of melt pool as well as the amount of heat dissipation from the melt pool, resulting in higher thermal stress during the process.


This paper presents an ultra low noise instrumentation based on cryogenic electronic integrated circuits (ASICs : Application Specific Integrated Circuits). We have designed successively two ASICs in standard BiCMOS SiGe 0.35 μm technology that have proved to be operating at cryogenic temperatures. The main functions of these circuits are the readout and the multiplexing of SQUID/TES arrays. We report the cryogenic operation of a first ASIC version dedicated to the readout of a 2×4 pixel demonstrator array. We particularly emphasize on the development and the test phases of an ultra low noise (0.2 nV/√Hz) cryogenic amplifier designed with two multiplexed inputs. The cryogenic SiGe amplifier coupled to a SQUID in a FLL operating at 4.2 K is also presented. We finally report on the development of a second version of this circuit to readout a 3×8 detectors array with improved noise performances and upgraded functionalities.


The electromigration on printed circuit test boards after soldering process was under investigation. FR-4 laminate, that is the most popular laminate for printed circuit boards fabrication, with 35mm thick copper layer was used in the test. Six various solders were applied in this work, which differed with silver content from each other. Some solder contained lead and copper. For electromigration assessment two tests were performed: Surface Insulation Resistance Test and Water-Drop Test. Silver presence in the solder do not decreased insulation resistance of test printed circuit boards. This implies, that small silver content in a solder does not increase electromigration of solder material. The "Water drop" test showed, that silver addition decreases electrochemical migration in continuous water layer on printed circuit board surface.


In this paper,carrot was used as the main material and a salty carrot juice beverage was developed with peanuts,sugar,and white pepper acted as the auxiliary materials.Orthogonal experiments were conducted in this study,and the best formula was determined as follows: carrot 30%,sugar 3.5%,peanut 2%,salt 0.2% and white pepper powder 0.04%.


Objective - Corruption is the greatest threat for growth and stability in an organization. The eradication of corruption has been achieved through instruments, law enforcement and inspectorate measures, but corruption levels in Indonesia are still not as low as other ASEAN countries such as Singapore and Malaysia. It is therefore necessary to expand the measures taken to eradicate corruption not only in terms of legal measures, but also within human resource management strategies.

Methodology/Technique - This research uses a quantitative explorative technique using SPSS, a dependent variables of Prevent Corruption (Y), and independent variables of Organizational Culture (X1), Competence (X2), Leadership (X3) and Internal Control (X4). The study sample is the Directorate General of a Ministry in Indonesia with a population of 525 people, and a sample of 149 people.

Findings - The study found that: (1) The regression equation model is Y = 0.014 + 0.972 X1 + 0,030 X2 - 0,053 X3 + 0,049 X4, RSq = 0,969, F = 1095,574; (2) culture is the most dominant factor in preventing corruption; (3) Competence, Leadership and Internal Control have no significant effect on the prevention of corruption; (4)

Novelty - In the absence of improvements to existing policies, the rate of corruption in Indonesia is around 0.014 on a scale of 1-5.

Type of Paper: Empirical

Keywords: Corruption; Prevention; Organizational Culture; Competence; Leadership; Internal Control.

JEL Classification: M20, M38, M39.


In order to characterize photometric properties of retroreflectors, a fully automated retroreflector measurement system is designed in National Metrology Institute of Turkey (UME). The system is composed of a lighting projector, a goniometer, filter radiometers, 100dB transimpedance amplifiers, and 24-bit resolution analog-digital converter card with a special software. The established system provides a new calibration capability to determine the luminous intensity and retroreflection coefficients of the retroreflective materials with the expanded uncertainties of 1.07% and 1.13% (k=2), respectively. The traceability in retroreflection measurements was linked to the detector-based photometric scale of UME.


This paper presents assessments of the economic impacts of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) relating to Japan. The analysis relies on a simulation with a computable equilibrium model. The impacts of various combination of FTAs are assessed to draw policy implicaitons. This paper first review the theoretical framework, together with the specification of the simulation model. Then, simulations on the various cases cover both the bilateral FTAs of Japan and regional FTAs including Japan. Finally, short summary of implication from the simulation work comes.


Abstract The use of formal modeling has seen an increasing interest in the development of safety-critical, embedded microcomputer-controlled railway interlocking systems, due to its ability to spec...


The scientific developing viewpoint,that principle to secure an all-around,coordinated and sustainable development on the basis of people,contain the transform of ecological thinking fashion.Cognition of relation between human and nature is deepening and developing.The development of ecological thinking of human come through the three phases:phases of "Imitate nature",phase of "conquer nature"and phase of "harmonious mix in nature".The scientific developing viewpoint succeed and developed to ecological thinking of human.


The utility model relates to a garlic deep -processing field, in particular to concave formula root cutter of garlic. This concave formula root cutter of garlic, including the frame, motor power installs the sprocket chain drive below the frame and installs the material cup assembly on sprocket material strip drive mechanism to and electrical control box, its characterized in that: the horizontal migration frame is installed to the front end of frame, the vertical migration frame is put to the cover on the horizontal migration frame, the vertical migration shelf location has concave formula root cutter to construct, and concave formula root cutter constructs is front and back, up -and -down motion, concave formula root cutter constructs including cutting root motor, pivot assembly to and install knife rest and the ARC blade on the pivot assembly, the planar top of operation of the rotation axis perpendicular to material cup assembly of blade, the utility model is suitable for an eager root work of various different kinds, different other garlics of size class, it is efficient to cut the root, and the head of garlic is almost lossless, has improved production efficiency, suitable using widely.


Objective:To compare the effects of intermittent hemodialysis(IHD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis(CAPD) on blood pressure and on the serum level of angiotensinⅡ(AngⅡ),endotheline(ET) and rennin activity(RA) in uremic patients with refractory hypertension.Methods: Fifty uremic patients with refractory hypertension were randomly divided into CAPD group or IHD group.The age,blood pressure,Hb,Hct,AngⅡ,ET,BUN,Cr and RA were measured before and after treatment.The levels of RA,ET,AngⅡ and 24 h BP were compared between two groups.Results:①After 6 month treatment,The levels of BUN and Cr,Hb and Hct were obviously changed in both groups(P0.05),and no difference was shown about these parameters between two groups.②After 6 month treatment,the levels of 24 h BP,RA,ET AngⅡ were significantly lower in CAPD group(P0.05),but no significant change was seen in IHD group(P0.05);and significant change was shown about these parameters between two groups(P0.05).Conclusion:①Both CAPD and IHD could clear Low-Molecular-Weight Inuremic patients and improve their anemia condition.②CAPD induces more effective clearance of serum AngⅡ,ET,and RA,which may be the reason for the more effective control of hypertension.


