Objective To investigate the abnormality of umbilical cord a nd the condition of the fetus after applying knee-chest postural conversion of t he fetal malpresentation during late term pregnancy.Methods Of 569 cases of cesearen section with complete records during staying in hospital,136 were f ound to have breech presentation (132 cases) and tran sverse lie (4 cases) during 28-34 weeks of pregnancy.The number of cases who ha d tried to convert their fetus' position using this practice and its outcomes we re analped. No fetus undergoing such management showed intrauterine fetal distr ess.Results The success rate of version using this method was 5 8.3%.There was significant difference between version and no version in occurren ce rate of abnormal umbilical cord (54.1% vs 28.1%) . None of the fetuses had ac ute or chronic intra uterine distress.Conclusions The knee-chest position increases the rate of abnormality of umbilical cord, but does not significantly affect t he fetus.


We report a microturbine flow sensor built onto the tip of an optical fiber by multiphoton nanomachining process. A dynamic microturbine is engineered to reflect light in response to incident fluid flow.


Figure 1 Trajectories of global cognitive test scores in NC and PMC by mutated gene.(A) PMCC9 and NC (grey line, NC; yellow solid line, PMCC9 with >5 years to expected symptom onset; yellow dashed line, PMCC9 with <5 years to expected symptom onset). (B) PMCGRN and NC (grey line, NC; blue solid line, PMCGRN with >5 years to expected symptom onset; blue dashed line, PMCGRN with <5 years to expected symptom onset). (C) PMCMAPT and NC (grey line, NC; pink solid line, PMCMAPT with >5 years to expected symptom onset; pink dashed line, PMCMAPT with <5 years to expected symptom onset). All lines are fitted from the same linear mixedeffect model but plotted in A–C to simplify visualisation. Error bars represent the SEs of the means. §The difference between PMCMAPT with >5 years to expected symptom onset and NC is no longer observed when PMCMAPTs are compared with agematched and familymatched controls. C9, chromosome 9 open reading frame 72; GRN, progranulin; MAPT, microtubuleassociated protein tau; NC, noncarrier; PMC, presymptomatic mutation carrier. Letters


Photoacoustic tomography is a new hybrid imaging technology, which combines the high contrast of optics imaging with the high penetration of acoustics imaging, moreover, which provides deep imaging of biological tissue. At present, photoacoustic tomography has been widely applied in biomedical research, such as brain imaging, cancer diagnosis, and vascular imaging. However, constructing a photoacoustic imaging system is costly and complex. In this study, a simulation platform for photoacoustic tomography was established based on the k-wave toolbox. Using this virtual photoacoustic tomography platform, the process of ultrasonic signal generation is simulated, the signals are collected by the same number of ultrasonic transducers at different center frequencies, and multiple groups of reconstructed images are obtained using the back projection algorithm. The relationship between the center frequency and the quality of the reconstructed image is analyzed to show that when an appropriate center frequency is selected, the ultrasonic transducer can effectively receive the photoacoustic signal; when the selected center frequency is too large or too small, the ultrasonic transducer may not effectively receive the photoacoustic signal, leading to the loss of some detailed features of the original image, which can result in an increase in the number of artifacts. Therefore, by selecting an appropriate center frequency of ultrasonic transducers, the quality of reconstructed images can be effectively improved.


Tropical forest carbon sequestration (CS) has been identified as an important carbon (C) sink necessary for mitigating global warming. Most studies on C budgeting have considered soil organic carbon (SOC) as a whole without taking into account its constituent fractions. The present study assesses uniquely dynamics of SOC fractions, litterfall, above-belowground C stock, climatic parameters and their control on CS in a dry zone forest (DZF) and a dry zone arboretum (DZA) within the same Sri Lankan eco-climatic zone. Thermal oxidation of total SOC in both the DZF and DZA revealed that fulvic fraction (FF) comprised of 50% of SOC, whereas the humic and free soil litter fraction (FLF) were 30% and 20% of total SOC, respectively. The total ecosystem C stock was significantly higher in the DZF (180.42 t/ha.) than the DZA (151.69 t/ha.). There was no such variation found in litterfall C stocks [DZF (4.76 t/ha.), DZA (4.35 t/ha.)] or total soil C stocks [DZF (93.62 t/ha.), DZA (93.95 t/ha.)] for these forest stands. The present study suggests that DZF and DZA show similar dynamics and similar soil C stocks (except biomass C stocks) and hence similar CS ability. The variation in biomass C stock and hence total C stock could be due to the age difference [DZF (>100 years), DZA (<50 years)] of two land use patterns. In conclusion, the soil C stocks and their dynamics are almost equal in observed two forest stands in the same eco-climatic regions, however biomass C stocks are different. Hence, rehabilitation of degraded forests through silvicultural method is useful to increase ecosystem carbon sequestration.


Patch pump device generally comprises at least one fluid supply source, a fluid communication, an electrochemical actuator. Fluid communication is in fluid communication with a fluid supply source. Electrochemical actuator is operable to supply fluid to fluid communication from the fluid supply source. .FIELD 6 (d)


As a scholar of historical bilingualism, I am in the fortunate position that my topic may be introduced by quoting Umberto Eco's The Name of the Rose. In this quote, the monk Salvatore strings together numerous languages in his speech; we see that he switches between his native language, various dialects, and the Latin of the church. Perhaps, Umberto Eco realised, when writing the book, that such linguistic plurality was characteristic of medieval ecclesiastical culture, in which monasteries functioned as centres of learning and linguistic hubs. Most monks would learn Latin besides their native language from an early age and would thus, essentially, be raised bilingually. As a result, they might very well have mixed their languages in a way similar to that of Salvatore within their own communities or linguistic hubs. This mixing of languages within a single utterance or text is called codeswitching, which has often been examined from the perspective of speech. Studies on code-switching in speech find, for example, that it often has specific communicative functions in a conversation. Additionally, code-switching allows researchers to see what happens when grammars of different languages come into contact, as bilingual speakers have to navigate between two grammatical systems. As Eco's example suggests, contemporary speech is not the only medium in which code-switching may occur: as


Global mapping methods of soil moisture are developed in this study using WCOM (Water Cycle Observation Mission) active/passive multichannel observations. Based on three payloads of WCOM mission with L-S bands passive observations and X/Ku active/passive observations, there are obvious advantages in soil moisture retrieval. Through evaluations of the Advanced Integral Equation Model (AIEM) simulating dataset, it was found that the bare surface emission signals of L-S bands are essentially equal. Accounting for the vegetation effects, the method of soil moisture retrieval with L/S bands can increase soil moisture estimation accuracy, compared with using single L band observations. The RMSE of soil moisture estimated from PALS(Passive Active L- and S-band Sensor) dual frequency radiometer data is 0.048m3/m3 with L band, and RMSE is raised to 0.035m3/m3 with L/S bands. According to the active/passive configuration of WCOM, we developed two soil moisture downscaling methods with active/passive measurements and L-S bands passive measurements, and obtain high resolution soil moisture products. Based on zeroth order approximation model, it was found that there are linear relationship between the L-S band TBs (brightness temperature), and also between the active/passive observations. The RMSE of the spectral active/passive downscaling soil moisture is 0.0459m3/m3. The RMSE of downscaling results of L/S band TB are 2.8 K and 1.7 K for V/H polarization respectively. These results showed that we can get high accurate and high resolution soil moisture products from WCOM and then benefit to various applications.


Recently, the quantum spectrum of black holes has been considered. We will show that this spectrum depends on the shape of manifolds that form black holes. For example, black holes with heptagonal shapes have more energy and less temperature with respect to the ones with pentagonal or hexagonal shapes.


Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is chronic metabolic disorder requiring lifelong treatment. Various drugs are available in market with different brand names and with wide variations in the prices. This study is done to find out the percentage variation of cost among different brands of oral hypoglycemic drugs available in Indian market. Methods: The cost of a particular oral hypoglycemic drug being manufactured by different companies, in the same strength and dosage forms, was referred from ''Indian Drug Today (January March 2017) ''. The difference between the maximum and minimum prices of same drug was analyzed and percentage variation in the prices and cost ratio were calculated. Results: In Single drug therapy, among sulfonylurea group of drugs, Glimepiride (1 mg) shows maximum price variation of 892%. The price variation of Metformin (500 mg), Pioglitazone (15 mg) and Vildagliptin were 492%, 486.1% & 1.91% respectively. In α-glucosidase inhibitors Voglibose showed maximum price variation of 151.4 %. Among meglitinides, Regaglinide (0.5mg) showed maximum price variation of 93.1%. In combination therapies, Glimepride + Metformin (1 mg + 500 mg) combination showed the maximum variation of 346 % Conclusion: This study shows a wide variation in the prices of most of the oral hypoglycemic drugs available in India. Physicians have to select cost effective drug reducing the economic burden on population.


On the background of applications of permanet-magmet EDS in launch assistance suspension,missile-target encounter experimentation,a permanent magnet EDS platform based on PM Halbach structure EDS system technology was designed and constructed.A metallic disc was chosen to be the track,and the geometrical optimal design of the Halbach permanent magnets was performed.Finally,according to the corresponding static tests,the main characters of the permanent-magnet EDS system were validated.By ways of analyzing the cause of the discrepancy between tests and calculating values in theory,relevant error-correction methods were discussed.Besides,the underdamping characteristic was acquired from dynamic tests.


Web-based parallel computing is a promising idea. However, its success depends on the good willing of Internet users. We have developed a project for Internet-based parallel computing, called JET, and we found this is an important problem that needs to be solved. Some features should be provided to achieve the enthusiasm of Internet users that contribute the CPU idle cycles of their machines. A possible solution is to provide a Web-page with statistics about the computational power offered by each individual user or institution. In this paper, we present the design of JET-STATS, a server of statistics that was developed in our project. The server was implemented inside a HTTP daemon and several optimization techniques have been used to obtain efficiency. It provides the statistical information in a Web page with a fancy interface. This server was implemented in a modular way and it can be easily adapted to any other system that uses the idea of Web-based parallel computing.


