BACKGROUND:
Significant pathology in rotator cuff can occur over a wide range of age from teenage to nineties and involves a wide range of pathology from minimal inflammation to full thickness tear. The true incidence of rotator cuff tears is unknown. Most of the information is from cadaver studies, which reflect an older population; the true incidence in younger population is unknown. There is a discrepancy between cadaver and clinical studies because intratendinous tears are more difficult to diagnose with arthroscopy, MRI, or ultrasound than are bursalsided or articular-sided tears.so we studied the RCT prevalence in 20-50 years in cadavers.
AIM OF THE STUDY:
To study about the prevalence of rotator cuff tear by cadaveric study in a small group of physically active population.
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY:
1. To study about the prevalence of rotator cuff tears (supraspinatus and infraspinatus) by cadaveric study in a small group of physically active population in order to evaluate the increasing incidence of cases of chronic shoulder pain in younger population.
2. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the true prevalence of rotator cuff tears regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms in a small group of physically active population from 20-50 years of age.
3. To aid in acknowledging the importance of aetiology of chronic shoulder pain in younger population.
MATERIALS AND METHOD:
Rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus and infraspinatus) were dissected from fresh cadavers of both sexes, on both sides excluding those with soft tissue or bony injuries in the upper limb, regardless of the cause of death. 100 rotator cuff specimens were dissected from 54 cadavers with age at death between 20 to 50 years (mean age- 33.7 years) and were studied acroscopically and microscopically and analysed the age prevalence categorized under 20-30, 30-40 and 40-50, sex prevalence, prevalence of full thickness and partial thickness tear, % of microscopic and macroscopic tear, prevalence in occupation requiring overhead activities, bilaterality and hooked acromion.
RESULTS:
overall prevalence of RCT in cadaveric population as per our study was found to be 14.8% with 7.69%,14.28% and 28.57% in 20-30, 31-40 and 41-50 years population with all being partial thickness tear. bursal sided PTT (7.40%) are more common than the articular PTT (5.56%) and interstitial PTT(1.85%). 6 subjects had tear bilaterally (100%)and none of them had unilateral tear, The prevalence of hooked acromion in our study population is 1.85% and was
associated with bursal sided PTT.
CONCLUSION:
The prevalence of RCT increases with the age suggesting age related degeneration in the pathogenesis of rotator cuff tear. Hooked acromion had a strong association in development of bursal tear by external impingement. As there is strong evidence of bilateral presence of rotator cuff tear it is important to screen the asymptomatic contralateral shoulder in patients with rotator cuff tear.


Spiro-type orange phosphorescent host materials, 9-diphenylphosphine oxide-spiro[fluorene-7,9'-benzofluorene] (OPH-1P) and 5-diphenylphosphine oxide-spiro[fluorene-7,9'-benzofluorene] (OPH-2P) were successfully prepared by a lithiation reaction followed by a phosphination reaction with diphenylphosphinic chloride. The EL character-istics of OPH-1P and OPH-2P as orange host materials doped with iridium(III) bis(2-phenylquinoline) acetylacetonate (Ir(pq)


Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) cloud enables tenants to access computing infrastructure easily. An underlying physical machine that provides physical resources can host multiple virtual machines (VMs) from different tenants. These co-resident VMs share the same physical resources such as CPU cache, memory, network interface card, among which cache-based side-channel attacks (CSCAs) pose severe threats to co-resident VMs. A malicious attacker can steal confidential information of a victim through CSCAs. The accessibility and sharing of the IaaS cloud provide a natural ground for CSCAs. In this paper, we propose SCAMS, a novel system to mitigate CSCAs in the multi-tenant IaaS cloud. SCAMS consists of three phases: (i) vulnerable cryptographic operations capturing; (ii) proactive event notification; (iii) cache anomaly monitoring. In the capturing phase, we modify the cryptographic library in the protected VM to allow sensitive cryptographic functions to trap into the handler functions in the hypervisor actively. In the notification phase, the hypervisor handler functions forward sensitive cryptographic events to the unified event notifier module, and the event notifier sends monitoring instructions to the cache monitoring module. In the monitoring phase, we apply hardware performance counters to monitor the number of cache hits or cache misses of co-resident VMs to analyze their cache behaviors. We implement SCAMS in a virtualization platform. Our experimental results show that it defends against CSCAs and introduces acceptable performance overhead.


Unique properties of electrospun nanofibrous materials could be utilized in various environmental technologies, e.g. bacteria removal from water. Recent studies show various removal efficiencies of bacteria and particulated matter by nanofibrous filters. Our article presents results from filtration tests through polyurethane nanofibrous material on short-term scale with artificial wastewater and also results from tests with real wastewater. We determined E. coli abundances in artificial and real wastewaters and the amount of the other hygienically important bacteria in real wastewater samples only. The results show possibility of long-term full-scale application of those materials, however some material modifications are needed to be accomplished.


The reliability-based heuristic search methods for maximum likelihood decoding (MLD) generate test error patterns (or, equivalently, candidate codewords) according to their heuristic values. Test error patterns are stored in lists and its space complexity is crucially large for MLD of long block codes. One of the well-known heuristic search methods for MLD is the A decoding algorithm proposed by Han et al. Based on the decoding algorithms both by Battail and Fang (and its improved technique by Valembois and Fossorier) and by the present authors, we deduce a new method for reducing the space complexity of the A decoding algorithm. Simulation results show the high efficiency of the proposed method. Keywords— maximum likelihood decoding, binary block codes, heuristic search, most reliable basis, reliability


Loss-free data compression is a common technique in various applications. Approaches that demand for real-time compression in the communication area aim a higher utilization of limited storage space or scarce bandwidth. While existing on-the-fly compression solutions in most of the cases consume a high portion of the system processor resources, this paper points out a new and unique compression scheme by means of dedicated hardware to disburden the main processor almost completely from this very extensive task. This scheme accelerates many compression standards that base on a longest match searching. GZIP is an algorithm that highly benefits from this acceleration and an example use is described in more details. This scheme is shown in conjunction with an application to accelerate Internet accesses, but can be applied to many other fields where very fast data compression is useful.


Some fault-tolerant three-phase inverters are based upon a reconfiguration to an inverter with only two active phases and a DC-link midpoint connection after any semiconductor failure. Thus, the maximum output voltage is halved and the DC-link midpoint capacitor voltage ripple depends on output frequency and output current of the inverter. These limiting effects on the operation range of adjustable speed drives as well as software and hardware based countermeasures are presented in this paper.


【The durable press finish of cotton/viscose rayon blended fabric was made an attempt by pad-dry-cure method to improve the loss of breaking strength, tearing strength and abrasion resistance which was accompanied by durable press finish of cotton fabric. Breaking strength and tearing strength retention were improved by blending viscose rayon, especially breaking strength retention was sufficient to meet its minimum requirement, but abrasion resistance retention was not improved. Therefore new processes must be sought which are able to yield cotton/viscose rayon fabric with improved abrasion resistance and tearing strength retention for producing durable press cotton/viscose rayon blended goods.】


The possibilities of application of nanoparticles in bioanalysis were studied. Applications of quantum dots as a fluorescent markers, silver nanoparticles in SERS and conjucation of gold nanoparticles with antibodies were shown.


Critique of colonial and postcolonial education in Africa as perpetuating cultural and intellectual servitude and devaluation of traditional African cultures has led some African intellectuals to call for a re-appropriation of pre-colonial forms of education to rediscover the roots of African identity. But precisely how can African traditional forms of education be re-appropriated for this purpose while at the same time responding to the requirements of living successfully in postcolonial and global times? The author of this article posits that re-appropriation of African traditions should not be an appeal to an allegedly "better" past to which we nostalgically return instead of responding to the world as it comes to us. Tradition, it is argued, exists only in constant alteration; tradition can be rethought, transmuted, and recreated in novel ways in response to the meanings and demands of emergent situations. Drawing on the Akan concept of Sankofa (meaning "return to the past to move forward") and the postcolonial notion of hybridity, the author creatively re-appropriates some indigenous educational traditions of her ethnic group, the Mende of Sierra Leone, to theorize curriculum and pedagogy for Sierra Leone in postcolonial, post-war, and global times.


A group of Valazhin formations, located in Russia's Arctic region, makes up highly productive oil, gas and condensate fields, which generally do not require any flow stimulation technologies at the initial stages of their development. However, their development history has shown that the wells' productivity index decreases over time. The reasons for the increase in the skin factor had remained disputable for a long time before they were finally identified while optimizing flow stimulation fluids. One should keep in mind the extreme reactivity of mud acid systems, which may cause a decrease in the productivity of the formations treated with them, unless sufficient study is done. The highly sensitive formations in these fields require careful attention to the study of acid systems, which should be done on core samples, since the formations have a heterogeneous lithological structure and reservoir properties. These formations also demonstrate significant facies variation, interlayering of different thickness and pinching-out. Seven productive formations are distinguished within the horizon, separated by shale layers up to 5–7 meters thick. This paper is devoted to the discovery of factors that reduce the filtration properties of the formation after acid treatments with various types of acid compositions and urges the oil and gas community to pay attention to the importance of full range of laboratory studies prior to acid system implementation. The paper describes methods for preventing the precipitation of insoluble chemical compounds and preventing the occurrence of migration of fines and suspended particles after acid treatments. The optimal acid composition was selected for treating the near-wellbore formation zone based on laboratory experiments. And two treatments were performed in oil wells with increase in productivity index in 3 times and above.