Objective To analyze the variation of M gene by sequencing the M genes from 13 SARS CoV strains obtained in different stages of Guangdong SARS outbreak. Methods RNA was extracted from the samples and used for RT-PCR by specific M gene primer, and the PCR products were used for direct sequencing. Results The M genes of the 13 isolates were highly homogeneous(99.7%-100%). Nucleotide variation occured in two sites(80 and 203 site), site 80 mutation occured in one isolate and resulted in the amino acid change from phenylalanine to cysteine,and three changes in site 203 were silent mutations. Conclusion M gene is highly conservative, and one nucleotide difference was noticed when comparing the isolates in the peak stage of the outbreak with those in the early and late stages of the outbreak, but the coded amino acid sequence is the same. The isolate from the Hong Kong patient has one amino acid different from those of Guangdong patients.


Inflammation plays a pivotal role in atherogenesis. In addition to being a potent predictive and prognostic marker for major cardiovascular events,recent evidence indicates that C-reactive protein (CRP) might directly promote atherogenesis by exerting direct effects on vascular cells. Thus,CRP will become important novel pharmaceutical targets for the treatment of atherosclerosis. This review presents an overview of the current knowledge about the pathological role of CRP in atherosclerosis initiation and progression.


Based on the theory and the study of spectral correlation functions and the bi-frequency(f,α) planes of common communication signals,four available characteristics are presented in this paper for identifying automatically modulated signals.The RBF neural network was used as a classifier algorithm.The modulation types can be identified dynamically availing oneself of the presented combined feature parameters and the classifier algorithm.Simulation result shows that this algorithm can improve the recognition probability in low SNR environment,but it does not increase the computational complexion simultaneously.


gases in the atmosphere, together with carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons. The methane concentration in the atmosphere has been about 1.7 ppmv on the average, and has been increasing by 0.9 volume %/year.1 The major sources of methane in the atmosphere have been the subject of controversy, while paddy fields are assumed as one of them. The concentration of methane has been chiefly determined by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). It is impossible to monitor the methane concentration continuously by GC-FID, since it takes at least several minutes to obtain one data for the methane concentration chromatographically. The GC-FID system requires high-purity gases supply, which is also a limiting factor for long-term monitoring. It is possible to monitor chemical species in the atmosphere spectrometrically using monochromatic laser light. The idea to detect methane by laser absorption was first developed by Moore, using a 3.392-μm He-Ne laser, since methane has strong absorption bands at around 3.3-μm and 7.7-μm.2 Methane also has an absorption band around 1.66-μm. Uehara and Tai developed a new methane monitoring system using a highfrequency modulated distributed feedback (DFB) diode laser, which has an emission line at around 1.66-μm.3 Here, we applied this DFB diode laser system to the continuous monitoring of the atmospheric methane concentration.


This paper prove Theorem 1. This throrem directily gives the relation between the generalized Gauss map and the dassical Gauss map in the case of a surface in R 4 . By this result,writer resume prove a expression of the genralized Gauss map in the case of a surface in R 4 .


The article explores the potential of Singapore as a point of entry to the market of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) within the framework of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). Starting from an analysis of the specificity of AEC as a multilateral project, the paper proceeds with revealing the institutional links between Singapore Business Federation and AEC to finally turn to identifying the extent to which Japanese companies see Singapore's institutions as mechanisms to expand their presence to the rest of Southeast Asia. In the authors' opinion, from the ASEAN market entry perspective the potential of Singapore, for all its outstanding achievements as an area of doing business excellence, should not be overestimated.


The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic that occurred suddenly at the beginning of 2020 has had a significant and multifaceted impact on the economy, society, civilian life, and culture, as well as the human mind. For this reason, it is essential to establish a collaborative system that includes medical science, which has been the subject of much discussion, as well as the natural sciences, the humanities, and social sciences to evaluate the impact of COVID-19. This paper focuses on defense in depth and risk communication and discusses the issues caused by COVID-19 from the perspectives of social psychology and risk studies, both of which have an inherent interdisciplinary nature. © 2021 Japanese Psychological Association. All rights reserved.


This paper discusses the use of a Spherical Ball Lens to converge light at a single point and to use Multi-Junction Solar cells mounted on an Automatic Cradle and Slider to capture solar energy throughout the presence of the Sun in the sky. The Cradle and Slider are mounted on low inertia DC motor drives. These DC servomotors are controlled by the Arduino Microcontroller which uses an array of Photodetectors to track the movement of the Sun. The paper also discusses how multijunction cells could replace conventional Photovoltaic (PV) cells in solar energy generation systems due to higher energy conversion efficiency. Index Terms – Solar Energy, Solar Tracker, Arduino, Multi-Junction Cell, Spherical Lens


Education home schooling and preventive medical services407 medical school prerequisites 541 pediatric residency and the FOPE II report297 pediatric self-care book and frequency of HMO visits 709 physician intention to practice primary care 473 psychologists in schools as allies of pediatricians 597 standards for promoting physicians in academic settings413 well-child care pediatric residency curriculum 245


The susceptibility to 7 carbamate insecticides of the green rice leafhopper, collected from several points in Kyushu district in 1971, was determined by means of microtopical application method.The LD50 values of each insecticide to the leafhopper tested were few times higher than those to the susceptible strain. A little local fluctuation was observed on the susceptibility among collect areas except Kumamoto, where the leafhopper showed rather low susceptibility to any test insecticides.During recent ten years, LD50 values of carbaryl and malathion to the leafhopper at Chikugo increased to about 9 times compared with initial values. It is considered that susceptibility of the leafhopper to other substituted phenyl carbamate insecticides also has generally decreased in Kvushu district.


Hough transform is used to find lines on edge-filtered images that are given in parametric form. As the fuzzy extension of the Hough transform has been proven to be more robust in environments where the lines to be found by them are not strictly following the formula given by the parametric equation of the Hough transform due to noise and weak and blurred contours, in the following considerations, we study the applicability of the circular fuzzy Hough transform for analyzing colonoscopy pictures and detecting colorectal polyps.


The vaporization of SUS 304L stainless steel was studied by using a mass spectrometer attached with a molybdenum Knudsen cell. The partial vapor pressures and chemical activities of principal components of SUS 304L austenitic steel were determined in the temperature range of 1,300–1,430 K (for Fe and Cr each) and 1,070–1,230 K (for Mn). Activity coefficients, partial free energies of mixing and excess partial free energies of the components Mn, Fe and Cr were computed from the measured partial pressures and chemical activities. The thermodynamic functions obtained are discussed especially in regard of the chemical state of Cr at the surface of SUS 304L stainless steel.


In central Brazil, the tropical savannah ecosystem known as Cerrado, small scale farmers (around 20 ha) occupy marginal land scattered among large commercial farms on wide plateaux. Close to 90 % of the agricultural land farmed by large holders in the Cerrado is managed under direct seeding mulch based cropping systems (DMC). However, this system is almost not used by small scale farmers of the same region, even if their soils are often very susceptible to degradation (erosion, losses of soil organic matter), and they crucially need to stabilize their corn production in other to insure sustainability. Since 2005, Embrapa and Cirad tried to develop, in interaction with small farmers of Unai region (Minas Gerais), new DMC systems adapted to their conditions and compatible with their own objectives. However, even if those systems increase soil fertility significantly, they also often deeply modify crop management as well as the use of resources available at farm level. Such systems have thus strong consequences on economical, environmental or social aspects of the system, (Scopel et al., 2005).