The development of self-twist spinning as a system of forming staple-fibre yarns has been dependent on the use of simultaneously oscillating and rotating rubber-covered rollers for the insertion of alternating twist. Design aspects of the mounting and driving of such rollers are described, and some parameters affecting the way in which they twist staple-fibre strands are investigated.


This study on sustainable irrigation development identified growing markets for irrigated products as an important driving force behind the expansion of irrigation which has given rise to new technologies. The new technologies have spread because they gave farmers direct control over water sources. These new technologies allow relatively small farm sizes which can be adequately managed by the surveyed farmers. As a result high productivities are achieved. The hydrological impact of upscaling irrigation in the sub-basin is sustainable and will maximize the overall benefits derived from water resources in the Volta Basin.


The experimental approach was applied to test the value of historical return series in technical prediction. Return sequences were randomly drawn cross-sectionally and over time from S&P500 records and participants were asked to predict the 13th realization from 12 preceding returns. The hypothesis that predictions (nominal or real) are randomly assigned to historical sequences is rejected in permutation tests, and the best-stock portfolios by experimental predictions significantly outperform the worst-stock portfolios in joint examination of mean return and volatility. The participants dynamically adjust their predictions to the observed series and switch from momentum riding to contrarian extrapolation when recent trends get extreme. The implicit tuning of predictions to specific series captures variabilities that could not be inferred by schematic statistical forecasting.


This book provides a thorough overview of the European real estate Market. It evaluates the performance difference between countries and sectors, and what implications this has for optimal investment strategy within real estate asset classes.


This study aims to identify a learning involving the world of work, to formulate the learning model, and to evaluate the learning model. This study used a qualitative approach for design and development research, consisting of the development and validation steps. The study concludes as follows. (1) the learning through partnerships having been conducted in all vocational high schools were industrial practice and vocational practice examination. (2) the constraints of learning through partnerships were mainly the far distance and the industry schedules that did not always match with the school's. (3) the model development could be done by improving the learning quality by industrial practices in the private companies and with adding the learning model by industry visits, guest teaching, and up-to-date technology training. (4) the implementation of the developed model showed the feasibility and the effectiveness to prepare the students with the competencies required by the world of work. (5) the learning models through partnerships that could be practiced were guest teaching, orientation for industrial practice, industrial practices, students' industry visits, up-to-date technology training, and vocational practice examination.


Mentat heatth has been a concern of the global community in the late 2(fr century. WHO (2013) defnes
mental health as a point representing that an individual is able to understand the potential exists within him,
abte to deal with the pressing i'ssues ln life, can work productively, and able to contibute to their home
environments. Ihe r.ssues of mental health is also penetrated the wold of education, for example there is a
prctvide mental health seruices fo sfudenfs ln USA. However, fhe lssue of mental heafth in education in
lnalonesia is not being concemed yet, This research yvrl/ dlscuss the relationship of emotion regulation and
social suppott from peers to mental heafth of adolescent of junior and senior high school in Yogyakafta. This
sfu'dy uses quantitative approach with a survey method and experimental method. lnstruments which used in
this research are mental healt, emotion regulation sca/es. Ihe result of this research is module of emotion
relyulation (Bersahabat dengan I=mosi/BEMO). Data will be analyzed by using multiple regression and paired
samp/e f-fesf.


EDITOR—Wolfram syndrome (OMIM 222300) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the association of juvenile, non-autoimmune, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy. The physician D J Wolfram, who reported four cases in 1938, is credited with the first description. With the identification of other clinical features, Wolfram syndrome was also referred to as DIDMOAD syndrome (diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy and deafness). The initial manifestation of Wolfram syndrome is typically, but not invariably, insulin deficient diabetes mellitus at a median age of 6 years, followed by optic atrophy at 11 years. In the second decade, many patients develop central diabetes insipidus and sensorineural deafness. Additional, but less frequent neurological and endocrinological abnormalities are atonic bladder, ataxia, myoclonus, peripheral neuropathy, hypogonadism, and a relatively high incidence of depression and psychotic behaviour. Death occurs between 25 and 49 years (median 30 years). The prevalence of Wolfram syndrome was estimated at 1/100 000 in a North American population and 1/770 000 in the United Kingdom. 6 Family studies indicate autosomal recessive inheritance. Genetic linkage analysis has localised Wolfram syndrome to the short arm of chromosome 4 (4p16), 8 and the primary genetic defect of the syndrome was attributed to the WFS1 gene, which consists of eight exons encoding a 890 amino acid polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 100 kDa. 10 Hydrophobicity analysis suggested a transmembrane protein comprising three structural domains: a hydrophilic amino terminus separated from a hydrophilic carboxy-terminal tail by a hydrophobic region containing nine predicted transmembrane segments. Homologous genes in Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, and Drosophila melanogaster have been described (GenBank AF084482/AJ011971, AF136378; FlyBase FBgn0039003). The majority of patients with Wolfram syndrome carry loss of function mutations in the WFS1 gene. Defects in mitochondrial DNA were reported in some sporadic cases, but the mitochondrial genome was not found to be systematically involved in the disease. Moreover, a recent publication suggested a further nuclear gene locus (chromosome 4q2224) associated with Wolfram syndrome. In the present study, we report three cases of Wolfram syndrome carrying novel mutations of the WFS1 gene and describe mRNA heterogeneity in the 5' non-coding region of the WFS1 gene, which is caused by alternative splicing.


OBJECTIVE To establish the method of HPLC to determine the content of chlorogenic acid in Huangdanyinchen particles.METHODS HPLC was adopted by using Agilent TC-C18column(250mm×4.6mm,5μm).The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.4% phosphonic acid(10∶90) with the detection wavelength 327nm,the sampling volume was 10μL,the flow rate was 1.0mL·min-1 and the temperature was 30℃.RESULTS There was a good linear relationship between the chlorogenic acid concentration and peak area within a range of 0.10μg~1.55μg(r=0.9997).The average recovery rate was 98.81%(RSD=0.45%,n=6).CONCLUSION The method is simple,accurate and can be used for the quality control of Huangdanyinchen particles.


The enantioselective ring opening of meso- epoxides (from both cyclic and acyclic olefins) with silicon tetrachloride under catalysis by chiral phos- phoramides affords enantiomerically enriched chloro- hydrins in excellent yields. Experiments designed to elucidate the mechanistic foundation and origins of enantioselectivity are described. From studies on the loading and stoichiometry of the reagent (SiCl4) and the catalyst ((R)-1) it was established that only one chloride per SiCl4 is delivered and that the nature of reactive species does not change over the course of the reaction. Kinetic studies together with asymmet- ric amplification experiments have suggested that more than one catalyst molecule may be bound to SiCl4 in the stereochemistry-determining transition structure.


The known methods of nanocomposites production cannot provide required degree of components compatibility and consequently the demanded surface of phase separation. At the same time the degree of dispersion of nanofiller and effectiveness of interphase interaction determines the properties of nanocompositions. The special interest presents the SDP method which is not used by home scientists. This method provides the good results for metallic matrixes, namely, the optimal nanostructure which is stable during thermal aging the same as high strength coupling of elements


This Research to Practice Full Paper investigates how student performance during a low-stakes evaluation of conceptual understanding relates to performance during a high stakes evaluation. Concept inventories, like the Dynamics Concept Inventory (DCI), are used to assess student understanding of a specific set of concepts, typically in a low-stakes setting. The DCI was offered for very modest course extra credit at the beginning and end of an introductory dynamics course at a large, research-intensive public university. This represents the low-stakes evaluation. By contrast, a midterm examination administered 12 weeks into the 15 week semester included: 1) a set of short-answer concept questions related to the concepts covered by the DCI and 2) two traditional long-answer problem-solving questions. This midterm examination represents the culmination of student understanding of rigid body dynamics, which is primarily what the DCI covers. It also represents the high-stakes evaluation as this examination strongly influences the students' final grade in the class. The synergy of the relationships between these three evaluations indicate the low-stakes DCI assessment is a valid measure in quantifying student conceptual understanding.


The current study aimed to examine the role of the type of honour endorsement (masculine, feminine, family, moral integrity) in the tolerance to intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) in Sri Lanka. Three hundred and sixty-two Sri Lankan participants completed an online questionnaire. Results revealed that feminine honour and masculine honour were positively associated with, and moral integrity was negatively associated with, tolerance to IPVAW. Results also showed that men were more likely to tolerate IPVAW than women, and women were more likely to endorse feminine honour and family honour than men. The results suggest that specific typefacesnour play a predictive role in tolerance to IPVAW along with gender differences that are in line with cultural and gendered norms.


Seven cases of ventricular aneurysm which developed after cardiac surgery are presented. Three were left ventricular aneurysms, all of which occurred after the operation of closed or 'blind' aortic valvotomy in adults, and four were right ventricular outflow tract aneurysms which developed in children after surgical procedures for the correction of severe forms of Fallot's tetralogy. Two of the left ventricular aneurysms arose at the site of the ventriculotomy used for introducing the Brock's dilator. The third aneurysm in an adult presented as a surprise finding at a second operation at which the calcified aortic valve was replaced. This aneurysm may have resulted from the creation of a 'false passage' through friable calcification at the base of the aortic leaflet of the mitral valve at the time of closed valvotomy. In the tetralogy cases a significant pressure gradient remained across the right ventricular outflow tract or pulmonary valve ring after operation. It is suggested that this is an important factor in the aetiology of this type of aneurysm.