The influence of magnetic fields on the orientation of comb-like silicon polymers was investigated by NMR methods. The sensitivity of proton NMR spectroscopy to phase transitions could be proven. Glass transition temperatures could be estimated by means of the super Lorentzian line shape of the wide line NMR signals. Magnetic fields of 2,1 T in connection with special temperature programs are able to effect a macroscopic orientation of the mesogenic side groups which are connected by mobile spacers to the backbone of the flexible polymer. The state of this orientation is preserved in a broad temperature range. The order parameter is derived as a function of temperature.


We investigate a novel link between self-concept clarity and social decision making performance. Drawing on theories of goal pursuit and the self, we posit that self-concept clarity, a concept combining the organization and accessibility of self-related memory representations, can be linked to better decision making performance in situations involving the self. Two preregistered studies assessed the relationship between self-concept clarity and social decision making performance and observed substantial, positive relationships. These relationships could not be accounted for by measures of processing speed or social preferences, suggesting a direct link between self-concept clarity and decision performance in a social context. We conclude by discussing how this novel finding may share a common pathway with other, established links between self-concept clarity and decision performance.


The paper analyzes the methods of image segmentation and comparison, and proposes using the quadtree for recursive decomposition and image comparison as a possible solution, when compact representation of the image and highly effective access to the elements are the key requirements of the system.


The paper describes the construction and use of a simple photometer consisting of a small photoconductive cell mounted so that it can be moved smoothly across an interference fringe system. The detector width is about 0.005 in. The photoconductive current is measured with a commercial electrometer or with a simple transistorized amplifier. Intensity distributions as measured with the photometer are shown for single, double and triple slits, and for a straight edge. The paper also describes the use of the photometer to illustrate the principle of Michelson's stellar interferometer, by making measurements of the visibility of double-slit fringes as a function of the width of the light source.


Assessment of fungal species associated with a multicultural orchard and cultivated land in Bingham University landscape was carried out, with the ultimate aim of identifying the fungi species present in soil under different agricultural practices. A total of 30 soil samples were collected and the composite from each land use pattern was analyzed in the laboratory using standard methods. Soil type, percentage Soil Moisture (SM), percentage Organic Carbon (OC) and percentage Organic Matter (OM) were measured using standard methods; fungi species were isolated and identified on the basis of mycelia and spore characteristics, after staining with lactophenol-in-cotton blue. The results showed that, four types of soil exist in the sites including sandy, clayey, silt and loamy. SM ranges between 3.6% -5.7%, and OC in the sandy soil was the highest 1.01% in the orange plantation (Op5) followed closely by loamy soil on cultivated site C with 0.97% OM and 0.56% OC and least in clay soil with 0.72% OM and 0.42% OC. The results of colony forming unit per gram (cfu/g)in relation to land use type, Cultivated Site C (CC1-CC5) had the highest (262 cfu/ g) and mango plantation (Mp1-Mp5) had the least with 156 cfu/g. Pictorial representation of isolated fungal species are indicative of suspected presence of Aspergillus Spp, Mucor Spp, Cladosporium Spp, Fusarium Spp, Aspergillus Spp etc. This qualitative study concluded that fungal species population in the soil depends on the management practice in place and the moisture content of the soil.


OBJECTIVE
Papillary lesions of the breast are a heterogeneous group of lesions that are difficult to diagnose as benign or malignant. The purpose of this article is to review clinical presentation, imaging features, and pathologic correlation of papillary lesions of the breast and to discuss the prognosis and management of these lesions.

CONCLUSION
Recognition of the variety of benign and malignant papillary lesions of the breast will facilitate diagnosis and proper management.


The new bedrock geologic map of southwest Iowa presented herein is an entirely new compilation, which incorporates all available sources of bedrock information for the region. The mapping area encompasses a 14-county block of southwest Iowa, bordered to the south by the Missouri-Iowa line and to the west by Nebraska-Iowa line along the Missouri River. The southwest Iowa mapping area is bordered to the north and east by recently-completed bedrock maps (STATEMAP projects) for northwest Iowa (Witzke et al., 1997) and south-central Iowa (Pope et al., 2002). Southwest Iowa is primarily a rural agricultural area dotted by numerous towns and communities. The Council Bluffs area (Pottawattamie Co.) comprises the largest urban region in the map area. The mapping area includes classic bedrock exposures of Pennsylvanian rocks in the northern Midcontinent region, and the type localities of several Pennsylvanian stratigraphic units are located in southwest Iowa. These lithologically-varied Pennsylvanian strata include the primary sources of limestone aggregate for the region, a vital economic resource. The Pennsylvanian strata are also of historic significance in the region, having produced significant quantities of coal from underground mining operations as well as building stone (mostly limestone) and clay for brick and tile manufacturing. Mississippian strata form the bedrock surface in small bedrockincised areas of southwest Iowa, but these are nowhere exposed at the surface. The carbonatedominated Mississippian units form a productive bedrock aquifer in portions of the map area. Cretaceous sandstone-dominated strata are widespread in southwest Iowa, forming an important bedrock aquifer in the region. This aquifer provides municipal water sources for communities in parts of Pottawattamie, Cass, and Montgomery counties (Hansen et al., 1992). In addition, Cretaceous sand and gravel units have provided economically-important aggregrate resources from pit exposures in areas of Montgomery, Cass, Pottawattamie, and Mills counties.


This systematic review reports the potential for withdrawal, pain level, treatment success, adverse events, and other outcomes of discontinuing long-term opioid therapy and switching to buprenorphine.


Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic disease characterized by the deposition of the abnormal collagen. It is a pre-malignant condition in approximately 2% of the cases. Ayurveda mentions a few matching conditions as Tridoshaj Sarvasara Mukhapaka & suggests various treatment modalities; local therapies as Gandusha & systemic ones as consumption of Rasayana, Tridoshaghnaherbs & herbals, along with Nidana Parivarjana / Abstinence from addictions. This article reviews various aspects as literary & clinical studies pertaining to OSMF / Tridoshaj Sarvasara Mukhapaka as per the modern medicine, including prevention, Surgery, diet, lifestyle, physiotherapy, Ayurveda with other Complementary Alternative Medicines are reviewed here.


In the area of evaluation,it is very difficult to evaluate intangible assets.Because the risk of earnings derived from the intangible assets is greater than from the tangible ones.Meanwhile the future earnings is difficult to be predicted.DCF method is an assessment methodology that converts the expected return of intangible assets into present value according to discount rate through using the time value of money.The key to assessing the value of intangible assets is to reasonably forecast future income.This paper solves two problems about how to assess the value of intangible assets using the DCF method-the determination of the discount rate and the excess incomes,and to some extent discusses the method of solving the problems in application.


The heart of the invention is isolated surrounding the outer peripheral surface of the body and the insulating body comprises an outer conductor, the coaxial cable comprising a center conductor extending through insulating end part and the insulating body and the insulating end portion coupled to the longitudinal section of the insulating body, when the conductor is defined by any of a right triangle to the shortest straight line as the hypotenuse connecting the second point on the first point and the outer conductor is exposed to the outside through the insulating end-parts of the insulating end portions, the insulating end portion along the surface provides a high frequency pulse generating device, it characterized in that the distance to reach the second point at the first point at which the longer form than the other two sides other than the hypotenuse sum of the right triangle.


We assume a parallel RAM model which allows both concurrent writes and concurrent reads of global memory. Our algorithms are randomized: each processor is allowed an independent random number generator. However our stated resource bounds hold for worst case input with overwhelming likelihood as the input size grows. We give a new parallel algorithm for integer sorting where the integer keys are restricted to at most polynomial magnitude. Our algorithm costs only logarithmic time and is the first known where the product of the time and processor bounds are bounded by a linear function of the input size. These simultaneous resource bounds are asymptotically optimal. All previous known parallel sorting algorithms required at least a linear number of processors to achieve logarithmic time bounds, and hence were nonoptimal by at least a logarithmic factor.


Key words: patriotism, personality, Patriotic education, formation, development, methods, methods. Annotation: the article highlights the implementation of certain work with students to educate them in the spirit of patriotism, respect for national traditions and values. It reflected the conducted research in this direction . Normal 0 21 false false false DE X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle";
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
 mso-style-parent:"";
 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
 mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
 line-height:107%;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:11.0pt;
 font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
 mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}


1. The following representatives of the tribes Paniceae and Andropogoneae have been investigated: Diploids.-Paspalum muhlenbergii, Panicum lindheimeri in its four varieties, P. subvillosum, P. tsugetorum, P. sphaerocarpon, P. scribnerianum. Tetraploids.-Digitaria sanguinalis, Panicum miliaceum, Sorghastrum nutans. Hexaploids.-Panicum dichotomiflorum, Echinochloa crus-galli, Miscanthus sinensis var. zebrinus. Octoploids.-Echinochloa frumentacea, Andropogon scoparius. Decaploid.-Andropogon furcatus. 2. Lagging univalents are found in Andropogon scoparius. 3. Non-disjunction is reported in Panicum lindheimeri var. fasciculatum. 4. Polyspory is found only in Panicum lindheimeri var. typicum. 5. Irregularities in the chromosome count are reported in several members of Panicum. 6. Cytomyxis is found to extend throughout the diakinesis and heterotypic metaphase in several species. 7. Varying degrees and combinations of non-pairing, lagging and extrusion, cytomyxis, polycary, and sterile pollen are found in the species investigated. 8. Polyploidy or cytological abnormalities of the maturation divisions or both are considered as evidence of the hybrid origin of these species.


In this paper we propose for study a class of close to convex functions with negative coecients defined by using a modified S˘al˘agean operator.


