Recently the ground subsidence which seriously weakens the safety of cities tends to increase. The purpose of this paper is to develop the materials by using industrial by-products for the application to emergency restoration process in case of ground subsidence. In this paper the laboratory tests including pH test, initial setting test, unconfined compressive strength test, and flow test were performed in order to evaluate the design properties of Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM). The field test was carried out for evaluating the performance for the early strength of CLSM and the workability for emergency restoration. Test results showed that the strength will be too high to re-excavate the ground when the cement ratio is more than 4%. The optimum mixing ratio appears to be most effective when the mixing ratio of the bottom ash and the gypsum is approximately 50:50 and the cement content is 2%.


The wireless LAN bases on the IEEE802.11Standard plays an important role in access to the seamless Inˉternet.This paper Presents the WLAN using in the hospital system and the important role of which in HIS and PACS.


We consider challenging dynamic programming models where the associated Bellman equation, and the value and policy iteration algorithms commonly exhibit complex and even pathological behavior. Our analysis is based on the new notion of regular policies. These are policies that are well-behaved with respect to value and policy iteration, and are patterned after proper policies, which are central in the theory of stochastic shortest path problems. We show that the optimal cost function over regular policies may have favorable value and policy iteration properties, which the optimal cost function over all policies need not have. We accordingly develop a unifying methodology to address long standing analytical and algorithmic issues in broad classes of undiscounted models, including stochastic and minimax shortest path problems, as well as positive cost, negative cost, risk-sensitive, and multiplicative cost problems.


A wideband in-phase power divider with tunable power division ratio (PDR) and filtering response is presented. The proposed design is quite compact and consists of a three-line coupled structure and loaded with a pair of varactor-loaded short-ended stubs at two output terminations. A variable power division is realized by tuning the coupling factors between the centerline and sidelines of the three-line coupled structure using a pair of varactors. A varactor at the center of the loaded short-ended stub and another one connecting the end of the stub to the ground is used to control the center frequency and band of operation. A prototype is modeled using the microstrip technique and then simulated and tested. The experimental result indicates a tunability of PDR from 0.5:1 to 2:1 across wideband range of 60% and a controllable band from 35% to 63.2%, with 13% center frequency tunability, sharp passband cutoff selectivity, as well as harmonic suppression to more than 6 GHz (4 times the center frequency). Moreover, the overall loss is around 1–1.2 dB; the isolation is more than 14 dB, whereas the differential phase is less than 7° in all the investigated cases.


Background : Ischemic stroke is a focal neurological disorder that occurs as a result of
insufficient or disconnected blood flow to the area of the brain, usually caused by clogged
arteries. The sudden blockage of blood flow to the brain causes tissue hypoxia and triggers
an inflammatory cascade leading to impairment of ion homeostasis, neuronal
excitotoxicity, intracellular calcium overload, free radical generation, and lipid
peroxidation which will cause neuronal injury. IL-1β is one of the crucial inflammatory
mediators in the excitotoxicity of vascular ischemic processes and it has important role in
cell damage and death in ischemic stroke. In the previous studies, Simvastatin, when
administered within 24 hours of the acute ischemic stroke onset, can inhibit the increase in
IL-1β serum levels.
Objectives : To analyze the difference of IL-1β serum levels between the group of acute
ischemic stroke patients treated with Simvastatin 20 mg and the ischemic stroke patients in
placebo group.
Method : This study is randomized controlled trial. Data were collected between August
and November 2017. Venous blood sample were obtained to extract IL-1β serum level
before and after 5 days of intervention. Ethical Committee of Dr Soetomo Teaching
Hospital Surabaya and Airlangga University Hospital Surabaya approved protocol of this
study. The informed consents must be signed as a proof of participation in this study. The
measured data of IL-1β serum level were analyzed using Mann Whitney test to compare
non parametric data between Simvastatin and placebo group and using Wilcoxon test to
compare non parametric data within group.
Result : Total 44 participants were include in this study, divided into 22 patients in placebo
group and 22 patients in Simvastatin group. Patient characteristics between two groups
were not significantly different (p > 0.05). The mean of IL-1β serum levels before
intervention between placebo group (60.909 ± 20.288 pg/mL) and Simvastatin group
(41.846 ± 24.875 pg/mL) were not significantly different (p > 0.05). The mean of IL-1β
serum levels after intervention between placebo group (40.821 ± 11.903 pg/mL) and
Simvastatin group (30.748 ± 22.303 pg/mL) were not significantly different (p > 0.05).
The mean of IL-1β serum level in placebo group decrease with p > 0.05, while in
Simvastatin group the mean of IL-1β serum decrease with p > 0.05
Conclusion : Five days administration of Simvastatin 20 mg could not decrease the IL-1β
serum level in acute ischemic stroke compared with placebo group.


Air pollution problem has caught much attention globally. In addition to the national air quality monitoring stations deployed by the government, the number of low-cost air quality sensors increases rapidly as a supplement to support fine-grained monitoring. In-field calibration methods are necessary for these low-cost sensor nodes to assure the data quality. However, it is costly to collect enough reference data after deployment to train the in-field calibration model and many sensors even have no synchronized reference in the real application scenarios. To address the above challenge, we propose a multi-task learning based blind calibraiton method for air quality sensors after deployments. Our method introduces not only the reference data of the target location to formulate calibration task, but also reference measurements collected from highly accurate stations already deployed by the government in other geographical locations to formulate prediction task. To utilize the reference measurements which are not in the same location with our target sensors, e.g., in other cities, we combine the proposed calibration task and prediction task under a multi-task learning scheme. The introduced references in other locations alleviate our few-reference challenge. Furthermore, we elaborate on the choices of different tasks to have better effect of the target calibraiton task. Evaluations on the real-world collected datasets show that our proposed algorithm has better calibraiton effect.


Nuclear Forces. Protons give the nucleus of an atom a net positive charge. So, why doesn't the nucleus explode? Nuclear stability is possible because the particles in the nucleus are each tiny magnets, and magnets can be arranged to attract one another. When the particles inside the nucleus have specific locations, the forces from electrical charge can be in balance with the magnetic forces from moving charge. But if the location of even one particle is sufficiently changed, the entire nucleus can become unstable.


Telescopic forms in modern Chinese was regarded as the telescopes of Verb-object structure and Subject predicate structure in sentences' syntactic relations.But from the angle of semantic analysis,this kind of telescope performed duality of semantic relation and syntactic relation.In different telescopic forms,the constituent parts performed different semantic relations,which resulted different semantic constrains in Chinese language.


By extracting and simplifying the characteristics of commercial streets with arcades (Qilou) in Nanning, the tissue map of Qilou streets which reflects the urban morphology, including the road network form, block scale, building scale and other characteristics in a hot and humid area is obtained. In addition, the sunshine simulation is performed by using sunshine design software in an environment comprising streets with arcades to simulate street sunlight environments under various conditions. The relationship among street height-to-width ratio, sunshine hours, and street orientation angle is achieved by nonlinear fitting analysis. Then, a model is established to adjust the street height-to-width ratio based on sunshine requirement and street orientation. The finding indicated that when the street is north–south, it is suggested that the street height-to-width ratio is 0.95–1.13 to reduce sunshine hours effectively, and when the street is east–west, it is proposed that one side of the street should have a recessed space to improve the thermal conditions. The results of this study can serve as the specific guidelines that can be adopted in the redesign and reformation of commercial streets with arcades to achieve thermal comfort of Qilou streets in hot and humid areas.


We propose the use of a Virtual Tour to substitute in-person visits to a manufacturing plant for a lecture on Enterprise Productivity at the School of Business Administration at our University. Traditionally, during this lecture, students are required to visit a production site to observe its process and apply their knowledge in a real-life scenario. However, finding businesses that are willing to participate and offer the right learning conditions has become a challenge. This situation is now worse due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper, we present a prototype of a virtual tour of an assembly line in a simulated environment, where students can explore and learn about the manufacturing process of car seats. We performed a mixed method user study, with quantitative and qualitative data, to determine whether the application can help learn the intended concepts and improve the learning experience and motivation of students. Results show that the use of the virtual tour application increased motivation in learning.


This review describes different strategies which have been explored to reduce food safety risks associated with egg consumption. The first one aims to reinforce the chemical (antimicrobial proteins) protection mechanism of eggs by identifying genes coding proteins involved in egg protection. The following step is to explore phenotypic variability in egg protection against Salmonella related to environmental factors during egg production and storage and the feasibility to select hens with superior anti-microbial alleles using marker assisted selection. A complementary approach is to eliminate eggs at risk by improving the technology for egg grading using noninvasive methods to enhance the detection of eggs with the greatest risk to the consumer. Finally, the risk can be controlled by reducing the degree of egg contamination by developing innovative egg decontamination treatments alternative to egg washing. We explored the decontamination efficiency of hot air, gas plasma sterilization, modified atmosphere packaging of eggs. These approaches were developed under the European programmes RESCAPE.


