This quasi experimental design aims to know the effectiveness of probing-prompting model considered by student's mathematical conceptual understanding .  The design of this research uses posttest only control group design .  The population of this research are all tenth grade students of Senior High School State 5 Bandar Lampung in Academic Years 2012/2013.  The sample of this research are X7 and X5 that is determined by purposive sampling technique . The data research is quantitative data of student's mathematical conceptual understanding that is aqcuired by student's mathematical conceptual understanding test.  Based on research results, it is gotten conclusion that probing-prompting model is effective considered by student's mathematical conceptual understanding (in trigonometry concepts), a case study in tenth grade students of Senior High School State 5 Bandar Lampung in Academic Years 2012/2013 Keywords:  Effectiveness, Probing-Prompting, Conceptual Understanding


In the twenty years recently,the urban studies made great contribution to the construction and development of cities.The author explains about his thoughts on the research contents,research methods and important problems of today in the field of urban studies.


1. Introduction 2. The Prohibition of State Terrorism and Questions of Attribution 3. Obligations to Prevent and Punish Acts of International Terrorism 4. The ICJ's Jurisdiction Over Disputes Relating to State Responsibility for International Terrorism 5. Measures Adopted in Response to International Terrorism 6. The Relationship Between Individual Criminal Responsibility and State Responsibility in the Terrorism Context 7. Conclusions


PURPOSE: An underwater motor pump equipment and a cable protecting device thereof are provided to minimize the stress applied to a cable by the flow of fluid. CONSTITUTION: An underwater motor pump equipment includes a circular column pipe(10), a underwater motor pump(20), a cable(30), and a cable protection member. The column pipe includes an inlet, an outlet, and the first cable withdrawing hole. The underwater motor pump is installed at a lower end of a column pipe and comprises a pump cover in which the second cable withdrawing hole is formed. The cable is connected to the underwater motor pump through cable withdrawing holes.


A two-dimensional set of planar optical devices of the SOI structure, the sub-may be formed in the coupling portion of the micron thick sub-micron SOI layer and a lower polysilicon layer or in the surface layer. Conventional masking / etching techniques may be used to form various passive optical device and the SOI platform. Different regions of the device may be doped to form the active device structure. Additionally, the polysilicon layer may be separately patterned in order to provide an area of the effective mode index change of the optical signal propagating. Light wave, the optical device, substrate


The present invention relates to a method of preparing an extract of mugwort pharmaceutical and an electrical moxibustion apparatus type skin electrodes, and more particularly to a method and an apparatus for preparing a dye-based extract of Artemisia and based lotion mugwort extract in a simple manner and apply the treatment with moxibustion in a convenient manner.


We performed benchmark calculation for radioactivity activated in a Primary Containment Vessel (PCV) of a Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) by using MAXS library, which was developed by collapsing with neutron energy spectra in the PCV of the BWR. Radioactivities due to neutron irradiation were measured by using activation foil detector of Gold (Au) and Nickel (Ni) at thirty locations in the PCV. We performed activation calculations of the foils with SCALE5.1/ORIGEN-S code with irradiation conditions of each foil location as the benchmark calculation. We compared calculations and measurements to estimate an effectiveness of MAXS library.


In vitro culture performance of fin,lip and kidney cells was compared in fat greenling Hexagrammos otakii by explant method with three media(L-15,DMEM and DMEM/F12) and three growth factors(bFGF,chondroitin sulfate and IGF-Ⅰ).Depending on the migrating rate,anchorage-dependent rate and morphology,the optimal culture system for fat greenling fin,lip and kidney cells was found to be DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 20% FBS,at pH 7.2 and 25 ℃,while the maximal attachment rate and cell emigration were observed in the cell culture media supplemented with 5.0 ng/mL bFGF,20 μg/mL chondroitin sulfate or 40 ng/mL IGF-Ⅰ.The cells in primary culture were all in fibroblastic morphology and proliferated to confluence for the fin in 21 d,lip in 15 d and kidney in 18 days,with 2n=48 chromosomes.The findings provide a useful foundation with the establishment of in vitro cell-line and the functional investigation of fin,lip and kidney cells in fat greenling.


The conventional finite element modeling of the tower in the ANSYS GUI, in particular, the modeling of the whole tower crane which is large and complex, always gives rise to low efficiency and less authenticity. A new method of modeling of whole tower crane is presented here. This paper applies the APDL which stands for ANSYS Parametric Design Language to separately build crane's components :the mast, the tower head, the counter-jib ,the jib and the simplified slewing platform. And then accomplishes the parametric finite element model of the whole tower by using the assembly and connection technology provided by ANSYS to assemble and connect them. Further, based on these methods and Visual Basic Programming Software, the parametric design software on tower crane has been developed. At the end of the paper, the paper takes the H25/23 tower crane as an analysis example to demonstrate that such a method is not only technically feasible, but also cost-effective. The details of the parameterized modeling and related technologies are given in the paper.


The study explores student teachers' written reflections on their first literacy teaching experience in order to trace aspects of the discourses of literacy they draw on while constructing their emerging professional identities in the context of their initial education. Tensions are recorded as student teachers position themselves with the long-entrenched traditional discourse of decontextualized grammar teaching, while at the same time they try to reconcile it to progressive pedagogical practices. Findings of the study point to the challenges of transforming pedagogical beliefs into literacy practices. They further call for a reconceptualization of language education in Teacher Education curricula.


Language games help to make a foreign language learning funny and creative. They are used for the formation of pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar skills, for training and use of linguistic phenomena at different stages of mastering the foreign language.


Recently, many resolution enhancing techniques are demonstrated, but most of them are severely limited for deep tissue applications. For example, wide-field based localization techniques lack the ability of optical sectioning, and structured light based techniques are susceptible to beam distortion due to scattering/aberration. Saturated excitation (SAX) microscopy, which relies on temporal modulation that is less affected when penetrating into tissues, should be the best candidate for deep-tissue resolution enhancement. Nevertheless, although fluorescence saturation has been successfully adopted in SAX, it is limited by photobleaching, and its practical resolution enhancement is less than two-fold. Recently, we demonstrated plasmonic SAX which provides bleaching-free imaging with three-fold resolution enhancement. Here we show that the three-fold resolution enhancement is sustained throughout the whole working distance of an objective, i.e., 200 μm, which is the deepest super-resolution record to our kno...


October 2019 will see the inauguration of an IEEE Historic Milestone recognizing the invention and demonstration of a radar by Christian H€ulsmeyer, in Germany in 1904. The IEEE History Committee voted to recommend a milestone proposal that was approved by the IEEE Board of Directors during its June 2019 meeting. The ceremonial inauguration of the plaque will take place on The IEEE Historic Milestone program marks significant developments in the history of electrical, electronic, and computer engineering.


While events that bring organizations together, such as conferences, negotiations, and regulatory hearings, have been recognized to play a role in organizing fields, less attention has been paid to...


Extending macromolecular chemistry beyond carbon-based polymers offers fascinating perspectives and an enormous potential to improve the capacity of macromolecular materials with new dynamic properties.


Research has been conducted to improve performance in a wireless communication environment. One of the technologies is Low latency for improving the user's QOE (quality-of-experience). Frequent state transition of the user terminal generates an unnecessary procedure. As a result, the latency is increased and the quality of service is poor. In this paper, minimizes a connection procedure when terminal reconnected to the network for minimized latency. As a result, the terminal reduces the time to access the network. If using the method proposed in this paper, reduce the latency and can be improved quality of service.


We consider the cosmological application of Lee-Wick theory where a field has a higher derivative kinetic operators. The higher derivative term can be eliminated by introducing a set of auxiliary fields. We investigate the cosmological evolutions of these fields as a candidate of dark energy. This model has the same structure as so called ``quintom' model except the form of potentials and the sign of the slope of the potentials. This model can give the stable late time phantom dominated scaling solution ($\omega_{\DE} < -1$) or tracking attractors ($\omega_{\DE} = 0$) depending on the choice of the slopes of the potential. In order to be a viable dark energy candidate, the present energy density contrast of dark energy ($\Omega_{\DE}^{(0)}$) should be close to an observed value (0.73) at the same time. However, a simple toy model of the theory can not satisfy both $\omega_{\DE}^{(0)} \simeq -1$ and $\Omega_{\DE}^{(0)} = 0.73$. If we include the self interaction term of Lee Wick field, then we are able to produce the observed values of those quantities. However, in this case we are not be able to have the stable solutions and we need to suffer from the fine tuning of its mass.


We analytically compute a mea- sure of performance of various linear Paral- lel Interference Cancellation (PIC) decod- ing schemes in the infinite stage limit, for moderately loaded CDMA systems with- out AWGN, or with a suciently small amount of AWGN. This measure is the ex- ponential rate of the BEP, which does not involve Gaussian approximations. We ob- tain these rates using large deviation the- ory for the eigenvalues of the code corre- lation matrix. We find that the decorre- lator performs best, followed by infinite- stage SD-PIC, which is found to perform better than infinite stage HD-PIC.


Full-service airlines play a key role in creating a prosperous and successful tourism industry. They are now faced with fierce competition in domestic and international markets. However, there is a lack of knowledge concerning the competitiveness of full-service airlines. Hence, this research was aimed to identify the key competitiveness indicators and drivers of full-service airlines to help them to evaluate and improve their competitiveness, respectively. Using the Delphi technique at the first phase of the research, the study revealed that full-service airlines need to pay attention to the 12 key competitiveness indicators, including price, quality,profitability, productivity, cost, market share, timeliness, safety, connectivity, flight frequency, customer loyalty, and revenue growth to evaluate their competitiveness status against their rivals. Additionally, the research findings suggested that fullservice airlines need to implement and manage the 15 key competitiveness drivers to reinforce these key competitiveness indicators and as a result improve their overall competitiveness. They include bargaining power of customers, bargaining power of suppliers, rivalry among existing competitors, physical resources, financial resources, human resources, technological resources, reputational resources, flight operations capabilities, engineering and maintenance capabilities, marketing and services capabilities, finance and property capabilities, personnel capabilities,government policies, and strategic alliances. Further, the results of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique at the second phase of the research revealed that profitability is the most important key competitiveness indicator, closely followed by productivity. In contrast, flight frequency is the least important key competitiveness indicator that was ranked twelfth. Furthermore, it was found that the bargaining power of customers is the most powerful key competitiveness driver, closely followed by financial resources. On the contrary, government policies ranked fifteenth has the lowest effect on the competitiveness of full-service airlines. Thetudy also indicated the relative importance weight and ranking of the key competitiveness drivers with respect to their influence on each indicator. Furthermore, it determined the implementation priority of the key competitiveness drivers in terms of several groups using the Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) technique. The findings of this research provide important implications for the evaluation and improvement of the competitiveness of full-service airlines.


