Laser‐based surface modification methods have attracted considerable interest in the last 20 years due to their flexibility, efficiency, and multiple technical application that are possible. A particular challenge for these methods is the treatment of curved 3D surfaces. The presented study reports on the process optimization in laser texturing of 3D surfaces using Direct Laser Interference Patterning (DLIP). Periodic line‐like structures are fabricated using a picosecond‐pulsed laser on spherical stainless‐steel parts. The aim is to identify the possibility of processing curved geometries using an innovative hexapod positioning system. For this purpose, the effect of two different structuring strategies is investigated and compared by evaluating the obtained structure depths and the structure period of the fabricated structures as function of the position over the samples. All treated surfaces are examined using a confocal microscope. The results demonstrate an improvement in the structure homogeneity in terms of structure depth and period when using the fitted hexapod positioning approach.


Based on rate equations,the dynamical response characteristics of vertical cavity semiconductor optical switch(VCS)were investigated.By using the mean photon approach,the analytical expression of the dynamical response time of a VCS was derived after considering the logarithmic dependence of the gain on the carrier concentration in quantum well material and the Auger recombination effect in long wavelength semiconductor devices.Then the influences of some parameters on the dynamical characteristics of VCS were analyzed.The theoretical results exhibit agreement with the conclusions reported in previous literatures.


The physical environment constitutes a central and differentiating element of the learning opportunities in early childhood education. This study investigates the physical environment ́s beliefs in 6 early childhood teachers who begin their professional careers in different educational institutions in the Metropolitan Region. A qualitative methodology was used and the data was collected through observations of early childhood classrooms. Additionally, depth interviews were conducted to explore the teacher`s beliefs. The analysis of the data reveals important and relevant findings related to the opportunities for autonomous learning that favor children, as well as the urgency of assuming the educational role of children could have within pedagogical planning of physical environments.


In this paper, we try to address the issue of robustness in testing the equality of means of two normal populations with the same but unknown variance. When the model is misspecified or outliers are present in the data, the usual pooled two-sample 't-test' for this hypothesis performs poorly in terms of the empirical level and power. The t-test statistic is based on the Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) of the parameter. Maximum likelihood estimation can also be viewed as a special case of Minimum Distance Estimation. In this paper we consider a few other density-based distances and contrast the performance of the corresponding minimum distance procedures with the likelihood based methods. In particular, we construct two new test statistics and test the hypothesis of equality of means using them. The tests with these new statistics lead to inference that is substantially more stable relative to the pooled two sample t-test. We demonstrate that these new test statistics perform better in the presence of outliers. We also consider the extension of some of our tests to construct a more robust version of the Analysis of Variance test. Finally, we present a relevant simulation study and discuss several real data examples to substantiate our claims.


In The Foundations of Mind, Jean Mandler describes how perceptual analysis provides a mechanism that allows infants to begin their journey into conceptual life, and subsequently to enter the advanced worlds of conceptual systems, memory, language, and consciousness. This review provides an overview of Mandler's theoretical position, celebrates her accomplishments, and supports the claim that The Foundations of Mind is a "must read" for all developmental scientists.


Numerical simulations using the immersed boundary method were performed to investigate the flapping dynamics of a flexible flag in a uniform flow. The relevant parameters related to the problem are the mass ratio ( &rgr; = &rgr; 1 / &rgr; f L ) ?> , the bending rigidity of the flag ( K B = E I / &rgr; f U ∞ 2 L 3 ) ?> and the Reynolds number Re = U ∞ L / &ngr; ?> , where ρ1 denotes the line density difference between the flag and the surrounding fluid. By varying the parameters over the ranges 0 ≦̸ ρ ≦̸ 10 and 10−4 ≦̸ KB ≦̸ 10–1 for Re = 200, we identified three dynamical states: the stretched–straight state (I), the regular flapping state (II), and the irregular flapping state (III) with a region in which violent snapping events occurred, characterized by rapid changes in velocity, tension and drag. The description of the flapping dynamics at each dynamic state was provided through a sequence of time-evolving instantaneous fields, and was examined in detail with respect to the frequency and the energy rank based on the dynamic mode decomposition technique. Furthermore, the hysteresis phenomena with varying the mass ratio and the Reynolds number was examined, and the results showed that the hysteresis loop width was varied for approximately 20–65%, depending on the values of the relevant parameters employed.