A state-level analysis revealed sustained decreases in public and private sector HIV and sexually transmitted infection testing and a large, persistent increase in cases of primary and secondary syphilis. Background The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing accessibility. We sought to assess the longer-term impacts of COVID-19 on HIV and STI testing and diagnosis in Oregon. Methods First, we examined HIV, Neisseria gonorrhoeae/Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), and syphilis tests conducted at the Oregon State Public Health Laboratory (public sector) and a large commercial laboratory (private sector) and HIV, N. gonorrhoeae, CT, and primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis diagnoses in Oregon from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2021. We compared monthly testing and diagnosis rates in 5 prespecified periods: pre–COVID-19 (January 2019–February 2020), stay-at-home order (March 2020–May 2020), reopening (June 2020–December 2020), vaccine availability (January 2021–June 2021), and Delta/early Omicron spread (July 2021–December 2021). Second, we calculated the number of HIV and STI diagnoses per test in the public and private sectors. Finally, we used seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average models to predict expected HIV and STI diagnoses for comparison to those observed. Results Both public and private sector HIV and bacterial STI testing fell to nadirs in April 2020 with incomplete recovery to 2019 levels by the close of 2021. Compared with pre–COVID-19, public sector and private sector testing was significantly lower in all subsequent periods. Compared with pre–COVID-19, P&S syphilis cases were 52%, 75%, and 124% greater in the reopening, vaccine availability, and Delta/early Omicron periods, respectively. From March 2020 to December 2021, we observed an excess of P&S syphilis cases (+37.1%; 95% confidence interval, 22.2% to 52.1%) and a deficit in CT cases (−10.7%; 95% confidence interval, −15.4% to −6.0%). Conclusions By December 2021, HIV/STI testing had not recovered to pre–COVID-19 levels, and HIV/STI continues to be underdiagnosed. Despite decreased testing, P&S syphilis cases have increased substantially.


Museums as cultural institutions certainly reflect the sociocultural transformations of the new era and are changing with the new reality. Except for that, a museum is, by definition, an institution of memory, a keeper of history, it is based on adoption: the collection, successiveness and actualisation of past experience. What is perceived as innovation by contemporary society may have historical roots and be an actualisation of innovations of a bygone era. Modern museum development recalls a global project undertaken by Russian avant-garde artists in the early 20th century, and implying the institutional modernisation of museums. This study addresses a project taken on by avant-garde artists for the modernisation of museums in the context of general cultural construction, in cooperation with the Soviet Government. The research methodology is based on a conjunction of a historical study and culturological analysis, primarily the concept of the institutional approach. The study consisted in looking through archival documents: The Fund of the People's Commissariat for Education and its departments (declarations, provisions, resolutions, decrees, minutes of meetings, correspondence, protocols and statements of estimates, inventory books of the State Museum Fund etc.), personal funds of artists and cultural figures, their theoretical works, articles, correspondence. A holistic inter-disciplinary approach combining historical and culturological analysis with prospects for contemporary sociocultural development and the role of museums is seen as a promising novelty of the research. Russian avantgardism as an artistic and sociocultural phenomenon has remained of great interest for a century. Different studies shed light only on separate aspects of this vast topic in different scientific contexts. The examination of the museum project by avant-garde artists under this study allows us to conclude that they were the first to undertake the institutional modernisation of museums by considering them in the focus of new demands of time and society, innovative programmes as forms of personal initiatives and experiments expressed in the broad public space of artistic culture.


We report on the design and fabrication of silicon Bezier bends for the communication wavelength of 1550 nm. By varying the Bezier parameter B, the bend losses can be controlled for different bend radius. At a bend radius of 2 μm, bend losses of 0.0652 to 0.269 dB per 180o bend is experimentally demonstrated for the TE polarization using silicon channel waveguide with width 500nm, and height 220nm for B = 0.2–0.45.


First,we precisely relocated small earthquakes near the Lintan-Tanchang fault using a combination of the Hypo2000 single-event absolute positioning method and the double difference location method.The biggest advantage of the first method is that we can use a multi-velocity model,which is in line with complex underground structures and crustal heterogeneity.Relative to using only one velocity model in the traditional positioning method,the use of the multi-velocity model can improve the near-field positioning precision in a large part.Further,the biggest advantage of the second method is that it can eliminate the influence of the underground velocity structure on the relative position of the earthquake;subsequently,we can obtain an accurate relative position between the two earthquakes.Then,we divided the small earthquake distributed in the northern part of the Lintan_Tanchang fault into two segments,which are the east and west segments,respectively,according to the distribution of the relocated small earthquake,location of the fault,and distribution map of a medium-strong earthquake's intensity.Further,in consideration of three similar focal mechanisms of the Minxian M5.2 earthquake on November 13,2003,Minxian M5.0 earthquake on September 7,2004,and Minxian M6.6 earthquake on July 22,2013,we combined the two segments together into one segment.Then,we separately estimated the strikes,dips,location,and corresponding errors of fault planes at different locations by simulated annealing and Gauss- Newtonian nonlinear inversion algorithms.It can not only search the global optimal solution but also estimate the parameter errors.Further,we can estimate the slip angle on the fault by using the parameters of the regional tectonic stress field after a large earthquake fault plane.Further,we inverted the rakes of the different fault planes by using local stress field parameters.The strike,trend,dip angle,and rake angle of the inverted fault plane were found to be NW-NWW,NE-NEE,71°-86°,and 102°-132°,respectively.Because of the small number of earthquakes in the study area,the error values of the strike angle,dip angle,and distance from the origin of coordinates for the inverted fault plane are too large.The error of the inverted dip angle is larger than that of the inverted strike angle owing to greater dispersion of small earthquakes on the fault vertical.Further,the error of the slip angle is much larger.The strike,trend,and dip of the fault plane inverted in this study are similar to those in previous studies and also similar to the fault parameters displayed on focal mechanism of the three medium-strong earthquakes.However,the fault types differ between this study and previous studies,which are separately dextral and sinistral strike slip.Further,the fault-type considered in this study differs from that displayed on the focal mechanism of the three medium-strong earthquakes.It was primarily concluded that an inversion error of the regional stress field parameters exists because of focal-mechanism solutions of small earthquakes,and this error influences the inversion error of the rake angle on the fault plane.However,the inverted slip angle in this study is comparable to that reported in previous studies.


A new family planning strategy the contraceptive inundation approach was initiated in Taiwan. This program aimed at reaching the otherwise hard-to-reach users. Evaluation of the program shows that it has had general acceptability. In an area where contraceptive usage is high there is always a percentage of the population left unserved. This group was the target of the contraceptive inundation program. The program involved contacting women and postpartum women on a personal basis providing contraceptive supplies (either pills or condoms) to those who agreed to accept them and checking to see whether the contraceptives were ever used. Results indicate that with contraceptives in hand even women who were previously ambivalent about family planning may start to use them. Tabulated information shows that postpartum women were easier to contact more ready to accept the contraceptives and had a 50% higher initial use rate. Cumulative retention rates after 1 year for postpartum women were 32.9% on pills and 42.4% on condoms; rates for all women were 36.4% on pills and 54.1% on condoms. A graph illustrates the much greater target of available women in Bangladesh. This type of program might be effective there as well.


The cultivation of students' innovative ability is the need to meet the challenges of economic globalization,but also the need to promote the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education.Strengthening the cultivation of students' innovative ability,and improving the quality of personnel training,are the urgent needs to solve the important problem of China's higher education.By in-depth analysis of the situation and existing problems through the cultivation of students 'innovative ability,this paper proposed countermeasures to strengthen the cultivation of students' innovative ability.


One important parameter for an ultrasonic transducer is the echo it yields from a pointlike reflector. It can be measured directly but there are however certain problems connected with this. We pro ...


Examined the classification of dust from different storage facilities. Were considered different samples of dust (construction, textile, food), generated in storage facilities. Studied the influence of anti-dust coverage on dustiness of storage facilities as the pollution source. This paper presents the results of chemical analysis, studied dustiness, determined classification of studied dust. Constructed integral distribution curves of mass particles by equivalent diameter.


BACKGROUND
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a severe adverse drug reaction associated with high mortality. Though different modalities of treatment are advocated, there is no consensus regarding specific therapy. Corticosteroids have shown conflicting results and for high dose intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG), cost is a limiting factor.

AIM
To find out the effectiveness of combination therapy with low-dose IVIG and steroids versus steroids alone in our TEN patients.

METHODS
After obtaining Ethical Committee approval, 36 consecutive TEN patients (2008-2012) were alternately allocated to 2 groups - Group A was given combination of low-dose IVIG (0.2-0.5 g/kg) and rapidly tapering course of steroids (intravenous dexamethasone 0.1- 0.3 mg/kg/day tapered in 1-2 weeks) while Group B was given same dose of steroids alone. Outcome parameters assessed were time taken for arrest of disease progression, time taken for re-epithelization, duration of hospital stay and mortality rates.

RESULTS
Both groups had 18 patients. Baseline characteristics like age, sex ratio, SCORTEN, body surface area involvement and treatment interval were comparable. Time for arrest of disease progression and for re-epithelization was significantly lowered in Group A (P = 0.0001, P = 0.0009 respectively). Though duration of hospital stay and deaths were less in Group A, difference was not statistically significant. SCORTEN based standardized mortality ratio (SMR) analysis revealed that combination therapy reduced the probability of dying by 82% (SMR = 0.18 ± 0.36) and steroids by 37% (SMR = 0.63 ± 0.71). Difference in SMR was statistically significant (P = 0.00001). No significant side effects due to either modality were found in any of the patients.

CONCLUSION
Combination therapy with low-dose IVIG and steroids is more effective in terms of reduced mortality and faster disease resolution when compared to steroids alone in TEN.


(57) Abstract: interchangeable lens goggle (20) (24) is attached to the flexible frame (22) having a plurality of ventilation holes for passing ambient air into the interior goggle (40). Lens (24) is made from a thermoplastic material, which provides two types of spherical lenses and a cylindrical lens. Thermoplastic resin, to approximate the response characteristics of the human eye retina, or incorporate a dye for coloring the lens to produce a transmission curve having irregularities to improve the response characteristics. Aeration inlet (40) is covered by a porous foam material (50), it is arranged above the air passage, placed in the interior space of the lens behind dispersing the outside air downward. Vent outlet (52) is arranged on the bottom of the frame, it is coated with a porous foam material (54), out of air from the interior space.