'Neo-Modernist' draws on established sartorial traditions but subverts them through materials, form and function 'Terrace Casual' positions country and leisure style in the urban environment 'Celebrity Tailor' focuses on the art of cut and the mastery of individual tailors 'East End Flaneur' is rooted in a flamboyant urban camouflage and is the ultimate expression of street style 'The Gentleman' shows an apparent effortlessness of dress and attention to detail 'New Briton' re-evaluates what a British look really means.


: Carcinogenesis is a complex and multi-step process, which results from various deleterious habits, multiple environmental factors and genetic susceptibility. Inflammation can facilitate tremendous cancer progression. Identifying novel prognostic factors for OSCC is important for early diagnosis, prognosis valuation and choosing more appropriate treatment. The serum bilirubin plays a chief role in anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, and anti-tumorigenesis. In different tumor models, thereby alleviating the oxidative stress. Decreased reactive oxygen species damages DNA structure and alters gene expression ultimately reducing cell proliferation. Abnormal level of serum bilirubin, marker of hepatobiliary was associated with patient prognosis in several human malignancies. Therefore, the current study will be carried out to evaluate the predictive value of serum bilirubin for clinicopathologic characteristics and survival of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Study was performed retrospectively and it comprised 246 cases of OSCC were selected randomly among the individuals who admitted to the hospital. The pre-operative direct bilirubin (DBIL), indirect bilirubin (IBIL), total bilirubin (TBIL) was compared and evaluate with clinical and pathological parameters. A proportional hazards regression model was used to find out the independent predictors of overall survival (OS).Significantly lower TBIL (p=0.012) & IBIL (p<0.0035) were found in OSCC patients compared with normal controls. DBIL (p = 0.008) and lymph-node metastasis (p = 0.031) were institute to be self-determining prognostic factors. Cases having lesser DBIL with lymph-node metastasis exhibited the poor OS (p = 0.001). DBIL and lymph node metastasis was regarded as a self-determining prognostic marker for individuals with OSCC.


The low student learning outcomes are important to be researched by teachers. Classroom Action Research is a form of effort to improve student learning outcomes. This classroom action research aims to improve student learning outcomes in class IX D MTs N 2 Pangandaran in the Akidah Akhlak subject. This research uses Classroom Action Research (CAR) or Classroom Action Research, which is a research activity conducted in class on the teaching and learning process using the Quantum Teaching learning model which consists of 2 cycles. Each cycle consists of four stages, namely planning, acting, observing and evaluating the results of the action (observing) and reflecting until the expected improvement and improvement. The results showed that 27 out of 40 students or 67.5% had not reached the KKM. From the data analysis, it was found that students' completeness in cycle I reached 72.5% and cycle II reached 92.5% with an increase of 20%. with the number of students who completed as many as 37 students. Thus, the Quantum Teaching learning model can improve learning outcomes in the Akidah Akhlak subject for class IX D students at MTs Negeri 2 Pangandaran


Aim: The aim of the present investigation is to study the effects of caffeine on frog skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissues. Material and methods: In this study muscle strips were obtained from Sartorius muscle, heart muscle and rectum of frog after pithing the animal. Caffeine (30mM) was administered in aqueous form with the help of Micropipette directly upon the isolated muscle sample. These isolated samples were prepared, fixed and analyzed with the help of laser beam where linear movement of muscle contraction is converted to angular movement which was recorded on the graph paper and further statistical analysis was done using student's t-test to determine significance of differences between means. A "p" value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Conclusion: Caffeine (30mM) induces sustained contraction in skeletal and smooth muscle, but cardiac muscle does not respond to caffeine though it increases the natural beat of sinoatrial preparation.


We propose a novel graph-based transductive learning approach for interactive image segmentation. Here the term "transductive" indicates a process that iteratively propagates information from user-labeled regions to unlabeled image pixels. For the application of interactive image segmentation, transductive approach has several advantages compared with traditional color probabilistic model based approach. However, previous transductive approaches for image segmentation usually utilize an 8-connected neighborhood system, which has low efficacy when transferring local information to remote pixels. The main contribution of this paper is to estimate pairwise pixel similarity based on a novel path-based metric (i.e. connectivity similarity), rather than local comparison with 8-connected neighbors. We further theoretically prove the computing complexity is on a polynomial order and provide convergence guarantee for the extra local smoothing operation that is introduced to further refine the initial results. Especially, the proposed method shows promising performance in the multi-label case. Various experiments are presented to illustrate its effectiveness.


The article analyses the process of evolution of land reclamation legislation in general and land reclamation credit in particular of the Russian Empire of the late XIX – early XX centuries. This period of Ukrainian history is known for the sharp aggravation of the agrarian issue, which was influenced by both internal and external factors associated with the global agrarian crisis. It was this circumstance that influenced the position of the central authorities, which since the end of the XIX century have been actively looking for a way out of the crisis, using land reclamation legislation along with other methods. In this regard, the authors paid special attention to the reclamation laws of May 6, 1896, May 29, 1900, and May 20, 1902, as well as the activities of the "local committees on the needs of the agricultural industry" of the Ukrainian provinces in 1902-1903 in the corresponding direction of work. The period of the Stolypin agrarian reform, when land reclamation legislation became an integral part of a broader government program to improve the quality of agricultural land and Land Management, is also not ignored.


Purpose of review The present article reviews the literature from the last 12 months relevant to our understanding of leak point pressures. Recent findings Literature is reviewed regarding leak point pressures. Summary There remains a need for larger randomized trials, investigating urodynamic parameters with relation to effective surgical management of urinary stress incontinence.


The purpose of the field excursion was firstly to examine some aspects of the geology of the St Austell Granite around the area of Roche, especially two localities not much visited by geologists, and secondly to look at some aspects of the china clay industry, especially restoration and waste treatment. Three localities, the Tresayes Pegmatite Quarry, Great Wheal Prosper China Clay Pit and Gunheath China Clay Pit were visited before lunch, which was taken at the Rock Inn at Roche. In the afternoon, as the cloud base was very low, it was not possible to see the restoration and revegetation of some of the china clay waste tips. However, the time was spent profitably, driving mostly on the private haul roads of Imerys, through china clay 'country', especially the lower lying western part and visiting the Kernick Mica Dam, Melbur and Wheal Remfry pits, and a processing plant. This report describes the geology of the sites visited and gives an overview of the restoration and waste treatment currently used in the china clay industry.


The concept of freedom promoted under neo-liberal capitalism is not the invention of neo-liberal ideologues, but rather a class-specific interpretation that has been maintained and promoted for more than three centuries. It is rooted in classical liberal thinking, according to which individual freedom is largely a measure of the capacity of investors to control property and labour power. In this liberal tradition the pursuit of freedom has been associated with the removal of obstacles inhibiting the extraction of surplus value. Related principles, theories and arguments have functioned to depict the 'freedom of capital' as the 'freedom of the individual'. This article shows that neo-liberal thought is playing a similar role in the 21st century, but that its current expression (aided no end by the world's experience of Stalinism) is at least partly shaped according to the needs of industrial and finance capitalism.


Due to the electric commodity has universal service obligation, the existence of cross subsidy is reasonable. But as the resident demand increasing highly, the range of cross subsidy is expanding which result in unfairness between different residents. In order to encourage residents using electricity reasonably, frugally, fairly and environment-friendly, appropriate method should be implemented as a guide. The paper discusses the necessity of the stepped increasing electricity price and suggests a new idea that retain the peak-valley price while implement the step price. According to analysis, the model can not only recover the distribution company costs but also effectively play the electricity price adjustment demand leverage, which greatly promote the energy conservation, environmental protection and social harmony.


Futuyma, D. J., and G. C. Mayer (Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794 and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138) 1980. Non-allopatric speciation in animals. Syst. Zool., 29:254-271.-Major recent challenges to the view that animal speciation is usually allopatric are reviewed, and are found unconvincing, either because of their theoretical implausibility or because of insufficient evidence. Special attention is given to the theory of stasipatric speciation, and to purported cases, especially in tephritid fruit flies, of sympatric speciation associated with a shift to a new host. Stasipatric speciation is unlikely under population genetic theory; moreover, chromosome rearrangements probably seldom facilitate speciation. In the tephritid genus Rhagoletis, the archetypal case of sympatric speciation, there is little or no evidence of genetic divergence or of sympatric speciation. The conditions under which host-associated sympatric speciation might occur are so exacting as to be met by very few species. [Rhagoletis; Didymuria; Vandiemenella; Mus; Sceloporus; speciation; sympatric speciation; parapatric speciation; allopatric speciation; chromosome races; isolating mechanisms; host selection.] "It is in the nature of science that once a position becomes orthodox it should be subjected to criticism .... It does not follow that, because a position is orthodox, it is wrong .... -Maynard Smith, 1976 Until recently, it has been widely accepted that speciation in animals usually proceeds by the differentiation of geographically isolated populations (e.g., Dobzhansky, 1970; Lewontin, 1974; Rosenzweig, 1975; Dobzhansky et al., 1977). The reasons for this belief were developed in extenso by Mayr (1942, 1963, 1970), who argued that other modes of speciation were so unlikely as to be insignificant. Since 1963, there have been several important challenges to this view (e.g., Maynard Smith, 1966; Bush, 1975a; White, 1978a). Because White's (1978a) book, devoted largely to demonstrating the prevalence of non-allopatric speciation, seems likely to have an important impact on the climate of opinion on this topic, it is useful at this time to review the extent to which the theory and evidence amassed since 1963 warrant a major change in our views of animal spe-


Obesity is a rising global epidemic. Obesity during pregnancy is associated with increased maternal and fetal risks, which is inversely correlated with the severity level of obesity.