B. Everard Blanchard is Assistant Principal of the Lisle Community High School in Lisle, Illinois. THE literature in education abounds with examples of scheduling pupil time in the secondary school. Administratively speaking, scheduling is a tedious and time-consuming process and, after it is all completed in readiness for the school year, there is still no definite guarantee that John Doe who has been assigned to the tenth-grade level subject matter will be able to work at a level commensurate with tenth-grade learning situations.


Malnutrition in children is widely prevalent in India. It is estimated that 57 million children are underweight (moderate and severe). More than 50% of deaths in 0-4 years are associated with malnutrition. The median case fatality rate is approximately 23.5% in severe malnutrition reaching 50% in edematous malnutrition. There is a need for standardized protocol-based management to improve the outcome of severely malnourished children. In 2006 Indian Academy of Pediatrics undertook the task of developing guidelines for the management of severely malnourished children based on adaptation from the WHO guidelines. We summarize below the revised consensus recommendations (and wherever relevant the rationale) of the group. (excerpt)


The invention discloses a method allowing a service platform to obtain user mobile phone number, which comprises the following steps: A, initiating a request of obtaining the user mobile phone number to a strategy and billing rule function device by the service platform, wherein the request includes a second user network address obtained by the service platform from the network side; and B, comparing the second network address with a saved first user network address corresponding to the user mobile phone number by the strategy and billing rule function device, wherein when the matched first network address is obtained, the user mobile phone number corresponding to the first network address is extracted and responds to the service platform. According to the invention, all communication protocols between all the user mobile phones and the service platform are compatible, and the defects of complex network element, high cost and high time delay can be avoided. Besides, the invention also discloses a system allowing the service platform to obtain the user mobile phone number, a corresponding strategy control and billing rule function device and the service platform.


Soil-cement blocks to reduce hidraulic erosion. Anthropic erosion has been intensifying since the human being stopped being nomadic, in the beginning of agriculture. Several procedures have been tested and used to minimize the effects of erosion. In recent decades, soil-cement artifacts, easily produced at low cost, have been used to control erosion. The aim of this work was to design, produce and test the resistance of soilcement blocks with a half-moon shape for application in the control of water erosion. For the construction of these blocks was designed and made a steel sheet form. Four traces of cement were made (8%, 12%, 16% and 20%), which after homogenization and compaction with soil and water, resulted in blocks of 8 to 9 kg and dimensions of approximately 3.25 cm thick, 30 cm long and 26 cm high. After the curing time of 7 and 28 days, the blocks were subjected to tests of water absorption and resistance to compression. All the blocks presented satisfactory behavior in relation to the resistance to the thrust of the soil. The blocks produced with 12% cement were those produced at a lower cost that resisted the minimum compression specified in the technical standards (~ 2 Mpa) and had water absorption of less than 13%. Soil-cement blocks in the shape of a half-moon can be used to control water erosion.


In this study,artificial induction of testicular development and maturation in male marble eels was carried out by muscular injection of HCG(6 weekly injection of HCG at a dose of 500 U/kg per body weight) and the rate of sexual maturation reached 80.0%.The long diameter and the short diameter of the spermic head was(3.81±0.69) μm,and(1.24±0.15) μm,respectively.The length of the spermic tail was(24.83±3.05) μm.The pH value of sperm was 7.3-7.5.The density of spermatozoa from marble eels was 1.02×1010 ind/mL.The range of suitable salinity was 15-20,when the salinity of water was 15,the spermatozoa had the best motility,and the spermatozoa had the longest life.The suitable pH of spermatozoa was 6.0-8.0,high or low pH value could restrain the mobility and shortened the longevity.The trends that affected the spermatozoa mobility and life span were almost consistent by four kinds of metallic ions(Mg2+,Ca2+,Na+,and K+).When the concentration of solution was too low or too high,the spermatozoa mobility was restrained,and the spermatozoa quick movement time and life span were shortened.When the concentration of MgCl2,CaCl2,KCl,and NaCl solutions were 0.4-0.6 g/mL,the spermatozoa mobility was the best,and the highest initiated rate of the spermatozoa reached 41.0%-60.0%.


Objective To explore the clinical diagnosis, micronenrosurgical approach and skills of cervical spinal cord tumors. Methods Clinical data of 32 cases with cervical spinal cord tumors who had received microneurosurgery from June 2003 to June 2005 were analyzed retrospectively. All the cases were confirmed through MRI examination and then underwent micronenrosurgical resection. Postoperative MRI examination was conducted on all patients. Results Under microscope, 29 cervical spinal cord lesions were totally removed, 3 lesions were subtotally removed which consisted of 2 cases of astrocytomas and 1 case of lipoma. No clinical deterioration or surgical mortality occurred in this series. Conclusions MRI is the most valuable for the diagnosis of the cervical spinal cord tumors and it can determine the possible type, location and adjacent relationship of the tumors, which is helpful for choosing the appropriate operative approaches. Microneurosurgery is the effective treatment for cervical spinal cord tumors. Skilled microneurosurgical techniques are the keys of success in the treatment.

Key words:
Cervical spinal cord tumor;  Microsurgery;  MRI


This presentation deals with processing of an algorithm for downlink level computation of GPS satellite system. Multipath interference is an important factor, which has a definitive effect on total level of signal C/N0 (carrier power to noise density). Presentation describes the relationship among main parameters distance from satellite to user, elevation angle and total level of signal C/N. Other parameters such as EIRP (equivalent isotropic radiated power), LD (losses of propagation in space), G/T figure of merit for receiver (antenna gain to system noise temperature) and the total level of signal caused by multipath interference signals of satellites operating at the same frequency is calculated too.


This paper presents the 14 C date - the first one of the Bell Beaker Culture (BBC) in Poland - obtained recently for the grave from Sandomierz-Wzgorze Zawichojskie, excavated in 1985 and first published in 1988 (Kowalewska-Marszalek, Cyngot 1988; Wojdanowicz, Pyzuk 1988). The context of the BBC from Little Poland has been discussed here as well as the situation of the Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age in this region. The grave from Sandomierz contained a skeleton burial of a young woman (adultus/ maturus) accompanied by two vessels - small cups with handles, one small copper awl and 11 buttons with V-shaped perforation made of bone (fig. 1). The details of burial rites and grave goods are typical for the BBC in South Poland and in Central Europe as well, with analogies in graves from Zlota, Beradz, Świniary Stare, Świecice and Samborzec. Some anthropological features are also typical for the BBC population in Poland. The radiocarbon analysis based on fragments of human bones has been made in the Laboratory of Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in Kiev. The date 3790 +/- 40 BP is its result. Calibration calculated with the Calib 3.0.3. Program (Stuiver, Reimer 1993. p. 215-230) gives three one-sigma sections: 2279-2216, 2209-2172, 2169-2141 BC. Calibration after B.Weninger's program Radiocarbon Calibration Dendro- and Archaeological Wiggle Matching (1993) has given the age of 2203 +/- 72 BC (fig. 2). The date from Sandomierz confirms - in general - the earlier statement pointing at the relatively late chronological position of this grave regarding the chronological framework of the BBC in Central Europe. On the other side, some typological features of vessels allow us to see that grave unit as rather early (but not the earliest one) when compared with another BBC assemblages from South Poland. So, we can assume that the beginning of the BBC in the Little Poland fell about 2300/2200 BC. The date from Sandomierz can be synchronized with the Veluwe-group of


Background Currently reservoir «Dragon» is being developed with an average water cut of production wells which is constantly increasing. Most of the wells use artificial lift but the flow rates are gradually falling. Additional extraction of residual oil is impossible without use of special techniques and technologies to stimulate productive formations and involve all types of residual oils in the field to enhance oil recovery (EOR). Increased oil production can be realized using the appropriate EOR methods, one of which is the method of injection of surface-active agents (surfactants), which has been specifically studied for the purpose of application in the Dragon field. Limited use of modern EOR methods leads to the fact that the oil recovery factor is reduced 3 ... 4 % in a decade. Thus today is necessary to vigorously implement new advanced technology to involve the development of all types of residual oil field, entered the final stage of operation, and effective development of deposits of heavy viscous oils. Aims and Objectives To develop a technology for physical and chemical treatment of the «Dragon» field using the compositions of surfactants on in order to increase oil recovery. Results A technology of physico-chemical treatment by the composition of water-based surfactants is developed. The composition is formed by mixing the sodium salt of alpha-olefin sulfonates with the sodium salt of alkyl sulfates, ethoxy alkyl phenols and sulfonated polyacrylamide grade AN-125, designated to increase the oil recovery factor from the waterflooded inefficient layers when waterflooding efficiency becomes low due to high interfacial tension between the water and oil phases, especially in the case of high viscous oil.