Introduction: Paternal adaptation can be defined as paternal harmony, the ability to fulfill parental roles and responsibilities, and the ability to perceive becoming a parent. From a social perspective, fatherhood emerges through the birth process and having a baby at home. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the fathers' paternal adaptation level and related factors in the postpartum period. Method: The study is descriptive and cross-sectional and it is conducted between November and December 2019 at two private hospitals in Istanbul. Research sample consisted of 258 participants. Data were collected through a questionnaire form developed by the researchers based on the existing literature and the Paternal-Infant Attachment Scale. Results: The results for the Paternal-Infant Attachment Scale indicated that the average points for Patience and Tolerance subscale, Pleasure in the Interaction subscale and Love and Pride subscale were 33.52 ± 5.10, 27.10 ± 4.06, and 12.71 ± 2.24 respectively. The total scale score average was 73.34 ± 9.13. A statistically significant difference was found between the Patience and Tolerance sub-dimension scores and scale total score according to the age variable (p≤0.01). Total scale scores of first-time fathers were significantly higher than those with 4 or more children (p≤0.05). Conclusion: For a strong and healthy paternal attachment, the fathers' parental role should develop through fathers' participation in pregnancy, birth and postnatal trainings. Model babies can be used for practice during these trainings and practices oriented towards father-infant interaction at hospitals can be increased in the postpartum period.


Nation‐wide cuts to bus subsidies have led to reduced service in rural communities in the UK, leaving those who do not have access to a car – most of whom are older, have a disability, or have a low income – with few other options to meet their travel needs. This has resulted in greater demand on community transport, small‐scale, local, and community‐based transport schemes that are run by the not‐for‐profit sector and are primarily volunteer‐run. Drawing on 28 interviews conducted with volunteers and staff from community transport schemes across Oxfordshire, this paper describes the provision of community transport schemes at the intersection of informal transport and an ethics of care. This sector is posited as informal, however; unlike many informal transport schemes, community transport is non‐entrepreneurial. Instead, these schemes emerge from the community and are care‐driven. Volunteers who run these schemes all provide skilled labour that is a practice of caring about, caring for, or care giving. This framing highlights the undervaluing of community transport. Indeed, the labour and schemes are underfunded and lack recognition. This study therefore emphasises the socio‐political nature of community transport and shows the importance of supporting caring transport services. It concludes by discussing how this undervalued sector might be re‐valorised so that it can continue to support those with few other transport options.


Eco-procurement is about integrating environmental considerations into purchasing decisions. The advantages of this practice include cost savings, conservation of natural resources and energy, and compliance with environmental laws and regulations. While eco-procurement traditionally refers to customers (including companies) buying products containing recycled content, production of those products requires involvement of environmentally conscious manufacturers that must procure and reprocess used products containing recyclable content. In other words, eco-procurement in a supply chain refers as much to manufacturers as it does to customers. To this end, this paper addresses the following two crucial issues, and proposes a quantitative decision-making strategy for each of them: (1) which products must be chosen from a set of candidate-used products containing recyclable content? and (2) which suppliers, viz. companies that collect and sell the chosen used products, must be selected for eco-procurement?


In optical fiber communication when signal pulse is transmitted that time dispersion is occurring. So to remove that dispersion in optical fiber communications there are different types of dispersion compensation techniques available. One of them is optical soliton compensation technique. Optical soliton refers to any optical field that does not change during propagation because of dedicated balance between nonlinear and linear effects in the medium with its correlative self-phase modulation (SPM). This paper demonstrates the design and analysis of soliton emanation from 9,000 km to 27,000 km using erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) and dispersion compensating fibers (DCF).


In wireless sensor network,the node self-localization is the foundation of target localization,and it includes two classes as distance-based and distance irrelevant localizations.The RSSI-based localization algorithm,for its easy implementation,is widely,but it has a fairly big error in distance ranging.The paper presents a new RSSI-based ranging localization algorithm,which computes the location of approximate centroid with RSSI,then with it as reference node,adjusts the range,and locates the node.Simulation results show that this algorithm is of better localization precision.


The concept of corruption in the system of higher education is considered. The measures aimed at preventing corruption in universities are listed. The practice of anti-corruption work among students at the Angarsk State Technical University is given


To assess the possible relationship between serum levels of 25[OH]D (25‐hydroxyvitamin D) collected 24 hours after delivery and postpartum depression in a Chinese cohort sample.


: In this study, we employed molecular cloning techniques involving PCR, DNA agarose gel electrophoresis, and restriction enzyme digestion to successfully clone 2201LBD mutants with point mutations at residues 172 and 142. Following enzymatic digestion of DNA and plasmid vectors using restriction enzymes, the T4 DNA ligase was used to ligate the modified DNA fragments into the vectors. Subsequently, the resulting constructs were transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) strains for protein expression and purification. These engineered mutants, 2201LBD-Y172A and 2201LBD-R142A, were purified to facilitate subsequent experimental investigations


Increasingly stringent Diesel vehicle emissions legislation around the world means that advanced aftertreatment systems may be required to achieve the required nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions rather than through engine control measures alone. As in lean-burn gasoline applications, NOx adsorber systems offer great potential for high level NOx conversion in Diesel exhaust, and their use on Diesel engines is an area of intense interest for possible use in light-duty and heavy-duty applications. This paper is concerned with the performance of advanced NOx adsorber catalysts developed specifically for the requirements of light-duty Diesel vehicles. Laboratory and engine bench data are discussed that demonstrate NOx conversions in excess of 90% over a wide temperature window can be achieved. The durability characteristics of these catalysts are also reported. The ability to tune the NOx adsorber formulation to an operating window for a specific application and/or position in the exhaust is important for the optimisation of a full emissions control system. This paper presents operating temperature windows of some optimised NOx adsorber catalysts for maximisation of the operating window at low and high temperatures.


In a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment, effect of extruded cornstarch urea NPN (Non protein nitrogen) levels on digestion and metabolism rate of nutrients was studied in 6 years old sika deer. The results showed that the digestibility of nitrogen, energy and dry matter and the metabolism rate of nitrogen and energy were not significantly affected by treatments ( P 0.05). The digestibility and metabolism of nutrients were not affected when NPN level was increased to 0.75% of diet, suggesting that it is safe to add 0.75% NPN in the diet of 6 years old sika deer during antler growing season.


A microgrid operator should strictly manage the distributed energy resources considering their characteristics. This paper proposes a power balancing algorithm among the distributed energy resources according to their characteristics in a microgrid. In this algorithm, a battery energy storage system is originally operated in feeder flow control mode to control the power from the utility. A super-capacitor operates through a P-f droop control to improve the power quality. Considering the low energy capacity of the super-capacitor, the battery energy storage system also restores the frequency during island operation. A distributed generator balances the energy through the microgrid central controller. The analyses of the proposed algorithm are presented and verified by PSCAD/EMTDC simulations.


We analytically evaluated the effects of the analog components on a high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) system standardized by 3GPP. We considered the phase noise of synthesizers, the imbalance of demodulators between in-phase and quadrature channels, and the filters. The components are represented by the appropriate equations. We applied adaptive modulation and coding methods for HSDPA systems and base station transmission of adequate data rate signals complying with quality estimated by mobile stations (MSs). The quality represents a data rate indicating that MSs can receive the signals. We estimated the quality using a conventional signal-to-interference measurement of the common pilot channel (CPICH) and found that the phase noise creates a mismatch relationship between the quality and the data rate, while the demodulator imbalance and filters create a suitable relationship. We confirmed this using analytic methods and computer simulation.


At present three procedures are specified by the Department of Main Roads, New South Wales to predict breakdown of crushed rock during construction: (a) repeated compaction (five cycles), (b) artificial weathering (ten cycles of wetting and drying), and (c) soaking in water at 65 degrees centigrade for ten days. In addition, the wet strength after 24 hours soaking, the dry strength and wet/dry strength variation are measured to determine material durability. This testing is based on the 10 per cent fines test procedure. The change in the plasticity index of the fines is specified as the measure of material change due to pretreatment. A maximum increase of 3 is allowed. This paper describes an investigation carried out to examine the effects of various methods of pretreatment. Analyses were also performed to determine the relationship between the various properties after pretreatment and wet strength, dry strength and strength variation. The repeated compaction procedure was found to have the most severe effect on road base samples and, for the materials tested, was considered to be the only method of pretreatment required. As there was a systematic change in properties with the number of cycles of compaction further testing was recommended before a change in the number of cycles is incorporated in a specification. Significant correlations were found between the strength parameters and some of the grading and plasticity parameters. (Author/TRRL)


Re‐establishment of a functional barrier following injury requires successful re‐differentiation of airway epithelial cells. A population of resident basal epithelial cells has been identified in human airways that express cytokeratin 5 (Krt5) and 14 (Krt14) and are capable of self‐renewal and generate differentiated epithelial cells during repair. Appropriately differentiated airway epithelium protects the lung parenchyma from inhaled particles/pathogens via luminal muco‐ciliary clearance and structural barrier conferred by tight junctions (TJ) which are regulated by a network of tissue‐specific inter‐ and intramembrane protein complexes linked to the underlying actin cytoskeleton. Contractility in actin filaments in turn drives junctional biogenesis that supports repair and return to steady state function. In patients with asthma, epithelial barrier is intrinsically compromised with loss of structural integrity perpetuated by a state of aberrant, non‐resolving repair. Therefore, understanding the expression and distribution of structural proteins that are required for junction formation will identify novel targets for pharmacological modulation to promote airway epithelial barrier repair in asthma. We have mapped temporal expression of TJ proteins during in vitro differentiation of bronchial epithelial cells from subjects with asthma and healthy donors. We identified disrupted localization of ZO‐1, claudin‐4 and ‐7 in early phases of differentiation in bronchial epithelial cells from asthmatic patients that coincided with persistent expression of Krt5+ and Krt14+ in resident Krt5+ basal cells, indicative of unresolved repair. This was associated with dysregulated arrangement in peri‐junctional actin cytoskeleton. In summary, we provide evidence that disrupted airway epithelial barrier in asthma is related to loss of F‐actin‐mediated localisation of TJ proteins and reduced transition of basal cells from a reparative phenotype to differentiated epithelial cells.


