The Chapter endeavours in re-visiting the debates on the nature of EC/EU law after the debates on the European Constitution of the first decade of the 21st century and the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon. It is not an essay in legal theory: it is an analysis of positive law which intends to help understanding why and how EU law is different both from State law and from ordinary international treaty law. The purpose of the chapter is to help avoiding the usual errors which are made by scholars who try and apply concepts of state law, especially of constitutional law, to EU law.The introductory section explores The nature of EU Law after the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon, the impact of the 2000s debates on the question of the legal nature of EU Law and how EU Law keeps its international law character, with specific features.A second section goes into the consequences of the fact that EU law is based on binding agreements between sovereign states, i.e. the principle of primacy; the application of the principles of international state liability; the presence of Member States' representatives in EU institutions and bodies, and their privileges and immunities; the control and monitoring system of Member States; the application of other rules, principles and reasoning from international treaty law; and also the specific character of EU Law vis a vis international treaty law, which is as a consequence of the international treaty nature of the EU Constitution.A second section explains why and how EU law is endowed with effectiveness mechanisms unusual in international law, i.e. it analyses the system of sources of EU Law; the sanctioning regime included in the system of the founding Treaties; the principle of direct applicability and the parallelism between obligations of the state and rights of individuals; the principle of uniform application of EU Law.As a conclusion, the chapter explains why calling EU law as sui generis type of law is not satisfactory: though different from most of current international treaty law, EU law is keeping its international nature. Thus international public law is a supplementary source of positive law of the European Union, whereas Member state law cannot be more than a source of inspiration.


This paper "The need for Value re-ordering in Contemporary Nigerian society" seeks to examine the challenges associated with values re-ordering in contemporary Nigerian society. The researcher employs the philosophical methods of enquiry, viz, critical reflections, analysis and speculation. The paper is relevant to stakeholders in education, namely, Government, Ministry of Education at various levels, Educationists, Teachers, Managers and Planners of school as well as Parents. Given the numerous contemporary issues in Nigeria, it is the position of the researcher that values should be re-evaluated and re-ordered to help save Nigerian nation from total collapse despite our academic and technological progress.

https://iiardjournals.org/get/IJSSMR/VOL. 9 NO. 5 2023/THE NEED FOR VALUES.pdf


Abstract Background and aims Approach bias modification (ApBM) targeting alcohol approach bias has been previously shown to reduce likelihood of relapse during the first 2 weeks following inpatient withdrawal treatment (IWT). We tested whether ApBM's effects endure for a longer period by analysing alcohol use outcomes 3, 6 and 12 months post‐discharge. Design A double‐blind, sham‐controlled randomized controlled trial. Setting Four IWT units in Melbourne, Australia. Participants Three hundred alcohol IWT patients (173 men, 126 women, 1 non‐binary; mean age 43.5 years) were recruited between 4 June 2017 and 14 July 2019. Follow‐up data collection was completed on 22 September 2020. Intervention and control training Four ApBM sessions were delivered during IWT. ApBM trained participants (n = 147) to avoid alcohol and approach non‐alcohol beverage cues. Controls (n = 153) responded to the same stimuli, but without approach/avoidance training. Measurements Date of first lapse was recorded for non‐abstinent participants to determine time to first lapse. Time‐line follow‐back interviews assessed past‐month alcohol consumption at each follow‐up, with participants reporting no alcohol consumption classified as abstinent. In analyses of past‐month abstinence, non‐abstinence was assumed in participants lost to follow‐up. Number of past‐month drinking days, standard drinks and heavy drinking days (five or more standard drinks for women or non‐binary; six or more standard drinks for men) were calculated for non‐abstinent participants at each follow‐up. Findings ApBM significantly delayed time to first lapse [ApBM median: 53 days, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 21–61; controls = 12 days, 95% CI = 9–21, P = 0.045]. Past‐month abstinence rates at 3‐, 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐ups were 33/153 (21.6%), 30/153 (19.6%), and 24/153 (15.7%) in controls; and 51/147 (34.7%), 30/147 (20.4%) and 29/147 (19.7%) in the ApBM group, respectively. Past‐month abstinence was significantly more likely in ApBM participants than controls at the 3‐month follow‐up [odds ratio (OR) = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.16–3.23, P = 0.012], but not at 6‐ or 12‐month follow‐ups (6‐month OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.60–1.95, P = 0.862; 12‐month OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 0.73–2.40, P = 0.360). No significant group differences were found for indices of alcohol consumption in non‐abstinent participants. Conclusions Approach bias modification for alcohol delivered during inpatient withdrawal treatment helps to prevent relapse, increasing rates of abstinence from alcohol for at least 3 months post‐discharge.


Over the last few decades, there has been a resurgent interest in New World martial art traditions. The bulk of the attention has focused on African and African diasporic traditions. Many well-researched books and articles have resulted from this focus. Yet, there is much less interest regarding other combative modalities brought to the shores of the New World. For centuries immigrant communities have brought with them sophisticated combative systems that persist to this day. As part of a broader hoplological project, this article seeks to identify and document the diverse armed combative systems still extant and practiced in South America and the Caribbean that have not transformed into solely institutionalized sports or recreational pastimes. With few exceptions these arts continue to be taught, practiced, and used in a variety of informal situations to ensure one's property or public reputation or as part of an economic strategy in the informal economy. At times paralleling and overlapping these more pragmatic goals, these arts also persist as a way of preserving older cultural moralities, ethics, and forms of masculinity.


BackgroundAssessing caregivers' needs is fast becoming a key instrument preventing carers' crises, particularly when caring for patients with Motor Neurone Disease (Flemming, et al., 2020). Investigating factors contributing to carers breakdown in families living with and caring for people with Motor Neurone disease (MND) is a continuing concern within healthcare, particularly with current reduction in carers' support services since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic (Carers UK, 2021).AimsThis quality improvement project aims to improve early recognition of fatigue in family caregivers of patients with MND by implementing an already validated carers needs assessment tool as part of routine family centred care.MethodsThe Carers Alert Thermometer [CAT] created by Edge Hill University, was piloted for a period of 8 weeks. The implementation process also included creating and developing an MND support group at the hospice every two weeks to support family care givers.ResultsDuring the project we found that staff felt more confident in using an assessment tool after the training session and that staff had a shared vision in providing support to family caregivers. A key finding of the project was that after creating and developing the MND support group, family members consistently improved their scores on how able they felt to continue providing care at the current level for the person.ConclusionEvaluation of the project showed greater patient and family caregiver satisfaction of hospice services, an increase in family caregivers' confidence to continue to be a primary care giver and a reduction in anxiety around planning for the future.


A painful, recurring problem in conservation biology is a lack of replication, randomization and experimental controls needed to ascribe the effects of applied treatments to observed outcomes. Imperiled populations are frequently in trouble because they are small and isolated, making it practically and ethically problematic or impossible to test the predictions suggested by elegant theories of population biology. Furthermore, many animal populations that gain conservation attention are large, long-lived and difficult to study on a human timescale. Consequently, there exists a void between studies of shortlived, model organisms in the simplified lab environment and studies of long-lived, charismatic megafauna in the wild. In this issue, Kronenberger et al. (2017) help fill this void with an experiment to test theories of the value of immigrants into small populations using Trinidadian guppies Poecilia reticulata of evolutionary biology fame. The implications of their study are useful and important for conservation biology. Predicting the effects of gene flow, or immigration, is a longstanding problem in conservation genetics and management (Edmands, 2007). A few immigrants can provide much needed adaptive genetic variation and result in recipient population growth (or rescue) because the immigrants relieve inbreeding depression (Frankham, 2015) or inverse density dependence (Brown & Kodric-Brown, 1977). However, population rescue is not always as simple of an outcome as it may first appear (Mills & Allendorf, 1996; Tallmon, Luikart & Waples, 2004). There are risks in adding immigrants to imperiled populations because individuals from adaptively or genetically divergent populations could lead to outbreeding depression, social breakdown, disease spread or other undesirable effects that hasten population extinction (Hedrick & Fredrickson, 2010; Frankham, 2015). The risks of gene flow are heightened by the fact that some populations of conservation concern are cherished precisely because they represent highly divergent evolutionary lineages, and this uniqueness could be lost forever if immigrant genes swamp what has taken aeons to evolve. In this context, Kronenberger et al. (2017), took advantage of knowledge gained from decades of outstanding evolutionary research on Trinidadian guppies to create replicated, small populations of guppies in lab mesocosms. To these replicate populations, they added immigrants either from an adaptively divergent, but moderately genetically divergent population (Fst = 0.12) from the same drainage, or from an adaptively similar, but highly genetically divergent population (Fst = 0.35) from another drainage. Importantly, they also maintained no immigration, control populations. They report benefits of immigration treatments, in particular from the adaptively similar and genetically divergent population. The effects are present across a suite of demographic measures, including population size, which is the gold standard for evidence of rescue. Importantly, there are no observed negative impacts of immigration treatments. Kronenberger et al. (2017) support the small population paradigm and bring experimental rigor to support previous, high profile studies of single, isolated animal populations that precluded replication but still suggested beneficial fitness effects of immigration (Madsen, Ujvari & Olsson, 2004; Hogg et al., 2006; Johnson et al., 2010; Adams et al., 2011). As Kronenberger et al. (2017) discuss, there are a number of reasons to interpret these results conservatively. Reasons to be circumspect include the use of migrants from a single source, the short duration of the experiment (<2 full generations), uncontrolled selection imposed by the artificial mesocosm environment, and the inability to tease apart confounded benefits of immigrants to demography versus genetics. Of course, as long as experimental research is limited by funding there will be trade-offs between external and internal validity in every empirical study. It is important to point out that the findings of Kronenberger et al. (2017) are boosted by similar population rescue effects seen as a result of immigration in a companion, multigeneration study of wild Trinidadian guppy populations (Fitzpatrick et al., 2016). Kronenberger et al. (2017) provide clear evidence of short-term population rescue from moving a few individuals into small populations. They also support suggestions from theory of the value of using adaptively similar source populations for immigrants wherever possible (Frankham, 2015). It is important to point out, however, that while a few immigrants can provide fitness benefits to isolated, small populations and are a powerful, underused weapon in the conservation arsenal, they do not add habitat or halt whatever ecological problems made recipient populations small in the first place (Hedrick et al., 2014). Nevertheless, rescue of wild populations by adding a few immigrants is much


Abstract This case describes the prenatal diagnosis and integrated peripartum management of a foetus with 2:1 atrioventricular block and torsade de pointes due to congenital long QT syndrome. The unique issues related to the detection of intrauterine conduction abnormalities and ventricular arrhythmias, along with the immediate postnatal care, have been described as an interesting teaching case with successful outcome.