This paper describes SWARMUSIC, an interactive music improviser. A particle swarm algorithm generates musical material by a mapping of particle positions onto events in MIDI space. Interaction with an external musical source arises through the attraction of the particle swarm to a target. SWARMUSIC is the first application of swarm intelligence to music.


Markov decision processes (MDPs) have become the de facto standard model for decision-theoretic planning problems. However, classic dynamic programming algorithms for MDPs [22] require explicit state and action enumeration. For example, the classical representation of a value function is a table or vector associating a value with each system state; such value functions are produced by iterating over the state space. Since state spaces grow exponentially with the number of domain features, the direct application of these models to AI planning problems is limited. Furthermore, for infinite and continuous spaces, such methods cannot be used without special knowledge of the form of the value function or optimal control policy.


Incompatibilists usually direct their attention to the following worry: if the thesis of causal determinism is true, then none of us is free to do other than what he actually does. But although causal determinism poses the most frequently discussed threat to freedom for incompatibilists, it may not be their only source of worry, at least not for those incompatibilists who also accept the common intuition that most of us, most of the time, are free to do otherwise. In his article "When Is The Will Free?"' Peter van Inwagen offers a creative and systematic development of this less often discussed side of incompatibilism. He maintains (1) that anyone who is an incompatibilist should accept a rule of inference which he calls 'Beta,' and (2) that "anyone who accepts Beta should concede that [even if causal determinism is false] one has precious little free will, that rarely, if ever, is anyone able to do otherwise than he in fact does" (p. 405).2 We will call the position suggested by van Inwagen's arguments 'restrictive incompatibilism' or 'restrictivism' for short. This name seems appropriate because restrictive incompatibilists hold both that incompatibilism is true, and that anyone who accepts the truth of incompatibilism must also (in virtue of accepting Beta) accept radical restrictions on one's ability to do otherwise.3 According to this position, if causal determinism is true, we never are free to do otherwise, and if causal determinism is false, we "rarely, if ever" are free to do otherwise. The conclusion that all incompatibilistsg allegedly must accept-that we, at best, are only rarely free to do otherwise-will come as a shock to many. However, this conclusion becomes even more disquieting when it is combined with another assumption of the "classical tradition" which van Inwagen and many other incompatibilists embrace. This is the assumption that freedom to do otherwise is a necessary condition of moral responsibility. Accept this premise and the following worry quickly arises: If the restrictivist is right-if incompatibilists are committed to a severe restriction on one's ability to do otherwise-then must they not also accept a similar limitation on the range of states of affairs for which one can be held morally responsible? And if this


Air pollution is a major source of worry for all living things. India has one of the world's highest levels of air pollution. Rising population, unplanned growth, increased automotive traffic, stubble burning, industrial waste, fossil fuel combustion, powerplant emissions and a variety of other causes all contribute considerably to air pollution in developing countries. Particulate matter (PM) 2.5 is the most concerning of all air pollutants since it causes major health problems in individuals. Prediction and management of air quality have therefore become critical. Several machine learning algorithms were used in this work to examine dataset results. The results of our work suggest that for future predictions, logistic regression and autoregression can be efficaciously utilised for the analysis and forecasting of levels of PM2.5 in the future. Countries can lower the prevalence of strokes, and chronic and acute respiratory illnesses such as asthma, and lung cancer by reducing air pollution levels.


Fixed coding style in bag of visual words (BOVW) model and strong spatial information in convolutional neural network (CNN) feature representation make the feature vector less adaptable for scene classification. With the purpose of extracting the learnable orderless feature for SAR scene classification, the high-order generalized orderless pooling network trained by backpropagation is proposed for learning the high-order vector of locally aggregated descriptors (VLADs) and locality constrained affine subspace coding (LASC), compared with the first-order feature coding style, the proposed network could learn high-order coding features by outer product automatically. Subsequently, for making the feature representation more powerful, the matrix normalization (square root) whose gradients are computed via singular value decomposition (SVD) and elementwise normalization are introduced into the proposed network. Finally, experiments on the SAR scene classification data set from TerraSAR-X image show the proposed networks achieve better performance than the state-of-the-art approaches.


This article directs development to concrete practical issues in a rural society, using Iramba District in Singida Region as a case study. It deals with three issues. Firstly, it examines how the global level development ideology has affected the local level and how the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have formulated the vocabulary in which development has been phrased. The critique is directed to the dominating concept of "poverty" measured by dollars. Secondly, attention is drawn to the dominating role of women in rural development, especially in agriculture, and the dismissing of this fact in the agricultural planning in "Kilimo Kwanza" i.e. the Agricultural Sector Development Programme (ASDP). The third aspect relates to practical issues, which have been neglected particularly education.


Some defects of FC-SAN such as limited transmitting distance, exorbitant cost and inconvenient management have been perceived recently. The newly developed technique of IP-SAN overcomes these defects. This article introduces the construction of SAN on the basis of iSCSI agreement. A detailed discussion of the difference between FC-SAN and IP-SAN and the advantage of IP-SAN application in digital library establishment is also presented.


Significance The response of different economic sectors and energy infrastructure to climate warming is complex and difficult to compare with land and ocean carbon cycle feedbacks. Our analysis provides a framework for assessing such economic responses and comparing climate feedbacks in integrated assessment and earth system models. A better understanding of the potential effect of an economically driven feedback may improve our ability to estimate limits on cumulative emissions necessary to meet specific climate stabilization targets. We find that a net negative feedback from economic damages on fossil fuels may be strong enough to offset the positive feedback from terrestrial and marine ecosystems; however, these economic losses may disproportionately affect vulnerable populations and make climate mitigation more difficult. As the Earth warms, carbon sinks on land and in the ocean will weaken, thereby increasing the rate of warming. Although natural mechanisms contributing to this positive climate–carbon feedback have been evaluated using Earth system models, analogous feedbacks involving human activities have not been systematically quantified. Here we conceptualize and estimate the magnitude of several economic mechanisms that generate a carbon–climate feedback, using the Kaya identity to separate a net economic feedback into components associated with population, GDP, heating and cooling, and the carbon intensity of energy production and transportation. We find that climate-driven decreases in economic activity (GDP) may in turn decrease human energy use and thus fossil fuel CO2 emissions. In a high radiative forcing scenario, such decreases in economic activity reduce fossil fuel emissions by 13% this century, lowering atmospheric CO2 by over 100 ppm in 2100. The natural carbon–climate feedback, in contrast, increases atmospheric CO2 over this period by a similar amount, and thus, the net effect including both feedbacks is nearly zero. Our work highlights the importance of improving the representation of climate–economic feedbacks in scenarios of future change. Although the effects of climate warming on the economy may offset weakening land and ocean carbon sinks, a loss of economic productivity will have high societal costs, potentially increasing wealth inequity and limiting resources available for effective adaptation.


We derive a theory of inter- and intramolecular transfer of vibrational, rotational and translational energy in collisions of polyatomic molecules, in the case that only short range forces are important. Normal mode vibrations of molecules are treated quantum mechanically whereas translations and rotations are assumed to be classical degrees of freedom. We are able to show that, in case of short range forces, the energy exchange in binary collisions is essentially governed by an effective mass which is given by an algebraic function of the usual reduced mass and moments of inertia and depends also on the relative orientation of the two molecules. As an application of the theory, we calculated the probabilities for collision-induced 1 →0 transitions of the v 3 mode in pure CH3I, CH3Br and CH3Cl gases. The calculated values are close to the experimental vibrational deactivation probabilities.


To establish an HPLC method for detecting dissolution of amoxicillin capsule.When dissolution medium was 900 mL of water and rotat speed was 100 r·min-1,after 45 min the dissolution solution of the capsule was taken and analyzed by HPLC.Chromatogram conditions were as follow chromatographic column of Diamonsil TMC18(200 mm×4.60 mm,5 μm),the mobile phase of phosphate buffer-acetonitrile solution(95:5),pH=5.0±0.05,flow rate of 1.0 mL·min-1 and the detection wavelength of 254 nm.The linear range of amoxicillin was 0.303 4~0.894 6 mg·mL-1(r=0.999 9).The average recovery of amoxicillin was 99.67%(RSD=1.26%,n=6).This method is rapid,simple and accurate.


Through the comprehensive investigation of geochemical characteristics of gold ore deposit in Xiahe region,we think that there are an immense superiority for hunting gold ore deposit and potential for Ag and Sb ore deposits in the region,and put forward ore-search for gold in this region to take the epithermal deposit as its main type and tectonic alteration and quarty diorite styles as the main prospective mineralization.Meanwhile,we point out the lower triassic series is a favorable place for ore-forming process and neutral acidity rock bodies,and tectonic alteration fracture zone is the place for richment of gold.Therefor we make clear and definite that anomalies,tectonics,dike rocks and alterations are as the comprehensive ore-search indicators and three anomaly zones are as the basic targets for searching gold ore deposit.