Edge cutting machining of titanium alloy Ti64 is of great interest to science and practice because the alloy has high heat resistance, is widely used and difficult for processing. This work presents the results of Ti64 titanium alloy processing by carbide plate with coatings that have the initial edge about 1 µm. It is shown that the best result for resistance and quality of processing is demonstrated by plates with negative chamfer and coating.


Instrumental records of the leading patterns of variability are short, hampering a proper characterization of the atmospheric circulation beyond the mid-19th century. In this work, recently published in Mellado-Cano et al. (2019), we present the longest (1685-2014) observational-based records of winter NAO and East Atlantic (EA) indices as well as estimates of the North Atlantic eddy-driven jet stream for the same period. They are inferred from wind direction observations over the English Channel assembled in monthly indices of the persistence of the wind in the four cardinal directions. Our NAO and EA series are significantly correlated with traditional indices, showing comparable skill to that obtained between some instrumental indices, and capture their main signatures on European temperature and precipitation.

By identifying winters with different combinations of NAO/EA phases in the 20th century, our results highlight the additional role of EA in shaping the North Atlantic action centers and the European climate responses to NAO. The joint effects of NAO and EA cause European surface climate anomalies that can substantially differ from their canonical signatures, meaning that a proper characterization of regional climates cannot be achieved by the NAO alone. The EA interference with the NAO signal is stronger in precipitation than in temperature and affects areas with strong responses to NAO such as Greenland and the western Mediterranean.

The time series display large variability from interannual to multidecadal time scales, with e.g. positive (negative) EA (NAO) phases dominating before 1750 (during much of the 19th century). The last three centuries uncover multidecadal periods characterized by specific NAO/EA states and substantial variability in the North Atlantic jet stream, thus providing new evidences of the dynamics behind some outstanding periods. Transitions in the NAO/EA phase space have been recurrent and pin down long-lasting anomalies, such as the displacement of the North Atlantic action centers in the late 20th century, besides some disagreements between historical NAO indices.

Mellado-Cano, J., D. Barriopedro, R. García-Herrera, R.M. Trigo, 2019: Examining the North Atlantic Oscillation, East Atlantic pattern and jet variability since 1685. Journal of Climate. doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0135.1


Competitive neural networks belong to a class of recurrent networks, and-they are based on algorithms of unsupervised learning, such as the competitive algorithm explained in this section. In competitive learning, the output neurons of a neural network compete among themselves to become active (to be "fired"). Whereas in multiplayer perceptrons several output neurons may be active simultaneously, in competitive learning only a single output neuron is active at anyone time. There are three basic elements necessary to build a network with a competitive learning rule, a standard technique for this type of artificial neural networks: 1. A set of neurons that have the same structure and that are connected with initially randomly selected weights. Therefore, the neurons respond differently to a given set of input samples. 2. A limit value that is determined on the strength of each neuron. 3. A mechanism that permits the neurons to complete for the right to respond to a given subset of inputs, such that only one output neuron is active at a time. The neuron that wins the competition is called winner-takes-all neuron. In the simplest form of competitive learning, an ANN has a single layer of output neurons, each of which is fully connected to the input nodes. The network may include feedback connections among the neurons, as indicated in Figure 1. In the network architecture described herein, the feedback connections perform lateral inhibition, with each neuron tending to inhibit the neuron to which it is laterally connected. In contrast, the feedforward synaptic connections in the net-work of Figure 9.12 are all excitatory.


Results obtained using a reference standard may be missing for some participants in diagnostic accuracy studies. This paper looks at methods for dealing with such missing data when designing or conducting a prospective diagnostic accuracy study


Spatiotemporal behaviors of predictability of climate system were studied. These were analyzed as changes in persistence and system memory using information theory. This study was performed by coupling a cluster analysis algorithm and conditional entropy in southern South America. The spatial analysis of the entropy showed that a meridional gradient exists in the entire region, and its maximum is in the southern region. In this study, the gradients of this property in the northern regions yield predictabilities that are twice those in the southern part of South America. Temporal changes in conditional entropy were observed with quasi‐cyclical variations. The low frequency variability estimate in the conditional entropy indicates that the dominant wave is approximately 18 years. The changes observed in the persistence and conditional entropy, especially in groups that representing the warm and cold days, suggest that changes in objective forecasting are necessary.


The growth-inhibitory activities of allelopathy in asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) was studied using the 'Plant Box Method' of bioassay. By this methods we confirmed that asparagus produced allelochemical substances. Then we developed a modified plant box method to examine the relationship between the growth-inhibitory activity and the adsorption of materials to allelochemical substances from asparagus. As a result, a type of activated carbon has the ability to absorb the allelochemical substances and prevent the growth inhibition of lettuce, an assay plant. Furthermore, in a field replanted with asparagus, treatment with activated carbon increased the fresh weights of rhizomes and storage roots, as well as the number of storage roots, the growth amount, and the growth index (GI'), when compared to those of asparagus grown on non-treated plots.


The vehicle-following behavior is a self-organizing behavior that restores dynamic balance under the stimulation of external environmental factors. In fact, there are asymmetric problems in the process of acceleration and deceleration of drivers. The existing traditional models ignored the differences between acceleration and deceleration of vehicles. In order to solve this problem, the vehicles driving on the road are compared to interacting molecules. Vehicle-following characteristics are studied, and the molecular following model is established based on molecular dynamics. The model parameters under different conditions are calibrated considering the required safety distance by the vehicle and the reaction time of the driver. With the help of the vehicle running track graphs, speed, and acceleration graphs, the numerical simulations of the molecular following model and the classical optimal speed vehicle-following model are carried out. The results of the comparative analysis show that the acceleration in the process of acceleration and deceleration is not constant but more sensitive to the deceleration of the preceding vehicle than to the acceleration and more sensitive to the acceleration/deceleration of the short-distance vehicle than to the acceleration/deceleration of the long-distance vehicle. Therefore, the molecular following model can better describe the vehicle-following behavior, and the research results can provide a theoretical basis and a technical reference for the analysis of traffic flow dynamic characteristics and adaptive cruise control technology.


Objective:We detected the expression of cytokines in platelet-rich fibrin(PRF) to explore its effect on tissue healing.Method: Cubital vein blood of healthy volunteers was taken to make samples of PRF.We detected the expression of IL-1β,IL-4,IL-6,TNF-α,PDGF-BB and TGF-β1 in PRF through immunohistochemistry.Results: The results of immunohistochemistry showed that the expressions of IL-1β,IL-4,IL-6,TNF-α,PDGF-BB and TGF-β1 in PRF were all positive.Conclusion: Biology trials showed that platelet-rich fibrin expressed various cytokines,these cytokines together with fibrin play the role in reducing postoperative reaction,reducing the risk of postoperative infection and promoting tissue healing.


Alkalophilic Bacillus sp. YJ-451, which was isolated from soil at several area in Korea, produced a novel type of bacteriolytic enzyme (cell wall peptidoglycan hydrolase) extracellulary. The cell wall hydrolytic activity was identified as a clear zone on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis containing 0.2% (w/v) cell wall of Bacillus sp. as substrate. This enzyme was successively purified 66 fold with 3.2% yield in culture broth by ammonium sulfate precipitation, CM-cellulose column chromatography, and gel filtration, followed by hydroxylapatite column chromatography. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 27,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration column chromatography. The optimum pH and temperature for the activity of the enzyme were pH 10.0 and , respectively. The enzyme was stable between pH 5.0 and 10.0 and up to . Among the microorganisms used in this experiment the enzyme was active against most of gram negative strains and the genus Bacillus such as B. megaterium, B. licheniformis, B. circulans, B. pumilus, B. macerans, B. polymyxa. The release of dinitrophenylglutamic acid but not reducing group from cell wall peptidoglycan digested by the enzyme suggested that the enzyme is a kind of peptidase which hydrolyzes the peptide bond at the amino group of D-glutamic acid in the peptidoglycan.


Degradation of InAlN/GaN based HFETs under stress for four bias conditions, namely, on-state high field stress (hot phonon, hot electron and self heating effect), off-state high field stress (hot electron effect), onstate low field stress (self heating effect), and reverse gate bias stress (inverse piezoelectric effect) has been examined. The degradation is characterized by monitoring electrical properties, such as, drain current reduction, gate lag, and low frequency noise. On-state high field stress has shown more than 50% reduction in the drain current and approximately 25-30 dBc/Hz increase in low frequency noise after 25 hours of stress, while other stress conditions led to much lesser degradation. It is demonstrated that the major degradation mechanism in InAlN/GaN HFETs is the hot-phonon and hot-electron effect in the realm of short term effects.


Approximately 30 years have passed since the first experience of living donor liver transplantation. The time to evaluate the long‐term safety of living donors has been fulfilled. Meanwhile, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is increasingly common and a critical problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of living donor, focusing on fatty liver postdonation hepatectomy.


For the inverted pendulum system with multi-variable and nonlinear characteristic, a double closed-loop cascade fuzzy control approach was put forward based on Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model. In this approach, the angle of inverted pendulum is controlled by the inner-loop and the displacement of the small cart is controlled by the outer-loop, and the coupling between angle parameters and displacement parameters can be decoupled successfully. The difficulty and complexity of control system are reduced. Digital simulation shows that this method is effective.