The invention discloses a method employing a test bench to check a driving motor, and the method comprises the steps: installing a motor fixing tool and a torquemeter fixing tool on the test bench fixedly; guaranteeing the coaxiality of a tested motor with a partner test motor; the above devices are connected according to the test requirements; testing the torque characteristics of the tested motor; carrying out speed scanning testing under the condition that the torque of the tested motor is full; testing the temperature rise of the tested motor; and testing a cooling system. The method provided by the invention can test each performance of the driving motor quickly and accurately, and can obtain pulling and braking characteristic lines of a vehicle through testing each performance of the driving motor by calculation. Whether the motor reaches the standard of application or not is judged through the testing data, so the method can prolong the service life of the driving motor after the driving motor leaves a factory, improves the safety performance, and reduces the cost of maintenance.


The invention relates to a device that is designed to protect the occupants of a motor vehicle during an energy impact that acts laterally on a door region of said motor vehicle, a vehicle seat being situated on the opposite side of the motor vehicle door (2) from the energy impact, said side containing a side-impact member (1) that extends through the interior of the motor vehicle door (2). The invention is characterised in that the longitudinal extension of the side-impact member (1) comprises at least two sections (4) that are interconnected by a respective joint region (3), the joint region (3) has an adjustable flexural resistance and the flexural resistance of said joint region (3) can be adjusted in accordance with the energy impact acting on the motor vehicle door (2). ® KIPO & WIPO 2007


Irfan Oktyansyah. C0113028. 2017. "PRATELAN BEKSA WIRENG LAWUNG (Suatu Kajian Filologis)". Minor Thesis: Javanese Literature Program Faculty of Humanity Sebelas Maret University Surakarta. The problems examined in this research are; (1) how does the correct edited Pratelan Beksa Wireng Lawung text correspond to the way of philology? (2) how is the description of Wireng Lawung dance movement and its philosophical meaning on every movement? The purposes of this research are; (1) providing the correct edited Pratelan Beksa Wireng Lawung text corresponding to the way of philology, and (2) revealing the description of Wireng Lawung dance and its philosophical meaning on every movement of this dance. The type of this research is qualitative descriptive research in philology field. The method of this research is library research. The source of data in this research are manuscripts entitled Pratelan Beksa Wireng Lawung, the one of Reksa Pustaka Library collection in Mangkunegaran, Surakarta with catalog number SMP 222B/3 (Florida, Nancy K., 2000) and Pratelan Beksa Wireng Lawung, the one of Reksa Pustaka Library collection in Mangkunegaran, Surakarta with catalog number SMP 201/13 (Florida, Nancy K., 2000). The edited result of Pratelan Beksa Wireng Lawung text has reputedly no mistakes. The data in this research is Pratelan Beksa Wireng Lawung manuscript text and description of wireng lawung dance including the dance accompaniment and the description of the dance movement. The technique of data collecting in this research is done with content analysis by transliterating Pratelan Beksa Wireng Lawung text that has been through inventorying phase by means manuscript catalog, then continued with description and digitalization. Interview technique is used in purpose to get philosophical meaning of Wireng Lawung from the experts. The data analysis technique used in this research is textual criticism through text comparison phase for determining the edited basis of manuscript. Then, it is continued with the edited text of basis manuscript accompanied by critical apparatus and the translation. The base method is used in Pratelan Beksa Wireng Lawung editing method, because the manuscript is plural and aims to find the most correct manuscript. After that, it is continued by analyzing the content. The content analysis is used to reveal the description of Wireng Lawung and its philosophical meaning on its every movement. There are two results of this research. Those results are (1) Pratelan Beksa Wireng Lawung text is plural manuscript stored in Reksa Pustakan Library in Mankunegaran, Surakarta. By means of comparison, it is known that manuscripts entitled Pratelan Beksa Wireng Lawung with catalog number SMP 222B/3 is older than manuscript entitled Pratelan Beksa Wireng Lawung with catalog number SMP 201/13 (Florida, Nancy K., 2000). The five variants founded are 13 (thirdteen) lakunas, 17 substitutions (seventeen), 1 (one) saut de meme au meme, 3 (three) corrupts, dan 8 (eight) hypercorrects. (2) The content in the manuscript is description of Wireng Lawung dance including the dance accompaniment and dance movement description. In addition, there is the phisophical meaning of the Wireng Lawung dance movement that is portraying the life journey of the soldiers who should practice their skill and divine power and Wireng Lawung dance is used to cover up the soldier training in colonial era. Keywords : philology, Wireng Lawung, dance.


Using the WRF(Weather Research Forecast) model, this paper performs analyses and simulating experiments of rainband changes around the time when the 2005 typhoon Haitang(0505) landed on China. The results have the following indications: (1) Around the time of landfall such breaking may occur over both land and sea, thereby leading to more distinct asymmetric precipitation; the breaking relates not only to topography but to interactions between the typhoon and midlatitude systems at higher levels. (2) Around the time of the landfall the 200 hPa South-Asian high divergent flows combine with the divergent air outside the typhoon to form a weak inverted trough in the northwest part of the storm. (3) The mid-and low-level divergence fields on the west and northwest side of the typhoon center remain stable, thus intensifying the high-level cyclonic flows. (3) Part of the positive vorticity associated with the cyclonic flows rotates counterclockwise with the air currents and move in advection into a zone of positive vorticity in the vicinity of the typhoon core, thereby forming a vorticity transfer belt in 22~25 °N that extends to the eastern part of the storm. (4) The high-level vorticity band shows subsidence that prevents rainfall from development, resulting in the breaking of rainbands, which is the principal cause of asymmetric precipitation occurrence. The band-shaped vorticity of Haitang at high levels migrating into its outer region cause further amplification of cyclonic circulation in the western part and the transfer of positive vorticity into the typhoon such that more distinct rainband breaking is caused.


Abstract Like robotic surgery itself, the litigation that follows a robotic surgical misadventure is complex. This complexity is not only a reflection of a product's liability, but also because metadata are contained in surgical robots. Analogous to the 'black box' stored on airplanes, at the time of litigation, metadata may be a friend or a foe to the robot's manufacturer. This section provides an overview of the products liability law that can impact a robotic surgical manufacturer and concludes that for most surgical misadventures, a robotic surgical manufacturer will be better off if the surgical instrument stores large volumes of metadata.


The service failure caused by a provider comes to an end of the relationship between a customer and a provider. To prevent this disaster, a firm takes a step to prevent customer churn. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how switching barriers affect service recovery and to explore the moderating effect of customer loyalty. To verify hypotheses respectively, some data were collected and processed. The findings and implications can be analysed as follows. First, positive and negative switching barriers have a significant positive effect on service recovery evaluation. Second, no moderating effect was found between negative switching barrier and service recovery evaluation, while there is a significant and positive moderating effect of customer loyalty between positive switching barrier and service recovery evaluation. Thus, we concluded that the more customer loyalty a person has, the more positive switching barrier they respond to.


In − situ DC measurements of individual transistors in a differential pair of an analog threshold V transistors in is The distribution AC gain is . The degradation is for to the pair of transistors .


To be able to predict which persons are capable to perform under acute stress is important for the selection and training of professionals in the military, police, and fire-fighting domain. The present study examines how individual differences in coping (style, efficacy, and behavior) explain differences in performance and anxiety under acute stress. Cadets (n = 124) of the Netherlands Defence Academy were examined during a realistic stressful exercise. Person characteristics obtained from questionnaires well before the exercise were related to performance and behavior indices obtained during the exercise. Coping style predicted anxiety and performance, which was mediated by behavior during the exercise.


An 8-year-old girl with known Henoch–Schonlein purpura (HSP) and a raised urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (which was improving) complained of ongoing abdominal pain. The pain prompted hospital admission. It was intermittent, colicky, not associated with vomiting, and did not resolve with simple analgesia. An abdominal ultrasound scan showed no intussusception. The clinical team considered whether it was appropriate to prescribe a course of oral steroids to improve the patient's symptoms.

Do children with abdominal pain and HSP [population] treated with steroids [intervention] compared to children not treated with steroids [comparison] show a more rapid resolution of their symptoms [outcome]?

The search used a combination of ('Steroids' OR 'corticosteroids' OR 'prednisolone' OR 'hydrocortisone') AND ('abdominal pain') AND ('HSP') as suited each database. The Cochrane database yielded one hit, which was relevant; Medline yielded 308 hits, of which four were relevant; and Embase yielded 67 hits, of which three were relevant.

Previous retrospective studies specifically examining this question suggested that abdominal pain in HSP is self-limiting and …


ABSTRACT With increased international shipping, offshore oil exploration, and interest in remote regions and challenging environments, there is growing recognition within government and industry of...


Objective To study the expression of a novel inhibitor gene of apoptosis,Mcl-1 in cervical carcinomas and its relationship with the expression of Puma gene.Methods Using streptavidin-biotin perosdase(SP) method,examined the expression of Mcl-1 and Puma genes in 10 normal cervical tissues and 46 cervical carcinoma tissues.Results Mcl-1 was expressed in 40 of 46 cases cervical carcinomas.In contrast,the expression of Puma very litter.Overexpression of Mcl-1 was related to tumor grade and clinical stage.positive cases were strongly associated with Mcl-1 expression(P0.05).Conclusion Apoptosis inhibition by Mcl-1, alone or in cooperation with Puma may participate in the onset and progression of cervical carcinoma.


Malaria is one of the most important parasitic infection in the world. Four species of the genus Plasmodium cause nearly all malarial infections in humans, but the clinical features vary according to the causative species. Among them, Plasmodium falcifarum malaria is associated with numerous complications such as renal failure, cerebral malaria, and DIC, but Plasmodium vivax malaria usually has benign course. The proposed mechanism is blockage of microcirculation to vital organ by sequestration of parasitized erythrocytes. In Korea, for recent 20 years, there have been increasing numbers of malaria infection especially at North area of Geonggi-do. But serious complications in association with Plasmodium vivax malaria are rarely reported. Recently we experienced a case of Plasmodium vivax infection complicated by acute renal failure and report it with literature review.