ABSTRACT Aim: Prediction of the survival benefit to expect based on early changes in CA125 titer in ovarian cancer (OC) patients may be helpful for drug development decision making (go/no-go). The mathematical modeling of relationships between CA125 longitudinal kinetics and PFS in recurrent OC patients (reported in Wilbaux et al. Gynecol Oncol 2014) offers this opportunity. The present study was run to assess the external validity of this model of survival benefit prediction in phase III trials of first line advanced OC. Methods: The data from AGO-OVAR 5 and 7 trials investigating the addition of a third drug (epirubicin and topotecan, respectively) to the standard first-line carboplatin-paclitaxel (CP) in advanced OC patients were used to adjust the previously reported parametric survival model. This model links longitudinal modeled CA125 kinetics during the first treatment 6 weeks and PFS outcomes in recurrent OC patients. The predictive performance of the resulting model, adjusted to first line setting, was externally assessed with the data from AGO-OVAR 9, where the addition of gemcitabine to first line CP resulted in a slightly inferior PFS compared to CP alone in the assessable population (400 vs 414 days, relative difference -3.4 %). Results: The data of 369 advanced OC patients enrolled in AGO-OVAR 5 and 7 trials were successfully used to adjust the model linking longitudinal CA125 kinetics and survival with log-logistic distribution. Based on the longitudinal CA125 changes observed during the first 6 weeks in 435 advanced OC patients enrolled in AGO-OVAR 9 trial, the model could forecast that the combination of gemcitabine to CP would result in a slightly lower PFS in the experimental arm (360 vs 371 days, predicted relative difference -2.9 %). Conclusions: This is the first externally validated parametric survival model linking longitudinal CA125 kinetics and PFS in advanced OC during first-line chemotherapy. It may be an early predictive tool for drug development go/no-go decisions (A GINEGEPS study). Disclosure: All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.


In this letter, an efficient algorithm is proposed for finding all solutions of non‐linear (not piecewise‐linear) resistive circuits. This algorithm is based on interval analysis, the dual simplex method, and the contraction methods. By numerical examples, it is shown that the proposed algorithm could find all solutions of systems of 500–700 non‐linear circuit equations in acceptable computation time. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Banks are faced with Anti-Money Laundering (AML) obligations so they have to identify customers by conducting negative news, aka "adverse media", screening which consists of searching information in the public domain for news items, publications, and government advisories and bulletins for information related an individual or entity's involvement in financial crime matters. Although it is an essential way to determine who in the group poses a higher risk for potential financial crime concerns by catching sophisticated activities from negative news across globe, it also requires heavy human capital and processing time on screening daily produced negative news. Therefore, poor efficiency becomes the most unacceptable obstacle based on this approach. To mitigate this issue, Pluto1 offers a distributed and scalable batch system embedded deep learning-based Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques for AML practitioners to improve daily task efficiency. It performs text preprocessing, paragraph embeddings, and clustering algorithm on a set of negative news and provide clustering result with keywords and similarities for AML practitioners. The overall feedback from AML practitioners are very positive on such an impressive enhancement in which Pluto reduces 67% efforts of negative news screening.


At the core of the book Tour Guiding Research: Insights, Issues and Implications lies the aim of providing an authoritative and state-of-the-art review of the scholarly literature on tour guiding t...


Since spatial data has the feature of multi scale, the spatial concept layer relations also have the feature of multi scale. The paper provides an idea that the small scale spatial association can be gained from the big scale ones by analyzing computing and merging in the perfect multi scale association rules mining system. An idea of gaining the big scale spatial association rules from the small scale spatial association rules is also expressed. The algorithm of judging the similitude between the point objects is offered. From the experiment, it is proved that the algorithm is effective.


Self-organizing patterns arise in a variety of ways in nature, the complex patterning observed on animal coats is such an example. It is already known that the mechanisms responsible for pattern fo ...


Waterlogging is one of the most important constraints for maize production and productivity in many parts of the world, caused by flooding, continuous rainfall coupled with inadequate drainage or a high water table. The objective of this study was to determine the tolerance level of several hybrid maize genotypes to waterlogging stress. Screening of 27 hybrid maize genotypes was carried out in waterlogged condition and not waterlogged condition (as control) in a green house using a plastic cup of 300 ml volume in a randomized block design, 3 replications. Each genotype was planted in 5 seeds, grown by watering to V1-V2 phase which is characterized by the appearance of 1-2 complete leaves. Screening on waterlogged conditions performed on plastic-coated wooden tub. The water level during flooding is kept the same for 5 days. The results showed that the estimation of tolerance of hybrid maize genotypes to waterlogging using a flooding sensitivity index (FSI) which was calculated based on certain variables showed different FSI values for each variable. Determination of variables that have a large influence on the diversity of tolerance of maize genotypes to waterlogging can be known from the results of Principal Component Analysis. The results of the analysis show that the first principle component, the variable which has a big influence on the diversity of maize genotype tolerance to waterlogging stress is the number of roots with a proportion of diversity of 37.3%. The second principle component shows that the root length variable has a big influence with a proportion of variance of 22.52%. The cumulative proportion of the first and second major components is quite large at 59.83%. Based on the FSI root length variable, there are 3 hybrid maize genotypes that are tolerant of standing water while in the root number variable there are 13 tolerant genotypes with average fresh weight of shoot character, root number and stomata density higher than that in normal conditions.


Four new glycosides of stibene trimer, termed foeniculosides I, II, III and IV, were isolated from Foeniculi Fructus (fruit of Foeniculum vulgare MILLER) along with two known stilbene trimers, miyabenol C and cis-miyabenol C. The structures of foeniculosides I, II, III and IV were characterized as 11a-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 13b-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 11a, 13b-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 11a, 13b, 13c-tri-O-β-D-glucopyranoside of cis-miyabenol C, respectively, on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic data.


The chemistry of sol-gel derived silica and refractive metal oxide has been systematically studied. Sol-gel processes have been developed for preparing porous silica and semiconductor metal oxide materials. Micelle/reversed micelle techniques have been developed for preparing nanometer sized semiconductor metal oxides and noble metal particles. Techniques for doping metal ions, metal oxides and nanosized metal particles into porous sol-gel material have also been developed. Optical properties of sol-gel derived materials in ambient and high temperature gases have been studied by using fiber optic spectroscopic techniques, such as fiber optic ultraviolet/visible absorption spectrometry, fiber optic near infrared absorption spectrometry and fiber optic fluorescence spectrometry. Fiber optic spectrometric techniques have been developed for investigating the optical properties of these sol-gel derived materials prepared as porous optical fibers or as coatings on the surface of silica optical fibers. Optical and electron microscopic techniques have been used to observe the microstructure, such as pore size, pore shape, sensing agent distribution, of sol-gel derived material, as well as the size and morphology of nanometer metal particle doped in sol-gel derived porous silica, the nature of coating of sol-gel derived materials on silica optical fiber surface. In addition, the chemical reactions of metal ion, nanostructured semiconductor metal oxides and nanometer sized metal particles with gas components at room temperature and high temperatures have also been investigated with fiber optic spectrometric methods. Three classes of fiber optic sensors have been developed based on the thorough investigation of sol-gel chemistry and sol-gel derived materials. The first group of fiber optic sensors uses porous silica optical fibers doped with metal ions or metal oxide as transducers for sensing trace NH{sub 3} and H{sub 2}S in high temperature gas samples. The second group of fiber optic sensors uses sol-gel derived porous silica materials doped with nanometer particles of noble metals in the form of fiber or coating for sensing trace H{sub 2}, NH{sub 3} and HCl in gas samples at for applications ambient temperature. The third classes of fiber optic sensors use sol-gel derived semiconductor metal oxide coating on the surface of silica optical fiber as transducers for selectively sensing H{sub 2}, CH{sub 4} and CO at high temperature. In addition, optical fiber temperature sensors use the fluorescence signal of rare-earth metal ions doped porous silica optical fiber or the optical absorption signal of thermochromic metal oxide materials coated on the surface of silica optical fibers have also been developed for monitoring gas temperature of corrosive gas. Based on the results obtained from this project, the principle of fiber optic sensor techniques for monitoring matrix gas components as well as trace components of coal gasification derived syngas has been established. Prototype sensors for sensing trace ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in gasification derived syngas have been built up in our laboratory and have been tested using gas samples with matrix gas composition similar to that of gasification derived fuel gas. Test results illustrated the feasibility of these sensors for applications in IGCC processes.


Excerpt The Registry on Adverse Reactions sponsored by the Council on Drugs of the American Medical Association serves the primary function of alerting the profession to the potential for harm by d...


A 22m thick glacial, lacustrine sequence was sampled for palaeomagnetic analysis with the main purpose to see if the sediment was of inverse polarity. It turned out that all 34 samples taken showed reverse polarity and the sequence may thus be referred to the Matuyama Chron, moving the hitherto assumed maximum age for glacial deposits in Denmark considerably back in time, from the Elster Ice age approximately 350-400ky to now at least 781ky. From the directional data a VGP close to the South American southernmost tip was calculated and a VGP path moving from there towards the west and up northward east of New Zealand. This may indicate the beginning of a pole transition, probably the Matuyama-Brunhes.


Synopsis The technology trend of gas shielded arc welding system is described on the view point of arc welding process. In the recent inverter controlled welding power sources, the reliability of welding quality and productivity are improved since various welding current wave form controls are realized by introducing digital control. The wire feeder with an encoder and servo feedback motors, achieves not only improving wire feeding accuracy but also spatter free ignition of arc.


Abstract This report describes the synthetic strategies toward and optoelectronic properties of substructures of the non-natural, planar carbon networks graphyne and graphdiyne, which are based on the dehydrobenzo[12]annulene and dehydrobenzo[18]annulene framework, respectively.


This work considers the terahertz (THz) range diffraction radiation (DR) from a modulated beam of particles passing between two identical dielectric circular microwires covered with graphene. The resistive boundary conditions are set on the zero-thickness graphene covers with the electron conductivity determined from the Kubo formalism. Assuming that the beam velocity is fixed, we use the separation of variables in local coordinates and the addition theorems for cylindrical functions and cast the DR problem to a Fredholm second-kind matrix equation. This allows us to compute both near and far-field characteristics with controlled accuracy. The analysis reveals that a shift of the beam trajectory from the central-symmetric position enables the excitation of additional resonances. "Ignition" of these resonances can be considered as a tool for the beam position monitoring with microscale devices.