Using Matlab6.1 platform and related visual program language, several promotions are presented to calculate foundation settlements by layerwise summation method. Initial additional stress formula and nonlinear least square method are used to calculate soil抯 stress and void ratio, respectively. The settlement calculation depth and each layerwise thickness would not be constrained. Data抯 input and output, calculate procedures are operated visually. The foundation settlement can be calculated out not by tables and figures but by visualization. It is shown that these promotions are practical to compute foundation settlement.


The invention discloses a rubber composition of nitrile rubber and epoxidized natural rubber. The rubber composition is prepared from nitrile rubber 3345, epoxidized natural rubber, antioxidant RD, antioxidant MB, stearic acid, sulfur powder, microcrystalline wax, zinc oxide, processing aid WB212, white carbon black, carbon black N330, triethyl citrate, promoter TMTD, promoter CZ, promoter DM, nanometer barite, light calcium carbonate, chalk, high styrene resin, benzoic acid, etc. The rubber composition provided in the invention has low permanent compression deformation, good elasticity and high hardness; the composition is used for fabricating rubber products like sealing rings, having the advantages of conservation of cost and excellent performance.


SUBTITLE: ALTHOUGH JAPAN'S FERRY COMPANIES FACE GROWING COMPETITION FROM AN EXPANDING NATIONAL ROAD NETWORK, THE NATION'S COASTAL CARGO FERRY NETWORK STILL REPRESENTS ONE OF THE MOST SUCCESSFUL EXAMPLES OF MODAL SHIFT ANYWHERE.


The development is described of the economic impact analysis that formed part of the site evaluation process for the new Louisville Jefferson county airport. Three major sources of direct employment associted with the airport-industrial complex development are identified. Land development, industrial land requirements, and the estimation of airport construction costs are discussed. Comments are made on the development of an economic base employment multiplier, and on a computerized model to calculate the impact of alternative projects on investment, employment, payroll and taxes. The model requires 2 major inputs: construction costs and emplanements. The model was run under 3 sets of conditions: pessimistic, likely and optimistic. The analysis also determined the effect of the airport-industrial development on local tax revenues.


We demonstrate in this paper a unique self-supporting strategy for the synthesis of hyperbranched polyethylenes (HBPEs) encapsulating Pd(II) species as efficient and recyclable catalysts for Heck reaction. This strategy combines remarkably the synthesis of HBPE polymer support and the immobilization of Pd(II) species in situ in one pot. It is achieved by chain walking copolymerization of ethylene with an acrylate comonomer (2) containing a disulfide functionality with a cationic Pd(II)–diimine catalyst (1). The copolymerization renders successfully HBPEs containing pendant disulfide groups at a controllable content, while with no poisoning effect from the disulfide functionality. Meanwhile, the Pd(II) catalyst in situ immobilizes itself onto the polymers by coordinative binding with the pendant disulfide groups, giving rise to the homogeneous self-supported Pd(II) catalysts. The resulting Pd-containing HBPEs having a low content of 2 (ca. < 1 mol %) have been found to be efficient and recyclable catalysts...


ABSTRACT The resistance of ordered mixtures to component segregation during processing is dependent upon the adhesion forces between the fine adherent particles and the carrier component within ordered units. A method is described that allows the adhesion force acting on individual adherent particles to be determined, using ultracentrifugation to apply a wide range of separating forces. Individual ordered units are located at the end of fine holes drilled through a thin brass plate and fixed in position with transparent adhesive tape.The plate is mounted in a specially constructed holder during ultracentrifugation, the axis of the holes being parallel to the centripetal acceleration, photomierographs, using a modified microscope with an enhanced depth of field of view, of the distribution of adherent fines were made after each period of ultracentrifugation. Comparison of photomicrographs enabled the determination of the numbers of fine adherent particles dislodged after each period of ultracentrifugation....