(2015). Quantification of microscopic diffusion anisotropy disentangles effects of orientation dispersion from microstructure: Applications in healthy volunteers and in brain tumors. NeuroImage, 104, 241-252. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Keywords: Diffusion weighted imaging Microscopic anisotropy Microscopic fractional anisotropy Order parameter Magic angle spinning of the q-vector The anisotropy of water diffusion in brain tissue is affected by both disease and development. This change can be detected using diffusion MRI and is often quantified by the fractional anisotropy (FA) derived from diffusion ten-sor imaging (DTI). Although FA is sensitive to anisotropic cell structures, such as axons, it is also sensitive to their orientation dispersion. This is a major limitation to the use of FA as a biomarker for " tissue integrity " , especially in regions of complex microarchitecture. In this work, we seek to circumvent this limitation by disentangling the effects of microscopic diffusion anisotropy from the orientation dispersion. The microscopic fractional anisotropy (μFA) and the order parameter (OP) were calculated from the contrast between signal prepared with directional and isotropic diffusion encoding, where the latter was achieved by magic angle spinning of the q-vector (qMAS). These parameters were quantified in healthy volunteers and in two patients ; one patient with meningioma and one with glioblastoma. Finally, we used simulations to elucidate the relation between FA and μFA in various micro-architectures. Generally, μFA was high in the white matter and low in the gray matter. In the white matter, the largest differences between μFA and FA were found in crossing white matter and in interfaces between …


OVER THE LAST TWENTY YEARS, the West has been following the growth and development of Russian nationalism with increasing interest, but the subject has never been at the forefront of Russian and Soviet studies. The Cold War has been responsible for this in two ways. First, during the age of superpower rivalry, the most controversial topics were those with policy implications for the West. Thus the social history of Russia received inordinate attention: was the Soviet Union totalitarian and unreformable, or was it socially dynamic and reforming? The answer to these questions would determine whether the West should follow a policy of hostility or accommodation. Second, because the West viewed the world in the Manichean terms of "freedom" versus "Communism," the rise of nationalism in Russia was never seen as a threat to the West. Few scholars believed that it would ever replace Communism as a ruling ideology, and those who imagined the possibility considered it to be a progressive force. Thus the fall of Communism and the disintegration of the Soviet Union have served finally to bring the question of Russian nationalism to the fore. By the time Walter Laqueur published Black Hundred: The Rise of the Extreme Right in Russia, he was able to say that "one of the few certainties at this time is the reappearance of a nationalist movement firmly believing that Russia can only be saved by a strong,


We describe the optical and mechanical design of a simple hand-held near infrared spectrograph constructed to produce observations of the spectrum of scrambled light from the Earth from aboard the International Space Station. Observing the Earth in this manner simulates the changing perspective on an extra-solar terrestrial planet observed as a point source by the Terrestrial Planet Finder. A Sensors Unlimited, Inc. SU320-M InGaAs(0.86 - 1.72μm) camera detects the dispersed spectrum and outputs NTSC video to be recorded and also permits frame grabbing. One of the three copies of the instrument is currently aboard the International Space Station. The optical and mechanical design was conceived and executed by graduate and undergraduate students at the University of Virginia.


A large family of phosphite‐thioether/selenoether ligands has been easily prepared from accessible L‐(+)‐tartaric acid and D‐(+)‐mannitol and applied in the M‐catalyzed (M=Ir, Rh) asymmetric hydrogenation of a broad number of substrates (46 in total). Its highly modular architecture has been crucial to maximize the catalytic performance. Improving most of the reported approaches, this ligand family presents a broad substrate scope. By selecting the ligand parameters high enantioselectivities (ee's up to 99 %) have therefore been achieved in a broad range of both, functionalized and unfunctionalized substrates. Interestingly, both enantiomers of the hydrogenation products can be usually achieved by changing the ligand parameters.


Using high‐precision zircon U‐Pb ID‐TIMS geochronology, tuffs from the Chang 9 shale and the Chang 7 shale were dated. The tuff in the Chang 9 shale is 241.47 ± 0.17 Ma, which falls between the top tuff age of 241.06 ± 0.12 Ma and the bottom tuff age of 241.558 ± 0.093 Ma in the Chang 7 shale. These reveal that the Chang 9 and Chang 7 shales are contemporaneous, belonging to the Ladinian stage of the Middle Triassic. This insight expands the region of the main source rock of Chang 7 to the northeast and will inform the search for the deep Chang 9 shale petroleum system, increasing the scope for exploring the Chang 7 shale system in northern Shaanxi. The research results clarify the relationship between the two sets of shale in the Yanchang Formation and redefine the distribution range of the Chang 7 shale in the Ordos Basin. At the same time, it shows that there is a cross‐layer problem in the stratigraphic division of the Yanchang Formation in different regions, the high‐precision U‐Pb dating technology providing a reference for the fine stratigraphic correlation of other continental basins in the world.


Association Professionnelle Internationale des Medecins p. 165 Association Intelligence and Diary p. 173 The B.M.A. and Medical Education 167 Meetings of Branches and Divisions 173 National Health Insurance 168 Postgraduate News and Diary 174 Prizes and Scholarships awarded by the B.M.A. 169 Naval, Military and Air Force Appointments 174 Recent Legislation affecting Medical Practice 170 Vacancies and Appointments 175 The Insurance Medical Service Week by Week 172 Births, NMarriages and Deaths --176


The sediment is widely found in natural waters such as rivers, lakes and reservoirs, which is the habitat of many benthic organisms but also accumulates a large number of toxic and harmful pollutants. The contaminated sediment will be a potential internal pollution that releasing pollutants into the overlying water under certain hydrodynamic conditions. Dredging is the most commonly used method for seriously polluted areas, whereas a lot of lands are required for the stacking of dredged sediment, and the utilization of dredged sediment as a resource is also limited. In this paper, a contaminated sediment backfill technology (CSBT) was introduced, i.e. the dredged sediment is calcined into ceramsite after dewatering process and pollutant fixation, and then backfilled to the dredged area. The size and density of the produced ceramsite is pre-determined by the hydrodynamic condition to ensure the bed stability. The potential of CSBT for controlling internal pollution was evaluated by considering the bed stability, vertical distribution of dissolved oxygen and sediment flux. The hightemperature calcining during the ceramsite production would cause decomposition of organic matter, fixation or volatilization of heavy metals, thus greatly reducing the amount and mobility of pollutants in the dredged sediment. Compared to the fine sediment before dredging, the critical shear stress for incipient motion is greatly increased after the CSBT treatment, reducing the possibility of resuspension under the same hydrodynamic condition and thus ensure a clear sediment-water interface. Accordingly, the release flux of pollutants will be significantly inhibited, i.e. from a resuspension dominated process to a turbulent diffusion process. And the high porosity and rough surface of ceramsite is benefit for the adsorption of pollutants, which is also capable of reducing the sediment flux and improving the water quality. Moreover, the depth of dissolved oxygen permeating into the sediment is enhanced, which is especially important for the benthic organisms and will affect the related biogeochemical processes. The proposed CSBT is a combination of the ex-situ and in-situ treatments, providing a new idea for the environmental and ecological restoration of rivers, lakes and reservoirs.


In order to reveal the conditions and determinants of stress fractures(SF) in recruits of our army,and to provide basic data for intervention, a two-year prospective study was carried out and it showed thatthe incidence of SF in the recruits of an elite infantry division was 34%or 12 person-time/100 person-month。Infantry had the highest incidence (39.2%), second was artillary(23.5%)and service troops were the least(12.7%). The incidence in different subunits was directly proportional to actural training intensity. The dif-ference in time distribution between vears of 1992 and 1993 was due to the variation of training scheduals。 SFwas commonly found in bones of pelvic limbs, among which the tibia was the most affected(70.9%)。


In recent years, Reliance Jio's offer of 4G services, guaranteeing free voice calls and 'unlimited' data streaming, lead to disruption in the Indian telecom market with other cellular operators losing their revenue and customer base. To comprehensively analyze this churn in the Indian telecom industry and its impact on mobile phone customers, the article argues for observing the entanglement of infrastructural and platform-related discourses at three levels of operation: Jio's strategies to capture the Indian telecom market and the responses by the leading incumbent service provider (Airtel), ordinary citizens' phone use practices and infrastructural encounters, and the government's vision for India's digital future. Connecting pipes to platforms, Jio made infrastructural investments (in spectrum, cell towers, and fiber optics networks) to promote its suite of apps (JioTV, JioChat, and JioMoney). Ordinary citizens relate their access/proximity to telecom infrastructure (cell antennas) to their ability to effectively use apps on their phones. 'Digital India' vision purportedly facilitated infrastructural growth to create platforms that would support demonetization and facilitate transparent governance. Through such a three-pronged analysis, I conceptualize 'infrastructural imaginaries' that are coproduced by states and citizens, and lie at the intersection of structured state policy/corporate initiatives and lived experiences/affective encounters of ordinary citizens.


Abstract Regional magnetotelluric responses from a transect across the central South Island, New Zealand, have been inverted to produce a smooth two‐dimensional model of electrical resistivity structure associated with the Southern Alps orogen. The resulting structure is consistent with proposed models for the orogen and shows a zone of enhanced conductivity at a depth of only 10 km beneath the Southern Alps. This can be interpreted as being caused by the presence of "wet" greenschist facies rocks upthrust from lower crustal depth. There is some indication of reduced resistivity at 25 km depth beneath the Canterbury Plains, which may be associated with the existence of a lower crustal detachment surface. A large resistivity contrast occurs near the Alpine Fault, and this may be an indication of a lack of lateral fluid movement across the fault zone.