FIR (finite impulse response) digital filters are open loop signal processors. These are numerical filters, and roundoff takes place within these filters when certain numerical operations are performed upon the filter input signals. Roundoff also takes place in IIR (infinite impulse response) digital filters. These are feedback filters, and the effects of quantization in IIR filters are more complicated than in FIR filters. We will defer discussion of the IIR case until the next chapter. This chapter focuses on quantization noise in FIR filters. Furthermore, we assume here that the coefficients of the filter are infinitely precisely given. In digital implementation, this will not be true – the consequences of finite precision in the coefficients are discussed in Chapter 21.


Tissue fusion between colonies of the bryozoan Thalamoporella californica was studied by characterizing the structure of the interzooidal pores. Unlike past studies, the history of each colony was documented allowing a comparison of fusion among sibling colonies, those derived from the same maternal colony, and nonsibling colonies. The results show that fusion occurred only between zooids of the same colony which had grown apart or between sibling colonies. In both cases, a particular type of interzooidal pore was formed. Nonsibling colonies failed to recognize each other and did not form the specialized pore. Apparently, genetic compatability is necessary for the intraspecific, intercolonial fusion of cellular parts in this species. As colonies of sessile animals grow into contact with each other, three reactions appear possible: (1) growth may cease, (2) growth may be directed elsewhere, or (3) one colony may overgrow the other. Since the vast majority of competitive interactions on a substrate involve a combination of these possible responses, considerable attention has been focused on their mechanics (Buss, 1980a,b; Jackson, 1977, 1979). There has been little scrutiny of a fourth type of interaction, one involving the conjunction of two colonies of the same species. Tissue fusion has been studied in both plants and animals, with examples known from at least nine phyla (Burnet, 1971; Buss, 1982). The fusion of two animal colonies into one has been noted, in various studies of colonial specificity, in all of the major sessile invertebrate groups: sponges (Simpson, 1973), hydroids (Ivker, 1972; Toth, 1967), corals (Hildeman et al., 1977; Theodor, 1976), bryozoans (Ryland, 1979), and ascidians (Oka, 1970; Tanaka, 1975). There are two types of intraspecific fusion. One occurs when elements of the same colony fuse after growing apart. An example of this intracolonial fusion is found when an encrusting colony completely encircles a substrate like an algal frond or stipe. The other type of fusion is the result of contact between two separate colonies of the same species. In their review of intraspecific competition, Knight-Jones & Moyse (1961) described intracolonial fusion as "autosyndromy," while intercolonial fusion was called "homosyndromy." These terms have been adopted for the present paper since they have been used extensively in the bryozoan literature (Ryland, 1979). Using isografts, autosyndromy has been observed in sponges, gorgonians, I sincerely thank John Soule, Dorothy Soule, and Jon Kastendiek for critically reviewing the manuscript. Thanks also are due to Robert Bils for making the SEM facilities available and for providing much appreciated technical assistance. Contribution No. 74, Catalina Marine Science Center, University of Southern California. TRANS. AM. MICROSC. Soc., 102(4): 319-332. 1983. ? Copyright, 1983, by the American Microscopical Society, Inc. This content downloaded from 18.104.22.168 on Sat, 11 Jun 2016 05:35:32 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms TRANS. AM. MICROSC. SOC. corals, and ascidians and is not considered to be an unusual event. On the other hand, homosyndromy has been observed less frequently and quantified experimentally (Ryland, 1979; Sil6n, 1977). Fusion between colonies of the ascidian Botryllus primigenus has been studied by Oka (1970), who demonstrated that fusion was based on genetic compatibility of the colonies. Similar specificity also has been noted in Perophora sagamiensis by Koyama & Watanabe (1982); they compared their work with recent histocompatibility studies of other ascidians. In Bryozoa, homosyndromy has been recorded in Recent cheilostomes: Membranipora hyadesi (see Moyano, 1967), Membranipora membranacea, Parasmittina trispinosa (see Stebbing, 1973), Parasmittina nitida (see Humphries, 1979), Fenestrulina malusi (see Nielsen, 1981), and from the Paleozoic genera, Serptopora, Polypora, and Hemitrypa (see McKinney, 1981). Unlike various protists, fungi, sponges, hydroids, and ascidians of which extensive histological preparations of soft tissue may be required to show continuities, the calcified skeletons of cheilostome bryozoans furnish evidence of organic fusion by the presence or absence of pores along the walls that separate each zooid. These pores are the calcified remnants of communication organs. A mass of cells in the living zooid, known as a "rosette" (Banta, 1969), extends through the pore into the adjoining zooid. Since cellular materials are exchanged between zooids through these points, the presence of pores confirms tissue continuity between fused colonies. In some cases where there is evidence of a pore connection after fusion (Humphries, 1979; Nielsen, 1981), there has been speculation about the origins of the fused colonies. In Parasmittina nitida, homosyndromy was between colonies derived from larvae that were the offspring of the same colony (Humphries, 1979). Nielsen speculated that the same situation was true in Fenestrulina malusi. However, possible interactions between nonsibling populations were not described in either case. This study of the cheilostome Thalamoporella californica Levinsen, 1909 addressed the following questions: (1) how is fusion expressed morphologically? (2) when does fusion occur? and (3) is it indiscriminately intraspecific or is it mediated by the specific genetic lineage of the opposing colonies? MATERIALS AND METHODS Colonies of Thalamoporella californica bearing mature ovicells were taken from perennial blades of the brown alga Cystoseira neglecta (Phaeophyta: Fuciales) found at 8 m. Sampling sites were in Big Fisherman Cove, Santa Catalina Island, off Los Angeles, California. This study was conducted during August and September 1981. Larvae were released from ovicells after the colonies were exposed to bright light. Following brief swimming activity, the larvae began to settle and undergo metamorphosis. All the larvae settled after 8 h. To characterize fusion in T. californica accurately it was essential to record the lineage of each colony. Since colonies are created by asexual budding from 320 This content downloaded from 18.104.22.168 on Sat, 11 Jun 2016 05:35:32 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOL. 102, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1983 a single settled larva (ancestrula), both its origin and subsequent settlement were traced. Larvae released by the same maternal colony were assumed to be siblings. Thus the results of sibling colonies growing together could be compared to similar contacts between nonsibling groups. Three situations were examined for fusion. The first, and technically easiest to study, was autosyndromy. This event is found commonly in field populations by collecting small, isolated colonies which had encircled algal stipes. With the polarity of each colomn of zooids traced back to the ancestrula, autosyndromy was recognized when pores formed between the distal margins of opposing zooids. Six such colonies were selected for study. The other two configurations required manipulation of the larvae. Intercolonial fusion, or homosyndromy, was categorized into two types based on larval origin. Type I involved sibling colonies. Larvae released by the same maternal colony settled in four plastic dishes in high densities so that neighbors eventually would contact each other during their asexual expansion. Type II followed the same scheme but used two discrete larval populations from colonies that had been collected from similar habitats at opposite ends of Big Fisherman Cove, a geographic separation of 2 km. It was assumed that these were nonsibling colonies, and thus genetically diverse, even though such was not demonstrated experimentally. Larvae from the first population were allowed to settle in four dishes and their positions were mapped. The next day, larvae from the second population were placed in the same dishes to settle among individuals of the earlier group. Again, densities were great enough to ensure eventual contact during growth. After settlement of the ancestrulae, the dishes were placed in a small rack and suspended at 3-m depth from the dock at the Catalina Marine Science Center for 30 days. During that time, sufficient growth had created points of contact between expanding populations. Prior to cleaning, colonies touching each other were removed from the plastic dishes and their surfaces coated with plastic cement, except for the points of contact. This was an effective way to keep each colony intact since the brief immersion in sodium hypochlorite not only detaches the skeletons from the substrate but also weakens the bonds between the lateral walls of neighboring zooids. While cleaning also separated the fusing colonies along the points of contact, their relative position to each other was preserved. After all the organic material had been removed, the skeletons were dried, mounted on stubs, coated with gold-palladium, and examined with a Super Mini ISI scanning electron microscope at 15 kV.


Changes in contemporary picture books: Postmodernism, metafiction and radical change Today's children live in a multimedia world characterised by fragmentation, juxtaposition of differing forms, and an ever-increasing diversity of symbolic representations. With respect to children's literature, a broadening range of print texts is available to readers. Various conceptual and theoretical frameworks have been proposed to explain the changes in contemporary children's literature. Several individuals note how the changes in current children's (and young adult) literature reflect the broader historical, social, and cultural movement referred to as postmodernism (Coles & Hall, 2001; Goldstone, 1998, 2001/2002; Lewis, 2001; McCallum, 1996; Yearwood, 2002). Lewis identifies several key features that characterise living in the postmodern world: indeterminacy, fragmentation, decanonisation, irony, hybridisation, and performance and participation (2001, pp. 88-91). Because writers and illustrators have been exposed to 'the same postmodernising influences as everyone else ... it would be reasonable to suppose that such influences might find their way into books' (Lewis, 2001, p. 99). According to Nikolajeva 'an ever-growing segment of contemporary children's literature is transgressing its own boundaries ... exhibiting the most prominent features of postmodernism, such as genre eclecticism, disintegration of traditional narrative structures, polyphony, intersubjectivity and metafiction' (1998, p. 222). Although examples of metafiction have existed since the beginning of literary publishing, Lewis writes that, 'one can see why metafictive devices are essential to the postmodernist enterprise, with its sustained attack on all manifestations of authoritative order and unity' (2001, p. 94). Metafiction draws the attention of readers to how texts work and to how meaning is created. According to Waugh, metafiction is 'fictional writing which self-consciously and systematically draws attention to its status as an artefact in order to pose questions about the relationship between fiction and reality' (1984, p. 2). Waugh discusses the metafictional novel and describes various techniques authors use to create metafictional texts. One common aspect of the discussions about metafiction is its self-referentiality or self-consciousness; metafictive texts draw attention to their status as fiction and text through the use of a number of devices or techniques. McCallum writes that it is necessary to consider 'the specific strategies through which metafictions play with literary and cultural codes and conventions' (1996, p. 400). In picture books, metafictive devices can be employed with both the verbal and the visual text. Illustrations can reveal, both independently of and in conjunction with the words, how the fictional reality of the story is constructed (and thereby comment about how our world is constructed). Some of the narrative and discursive devices found in metafictive forms of adult, young adult, and children's literature include: manifold or multistranded narratives, multiple narrators, nonlinear and non-sequential plots, narrators who address the reader or comment on their own narrations, narrative and illustrative framing devices, intertextualities, and parodic appropriations (Pantaleo, 2004a). Generally, metafictive techniques are used in combination and the synergy of multiple devices serves to amplify the fictional status and self-conscious nature of a text. The list of metafictive devices in Appendix A is neither exhaustive nor definitive. The devices are not mutually exclusive and there is overlap among many of the techniques. Further, some of the more general metafictive techniques described in the literature could subsume several of the specific devices. The common element of the various devices is their power to distance readers from text, often, frustrating traditional reading expectations and practices, and positioning 'readers in more active interpretive roles' (McCallum, 1996, p. …