In the present article the effectiveness of antioxidants using at chronic periodontitis treatment is shown. Of antioxidants Vitamin E and mexidol were used. Effectiveness of mexidol in correction of inflammatory occurrence in paradontitis and hemostatic disorders were higher than the same in vitamin E: significant positive dynamics of clinical indexical and laboratorial characteristics against a background of mexidol using was noted from the 5th day already of complex therapy.


Strong configuration-interaction effects between autoionizing configurations of the form (ns)/sup 1/(np)/sup m+1/ and bound configurations of the form (ns)/sup 2/(np)/sup m-1/(n'l') have been treated with truncated-discrete-basis calculations, either neglecting or approximating the continuum. It is shown that Fano's treatment of a level interacting with the continuum can be extended to the threshold region by including the Rydberg series of discrete levels. Inclusion of the infinite Rydberg series leads to a logarithmic singularity of matrix elements and the eigenvalue equation near the threshold region, which cancels the singularity arising from the integral over the continuum.


Through the use of autobiographical narrative, this thesis argues that the Cartesian mind/body split characterizes the distance-learning environment, where learners and instructors are separated by distance and technology, with the resulting interaction focusing primarily on content, thereby making physical and emotional connections less likely to occur. In such situations, learners who rely on their entire bodies for learning, women in particular, may be disadvantaged. Because knowledge of the body is already devalued by the mind/body binary, online learning environments may serve to preserve traditional power relationships by excluding the body and embodied knowledge. Drawing on autobiographical data from teaching and learning experiences in online contexts, and from participation in online communities, this thesis seeks to increase awareness of the experiences of online learners and to propose suggestions for the creation of more inclusive situations.


This paper was carried out on the morphological character of the test and epididymis of three types of yak bull age 6,12,18,24 months old (1/2 wild yak, cross 1/2 wild yak and domestic yak). The results showed that the weight and size of testes and epidiymis was increased with the age which was hardly affected by imbalance of food supply during the cold and warm seasons. The development were similar for three kinds of yak at the same age(P>0.05).


analyzes the developing trend of electronic reading under network environment,gives the advantages and disadvantages of electronic reading,the differences between E-book and digitalized book and the new look and opportunity that the electronic reading brings to library.


An investigation was set up to elucidate the dynamics of metals flows from a contaminated and eutrophic lake. Two sediment layers were incubated in flowcells to study the mobilization of Fe, Zn, Cu and Cd during the anoxic and oxic conditions. pH, inorganic carbon (IC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were monitored to assess their influences on the metal mobilization. Under anoxic conditions, Fe was rapidly released to the solution, but taken up during the oxic conditions. The Fe-mobilization was not affected by pH, but positively correlated with the increase in DOC during the anoxic period. In contrast, Zn, Cu and Cd were removed from the solution during the anoxic period and released to the solution during the oxic conditions. The change in pH during the oxic period may have contributed to the increase in concentrations of Zn, Cu and Cd. The results of the experiment show that periodical redox changes likely are among the factors controlling the mobilization of Fe, Zn, Cu and Cd from the contaminated sediments.


Due to the large scale infrastructure development in the country, particularly urban areas, the seismic risk in the country is growing very rapidly. Over 60% of India's land is in moderate to high seismic zones. Earthquakes cause damage to structures, affect the social and financial status of the region, and even cause the loss of many lives. Damage to Highway and Rail bridges has become more of a public concern because of the rapid expansion and increased dependency on the road/rail network. The behavior of foundations during earthquakes is often dictated by the response of supporting soil due to ground shaking. The survival or the acceptable performance of a structure during an earthquake is hinged on the adequate performance of its foundation under seismic loads. One of the most devastating geotechnical effects of earthquakes is soil liquefaction. Liquefaction may cause failure of foundations, resulting in collapse of structures, even if the structure is designed as earthquake-resistant. While behavior and treatment of structures above ground is well covered in the Indian codes and standards on earthquakes, the aspect of soil structure interaction and liquefaction potential is not adequately covered in the codes.


We examine liquidity effects of dual-class stock splits that change firms' ownership structure from one share one vote to two classes with disparate voting rights. Following dual-class splits, effective spreads, price impacts, and order execution difficulty increase and the investor base decreases significantly for both superiorand inferior-voting shares. In contrast, following a matched sample of regular splits, the investor base increases and order execution improves significantly. Pursuant to the adoption of extreme form of corporate governance and weakened shareholder rights, and consistent with the implied effects of a deteriorating information environment, we find that dual-class splits adversely affect stock liquidity. Dual-Class Stock Splits and Liquidity


The arriving next generation network (5G) will provide people with more diverse services. However, the increasing amount of traffic has put a great deal of pressure on the network, which easily gives rise to massive network congestion. Under the context mentioned above, this paper proposes a service stochastic optimization method under the energy constraint based on the advanced unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology. First, we model the service infrastructure and energy overhead as backlog queues and virtual queues, respectively. In this way, the network congestion control is transformed into a queue stability problem. Further, we consider improving the quality of experience (QoE) by optimizing the transmission rate. And the Drift-Plus-Penalty based on Lyapunov is constructed to ensure that the transmission rate of users is increased while avoiding the congestion. Finally, we carry out a succession of simulation and verify the efficiency of our proposed algorithm by fine tuning the experimental environment.


The Southeast Asian region in its entirety has been viewed historically as a frontier settlement area especially by its giant neighbors to the north and west. And within Southeast Asia individual nations have their own frontier settlement regions. One of the earliest studies to discuss frontier settlement in Southeast Asia was Karl Pelzers classic Pioneer Settlement in the Asiatic Tropics (Pelzer 1945). In his work Pelzer examined one remedy to the population problem in Southeast Asia i.e. migration to regions with agricultural potential. He thereupon proceeded to discuss two specific pioneer frontiers: (1) the Outer Islands of Indonesia and (2) Mindanao the second larger island of the Philippine archipelago. It is with the latter Mindanao that this paper is concerned. (excerpt)


This paper presents a method for deposition an individual carbon nanotube (CNT). The alignment of a single CNT is very useful to perform studies related to applications in FET (Field Emitted Transistor), SET (Single Electron Transistor) and to make chemical sensor as well as bio sensors. In this study, we developed the deposition method of a CNT individualized in a solution. Using the electrokinetic method, we found the optimum conditions to assemble the nanotube and discussed about plausible explanation for the assembling mechanism. These results will be available to use for making the CNT sensor device.


Background. STI testing and treatment strategies need to be optimized to maximize the effect of control efforts and reach those most in need. An intelligent, automated chat agent (SoaSeksCheck (SSC) web app) was built to improve the reach of young people at-risk, optimize the assessment of risk, and to facilitate access to STI test centers for those at-risk. Key questions were: (1) does it reach those at risk for STIs, and (2) does it improve the positive test/number of test rate?
Method. SSC was launched regionally (Rotterdam area) as of June 2015-December 2015. SSC was introduced via a Facebook campaign. A continuous mixed method evaluation design was used. Data was derived from Google Analytics (number of people reached, number of visits), SSC use was objectively tracked through server registrations and STD center data.
Results. Over the period of 7 months, 155.000 people were reached by the campaign, of which 15.121 visited SSC, 39% of those started a chat. In total 510 people visited the appointment page (after having received a test advice), of which 156 people made an appointment via SSC. Of those, 45% got tested (94% lower educated, 65% ethnic minority. 29% got tested positive.
Discussion
 The results thus far suggest that SSC can improve the reach of those at-risk for STI, and does improve the positive test/total test ratio (29% SSC vs. 17% on average, Χ2(1) = 6.5, p <.01). The study shows the potential of e-counseling.


Background Wound infection is one of the most common complications following abdominoperineal resection. In some studies, it was assumed that it can reach up to 66% among the operated patients. It not only affects the pathway of wound healing but can also delay the beginning of postoperative chemotherapy. It may also leave lifelong adverse consequences such as pain, sitting disability, and tingling. Patients and methods A prospective randomized controlled study was performed on 52 patients who were eligible for abdominoperineal resection for either low rectal or anal canal carcinoma admitted to Helwan University Hospital, Nasser Institute Hospital, and 15th May Hospital between January 2018 and January 2022. Inclusion criteria were both male and female participants in the ages of 18 and 80 years who were diagnosed with low rectal or anal canal cancers. Exclusion criteria were patients who had inoperable, multicentric, recurring anorectal cancers. All of the patients were informed about the details of the study and the procedure preoperatively and signed an informed written consent. The same team of surgeons operated all the cases, and the classic operation of resecting the rectum with complete mesorectal excision was done through the classic abdominal route. Based on the steps for preparation of the perineal phase of the abdominoperineal resection, participants were allocated randomly into two groups. Group A included 27 patients in whom the anal closure was done first after primary skin cleansing and then final skin cleansing and draping was done. Group B included 25 patients in whom anal closure was done after final skin cleansing and draping. Results Group A included 27 (51.9%) patients who had their anal closure done before the final draping, and group B included 25 (48.1%) patients who had their anal closure done after the final draping. Their mean±SD age was 54.3±9.69 years (55 and 53.5 years for groups A and B, respectively). Their preoperative comorbidities included diabetes mellitus in 20 (38.5%) patients, with 12 (44%) and eight (32%) in groups A and B, respectively; hypertension in 18 (34.6%) patients; and chronic heart diseases in six (11.5%) patients. Their BMI was ∼27.87±3.2 kg/m2. Surgical site infection (SSI) was statistically significantly lower in group A in comparison with group B (11.1 and 36%, respectively; P value 0.03). We further divided the incisional SSI into superficial and deep. Deep SSI was not found in any cases among group A, whereas it was observed in three (12%) cases in group B. Moreover, superficial SSI was found in only three (11.1%) cases in group A, whereas it was observed in six (24%) cases in group B. Conclusion Anal closure performed before perineal draping decreased field contamination and subsequent SSI and healing time.