This paper investigates productivity spillover effects of FDI and relates it to the capital- or labour-intensive nature of the industry. Using a panel data set of 35 industries in China, it shows that the presence and magnitude of FDI spillover effects vary by different channels and the nature of the industry. On average, FDI has no horizontal spillover effects but has positive backward linkage effects. However, there are substantial differences in FDI spillover effects via demonstration, competition and labour mobility between capital- and labour-intensive industries. The findings have important policy implications.


Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation may be controversial in elderly population, given their comorbidities, reduced life expectancy and vascular access (VA) complications. Postoperative upper limbs isometric exercise improves AVF maturation. Nevertheless, scarce scientific evidence has been reported about their utility in elderly population until date.

 To assess the effect of a postoperative isometric exercises program on native VA maturation in our patients older than 75 years old with stages 5-5D chronic kidney disease.

 A 24 months prospective single-center study. After surgery, all patients were randomized to an isometric exercise group (EG) or a control group (CG). Isometric exercises protocolled programm, was performed in EG. CO received usual care. Demographical data, muscle strength using handgrip (HG) dynamometer, main Doppler ultrasound (DUS) measurements (outflow vein (OV) diameter and humeral artery blood flow rate (BFR), clinical and DUS maturation as well as medical (hematoma, stenosis, thrombosis, pseudoaneurysm, aneurysm) or surgical VA complications were assessed at 8 weeks postoperatively.

 27 patients. 14 EG, 13 CO. 74,1% men. Mean age 79,9±2,8 years. 59,2% Radiocephalic AVF. Demographic data, HG and DUS measurement at baseline were similar. A significant increase in HG was observed only in EG at the end of study (19,1±7,8 vs 22,9±9,7Kg, p=0,001). DUS measurements statistically increased for both groups (OV diameter: EG 3,1 ± 0,8 vs. 5,9 ± 1,7 mm; CG 2,9 ± 0,6 vs. 5,8 ± 1,4mm; humeral artery BFR: EG 150,7± 42,7 vs. 1165,0 ± 664,5 ml/min; CG 132,9± 30,3 vs. 1310,2 ± 691,8ml/min) at the end of study. EG group obtained highest clinical (CG 46,2% vs EG 78,6%;p=0,049) and DUS maturation (CG 30,8% vs EG 71,4%; p=0,041) at 8 weeks, significantly. Despite no significant differences, the number of complications was lower in the EG, mainly hematomas and significant stenosis.

 The upper limb isometric exercises protocolled program improved clinical and DUS maturation in our elderly patients. With our results, isometric exercises should be guaranteed in elderly patients in order to obtain a correct maturation of the performed AVF. Further studies are required to support these outcomes in this population.


For the region of eighty-seven counties in Guizhou province,eight important targets which reflect the developmental level in economic and society are chosen to compare the differences in economics of counties.By using Analytical Hierarchy Process,the weight of each target is solved.The synthetically arrangement value and its precedence in the whole province are presented.The results reveal the differences of special distribution in economics of county which provide quantitative criteria for macroscopic policy decision,exploitation for helping the poor and coordination of regional development in economics.


Saravjeet Singh and Rishu Chhabra2 1,2Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India, 140401 Abstract To efficiently handle organizational transactions, master data is used as context for transactional data. Master data is a critical component of organizational data and master data management techniques are used to handle this. Commercial MDM solutions are of high cost and designed for large organizations. Due to high costs, Small and Medium-size Enterprises (SMEs) are unable to adopt Commercial MDM solutions. As an alternative to commercial solutions and to improve the response time of cloud-based MDM solutions, this paper provides a fog-cloud-based architecture to handle the master data. Presented architecture provides distributed access and handles the issues associated with the cloud-based MDM solution of SME. iFogSim simulator has been used to validate the proposed architecture Performance of the presented architecture was evaluated and compared with the cloud-based solution using simulation.


An obstacle detection method and device for an aircraft, used to reduce obstacle detection errors of an aircraft and improve obstacle detection precision for the aircraft. The method comprises: performing image acquisition on a target obstacle by using a binocular camera, so as to obtain a first image and a second image (101A); determining a first pixel location of the target obstacle being projected in the first image, and a second pixel location being projected in the second image, and calculating a parallax value between the first pixel location and the second pixel location (102A); according to the parallax value and a preset parallax depth mapping matrix, calculating a depth value from the binocular camera to the target obstacle, so as to detect whether there is an obstacle along a flight direction of the aircraft (103A). Also disclosed are a method for acquiring flight positioning information and flight altitude information as well as an aircraft, which are respectively used for obtaining accurate positioning information and accurate altitude information.


Dental resorptions have been a challenge for odontology since Michael Blum first described it in 1530 in the city of Leipzig in Germany. Nevertheless, due to its complexity and the integration with the immunologic system, its scientific comprehension is considered recent, embracing nearly three decades. Root resorptions are classified, in general, as physiologic and pathologic, being the former related to the natural and expectable resorption of the deciduous teeth, and the latter related to pathologic resorptions involving the roots of permanent teeth. On the other hand, pathologic root resorptions are subdivided in two major groups namely: external and Internal.


This paper is devoted to study some chaotic properties of iterated function systems (IFSs). Specially, a new notion named thick chaotic IFSs is introduced. The relationship between thick chaos and another properties of some notions in dynamical systems are studied.


The seismic topographic effect is one of the debated research topics in seismology and earthquake engineering. This debate is due to the discrepancy between the observed amplification and the amplification underestimation in numerical simulations. Although the numerical simulation of ground motion, which began in the 1970s, has been an important and effective way to study topographic effects, the quantitative mathematical model of topographic amplification is urgent. The actual influences on ground motion due to the topography depends on multiple topographic features, such as the topographic slope, topographic geometrical scale. To date, no definite conclusions regarding the main influencing factors and how to express the influencing factors have been made. In this paper, by introducing the back-propagation (BP) neural network technique, a set of mathematical parameters are determined to establish a quantitative topographic effect prediction model. These parameters are the elevation, the first gradient of the elevation and the higher order gradient in two orthogonal directions. Theoretically, the set of mathematical parameters is directly related to the simple topographic features, such as the elevation, topographic slope and height-to-width ratio. Furthermore, their combinations indirectly denote the complex topographic geometrical features, such as the different topographic geometrical scales, designated by the elevation (large-scale variable), the first gradient (middle-scale variable), the second-order gradient (small-scale variable) and so on (smaller scale variable), and the hill ridges that correspond to the sites with the first gradient of the elevation equal to zero and an elevation larger than its surrounding. In 2013, an earthquake of Ms 7.0 occurred in the Lushan area of Sichuan Province in Western China, where the topography sharply fluctuates. At station 51BXD, an acceleration was recorded close to 1.0 g, while at station 51BXM (14 km away from station 51BXD), the acceleration was recorded at only 0.2–0.3 g. In this paper, the spectral element method (SEM) is used to simulate the ground motion in the Lushan Ms 7.0 earthquake area. Then, the topographic amplification ratio of the simulated ground motion is calculated. Furthermore, a BP topographic amplification prediction model is established and compared based on different parameters. A rms of less than or close to 10 per cent between the BP model prediction results and topographic amplification ratio calculated using the simulated ground motion suggests that the parameters of the topographic elevation, the first gradient of the elevation and the second-order gradient in two orthogonal directions are enough to provide the acceptable topographic effect model in the Lushan area. Finally, using the prediction model, the topographic spectral ratio at stations 51BXD and 51BXM is predicted, and the topography amplification due to the scattering of seismic waves by the irregular topography at 51BXD is found to be 1.5–2 times that of 51BXM. The most important highlights of this paper identify the main factors of the topographic effect for the first time and provide an effective method for establishing a quantitative topographic effect prediction model.


An adaptive optimal excitation controller (AOEC) is described. The generator and the power grid connected are identified as an object controlled with recursive least square technique. Then the parameters identified are provided to a special 3 order discrete Riccati equation which is solved in real time to get optimal gain matrix. In theory the adaptive controller has optimal performance under any condition. Dynamic simulations were carried out on a physical model of a single machine infinite bus system to verify the effectiveness of the AOEC. The controller has operated in Gezhouba hydropower plant for 1 year. The experiments on-site also show that the AOEC has good performance


For a number of years, cases of dermatitis of unknown etiology have developed at the University of Michigan Biological Station on Douglas Lake, Mich., in persons who have waded in certain places for the collection of biologic specimens. A similar condition has also been noted at certain summer resorts in the same general region. While there has been a considerable amount of speculation and some experimentation on the cause of this dermatitis, the first definite evidence was obtained during the past summer, when lesions similar to those contracted from wading were produced experimentally by placing on the surface of the skin schistosome cercariae belonging to a species described by Miller 1 in 1923 as Cercaria elvae . While it has not been established that this cercaria is the only factor in the production of the dermatitis of the region, the evidence available indicates that it is an important causative agent. The


Gravity data was collected from 82 seafloor and 41 land stations in a 334 sq km area between Santa Cruz and Afio Nuevo Point, California. The methods of data collection and reduction are discussed, with the introduction of a unique sequence pertaining to application of gravity data corrections. A complete Bouguer anomaly map is depicted and subsequently tied in with a previous survey of northern Monterey Bay. Isoline gradient analysis supports the concept that complete Bouguer anomaly profiles can be utilized to map granitic basement displacements. Complete Bouguer anomaly cross-sections are compared with corresponding profiles of seismic, well core, sea surface gravity, and magnetic data. Excellent correlation is exhibited between these profiles and the Palo Colorado-San Gregorio fault zone. Faulting within the Monterey Bay fault zone can be traced from analysis of related profiles. Supporting evidence of the purported dip-slip and strike-slip motion along the Palo Colorado-San Gregorio fault zone is presented.