The relationship between morphologic differentiation of Neotropical social wasp populations and social organization, altitude, climate, and geologic history of the northeastern Andes was studied. Populations of seven species of wasps were chosen as representatives of the two types of social organization, and of distribution in either lowlands separated by mountains, or highlands separated by valleys. Differentiation was detected through both principal component analysis and multivariate analysis of variance of eight body measurements. We found a relationship between morphological differentiation and both altitude and social organization in Vespid populations. There was no evidence that either climate or geologic history are related to the differentiation between Vespid populations. These results are consistent with the low dispersal capabilities proposed for the swarm-founding species and with the theories about Andes colonization. It is possible that social organization may be responsible for the diversification of the group.


The increasing need for starches with specific characteristics makes it important to study unconventional starches and their modifications in order to meet consumer demands. The aim of this work was to study physicochemical characteristics of native starch and phosphate starch of S. lycocarpum. Native starch was phosphated with sodium tripolyphosphate (5-11%) added with stirring. Chemical composition, morphology, density, binding ability to cold water, swelling power and solubility index, turbidity and syneresis, rheological and calorimetric properties were determined. Phosphorus was not detected in the native sample, but the phosphating process produced modified starches with phosphorus contents of 0.015, 0.092 and 0.397%, with the capacity of absorbing more water , either cold or hot. Rheological data showed the strong influence of phosphorus content on viscosity of phosphate starch, with lower pasting temperature and peak viscosity higher than those of native starch. Enthalpy was negatively correlated with the phosphorus content, requiring 9.7; 8.5; 8.1 and 6.4 kJ g -1 of energy for the transition from the amorphous to the crystalline state for the starch granules with phosphorus contents of 0; 0.015; 0.092 and 0.397%, respectively . Cluster analysis and principal component analysis showed that starches with 0.015 and 0.092% phosphorus have similar characteristics and are different from the others. Our results show that the characteristics of phosphate modified S. lycocarpum starch have optimal conditions to meet the demands of raw materials, which require greater consistency in stickiness, combined with low rates of retrogradation and syneresis.


Professor Donald Rothwell has recently provided legal advice regarding the supply of uranium to India. 2 His advice to the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons dated November 2011 on this matter is available online. 3 Professor Rothwell argues that the supply of uranium to India by Australia is a violation of Article 4 of the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Rarotonga or SPNFZT). 4 Former Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser agrees, writing that "selling uranium to India would breach our international treaty obligations." 5 If supply violates the SPNFZT, another party to the SPNFZT could lodge a formal complaint with the Director of the South Pacific Bureau of Economic Cooperation and, if unresolved, ultimately take the matter to the International Court of Justice. 6 If the government is serious about the uranium deal, then the defence of the legality of the deal should be central to decision making.


This paper is written to add threads to the fabric of a lost tradition: the reconciliation of virtue with commercial society. The extent to which commercial society, and the increased wealth it produces, are considered instrumental to some final purpose for society, its moral improvement, is examined in the work of Adam Smith (17231790) and Richard Whately (1787-1863), intellectual leader of the Oriel Noetics, Oxford from 1811-1831. Although looking at past horizons, this paper is written to contribute to current debates about how well the discipline of economics can live within the framework of virtue-ethics. Smith and Whately's approach to moral philosophy and the challenges of commercial modernity will be considered in this light, alert to continuities and discontinuities between them. An account of the purpose, or telos of human beings, and then, of commercial society in the writing of each will be presented. Both writers' attitudes to the moral dangers inherent in commercial society, and remedies proposed to these through education, enlightenment and moral improvement will then be examined. This will lay the foundation for assessing their understanding of the relationships between commerce, wealth, knowledge and virtue in their writing.


the raison d'etre of the series, "to present American civilization at the midpoint of the century." Whether we still have a distinct, indigenous rural society and how conduct and culture in an age of mass communication compare with the simple days of the lyceum and the chautauqua, no suggestion is ventured. At least an approach to the answer may be found rather in the sketchy but intimate observations of reporters like Dos Passos, Gunther, Haystead, and Lord.


Evaluating life history of species carries important implications for conservation biology. A total of 3651 colonies of the fire coral Millepora platyphylla was measured, georeferenced and collected in 5 different habitats in Moorea to evaluate the biological and ecological context of the population maintenance and renewal. This thesis has demonstrated that the population structure of this species varies greatly between lagoonal and fore reef habitats. Using newly developed microsatellite markers, we have shown that M. platyphylla relies heavily on clonal reproduction via fragmentation (80%) and that the fragments are distributed in perfect alignment with wave energy dispersal. Clonal lineages with clones shared among habitats revealed the ability of a single genotype to express different phenotypes depending on its exposure to swell wave energy. Surprisingly, M. platyphylla invests in a vulnerable morphology to wave-induced breakage in high energy reef habitats. Furthermore, parentage analysis revealed a high contribution from self-seeding (58%), limited dispersal of sexual propagules and sibling aggregations. At last, we have demonstrated intracolonial genotypic variability, mostly from somatic mutations (mosaicism), which creates novel genetic diversity within the population. The interaction of these processes generates a high level of genetic and phenotypic variation within the population and allows for local replenishment and the persistence of this fire coral species in Moorea, a marginal habitat. These life history strategies thus increase the adaptive potential and resilience of M. platyphylla in response to rapid and unpredictable environmental changes.


Considerable effort has been made to evaluate the aviation industry's contribution to global climate change. Relatively little attention has been given to the proper role of the various parties associated with these emissions in reducing them.This paper examines the legal role of airport proprietors in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.The paper begins with a summary of recent efforts to address greenhouse gas emissions from aviation.The second half of the paper examines the legal issues surrounding steps that airport proprietors might take to reduce emissions.


We demonstrate experimentally and theoretically dielectric metamaterials exhibiting a tunable range of negative effective permeability in the terahertz spectral region 0.2–0.36 THz. Our structures consist of an array of intrinsically nonmagnetic rods made of an incipient ferroelectric SrTiO3 which shows a high tunable permittivity. The magnetic response and its tuning are achieved by a temperature control of the permittivity of SrTiO3, which defines the resonant confinement of the electromagnetic field within the rods.


The physics performance of the barrel RPC system of the HARP experiment is described. In the barrel two sets of fifteen identical resistive plate chambers (RPCs) have been operated in 2001 and 2002 as a part of the HARP experiment at the CERN PS accelerator. For the first time under real experimental conditions RPCs have bean applied for particle identification (PID) by measuring the particle's time-of-flight (ToF). The procedure developed for the RPC calibration, based on reconstructed tracks in the HARP Time Projection Chamber (TPC), is described in detail. Intrinsic RPC time resolutions of 141 ps and a combined time resolution of the large angle TOF system of 180 ps are obtained. The effective resolution of the comparison of predicted and measured ToF is 305 ps in the region of interest for this experiment. The PID capabilities of the system are demonstrated. An average efficiency of the RPC counters of about 97% is measured


The object of the present paper is to introduce a new subclass of p-valent starlike functions with negative coefficients in the open unit disc which is defined by a generalized derivative operator D λ1,λ2,p(ai, bq). We obtain coefficient inequalities, growth and distortion theorems, and extreme points for the subclass of pvalent functions. Keywords—p-valent functions, starlike functions, derivative operator.


Abstract — Some secret is shared between the communication nodes before establishment the spreading sequence in spread spectrum (SS) wireless communication. This pre-configuration of secrets causes the physical contact as infeasible in the large networks in which the nodes are join and leave the network frequently and it is called Circular Dependency Problem(CDP).To solve CDP, introduce an efficient and adversary-resilient secret sharing mechanism. This method uses MAC-Masked Key Scheduling. This key scheduling fails to protect against Brute-Force jammers. So, we introduce a key scheduling with linear tail. Communication nodes enter and leave the networks dynamically, making pre-configuration impractical. To achieve an efficient spread spectrum communication can avoid the adversary effects like Jamming, Reply attack, Modification, Insertion. These kinds of jammer activities cause the failure in establishment of communication. To protect this kind of attacks from adversary, we introduce key scheduling. This paper deals about how to protect against such kind of adversary activities.