The internal ratings based approach (IRB Approach) was created as part of Basel II replacing the original Basle Accord of 1988 (Basle I) in an effort to create a better framework for regulating bank capital. This paper covers the methodology and components of the IRB Approach used to determine capital requirements for credit risk. Such an approach, which relies heavily upon a bank's internal assessment of its counterparties and exposures, can secure two key objectives consistent with those which support the wider review of The New Basel Capital Accord.. IRB approach should promote safety and soundness in the financial system and, consistent with providing incentive compatibility, that the structure and requirements of the IRB approach do not impinge upon or undermine banks' well-established lending and credit risk management practices


Abstract.AndikaPanguripan trading business is a home industry that produces tempe. AndikaPanguripan's trading business is in TagtagKaja Village, Singasari Utara street, Uma Punggul II alley No. 31, which was established in 2010, has 10 employees.The purpose of the study was to determine the description of personal hygiene and the sanitation conditions of AndikaPanguripan Trade Business tempe in TagtagKaja Village, North Denpasar Subdistrict in 2019. The research method used is descriptive research method with cross sectional approach.Data collection is done by observation and interview.Examination is carried out with observation sheets on the state of sanitation (buildings and sanitation facilities, food sanitation) and personal hygiene.The collected data is processed and presented in the form of tables. The results of this study are that the condition of buildings and sanitation facilities is categorized as moderate with 9 (43%), food sanitation is categorized as being moderate with a score of 13 (62%), sanitation conditions are categorized as being moderate with a score of 22 (52%) and personal hygiene of employees categorized as being moderate with a score of 6 (60%).Conclusions from the results of research on the state of sanitation, food, building and personal hygiene AndikaPanguripan trading business is included in the medium category.Suggestion is to make repairs to buildings and sanitation facilities at tempe processing sites, maintain cleanliness of tempe processing facilities, and employees to apply personal hygiene while working. Keywords: personal hygiene and sanitation


THIS YEAR marks the twenty-fifth anniversary of the passage of the 1966 National Historic Preservation Act. This milestone will no doubt inspire retrospective histories of the National Register of Historic Places which was established by that law, and analyses of subsequent growth in the preservation movement in this country. That the last two decades have seen phenomenal success for historic preservation is undeniable. It is estimated that over 600,000 individuals belong to some type of preservation organization; the National Trust for Historic Preservation, the most visible and active national organization, claims over a quarter of a million members. The movement presently has a highly developed support system in academic institutions and government at all levels, and a healthy industry has arisen to supply and advise both amateur and professional preservationists.' Like any broad-based movement that directly affects political, economic, and social policies, historic preservation has its share of problems and controversies. Some of these are theoretical and some are practical; most are a combination of the two. The following offers one view of preservation today, focusing on unresolved theoretical concerns, continu-


Various malformations are frequently encountered in spontaneously aborted embryos and fetuses. Thus, spontaneous abortion appears to be a screening device for abnormal conceptuses ("teratothanasia"). However, the prevalence rate of abnormal conceptuses at each gestational stage is unknown and the true picture of prenatal natural selection remains to be elucidated.


As the advancement of semiconductor technics and integrated circuits,the routing device which is used to connect chips in the network has great development. Through the introduction of newtechnology,the degree of routing which is named'high radix'routing has increased and the number of cores connected on one routing has increased. The high-radix routers will be widely used in future,as it can effectively reduce latency and cost of the network. This paper introduces the application of the folded-clos network,which can take advantage of high-radix routers. We compare the performance of the folded-clos network and other topologies and introduce some allocation strategies of mid-stage models,which fit for adaptive routing algorithm in this paper.


ABSTRACT The past decade has seen a move into new development areas by the international oil industry. Many of the new operating locations are lacking in infrastructure, are politically unstable and have varying degrees of environmental legislation in place to regulate the developments. The industry has responded to the changing world in a number of ways. To minimise individual risk, organisations have entered the new regions working in consortia. Also, in order to accelerate and maximise profitability, the industry has developed fast-track projects to minimise the time to first oil' and hence gain a quicker return from the significant development costs. Consequently the time between completing the exploration phase and the onset of production is aimed at being as short as possible. This creates interesting challenges for project teams as the risk profile changes from that experienced during exploration activities to those present in production operations. The risks during exploration activities can lead ...


Range-free localization algorithm computes a normal node's position by estimating the distance to anchors which know their actual position. In recent years, reliable anchor selection research has been gained a lot of attention because this approach improves localization accuracy by selecting the only subset of anchors called reliable anchor. The distance estimation accuracy and the geometric shape formed by anchors are the two important factors which need to be considered when selecting the reliable anchors. In this paper, we study the relationship between a relative position of three anchors and localization error. From this study, under ideal condition, which is with zero localization error, we find two conditions for anchor selection, thereby proposing a novel anchor selection algorithm that selects three anchors matched most closely to the two conditions, and the validities of the conditions are proved using two theorems. By further employing the conditions, we finally propose a novel range-free localization algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm shows considerably improved performance as compared to other existing works.


The high atomic to molecular ion ratio is important for hydrogen ion sources. Experimental investigation of the water vapor injection into the hydrogen Penning discharge of the ion source has been made. Such injection increases the proton component of the ion beam and changes emittance with the same discharge parameters.


The Medical Journal of Australia ISSN: 0025-729X 7 June 2004 180 11 548-549 ©The Medical Journal of Australia 2004 www.mja.com.au Editorials best evidence for this comes from survivors of the atomi bomb explos ons in J pan, where models have been d vel oped relating increased cancer induction to the dose o radiation received. Although the magnitude of the effect i small, the link is well established. Diagnostic x-rays are the largest man-made source o Although the risk from medical radiation is small, we should not become complacent


Chaotic inflation on the brane is considered in the context of stochastic inflation. It is found that there is a regime in which eternal inflation on the brane takes place. The corresponding probability distributions are found in certain cases. The stationary probability distribution over a comoving volume and the creation probability of a de Sitter braneworld yield the same exponential behaviour. Finally, nonperturbative effects are briefly discussed.


Escherichia coli cycles between two principal habitats-intestines of warm-blooded animals and water, sediment, and soil-that are shown to be quite distinct with respect to physical conditions and the spectrum and level of available nutrients. Elementary calculations suggest that, on the average, an E. coli cell is "born" in the intestine of a warm-blooded animal and spends about half its life there, is excreted onto the surface of the earth where it spends the second half of its life, and then dies or, with a small probability, colonizes a new host. From this information one can predict that E. coli will have at least two phenotypically distinct cell types and that these will have dual molecular control mechanisms of opposite type for the regulation of certain functions. In cases for which the molecular data are available for comparison, they are in agreement with the predictions.


The natural scale of νe mixing angles in SO(10) is small, of order θc/3. It is possible to achieve large νe mixing angles θ, but such solutions are unstable, in the sense that α∂tan θ/∂α∼100, where α is a Majorana mass parameter. This difficulty reflects the quark mass hierarchy. On the other hand, νμ−ντ mixing could naturally be substantial. These qualitative features would be expected to hold any grand unified model where the Gell‐Mann‐Ramond‐Slansky mechanism generates naturally small neutrino masses.


scrvations or discovered in the external world. The point the author is making here is a very good one. My impression is that he might have made it somewhat more carefully. But the above are minor, some might say picayune, complaints. For those interested in the topics raised here, and few of us are not, Eugene Meehan has written a very good book. He has also written one of the very few books about the structure of normative thought rather than its content and thereby considerably enriched this universe of discourse. For that alone even those who profoundly disagree with him should applaud.—DON R. BOWEN, Case Western Reserve University.


In this work the potentiality of photoelectrochemical processes toward the treatment of landfill leachates was evaluated. Firstly, was observed that the dark coloration and high organic content of the samples hinder in a significant way the occurrence of photochemical processes. At these conditions, the degrading capacity of the system is a function of the electrochemical process, provably indirect mechanisms mediating by the observed high amount of hipochlorite. Generally, the application of a preliminary precipitation processes induces significant reduction on the color and organic content, fact that improves the further photoelectrochemical treatment. When humic substances are previously eliminated by acid precipitation the further photoelectrochemical treatment permit almost total elimination of the color and COD removal of about 70% at reaction time of 300 min. That is a very promissory result, mainly taking into account the high recalcitrant character of the landfill leachates.