The key priorities for the development of «green» economy are determined. The state of investment support «green» sector in Ukraine and in the world, the world experience of attracting «green» technologies in the economy has been studied. The obstacles that restrain the increase of investment in the «green» sector of Ukraine's economy and key priorities for the development of the sector based on relevant programs are substantiated. Further benchmarks for the development of «green» economy by attracting investments on the basis of sustainable production and consumption, efficient resources using, as well as promoting business activities in the way of resource and energy-efficient, ecologically safe production are formed. The model of transition of Ukraine to the «green» economy is proposed. It is substantiated that in the conditions of imitation of the experience of leading countries, clear state regulation and support, quality support of investments and clear legislative and legal norms, this model of transition and construction of a new economy can lead to a rapid socio-economic progress of Ukraine.


New Technologies – New Corrosion Problems. Adequate resistance of materials to corrosion is equally important for classical and for new technologies. This article considers the economic consequences of corrosion damage and, in addition to the longknown GNP orientation, presents a new approach to the estimation of the costs of corrosion and corrosion protection via maintenance and especially corrosionrelated maintenance. The significance of "high-tech", "medium-tech" and "low-tech" material and corrosion problems is assessed. Selected examples taken from new technologies in the areas of power engineering, environmental engineering, chemical engineering, and biotechnology demonstrate the great significance of the problems. It is concluded that corrosion research and corrosion prevention technology will never come to an end but will constantly face new problems. Two technologies are of particular interest since they focus attention on new methods of investigation: microelectronics and final disposal of radioactive wastes. The article closes by considering the importance of the transfer of experience and technology. Since the manufacturs and operators of machines and plant do not generally have access to the very latest knowledge, they should be kept informed through advisory services, experimental studies, databases, and further education.


The invention discloses a synthetic method of an alpha-quaternary carbon-contained alpha, beta-diamino acid derivative. The alpha-quaternary carbon-contained alpha, beta-diamino acid derivative is obtained by treating a diazo compound, an imine and a phosphoramidate as raw materials, chiral phosphoric acid and rhodium acetate as catalysts, an organic solvent as a solvent and a molecular sieve as a water absorbent, and carrying out a catalytic reaction. The synthetic method of the invention has the advantages of simple and easily available raw materials, simple and safe operation, high atom economy, high yield and high selectivity. The alpha-quaternary carbon-contained alpha, beta-diamino acid derivative obtained through the method of the invention, which has a diverse compound skeleton, has a very important meaning to a new medicine screening and preparing technology.


An 1-year-old, female, mixed-breed dog weighing 17 kg was referred for abrupt collapse. She had remarkable hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, and survey radiographs revealed a severe gas-filled intestine. Treatment with serial injections of calcium gluconate was initiated promptly and most of the gastrointestinal distension disappeared after 4 h. However, the clinical signs were not resolved completely. The serum intact parathyroid hormone concentration was not elevated in the context of hypocalcemia, which suggested primary hypoparathyroidism. The clinical signs and laboratory abnormalities in the patient were resolved completely 3 days after administration of calcium gluconate and calcitriol. This case describes the unique presentation of severe gastrointestinal distension in a dog diagnosed with primary hypoparathyroidism.


Rittel and Webber's article "Dilemmas in a general theory of planning" serves as a valuable guide today as Western planners increasingly study and work in the global South. In addition to the complex processes within each city and urban regime, and the challenge of studying and trying to understand those processes, there is the "wicked" ethical problem of the Western planners own role and commitments within cities set off as different. For instance, how does the Western planner reconcile a desire to learn and listen with Western planning's strong normative opposition to segregation?


In scientific circles, the Baltic-German scholar Karl Ernst von Baer (17921876) is known as the founder of the science of modern embryology and the discoverer of the mammalian ovum. However, von Baer was not only an embryologist, but a versatile scientist with a very wide sphere of interests. The aim of the present study is to assess the importance of von Baer's geographical contributions to the development of meteorology in Russia. This article was prepared on the basis of numerous documents in archives in Germany, Russia and Estonia.


Abstract A popular trend fusing regular and special education, co-teaching aims to combine the content expertise of a general education teacher with a special education teacher's understanding of meeting the needs of a range of learners for the good of all students. Co-teaching also serves as a vehicle for actualizing characteristics of successful schools for young adolescents. This article explores the perceptions of two co-teachers and 19 of the middle school students enrolled in their co-taught, sixth grade reading/language arts classroom. Five areas of interest emerged from a Likert scale survey and individual interview data: multiple perspectives, teacher expectations, teaching methods, accessibility, and efficacy. Each of these themes aligns with one of the characteristics of successful schools for young adolescents.


This work presents an adaptation of the laboratory work conducted in the module "Materials Science" to the new European Space of Higher Education (ESHS) in engineering degrees. This is done by describing how labs were performed previously and how they are planned to be developed in the future, following the constraints of ESHS. The proposed methodology does not intend to modify drastically the way the labs carried out, but rather, an improvement of those features that can improve the understanding of the undergraduate students of the subject. Accordingly, the adaptation herein described will hopefully allow the future engineer to develop practical abilities as well as a improved skills to tackle new situations and solve problems.


Austempered ductile iron (ADI) is a revolutionary material with high strength and hardness combined with excellent ductility and toughness. The discovery of a two-step austempering process has resulted in superior combination of all the mechanical properties. Therefore, ADI has many different applications in varying fields. One notable application of ADI is in transmission components for new energy vehicles. As the automotive continues to develop, ADI transmission components with higher damping properties are required, because the damping properties of ADI affect the vibration and noise of the transmission system. However, the mechanism behind the damping of ADI, as well as a full characterisation of the damping properties, has not been thoroughly investigated in the literature. Therefore, it is necessary to reveal the influencing factors and mechanism of the damping properties of ADI. In this paper, the effect of first-step austempering temperature on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and damping properties of ADI was investigated. The results revealed that the tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation of ADI all initially increased, until reaching a global maximum value (1320 MPa, 1230 MPa, and 13.2%, respectively) when the first-step austempering temperature was 280 °C, followed by a decrease in value. Interestingly, the impact energy of ADI initially decreased before reaching a global minimum and then increasing to a maximum value of 93.5 J, when the first-step austempering temperature reached 320 °C. With increasing strain amplitude, the internal friction values (Q−1) of ADI treated with different first-step austempering temperatures all increased gradually, and the Q−1 values of ADI with first-step austempering temperatures of 240 and 260 °C were higher than those of other samples. Moreover, the damping properties of ADI varied with frequency with obvious S-K peaks and Ge peaks.


Introduction 1. Policing Nineteenth-Century Ireland: Setting the Parameters 2. Policing After Partition: Constructing the Security Apparatus 3. Policing Under Stormont 4. The Impact of Civil Rights on Policing: Collapse and Failed Reform 5. Criminalisation and Normalisation: The Counter-Insurgency Solution 6. Legitimacy, Counter-Insurgency and Policing: The Legacy of the 1970s 7. Shooting to Kill? 8. Collusion and Death Squads 9. Symbolism, Surveys and Police Legitimacy 10. Epilogue: The Patten Report on the RUC Notes Bibliography Index


The addition of transglutaminase in yoghurt production was examined in a diploma thesis. In comparison to the control sample, it was possible to reduce the thermal treatment of the yoghurt milk and to entirely eliminate the addition of skim milk powder. The resulting product showed a high gel strength and only slight whey separation. The incubation temperature proved to be an important factor for success.


Objective:To study the effect of venlafaxine sustained-release tablets plus cognitive behavior therapy in treatment of panic disorder. Method:60 patients with panic disorder were assigned to either study group who received venlafaxine sustained-release tablets treatment plus cognitive behavior therapy or control group who only received venlafaxine sustained-release tablets treatment for 12 weeks.The clinical effect and side effect were assessed with Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA),clinical global impression severity of illness scale (CGI-SI) and treatment emergent symptom scale (TESS) at baseline,week 2,4,8 and 12. Results:Compared with control group,study group showed more HAMA and CGI-SI score decrease (P0.05 or P0.01),although both group had HAMA and CGI-SI score decrease after treatment (P0.05 or P0.01).The side effects of two groups were fewer and lighter. Conclusion:Venlafaxine sustained-release tablets plus cognitive behavior therapy may be better than venlafaxine sustained-release tablets in treatment of panic disorder.


A Fabry–Pérot cavity (FPC) antenna utilizing a new cavity resonance phenomenon based on the polarization standing wave (PSW) is proposed. To produce PSW, two anisotropic metasurfaces acting as the handedness preserving mirror are designed as the two ends of the cavity. Such a cavity possesses a new resonant condition, i.e., the relative rotation angle and distance between two metasurfaces together determine its resonant frequency. Hence, in comparison to conventional FPC antennas, the proposed one possesses a lower profile height of around 0.125 wavelengths. The antenna concept is experimentally demonstrated for the 12 GHz X-band application. Measurement results agree well with simulations. A measured peak gain of around 17.28 dBi is obtained within the impedance bandwidth of 11.61–12.21 GHz. The PSW-based antenna brings a new approach for cavity antenna designs.


We consider a multi-criteria evaluation function U defined over a Cartesian product of attributes. We assume that U is written as the combination of an aggregation function and one value function over each attribute. The aggregation function is assumed to be a Choquet integral w.r.t. an unknown capacity. The problem we wish to address in this paper is the following one: if U is known, can we construct both the value functions and the capacity? The approaches that have been developed so far in the literature to answer this question in an analytical way assume some commensurateness hypothesis. We propose in this paper a method to construct the value functions and the capacity without any commensurateness assumption. Moreover, we show that the construction of the value functions is unique up to an affine transformation.