Part A: Concepts and Regulation 1. The Concept and Nature of Transnational Criminal Law, Neil Boister 2. The Protection of Human Rights in the Suppression of Transnational Crime, Robert J. Currie 3. Transnational Crime: A Criminological Analysis, James Sheptycki 4. The UN Criminal Justice System in the Suppression of Transnational Crime, Slawomir Redo 5. Regional Organisations and the Suppression of Transnational Crime, Valsamis Mitsilegas Part B: Procedure 6. Jurisdiction over Transnational Crime, Roger S Clark 7. Police Cooperation against Transnational Criminals, Saskia Hufnagel and Carole McCartney 8. Legal Assistance against Transnational Criminals, John Vervaele 9. Asset Recovery, Charles Monteith and Pedro Gomes-Pereira 10. Extradition of Transnational Criminals, Joanna Harrington Part C: Substantive Crimes Part C I. Migration and exploitation crimes 11. Slavery/Human Trafficking, Tom Obokata 12. Migrant Smuggling, Anne Gallagher 13. Child Sex Tourism, Lindsay Buckingham Part C II. Commodity Crimes 14. Drug Trafficking, Bernard Leroy 15. Weapons Smuggling, Anthony Cassimatis and Catherine Drummond 16. Cultural Property Trafficking, Arianna Visconti 17. Environmental Theft and Trafficking, Rob White 18. Environmental Degradation: The Dumping of Pollution as a Transnational Crime, Jay Batongbacal 19. Intellectual Property Offences, Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan Part C III. Facilitative and Organisational Crimes 20. Money Laundering, William Gilmore 21. Corruption, John Hatchard 22. Piracy, Douglas Guilfoyle 23. Cybercrime, Christopher Ram 24. Terrorism, Ben Saul 25. Transnational Organised Crime, Andreas Schloenhardt Part D. Implementation 26. Implementation of Transnational Criminal Law, Yvon Dandurand and Vivienne Chin


A key challenge in the fabrication of ferromagnetically filled multilayer fullerenes (carbon nano-onions, CNOs) is the manipulation of the structure, composition and electronic band characteristics of both the carbon layers and encapsulated ferromagnetic material. Interestingly, a recent work has demonstrated that the addition of small quantities of water during the chemical vapour synthesis of Fe3C filled CNOs can allow the local manipulation of the Fe3C crystal-structure and induce the nucleation of a novel high pressure Bbmm Fe3O4 crystal-phase. In this report we propose an advanced study of such structural transition. Particularly, we investigate the morphological, optical (band-gap) characteristics and magnetic properties of the as produced CNO materials by using transmission electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV–vis spectroscopy.


Maternal death has become a very rare event, but remains a recognised and fundamental health indicator for a country, and a signal for health professionals and decision-makers of possible dysfunction in the care system. Maternal death is the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days, or one year, of termination of pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes.


Having summarized the pleasant achievements and the disadvantageous factors in China's international projects, this paper puts forward some corresponding tactics.


Field surveys conducted in Konaseema district of Andhra Pradesh, especially from river Korangi and Coringa wildlife sanctuary area, revealed 21 species of molluscs belonging to 18 genera and 12 families. Of which 7 species viz., Tricula montana, Stenothyra woodmasoniana, Stenothyra deltae, Stenothyra ornata, Gangetia miliacea, Assiminea francessi and Sermyla riquetii  recorded for the first time from the state. The shell characters, distribution and the current status of these species are discussed in this paper.


The Ermakov equation, appearing in quantum mechanics of a harmonic oscillator, is extended via dissipative and thermal terms to take into account the effect of an environment.


The augmented error signal concept, recently introduced, can be useful in designing model reference adaptive systems for plants with inputs which are subject to hard saturation. Liapunov's Direct Method is used as the basis for these designs. Figure 1 shows the configuration for the types of systems considered. The adaptive control acts to null the augmented error, and, in the process, also assures that the true error between plant and model approaches zero.


This paper uses small set of variables-- real GDP, the inflation rate, and the short-term interest rate -- and a rich set of models -- athoeretical and theoretical, linear and nonlinear, as well as classical and Bayesian models -- to consider whether we could have predicted the recent downturn of the US real GDP. Comparing the performance by root mean squared errors of the models to the benchmark random-walk model, the two theoretical models, especially the nonlinear model, perform well on the average across all forecast horizons in out-of-sample forecasts, although at specific forecast horizons certain nonlinear athoeretical models perform the best. The nonlinear theoretical model also dominates in our ex ante forecast of the Great Recession, suggesting that developing forward-looking, microfounded, nonlinear, dynamic-stochastic-general-equilibrium models of the economy, may prove crucial in forecasting turning points.


Abstract : This report covers the investigation by the Chemical Subgroup of the Fire-Resistant Hydraulic Fluid Task Force. The Task Force was organized in 1975-76 to address the problems arising from the introduction of the new 'less-flammable' MIL-H-46170, 'Hydraulic Fluid, Rust-Inhibited, Synthetic Hydrocarbon Base, Fire-Resistant.' The problems were associated with stuck/inoperative servo-values in the gun control systems of the M60A1 (AOS) tanks. The problems were subsequently identified with one company's product which contained a trace amount of a water-coupling inhibitor, polypropylene glycol. The inhibitor in the presence of absorbed moisture caused coprecipitation of the rust inhibitor which deposited on the critical surfaces of spool valve systems. (Author)


The article describes the low-consumption turbines as reliable, productive, small-sized actuating mechanisms in various units and machines. Experience in production and use
of low-cost turbine stages contributes to improving the efficiency along with simplifying and re-ducing the cost of manufacturing of the blades and the stage in general. Improving the efficiency
of low-consumption turbines requires solving the problem of aerodynamic improvement of the flow part and the calculated determination of the optimal geometry and operating modes of the impeller flow. One of the innovative ways to improve the design efficiency of low-consumption turbines is the automation of the development process using modern modeling systems based on the developed software systems. Due to the small size of the design, the design calculations of turbine stages of this type have been made in a one-dimensional formulation with the involvement of various analogies with classical stages. Using three-dimensional gas dynamic calculations based on the ANSYS CFX platform will significantly improve the quality of design of flow parts of low-flow turbines. Implementation of three-dimensional gas-dynamic calculation of the nozzle unit using the software package ANSYS CFX low-consumption turbine stage can solve this problem. The geometric model is built using AutoCAD software, the grid is selected, the boundary conditions are set. The values of the experimental coefficients of the nozzle velocity, neck velocity and the tangential component of velocity at the nozzle outlet have been compared with the coefficients obtained when using the software package. There have been built the velocity fields and made conclusions about feasibility of using the ANSYS CFX software package to determine the main parameters of a three-dimensional flow of the turbine stage.