Ciclopirox olamine (CPX), a synthetic fungicide clinically used to treat mycoses of the skin and nails, has been demonstated as a novel anticancer agent. Recently we have identified that CPX inhibits tumor growth by inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis of tumor cells. This study was set out to determine the underlying mechanisms. Human rhabdomyosarcoma (Rh30) and breast carcinoma (MDA‐MB‐231) cells were used in this study. We found that CPX slowed down cell cycle progression, accumulating cells at G1 phase, in a concentration‐dependent manner. Concurrently, CPX downregulated cellular abundance of several key cell cycle regulators, such as Cdc25A, cyclin D1 and c‐Myc in the cells. As Cdc25A plays a decisive role in promoting cell cycle progression, and is frequently overexpressed in tumor cells, we further examined how CPX downregulates Cdc25A. It appears that CPX did not alter the mRNA and protein synthesis level, but promoted the protein degradation of Cdc25A. In addition, we found that CPX induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caused DNA damage. CPX increased phosphorylation of CHK1, as well as histone H2AX. Furthermore, CPX activated JNK cascade. The results suggest that CPX may inhibit cell cycle progression and cell proliferation by downregulating Cdc25A, cyclin D1 and c‐Myc, and induces apoptosis in tumor cells by activating stress kinases (CHK1 and JNK).


Background  Topical drugs enhance the therapeutic effects of ultraviolet (UV)‐based therapy for psoriasis. However, their efficacy has yet to be established in a clinical trial.


Detecting land cover changes requires timely and accurate information, which can be assured by using remotely sensed data and Geographic Information System(GIS). This paper examines spatiotemporal trends in land cover changes in the Polish Baltic coastal zone, especially the urbanisation, loss of agricultural land, afforestation, and deforestation. The dynamics of land cover change and its impact were discussed as the major findings. The analysis revealed that land cover changes on the Polish Baltic coast have been consistent throughout the 1990–2018 period, and in the consecutive inventories of land cover, they have changed faster. As shown in the research, the area of agricultural land was subject to significant change, i.e., about 40% of the initial 8% of the land area in heterogeneous agriculture was either developed or abandoned at about equal rates. Next, the steady growth of the forest and semi-natural area also changed the land cover. The enlargement of the artificial surface was the third observed trend of land cover changes. However, the pace of land cover changes on the Baltic coast is slightly slower than in the rest of Poland and the European average. The region is very diverse both in terms of land cover, types of land transformation, and the pace of change. Hence, the Polish national authorities classified the Baltic coast as an area of strategic intervention requiring additional action to achieve territorial cohesion and the goals of sustainable development.


Ultrafast thin-disk lasers continue achieving higher average powers at shorter pulse durations, reaching 100-MW peak power directly from the laser oscillator output. We discuss recent progress and its application to intra-oscillator high harmonic generation.


Curcumin, a natural polyphenolic compound found in turmeric, has potential cancertreatment efficacy, including apoptosis‐induction, in many cancer cell types. Cancer cells arecharacteristically anti‐apoptotic, highly proliferative andcontinue to live indefinitely. Controlof cell cycle progression and the initiation of apoptosis in breast cancercells is considered to be a potentially effective strategy for the prevention/treatment of the disease. The triple‐negative breast cancer cell line MDA‐MB‐231 does not express progesterone, estrogen, or human epidermal growth factor receptors, is highly aggressive and is difficult to treat. This study aims to elucidate the mechanism of curcumin‐induced apoptosis and its effects on cell cycle proteins in the MDA‐MB‐213 breast cancer cell line.


SMPTE 259M, with data rates up to 360 Mbits/sec, provides the robust high-speed infrastructure for television and production installations throughout the world. Today's broadcast and professional video market is undergoing tremendous change. Pressures to shorten time-to-air, improve video quality, reduce costs, and the advent of advanced television/high-definition television, are driving studios to adopt new technologies and business models. At the heart of this change is the need to further evolve the capability of serial digital interconnect. Operation at 540 Mbits/sec now enables a number of applications and capabilities that help studios address these changing requirements.


Alternative splicing is critical for human gene expression regulation and plays an important role in multiple human diseases. In this context, RNA sequencing has emerged as powerful approach to detect alternative splicing events. In parallel, fast alignment-free methods have emerged as a viable alternative to quantify gene and transcript level abundance from RNAseq data. However, the ability to detect differential splicing events is dependent on the annotation of the transcript reference provided by the user. Here, we introduce a new reference transcriptome aware of splicing events, TRAWLING, which simplifies the detection of aberrant splicing events in a fast and simple way. In addition, we evaluate the performances and the benefits of aligning transcriptome data to TRAWLING using three different RNA sequencing datasets: whole transcriptome sequencing, single cell RNA sequencing and Digital RNA with pertUrbation of Genes. Collectively, our comprehensive evaluation underlines the value of using TRAWLING in transcriptomic data analysis. Availability and implementation Our code is available at https://github.com/Novartis/TRAWLING


In order to scale wafer-to-wafer hybrid bonding to sub-micrometer pitches, a tight control of surface topography after CMP is required. The post CMP Cu pad recess with respect to the bonding dielectric surface, must be limited to only a few nanometers. This is required to obtain a full dielectric-to-dielectric bonding at room temperature, and to obtain a good Cu-to-Cu contact after post-bond wafer anneal. During this post-bond anneal the Cu pads expand to make contact and bond. For pads with equal size, the expansion is small and largely elastic, and drops with reducing Cu pad volume and anneal temperature. When using unequal sized pads, a much more significant inelastic Cu "bulge-out" is observed. This phenomenon relaxes CMP requirement and enables sub-micron scaling at strongly reduced post-bond anneal times and temperatures. A dedicated test methodology was developed to study this Cu bulge-out phenomenon in detail.


We report an all-dielectric active metasurface based on indium phosphide (InP) multiple quantum wells (MQWs) operating at telecom wavelengths (λ=1.55μm). Our design exhibits high reflectance of >80% and is based on localized Mie supported by the metasurface. Our calculations show that the proposed metasurface can steer the beam up to polar angles of 35° while maintaining high efficiency of >80% and a side mode suppression ratio of 7 dB. The anticipated modulation frequencies are >1 MHz. Our metasurface can be used in future chip-scale light detection and ranging systems as well as for free-space optical communications.


The longer delay in the publication of financial statement can reduce the value of financial information because it is not available at the time required. This research aims to empirically examine the effect between auditor industry specialization, auditor reputation, audit tenure on audit report lag. The dependent variable in this research is audit report lag. The independent variables in this research are auditor industry specialization, auditor reputation, and audit tenure. While the control variables used in this research are leverage, subsidiary, family ownership, and loss.
The population of research consist of 49 financial reporting from chemical companies that listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange period 2013-2017. This research using secondary data that selected by purposive sampling method, so the final sample that obtained are 41 companies. The analytical method that was used is multiple linear regression analysis, which is processed using SPSS 23.
The result of this research shows that auditor industry specialization and auditor reputation have negative and significant effect to audit report lag. This means that if the company audited by auditor industry specialization or auditor the Big 4, then the audit report lag will be shorter than the company audited by auditor non industry specialization or auditor non the Big 4. While audit tenure has insignificant effect to audit report lag.


The effects of global warming can lead to decreased crop yields on a global scale. However, the extent to which crop yields decline due to the warming may vary among different geographical areas depending on the climatic factors and types of cultivation, fertilization, and soil. In this study, a crop yield-nutrient model was developed to estimate nutrient levels and quantify the contributions of climatic factors in crop yield improvements. The model was used to predict rice yields (given total nutrient levels) as well as the decline in yields in response to increased temperatures, using the estimated baseline nutrient level required for plant growth and the estimated effects of temperature among different prefectures in Japan. Results showed that the predicted temperature increase from 2015 to 2030 could cause a decline in rice yield in the range of 53-194 g m^(-2). The largest percentage decline in the rice yield was predicted for Okinawa prefecture; however, Okayama was the prefecture that had suffered the most serious effects of global warming in Japan during the past 50 years (according to the estimated effects of temperature). It showed that the contributions of rainfall and radiation to plant growth varied geographically (although the difference was small among prefectures). The spatial divergence in nutrient intake levels in crops can be demonstrated with a simple mathematical model.


Abstract To simplify the wind turbine model, we used SolidWorks and ANSYS software. Boundary conditions were selected to ensure safe and stable operation of the wind turbines. The deflection analysis of the rotor system showed that the maximum deflection of the shaft was 2.4% of the air gap, which met the design requirements. The modal analysis of the wind turbine demonstrated that resonance would not occur, because the natural frequency was not equal to the exciting frequency of the impeller. Our results could provide a reference for large-scale design and strength check of wind turbines.


A chip control circuit comprises a control chip, a plurality of equipment chips connected with the control chip, a first filter circuit, and a second filter circuit, wherein the control chip can send electronic data signals to each equipment chip or receives electronic data signals sent by each equipment chip; the first filter circuit is connected with the control chip; the second filter circuit is connected with the first filter circuit and each equipment chip; and the distance between the first filter circuit and the control chip is equal to the distance between the second filter circuit and the plurality of equipment chips. When the control chip sends the electronic data signals to each equipment chip, the electronic data signals are filtered sequentially via the first filter circuit and the second filter circuit and then sent to each equipment chip. When the control chip receives the electronic data signals sent by each equipment chip, the electronic data signals are filtered sequentially via the second filter circuit and the first filter circuit and then sent to the control chip.