Abstract:Du Bois poses a poignant question in 1935 based on the logic that Black children need to be in schools where they are valued and inspired whether that environment is a separate school or an "integrated" school. This question of the effects of different educational spaces still begs to be answered in the changing landscape of secondary and postsecondary education for African American students and especially African American males. This article explores how increased choices, such as single-sex charter schools and for profit colleges, do or do not address the historical, educational, and social debt owed to African American males. Rhetoric and best practices associated with these choices are evaluated to inform recommendations for parents, students, communities, and universities.


The significance of early childhood years has been well established through research evidences. According to Piaget, during early childhood, children learn through accommodating and assimilating new information they come across. The more the child is exposed to stimulating environment, the more he/she will learn. In India, the early childhood service is provided through government run Aanganwadis', Private pre-schools and pre-schools run by NGOs. The present study was undertaken to find out the quality of pre-schools and its impact on cognitive development of children. The data was collected from four pre-schools. From those four pre-schools, 80 children in the age group of 3-5 years were included in the sample. The findings of the study show a positive correlation between quality of pre-school and cognitive development of children. The children of private pre-school were found to lead ahead in cognitive development than children of pre-schools run by NGOs.


. The estimation of the internal state in each individual cell of a battery pack made of an arrangement of cells in series or parallel is considered. A unified modelling framework resorting to a descriptor model in order to account for the Kirchhoff's laws characterising the interconnection is proposed. Next an LMI-based method is presented to design a robust state observer providing state estimates of each individual cell, notably including state-of-charge and inner temperature, as well as estimates of the unmeasured currents (voltages) for parallel (series) configurations. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated in simulation on a parallel arrangement of two cells.


Soil surveys for precision agriculture (PA) based on grid point (GP) sampling are notoriously slow and expensive. Surveys conducted with electromagnetic induction (EMI) technology are far more time efficient compared to the GP sampling method and the apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) values obtained are known to relate to a number of soil properties including clay content. The objective of this paper is to propose a relatively simple method to detect abrupt change of clay content with depth from ECa data. Soil surveys were conducted on four sites using the conventional GP and EMI methods. At each grid point soil samples were collected at depths of 0.15-0.30, 0.55-0.70 and 1.15-1.30 m and analysed for clay, silt and sand contents. The EMI survey was conducted with an EM38-MK2 instrument used in both the horizontal and vertical orientations to obtain ECa data for three soil layers, i.e. 0-0.38, 0-0.75 and 0-1.50 m. Differences between depth intervals were interpreted using standard deviations, and the results compared for consistency between clay content and ECa data. Out of a total of 12 estimates, clay content and ECa data led to the same conclusion 10 times (the presence or absence of an abrupt change in clay content with depth). Where they differed, the sum of the standard deviation of the depths compared was smaller than the ECa differences for those depths. The proposed method is useful to add value to EMI data, identifying soils with a duplex character which require a higher level of management.


Article on the analytic mode of representation taxis simultaneity in modern Bashkir literary language. By analyzing the actual language of the material it is concluded that in the Bashkir language most productive means of expression of the values of simultaneity are syntactic structure of the analytical system.


Using analytic methods the mean value of divisor function in the square-free number are studied,and a perfect asymptotic formula of this function is obtained.


The justification of using polyethylene whose hydrogen density of 0.132 gm/cm/sup 3/ with a distributed void of 15.9% as a mockup of water at 70 deg F and having a hydrogen density of 0.111 gm/cm/sup 3/ was tested. A mockup close to the BORAX core was built and its critical mass determined. Corrections were calculated for differences in the hydrogen density and self shielding of the fuel. The effective FCE critical mass ageeed with that of the BORAX core to within one percent. (auth)


This study had the objective of isolation and enrich Cr(VI) potential reducing microbial strain and to determine the optimal conditions for Cr(VI) as well as to study its performance under optimal conditions. Chromium contaminated soil sample were taken from Salem Steel Plant, the physicochemical analysis of this soil showed that its pH was 9.54, the electrical conductivity was 0.36 mS, while the turbidity of this soil was found to be 3.50 NTU. Mineral salts such as Iron, Copper, Manganese, Zinc, Nickel, Cobalt, Lead, Aluminum, Vanadium, Chromium, Molybdenum, Mercury, Arsenic and Cadmium. However chromium was present at the highest amount ot 17.896 ppm. The isolation of chromium resistant bacterial strains from the soil sample collected was done followed by their characterization. Two strains Bacillus subtilis and Sphingomonas spp were found to be resistant to chromium. However Bacillus subtilis was found to be resistant at higher chromium concentration and consequently was used in this study. The determination of optimal conditions for Cr(IV) reduction by Bacillus subtilis was done using parameters such as carbon source, pH, and temperature. Results from this study showed that the reduction of Cr(VI) was more effective at pH of 7, temperature range between 30–37 ̊C and also when Glucose is used as carbon source. The bioremediation of soil sample by Bacillus subtilis was performed at optimal conditions. The results from this study revealed that there were a tremendous reduction of hexavalent chromium after 15 days. This confirms the ability of isolated strain for removal of Cr(VI) from soil and therefore it can be a potential candidate in insitu chromium bioremediation.


This chapter describes the design information flow view of manufacturing that serves as the main framework undergirding the entire book. This approach provides a means to identify the potential weak links in a supply chain, namely wherever there is information dependence, invisibility, non-substitutability, and non-portability. Materials and parts provided by a supplier that meet these criteria are vulnerable to becoming bottlenecks in the supply chain following a disaster, and therefore they should be managed to minimize the risk of disruption. In addition to outlining the conventional means to deal with such vulnerable links, the chapter describes an approach called "virtual dualization" as a novel way for firms to build their capabilities so that they may overcome the tradeoff between supply-chain robustness and competitiveness that is typically seen when only the conventional countermeasures are employed.


This paper presents a study concerning the behaviour of harmonic filters in a twelve-pulse LCI drive system after the occurrence of an open-switch fault in the line-side power converters. The main objective of this study is to analyse the operation of the filter subjected to the new harmonics developed by the drive under faulty operating conditions, with and without the introduction of compensating modes of operation, developed with the goal of introducing fault-tolerance to these high-power adjustable speed motor drives. To validate the study some experimental results are presented for the case of the classical passive filtering. Preliminary results obtained by simulation, are also presented for the case of active filtering


1. Quantitative measurement was made on the free nucleotides in the cells of Bacillus subtilis by subjecting the 32P-labeled cells to ion-exchange column and paper chromatographic analyses.2.About 40 nucleotide derivatives were detected on paper chromoatograms, among which the following compounds were identified: AMP, CMP, GMP, UMP, ADP, UDP, UDPG and DPN.3. The incubation with mitomycin C resulted in an increased concentration of total U.V.-absorbing substances, especially those of CMP, UMP, GMP, UDPAX and an unidentified adenine derivative. TMP, thymine and an unidentified UDP derivative were found to appear only in mitomycin treated cells.


Reviewers perform their reviews for
reasons other than economic gain, especially the following: a sense of belonging to a com-munity; the exercise of academic power; privileged access to the debate; and the expec-tation of reciprocity. Such individual giving and altruistic cooperation with the scientific
community's common interests are also part of a certain community ethos.


In their book, Stokey and Zeckhauser argue that policy-making decisions are economic decisions and economic theory is applicable to policy-making.


The article describes CLASTHES, a specific software package created on an Apple Macintosh II fx platform by the ISRDS in order to structure a system of concepts defined both as the conceptual expression of the structural relationship of a whole ― i.e., the image of the external structure of the system ― and as the structural relationship between the individual elements within the system itself. The external structure, which is the general structure of the system, is created by means of thesaurus facets, here defined as areas, while the internal structure is represented by the relationships linking the single elements attributed to the various areas


This paper proposes the computation of three-level optimized pulse patterns (OPPs) with reduced common-mode voltage (CMV) over the whole range of modulation indices. Limiting the CMV, however, gives rise to increased current harmonics. To mitigate this, the OPP optimization problem is reformulated to allow for symmetry relaxations and multipolar switch positions. In doing so, the current harmonics not only remain low, but they are occasionally even lower than those of traditional OPPs. The presented numerical results, based on a medium-voltage (MV) drive consisting of a three-level converter and an induction machine, demonstrate the benefits of the proposed approach.


Source of material: The title compound was prepared by the amidation of methyl 3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarbonate and 3-(4morpholinyOpropylamine in toluene under reflux (see ref. 1); the latter was prepared by the Michael addition of 4-тофЬоИпе with propenenitrile in the absence of solvent (see ref. 2) and hydrogénation of the resulting 3-(4-тофЬоипу1)ргор1от011е with Raney nickel in the ammonia saturated ethanol solution (see ref. 3). Recrystallisation was from a toluene solution; mp 416 К 417 К. The тофЬоНпе portion of the molecule lies over the naphthyl residue. This conformation is stabilised by an intramolecular Ν(14)-Η···Ν(18) interaction of 2.17 Â. A second intramolecular interaction occurs between 0(1)Η and 0(13) of 1.65 Â.


Dear Editor, Even though more than half of patients undergoing thyroidectomy complain of non-specific dysphagia, when no laryngeal nerve injury is involved the importance of this complication is often overlooked. Post-thyroidectomy swallowing problems include non-specific swallowing changes and discomfort, occasional dysphagia, painful swallowing, swallowing difficulty and sensation of a lump or coughing. These symptoms usually resolve after a short period but sometimes may persist long after surgery. Steroids are well known for their analgesic, antiinflammatory, immune-modulating and antiemetic effects. Furthermore, evidence in the literature supports the perioperative use of corticosteroids in thyroid surgery as prophylaxis for post-operative nausea and vomiting or analgesia. In our department, it is a common practice of some anaesthesiologist to use perioperative steroids in thyroid surgery, while some others do not; so some of our patients receive perioperative steroids and others do not. To our knowledge, the impact of steroids on swallowing symptoms after thyroidectomy has never been evaluated so far (PubMed search). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a single perioperative dexamethasone administration on postthyroidectomy swallowing symptoms as expressed by swallowing impairment score (SIS-6) questionnaire.