The research progress in the tissue culture and mutation breeding of Phalaenopsis,including the effect of explants,medium,multiplication of protocorm-like body,method of rooting and seedling strengthening,transplantation and chemomorphosis and so on,was discussed,in order to provide information for this field.


Purpose: This study aims to explain the value co-creation and co-destruction practices of older adults in an online community (OC). Design/methodology/approach: Adopting practice theory and service-dominant logic as a theoretical perspective, this paper examined an OC of older adults by conducting an inductive thematic analysis of the interactions of the participants in the community. Findings: The analysis revealed older adults engage with three value co-creation plus one value co-destruction practices in the OC including, communal coping practices, happiness creation practices, social capital generation practices and disparaging practices for older adults. Research limitations/implications: Illustrated in a conceptual model, this study extends previous work evidencing OCs serve as a platform for value co-creation and value co-destruction activities in the context of older adults. Further, it suggests OCs facilitate resilience of older adults through value co-creation practices. Recognition of value co-destruction in OCs is critical as it is detrimental to the resilience of older adults. This study provides the needed foundation to advance knowledge on the use of OCs by older adults and suggests future research directions. Practical implications: Identifying co-creation and co-destruction practices of older adults in OCs enables service providers (e.g. caregivers) to engage better in online value co-creation practices. Further, the findings of this study address one of the main priorities of service science to investigate the impact of value co-creation on well-being. Originality/value: Identifying co-creation and co-destruction practices of older adults in OCs enables service providers (e.g. caregivers) to engage better in online value co-creation practices. Further, the findings of this study address one of the main priorities of service science to investigate the impact of value co-creation on well-being.


Summary: The analysis of modern trends in management studies shows that much at-tention is paid to the factors which influence employees and employee's behavior. Multi-level and cross-level analysis are more and more popular because it helps capture how variables on individual level like employee's perception influence this on organizational level for instance organizational performance and the other way around. The extant research has shown that the employee's perception of organization is the major driver of employee behavior, motivation and performance. The aims of the article are first of all to describe the meaning of the employee's perception of organization for their behavior, second goal is to present new in management terms associated with employee's perception. There is also introduced a theoretical context.


The development of network technology brings opportunities to copyright owners and also makes internet infringement more and more popular.Clearly stipulating the provisions about the reasonable duty of care of the internet service providers is beneficial to achieving the balance of interests under the network environment.In practice,different internet service providers assume obligations in different ways.Requiring the internet service providers to shoulder the examining duty is in line with the principle of balancing the interests under certain conditions.To create new rule which meets the requirements of copyright protection and balance of interests is the development tendency of copyright law in future.


This is a study of a case of post-herpetic neuralgia treated successfully with the use of self-hypnosis and client generated imagery in three sessions, the total treatment time being two hours. Paramount in the resolution was an acceptance of the symptom. Copyright © 2004 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis


Aim:  To assess validity of culture on four‐sector agar plates and fluorescent in‐situ hybridization (FISH) test, and clarithromycin resistance rate in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from children in the last 10 years.


The near-natural plant communities configuration mode in urban which is based on the basic theory of the ecology of the natural vegetation and community succession is becoming a big part of the green building in metropolitan area.As the premise,based on the plant diversity survey in Chengdu and the near-natural plant community theory,and this,taking Qinglong district as an example,offered the construction model of urban ecological green space that was suit for dense urban areas near Chengdu,which,on a certain scale,was of theoretical and practical significance to the study on the structure optimization and composition of urban ecological green space.


We review the emergence of nodal quasiparticles in two dimensions(Dirac fermion in (2+1)‐dimensions) in the context of condensed matter physics. Focus is on effects of (topological) defects and related novel criticality with continuously varying exponents. In the last, comments are given on future directions e.g. dynamical problems.