The proposed unified solid-state storage (USSS) with hybrid NAND flash memory/ReRAM provides high system-level data protection. In the conventional storage system, the hierarchical storage architecture (Server/Disk array/SSD/NAND flash memory) has duplicated functions. USSS solves this structural problem of the conventional enterprise-storage systems. The proposed unified storage controller integrates the duplicated functions (error corrections and redundancies). Five highly reliable techniques are presented; reverse-mirroring (RM), shift-mirroring (SM), error-reduction synthesis (ERS), page-RAID, and error-masking (EM). SM is a modified technique from RM with no ReRAM buffer. These technologies utilize error-patterns asymmetries of the NAND flash memory and fast, page-rewritable and high endurance ReRAM. RM, SM and EM are the mirroring techniques to reduce bit-errors of the NAND flash memory by intelligently allocating the write address and comparing the data in the primary/mirrored NAND flash memories, respectively. The page-RAID generates the block-parity in each block and EM records the error-location during read. Without mirroring, the acceptable raw BER of the NAND flash memory (ABER) increases by 4.4×. Moreover, when RM, ERS, page-RAID, and EM are applied, the ABER increases by 32×. This corresponds to an increase of the endurance or the data-retention time of the NAND flash memory by 4.2 or 34×.


The early wisdom literatures not only imitated the religious philosophic poems of ancient Babylon, but also absorb instructive literatures of ancient Egyptian. In the later wisdom literatures, the conception of wisdom was turned from phenomenalism to ontology, from epistemology to ethics. Those changes come from Hebrew nation's deeply thinking about wisdom, and they are also affected by the concept of logos in Greek philosophy and ethical theories in stoicism.


Experimental observation has been made on melting temperature ( T m ) of thin Pb films by means of differential scanning calorimetry, whose thickness ranges from 100 to 2000 A. The films are constrained by different kinds of materials (Ge, MgF 2 , Al, Cu, Cr and Mn) which have higher melting temperatures than Pb. The melting temperature is lowered with decreasing thickness for all wall materials. The depression of T m from the bulk value reaches about 10°C for films of 100 A thickness. The thickness dependence of T m is explained in terms of interfacial energies, and shows that melting begins at the grain boundary. Supercooling behavior has been investigated, and it is confirmed that the solid-liquid transition of the films is the first order.


This chapter considers how the Resistance to President Donald J. Trump and the current Republican majorities in the US House and Senate has coalesced over the last year and what the prospects are that it will bring about fundamental political change, including a major electoral reversal in 2018 and 2020. To do so, it places the Resistance in the context of three recent dramatic changes in American politics: the intense, ongoing, and asymmetric polarization of the two major parties; the reorientation of American politics around issues of race and immigration; and the declining responsiveness of political elites to the views of the nonaffluent in an age of skyrocketing inequality. The Resistance is a reflection of these powerful tides, but it is also swimming against them. The question is whether it will be able to turn back these tides, which ultimately threaten our democracy itself.


The Monte Carlo method is used to calculate the transport of the charged products of fusion reactions (..cap alpha.. particles and protons) in solid (spherical and nonspherical) and jacketed fusion targets. The calculations are carried out over a broad range of parameters for fully ionized Maxwellian and degenerate plasmas: rhoapprox. =0.1--1000 g/cm/sup 3/ and T/sub e/,iapprox. =0.1--10 keV. The passage of the charged particles through the plasma is studied by the method of condensed case histories; the energy loss and the angular scattering are taken into account independently. The results may be used to find the energy distribution of the fusion particles absorbed in the plasma and for target diagnostics.


One explanation for the formation of fluvial surface features on early Mars is that the global average surface temperature was maintained at or above the freezing point of water by the greenhouse warming of a dense CO2 atmosphere; however, Kasting has shown that CO2 alone is insufficient because the formation of CO2 clouds reduces the magnitude of the greenhouse effect. It is possible that other gases, such as NH3 and CH4, were present in the early atmosphere of Mars and contributed to the greenhouse effect. Kasting et al. investigated the effect of NH3 in a CO2 atmosphere and calculated that an NH3 mixing ratio of approximately 5 x 10 (exp -4) by volume, combined with a CO2 partial pressure of 4-5 bar, could generate a global average surface temperature of 273 K near 3.8 b.y. ago when the fluvial features are believed to have formed. Atmospheric NH3 is photochemically converted to N2 by ultraviolet radiation at wavelengths shortward of 230 nm; maintenance of sufficient NH3 concentrations would therefore require a source of NH3 to balance the photolytic destruction. We have used a one-dimensional photochemical model to estimate the magnitude of the NH3 source required to maintain a given NH3 concentration in a dense CO2 atmosphere. We calculate that an NH3 mixing ratio of 10(exp -4) requires a flux of NH3 on the order of 10(exp 12) molecules /cm-s. This figure is several orders of magnitude greater than estimates of the NH3 flux on early Mars; thus it appears that NH3 with CO2 is not enough to keep early Mars warm.


Objective: Infertility is an unpleasant emotional experience and is one of the factors that affect the quality of life. Psychological problems caused by infertility can affect fertility success. This study conducted to investigate quality of life and related factors in infertile women. Methods: This cross-sectional study carried out on 80 infertile women referred to the infertility treatment center of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Sari, Iran. Data gathered by World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL)-BREF questionnaire and analyzed using Pearson's and Spearman's correlation coefficient and Kruskal-Wallis test in SPSS version 24 (P < 0.05). Results: Mean age of women was 33 ± 5.70 years. Quality of life of them was good (32.5%), moderate (61.2%), and poor (6.2%). there was a reverse relationship between the duration of trying to conceive and quality of life, meaning that increase of this duration was associated with decreased quality of life (P = 0.05). The increase in duration of cohabitation resulted in a lower number of individuals with a good life quality level and a higher number of subjects with a moderate level of quality of life. In all levels the desire to have a child resulted in moderate life quality in most of the participants. Findings also indicated a significant relationship between quality of life and monthly income, people with lower economic status had lower quality of life (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Because two-thirds of people had a moderate quality of life, awareness of healthcare providers about this issue and their needs will lead to better service provision to this group.


All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSBs) represent a new generation of energy storage tools containing only solid components. They are of great interest to researchers and manufacturers thanks to their high energy density, which makes them promising candidates for electric transport applications. Among different types of solid-state electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), sulfide-based electrolytes (SSEs) have several advantages, such as high ionic conductivity and malleability [1, 2]. However, one of their main drawbacks is a high sensitivity towards air humidity [3]. Fast reaction of the SSEs with water results in the degradation of their structure and release of toxic gas (H2S) when exposed to even low concentrations of humidity. This factor leads to significant process cost and safety issues associated with mass production of ASSBs with sulfide-based SEs.
 The purpose of the present work is to study in details reactivity of SSEs towards humidity by following two main directions:

 The development of a flow-through setup that allows a better identification and highly precise quantification of gases (H2S or others) generated during reaction between water (humidity) and commercial SSEs: this flow-through setup intends to solve problems usually encountered when using closed-type setups, which are the most used setups in the literature[3, 4]. These problems include over-concentration of detected gases and low reproducibility of measurements;

 Physico-chemical and electrochemical characterizations of pristine and humidity exposed-SSEs in order to reveal the main factors affecting sensitivity towards humidity and to understand the degradation mechanisms.

 First, the efficiency of the flow-through gas analysis setup developed had been validated: H2S detection curves obtained for commercial SSE powders (Li6PS5Cl, Li6PS5Br, Li7P3S11, Li3PS4, Li10GeP2S12) in contact with humid Argon (30 to 200 ppm H2O in Ar) are highly reproducible (see example in Fig. 1 and Table 1). Measurements conducted at different humidity levels allowed accessing kinetics of water-induced degradation reactions involved. SSE powders characterizations using XRD, Raman, XPS, SEM, EIS, granulometry before and after exposure to humidity provided an insight into degradation-related phenomena taking place: morphology deterioration, loss of structure and conductive structural groups, drastic increase of ionic resistance. A relationship between the structure of SSE and its reactivity towards water was found and described.

 Refs
 [1] Energy Storage Mater. 2018, 14, 58–74 ; [2] Nano Energy 2021, 83, 105858 ; [3] Solid State Ion. 2011, 182 (1), 116–119 ; [4] Chem. Mater. 2020, 32 (6), 2664–2672.

 Figure 1


Purpose To determine the specificity of sagittal compensatory mechanisms in patients with post-traumatic deformities of the thoracic and lumbar spine, and also to study their correlation with pain and the life quality of patients. Materials and methods Using X-ray analysis of growth profile spondylograms of 103 patients we studied the effect of segmental post-traumatic deformity (SD) and anatomic shape of the spine (Roussouly type) on regional (TK, LL), pelvic (SS, PT) and global (SVA) parameters of sagittal balance. In addition, the analysis of dependence of pain (VAS) and the life quality of patients (ODI, SF-36) on the above parameters was done. Results SD of the thoracic spine (Th1–Th10) increased TK, which led to hyperextension of LL and a decrease in SS. These compensatory mechanisms were reflected in significant correlations SD-TK, TK-LL, TK-SS, and LL‑SS. In the thoracolumbar spine (Th11–L2) SD at the level of Th11 and Th12 increased TK (SD-TK r = 0.553), and at the level of L1 and L2 they caused reactive hypokyphosis (SD-TK r = –0.687). A compensatory increase in LL was typical for injuries of Th11–Th12 (TK-LL r = 0.831) and L1 (TK-LL r = –0.629). Deformities at the L2 level led to hypolordosis (SD-LL r = –0.710), the magnitude of which, in turn, significantly influenced the TK, SS, and PT (LL-TK r = 0.690; LL-SS r = 0.832; SS-PT r = 0.597). The effectiveness of sagittal alignment in thoracic and thoracolumbar SD was confirmed by normal SVA values, as well as their lack of correlation with TK, LL and SS. In the lumbar spine (L3–L5), SD in 75 % of cases led to a critical decrease in LL and sagittal imbalance, which was reflected in significant correlations SD-LL, SD-PT, and SD-SVA. Compensatory correction of regional (TK, LL) and pelvic sagittal parameters (SS, PT) depended on the anatomical features of the spine (PI, Roussouly type) at all levels of the spinal column. However, a significant effect of PI on global sagittal alignment was noted only in lumbar SD (SVA-PI r = –0.617). Correlation of sagittal modifiers with pain intensity and quality of life was also typical only for patients with SD of the lumbar spine (PT-VAS r = 0.777; PT-ODI r = 0.752; PT-SF36 (PH) r = 0.651; SVA-VAS r = 0.775; SVA-ODI r = 0.762; SVA-SF36 (PH) r = 0.703). Conclusion Sagittal balance in fixed thoracic and thoracolumbar kyphosis is satisfactorily supported by changes in the curvature of adjacent parts of the spine, in contrast to lumbar deformities, in which in 75 % of cases, decompensation of the spine profile alignment occurs.