Through employing cooperative relay nodes, multiple carrier frequency offsets (MCFO) appear due to the different accuracy of the nodes' oscillators. In order to guarantee the orthogonality of cooperative nodes, the MCFO and channel frequency response (CFR) should be estimated and then compensated at the destination node. In this article, a practical MCFO synchronization and CFR estimation algorithm, including MCFO estimator, CFR estimator and MCFO equalizer, is proposed. Simulation results illustrate that the proposed solutions achieve graceful mean square error and BER performance with large range of MCFO.


Amidst all the hard work and concentration required while training to be a GP in the UK, we rarely get the chance to think about how our colleagues in Europe are faring, or, indeed, how they qualify to become a GP. This gap in knowledge was filled by a lucky group of us who participated in an excellent exchange programme in the Netherlands organised by the hospitable Dutch trainees.

The aim of the visit was to assemble nearly 40 aspiring or newly qualified GPs from all over Europe to participate in a busy educational programme while staying with a Dutch trainee. This allowed us to learn from each other about general practice in other countries, while also giving us a special insight into the Dutch system.

Training in …


In the present work we provide a complete and deep description of the characteristics of the cavity solitons in semiconductor cavities. We demonstrate the generation of quite a number of CSs in the transverse section, and perform a careful analysis of the switching process of CSs. The laser where we are intended to generate the cavity solitons is an oxidized bottom-emitter VCSEL emitting around 970 nm at threshold.


ABSTRACT There has been a renewed resolve for deeper integration and cooperation within ASEAN. Intra-industry trade (IIT) is often viewed as a way of achieving economic as well as political integration. This article tests for the effect that political regime and governance may have on the intensity of IIT. We particularly examine if quality of political institutions which includes corruption and democracy indices as well as economic factors comprising corporate tax rate, regional FDI flow, flexibility of exchange rate regime, size of the market, economic distance affect the intensity of horizontal and vertical IIT. The study finds that control of corruption and good governance both increase the vertical IIT but not the horizontal IIT. The study further finds that intra-economy FDI flow, stable exchange rate regime, market size and proximity positively affect IIT within the trade bloc. However the negative effect of corporate tax rate suggests that if countries were to coordinate their tax policies, they could avoid harmful tax competition and promote IIT across their borders. The findings regarding the effect those economic and political factors have on the intensity of IIT certainly warrants the attention of policy makers and researchers alike.


This correspondence describes an algorithm for generating a set of test items and a test sequence which can be used at a minimal cost for testing protocol implementations for a layered protocol. "Set" and "weight" concepts are introduced and "test cost" is defined as the weighted sum of directed arcs.


After its entry into the WTO, China is carrying out the modern enterprise regulations' construction which is guided by the market. During the course of the construction, it is necessary to reexamine our country's legislative regulations about one-member companies . As a special form of companies, one-member companies' appearance is the inevitable outcome of the development of modem company regulations, it is necessary to draw on the experience form the successful practice of western countries' legislation about one-member companies, to give a definite recognition of one-member companies in the modern enterprise regulations, and to establish relative law regulations in respect of one-member companies'basic reserve fund, and financial accounting, etc.


The purpose of this study was to determine school category differences in the predictive validity of KCPE among public secondary school students in Kisii central Sub-county, Kenya. The study adopted Correlational and Ex-post-facto research designs. The study population was 3,897 KCSE candidates from 55 public secondary schools. Stratified random sampling based on school type (day and boarding) was used to select 16 public secondary schools for the study. Saturated sampling was employed to include all KCSE candidates whose KCPE marks were available in each sampled school, yielding a sample of 1,391 students. Data used included 2006 KCPE scores and 2010 KCSE scores of the same students under study. It was analyzed quantitatively using correlations and regression analyses. There was no statistically significant difference in correlation of KCSE and KCPE scores based on school category. The study concluded that KCPE scores is a good predictor of KCSE scores regardless of school category. It recommended that KCPE should continue to be used as selection tool for secondary school admission and that learners should be encouraged to join any type of school convenient to them regardless of whether they are day or boarding schools.


Increasingly NASA experiments, instruments and applications are requiring pumps that are miniature and consume low power. To address this need, a piezoelectrically actuated pump is being developed. This pump employs a novel volume displacing mechanism using flexural traveling waves that act peristaltically eliminating the need for values or physically moving parts. Finite element model was developed using ANSYS to predict the resonance frequency of the vibrating mode for the piezo pump driving stator. The model also allows determining simultaneously the mode shapes that are associated with the various resonance frequencies. This capability is essential for designing the pump size and geometry. To predict and optimize the pump efficiency, which is determined by the volume of pumping chambers, the model was modified to perform harmonic analysis. Current capability allows the determination of the effect of such design parameters as pump geometry, construction materials and operating modes on the volume of the chambers that is available between the peaks and valleys of the waves. Experiments were conducted using a breadboard of the piezo pump and showed water-pumping rate of about 3.0 cc/min. The performance of pump is continuing to be modified to enhance the performance and efficiency.


Studies so far have been focusing on usage as implicit and subordinate to the notion of user or technology. We draw attention to the importance of looking at usage as a practice which constitutes technology development. Our qualitative and exploratory study puts usage at the front and contributes to the understanding of how people actually use technology in everyday life. The preliminary results show that users combine technologies and other means differently depending on the environment and situation. Usage-based view can help designers of technology to address not only user-needs, but usage-needs, and managers to account for usage in designing value propositions and business models.


Prior work on novice programmers' self-regulation have shown it to be inconsistent and shallow, but trainable through direct instruction. However, prior work has primarily studied self-regulation retrospectively, which relies on students to remember how they regulated their process, or in laboratory settings, limiting the ecological validity of findings. To address these limitations, we investigated 31 novice programmers' self-regulation in situ over 10 weeks. We had them to keep journals about their work and later had them to reflect on their journaling. Through a series of qualitative analyses of journals and survey responses, we found that all participants monitored their process and evaluated their work, that few interpreted the problems they were solving or adapted prior solutions. We also found that some students self-regulated their programming in many ways, while others in almost none. Students reported many difficulties integrating reflection into their work; some were completely unaware of their process, some struggled to integrate reflection into their process, and others found reflection conflicted with their work. These results suggest that self-regulation during programming is highly variable in practice, and that teaching self-regulation skills to improve programming outcomes may require differentiated instruction based on students self-awareness and existing programming practices.


Decoders for channels with an alphabet A and an output alphabet A\prime supseteq A are given. It is shown that, when A =


This paper analyses the appliance foreground of lined rock caverns(LRC) based on starving for the natural gas stored underground in China.It firstly points out the necessity of lined rock cavern construction according to the present situation of the construction and application of lined rock caverns,and then expounds the advantages of the principle and technology of LRC and analyses its feasibility in economy,occupation land,safety,environmental protection,construction cycle,risk and development,etc.At last it draws the conclusion that the LRC can be developed on a large scale in China.


Cement concrete pavement in China has been researched both domestically and internationally. Engineering costs, life cycle cost benefits, and social economic benefits of asphalt pavement, common plain concrete pavement, concrete pavement with welded steel fabric, and continuously reinforced concrete pavement are compared and analyzed. Cement concrete pavement reinforced welded steel fabric is low cost, has few maintenance costs, and has long life cycle characteristics. An analysis of the environmental impacts, particularly energy consumption during construction and environmental protection, of asphalt and cement concretes was conducted. Cement concrete pavement is environmentally safe with respect to carbon, and is a sustainable pavement. A case study analyzing various expressways and tunnels of various lengths in the Shanxi Province can be used as the basis of development of reinforced cement pavement in China.


The videogame industry: characteristics, actors involved and future trends. New possible scenarios: the entrance in the market of Google and Apple. Theories about business model with a focus on canvas business model: introduction on business plan. Consoles and games in South Korea: analysis of the "Pc-Bank" business. Pc-Bank in Italy: could the Korean success be replicated?


The article studies interdisciplinary concept of self-regulation, particularly in its national domestic practice. Reduction in the degree of state control and regulation meets the basic idea of the administrative reform, and the authors believe that the ultimate goal should be in building up an affective chain of interacting: consumers - producers, self-regulatory organizations (SROs) - state.The forms of self-regulation in Russia are voluntary and delegated. It is noted that almost 70% of the SROs are in the construction industry. From this quantitative imbalance a conclusion is drawn about the need of a balanced and differentiated approach to the regulation of SROs.In the authors opinion, to develop self-regulation must be an important part of the reform of public administration, while practice reveals lack of the conceptual unity on the issue. One of the most important ways to improve the rules could be a framework law on SRO. It seems necessary to classify the SROs on the basis of activities and specific industries, divide them by the SRO of small, medium and large businesses. The authors propose changes in the law according to which the size of contributions of members of the SRO will be connected with the indicators of the turnover of the capital; introduce a differential classification of the SRO; to regulate the procedure for conducting inspections of the SROs.The authors emphasize the need of the introduction of standardization and regulation implemented by the SROs. There is a gap between the content of vocational education and skill requirements of the labor market, which makes urgent the task of coordinating and integrating state professional standards and state educational standards. A significant role in this process should belong to the SRO.The formulated proposals are practical and were tested by the authors in the bodies of state power, which recognized the need to revitalize these areas.


In optimization in with m nonlinear equality constraints, we study the local convergence of reduced quasi-Newton methods, in which the updated matrix is of order n−m Furthermore, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for superlinear convergence (in one step) and we introduce a device to globalize the local algorithm, It consists in determining a step along an arc in order to decrease an exact penalty function and we give conditions so that asymptotically the step-size will be equal to one.