The host–guest interaction of p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene (p-SC4) with aromatic amino acids (AAs) and two proteins has been studied using UV–Vis absorption, fluorescence, and theoretical methods. Spectral studies supported by binding constant and calculated binding energy (BE) values show that p-SC4 binds more strongly with tyrosine compared with other AAs. The application of Bader's theory of atoms in molecule shows the involvement of various types of noncovalent interactions in the formation of the host–guest complexes. Both tyrosine and histidine have strong electrostatic interaction with the sulfonato group and other two AAs have dominant π−π interaction with the aromatic rings of calixarene. In addition, the role of C−H···O, C−H···π and lone pair···π (lp···π) interactions in the stabilization of p-SC4-AA complexes has also been realized from the atoms in molecule analysis. The electron density at the bond critical points varies with the calculated BEs and trend in BEs is in good agreement with the experimental binding constant values. The work has been extended to the binding of p-SC4 with proteins, bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin. Ovalbumin exhibits stronger binding with p-SC4 than bovine serum albumin. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


There has been a controversy among economists on whether exchange rate volatility has a negative effect on trade. We will investigate this issue by making use of a sectoral gravity model of global grain trade. Our identification strategy carefully addresses endogeneity issues present in earlier studies. Using a long panel, we are able to show that exchange rate volatility has a negative impact on bilateral export trade flows. The magnitude of this effect can vary widely, depending on the market under study, which is an indicator for substantial heterogeneity among sectors.


ABSTRACT This article describes the bundling of MediaWiki into the electronic resource access strategy to enable custom content that supports online training and course-based information literacy objectives.


Abstract Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of WLAN technology due to its easy deployment, flexibility and so on. Examples of WLAN applications range from standard internet services such as Web access to real-time services with strict latency/throughput requirements such as multimedia video and voice over IP on wireless network environments. Fair and efficient distribution of the traffic loads among APs(Access Points) has become an important issue for improved utilization of WLAN. This paper focuses on an AP selection scheme for achieving better load balance, and hence increasing network resource utilization for each user on wireless network environments. This scheme makes use of active scan patterns and the network delay as main parameters of load measurement and AP selection. This scheme attempts to estimate the AP traffic loads by observing the up/down delay and utilize the results to maximize the link resource efficiency through load balancing. We compared the proposed scheme with the original SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio)-based scheme using the NS-2(Network Simulation–2). We found that the proposed scheme improves the throughput by 12.5% and lower the network up/down link delay by 36.84% and 60.42%, respectively. All in all, the new scheme can significantly increase overall network throughput and reduce up/down delay while providing excellent quality for voice and video services.요 약


The government function and public expenditure scope in various countries have both similarities and diversification. Through the worldwide comparison of the government expenditure structures, this article studies the main material evidence and law of changes of the government economic activities. Taking the above international experience for referential use, we should try to optimize China's fiscal expenditure structure.


The effectiveness of four systemic fungicides (azoxystrobin, 150 g·ha-1; dimethomorph, 225 g·ha-1; fosetil-Al, 2 kg·ha-1; y triforine, 285 g·ha-1) for downy mildew control (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) was evaluated in cantaloupe melon early sown at the Yucatan State, Mexico. The fungicides were sprayed at 36, 52 and 67 days after transplant (dat), and the disease intensity at 43, 60, and 75 dat, yield components, and fruit soluble solids concentration, were assessed. No significant difference on disease incidence (5.6-12.5 %) was observed at 43 dat. Disease incidence (73.3 %) on dimetomorph treated plots was significantly lower than in the control plots at 60 dat. Disease incidence reached 100 % in all treatments in the last recorded date, 75 dat. Disease severity, measured with Horsfall-Barratt scale, was significantly lower in dimetomorph treated plants in the three dates evaluated. The final disease severity was significantly lower in plants treated with dimetomorph or fosetil-Al, in which 85 and 75 %, respectively, less area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was observed than in the control plants. These fungicides also induced the highest number of fruits per plot, mean individual fruit weight, and total fruit yield. The fruit soluble solids concentrations were not significantly different among treatments. A linear negative effect (r2=0.84) of the disease severity (AUDPC) on the total fruit yield was found.


Background: Muscle and tendon injuries are very common in athletes and there is an intensive research to find new treatments that allow an earlier recovery. This justifies the interest in therapies with growth factors, with the aim of accelerate the tissue healing. The platelet-rich plasma (or plasma rich in growth factors) is a fraction of autologous blood obtained by centrifugation, with a platelet concentration higher than the physiological. The aim of this review is to evaluate the clinical and/or imaging outcomes of this therapy in the treatment of the most frequent tendinopathies (patellar, Achilles, rotator cuff and elbow tendinopathies) and in muscle injuries. We also intend to analyze the potential side effects and the possible influence of external factors. Material and Methods: We included 62 articles between 2004 and 2012 on platelet-rich plasma or on its application in muscle and/or tendon injuries. results: Platelet-rich plasma is effective in treating epicondylosis and patellar tendinopathies, but the same doesn't happen in chronic Achilles tendinopathies. In the rotator cuff, this application also does not seem to be very beneficial, just having some impact in reducing the pain and in the prevention of postoperative recurrence. In muscle injuries, the few studies found seem to confirm a positive effect of this therapy. Discussion and Conclusion: It's possible that the different outcomes observed are due to the nonstandardization of platelet-rich plasma preparation and application protocols. In future studies these parameters need to be standardized in order to maximize the therapeutic effect.


Abstract. After deposition from the atmosphere, black carbon aerosol (BC) takes part in the snow albedo feedback contributing to modification of the Arctic radiative budget. With the initial goal of quantifying the concentration of BC in the Arctic snow and subsequent climatic impacts, snow samples were collected during the Polarstern expedition PASCAL (Polarstern cruise 106) in the sea ice covered Fram Strait in early summer 2017. The content of refractory BC (rBC) was then quantified in the laboratory of the Alfred Wegener Institute with the single particles soot photometer (SP2). We found strong correlations between both rBC mass concentration and rBC diameter with snow salinity. Therefore, we formulated the hypothesis of a salt-induced matrix effect interfering with the SP2 analysis. By replicating realistic salinity conditions, laboratory experiments indicated a dramatic six-fold reduction in observed rBC concentration with increasing salinity. In the salinity conditions tested in the present work (salt concentration below 0.4 g l−1) the impact of salt on nebulization of water droplets might be negligible. However, the SP2 mass detection efficiency systematically decreased with salinity, with the smaller rBC particles being preferentially undetected. The high concentration of suspended salt particles and the formation of thick salt coating on rBC cores might have caused problems to the SP2 analog-to-digital conversion of the signal and incandescence quenching, respectively. Changes to signal acquisition parameters and laser power of the SP2 improved the mass detection efficiency, which, nonetheless, never attained unity values. The present work provides the evidence that high concentration of sea salt undermines the quantification of rBC in snow performed with the SP2. This interference was never reported and might affect future analysis of rBC particles in snow collected, especially, over sea ice or coastal regions strongly affected by sea salt deposition.