The cation denudation rate for the Flyin-W catchment, near Eureka, Kansas, was estimated using a mass balance model based on annual cation concentrations and amounts of precipitation and discharge for the catchment. During the period of study, May 1986-April 1987, the cation denudation rate was 2136 + 440 meq-m-2-yr-'. This cation denudation rate is high compared to studies from other areas of the country because the catchment is underlain predominantly by easily weathered limestone and the period of study was one of high precipitation and discharge. The average cation denudation rate for the catchment during years of normal precipitation and discharge is estimated to be 1234 meq-m-2-yr-'. The maximum contribution to the cation denudation rate from anthropogenic acid deposition is estimated to be 5 percent. A mass balance model, modified from Bischoff et al. (1984) was used to estimate the rate of chemical weathering in the Flyin-W catchment, Greenwood County, Kansas. Rates of chemical weathering have been determined for many areas of the eastern and extreme western United States (April et al., 1986; Bischoffet al., 1984; Delthier, 1986; Johnson et al., 1972, 1981; Katz et al, 1985; Miller and Drever, 1977; Velbel, 1985), but there are no studies available for the Great Plains and large portions of the Central Lowlands. The Great Plains and Central Lowlands have not been studied extensively because there is little significant impact of acid precipitation compared to the eastern part of the country. Many of the rock types present in the Great Plains and Central Lowlands are easily weathered and buffer local lakes and streams. This study was designed to provide a basis of comparison for chemical weathering rates in the Great Plains and Central Lowlands and to assess the role of acid precipitation in weathering. In most chemical weathering reactions, hydronium ions in precipitation and soil waters react to remove the more soluble cations, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+, from minerals in the soil or on the surface of bedrock. The source for the weathering hydronium ions is primarily from carbonic acid in the This content downloaded from 18.104.22.168 on Thu, 06 Oct 2016 04:20:17 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 84 TRANSACTIONS OF THE KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE soils, but also from organic and other natural soil acids, atmospheric CO2, and anthropogenic sulfuric and nitric acids. Most non-silicate minerals dissolve completely during weathering reactions, whereas silicates are stripped of the more soluble cations, producing clay minerals and iron oxide in situ. Thus, the rate at which cations are removed from a catchment is a measure of the rate of chemical weathering in that catchment.


The paper investigates and systematizes strategic planning aspects of the validation of the principle of continuity in preparing financial statements management. The research and further development of methodological approaches to the estimation of the principle of continuity in the planning of the audit is carried out. Particular attention is paid to the events and factors that may result in the termination of the business entity's activities.
Analysis of current practice and methodological framework shows that there has not been single methodological model by now, which would ensure development of effective methodological approaches to audit planning, in terms of assessing the impact of these events and risk factors on the termination of activities.
Studies of audit planning are in focus of domestic and foreign scientists, but the assessment of the application of the principle of continuity in planning as a key phase of audit needs further consideration and practical adaptation to the existing practice.
The purpose of this article is to study and further develop methodological approaches to assessing the principle of continuity when planning an audit.
Summarizing the above concepts of audit planning strategies, it should be noted that one of the characteristics of the audit of business continuity are large amounts of information and great many issues that should be investigated separately or together, in order to have the adequately assessed correct application of continuity assessment of business entity by management personnel, which does not allow for continuous verification methods and requires assessment conclusion relying on the auditor's judgment.
Describing the current practice, it should be noted that the planning of audit procedures is performed throughout the audit period as audit plans and the program of audit procedures are developed. For example, planning of audit procedures for risk assessment is usually carried out at the initial stage of the audit. In addition, the auditor may begin performing procedures for some classes of transactions, account balances and complete disclosure till the completion of the more detailed audit plan for the remaining audit procedures.


Use of 4-hydroxytamoxifen for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of gynecomastia, wherein said medicament is in a form suitable for percutaneous administration and wherein the 4-hydroxy tamoxifen is in a vehicle containing an enhancer penetration, wherein said penetration enhancer is isopropyl myristate.


As a very important component of secure information system,audit system plays a key role in monitoring the system,insuring proper implementing of security policy and building Intrusion Detection System.This paper introduces a subclass of Petri net——temporal Petri nets which is used to build a model for implementing the management scheme of audit buffers.Based on it,we analyzed and verified the properties of system safety and liveness.By using temporal logic,this method can break the limitations imposed by Petri nets,which lack the ability to describe the temporal rela- tions between system events.Moreover,temporal Petri nets exert the advantages of Petri nets which can effectively de- scribe and analyze the system concurrency and physical structures for the purpose of system verification.