Effects of local and nonlocal substructure spin on the localization behavior of tantalum top-hat specimens subjected to high-rate compression are investigated. The orientation of a quadratic yield surface within the space of the intermediate configuration second Piola Kirchhoff stress is defined by a triad of substructure unit director vectors. Local evolution kinetics for the substructure directors are based on a plastic constitutive spin proportional to the non-coaxiality between stress and plastic rate of deformation within the spinless intermediate configuration. An extension of the local plastic constitutive spin to reflect nonlocal kinetics is made by attenuating or amplifying the spin rate depending on the misorientation of the substructure directors at a material point with those at adjacent material points within some neighborhood. Increased local spin rates tend to accentuate localization of plastic deformation and acts as a constitutive softening mechanism. On the other hand, the constraint imposed by nonlocal evolution of substructure orientation affects the plastic deformation field by reducing the propensity for flow, thus delaying localization and increasing the spatial coherence of the director vector field.


Theory of metastable ion generation in mass spectral studies as well as principle for their defocusing technique have been discussed. Detailed discussion have been made to record the metastable ions in single focusing (sector type) instruments and expanded to double focussing Nier-Jhonshon geometry as well as that to reverse geometry instruments. Merits and demerits of both types of instruments for recording such spectra have been discussed. Further, some illustrative examples are cited when the technique was in the process of development, showing the applications of this technique in identifying a compound while present in a mixture without taking recourse to pre-separation.


Purpose - The aim of this paper is to assess whether employment insecurity/instability is a necessary consequence of operating as a self-employed worker in the external labour market (ELM) and to examine the role for social capital to influence any such potential insecurity/instability. Design/methodology/approach - A total of 124 workers in the UK construction industry – 78 self-employed and 46 directly employed – and 12 employers were interviewed in a period spanning the New Construction Industry Scheme in 1999 to provide the empirical evidence for this research. Findings - Belying the common assumptions of atomistic dependence in the face of employers hiring from a competitive and undifferentiated labour pool in an ELM, the results of this research clearly demonstrate a key role for social capital to influence the allocation of work in the ELM and thus minimise the importance of job tenure in determining perceptions of employment security/stability. Practical implications - The role for social capital to influence the allocation of work has attracted increasing attention in recent years. This paper provides further evidence that job tenure by itself, cannot be used as a definitive measure of employment security/insecurity in both internal and ELMs. Originality/value - There is relatively little empirical research on the role of social capital to influence the distribution of work; particularly in the ELM. This paper responds to the increasing call for research in this area to focus on micro/social action rather than on macro/structural variables and mechanisms.


In the present article was broached the main biological and ecological characteristics of Toxocara canis, taking in consideration its taxonomic classificatio...


Sources of C and the location of production in rivers can influence trophic state. Despite major alterations to large rivers, data describing metabolic balance and partitioning in these rivers are sparse. We quantified ecosystem metabolism in the Lower Klamath River, USA, before and after a reservoir-derived cyanobacterial bloom. We calculated daily whole-river metabolism at 3 reaches on the Klamath River below Iron Gate Dam from May–October 2012. We measured planktonic metabolism biweekly from June to October to partition the source (planktonic or benthic) of whole-river gross primary production (GPPTotal) and ecosystem respiration (ERTotal) prior to and during the cyanobacterial bloom. Whole-river ecosystem metabolism in the Klamath River varied seasonally, with low GPPTotal and ERTotal in spring and autumn (May, June, October means = 4.4, –2.9 g O2 m−2 d−1), and high GPPTotal and ERTotal during summer (July–September means = 8.0, –6.8 g O2 m−2 d−1). Within sites, daily variation in ERTotal was coupled with daily variation in GPPTotal, suggesting a dominant role of autotrophs in ERTotal. Average rates of GPPTotal declined from up- to downriver sites, driving parallel declines in net ecosystem production. After the bloom, planktonic production and respiration increased 2–4× over nonbloom rates, whereas whole-river metabolism was relatively stable because of compensatory declines in benthic metabolism. Minimum daily dissolved O2 concentration (DO) declined with increasing GPPTotal. This pattern strengthened during the bloom, showing that DO, a regulated water-quality variable, was tightly linked to C-cycling processes in the river. The bloom changed the location (planktonic vs benthic) of production and respiration in the river and decreased DO minima, but not rates of whole-river metabolism. Location of primary production had only subtle effects on ecosystem metabolism compared to seasonal changes in metabolism.


Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) nanocomposites incorporated with polydopamine functionalized graphene nanoplatelet (PDA-GNP) were prepared by in situ polymerization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results indicated that the addition of PDA-GNP could promote the formation of hydrogen bonding and microphase separation. The microstructure obtained from small-angle neutron scattering indicated that the addition of PDA-GNP increased the number while significantly it decreased the size of hard microdomains. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that PDA-GNP exhibited strong interfacial interactions with TPU matrix. In particular, the tensile strength, strain at break, and toughness of TPU/PDA-GNP with as low as 0.5 wt % PDA-GNP increased by 313, 16, and 279%, respectively. This individualized phenomenon was attributed to the abundant covalent bonding between PDA-GNP and TPU resulting in strong interfacial interactions and good compatibility specifically associated with the changes of TPU microstru...


We analysed the heterogeneity of high-elevation vegetation on three mountains along a west-east transect at 41 ?S lat. in the Andes of northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. In this area, high-Andean vegetation occurs as islands on mountain tops above Nothofagus pumilio forests - with the timberline at ca. 1700 m a.s.l. We recorded floristic, topo- graphic and substrate data in 166 sites stratified according to longitude, altitude, slope and aspect. Vegetation data were classified with TWINSPAN and ordinated with Detrended Correspondence Analysis. The relationship between environ- mental and floristic variation was analysed using Canonical Correspondence Analysis. In order of importance, geographi- cal longitude, altitude and aspect were the major determinants of vegetation variation, whereas substrate texture and slope appeared less important. The combination of these factors resulted in two main vegetation gradients. The first gradient is related to a moisture availability gradient, primarily deter- mined by longitude and secondarily to variation in wind exposure (east vs. west aspect). The second vegetation gradi- ent is related to variation in temperature, primarily deter- mined by altitude, and secondarily by variation in insolation related to the contrast between north and south aspects. The four communities obtained with TWINSPAN are therefore associated with four characteristic habitat types: moist-cold, moist-warm, dry-cold and dry-warm. The community of warm and dry environments is the richest and has elements in com- mon with dry steppe communities situated at lower elevations to the east, while the vegetation of the cold-moist habitat type has unique elements that are typical of the southern Andes. Although current climatic factors appear to be the major determinants of high-Andean vegetation gradients, historical events of Pleistocene times probably also affected the vegeta- tion patterns we see today.


Lead-free (Li,Na,K)NbO3-based multilayered piezoceramics with Ag0.9Pd0.1 inner electrodes were prepared, and their large-signal piezoelectric properties under combined electrical and mechanical loadings were characterized at room temperature. The piezoelectric constant [Formula: see text] of the multilayer was 96 pm/V with an applied unipolar field of 5 kV/mm under zero stress. More importantly, a favorable stress stability of [Formula: see text] was observed, with a slight variation [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text], when the uniaxial stress was increased from −5 to −80 MPa. Further investigations of temperature-dependent x-ray diffraction, permittivity, and an energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometer revealed that the mechanical stability of [Formula: see text] was due to a shift in phase transition temperature caused by a solid solution of the Ag inner electrode to the A-site of (Li,Na,K)NbO3 piezoceramics.


This paper illustrates how critical use of Basil Bernstein's theory illuminates the mechanisms by which university knowledge, curriculum and pedagogy both reproduce and interrupt social inequalities. To this end, empirical examples are selected from the findings of the ESRC-funded project 'Pedagogic Quality and Inequality in University First Degrees' (RES-062-23-1438, November 2008–January 2012). The project investigated sociology-related social science degrees in four social science departments in universities in different positions in influential UK higher education league tables. A Bernsteinian lens throws fresh light on how university education might contribute to a more egalitarian society.


This introduction to a panel presented in Santiago, Chile, highlights the consequences of social violence focusing on the need for institutionalized action to counteract institutional violence, on the interaction of vulnerabilities of patient and therapist expressed as enactments in the treatment, and on the complex interplay of risk and resilience mediating repetition of trauma.


BACKGROUND: Death of fetus in - utero is both devastating to the couple and of concern to the clinician. Stillbirth is one of the most common adverse out-come of pregnancy. OBJECTIVE: 1.To study the status of still birth in Sultania Zanana Hospital. 2. To find out the causes and risk factors associated with still birth. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross -sectional study was carried out at SZ Hospital Bhopal during 1st August 2011 to 31st July 2012. A predesigned and pretested profarma was used to collect information from the mothers who had stillbirth regarding maternal age, parity, antenatal care, obstetric causes and medical conditions. Analysis was done using proportions and chi-square test. RESULT: There were a total of 10662 deliveries with 473 still births giving a still birth rate of 44.3/1000 total births. Women who had still births 88.73% were in the age group 20-34yrs, 45.66% were nullipara.53.06% had not taken any antenatal care. The major causes were APH 128 (27.06%), PIH (Preeclampsia, eclampsia) 114 (24.1%) and maternal medical conditions 34 (7.1%) of stillbirths. Majority 293 (61.94%) were ante partum stillbirths. CONCLUSION: Study showed a high rate of stillbirth, the major causes were ante partum hemorrhage, pregnancy induced hypertension and maternal medical conditions.


It has now passed two years since the new site- and construction law, PBL, went into force. It replaced the previous PBL applicable since 1987, and it involves relatively large changes in many diff ...