Poverty can substantially limit access to books. Access to books is a significant predictor of academic success, and lack of access jeopardizes literacy development and expands academic achievement gaps. We examined an evolving collaborative effort to increase book access in a region in the southern United States. The collaborations involve a number of community and regionally based institutions working with a wide range of constituents. We also examined the relationship between poverty level and book access. We found a trend in increased book access for all in the region, including high poverty counties.


• The balcony seats above the stage, reserved for nobles and royalty who appreciate the political intrigue, the foibles of the rich and powerful, and pay close attention to the king's place in the Great Chain of Being. I leave the choice of seats up to the students, and surprisingly, their choices mirror the typical audience at one of Shakespeare's original stagings. In a recent class of 33 students viewing Roman Polanski's Macbeth, the majority, 23, plopped in the pit; 6 sat in the gallery, and 4 opted for the balcony seats. While I've considered assigning seats, students' freedom to choose generally makes for a stronger commitment to their point of view and more authentic discussion at the end of the viewing.


This qualitative study explored the meaning and experience of sexual desire for women. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 40 partnered heterosexual women aged 20 to 61 years drawn from the general population. Thematic analysis of the interview transcripts Indicated that the participants understood and experienced their sexual desire primarily within the context of their partner relationships and most frequently reported responsive rather than autonomous experiences of sexual desire. The implications of the study findings are discussed in relation to the definition, classification, and treatment of sexual desire disorders in women.


The electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of Er-doped ZnO were studied using the density functional theory within the generalized gradient approximation plus U. Three defect configurations of substitution of Zn by Er with/without O or Zn vacancy were considered. The electronic and magnetic results show that Er doping has no effect on the ZnO band edge properties. The Er atom induces 3.0 μB atom-like magnetic moments by its 4f electrons and makes no contribution to the host ZnO. The O vacancy in Er-doped ZnO induces a defect state in the band gap, but shows no spin polarization. For the case of Zn vacancy in Er-doped ZnO, however, the unpaired 2p electrons at the ligand O atom induce a defect state in the conduction band edge and obtain a 1.0 μB magnetic moment. This result is consistent with the experimental data. Finally, the optical properties of Er-doped ZnO are calculated. Our results explained the experiments and show that Er-doped ZnO should be a good spin optoelectronic material and useful for understanding the mechanism of the room-temperature ferromagnetism properties in ZnO.


Four common greening tree species in Shanghai,which are Taxodium distichum,Sapium sebiferum,Koelreuteria paniculata,and Camptotheca acuminate were chosen to conduct an experiment on the seawater stress according to the requirement of the construction of coastal protection forests for muddy coast.The effects of seawater stress on root growth of Koelreuteria paniculata and Camptotheca acuminate were higher than Taxodium distichum and Sapium sebiferum.The sensitive degree of Koelreuteria paniculata and Camptotheca acuminate to seawater stress was higher than other two species according to data of the root surface area,length,volume,average diameter,all of which increased at the beginning and declined in the middle period.Root growth of both Taxodium distichu and Sapium sebiferum was not so sensitive to stress environment.


Objective
To evaluate the result of peri-hilar resection(extrahepatic bile duct resection plus local hepatectomy) and hepaticojejunostomy for the treatment of Bismuth-Corlette type Ⅲ hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HCCA).

Methods
This study was conducted on 37 patients divided into group A undergoing peri-hilar resection (extrahepatic bile duct resection combined with local hepatectomy) and hepaticojejunostomy (n=17) and group B treated by extrahepatic bile duct combined with hemihepatectomy and hemicaudatectomy and cholangioenterostomy (n=20).

Results
The incidence of postoperative acute liver failure was lower in group A than in group B (χ2=5, 332, P=0.021). There was no significant difference in clinical data and survival rate (OS) between the two groups of patients and other complications.

Conclusion
For patients with Bismuth-Corlette type Ⅲ HCCA, the peri-hilar resection(extrahepatic bile duct combined with local hepatectomy)and hepaticojejunostomy reduces the incidence of postoperative acute liver failure.

Key words:
Bile duct neoplasms; Hepatectomy; Anastomosis, surgical; Liver failure, acute


It is the duty of a physician who has lived and practiced in several epidemics of Asiatic cholera to give his impressions and experience. So long are the intervals between the visits of this disease, that it cannot be studied clinically, and so a majority of present practitioners have never seen it. But they must prepare to meet it, and very probably the coming year. I have, as clearly as possible, given a penpicture of it as it passed before me on several occasions, hoping it may be to young physicians, for whom it is written, of some value in time of need. When the cholera first appeared in Europe, in 1830, the physicians were at a loss how to treat it. They searched the reports of the English physicians in the East Indies,where the cholera had been since 1817 under observation, but found little information. Having no better resources,


The CXCR4 gene provides instructions for making a receptor protein that spans the outer membrane of cells, specifically white blood cells and cells in the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). Receptor proteins have specific sites into which certain other proteins, called ligands, fit like keys into locks. After attachment of its ligand, called SDF-1, the CXCR4 protein turns on (activates) signaling pathways inside the cell. These pathways help regulate cell growth and division (proliferation), the process by which cells mature to carry out specific functions (differentiation), and cell survival. Once signaling is stimulated, the CXCR4 protein is removed from the cell membrane (internalized) and broken down so it can no longer activate the signaling pathways.


Cerdocyon thous (Linnaeus, 1766) is the most widespread neotropical canid, most commonly inhabiting forested areas. This animal is a generalist omnivore that is able to use environments disturbed by human activities. The aim of this study was to describe its diet through the stomach content analysis of 30 samples obtained from specimens that were run over in a mosaic composed by Araucaria Pine Forest, Semidecidual Seasonal Forest, natural grasslands, and exotic vegetation. The items were quantified by frequency of occurrence (F.O.) and percentage of occurrence (P.O.). A total of 64 food items were found among 171 occurrences. According to F.O. method, plant items corresponded to 93.3% of the occurrences, followed by animal items (86.7%) and human rejects (16.6%). Among plants, fruits accounted for 92.9% of the occurrences, followed by leaves (53.6%) and flowers (10.7%). Syagrus romanzoffianum (Cham.) Glassman, 1968 and the exotic Hovenia dulcis Thunberg were the most consumed fruits (30% each), and the most consumed leaves were Poaceae. Among preyed animals, the F.O. was 73.3% for invertebrates (mostly Orthoptera and Coleoptera, 36.7% each) and 63.3% for vertebrates (mostly mammals, 33.3%). Regarding the P.O. method, there was an overestimation of invertebrates (98.1%) due to the presence of ants and termites in the stomach of a single individual. In general, C. thous presented its usual diet. Its generalistic feeding habits can positively influence its survival in altered environments. This study also compares different methods for dietary analysis and discusses some opportunistic behaviors of C. thous, such as the consumption of exotic species and the use of silviculture areas as hunting sites.