The researches on the Chinese curricular policies are divided into three phases: induction,emerging and flourishing.The center of the researches includes the implications,process,value analysis,influencing factors,and methodologies of the curricular policies.Problems are that the theoretical basis is unsteady,research field narrow,and methodologies inefficient.


Traditionally, the scheduling of the vehicles for mass transit systems are determined by using a minimum cost flow model. However, with constraints such as an upper bound on the number of lines that a vehicle can service in a vehicle block, the minimum cost flow structure is lost. With these additional contraints, reducing the average amount of interlining in a vehicle schedule is a conflicting objective with the objective of finding the minimum number of vehicles which are necessary to service all trips in the timetable. Thus, both objectives cannot be attained simultaneously. In this paper, eight different procedures are developed for solving the vehicle scheduling problem with these additional constraints.


On the basis of the analysis of the responses to the questions of the designed questionnaire for the criminal investigation employees, cadets and students of the educational institutions of the Russian Interior Ministry the authors defined the hierarchy of the professionally important physical abilities in the professional work of the criminal investigators. Thus, it was found that for the police criminal investigation department the most important physical ability is dexterity skill so the training of dexterity should be the basis for development of the methods and programs for the professionally applied physical preparation.


Significant improvement in nutrient availability with the application of recommended dose of NPK + 200 kg wellgrow ha−1 was observed, which was at par with the application of NPK + 300 kg wellgrow ha−1. Maximum grain and straw yield (45.47 and 79.9 q ha−1) were obtained with these treatments.


The distribution of roles between the parties and the court has long been the subject of discussion in legal writing. Questions related to circumstances that cause the court to satisfy party interests through direction of proceedings or other investigative measures often leads to complex reasoning related the function of the different procedures, those of civil procedure and administrative judicial procedure.
The court's activities in this regard are attributable to the official principle, which describes and summarizes the court's role regarding the responsibility for the investigation and the material in a process. The official principle is according to the legislative history of the Administrative Judicial Procedure Act (1971:291), abridged FPL, characteristic of the administrative judicial procedure. This is so that courts could produce materially accurate judgments. The existence of these is a prerequisite for being able to offer individual legal security. 8 § FPL provides that the court shall ensure that a certain case is as well investigated, as its nature requires. The provision reflects the position of the official principle in administrative judicial procedure.
At a first glance, there is reason to conclude that the notion that claims that the application of the official principle is more comprehensive in the administrative judicial procedure than in the civil procedure. There is reason to ask the question what is applicable in cases handled under the rules of FPL, but which bear a resemblance to cases handled under civil procedure. Cases regarding objection concerning a registration related to a specific intellectual property, hereinafter opposition-cases, show resemblances to such cases. Does the processing of these cases under the FPL mean that other procedural effects related to official principle arises, than if the case would come to be governed by civil procedural rules? What does this mean for a party in the procedure?
Crucial to the extent of the administrative court responsibility for the investigation is the nature and the characteristics of a case. An administrative court has a responsibility that a case is as well investigated, as its nature requires. This means that the investigation must be sufficient in order that the case should be decided. Once the investigation is considered sufficient that a case may be resolved depends on what the material characteristics of the case and what party relations which characterize the case. The greater importance of a case is, all the more necessary for the investigation to be considered adequate.
Factors that may affect the material character of a case, is what interests and the strength of those interests that could be considered to characterize the case. A case of large values must be regarded as more significant than those of small values. However, it is difficult to conjure
1
up some generally applicable guidelines, the assessment shall be made in this regard, but the assessment must be made in each case.
As for cases regarding objection concerning a registration of intellectual property, the factors that shape the character of the specific cases eases the courts responsibility for the investigation, and the application of the official principle. The individual interests that characterize these objection-cases are primarily commercial in its nature and exhibit resemblance to the civil procedural disputes.
Restriction related to investigative actions and other direction of proceedings that the court undertakes would then be to advocate. The risk is that by the court in its investigative measures may encourage one party to the detriment of the others. This means that the court's role as independent and objective may be challenged, this is at odds with the process function.
It tends to be easier to assess the magnitude of the court's responsibility regarding the investigation by studying the relations of the parties. Of the relevant practice presented in the paper, it appears that the relationship between the parties helps to determinate the scope of the court's investigative function.
Objection-cases constitute cases consisting of more than one party. The following study shows that the individual parties in the majority of cases are represented by legal representatives specialized in their field. The fact that both parties are represented by skilled counsel and thus are fairly equal is acknowledged in reasoning by the administrative courts. The relationship between the parties appears to be an important factor when assessing whether a responsibility of investigation rests on the court. The subject of the dispute concerning objection-cases is the right to a valid protection of a certain intellectual property. Two equal parties represented by legal counsel, argue about a better right to a property undeniably gives the target a commercial character. Under these circumstances, the court should be restrictive when it comes to investigative measures on the process material.
If the court by means of direction of proceedings or other investigative measures, the possibility exists that this disadvantages individual counterparty. Such conduct by the court must be regarded as contrary to the role of the administrative courts and the administrative judicial procedure. Although the court may use the direction of proceedings in order to help an individual against a public counterpart, there is always another private party in objection-cases. The counterparty could then be disadvantaged. The risk of disadvantaging one private party is inconsistent with the function of the administrative judicial procedure, that of ensuring legal security for private citizens. If the court in connection to objection-cases conducts any investigative actions they will most probably stop at the direction of proceedings relating to language deficits. A responsibility to come to terms with language
2
deficits and clarify what parties really want is binding on all courts, administrative courts as public.
The incidence of cases where the court ex officio enriches a case on it own without any activity regarding direction of proceedings must for this reason be easily counted. If the court would take into account material that the parties have not invoked in objection-cases, this would surely constitute a conflict with the function of the administrative judicial procedure, such as providing legal protection for individuals. Some procedural advantages for the individual regarding the official principle cannot be discerned by reason only that the process is governed according to FPL. The idea that the official principle is synonymous with cases governed by FPL should lead the thought wrong, because the principle applies in all processes, to varying degrees. How extensive the application of the official principle varies by the nature of the case. As for objection-cases, the following study implies that the administrative court applies the official principle strictly.