The work discusses the synthesis and the electron impact ionisation fragmentation patterns under electron impact ionisation mass spectrometry for some biologically active cyanacetamid- and cyanethyl- acetate oximinic esthers of amidothiophosphoric acids, with insecticide and fungicide potential. Their chemical structure was confirmed by analytical data, IR, 1H-NMR and MS spectrometry. EI mass spectra at 70 eV, HR mass measurements and metastable ions analysis were used to elucidate the fragmentation processes.


In this study the authors examined what factors impacted the agricultural information system (AIS) electronic software adoption by rural farmers in central Nigeria. They collected a moderately large sample of responses from rural farmers and examined the generally accepted factors that were found in the literature. The authors applied nonparametric Spearman as well as canonical correlation along with discriminant analysis and developed a statistically significant classification model which used only three independent factors to predict AIS e-adoption. The results should generalize to other rural farm decision makers in Nigeria and the paper should be of interest to other researchers in this field.


According to structure characteristics of hydraulic muffler,the design scheme of test bench for hydraulic muffler attenuation properties was proposed and the experimental data analysis method was given.It provides reference for relevant experiments.


The structural behavior of a W/WS2 fullerene-like nanosphere with a core–shell structure has been studied in the hydrostatic pressure range from atmospheric pressure to 18 GPa by Raman spectroscopy using a methanol–ethanol–water mixture (16:3:1) as the pressure transmitting medium (PTM). We found that it is interesting that the intensity ratio of the LA+TA mode and the A1g mode changes with increasing pressure. We attribute this change to the shape transformation of an inorganic fullerene-like IF-W/WS2 nanosphere under high hydrostatic pressure. By comparing the Raman spectra of an IF-W/WS2 nanosphere released from high pressure with that of the original one, we found that the change in morphology is reversible. This indicates that the spherical shape of the IF-W/WS2 has excellent behavior in resisting compression.


Since embedded systems have been widely used and integrated into almost all the electronic systems, the security and reliability of embedded system must not be ignored. In order to improve the security and reliability of embedded system, a feasible way is to establish root of trust and trusted boot to ensure the integrity and security of the system. This paper proposes Reliable Trusted Boot to provide a reliable and tamper-resistant embedded system. Our method adds extended trusted platform module and backup-recovery mechanism to traditional embedded system, controls the start sequence of platform's components, enforces trusted boot and recovers the system when necessary. Our implementation demonstrates the feasibility of Reliable Trusted Boot, it enhance the security and reliability of embedded system.


We characterize all compact and Hausdorff spaces X which satisfy the condition that for every multiplicative bijection po on C(X, I), there exist a homeomorphism /L: X X and a continuous map p: X (0, +oo) such that (f )(x) = f ('(x))P(X) for every f E C(X, I) and x E X. This allows us to disprove a conjecture of Marovt (Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 134 (2006), 1065-1075). Some related results on other semigroups of functions are also given.


Of these 8 were excluded because their lesions were not definitely prenatal or natal. Several were post-encephalitic, one was probably a case of Schilders disease. Several cases of hypertrophic muscular paralysis were also omitted because we have no evidence here that the nervous system is involved. Only those with unequivocal nerve lesions were included in the series. Those who have worked with idiots and imbeciles will appreciate the difficulty of a neurological examination where resistiveness, disuse contractures and so on


The correct view of society is the premise and foundation of accurate understanding of social construction.Society has different meanings in different cultures.The Chinese traditional culture contains the sprout of social consciousness.The concept of society in western culture is mainly concentrated in the contrary between Terminism and Realismus.Based on the practice,the view of society in Marxism achieved the organic unity of individual and society.These views of society in different cultures have the important significance for us to understand social construction.The view of society in Marxism based on Historical Materialism is the most scientific and comprehensive theory about society,and it is also the theoretical basis for us to accurately understand the concept of society in the context of social construction.


An efficient technique for obtaining complete spectral informations over moderately extended objects is to transform the geometry of their telescopic images to match a classical long "slit" aperture. This anamorphosis is conveniently made with bundles of optical fibres. Such devices are especially useful when high spatial resolution and large wavelength coverage are required at the same time. We review the existing instruments based on this technique and present some typical results. We discuss also the future developments of integral field spectroscopy with optical fibres (visible or IR domains) for the new generation of very large telescopes.


The nature of the Australian Cn sitution is usually described as eiher monarchic and parliamentary, or republican and federal. i Jowever, more than su ccinct expressions of the key political concepts behind the Australian C0nstitution, the two metaphors are the products of particular fRms of analysis. Essentially, the terms parliamentary or consitutional nonarchy an d fedeal repUblic are the products of either revisionist or institutional interpretations Of the Australian C0nstitution. The institutional interpretation focuses on tie practical function of the Consti tfuon's federal and parliamentary instit]tins, and the origins of these devices within the British and American Constitutions. For example, as the Australian Constitution embraces the institutions of both Anerican federal is m and British parliamentary government, insUutionaiists interpret i nature by relating the strucure and operation of Australia's federal and parliamentary institutions to the function of sinilar devices Within the British and American Constitutions.


the recumbent position, and found that he could, in that position, freely move his limbs, which weere free from contractions or gouty dieposits. I could detect no pain nor tendemess in the spine, nor any e%idence of internal structural malady. The bowels were in good order, the urine healthy and secreted in proper quantity, the appetite good, aid di,gestion well l)erformed. My opinion of the case was, tllat it was one of extreme nervous antl muscuilar debility, produiced by a perseverance in the use of colc'hicutnt, long after tlhe imiore aceite symptoms of gout hadl beenl overcomie; that in fact it was a com;plication of arthlitic (lisease with slow, narcotico-inritant poisoning. I advised hinm to bathe three timiies a-week, andi to (lrink the waters twice dItily at tihe spring. I put. hiiii upon a generous diet, andt ortlered hlint to spwind several honrs daily in the open air, anil( to abstaini atltog'ether fromn iedicines. Hle continuiedi tisii plan uintil July fthi, at which timile lie was; alde to -standtl withi tile ts'.istnce of the t;Ullel aldl to walk a tIow steps suipportedb1y two persons. 1 thien diretted hinm to go to) the seal:side for six weeks, anlld to retuirti it athl illSiepl)teniuiber. He rettiriledl greatly io:proeel in every respoet, andt again commencel the use of the waIters, (otaining s4) ollleli benefit. that oni the :3st October, he retullrIcl hoie pierfectly rieoveredl. Tliis, thou-gh a sever-e (;lase, is but the type of Illninn frequetitly met witht in this city, in whichIi the lon, perseverance in tlle doitiest ic use of colhrhliiitin lir *ihu s so complete IL 1rostrat ion of stren-th, tUlait to move a limbl), (oteven change the position ill bed, is itteude,l w^itlh tatinti,g fits nuid piotilse leSlsiration. I reieilber mav years agto, it c'tse in which suIdItdeni ileatlt occurreft f lntil svncopt caiusedt Iy thle long-contilued uise of thlis reiiedwhchIei n glm eaisly ohtitaiid, aniid miuich rontmendedl foi it, sliedcihe eflects, i1 constalitly taken bvy mantily gottylt)yer1o, tsanta tiolent-t 11iuitl. To slow liow colmlpletely we Inai be fociletl ini Out' dingmiosis, by this peuiniculons prL ticee 01 dliomestic inedicatioti, I wi-ill hlere imenitionua s wh1ilch cue' Vlel untiler uiV nIotiCe. I was consiltedl w fewv el;tOs i11 e gv itgu;ty sub1.ject, who conim. plaiued of ( lihomini li sit A sic:onipaniued by several alnoiaidlolns sylmlptolins, for which at first si-i,t, I coulid si-il noi s-ottficieit rcaw,in. l'1pte 4ijestioimi Ihi:au closely, io told aie. that, for two yearsluast, l11itlt be(en inM the ihablit. of plurtclhasing ))0t(105ii imlidi ;, which le dlissolvedl il a p-ilt of wavter*, of which lie hail diueag time wl*tule ot' thlat pt-eriod tAken a wineglassfll twice a deiy, lie hiavimii beenit recoimutt1etided tce try it iby a nligliboir. It i; thlis iiitlisi-crililllte medication that environs the Uikthl theernial treatiment with so tany diftietltiies, tlil whliclh IOt unfrequiently 1 riiugs discredit ten the splings thiellsselves. I last week met fa nmedical ge-ntlehen:an, who towl(l mtte lie, was-; talinga three ds;es daily of colclticun-il, and avas tlhell aheouit t) take at batth. I ine fdlilv pter.-sudeth, that it' we wislh tie waters it protllle gootd eflects, thteir judicious etltvip llentt requires ito 1i1mudicinal interference; atlt thiait hie a11re a vely, ltowvrirl relu|edlial agent in the hind-s of time plhsician, whose elut itclly i.s to wiLtheltheir eiflecis in the santiie way that lbe wouldl thoosew of anly tether liledliille, auth itt 1h over-a;nlxiety for his patient's recovery, to inttrfere with tlhemil buy 1reserilintg reniiedies ofte-n sefill allone, lint inC01om1patfidIeV With tlle rationa,1l CeiIO1t'llltoet ot thle kttll hwaters.