Objective To understand the performance of community-based management of hypertension in Chengdu and provide evidence for the health policy development.Methods Eight community health centers and 8 township health centers were selected by stratified cluster random sampling,and surveyed.Results The health canters had established record for 28.7% of the hypertension patients.The standardized management rate for hypertension patient in community was 70.2%,36.3% of the patients received annual health examination and blood pressure control rate was 62.7%.The community-based management of hypertension in urban area was better than that in rural area.Conclusion It is necessary to improve the management of hypertension by establishing health record,conducting health examination,strengthening the prevention and control of chronic diseases in rural area.


Extrapulmonary tuberculosis accounts for a significant proportion of tuberculosis cases worldwide (about 20-25% of the cases). Nevertheless, the diagnosis is often delayed or even missed due to insidious clinical presentation and poor performance of diagnostic tests. Peritoneal tuberculosis is due to the infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the peritoneum. It represents 0.7% of total cases of tuberculosis. This disease can mimic malignancy specially in women, because of its clinical presentation with ascites, weight loss and similar radiological sings. The phenomenon of migration, the increased use of immunosuppressive therapy and the epidemic of AIDS have contributed to a resurgence of this disease. We present the clinical case of a Haitian woman who presented ascites, abdominal pain and weight loss with radiological signs that suggested peritoneal carcinomatosis, in which further studies of ascitic fluid showed elevated adenosindeaminase, a specific and sensitive finding for tuberculosis.


The relative abundance of Royle's pika (Ochotona roylei) was studied in a part of the Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttarakhand, West Himalaya along an altitudinal gradient from 2900 to 3650 m a.s.l. Pikas' detection probability and relative abundance per month and habitat were recorded by monthly surveys consisting of three sampling sessions of four hours each. Food plant species were identified by visual observation and quantified by a standard quadrat method. The highest relative abundance was observed at man-made walls and surroundings in the alpine zone and on broken slopes in the sub-alpine one, whe- reas alpine meadows showed the lowest abundance. A total of 26 plant species were found to be consumed by pikas. The proportion of forage plants was the highest (77.4%) on the rocky slopes of the timberline zone The results of multiple regressions suggest that rock cover is the main factor affecting the relative abundance of Royle's pika. Rocky areas prob- ably offer both nest-sites and temporary refuges to escape from predators.


This article offers an in-depth study of sleepwalking in the long eighteenth century. It explores how and why the physical condition of sleepwalking was conceptually transformed into a modish nervous disorder that was central to explorations of the human mind, imagination and personal identity in the final decades of the century. This cultural revaluation of sleepwalking, or 'somnambulism' as it was increasingly termed, is situated within the context of late seventeenth- and eighteenth-century medical and philosophical thought surrounding the physical act of sleep and its disorders, and within the cults of sensibility and Romanticism.


Re-entry in planetary atmospheres is one of the most challenging environments to be faced by an aerospace structure. Presently space agencies are studying and developing programs to reduce launch costs by developing a new generation reusable launch vehicles. In fact a significant portion of the launch cost, for those vehicles, is represented by maintenance, non destructive testing and personnel involved in ground operations. For instance NASA and Lockeed Martin are leading the VentureStar program, where the real time health monitoring is considered an important aspect, while ESA has now finished a preliminary analysis for different reusable launch vehicle configurations. Fiber optic sensors which can be embedded into structural components can provide an efficient means for fast and reliable structural health monitoring. In this paper the possibility of embedding fiber optic sensors into materials subjected to particularly critical thermal treatments is verified. Several specimens of metal alloys and carbide based powders with embedded optical fibers have been prepared by the high pressure high velocity oxy fuel technique. The tests have proven the feasibility of the embedding with the above mentioned technology which exposes the fibers to quite a severe environment during the deposition. Micrographic analysis and optical transmission tests have been carried out on the sprayed specimens.


We use a stochastic discount factor model to show that the expected returns of European options are not unambiguously positively or negatively related to their underlying asset's volatility, a conclusion strikingly different from those derived in the prior literature. Higher idiosyncratic volatility always lowers (raises) expected call (put) returns through increasing the chance of non-zero option payoffs in high (low) stochastic discount factor states. Higher systematic volatility can raise or lower the expected call or put return since it produces both the above option-payoff effect, but also an oppositely-signed effect arising through a higher underlying asset risk. The strike price modulates the strengths of the oppositely-signed effects and thus determines the signs of both the effects of systematic volatility and of total volatility on expected option returns. Single-stock call option data strongly confirm the testable implications of our European option pricing theory.


Based on the principle of conservation of energy and from the well known nuclear fusion and fission reactions it is possible to guess that, the E-CAT hidden energy may be in the form of binding of protons and neutrons of the Nickel, Hydrogen and Lithium atomic nuclei. In view of the recently developed compact 1MW E-CAT power plant designed by the Leonardo corporation, Nickel can certainly be considered as the ultimate substitute of Coal, Oil and Uranium in near future.


With increasing attention to the labor, criteria, and implications of content moderation, come opportunities for real change in the ways that platforms are governed. After high profile exposes like The Guardian's "Facebook Files," it is becoming more difficult for platforms to regulate in secret. Governments around the world are increasingly seeking to influence moderation practices, and platforms now face substantial pressure from users, civil society, and industry groups to do more on specific issues like terrorism, hatred, 'revenge porn, and 'fake news.'

In light of this pressure and the opportunities it implies, this roundtable will consider options for the future of content moderation. The question is not just how the moderation apparatus should change, but what principles should guide these changes? This panel brings together perspectives from media and information studies, law, and civil society to explore a variety of approaches to regulation, from corporate self-governance to direct intervention. In a conversation between panelists and the audience, we will develop and interrogate a set of high level principles that could guide the interventions of different actors in content moderation processes in future, including but not limited to:

Jillian York on 'due process'.

Sarah Myers West on 'transparency': What do we mean by 'transparency'? Building consensus for a set of realistic demands from users, civil society, and scholars.

Nicolas Suzor on 'human rights': What a human rights framework means for government policy and the responsibilities of platforms.

Tarleton Gillespie on 'accountability': what would a different framework of accountability be for platforms, both for the practices and the consequences of their moderation? what must platforms account for, and to whom?


In discussing the reactions of nitrite with blood pigment, Gamgee 1 claimed priority on the discovery of the class of ferrihemoglobin derivatives typified by the cyanmethemoglobin of Kobert. 2 Smith and Wolf 3 discovered the azide and Haurewitz, 4 the fluoride derivatives. On the basis of its potentiometric behavior, Barnard 5 characterized alkaline ferrihemoglobin as the hydroxide of this class and predicted the ability of ferrihemoglobin to form polar valent compounds with many anions. Keilin 6 described the hydrosulfide of ferrihemoglobin and in 1937, Barnard 7 designated the class of derivatives as "hemo-ferrides" to emphasize their binary nature, i.e., they were salts of hydro-acids, exclusively. On the basis of the demonstration of the nitrile oxide structure of fulminic acid and the fulminates by Pauling and Hendricks, 8 Barnard and Neitzel 9 prepared a fulminate-ferrihemoglobin compound. Hydrogen selenide derivatives of ferrihemoglobin and ferriheme were also prepared. 10 Combinations between thiocyanate and ferrihemoglobin and between cyanate and ferrihemoglobin were shown to exist by Jung 11 and Hecht 12 respectively. Thiocyanic and cyanic acids are now known to be hydroacids. 13 A cyanamide derivative of ferriheme 14 and ferrihemoglobin 15 have also been prepared. In the description of the cyanamide compounds, the terms ferride-heme (in place of hemoferride), ferridehemo-chromogen and ferridehemoglobin were introduced in order to adapt to these substances, the system of nomenclature proposed by Pauling and Coryell 16 for the blood pigment derivatives. It is assumed that the ferridehemoglobin engendering combination between ferrihemoglobin and hydro-acid anions is conditioned by the comparatively small ionic diameter of the latter. Of the relatively limited class of acids which are not oxy-acids, the majority do combine with ferrihemoglobin. Potentiality for this type of combination seems to be restricted to the smaller members of the class; the halides with the exception of the smallest, fluoride, do not so combine.