The present invention provides a plant disease controlling composition having an excellent control effect on plant diseases. Comprising fludioxonil and amide compound represented by the formula (I) a plant disease controlling composition having an excellent control effect against plant disease, wherein each symbol is as defined in the specification.


The objective of this study is to explore the visions, problems and solutions of non-state actors regarding the reform of UNEP and Global Environmental Governance (GEG). An empirical approach is in ...


The first measurements of time-resolved circular dichroism in the far-UV spectral region (far-UV-TRCD) with time resolution on the order of 10 -7 s are presented. The capability of making such measurements is demonstrated with ground- and excited-state CD spectra of (Δ)-Ru(bpy) 3 2+ between 190 and 290 nm as well as with CD spectra of a short peptide measured at different pHs. The properties of the far-UV-TRCD technique are discussed in detail, and comparisons between the static CD spectra obtained by this technique and those obtained by a conventional CD spectrometer are presented. Possible improvements to the current technique and application of the technique to resolve biophysical problems such as the kinetics of peptide helix-coil transition are also discussed


A primary challenge for science educators is to develop ways to help students understand new ideas that cannot be directly observed. The application of computer simulations is one method instructors may use to address the problem of teaching for conceptual understanding. The use of computer simulations for science teaching is increasing steadily because simulations provide students with the opportunity to witness or "perform" experiments that might otherwise be too expensive, too time consuming, or too dangerous for them to do in the lab. Simulation, in general, is a very effective way for both a student and a professional to visualize concepts and ideas and to check the accuracy of results generated theoretically. Typically, computer simulations represent real world events on the computer and allow students to observe new phenomena by performing various manipulations that affect the on-screen events. Here, at the University of Rhode Island, introductory computer science courses include computer organization and architecture with concepts that can often be difficult to grasp. This dilemma lays the foundation for the need for educational software "simulation" which better enables students to understand the concepts and ideas presented in class. In this project, we set to design and develop LogicCity, a prototype model of an on-line interactive digital logic design simulator that will be used as a


We are concerned with the numerical solution of a class integro-differential equations, known as Neural Field Equations, which describe the large-scale dynamics of spatially structured networks of neurons. These equations have many applications in Neuroscience and Robotics. We describe a numerical method for the approximation of solutions in the two-dimensional case, including a space-dependent delay in the integrand function. Compared with known algorithms for this type of equation we propose a scheme with higher accuracy in the time discretisation. Since computational efficiency is a key issue in this type of calculations, we use a new method for reducing the complexity of the algorithm. The convergence issues are discussed in detail and a number of numerical examples is presented, which illustrate the performance of the method.


Today, directional drilling is considered a mix between art and science only performed by experts in the field. In this paper, we present an autonomous directional drilling framework using an industry 4.0 platform that is built on intelligent planning and execution capabilities and is supported by surface and downhole automation technologies to achieve consistently performing directional drilling operations accessible for easy remote operations.
 Intelligent planning builds on standard planning activities that are needed for directional drilling applications and advances them with rich data pipelines that feed predictive and prescriptive machine-learning (ML) models; this enables more accurate BHA tendencies, operating parameters, and trajectory plans that ultimately reduce executional risk and uncertainty.
 Intelligent execution provides technologies that facilitate decision-making activities, whether they be from the wellsite or town, by leveraging the digital-drilling program that is generated from the intelligent planning activities. The program connects planning expectations, real-time execution data from the surface and downhole equipment, and generates insights from data analytics, physics-based simulations, and offset analysis to achieve consistent directional drilling performance that is transparent to all stakeholders.
 This new framework enables a self-steering BHA for directional drilling operations. The workflow involves an automated evaluation of the current bit position with respect to the initial plan, automated evaluation of the maximum dogleg capability of the BHA, and the capability to examine the health of the BHA tools and, if needed, an automated re-planning of an optimized working plan. This is accomplished on a system level with interdependencies on the different elements that make up the complete workflow.
 This new autonomous directional drilling framework will minimize operational risk and cost-per-foot drilled; maximize performance, procedural adherence, and establish consistent results across fields, rigs, and trajectories while enabling modern remote operations.


An important goal in nutritional ecology is to understand what governs the diet selection of free-living animals. Relevant information is however scarce because of the considerable challenges of collecting and interpreting such data. Here we use recent advances in nutritional theory to analyze data on food selection and nutrient intake by wild spider monkeys (Ateles chamek). We show that hypotheses traditionally used to explain vertebrate diet selection, such as energy or protein maximization, or avoidance of plant secondary metabolites, cannot explain the observed pattern of nutrient intake. Instead, spider monkeys maintained a stable daily protein intake but allowed total energy intake to vary as a function of the composition of available food items. A similar "protein-leverage effect" has been reported in humans for whom it appears to play a role in the development of obesity. Copyright 2009, Oxford University Press.


The article deals with the questions concerning the applied (for educational goals) cultural-geographical zoning of Russia. Basing on the experience of predecessors, the author proposes a system of zoning criteria (history of development, ethnic and cultural criterions etc.). At the first level of the hierarchy 12 cultural regions are marked out. When naming a number of regions (Russian North, Russian South, Russian West) nominative traditions of the humanities are in use. The author has developed a model for describing a cultural region.


Abstract The composition of depot fat in Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) was dominated by C16 and C18 fatty acids (palmitate, 16:0; palmitoleate, 16:1; stearate, 18:0; oleate, 18:1), which together comprised 80 to 90% of all fatty acids analyzed. Significant seasonal variation occurred in the relative proportion of specific fatty acids and the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in relation to the migratory cycle of the sandpipers. In adults of both sexes, the proportion of 16:0 and 18:0 fatty acids decreased from winter (December) to premigration (March) to spring migration (May), whereas the proportion of 16:1 and 18:1 fatty acids increased over these same periods. Consequently, total unsaturated fatty acids increased by 34% between the winter and premigratory phase, and by a further 22% between premigration and spring migration. Therefore, biochemical modification of adipose tissue in Western Sandpipers begins during the premigratory period in preparation for long-distance flight but continues as migration progresses, perhaps reflecting a training component of physiological modulation for migration. Juveniles showed similar changes to adults in the composition of their depot fat during the "premigratory" period, even though most juveniles do not undergo hyperphagia or rapid fattening at this wintering site. Potential prey species collected from a wintering site in Panama had a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids, less 16:1 and 18:1, and more 18:0 fatty acid compared with those from a migratory stopover site in British Columbia, paralleling the seasonal changes in depot fatty-acid composition observed in Western Sandpipers. However, the fact that Western Sandpipers show an increase in level of unsaturation and in the amounts of 16:1 and 18:1 fatty acids in their fat stores on the wintering ground prior to migration suggests that seasonal variation in fatty-acid composition is not entirely diet dependent.


This interdisciplinary activity combines chemistry and art through the construction and use of a pinhole camera. We focused on the chemistry of the black and white photographic process as the science component of this activity. The reactions involved are good examples o photochemistry and multiphase chemical reactions, since the light sensitive materials (silver halides) are in the form of a gelatin emulsion of microscopic crystals.


Previous studies of support for democracy have emphasized the views of the populace. By contrast, this article analyzes the profile of Latin American legislative elites who do not support democracy unconditionally: the ambivalent democrats. Although several studies have analyzed the role of elites in democratic processes, the nature and importance of ambivalent democrats remains poorly understood. Thus, this analysis, without ignoring context or differences between countries, examines the characteristic values and attitudes of those deputies who, under certain circumstances, would support authoritarian governments. Results show that, contrary to literature's statements, ambivalent democrats are not strongly radical, distrustful, or intolerant. DOI:  http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-090x2018000100051


It is shown that if $\,u(x,t)\,$ is a solution of the initial value problem for the Camassa-Holm equation which vanishes in an open set $\,\Omega\subset \mathbb R\times [0,T]$, then $\,u(x,t)=0,\,(x,t)\in\mathbb R\times [0,T]$. This result also applies to solutions of the initial periodic boundary value problems associated to the Camassa-Holm equation. The argument of proof can be placed in a general setting to extend the above results to a class of non-linear non-local 1-dimensional models which includes the Degasperis-Procesi equation.


The phenomenon appeared somewhat counter-intuitive, since those who felt most subjectively deprived were not those suffering the greatest objective hardship. Merton and Kitt C1950) have criticized the conceptual unclarity of the original formulation. It remained for Davis (1959) to go beyond both in what he modestly terms a formalization of the theory. His contribution consists of a logical formalization, in which the assumptions of the theory are made explicit, and a mathematical formalization in which propositions are derived and concluded in Bayesian language.