A new method is presented that computes a pre{test estimate of the upper bound of the drag coefficient repeatability of a wind tunnel model. This upper bound is a conservative estimate of the precision error of the drag coefficient. For clarity, precision error contributions associated with the measurement of the dynamic pressure are analyzed separately from those that are associated with the measurement of the aerodynamic loads. The upper bound is computed by using information about the model, the tunnel conditions, and the balance in combination with an estimate of the expected output variations as input. The model information consists of the reference area and an assumed angle of attack. The tunnel conditions are described by the Mach number and the total pressure or unit Reynolds number. The balance inputs are the partial derivatives of the axial and normal force with respect to all balance outputs. Finally, an empirical output variation of 1.0 microV/V is used to relate both random instrumentation and angle measurement errors to the precision error of the drag coefficient. Results of the analysis are reported by plotting the upper bound of the precision error versus the tunnel conditions. The analysis shows that the influence of the dynamic pressure measurement error on the precision error of the drag coefficient is often small when compared with the influence of errors that are associated with the load measurements. Consequently, the sensitivities of the axial and normal force gages of the balance have a significant influence on the overall magnitude of the drag coefficient's precision error. Therefore, results of the error analysis can be used for balance selection purposes as the drag prediction characteristics of balances of similar size and capacities can objectively be compared. Data from two wind tunnel models and three balances are used to illustrate the assessment of the precision error of the drag coefficient.


The adequacy of Australia's infrastructure has been a long-standing topic of debate. This article provides some insight into the question of infrastructure adequacy by examining trends in investment across OECD countries, and discusses some of the fundamental factors influencing Australia's investment relative to other OECD countries. The article also looks at the question of the changing composition of public and private infrastructure spending in Australia over recent decades.


Plasma renin activity (PRA) was determined in 10 children with acute glomerulonephritis and in 10 with the haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (HUS). Low renin levels were found in the hypertensive children with acute nephritis, all of whom had evidence of fluid overload. The amount of this overload correlated directly with the degree of hypertension and inversely with PRA. All the hypertensive children with HUS had high levels of plasma renin, and the highest levels were found in those cases who were subsequently shown to have the more severe degree of renal arteriolar occlusion. The findings emphasize the importance of measures designed to reduce salt and water overloading in the management of hypertension in acute nephritis, while drugs which suppress plasma renin are more likely to control blood pressure in HUS. Estimation of PRA may provide a guide to the management of hypertension in acute renal insufficiency.


Abstract In the last few years, the international development community has been promoting Disability-Inclusive Development (DID). However, there is no consistent definition of this approach, and it is applied differently by international development and humanitarian organizations. In this article I explore the possibility that Disability-Inclusive Development is creating new forms of colonial power through the work of international organizations in the Global South, and how organizations of persons with disabilities are interpreting this approach. I focus on the case of Lao People's Democratic Republic to understand how and when Disability-Inclusive Development is embraced or rejected. Points of Interest International organizations promote disability inclusion through an approach known as Disability-Inclusive Development. Foreign donors, international organizations and local organizations differ on how to include people with disabilities and their organizations. The research addresses Lao PDR as a case study to show how international organizations partner with local organizations of persons with disabilities. The research reveals the difficulty of implementing a Disability-Inclusive Development approach without a good understanding of local organizations. The research recommends foreign donors and international organizations to build up a common understanding of disability inclusion with local organizations of persons with disabilities.


In order to improve the effect of adaptive filtering algorithm,reduce steady-state error and increase tracking speed,this paper uses electro-magnetic transient simulation software PSCAD/EMTDC(Power System Computer Aided Design/Electro-Magnetic Transient in DC System) to verify the superiority of modified variable step size least mean square(LMS) algorithm.Through building a simulation model,comparing with the traditional p-q algorithm based on transient reactive power and LMS algorithm,the simulation waveforms in different system conditions prove that,without increasing much more calculations,the variable step size LMS algorithm has better tracking speed and less error.Validity of this modified variable step size LMS algorithm is confirmed.


To solve the shortcomings of quantum collapsing morphological filter based on the mean-square-error quantum measurement operator when removing high density salt and pepper noise,a method for the removal of salt and pepper noise based on the quantum collapsing morphological operator was proposed.A simple noise detection operator was constructed based on the characteristic of salt and pepper noise.A new quantum measurement operator was constructed by using the mark image formed by the noise detection operator.Meanwhile,to keep the detailed information well,only the possible noise points were filtered using the quantum collapsing morphological filter.Simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively remove the high density salt and pepper noise,and has stronger ability of noise removing and shorter processing time than the other filtering methods.


In this paper, the experimental synthesis of diamond films and optical emission spectroscopy (OES) of the gaseous phase species are studied in the range of substrate temperature from Ts = 300°C to 850°C. The high quality sub-microcrystalline diamond films are successfully deposited at substrate temperature (330 ≈ 340)°C by adopting glow plasma assisted hot filament chemical vapor deposition (GPCVD). For the first time, in situ OES is applied to diagnose weak signal of GPCVD system when CH4 and H2 are used as the input gas, and the reactive species are identified in diamond growth processes. A primary model of diamond films growing at low temperature is presented by studying dynamic behavior for nonequilibrium plasma reactions.


9035 Background: In the Phase 3 POSEIDON study in 1L mNSCLC, adding T to D+CT resulted in statistically significant improvements in PFS and OS vs CT. No new safety signals were identified and treatment discontinuations due to treatment-related AEs (TRAEs) were similar for the T+D+CT and D+CT arms (15.5% and 14.1%). Here we present details of AEs and their management. Methods: 1013 pts with EGFR/ ALK wild-type mNSCLC were randomized 1:1:1 to 1L T+D+CT, D+CT or CT. Safety was assessed in all treated pts. Results: 330, 334 and 333 pts received T+D+CT, D+CT and CT; 78%, 82% and 74% received at least 4 cycles of platinum-based CT. The most common grade 3/4 TRAEs were hematologic (anemia in 17%, 15% and 20% of pts in the T+D+CT, D+CT and CT arms and neutropenia in 16%, 13% and 12%) and most were managed using standard approaches per local practice; 22%, 18% and 16% of pts received colony stimulating factors and 22%, 21% and 26% received blood transfusions. All grade immune-mediated AEs (imAEs) occurred in 34%, 19% and 5% of pts in the T+D+CT, D+CT and CT arms; a higher incidence of diarrhea/colitis, dermatitis/rash and endocrinopathies was seen with the addition of T to D+CT (Table). Grade 3/4 imAEs occurred in 10%, 7% and 2% of pts in the T+D+CT, D+CT and CT arms, and serious imAEs in 10%, 6% and 1%; imAEs led to discontinuation of any study treatment in 6%, 4% and 0.6%, and led to death in 0.6%, 0.3% and 0%. Most imAEs were low grade and manageable with systemic corticosteroids (received by 26%, 13% and 4% of pts in the T+D+CT, D+CT and CT arms) or endocrine therapy (12%, 8% and 1%). Median time from first dose to onset of imAEs (TTO) was generally > 60 days and the majority of non-endocrine imAEs resolved (Table). Conclusions: In POSEIDON, the safety profile of all regimens was manageable per standard guidelines and in line with the known profiles of D, T+D and CT; the most common grade 3/4 TRAEs were those typically associated with CT. As expected, more imAEs occurred with T+D+CT than D+CT, but the incidence of grade 3 or 4 imAEs, imAE-related deaths and treatment discontinuations due to imAEs was generally similar in the IO arms. T+D did not compromise the ability to administer planned CT. Clinical trial information: NCT03164616. [Table: see text]


A four-leg inverter is generally used to give power to three-phase loads at various conditions like balanced, unbalanced, light loads, heavy loads, etc., and also under the condition of source. Again a four-leg inverter gives three independent voltages with an extra neutral leg. An LC filter is used to make the output more precise and accurate for making the inverter compatible to connect with the grid system. Normally a traditional LC filtered inverter using finite set model predictive control needs both inductor current and capacitor voltage measurement. That makes the inverter bulkier and rises the manufacturing cost. So, in this paper, we have formulated a sensor-less technique for the four-leg LC filtered inverter with a resistive load only which eliminates the current sensors of the system and thus reduces the manufacturing cost of the inverter and simplifies its working process.


Objective To investigate the application values of low field MRI in occult ankle injury.Methods The magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) was analyzed in 36 trauma patients who showed no obvious bone abnormalities in X-ray but clinically were highly suspected occult ankle injury.Results All 36 cases were found to be occult fractures,among whom,8 cases were one fracture,22 two fractures and 6 three or more fractures.The MRIs showed patchy low,slightly low or equivalent signals in T1WI,high,slightly high or equivalent signals in T2WI,and high signals,less clear boundary in STIR.8 cases were also accompanied by torn achilles tendon,which indicated the thickened achilles tendon,disappeared front shallow concave with flake high signals.2 cases were further accompanied by torn medial collateral ligament and 6 cases by torn lateral collateral ligament,showing high signals in the ligaments or low in T1WI,high signals in T2WI surrounding the swollen soft tissue.Conclusion Low field MRI has significant clinical application values in accurately diagnosing occult fractures,and finding the ligament or tendon injuries.


Personal trauma caused by direct or indirect violence is a common social phenomenon. The Bonesetter's Daughter adopts a narrative form to reveal a mother's efforts to shed off inner pain and reconcile with her daughter. This paper employs the traumatic theories with an emphasis on traumatic avoidance,evolvement and solution to analyze Ruling's personal trauma and the hurt caused by it in war and to her family.


The paper is devoted to the development of a software system for the mutual classification of familiesof population optimization algorithms and problems of multivariate continuous optimization. One ofthe goals of this study is to develop methods for predicting the performance of the algorithms includedin the system and choosing the most effective algorithms from them for solving a user-specifiedoptimization problem. In addition, the proposed software system can be used to expand existing testsuites with new optimization problems. The work was carried out with the financial support of theRussian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant No. 20-07-01053 A).