The present invention provides a novel method for the production of agricultural and pharmaceutical chemicals as starting materials or intermediates fluorinated benzene dimethanol compound industrially advantageously prepared in a manner. The method of preparing fluorinated benzenedimethanol compound of the present invention include: reduction of the nitrile group of a fluorinated isophthalonitrile compound obtained fluorinated alkylene xylylene diamine compound and then aminomethyl fluorinated xylylenediamine compound converted to hydroxymethyl.


The use of composite beads consisting of a 6 microns polystyrene core with 30 nm surface-bound silica particles to routine automatic oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) synthesis is described.


Performance technology is a branch field of educational technology.This article,on the basis of ex- plaining its concept,analyzing its theoretic base and characteristics,and researching its present situations both at home and abroad,puts forward the causes of its slow development in our country forecasts its developing ten- dency in future.


We know that 3-Sat is NP-complete to solve. However this is an important problem and we really want to solve it in practice. What is the running time of the best algorithm, even if it is super-polynomial? All known algorithms have running times of the form O(c) for some c > 1. The current best analysis [Her14] of the PPSZ algorithm [PPSZ05] yields c ≈ 1.3071. The exponential time hypothesis (ETH), proposed by Russel Impagliazzo and Mohan Paturi [IP01], conjectures that this kind of running time is the best possible.


Taking the CNKI Database as the source origin and adopting the quantitative methods,this paper analyzes the distribution of time and periodicals,authors and themes of papers,confirms the core periodicals,core authors and research theme in the field of virtual reference service studies,so as to supply some reference and inspiration to the study field for the future.


We consider the effect of labor market rigidities on human capital accumulation and economic growth when some human capital is difficult to observe prior to employment. We distinguish between two types of human capital, those that formal schooling and test scores can measure (``knowledge") and those that can be observed by employers only after a period of employment (``creativity"). We build a simple model to show when employers have limited discretion to set wages or terminate employment they favor the more reliable signals of ``knowledge'', such as years of schooling and class rank, at the expense ``creativity'', which stands for non-testable skills. Individuals in rigid labor markets will therefore favor greater acquisition of knowledge at the expense of creativity, which results in distorted accumulation of human capital and lower growth. We explore the implications of our model for the relevant debates in the empirical growth literature, returns to education literature, and education policy. Our model suggests a possible reason why the social return to education appears low in cross country regressions. These regressions treat years of schooling in countries with more and less flexible labor markets as the same. We show that distinguishing empirically between countries with rigid and flexible labor markets can help reveal the greater productivity of schooling in the latter. Schooling in the latter is correlated with greater investment in non-observable skills.


The XYZ cooperation is a business entity dealing with savings and loans, building rental, convection, rice procurement and shops that are very concerned about the welfare of its members. The appraisal process for loan approval decision in the XYZ cooperative was still lack of assessment. It was based on the value of the members' report cards which covers collateral, wealth, and behavior so that the funds were not often on the target. Moreover, the cooperative members were often careless in repayment process. The method in this research was Exponential Comparison Method. This method determined the priority order of alternative decisions with criteria. Those criteria in this research were: Report cards, BI Checking, Application Purpose, source of income, monthly income, installment period, completeness of files, guarantees, status, and the amount requested. As a result of applying this system and adding some new criteria, cooperation considers loan approval assessments in determining the eligible members. The results of functional testing by black-box method showed that the system ran as expected and the functions of the application ran properly.


Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems typically generate copious amounts of data in the form of complex values difficult to compress. Processing this data provides real-valued images that are easier to compress, however comprehensive processing capabilities are required. Optical processor architectures provide inherent parallel computing capabilities that could be used advantageously for SAR data processing. Onboard SAR image generation would provide local access to processed information paving the way for real-time decisions. This could also provide benefits to navigation strategy or automatic instruments orientation. Moreover, for interplanetary missions or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), onboard analysis of images could provide important feature identification clues and could help select the appropriate images to be transmitted to the ground (Earth). This would reduce the data throughput requirements and the related transmission bandwidth. This paper reviews the preliminary work performed for the analysis of SAR image generation using an optical processor and describes the set-up of an optical SAR processor prototype. Results of optical reconstruction of SAR signals acquired with a state-of-the-art SAR satellite are presented. Real-time processing capabilities and dynamic range calculations for a tracking optical processor architecture are also discussed.


Pain can cause emotional effects on human-like anger, depression, mood swings, and irritability. The discomfort caused by pain can only be seen, but the level of the pain is only felt by the person enduring the pain. One method used by clinicians and doctors to identify one's pain level is the use of pain score to rate the level of pain endured. Three ways are available to rate the level of pain, which are the patient's selfreport method, behavioral measurement, and physiological measurement. This study focuses on the correlation between two methods, which are physiological measurement and the selfreport method. The hybrid of integrated physiological sensors and self-report mobile applications is used for system testing in this study. Three physiological variables were used to be collected in system testing which are the heart rate, body temperature, and Galvanic Skin Response. While for the selfreport, an Android mobile application was used to capture the pain level experienced by the authors in the form of numerical scale. To find the correlation between them, all the data collected from the system testing were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient formula. The results of the correlation suggested that the heart rate and GSR has a positive relationship with the selfreport, while body temperature has a non-correlated hypothesis. For further work, medical science people and clearance from human ethics need to be considered in the assessment.


Dr Janet Gale, Lecturer in Educational Technology of the Open University Institute of Educational Technology, has selected four articles which she thought might be of interest to readers of Medical Teacher. Her personal comments appear at the end of each review Preparation for Lifelong Learning 'Toward independent learning: curricular design for assisting students to learn how to learn' Neame, R. L. B. and Powis, D. A. Journal of Medical Education 1981; 56: 886-893. A Caring Curriculum 'Curricular strategies for reducing examination anxiety' Feletti, G. I. and Neame, R. L. B. Higher Education 1981; 10: 675-686. Teaching with Computers 'Computer simulation programs in problem-oriented medical learning at the University of Limburg' van Kan, R. M. H. and Struyker Boudier, H. Computers and Education 1982; 6: 153-158. Evaluating Videotape used in Assessment 'Videotaped case histories in the final MB (psychiatry) examination at St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College' Jolly, B. Journal of Audiovisual Media in Medicine 1981; 4: 123-126.