Floating drug delivery system is one of the novel drug delivery system. Floating drug delivery system have a bulk density less than gastric fluids and so remain buoyant in the stomach without affecting gastric emptying rate for a prolonged period of time.This present study involves Formulation and evaluation of floating microspheres of Metformin Hcl as model drug for prolongation of gastric residence time. The microspheres were prepared by the Non Aqueous solvent diffusion method using polymers hydroxy propylmethyl cellulose and ethyl cellulose. The melting point study was performed by differential scanning calorimetry, compatability studies between the drug and polymer was observed by using the FTIR Analysis.The melting point is determined by DSC. The shape and surface morphology of prepared microspheres was characterized by motic and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. In vitro drug release studies were performed, and drug release kinetics were evaluated using the linear regression method. The prepared microspheres exhibited prolonged drug release (12 hr) and remained buoyant for > 13 hr. The mean particle size increased and the drug release rate decreased at higher polymer concentration. In vitro studies demonstrated super case II transport diffusion from the microspheres. By the observation and of all formulations results we concluded that formulation 9 having the better drug release.


This technical report summarizes the preliminary findings of a project that has been developed in 2007 by an Italian company (Datanet, based in Siracusa, Italy) togheter with two Italian research institutions: Universita' degli Studi di Milano and Universita' Bocconi. The main aim of the OS4E (Open Source for Enterprises) project, has been to investigate if and how open source solutions could be profitabily and effectively exploited by an IT company based in the South of Italy, whose core business is IT systems integration and which operates in the market of Italian SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises). Beside this goal, the project also aimed at developing effective tools and methodologies to support decision making processes while evaluating different alternative software applications based on OSS (open source software).


The purpose of this study was to investigate the ways and possibility of on-line environmental education(EE) for a sustainable future. For the purpose, the researchers reviewed and analyzed 22 Korean and 41 foreign Internet sites related EE. Then, the researchers selected five Internet sites in Kore...


We introduce the notion of functional dependencies of abstract interpretations relatively to a binary operator of composition. Functional dependencies are obtained by a functional composition of abstract domains, and provide a systematic approach to construct new abstract domains. In particular, we study the case of autodependencies, namely monotone operators on a given abstract domain. Under suitable hypotheses, this corresponds to a Moore-set completion of the abstract domain, providing a compact lattice-theoretic representation for dependencies. We prove that the abstract domain Def for ground-dependency analysis of logic programs can be systematically derived by autodependencies of a more abstract (and simple) domain for pure groundness analysis. Furthermore, we show that functional dependencies can be applied in collecting semantics design by abstract interpretation to systematically derive compositional semantics for logic programs.


AbstractWe studied the effects of a combination of dietary beta-glucans (β-G) and mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) on Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Three-hundred-sixty fingerlings (mean mass ± SD = 8.7 ± 0.4 g) were separated into three groups (G1, G2, and G3) of 120 fish; G1 (control group) was fed a basal diet, whereas G2 and G3 were fed prebiotic-supplemented diets at final levels of 1.5 and 3.0 g/kg feed, respectively. Each group was subdivided into two subgroups: subgroup A was fed for 60 d to evaluate growth performance, nutrient utilization, intestinal morphometry, and body composition; and subgroup B was fed for 30 d to evaluate immune status and disease resistance. The best growth and feed utilization were observed in G3. There was no significant difference in final body weight or weight gain between G2 and G1 after 30 d, whereas both variables were significantly higher in G2 than in G1 after 60 d. At the end of the feeding period, G2 had a better feed conversion ratio than G1. Villus height, ...


The genus Holochilus Brandt, 1835 is represented in Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil, by two forms: H. brasiliensis vulpinus (Brants, 1827) e H. magnus Hershkovitz, 1955. They are myomorph rodents with semi-aquatic habits. Species of Holochilus range from Northern South America to Central Argentina. In this paper, I present an analysis of standard measurements of specimens collected in Southern Brazil and deposited in the collections of FZB, PUC and UFRGS and a distribution map with collecting localities.


Strategic partnerships have a key role to play in delivering the government's 'Every Child Matters' agenda. There is a developing body of research and other evidence and practice-informed literature about what works in relation to partnership working. Drawing on a research review commissioned by Barnardos on strategic partnership working for children, this study summarises research findings from a number of sectors relating to the development, delivery and review of effective partnerships. Although there is widespread consensus within the research on the factors contributing to effective partnership processes, there is, currently, relatively little evidence that partnerships lead to positive outcomes for children and young people. © 2006 The Author(s). Journal compilation © National Children's Bureau.


Seyed Ahmad Raeissadat Parisa Youseffam Leila Bagherzadeh 3 Seyed Mansoor Rayegani 4 Mohammad Hasan Bahrami Dariush Eliaspour 5 1Clinical Development Research Center of Shahid Modarres Hospital, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department and Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran; 2Clinical Development Research Center of Shahid Modarres Hospital, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 3Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran; 4Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Shohada-E-Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 5Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Purpose: Ulnar neuropathy (UN) is the second most common focal neuropathy in the upper extremities. Electrodiagnostic studies (EDx), including nerve conduction study (NCS) and electromyography (EMG), are reliable tools for the diagnosis of ulnar neuropathy. We aimed to retrospectively analyze the medical records of patients diagnosed with ulnar neuropathy in a seven-year period and report our findings. Patients and methods: In this retrospective study, documents of the patients whose ulnar nerve injury was confirmed through electrodiagnostic study in two departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation were collected and demographic data, subjective complaints of the patient, the cause, and electrodiagnostic findings were extracted from each patient's file. The following points were specifically evaluated in the electrodiagnostic records; type of injury, location, accompanying injuries, sensory nerve action potentials (SNAP) of the fifth finger, SNAP of dorsal ulnar cutaneous nerve (DUCN), compound muscle action potential (CMAP) of abductor digiti minimi (ADM) muscle, nerve conduction velocity (NCV) across elbow, patterns of muscle involvement, and the severity of insult. Results: Out of 441 records, 305 (69.2%) were male and 68.1% were non-traumatic. Based on our clinical criteria, the intensity of the injury was mild in most cases. The elbow and forearm were the most involved regions in non-traumatic and traumatic cases respectively. Across elbow nerve conduction velocity showed decreased velocity in 71% of records. In non-traumatic cases, the most affected muscle was ADM (97%) and then FDI (85%). Conclusion: In focal entrapments such as ulnar neuropathy, electrodiagnostic findings are very helpful in assessing location, severity, and type of injury. If a consensus is achieved for the diagnosis of UN, even retrospective studies can become valuable sources for studying UN.