Tunnel valleys are elongated hollows commonly found in formerly glaciated areas and interpreted as resulting from subglacial meltwater erosion beneath ice sheets. Over the past two decades, the number of studies of terrestrial tunnel valleys has continuously increased, and their existence has been hypothesized also on Mars, but their formation mechanisms remain poorly understood. We introduce here an innovative experimental approach to examine erosion by circulation of pressurized meltwater within the substratum and at the ice/substratum interface. We used a permeable substratum (sand) partially covered by a viscous, impermeable, and transparent cap (silicon putty), below which we applied a central injection of pure water. Low water pressures led to groundwater circulation in the substratum only, while water pressures exceeding a threshold that is larger than the sum of the glaciostatic and lithostatic pressures led to additional water circulation and formation of drainage landforms at the cap/substratum interface. The formation of these drainage landforms was monitored through time, and their shapes were analyzed from digital elevation models obtained by stereo‐photogrammetry. The experimental landforms include valleys that are similar to natural tunnel valleys in their spatial organization and in a number of diagnostic morphological criteria, such as undulating longitudinal profiles and "tunnel" shapes. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that overpressurized subglacial water circulation controls the formation of tunnel valleys.


We consider a continuous polling system in heavy traffic. Using the relationship between such systems and age-dependent branching processes, we show that the steady-state number of waiting customers in heavy traffic has approximately a gamma distribution. Moreover, given their total number, the configuration of these customers is approximately deterministic.


Retinol and its derivatives are recognized anti-aging molecules but they sometimes have irritating side effects The authors investigate oligosaccharides obtained after enzymatic bydrolysis of Medicago sativa as a non-irritating alternative to retinol.


Finally, because we disagree with Gunter's arguments as detailed above, we disagree with his statement that our " . . . results only support a conclusion that the distribution of academic achievement scores in otherwise neurologically normal children with a single exposure to anesthesia in the first year of life for minor, peripheral surgery is completely consistent with that seen in the population at large." However, for numerous reasons detailed in the Discussion section of our article, we do not believe that our results established that exposure to anesthesia during infancy was causally related to the disproportionate number of children who had very low test scores. We made clear in the article that causation could not be determined from our study and that the findings should be considered tentative until further verification.


While the ancient cultures of Mesopotamia, Egpypt and China are characterized by magic and religious thought and rites, the culture of Greece in the last millennium B.C. became dominated by philosophy, rational thought and the study of nature, with its enormous influence on philosophy, mathematics and medicine. The parallelism in the development of Greek and Indian medicine is striking both in chronology and content. The Greeks undoubtedly received inspiration from the Indians, but in Greece the emphasis was on reason and logic, whereas India had in addition to rational systems of medicine a more mystical approach to the problems of health and medicine (Sigerist, 1961). As regards medicine, between the Homeric Period (about 8th century B.C.) and Hippocrates (about 476-377 B.C.) no medical literature appears to be known (Lascaratos & Marketos, 1988 b). In Greece, physicians were at that time craftsmen in medical guilds, who as in other countries gave oral and practical instruction to their sons and apprentices. Porotic hyperostosis (cribra orbitalia), Welcker's disease was common in marshy fields of Greece (Angel 1966, 1967), see Chapter XIII. 2. Study of the anatomy and function of the


Abstract The continuous cooling transformation (CCT) behaviour of two C–Mn–Si based steels was investigated. The effects of chemical composition and cooling rate on γ→α transformation were studied using dilatometric measurements. Quantitative phase analysis was carried out in order to determine the effect of cooling rate on the precise phase distribution after transformation. Presence of Cr and Mo in the experimental steels appears to retard pearlitic transformation and promotes formation of acicular products (combination of acicular ferrite, Widmanstatten ferrite and bainite). Martensitic transformation also starts at a perceptibly lower cooling rate in the Mo containing alloy as compared with the one without any Mo.


In competitive environments, managers using performance measurement process need to correctly lead activities in direction of work progress and organization's objectives and strategies in a conscious way and to take actions for evaluating the current situation of organization's plans and studying performance of every single of their work components for promotion, and improvement of their effectiveness and efficiency. To effectuate this imperative, organizations should use operational audit. Considering the above points, identification of determinants in development of operational audit is considered necessary and important. Present research intends to identify and prioritize determinants in development of operational audit. At length, determinants of operational audit developments were considered from three individual, environmental and organizational perspectives based on which 27 variables were identified for development of operational audit. The obtained result from the investigation after statistical analysis suggest that at confidence interval of 95%, all the identified factors have effect on development of operational audit.


A previously well 10-year-old girl presented to the hospital on three occasions over a 2-week period with worsening right-sided cheek swelling and pain. Examination was unremarkable apart from obvious swelling of the right cheek and cervical lymphadenopathy (figure 1). An initial diagnosis of suppurative parotitis was made, and she was treated with oral flucloxacillin. Over the following week, pain and swelling worsened, and she developed fever, nausea, trismus and dizziness.

Figure 1
The patient at presentation. Marked unilateral …


Three outstanding problems existing in the course of "educational plan of excellent engineers" were analyzed. Taking?the national characteristic major construction of Mechanical Design, Manufacture and Automation major in Yancheng Institute of Technology as an example, some?solutions were provided and measures of educating excellent mechanical engineers were presented.


Abstract: Each bidding contractors estimates his likely costs of carrying out the work detailed in the project schedules and adds a percentage markup to form the bid value. The value of the markup crucially influences the chances of a bidder winning the contract. Clearly, a low markup value should increases the chance of winning but decrease the profit, whilst a high markup should increase the profit but decrease the chance of winning the contract. It is very difficult for contractors to decide a proper markup, which happens to produce a satisfactory balance between the probability of winning the contract and the profit generated as a result of winning the contract. This paper presents a case-based reasoning decision support system (CBR-DSS) that assists contractors in solving markup estimation problem. The CRR-DSS uses successful cases of previous completed projects to derive solution to new project markup estimation problem. The principle of the CBR-DSS is to analogy new project with previous projects. Key Words: Case-Based Reasoning, DSS, Bidding, Markup Resume: Chaque contracteur demande estime son cout d'application d'un travail detaille dans les horaires et ajoute un percentage de maquillage pour avoir l'offre qui influence crucialement une eventuelle reussite d'un contrat. Evidemment une petite valeur de maquillage doit augmenter les chances de gagner mais reduire le profit tandis que un grand maquillage doit augmenter le profit mais reduire les chances d'arriver a un contract. Il est tres difficile pour les contracteurs de decider une offre convenable, qui eventuellement produit une balance de satisfaction entre la probabilite d'achever le contrat et le profit considere comme une reussite d'un contrat. Ce document presente un systeme du support decision rationnel base sur les cas (CBR-DSS) qui permet aux contracteurs de s'engager dans la solution des problemes estimes et demandes. Le CRR-DSS utilise des reussites de programmes pre-acheves qui servent a resoudre les problemes d'estimation dans un nouveau programme. Le principe de CBR-DSS est trouver les solutions pour de nouveaux programmes par analogie ceux pre-acheves. Mots cles: Raisonnement base sur les cas, DSS; offre, maquillage, acquisition Governmentale 1. INTRODUCTION The bidding decision is a complex decision-making process that is affected by a lot of factors, especially for markup decision-making process. In fact, the markup, M, which is the price quoted minus the cost, is usually taken as the key decision variable and the total expected profit is then the product of the estimated cost, the markup chosen and the probability, P (m), of winning the contract with a markup M. Each bidding contractor estimates his likely costs of carrying out the work detailed in the project schedules and adds a percentage markup to form the bid value. The value of the markup crucially influences the chances of a bidder winning the contract. Clearly, a low markup value should increases the chance of winning but decrease the profit, whilst a high markup should increase the profit but decrease the chance of winning the contract. Strategic markup bidding assumes that the bidder applies a markup that happens to produce a balance between the probability of winning the contract and the profit generated as a result of winning the contract. A special case of strategic markup bidding id optimal bidding, defined as applying a markup that happens to maximize expected profit, i.e. the product of the probability of winning the contract and the profit generated as a result of winning the contract. The literature on strategic markup bidding is quite extensive and several reviews have been published. All the work to date has been based on two bivariate models. The Friedman model compares the strategic bidder with the lowest bidders. However, the Friedman model has been frequently criticized as demanding unrealistic amounts of data to estimate the model parameters, especially for construction contract auction. …


among heart attack and trauma patients. 5,6 Intuition suggests that patients are in an ambulance longer after the nearest hospital closes, however, no one has previously measured the travel time change. Our study is the first we are aware of that measures change in time in an ambulance based on reported ambulance trips. We explore how hospital closures affect the time a patient travels from an incident location where 9-1-1 was called to the ED in an ambulance. Our study compares transport time in an ambulance one calendar year prior to and one calendar year after a hospital closes in the zip code of the incident. We study hospital closures in communities in the U.S., both rural and urban, for the years 2011-2014 where we have zip codes of hospital closures matched to ambulance call data.


Because of the low viscosity of the solution prepared by common produced water,the oil recovery was not high. Therefore,the solution has to be prepared with tap water or other water of high quality,which leads to high consumption of fresh water. Produced water after aeration was used to prepare hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) or alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP) solution. The thermal stability of the prepared solutions was investigated. The influences of shear,sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB),the alkali and the viscosity stabilizer on the solution viscosity were also investigated. The experiment results show that shear degradation is the major factor in viscosity loss of the solutions and the aeration had good effect to reduce the viscosity loss caused by SRB. The experiment results also show that the HPAM solution has a better capability to keep viscosity in the presence of viscosity stabilizer when it is subjected to 30-day aging,and so do the ASP solution when alkali and viscosity stabilizer are present.