This paper describes the dual-mission Mars 2003 Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) being built by Raytheon Santa Barbara Remote Sensing (SBRS) under contract to Arizona State University (ASU). Mini-TES is a single detector Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS), covering the spectral range 5-29 microns (micrometers ) at 10 cm-1 spectral resolution. Scheduled for launch in 2003, one Mini-TES instrument will fly to Mars aboard each of the two missions of NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Project (MER). Mini-TES is designed to provide a key minerological remote sensing component of the MER mission, which includes several other science instruments. Originally intended for the Athena Precursor Experiment (APEX) slated for a 2001 launch, the first Mini-TES unit was required to meet a two-year development schedule with proven, flight-tested instrumentation. Therefore, SBRS designed Mini-TES based on proven heritage from the successful Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES), which was launched in 1996 and successfully completed its intended mission of one Martian year (two earth years) with over 100 million spectra collected to date, and counting. Relevance of the Mini-TES to MER science, overall design, performance, assembly and test flow as well as details of the hardware fabricated at SBRS, are discussed.


Preamble detection before data transmission is an important module for an underwater communication system, since false detections would bring undesirable consequences in terms of the lifetime and coexistence of underwater networks. This paper conducts a thorough investigation of preamble detection in adverse underwater acoustic channels in the presence of various external interference, such as narrowband interference, impulsive noise, partial-band partial-block-duration interference, and chirps from nearby systems—The Gaussian noise model is not sufficient. We propose two novel detection methods based on the inherent sparsity of underwater acoustic channels: The first method declares signal detection when a sparse signal reconstruction is successful, whereas the second method accumulates the correlation coefficients from multiple paths instead of just the strongest path. We study the performance of the proposed methods based on simulations and experimental data sets, where the detection thresholds are empirically obtained. Performance results testify to the clear advantages of the proposed detection methods relative to existing matched-filter based approaches in various interference conditions.


We constructed mutant strains of Francisella tularensis biotype novicida by insertional mutagenesis with a kanamycin resistance (KmR) cassette. One mutant, KEM7, was defective for survival in macrophages in comparison with the wild-type (WT) strain and a random insertion strain, KEM21. While all three strains exhibited intracellular growth, the number of viable KEM7 present after 24-48 h of infection was approximately 10 times less than that of WT or KEM21. This observation was apparently due to a reduced number of viable KEM7 associated with the macrophages one hour after phagocytosis. KEM7 was approximately 3 times more susceptible than WT or KEM21 to killing by the products of the xanthine-xanthine oxidase reaction or by hydrogen peroxide. KEM7 was also found to be susceptible to killing by serum, whereas WT and KEM21 were resistant. Upon intravenous inoculation of C57BL/6 mice, the number of KEM7 in the livers and spleens 48 h post-infection was found to be 1,000- to 10,000-times less than that of either KEM21 or WT. DNA sequence analysis at the KmR insertion site suggested that the F. tularensis homologue of minD had been interrupted. Western immunoblot analysis confirmed the presence of a MinD homologue in F. tularensis WT and KEM21, and demonstrated its absence in KEM7.


There are various forms of joints in a machine tool, which have a high influence on the whole machine's static and dynamic behavior. Therefore the effect of the joints' features must be taken into consideration when establishing the overall kinetic model of a machine tool. Based on the forms of typical joints, the factors influencing the joint features are analyzed, and are classified into the factor of material, structure and application conditions; the expressing methods of the characteristic parameters for joints are presented for different sections based on the experimental results of joint features. During the establishment of the overall model for the machine, the characteristic parameters of joints are taken as known conditions, are equivalent to the connection rigidity and connection damp between structures, and added into the rigidity matrix and damp matrix of the dynamics model. The overall dynamics model of the machine generated therefrom covers the features of joints, and can more accurately predict the static and dynamic behavior of the whole machine. The correctness and effectiveness of the method is verified by the modeling and calculation of XK712B vertical boring and milling machine and comparing with the experimental results. With the method, it is possible to predict the static and dynamic behavior of the whole machine at the phase of drawing design. (5 pages)


Micro-price data collected from Germany's consumer price index are used to compile a highly disaggregated regional price index for the 402 counties and cities of Germany. A multistage version of th...


Saddle shaped (5,14-dihydro-2,3,6,8,11,12,15,17-octamethyldibenzo[b,i][1,4,8,11]tetraazacyclotetradecine)nickel(II), Ni(OMTAA), acts as a divergent receptor molecule with C60 forming a 1∶1 complex in solution and in the solid state, isolated as [Ni(OMTAA)C60]·2CS2. The extended supramolecular array is based on linear chains of close contact C60 molecules [fullerene· · ·fullerene centroids 10.03(1) and 10.04(1) A], and linear chains of π-stacked alternating molecules of C60 and Ni(OMTAA) with adjacent chains running in opposite directions.


This study is devoted to investigating the regularity criterion of weak solutions of the micropolar fluid equations in . The weak solution of micropolar fluid equations is proved to be smooth on when the pressure satisfies the following growth condition in the multiplier spaces , . The previous results on Lorentz spaces and Morrey spaces are obviously improved.


This 5-part manual on planning and administration of social development campaigns opens with a chapter on the role and function of communications for social development which considers the definition and types of communications for social development explains why communications campaigns are undertaken and lists their characteristics as well as reasons for conducting campaigns for social development communications and describes the stages of a communications campaign and the role of the administrator in carrying it out. The 2nd chapter considers the structure and organization of a communications unit discussing the essential components of a communications unit: planning research and evaluation media planning and production. The 3rd chapter discusses in greater detail the 7 stages of a communications campaign: 1) definition of objectives 2) preparatory studies of the campaign theme and target group 3) elaboration of the campaign strategy 4) elaborationof the media strategy and plan 5) creation and pretesting of the communications materials 6) production distribution and preliminary appraisal of the communications materials and 7) formal evaluation of the campaign. )the 4th chapter campaigns based on interpersonal communications listing different types of interpersonal communications and their organization discussing programs and campaigns of interpersonal communications examining the 7 stages in an interpersonal communication campaign and recommending a balanced mixture of mass media and interpersonal communication in social development campaigns. The 5th chapter considers the media mix examining elements of the complete communications program methods of reaching the target group and the role of each type of media.


This paper discusses the large-N limit of the two-Hermitian-matrix model in zero dimensions, using the hidden Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin method. A system of integral equations previously found is solved, showing that it contained the exact solution of the model in leading order of large N


Resampling methodologies have revealed recently as important tools in semi-parametric estimation of parameters in the field of extremes. Among a few parameters of interest, we are here interested in the extremal index, a measure of the degree of local dependence in the extremes of a stationary sequence. Most semi-parametric estimators of this parameter show the same type of behavior: nice asymptotic properties but a high variance for small values of k, the number of upper order statistics used in the estimation and a high bias for large values of k. Two extremal index estimators are here considered: a classical one and a reduced-bias generalized jackknife estimator. Bootstrap and jackknife methodologies are applied for obtaining the "best block size" for resampling and then constructing the bootstrap version of those estimators, that have led to more stable sample paths. A large simulation study was performed for illustrating the behavior of the resampling procedure proposed.


To assess the relationship between mindfulness and glycemia among adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) with suboptimal glycemia, and evaluate the potential mediation by ingestive behaviors, including disordered eating, and impulsivity.


Soile Ylivuori's study of the social and cultural lives of eighteenth-century British literary women joins an increasingly extensive critical literature on the subject. Focusing on four writers who...


Abstract In connection with our synthetic approach to pentacyclic triterpenes,1 we have required substantial amounts of 2,5,5-trimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione (methyldimedone, 2), which is available by methylation of dimedone (1).2 However, methylation may also afford the 2,2-dimethyl product 3, the methyl ether 4, and the C, O-dimethyl product 5.


In order to improve the effect of regional urban ecological planning and ecological restoration, aiming at the problem of low accuracy of ecological planning and poor matching with the current situation, taking Yucheng County, Shangqiu City, Henan Province as an example, an urban ecological planning model based on information entropy and meteorological suitability evaluation algorithm is designed. The geographical environment of Yucheng County, Shangqiu City, Henan Province is analyzed. Based on the current situation of regional ecological environment, the meteorological suitability evaluation algorithm is introduced to establish the urban ecological planning model. Comprehensively considering land planning factors and meteorological factors, calculate the information entropy of each influencing factor, determine the weight, and optimize the ecological planning model. The experimental results show that this method has achieved good results in the accuracy of ecological planning and the matching degree of the current situation in the urban ecological planning of Yucheng County, Shangqiu City, Henan Province.


This study is a preliminary attempt to reconstruct and analyze the  pangreh praja's social and political role, if any, during the Japanese occupation. Emphasis will be put on a critical assessment of the Japanese attitude toward the  pangreh praja , and the  pangreh praja's relationship with the nationalists, and the general populace. Through such examinations, it is expected that each of their roles can be assessed. The historical roots of the pangreh praja reach back to Dutch colonial history. It is often dated as early as the first installation of the o?ce of the Javanese regents. Such a view seems to be easy to understand as the regents were placed in the highest position in the  pangreh praja's administrative hierarchy. DOI:  10.15408/sdi.v16i3.473


In the review of Die Chronik des Ibn Ijas on p. 200 of the January number I was mistaken in thinking that the editors had postponed publication of the supplement to the lacuna in the Cairene edition covering the period a.h. 906 to 922. This had in fact been published in 1931. I tender my sincere apologies to the editors for this unmerited criticism.