The incineration of wastes is rapidly becoming an attractive alternative to landfilling and sometimes is the only means available to destroy hazardous wastes. IGT has been active for several years in the R D of new incineration technologies described in this paper. One innovative technology is a cyclonic incineration system that has several advantages over existing methods and has very high destruction efficiencies especially for gaseous and liquid wastes. Another technique that has been developed is a sloped-grid fluidized-bed incinerator that is ideally suited for the incineration of particulate solids contaminated with hazardous wastes. IGT has also demonstrated technology for natural gas reburning to reduce NO{sub x} emissions from MSW incinerators. All these technologies have been tested and are available for use on a commercial scale. 25 figs., 28 tabs.


The musician of today often finds himself somewhat at the mercy of the sound engineer, the radio control operator, or the designer of electronic musical instruments. He is bewildered by the language of the cycle and decibel and by the complexity of the circuits, controls, and equipment. The engineer on the other hand is frequently unable to appreciate the viewpoint of the artist, whether through lack of training or by virtue of his temperament. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the community of interest between the two fields, and to indicate the directions which the writer feels acoustic and electro‐acoustic research might take in order to contribute most effectively to the aesthetic development of music.


It has long been recognized that the library of Christ Church, Oxford, holds one of the most important collections of sixteenthand seventeenth-century music in the world. Charles Burney, whose own shelf-list of part of the collection is among the many antecedents of the present catalogue, commented 'for masses, motets, madrigals, and anthems of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the collection is the most complete of any that I have had an opportunity of consulting' (A General History of Music, iii (London, 1789), 602). Particularly strong in printed music from before 1700 and in manuscript English and Italian music of the same period, it represents an invaluable resource both for the general study of these repertories and more particularly for research into Oxford's musical culture from the Restoration to the mid-eighteenth century, during which time Henry Aldrich (Dean of the college and cathedral in the period 1689^1710) and the two Richard Goodsons were active in the life of the college (Goodson Sr. was Heather Professor of Music in the University from 1682 and organist at Christ Church from 1692; he was succeeded by his son, who held both posts until his death in 1741). It was the personal libraries of these men that formed the basis of the present collection, and they still account for the vast majority of its contents; of the material added to this core, the most significant is the collection of manuscript and printed materials from Christ Church Cathedral, which extends the library's coverage of English sacred repertory through the eighteenth century and into the nineteenth. Until recently, the most comprehensive catalogues of the collection were Aloys Hiff 's Catalogue of Printed Music Published Prior to 1801 Now in the Library of Christ Church, Oxford (London, 1919) and the two published volumes of Godfrey E. P. Arkwright's Catalogue of Music in the Library of Christ Church, Oxford: Part I, 'Works of Ascertained Authorship' (Oxford, 1915), and Part II, 'MS. works of Unknown Authorship, (i) Vocal' (Oxford, 1923), both of which actually listed only manuscript music (a third part, containing a 'thematic list of anonymous music without words', was never published, but a reproduction of preliminary materials is kept at the library). Even when supplemented by more recently published material in The British Union-Catalogue of Early Music, Printed before the Year 1801, ed. Edith Schnapper (London, 1957) and in the various series of the Re¤ pertoire International des Sources Musicales, these resources leave much to be desired as modern research tools: much relevant material was omitted, physical descriptions of items were provided inconsistently (and were frequently very perfunctory), and large quantities of information about the work of individual scribes, the probable functions of manuscripts, and even the contents of sources either were simply not recorded or obscured by the format of presentation (in particular by Arkwright's decision to order Part I of his catalogue alphabetically by composer, following the Revd Henry E. Havergal's 1847 catalogue, which was the starting point for his own work). With the appearance of John Milsom's online Christ Church Library Music Catalogue, researchers have at their disposal for the first time a detailed, accessible, and wide-ranging guide to the collection, prepared to the highest bibliographical standards and presented in a format that incorporates concise and lucid descriptions of each item and comprehensive itemization of manuscript sources. In terms of bibliographical procedure and scope of information, the catalogue is directly comparable to other recent scholarly catalogues of the holdings of specific


S - Seed quality testing has a long tradition in Serbia. The first Seed Testing Laboratory was founded in 1898, and the ISTA rules were adopted in 1932, a year af- ter they were published. Currently three laboratories have received ISO accreditation from the National Accreditation Body (YUAT) and from ISTA. ISO and ISTA accreditation standards emphasize the importance of staff training. The National Laboratory for Seed Testing and laboratory of the Maize Research Institute initiated a referee testing pro- gram based on ISTA's proficiency tests. Seven laboratories participated in the initial proficiency test of February 2000. Germination and purity tests of three maize samples were conducted. Since 2000, 19 additional proficiency tests were conducted in 16 different species. Current par- ticipants include 25 seed testing laboratories from Serbia, Montenegro and neighboring countries. The deficiencies found most frequently were in the seed purity testing and were caused, primarily, by the misinter- pretation of the definition of "pure seed" in the National Seed Regulations. There was greater variation in germina- tion test results among laboratories when testing seed lots of lower quality. The germination results of some labora- tories were out of tolerance, and the standard deviation of the seed lots with low seed quality was larger than that of good seed quality lots. The reporting of the results was not uniform and there were problems in determination of the presence of other plant species. The data obtained showed that more detailed seed testing regulations are needed to facilitate their interpretation and reduce variability among laboratories. Workshops on spe- cific seed testing issues should be organized, as well as more frequent external audits of the laboratories by au- thorized organizations to evaluate the progress of these training sessions. It can be concluded that proficiency tests are a powerful tool for the detection of seed testing deficiencies and they should be used continuously to pro- mote the standardization in seed testing.


This paper is based on a study of West Indian, mainly Jamaican, immigrants in Britain. Interviews were conducted with one hundred randomly selected psychiatrically normal West Indians from working-class backgrounds. Most were between twenty-five and thirtyfive years of age and had minimal educational experience. This study provided an opportunity to study the difference between culturally accepted ideas of a group, and belief which may be diagnosed as delusional from a psychiatric frame of reference. The findings indicate that the majority of migrants expressed &dquo;vivid fundamentalist conceptions of God and the Devil as well as many magico-mystical beliefs.&dquo; Most believed in daily prayer, the intervention of God in health and disease, and that some individuals received the power to heal or harm from either God or the Devil. Other common beliefs are divided into


Abstract This paper describes the use of computer-based lessons as an adjunct to classroom teaching for a course in social policy, and shows how the computer was used to meet the common problems of such a course. Six programs were used by more than 350 students. Lesson content is summarized, and the impact on students reviewed. In a one-year trial we found increased student satisfaction with course continuity, and succesful individualization of teaching. Unresolved problems remain—principally technical difficulties and the inadequate development of either a theory or data base for effective policy analysis.


WebAudio is a recent W3C API that brings the world of computer music applications into the browser. While JavaScript and Web standards are increasingly flexible and powerful, C/C++ has been the language of choice for real-time audio applications and domain specific languages such as FAUST facilitate rapid development with high performance. We present here a host Web application-the Pedal Board project-as well as plugins (instruments, effects), written in JavaScript, ported from C/C++, or written using Domain Specific Languages such as FAUST, and compiled to the new WebAssembly binary standard that can be executed by recent Web browsers. These plugins follow an open standard we are developing.


This research was undertaken to study the association between orthodontic treatment and periodontitis. The retrospective study was conducted in a private dental teachinghospital. Data was retrospectively collected from 86000 patients who reported in the outpatient department in the hospital between June 2019 and March 2020, the data was collected and analyzed. A study population of 2169 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with periodontal problems were selected for the study. The data was entered into Microsoft Excel and tabulated. Following which data was imported into the SPSS software by IBM. Data analysis was performed in the statistical software SPSS and data was analyzed by descriptive Analysis and Pearson correlation.In this study we observed that 1.4% of the patients undergoing different types of orthodontic treatment that includes fixed and removable appliances were affected with mild to moderate periodontitis. There was equal gender predilection among the Anandi et al (2020): Periodontitis in Orthodontic patients Nov 2020 Vol. 23 Issue 22 Annals of Tropical Medicine & Public Health http://doi.org/10.36295/ASRO.2020.232322 periodontally affected individuals. The most number of individuals belonged to the age group 16-25 years (43.3%). Pre-adjusted edgewise therapy was the most undergone treatment (46.67%) by the affected individuals, followed by the short term fixed appliance Begg therapy (30%) and the least undergone by the periodontally affected patients was the removable appliance (23.33%). In this study we observed that 1.4% of the patients undergoing different types of orthodontic treatment that includes fixed and removable appliances were affected with mild to moderate periodontitis. Hence, Orthodontic treatment requires accurate assessment and careful diagnosis of complexity of the deformity, type of tooth movement required ,periodontal support, carries risk, patient motivation, patient expectations, patient compliance with treatment and oral care regimens.


We have used low-energy electron microscopy to study atomic exchange between the bulk and the (111) surface of Pt above 1100 K. We find that the area of two-dimensional surface islands increases when the temperature is raised and decreases when the temperature is lowered, suggesting that thermal bulk vacancies are created at the surface. By measuring the temperature dependence of the change in area of the islands, we determine a Pt bulk vacancy formation energy of 1.54±0.07 eV, consistent with previous measurements and calculations.