A study with the aim to compare the bioavailability of two 400 mg imatinib formulations, test product Zeite® from Laboratorio Synthesis S.A.S., Colombia, and reference product Glivec® from Novartis Pharma, and determine if bioequivalence can be declared, was runned. It was an open, four periods and two pre-randomized sequences, crossed study, with a 400mg single dose in fastened and fed conditions, in 30 healthy Colombian volunteers; wash time was 7 days in between periods, with sampling between 0 and 72 hours after drug administration, which was randomly administered in each period. The analytical method used was high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector, HPLC UV for plasma identification and quantification of imatinib. The confidence interval of 90% of parameters Cmax, AUCall and AUC0-Inf, were taken to statistical analysis and were found, according to the european guidelines for research, which allowed to declare bioequivalence and interchangeability between the products from Laboratorios Synthesis S.A.S. and the reference product from Laboratory Novartis Pharma carbon 14, the radioactivity corresponding to imatinib and its metabolite was 65% of the total radioactivity, and the rest corresponding to other metabolites [4]. Imatinib is classified as category C at risk in pregnancy. There are no adequate data on the use of this drug in pregnant women. However, as animal studies have shown reproductive toxicity and the potential risk to the fetus is unknown, imatinib should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly necessary. Treatment should be started by an experienced physician in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), positive Philadelphia chromosome recently diagnosed (Ph+) (bcr-abl), for whom bone marrow transplantation is not considered first-line treatment. The current report corresponds to the results of the pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers with a single dose regimen of 400 mg, intended to evaluate the comparative bioavailability of the imatinib formulations, between test product Zeite® from Synthesis S.A.S. (Colombia) and reference product Glivec® from Novartis Pharma, in fasting and fed conditions. Materials and Methods Study formulations Test product: Zeite®, 400 mg imatinib tablets, manufactured and distributed in Colombia by Synthesis Laboratory, Lot E-1016 F: F 022016. *Corresponding author: Vargas M, D.D.S., Pharmacologist, Scientific Director Unidad de Farmacología Universidad de la Sabana, Bogotá, Colombia, Tel: 55523-34 Ext. 8106; E-mail: email@example.com Received June 14, 2017; Accepted July 20, 2017; Published July 31, 2017 Citation: Vargas M, Villarraga E (2017) Bioequivalence Study of Imatinib Formulations that Contain 400 mg in Healthy Colombians. J Bioequiv Availab 9: 483-488. doi: 10.4172/jbb.1000349 Copyright: © 2017 Vargas M, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Citation: Vargas M, Villarraga E (2017) Bioequivalence Study of Imatinib Formulations that Contain 400 mg in Healthy Colombians. J Bioequiv Availab 9: 483-488. doi: 10.4172/jbb.1000349 J Bioequiv Availab, an open access journal ISSN: 0975-0851 Volume 9(5): 483-488 (2017) 485 Reference product: Glivec®, 400 mg imatinib tablets, manufactured and distributed by Novartis Pharma. Lot S0223 F: F 06/2015. Subjects 30 Colombian volunteers, between men and not pregnant women, with ages between 18 and 55 years old, with Body Mass Index (BMI) between 18-30 kg/m2 [5]. Clinically diagnosed as healthy by the Study Coordinator Physician after evaluating both clinical laboratories and the physical examination, and who signed the Informed Consent as described in the corresponding procedure, were the inclusion criteria. Positive pregnancy test, history of alcoholism, blood dyscrasias or proteinuria, impaired hepatic or renal function, was considered as exclusion factors. Obtaining the informed consent The Protocol and Informed Consent were authorized under code BIO 077 by the Ethics Committee in Clinical Investigation (CEIC) of Clínica de La Universidad de la Sabana, which is governed by the legal and ethical guidelines in Resolutions 008430 of 1993 and 002378 of 2008 of the Ministerio de la Protección Social de Colombia, the World Conference on Harmonization for Good Clinical Practices in institutions that conduct research in humans, and by the principles of World Medical Assembly published in the Declaration of Helsinki, last reviewed in 2013 [5]. Volunteers were given a talk, intended to explain in detail the study, emphasizing the drug type, dose, possible adverse reactions, amount of blood that was going to be taken for samples on each study phase, materials to obtain the samples, health team in charge of taking and supervising the samples, and dietary restrictions they would face; all questions that were asked by the volunteers were solved, so they could freely decide to participate in the study. After that, each one of the volunteers signed the Informed Consent. Study design It was an open, randomized, four periods and two sequences, crossed study. Wash time was 7 days in between periods, in fastened and fed conditions. Three days before starting each period of the study, the volunteers had to abstain from taking drugs, alcohol and any food or drink containing methylxanthines. These restrictions were maintained throughout the time the samples were taken. All volunteers were randomized to be assigned to the treatment sequence. Administration scheme For periods 1 and 2 the volunteers maintained a 10-hour fast before the administration of the drug. The randomized drug dose was administered with 200 ml of water. The dose given in each period was 400 mg (1 Tablet). This dose is related to the potency requested in the EMA guide [6]. The volunteers only received food four hours after having received the formulation, meaning after sampling 5, corresponding to hour 10:00 a. m. During periods 3 and 4, the volunteers received standardized meals, and 30 minutes later they received the drug corresponding to the randomization that was performed. The team that took the samples consisted of a physician and a licensed nurse. Blood samples were taken with the use of a Vacutainer® by venopuncture in the upper limb. The sample taken immediately before the drug administration was named sample time 0. All volunteers received either the test or the reference product by randomization, and 12 venous blood samples were taken during these times: 0 hours (immediately before drug administration) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hrs after. Samples were labeled for their identification, and centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 30 minutes. Plasma was transferred to a previously labeled tube and frozen at -80°C for further analysis. After 7 days of wash time the administration was repeated, completing periods 2, 3 and 4. For the study in fed conditions, volunteers received standardized feeding, which was designed by the Nutrition Department of Clínica de La Sabana, based on a high fat content diet and adequately balanced in nutritional content. The information of nutritional content provided to volunteers is presented below (Table 1). Validation of the analytical method The validation of the bioanalytical method was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the quantification of imatinib in human plasma, meeting all the criteria for acceptability of selectivity, sensitivity, linearity, robustness, accuracy, precision, stability of the samples and limit of quantification, presented in the report EBA160516-0189 by the Laboratory Delivery Technologies in Sabaneta Colombia. Description of imatinib extraction from human plasma 950 μL of the test sample was added to a screw cap centrifuge tube for sedimentation containing 50 μL of internal standard and 2.0 mL of methanol. This mixture was vortexed for 1 minute to precipitate the proteins; subsequently, centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 15 minutes. The supernatant was filtered and injected into the chromatographic system [7]. Buffer preparation (K2HPO4 10 mM + trimethylamine (TEA) 0.5% pH 6.0) A solution of 1.36 g of dibasic potassium phosphate was prepared in 1 L of water. 4 mL of Tea and 1 mL of concentrated H3PO4 were added. It was adjusted to pH 6.0 +/0.05 with concentrated phosphoric acid and was filtered by 0.45 μm membrane. Chromatographic conditions We use Column: C18, 4,6 mm × 150 mm, 5 μm a 40°C with use the detector UV wavelength 265 nm, the injection volume of 50 μl and flow 1.0 mL/min with mobile phase: Buffer acetonitrile: methanol (42:34:24 v/v). The limit of detection is 17.3 mg/mL and the limit of quantification is 50.0 mg/ml. Both limits are low, which allows to make a calibration curve in a broader range towards lower concentrations. The quantification range is 50 mg/ml to 2000 mg/ml [8,9]. Pharmacokinetic analysis The Pharmacokinetic Analysis was performed by WinNonlin 5.3 program (Pharsight Corporation, Cary USA), adjusted to a noncompartmental analysis. The maximum concentration (Cmax) and the time to reach it (tmax) were directly obtained from the serum concentration results, as currently recommended by the FDA [10] and the EMA (European Medicines Agency) [11]. AUCall was calculated by the sum of the partial AUC: a) AUCall between time zero and the last time with detectable concentrations, calculated by the trapezoidal rule, and ensuring the calculation of at least the 80% of the AUC with Content Planned (%) Recommended (%) %Protein 15 12 -15 %Fat 35 25 35 %Carbohydrates 57 55 -65 Table 1: Information of nutritional. Citation: Vargas M, Villarraga E (2017) Bioequivalence Study of Imatinib Formulations that Contain 400 mg in Healthy Colombians. J Bioequiv Availab 9: 483-488. doi: 10.4172/jbb.1000349


The development of the globalization era requires human resources to develop and improve their potential and performance ability. This indicates the requirement of an apparatus, which has good competency to carry out authority. Trenggalek Regency is one of the Indonesian areas having amazing tourism potential, where a good competent apparatus is needed to manage and develop the tourism sector. Therefore, this study aims to determine and analyze the apparatus competency development of the Tourism and Culture Department in Trenggalek Regency, Indonesia. It also aims to determine the related inhibiting factors and the efforts provided to overcome them. In this study, a qualitative-descriptive method and an inductive approach were used, with interviews, observation, and documentation implemented for data collection. Data analysis was also carried performed through parameter reduction, presentation, verification, and conclusions. Based on the results, the implementation of the apparatus competency development was adequately performed at the Tourism and Culture Office of Trenggalek Regency. Irrespective of these conditions, some challenges were still observed, regarding the budget available for the developmental processes and the apparatus' lack of interest in activity participation. To overcome these challenges, interpersonal collaboration and participation in apparatus webinars were part of the efforts performed by the Department of Tourism and Culture.


Two-phase anaerobic reactor was used to treat wastewater produced from corn processing with ultra-high temperature (70 ℃), and the effect of influent COD concentration and loading, and C/N ratio on the pollution removal efficiency was investigated. The result shows a steady operation. Under low C/N and low loading, COD removal rate is 47.5%, acidification ratio (VFA/COD) is 52.7%, and protein hydrolysis rate is 95% in acidogenic reactor; and COD removal rate is 91.8% in methanogenic reactor; total removal rate in the two-phase reactor is 97.0%. Under the conditions of medium-high COD concentration and low C/N ratio in influent, COD removal rate is 57.6% in acidogenic reactor and (88.1)% in methanogenic reactor, with total removal rate of 93.8% in the two-phase reactor. When C/N ratio is increased greatly, COD removal rate is significantly reduced in acidogenic reactor and is somewhat increased in methanogenic reactor; however, total removal rate may come up to over 90%.


Three-Wheeled Vehicle with tadpole configuration is a vehicle which has one wheel at the back and two wheels at the front. This vehicle promotes and ensures safety as it does in a four-wheeled vehicle. However, the vehicle's dynamics is much different compared to a four-wheeled vehicle. The objective of this research is to find the relationship between turning, steering, and tilting of this vehicle to ensure and determine the safety limit of it. Physics modelling and iteration is done to see how each of the three components (turning, steering, and tilting) could affect each other.


In this research, we utilize sentiment analysis to refine the User Interface (UI) and User Experience (UX) of the Bukalapak application, a leading online trading platform in Indonesia. We focus our scrutiny on 4,462 reviews related to the UI within a larger dataset of 246,947. Nearly a third of these critiques express dissatisfaction, predominantly pointing out issues related to the UI design and its functionality. The critiques underscore the potency of sentiment analysis as a tool to uncover areas in user-centric design that need improvement. To address these issues, it is necessary to incorporate user feedback and sentiment analysis into the design workflow, thus enabling a more in-depth comprehension of user needs and facilitating more effective service enhancements. Embracing a user-centered methodology allows UI fine-tuning, leading to better functionality and increased user contentment. Our investigation reveals a positive link between design refinements and usability ratings, indicating improved user experience satisfaction. To summarize, this research highlights the essential contribution of user feedback and sentiment analysis in spotting and correcting UI shortfalls, thereby augmenting UX and contributing to the triumph of platforms like Bukalapak within Indonesia's dynamically changing e-commerce environment.


The Northern Ethiopian Highlands are a fragile environment, characterised by steep slopes, intense rainfall and a sparse vegetation cover. The extreme poverty, stagnating technology and high population and livestock densities induce intense soil erosion and degradation problems in these Highlands. This not only leads to lower crop yields but has also important off-site consequences: the life expectancy of many reservoirs (used for power generation or water supply in the dry season) is threatened by massive sedimentation. Although these problems demand for a thorough solution, little is known about the magnitude and dynamics of sediment transport in the Northern Ethiopian Highlands. Therefore, an intensive measuring campaign was conducted during the rainy season of 2006 in ten subcatchments of the Geba (drainage area: 5180 km2), a tributary of the Tekeze river. The catchments had drainage areas between 120 km2 and 4330 km2 (mean: 1068 km2) and represented a range of environments. Annual rainfall ranges from 700 mm to more then 1200 mm. The estimated area-specific sediment yields (SY) varied between 400 and 2500 ton/km2/yr (average: 1404 ton/km2/yr). These values were obtained with rating curves, based on manual runoff discharge and suspended sediment concentration measurements. The error on these yields was assessed by Monte Carlo simulations and varied between 6 and 48 %. In some cases, however, the uncertainty is larger, since our sampled population was not always fully representative for all events. A dominant part of the sediment is transported during short but intense flash floods at night. Sampling these events is very difficult and often even dangerous. A few flash floods were, however, monitored in detail. The results showed a clear positive hysteresis effect. To explain variation in SY between the catchments, a semi-quantitative model (FSM) was adapted. Topography, soil cover, lithology and the presence of gullies explained a large part of the observed variance (63%). Insufficient information on soil and water conservation practices (SWCP) was available. Nevertheless our results strongly indicate that SWCP might be a relevant factor in explaining SY. Although further refinement is needed, semi-quantitative models are a promising tool for predicting SY in a cheap and efficient way when no detailed data is available.