In France, some new regulations have been published on December 2006 and January 2007 in order to make the built environment accessible to people with all kinds of impairments and reduced mobility at large. Whereas provisions for ambulant impaired persons and wheelchair users are quite well known, those for vision impaired persons are missing. The Certu, a technical centre of the French ministry for sustainable development, has commissioned further research in the field of obstacle detection by long cane users and of visual contrast of urban furniture with the sidewalk and road surfaces, under daylight and night lighting. The first study looked at defining the minimum volume of urban furniture such as beacons, flower tubs or benches. It has been performed in order to get a 3D description of the long cane movement while walking. Three mobility instructors were asked to walk with various positions of the long cane as used by blind persons. The data have been used to settle the minimum characteristics of any obstacle, which can prevent a blind person from falling over it when not detected early enough. The second study looked at the visual contrast that should be required for tactile warning surfaces implemented at pedestrian crossing and along train and tramway platforms. A preliminary study was decided in order to check with visually impaired people, with mobility instructors and with a researcher in vision rehabilitation, the benefit from and feasibility of visual contrast with a variety of surfaces. Then the measurement protocol has been settled and tolerance value determined to take account of natural lighting conditions. The luminance contrast levels were taken from literature review and the results of the authors' experiments. The last study looked at the influence of lighting specifications and visual contrast of urban furniture with the sidewalk surface on the easiness of travel of partially sighted volunteers. It has been performed with Ingelux, the ENTPE engineering school, EDF and the city of Lyon. Urban designers and city authorities can use the recommendations drawn on lighting characteristics and location and visual contrast of street furniture and sidewalk surfaces.


This article presents an unpublished diary (March-April 1932) of Vittoria Contini Bonacossi, held by the Archivio di Stato in Florence. Analysis of this document shows how the diary goes beyond the typical characteristics of this literary genre – as a mere registration of facts –, to become a means of communication with a hypothetical posterity.


A 52-year-old woman with a diagnosis of arterial hypertension underwent cryoballoon-based pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) for symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. A second-generation, 28-mm cryoballoon catheter (CB2) (Arctic Front Advance; Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) was used during the ablation procedure. Using the standard approach, the procedure was initiated with isolation of the left superior PV (LSPV). The CB2 was positioned at the LSPV ostium appropriately, using a steerable sheath and an Achieve circular mapping catheter (Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA). Once freezing had been initiated, the catheter was pulled back to the LSPV ostium to record real-time PV potentials before achieving negative temperatures. Although the CB2 temperature was dropping at a regular rate, spontaneous, sudden-onset deflation and normalization (3 consecutive episodes) of the balloon was observed on the fluoroscopic images without any error message or termination of the gas injection (Figure A-D, Video 1*). However, no abnormality in temperature curve, gas flow, or pressure inside the cryoballoon catheter was seen. Furthermore, the potential influence of the respiratory cycle on the deflation process was also excluded based on the fluoroscopic record. Therefore, we decided to continue the ablation procedure and completed the PVI successfully and without further event. The cryoballoon catheter was sent to the manufacturer to examine for possible defects. The manufacturer reported no abnormal finding, and they concluded that such an abnormality might have occurred due to an error during the cycling of nitrous oxide gas. As a suggestion, operators should consider monitoring the balloon shape via fluoroscopy until negative temperatures have been reached. Reports of this type of case may help the electrophysiology community resolve such technical defects more easily and prevent harm to our patients. 80


In this paper, wavelet analysis is used to remove noise superimposed on the speech signal to achieve denoising of the speech signal. The prepared speech signal is superimposed with Gaussian white noise with different signal-to-noise ratios, and is removed by using a forced noise removal processing method and a given threshold denoising processing method; The wavelet soft and hard threshold denoising method is used to separately superimpose different Gaussian white noise speech signals, and the hard threshold and soft threshold denoising are respectively performed, and different wavelets are used for processing; Four threshold selection methods are used to denoise the noisy signal using different wavelets. The denoising effects of these methods are simulated in MATLAB software, and combined with the signal-to-noise ratio of the signal after denoising, the denoising effects of various methods are judged. Experimental results show that soft threshold denoising is slightly better than hard threshold denoising. Among the four threshold selection methods, Rigrsure rule denoising is the best. Although other methods are effective, they are not obvious.


surgeons as assiduously as those following laparoscopic cholecystectomy and that the operation will be performed by surgeons with an interest in both oesophageal disease and endoscopic surgery. A comparison of surgically treated reflux patients in two centres. A more physiological alternative to total fundoplication for the surgical correction of resistant gastro-oesophageal reflux.


Abstract : Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) routing protocols provide routing solutions in mobile wireless networks, without assuming any prior knowledge of topology nor any prediction of future topology. However, the resulting routes suffer from delay and consume precious bandwidth. Perfectly scripted routing could theoretically be optimal, (i.e., introduce no delay and cost no additional bandwidth), but would naturally be very fragile. This thesis explores a merging of these approaches, following a routing script if and when available, but reverting to a robust recovery approach otherwise. Script-Assisted Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (S-AODV) routing protocol is designed to take advantage of prior knowledge of topology to improve performance in a MANET, better utilizing available bandwidth. S-AODV uses pre-simulation to build a script to substitute for the route discovery process, avoiding delay and bandwidth penalties. Before sending any Route Request Packets (RREQs) to find a route, S-AODV consults the script. If the data exists, it updates the routing table. If not then it broadcasts RREQs like AODV routing protocol. Using this approach, S-AODV enjoys reduced the routing traffic and route discovery times. S-AODV is compared with Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol. S-AODV provides better performance in reducing routing traffic, route discovery time, and end-to-end delay. Also, S-AODV has better throughput in most scenarios except the environment in fast movement or heavy traffic loads.


Analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of 8-hydroxyquinoline precisely have been carried out in various solvents, and the values of chemical shifts and coupling constants of the ring protons are extraporated in infinite dilution. These extraporated values indicate the characteristic and functional natures of solvents interacting with the solute molecule. The concentration and the solvent dependences are discussed in detail.


A larger degree of deterioration of the centrally controlled physiological, motor, and cognitive functions is characteristic of an organism's aging process. This restricted adaptation can be monitored on various organizational and functional levels. Mazes permit registration of cognitive performance in controlled motivation such as memory, spatial orientation, ability to learn, and speed of learning. The total running time is a composite parameter determined by a number of time‐dependent and time‐independent factors. With time‐dependent factors, age‐related differences remain after five repetitions, even when slight effects of training are evident. In most time‐independent factors, age‐related differences can be nearly eliminated by training. An example of the method "testing the limits" is to measure compensative responses under 10% normobaric hypoxia over a period of several days. Young as well as old rats reacted with the same reduction in feed intake and spontaneous activity. Adaptation to normal levels concerning motility and food consumption is accomplished less effectively and more slowly by the old rats than by the young ones. There were no differences between age groups in comparing the blood gas values of O2, CO2, and pH values. If the animals have to learn an operant conditioning schedule (fixed ratio/differential reinforcement of low rates), there are age‐related divergences of performance. Under hypoxic conditions, 27‐month‐old animals need twice as long to reach the test criterion in the "fixed ratio" as 4‐ and 20‐month‐old rats. Only the young and middle‐aged groups accomplished the task called "differential reinforcement of low rates".


In today's dynamic world, it is imperative to monitor and map trends that have far-reaching impact on the larger society and the resulting implications on preparing design students.Definitely the f...