The effect of nano size Ag addition on the YBa2Cu3O7-δ (Y-123) system has been investigated. 2–15% weight of nano size Ag was added to the Y-123 system prepared by using the sol-gel-solid-state method. The phase purity was investigated by the powder X-ray diffraction method. Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) was used to determine the distribution of nano Ag in the samples, and the microstructure was observed using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The transport critical current density was found to increase with increase in nano Ag content.


The article presents the results of experimental and theoretical studies of the operation of reinforced concrete beams, tested under the action of transverse forces under conditions of one-sided heating. The analysis of the development of deflections of reinforced concrete bending beams from ordinary heavy concrete and heat-resistant concrete on alumina cement from loading is carried out, conclusions are drawn about the nature of the development of deflections of bending elements under the influence of technological temperatures, and proposals for clarifying their calculation are developed.


Abstract A one-pot method for joining three separate components leading to an assortment of 4-arylquinazolines (27 examples) in good to excellent yields is described. The method consists of a palladium(II)-catalyzed cascade reaction involving C(sp)–C(sp2) coupling followed by intramolecular C–N bond formation. The reaction was readily scaled up to gram quantity and successfully applied to the synthesis of a translocator protein (TSPO) ligand.


Summary DFP has been shown to inhibit the transport of H and Cl ions in frog gastric mucosa. It has also been shown that the microsomal ATPase is inactivated by DFP both in fractionated and intact tissue.


Abstract Twin coherent monochromatic point sources of light produce Young's optical interference fringes throughout space. Often in interferometry, there are effectively identical twin sources (partially reflected images of a single source by plane surfaces). They are small, but are far from being point sources. The consequence is long known: the fringes are 'localized', being visible in a certain region only. Here the isometry between the image sources (their identical shape and size) is exploited to deduce the three-dimensional shape of this region and the form of the fringes within it by means of wave optics. In the short wavelength limit the fringes are localized in a definite tube about a certain curve in space, given in cylindrical polar coordinates (r, φ, z) by z = Z tan φ/ tan φ, r = R, where (R, ± φ, ±, Z) locate the sources (and describe their mutual orientation). Also the fringe sheets within this tube differ from the hyperboloids of Young's fringes, being instead nested pieces of concentric cylindrical surfaces.


The principle and implementation of image-based robot visual servoing are introduced.Several problems with image feature selection and visual servoing controller design are discussed in detail,with the solutions given.The future of the visual servo control research is predicted.


Extract: In order to test the role of diffusing capacity in determining the arterial oxygen tension of newborn infants, pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLco) was measured in 21 healthy infants ranging in birth weight from 765 to 4,720 g. DLco in infants without respiratory distress correlated well with lung volume (r = 0.76, P < 0.001). A smaller correlation (r = 0.39, P < 0.01) was obtained between DLco and arterial oxygen tension. DLco per unit volume of lung is similar when healthy premature infants, full term infants, and normal adults are compared.The wide range of normal values obtained in resting infants and the lack of correlation with arterial oxygen tensions are similar to observations made in adults.Speculation: Diffusion "block" was not demonstrable in this study, even in infants with mild hypoxemia. These data, in conjunction with other studies reviewed in this report, suggest that lung volume plays a critical role in the level of arterial oxygen tension in newborn infants.


Introduction:
 Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) is one key subclinical precursor of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Whether dietary correlates serve as independent predictors of LVDD in adults without HFpEF is unknown.

 Hypothesis:
 We hypothesized that dietary habits in young adulthood would prospectively influence the likelihood of LVDD in middle age.

 Methods:
 The analysis included 456 individuals of the Bogalusa Heart Study (26.5% black, 62.7% female, baseline age=36.1
 +
 4.4 years) with an ejection fraction
 >
 55%. Diet was measured at baseline via food frequency questionnaires. LVDD was defined at follow-up (median=12.9 years) through echocardiographic measurement of the E/A ratio, E/e' ratio, isovolumic relaxation time, and deceleration time. Logistic regression estimated the odds of LVDD according to protein source, adjusting for cardiovascular disease risk factors and total energy intake.

 Results:
 There were 72 cases of LVDD. Using the lowest tertile as reference, persons in the middle tertile of total protein (OR=3.31, 95% CI: 1.47, 7.46; p=8.5x10
 -3
 ) and animal protein (OR=2.93, 95% CI: 1.35, 6.37; p=0.03) intake had the highest likelihoods of LVDD. We observed 54% and 57% lower odds of LVDD for persons in the highest vs. lowest tertile of vegetable (OR=0.46, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.95; p=8.0x10
 -4
 ) and legume consumption (OR=0.43, 95% CI: 0.20, 0.92; p=0.02), respectively. Total protein, animal protein, processed meat, and eggs indicated a significant quadratic trend towards increased odds of LVDD, while legumes and vegetables indicated a significant quadratic trend toward decreased odds of LVDD (
 Table
 ). There were no significant relationships of LVDD with other animal or plant foods.

 Conclusions:
 Animal and plant food consumption result in an increased and decreased likelihood of LVDD, respectively. Adherence to plant-based diets in young adulthood may protect against the development of LVDD, and thus future HFpEF, later in life.


The origins of statistical information relating to the textile industry as to statistics generally are to be found mainly in the needs of Governments which, especially in the field of export and import trade, have collected information from the earliest days and for which, in the case of the United Kingdom, systematic trade statistics tabulated by goods and countries date from 1696.


Until about two centuries ago it was assumed that the entire book of Isaiah was written by Isaiah the prophet in the eighth century B.C.This assumption was based on the fact that there is only one reference to the name and date of the author in the entire book (d. 1:1), and that there are several unifying themes that extend throughout all sixty-six chapters of the book. The tradition of single authorship was troublesome to Rabbi Ibn Ezra as early as the twelfth century A.D., and was vigorously challenged by J. C. Doderlein in 1775and by J. C. Eichhorn in 1780 and following.' The latter two scholars held that chapters 40-66 were written by an author who lived some one hundred and fifty years after Isaiah and who addressed his words to Jews living in the Babylonian Exile. The anonymous author was referred to as Deutero (or Second) Isaiah. Later scholars, including B. Duhm (A.D. 1892), argued for still another author for chapters 55-66. He was designated as Trito (or Third) Isaiah.' Without entering into the pros or cons of either of the positions regarding date and authorship of Isaiah, let it be noted that most would agree that chapters 40-66 are addressed to Jews living during the closing years of the Babylonian Exile or shortly after it had ended. This remains true whether the words are attributed to the eighth-century Isaiah or to one or more of his successors.' Those to whom Isaiah 40-55 was addressed had been captives in Babylon since 587 B.C., the year in which Jerusalem and its Temple fell and the Exile began. Now, however, they were about to be set free and allowed to return to their beloved land. Already God had raised up Cyrus of Persia to be their liberator (d. 44:24-45:6).4


Excavation beneath existing buildings may cause the superstructure to tilt and crack, which seriously affects the normal use of the superstructure. Due to the new working conditions of excavation beneath existing buildings, related case reports are rare and limited. In the case of No. 3 section basement construction project of Ganshuixiang, we monitored the excavation construction by burying test instruments at the designated location. Afterwards, Plaxis 3D finite element software was used to establish an underpinning pile-cap-excavation model, which can analyze the influence of different pile cutting sequences on the bearing behavior of new basement structural pillars. By comparing the in situ measurement data with the finite element model, it can be concluded that when the excavation depth rises, the axial force of the underpinning pile gradually increases, and the pile skin friction is slowly exerted from top to bottom. Different cutting sequences will influence the bearing behavior of the structural pillar. Moreover, the pile cutting process also significantly impacts its bearing behavior and the settlement behavior of the superstructure. Compared with the clockwise pile cutting sequence, the symmetrical pile cutting is more advantageous. In the whole process of the storey adding and reconstruction, the superstructure settlement is related to the working condition of digging and adding layers. In the stage from soil excavation to the concrete curing period of the structural pillar, it increases slowly with time and tends to be stable in the concrete curing period. However, in the pile cutting stage, the superstructure settlement increases sharply, and after pile cutting, it becomes stable.


This article focuses on internal displacement of the tribal people from North Waziristan Agency in the wake of military operation called Zarb-e-Azb. It takes Abharam Maslow's model of hierarch of needs for analyzing the life of IDPs in camps. We argue that the institutions responsible for taking care of the camps tried their best to cope with the situation nevertheless, keeping in view Maslow's model of hierarchy of needs, the IDPs faced difficulties to overcome their biological and psychological trauma.


In order to find the corrosion effects on materials in air pollution condition and to investigate the corrosion behavior of structural metals, weight change and mass loss were studied. The results obtained are discussed and their plausible interpretation is attempted. The results for the modern glass samples indicate that the increasing trend of the total deposited mass of particles per surface unit and haze, demonstrates a cumulative non-linear phenomenon with an asymptotic level of saturation.


In order to achieve an optimal focusing through heterogeneous media, we need to build an inverse filter of the propagation operator. Time‐reversal achieves such an inverse filter in nondissipative media. However, as soon as losses appear in the medium, time‐reversal is no more equivalent to an inverse filter. Consequently, it does no more produce the optimal focusing and beam degradations may appear. In such cases, previous works have shown that the optimal focusing can be recovered by using a spatiotemporal inverse filter technique. This process requires the presence of a set of receivers inside the medium but allows us to reach the optimal focusing even in extreme situations such as ultrasonic focusing through a human skull. To date, it remained time consuming and implied fastidious numerical calculations. We propose here a new way to process this inverse filtering in real time and without any calculation. The new process is based on iterative time‐reversal processing. Contrary to the classical inversio...