The paper presents the results of studying fruits antioxidant properties of several species, previously combined into the genus Sorbus L. (Rosaceae family). Ripe fruits were collected in September 2020 from the plants of Cormus domestica (L.) Spach, Sorbus aucuparia L., Karpatiosorbus latifolia (Lam.) Sennikov & Kurtto and Torminalis glaberrima (Gand.) Sennikov & Kurtto from the collection of the Botanical Garden of the Oles Honchar Dnipro National University. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were determined both in the fruits peel and pulp. In the fruits of all species, higher values of the determined indicators were found in the fruit peel than in the pulp. Moderate and strong positive correlation was found between FRAP and TPC as well between FRAP and TFC both in peel and pulp of all studied species. At the same time, notable interspecific differences of the phytochemical traits were established, indirectly confirming the ambiguity of the taxonomy of the genus Sorbus L. According to the fruits antioxidant properties and secondary metabolites accumulation, species K. latifolia (broad-leaved whitebeam) and T. glaberrima (wild service-tree) are the most promising for cultivation in arid conditions of the central steppe of Ukraine.


Primary mesenchymal neoplasms of the adrenal gland are extremely rare. The most common primary sarcoma is adrenal angiosarcoma. We report the case of a 51-year-old patient who presented with left flank pain. After ultrasound investigations, the patient underwent surgical removal of an adrenal tumor. The gross adrenal specimen showed extensive cystic changes with old hemorrhage and necrosis. Histologically, irregular branching vascular channels were seen intermixed with solid areas of epithelioid cells. Immunohistochemical staining of tumor cells was positive with antibodies to cytokeratin and CD31. After a 12 months follow-up, the patient is still well with no sign of a relapse. Because of the epithelioid appearance and frequent expression of epithelial immunohistochemical markers, primary epithelioid angiosarcoma of the adrenal gland can be confounded with adrenal carcinomatous metastases. We report our findings with a brief literature review and discussion of differential diagnosis.


This paper examines the efficiency of CBOE options market and potential arbitrage opportunities based on no-arbitrage principle and options pricing model. Results show that the efficiency of the options market is relatively high. Most of the mispricing can be fixed in 1 to 2 days. However, arbitrage opportunities still exist. Black-Scholes model and Put-call parity options pricing model are two mathematical models that can calculate the options price in a theoretical way. The average arbitrage duration in Black-Scholes model violation test is the longest. Arbitrage duration and profits are related to the liquidity of options. High arbitrage profits can be obtained from less liquid options. Arbitrage profits are high for put options.


The effective masses of conduction electrons in PbS, PbSe and PbTe have been found from room temperature measurements of Faraday rotation. The equivalent isotropic masses obtained for PbS and PbSe are 0.17(5)m0 and 0.11(4)m0 respectively. In PbTe, the value is 0.08(6)m0 for our purest material, with a marked increase in highly doped material.


Objective To observe the pulmonary microvasculature and cells in the rats under the light microscope. Methods After the rats were perfused with compound staining fixative solution, the lung was cut into slices and immersed in 2% ferric chloride solution and observed under light microscope. Results The small blood vessels and capillaries of the lung were in wriggled way and cut in different cross sections. The smooth muscle cells and the endotheliocytes in the vessles wall could be clearly observed in distinct three dimensions. The capillaries arose from arterioles near serosa were relatively thick. It was uneasy to discern the capillaries in between the pulmonary alveolus. More arterioles and capillaries are presented in the pulmonary interstitium. The pulmonary tissue around arterioles was also stained. Conclusion It is proved that TA Fe method is a convenient technique in visualizing microvasculature in lung but also in keeping tissue structure. The smooth muscles in the wall of pulmonary small arteries and arterioles may be involved in active adjustment mechanism in microcirculation.


Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy, Department of Renal Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena, Italy


The utility model relates to a hot-extrusion die for aluminum alloy of multi-cavity motor casings, comprising a divergent die (1), an upper die (2) and a lower die (3). The utility model is characterized in that the dies are front-rear superimposed; seven bridging positions (1.3) are arranged on a feed surface of the divergent die (1); seven divergent holes (1.1) are formed among the bridging positions (1.3); seven bridging positions (2.3) are arranged on a feed surface of the upper die (2); seven divergent holes (2.1) at the feed position are formed among the bridging positions (2.3); twenty-one divergent holes (2.2) at the discharge position are arranged on a discharge surface of the upper die (2); the twenty-one divergent holes (2.2) at the discharge position are divided into an inner ring and an outer ring; a plurality internal bridging positions (2.5) of the divergent holes are formed among the divergent holes (2.2) at the discharge position; eight die cores (2.4) are arranged at the intersecting points of the internal bridging positions (2.5) of the divergent holes; a welding chamber (3.1) is arranged in a concave way in the middle of a feed surface of the lower die (3); two stop-off projections (3.2) are arranged at the front of an inner edge. The utility model has the advantages that balancing metal flow rate, meeting requirements on feeding, ellipticity, surface quality and size precision of internal and external circles, and ensuing service life of the die and improving yield of the die.


In 2007 the International Diabetes Federation estimated that worldwide approximately 246 million people or 5.9% of the 20 79 age group had diabetes. This estimate is expected to increase to 380 million or 7.1% of the population by 2025. About 80% of these diabetics live in developing countries. Type 2 diabetes accounts for 85 - 90% of cases in developed countries, and an even higher proportion in developing countries. 1 We can expect to see a massive increase in the complications related to diabetes as a result of this increasing prevalence, which is coupled with an ageing population that are living longer. The American Diabetes Association defines the diabetic foot as the anatomical area below the malleoli in a person with diabetes mellitus. The diabetic foot may be defined as a group of syndromes in which neuropathy, ischaemia and infection lead to tissue breakdown, resulting in morbidity and possible amputation (World Health Organization, 1995). 2


Reification of propositions expressing states, events, and properties has been widely advocated as a means of handling temporal reasoning in AI. The author proposes that such reification is both philosophically suspect and technically unnecessary. The reified theories of Allen and Shoham are examined and it is shown how they can be unreified. The resulting loss of expressive power can be rectified by adopting Davidson's theory in which event tokens, rather than event types, are reified. This procedure is illustrated by means of Kowalski and Sergot's Event Calculus, the additional type-reification of the latter system being excised by means of a general procedure proposed by the author for converting type-reification into token-reification. Some examples are given to demonstrate the expressive power of the resulting theory.


The most basic design feature of the droplet core nuclear reactor is to spray liquid uranium into the core in the form of droplets on the order of five to ten microns in size, to bring the reactor to critical conditions. The liquid uranium fuel ejector is driven by hydrogen, and more hydrogen is injected from the side of the reactor to about one and a half meters from the top. High temperature hydrogen is expanded through a nozzle to produce thrust. The hydrogen pressure in the system can be somewhere between 50 and 500 atmospheres; the higher pressure is more desirable. In the lower core region, hydrogen is tangentially injected to serve two purposes: (1) to provide a swirling flow to protect the wall from impingement of hot uranium droplets: (2) to generate a vortex flow that can be used for fuel separation. The reactor is designed to maximize the energy generation in the upper region of the core. The system can result in and Isp of 2000 per second, and a thrust-to-weight ratio of 1.6 for the shielded reactor. The nuclear engine system can reduce the Mars mission duration to less than 200 days. It can reduce the hydrogen consumption by a factor of 2 to 3, which reduces the hydrogen load by about 130 to 150 metric tons.


Tissue concentration of THP-ADM was analysed after the administration of THP-ADM with or without exposure of high energy underwater shock waves (SW) to rabbit bladder VX2 cancer. THP-ADM was administered intravenously (2 mg/kg) or into the urinary bladder (10 mg/body). After the administration of THP-ADM, SW was exposed (6,000-10,000 shots) to VX2 bladder cancer or normal bladder tissue. One hour later, THP-ADM tissue concentration was measured by high performance liquid chromatography method. In intra-venous group, THP-ADM concentration of cancer tissue was significantly lower (p < 0.02) in SW group than that of non-SW group. In bladder instillation group, THP-ADM concentration of normal bladder tissue was significantly higher (p < 0.02) in SW group than that of non-SW group and the average concentration of cancer tissue was higher about three times in SW group than that of non-SW group.


The chemistry of aryldiazonium salts has been thoroughly used in recent years to graft in a very simple and robust way ultrathin polyphenylene-like films on a broad range of surfaces. We show here that the same chemistry can be used to obtain "self-adhesive surfaces". This target was reached in a simple way by coating various surfaces with chemisorbed organic films containing active aryldiazonium salts. These "self-adhesive surfaces" are then put into contact with various species (molecules, polymers, nanoparticles, nanotubes, graphene flakes, etc.) that react either spontaneously or under activation with the immobilized aryldiazonium salts. Our self-adhesive surfaces were synthesized following a simple aqueous two-step protocol based on p-phenylenediamine diazotisation. The first diazotisation step results in the robust grafting of thin polyaminophenylene (PAP) layers onto the surface. The second diazotisation step changed the grafted PAP film into a "poly-aryldiazonium polymer" (PDP) film. The covalent grafting between those self-adhesive surfaces and the target species was achieved by direct contact or by immersion of the self-adhesive surfaces in solution. We present in this preliminary work the grafting of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), flakes of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), various organic compounds and copper nanoparticles. We also tested these immobilized aryldiazonium salts as electropolymerization initiators for the grafting-to process.