This study examined how members of 2 water user associations in high-elevation ecosystems in Colombia and Venezuela perceive water scarcity as well as the relationship between their perception of and adaptation to it. Among study participants, adaptation was guided not only by the perception of climate change (disturbance of the seasons, decrease in precipitation, and more extreme temperatures) but also by the perception of the socioeconomic causes of water scarcity (increase in cultivated area and population, aging irrigation infrastructure, system management problems). Farmers in the Venezuelan study site have adopted new and more efficient irrigation technologies, restored degraded infrastructure, and undertaken various actions to preserve and conserve wetlands. In the Colombian study site, farmers created a new irrigation system that draws water from a nearby lake, creating access to an abundant resource. The study shows how perceptions of water scarcity in a climate change context are critical determinants of farmers' behavior, especially collective adaptation.


The soil microbial community plays a critical role in increasing phosphorus (P) availability in low‐P, weathered soils by "mining" recalcitrant organic P through the production of phosphatase enzymes. However, there is a lack of data on the fungal and bacterial taxa which are directly involved in P mining, which could also serve as potential microbial bioindicators of low P availability.


In this paper, we present and compare the design and the performances of ten different implementations for a 16-bit adder in a 180nm CMOS standard-cell technology. Ripple carry adder, increment adder, triangle adder, uniform and progressive carry select adder, uniform and progressive carry bypass adder, conditional adder, ripple carry look ahead adder and hierarchical carry look ahead adder are taken into account. Every architecture is explained, highlighting the pros and cons. Finally, the results of area complexity, worst path timing and average power consumption for each implementation are shown.


Your article about Murray Gell-Mann's recent visit to Dublin, where he inspected James Joyce's original manuscript of Finnegans Wake, muses on what Joyce may have meant by "Three quarks for Muster Mark" (September p7).


1. The O2-Hb dissociation curve for platypus blood shows a typical sigmoid shape with a pronounced Bohr effect. 2. The O2 capacity for one specimen was 23.5 vol % with a corresponding hematocrit of 50 per cent. 3. The blood displayed a considerable Haldane effect and a large difference in buffer capacity between reduced and oxygenated blood. 4. Arterial blood samples taken during experimental submersion were analyzed for O2 and CO2 pressure and content. CaO2 falls rapidly during diving and reaches a low of 2 vol % after approximately 3 min, which was close to the endurance limit during experimental conditions. A quick restoration of arterial O2 saturation characterized the recovery. 5. Platypus showed a distinct bradycardia upon submersion. The rate of decline in heart rate was more pronounced if the arterial blood pressure increased in response to submersion. 6. The findings are discussed in relation to the normal diving habits of the platypus.


In HVDC system,the AC filter will produce larger inrush current during switching,which will cause damage to the filters,protection misoperation and threat to DC system security.To solve the problem,a simulation based on Monte Carlo algorithm and PSCAD user-definition model has been come up with.Make a lot of simulations about inrush current and the zero sequence current which stands for three-phase unbalanced inrush current at the inverter side.Based on these results,some methods which solve the effect of inrush current has been come up with,like erecting POW,locking the unbalanced protection temporarily.


Cross-flow membrane filtration has become a promising technique for waste-water treatment as compared to conventional treatment methods. One of the reasons is that the membrane techniques offer separation that can be achieved at ambient temperature with minimum energy. It is also an innovation for the application of cross-flow filtration in oil and gas industry especially as an integral part for the oil-in-water analysis of produced water prior to offshore disposal. However, good fouling control is essential for the efficiency of the cross-flow filtration unit. With the fact that membrane is not a passive entity, the understanding of particle deposition phenomena is vital for reducing fouling. In this paper, filtration will be modeled through the relationship between hydrodynamics of the cross-flows and the transfer of flows across the membrane. The results of FLUENT simulated model are in good agreement with experimental results. Simulation results of the model are presented and then validated using experimental data for distilled (DI) water. From the model, some connecting variables are identified and established in this modeling work. By attaining these connections, optimization of membrane filtration can be achieved by adjusting the operating parameters.


"Sociobiology: New Synthesis" is a book written by W. O. Wilson, which in l975 started the famous dispute over sociobiology. The dispute is the contemporary version of the old one about the nature of man. The issue concerns the factor, which determines the behaviours of living organisms, especially human beings. Two groups took part in that dispute. On one side, there were sociobiologists under the leadership of Wilson. On other, there were left-wing scientists and students connected with Sociobiology Study Group of Science for the People. In the first stage, the dispute was very intense and political, however, it soon became more content-related. The dispute is not over yet. Both sides agreed to a ceasefire, but they are ready to open it at any time.


Purpose: As breathing motion varies from cycle to cycle, the extracted motion profile from 4D Cone Beam CT represents an averaged motion over a number of breathing cycles. It is important to evaluate how the motion profiles extracted from 4DCBCT change with breathing cycle irregularity. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the robustness of 4D Cone Beam CT using the Prior Image Constrained Compressed Sensing method (PICCS‐4DCBCT). Methods: Numerical simulation studies were performed using a hybrid phantom. The phantom consists of in vivo human subject data and simulated lungcancertumors with motion. Different types of breathing irregularity were simulated in this study, including irregular amplitudes, irregular periods, baseline drifts and the combinations of the above. These simulated cases represent realistic scenarios commonly observed in clinical practice. Because of the random nature of breathing irregularity, 10 experiments were conducted for each irregular case to achieve statistically meaningful results. After image reconstruction, a free‐form deformable registration method was applied to extract the motion trajectory of the sphere. With the regular motion trajectory as reference, the normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) is used to characterize the variation in the extracted average motion trajectory. Results: As the irregularity in breathing amplitude increases and more types of breathing irregularity are included, the variation in the extracted average tumor motion trajectory becomes larger. However, the normalized root mean square error is below 11% for all studied irregular cases. Conclusions: The study demonstrates that tumor motion profiles are robust against breathing cycle irregularity when the PICCS‐4DCBCT method is used.


The paper deals with a number of types of models used for predictions of car ownership and car use. These models often differ with regard to the expected effects of policy measures. A major part of these differences can be explained by looking at the specific (policy) aim for which a model has been developed. Following this aim the model has also been given a specific structure as well as a set of hypotheses and behavioral relations. The separate model predictions, by explaining different parts of the same phenomenon, should be considered to be complementary instead of contrary to each other. An integration of models would be a next logical step. The best method in order to combine the strong aspects of the individual models without losing their unique character seems to be an expert system. A first step would be the introduction of a 'weighed' elasticity for calculating the effects of combined policy measures. (Author/TRRL)


Using data modeling, the optimal combination forecasting methods and so on, the purpose of this paper is to explore the competitive status after Liu Xiang's sport injuries rehabilitation and the dynamics trend of achievements. The conclusion are: 1) After integration and optimization analysis, the first score of 110m hurdles mark will be 13.06 seconds in the 2010 Asian Games and Liu Xiang's mark will be 13.08 seconds, as long as Liu Xiang should be further restore competitive state, prevent recurrence of injury, and gradually improve the performance stability, Liu Xiang will be likely to defend the 2010 Asian Games 110m hurdles. 2) Make full and reasonable use of the host advantage, it will make great significance to Liu Xiang for his high level of play.


The 70 eV electron impact mass spectra of some 1,3,4-thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-7-one and isomeric-5-one derivatives are discussed with the aid of defocused metastable spectra and exact mass measurements. The compounds are shown to be very stable to electron impact and ring contraction reactions are in most cases the characterstic fragmentations. Most importantly, the 7-one derivatives fragment by a retro-Diels–Alder process which does not occur in the 5-one isomers. This provides a diagnostic tool for differentiation between the isomers and for the unequivocal assignment of the structure.


Serum bile acids were studied in 27 patients with chronic noncalculous cholecystitis. It was ascertained that the total concentration of bile acids under study was appreciably increased as compared with the data derived in the control group patients. There was noticeable differences between modulations in individual fractions of serum bile acids, attesting to an unusual distress of the synthetic function of hepatocytes. Alterations in the metabolism of cholates seen in chronic cholecystitis agreed well with the pattern of the disordered motor function of the gallbladder and were more pronounced in patients with hypokinesia.


Rothera is the main mooring location in Antarctica for research vessels of the British Antarctic Survey (BAS). The existing wharf had reached the limit of its design life. To provide mooring of the new UK polar research ship, the RRS Sir David Attenborough, a larger wharf structure was designed that required removal of the existing structure. This paper describes the engineering and technical challenges on providing a safe and stable structure during dismantling as well as the effects of icebergs, low temperatures and wildlife around this Antarctic research station.


Horticultural therapy is a complementary therapy by trained professionals utilizing plant and horticultural activities as media to pursue the positive change of clients, which resulting from stimuli of plant nature, activities, and interaction with other people. Outdoor horticultural activities provide clients with the opportunities of the contact to nature such as fresh air and sunlight as well as plants. But the importance of plant nature to client's health has not been fully acknowledged compared to that of therapist's role and activities in horticultural therapy in Korea. In horticultural therapy it is possible for client to participate on the various levels from passive viewing to active gardening according to the client's ability. Therefore it is necessary for horticultural therapists to consider the therapeutic factors of plant nature to maximize the therapeutic effect of horticultural therapy. The purpose of the research is to clarify the therapeutic factors in the contact of client with plant nature and to emphasize those importance in horticultural therapy. From the review of the experimental researches five therapeutic factors were revealed: Natural light, plant natural view, natural sound, aroma(volatile oils of plants), and plant itself. This paper raises the importance of outdoor activities in horticultural therapy and the necessity for severely handicapped clients to the contact with plant nature, though passively.