PURPOSE: A method for an optimized search of a high-priority public land mobile network (PLMN) and a general service scan in a limited service is provided to reduce the number of scans performed by a mobile terminal, thereby reducing battery power consumption of the mobile terminal. CONSTITUTION: Information about network topology is determined. Cell rank information about user equipment (UE) (101) is obtained. The mobility state of the UE is extracted. A double moving average principle is applied to the cell rank information of the UE. The information is adopted to determine the change of the network topology. A radio frequency (RF) scan is optimized based on the network topology. [Reference numerals] (101) User device; (102) Cell 1; (104) Cell 2; (106) Cell 3


In this paper we consider interval-valued conditional probability assessments on finite families of conditional events. Based on the coherence principle of de Finetti, we give some preliminary results on precise and imprecise probability assessments, by recalling the properties of avoiding uniform loss (AUL), which coincides with the notion of g-coherence, and of coherence introduced by Walley. Among other results, we generalize to interval-valued assessments a connection property, obtained in a previous paper, for the set n of precise coherent assessments on a family Fn of n conditional events. More specifically, we prove that, with any pair of AUL interval-valued assessments X 0 n ,X 00 n on Fn, we can associate an infinite class X of AUL interval-valued imprecise assessments which are convex combination between X 0 and X 00 n and connect them. Then, we examine the extension of g-coherent imprecise assessments. We also give a result on totally coherent imprecise assessments, by examining its relationship with a necessary and sucient condition of total coherence for interval-valued assessments.


Every organization needs to have experienced and well-trained employees to perform the activities for them. Rapid changes in the environment have not only made the job more complex but have also created increased pressure for the organizations to readapt the products and services offered to compete in this fast changing world. Therefore, in a rapidly changing society, training is an activity, which is a must for maintaining a viable and knowledgeable workforce. In case the current job occupants are equipped enough to meet the challenge of change, training is not required. Otherwise training is necessary to increase the versatility and adaptability of employees.


All is not well with news media in Papua New Guinea. Media and government relations are stressed, a situation adverse to the country's development. Media organisations have to deal with operational difficulties, threats against editorial freedom, and harassment or physical danger experienced by journalists. Yet there are positive factors providing hope for the future, especially that key element, freedom to publish, which goes together with a habit of openess in public life as part of the national culture. That is the main finding of a study made during a working visit to Papua New Guinea.


We examine when the nil and prime radicals of an algebra are stable under q-skew σ-derivations. We provide an example which shows that even if q is not a root of 1 or if δ and σ commute in characteristic 0, then the nil and prime radicals need not be δ-stable. However, when certain finiteness conditions are placed on δ or σ, then the nil and prime radicals are δ-stable. In this paper, we examine when the nil and prime radicals of an algebra are stable under q-skew derivations. Throughout this paper, R will be an algebra over a field F . The nil radical of R will be denoted as N(R) and it is the largest nil two-sided ideal of R. The prime radical of R will be denoted as P (R) and is the intersection of all the prime ideals of R. It is well known that P (R) ⊆ N(R) and that σ(P (R)) = P (R) and σ(N(R)) = N(R), for any automorphism σ of R. When F has characteristic 0, Proposition 2.6.28 of [R] shows that if δ is a derivation of R, then δ(N(R)) ⊆ N(R) and δ(P (R)) ⊆ P (R). Whenever f is a function and A is a subset of R such that f(A) ⊆ A, we say that A is f -stable. In [LMS], the authors examine various conditions under which the Jacobson radical is stable under actions of finite dimensional semisimple Hopf algebras. For any prime p, the case when F has characteristic p is quite different. For example, let R = F [x | x = 0] and consider the F -linear derivation δ defined as δ(x) = 1. In this example, neither N(R) nor P (R) are δ-stable as x ∈ P (R) ⊆ N(R) but δ(x) = 1 / ∈ N(R). 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. 16N40, 16W25, 16W55.


The order-disorder transformations in NaCN, KCN, and RbCN are studied under thermal cycling around ${T}_{c}$ by monitoring the change in optical transmission produced by the light-scattering properties of their multidomain ordered structures. The phase transitions in both NaCN (large-hysteresis cubic \ensuremath{\leftrightarrows} orthorhombic) and RbCN (hysteresis-free cubic \ensuremath{\leftrightarrows} monoclinic) remain basically unchanged under multiple thermal recycling. In contrast to these persistently ferroelastic (NaCN) and antiferroelastic (RbCN) ordering systems, KCN acts as a ``bistable'' borderline case at its critical temperature ${T}_{c}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}168 K. After passing a large-hysteresis cubic \ensuremath{\leftrightarrows} orthorhombic transition in its first thermal cycle, a ``memory'' of it (preserved up to room temperature) causes, in all subsequent thermal cycles, hysteresis-free cubic \ensuremath{\leftrightarrows} monoclinic transitions at nearly the same ${T}_{c}$. When cooling beyond ${T}_{c}$, a gradual monoclinic \ensuremath{\rightarrow} orthorhombic transition occurs around 155 K, which, under subsequent heating, returns with large (\ensuremath{\sim}15 K) hysteresis back to the cubic structure. The well-correlated optical- and dielectric-constant changes of these transitions in KCN under various thermal-cycling conditions are presented and discussed.


Broaching machine is mainly developed for special purposes where main objective is to reduce the cycle times and to increase the production output. Only at such points development of broaching machine is justified. Design of such broaching machine is totally customized, here modelling of frame, power pack, actuators, valves, pumps, tanks, guideways, chucks, etc. is considered. Main purpose of modelling the broaching machine is to develop customized machine model and understand its functioning. which includes all its components. Paper also focused on selection and placement of bought out parts too.


Albendazole ([5-(propylthio)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamic acid methyl ester) is a benzimidazole derivative drug that has anthelmintic activity and is especially effective against various nematodes. Along with pronounced pharmacological action, this compound is toxic to humans. Cases of poisoning with this substance and other benzimidazole derivatives are not uncommon. Despite the active use of albendazole in medical practice and its toxicity, many questions of the chemical and toxicological analysis of albendazole remain practically unexplored. In this regard, it is advisable to study albendazole in chemical and toxicological terms. This paper aims to analyze the determination and dynamics  of albendazole decomposition in biological material. Acetone was used as a chemical agent for albendazole isolation from the liver as a biomaterial. Purification of the obtained extracts was carried out sequentially in a column (190 × 11 mm) of silica gel L 40/100 μm (eluent – acetone-methylene chloride (9:1)) and by liquid-liquid extraction. The methods of thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), UV spectrophotometry were used for identification. The quantitative content of the analyte was determined using UV spectrophotometry by the absorption of the dimethylformamide (DMF) medium at 301 nm. The level of albendazole extraction from the biomaterial was 85–88%.


In this clinico-pathological research we describe the "Desert nose syndrome" which is a unique disease in populations exposed to chronic desert environment, which leads to slow destruction of nasal muco-ciliary mechanism and progressive nose block. Though the clinical presentation is similar to Rhinitis sicca Anterior, this disease has unique clinical and endoscopic appearance. Computed tomography of the Para-nasal sinuses is strikingly normal throughout the course of disease and pathology fully confined only to nasal mucosa.