The main purpose of this study is to test whether corporate governance is a system or not. Seven hypotheses are formed to reach this objective. The existence of significant relationships among three dimenisons (principles, processes and business results) is the main theme in these hypotheses. Regression analysis and reliability analysis are used in the study. 74 worldi¯s biggest companies in electric utilities industry are used in the sample of the study. Corporate governance, sustainability and corporate social responsibility reports of these 74 companies are coded with 34 variables in the corporate governance system. It is found that there is a significant and strong relationship among three dimensions. Corporate governance is a construct of our study and principles, processes and business results are dimensions that explain this construct. The seventh hypothesis is formed to test whether corporate governance is constituted from these three dimensions or not. Cronbach alpha of these three dimensions (principles, processes and business results) is 91%. In other words, it is found that these three dimensions explain the construct (corporate governance system) of our study. Stakeholder governance model is used to test the hypotheses of the study. In sum, this study showed us that stakeholder governance model works in electric utilities industry and that there is an integrity among the variables and elements of corporate governance system.


Self-Generating Neural Networks (SGNN) have the feature of fast processing by automatically constructing a self-generating neural tree (SGNT) from a given training data set. The prediction accuracy of SGNNs for chaotic time series prediction is improved by ensemble averaging of various SGNNs. However, the computation time increases with the number of SGNNs on a single processor. In this paper, we investigate improvement of the prediction accuracy and parallel efficiency of ensemble SGNNs for chaotic time series prediction problems on an MIMD parallel computer. We allocate each SGNN to one processor. Our results show that as the number of node processors increases, a continuing improvement of prediction accuracy is obtained for all problems, while maintaining the high-speed processing performance of the single SGNN. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 36(10): 82–92, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10297


Simple Summary To relieve stress during the weaning of piglets, pig farmers use functional feed additives that improve gastrointestinal function. Fermented products show this kind of potential. Fermented rapeseed meal is a source of valuable protein and also has a positive effect on animals' health parameters and gastrointestinal microbiota. In this work, we demonstrated that fermentation is an effective way to improve the nutritional value of rapeseed meal. The results also showed that the presence of lactic acid bacteria in diets containing a fermented component had a positive effect on metabolic processes in pigs. As the content of lactic acid is stable over time, it favourably influences the feed microbiota, which translates into animal health. Abstract The study assessed the influence of rapeseed meal (RSM) fermented using Bacillus subtilis 87Y on the feed microbiota, intestinal microbiota, blood biochemical parameters, and content of minerals in the blood plasma and faeces of piglets. Modulation of the microbial composition of feed containing fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) and of the faeces of pigs consuming it was observed. There was a significant increase in the number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and a decrease in the total number of coliforms and Clostridium perfringens in the faeces of animals from the experimental groups. FRSM in the diet of piglets was shown to improve the mineral balance by increasing the levels of P, Ca, and Mg in the blood plasma and reducing their amount in the faeces. A beneficial effect on parameters of protein and lipid metabolism was also noted, resulting in an increase in the levels of total protein (TP) and albumins (ALB) and a reduction in triacylglycerols (TG) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the blood plasma of the piglets. The research results indicate that the presence of FRSM in the diet of weaners can be a preventive factor in intestinal dysbiosis and support the maintenance of homeostasis.


Twenty-three years ago, Deaconess Margaret Peppers started her missionary career as the only White woman among the 897 Igorots of Tekukan, Northern Luzon. And today she is seeking Federal permission to be the only White woman to accompany the Puget Sound Japanese-Americans when they are evacuated to inland settlements.1 So begins an article on the Japanese American relocation appearing in the Living Church of 14 June 1942. The story of the remarkable woman who is profiled is one of hope amid shame-the hope of the Gospel amid the shame of racial prejudice and wartime hysteria that made the widescale abrogation of civil rights permissible to the majority of the American people, including those of the church. Deaconess Margaret Peppers was no stranger to working with minority groups, whether in America or in Asia. Before coming in 1928 to the diocese of Olympia in Western Washington, she had served for ten years in the Philippines as a teacher and principal in missions among the Igorot people of Northern Luzon and among the Chinese in Manila. This had been her first posting after graduating from the deaconess training school associated with the Church Divinity School of the Pacific. According to information in the archives of the diocese of Olympia, Peppers had been widowed early in her marriage, and she was the mother of a daughter. It is unclear whether Peppers raised her daughter herself, or if she had been in the care of relatives. By the time of the Japanese internment, Peppers was in her forties and her daughter probably in her twenties. Visiting the diocese on missionary furlough in the summer of 1928, Deaconess Peppers was ready for a change, for only a few months later she was transferred to the diocese to serve as its first paid woman "rural worker". Like many of her fellow missionaries, male and female, Peppers was supported by the United Thank Offering, a creation of the Women's Auxiliary, predecessor organization to the Episcopal Church Women. This extra-diocesan source of funding allowed her to continue a fulltime ministry even in the bleak days of the Depression which followed soon after her arrival. For four years Peppers traveled the length and breadth of the diocese, visiting isolated families, serving as advisor for youth groups, preparing young people for confirmation, and speaking to various women's organizations about the challenges of rural work. Reporting on her activities to the 1930 diocesan convention, she related that during the past eight months she had traveled more than 7,000 miles. As the Depression deepened, however, this itinerant ministry was scaled back and the deaconess came to have more and more of her time assigned to the Japanese missions of St. Peter's in Seattle and St. Paul's in the rural White River Valley southeast of the city. St. Peter's had begun in 1908 as a mission of Seattle's oldest parish, Trinity, under the impetus of Trinity's rector, Herbert Henry Gowen, who was as well a noted Asian scholar and founder of the Department of Asian Languages and Literature at the University of Washington. Four years later, Trinity's mission work was assumed by the diocese as St. Peter's Japanese Mission. Its vicar was Gennosuke Shoji, a man who had emigrated from Japan in the late 180Os and had been trained for the work by Gowen. Shoji served as St. Peter's priest-in-charge until his retirement in 1940, and then re-emerged from retirement to pastor the Episcopalian Issei at the Minidoka internment camp. For its part, St. Paul's was organized as a mission of St. Peter's in the 1920s and later became a diocesan mission. The rector of the nearby Caucasian parish provided oversight and officiated at Holy Communion at St. Paul's, while other services and much of the day to day functioning were initially the responsibility of a lay reader, Paul Shigaya. Later a young Issei priest, Daisuke Kitigawa, was assigned to the congregation. Kitigawa also assisted in the youth ministry at St. …


B e c k ' s c o g n i t i v e model o f d e p r e s s i o n s u g g e s t s t h a t n e g a t i v e t h i n k i n g can p l a y an i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n t h e deve lopment and m a in te n a n c e o f c l i n i c a l d e p r e s s i o n . I t f o l l o w s from t h i s t h a t i n t e r v e n t i o n s w h ich r e d u c e th e f r e q u e n c y o r i n t e n s i t y o f d e p r e s s i n g t h o u g h t s w i l l a l s o re d u c e d e p r e s s i o n . Th is p r e d i c t i o n forms th e b a s i s o f c o g n i t i v e b e h a v i o u r a l t h e r a p y (CBT) f o r d e p r e s s i o n , as d e v e lo p e d by Beck and h i s c o l l e a g u e s . The c o g n i t i v e model o f d e p r e s s i o n , and c o g n i t i v e t h e r a p y , a r e d e s c r i b e d . The development o f a q u e s t i o n n a i r e ( t h e C o g n i t i o n s Q u e s t i o n n a i r e CQ) i s t h e n p r e s e n t e d , d e s ig n e d to a s s e s s v a r i o u s d im ens ions o f d e p r e s s i v e t h i n k i n g i n r e l a t i o n to p o s i t i v e , n e g a t i v e and n e u t r a l h y p o t h e t i c a l e v e n t s . R e l a t i o n s h i p s be tw een s c o r e s on th e q u e s t i o n n a i r e and l e v e l o f d e p r e s s i o n i n p s y c h i a t r i c and community samples a r e examined, and p o s s i b l e i n d i c e s o f c o n t i n u i n g c o g n i t i v e v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o d e p r e s s i o n f o l l o w i n g an e p i s o d e a r e e x p l o r e d . As an a l t e r n a t i v e to t h e t r a d i t i o n a l outcome t r i a l , a w i t h i n s u b j e c t e x p e r i m e n t a l d e s i g n i s p r o p o s e d , d e s i g n e d t o t e s t t h e c e n t r a l p r e d i c t i o n o f t h e c o g n i t i v e model o u t l i n e d above by exam in ing th e immedia te e f f e c t s on d e p r e s s i v e t h i n k i n g and on d e p r e s s i o n o f s p e c i f i e d c o g n i t i v e t h e r a p y i n t e r v e n t i o n s . A s e r i e s o f e x p e r i m e n t s i s p r e s e n t e d , w h ich d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t i n p a t i e n t s low i n e n d o g e n e i t y , a b r i e f , s t a n d a r d i s e d d i s t r a c t i o n p ro c e d u r e r e l i a b l y r ed u ce d t h e f r e q u e n c y o f d e p r e s s i n g t h o u g h t s , compared to a c o n t r o l p r o c e d u r e . As would be p r e d i c t e d from th e c o g n i t i v e model o f d e p r e s s i o n , t h i s was accompanied by s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n s i n d e p r e s  s i o n . A s t u d y u s i n g n o n d e p r e s s e d s t u d e n t s u b j e c t s showed t h a t t h e s e e f f e c t s co u ld n o t be a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e d i r e c t im p a c t o f t h e two p r o c e  d u re s on d e p r e s s e d mood. S i m i l a r r e s u l t s were n o t found i n d e p r e s s e d p a t i e n t s h i g h i n e n d o g e n e i t y . The n a t u r e o f t h i s d i f f e r e n c e i n r e s p o n s i v e n e s s t o d i s t r a c t i o n i s e x p l o r e d , and i t s i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r t h e t h e o r y and p r a c t i c e o f CBT f o r d e p r e s s i o n a r e d i s c u s s e d .


A substrate, a separate member from the substrate, attached to the substrate via the attachment portion at the other end provided with a biochip biomolecules is formed capable of supporting the support area on one end It comprises a columnar member.