The authors examined the relation of problem-solving appraisal to health complaints and health-related expectancies among 321 undergraduates. Results indicated that self-appraised effective problem solvers reported fewer current physical symptoms during the 3 weeks prior to assessment and fewer health problems on the day of assessment than did ineffective problem solvers. Self-appraised effective problem solvers also had greater internal and lower chance expectancies for health outcomes than did ineffective problem solvers. Ineffective self-appraised problem solvers reported more negative health perceptions 3 months later during the week of final examinations. Personal control over emotional experiences when engaging in problem solving was significantly predictive of health perceptions. Results are integrated with theoretical models of problem solving and behavioral health. Implications for counseling are discussed.


The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a medical signal that has lately drawn interest from the biometrics community, and has been shown to have significantly discriminative characteristics in a population. This paper brings to light the particular challenges of electrocardiogram recognition to advocate that time dependency is a controversial point. In contrast to traditional biometrics, ECG allows for continuous authentication and consequently expands the range of applications. However, time varying biometrics put on the line the recognition accuracy due to increased intra subject variability. This paper suggests a novel framework for bypassing this inadequacy. A template update methodology is proposed and demonstrated to boost the recognition performance over 2 hour recordings of 10 subjects.


The worldwide aspiration for a sustainable energy future has led to an increasing deployment of variable and intermittent renewable energy sources (RESs). As a result, predicting and planning the operation of power grids has become more complex. Batteries can play a critical role to this problem as they can absorb the uncertainties introduced by RESs. In this paper, we solve the problem of computing a dispatch plan for a distribution grid with RESs and batteries with a novel approach based on Reinforcement Learning (RL). Although RL is not inherently suited for planning problems that require open loop policies, we have developed an iterative algorithm that calls a trained RL agent at each iteration to compute the dispatch plan. Since the feedback given to the RL agent cannot be directly observed because the dispatch plan is computed ahead of operation, it is estimated. Compared to the conventional approach of scenario-based optimization, our RL-based approach can exploit significantly more prior information on the uncertainty and computes dispatch plans faster. Our evaluation and comparative results demonstrate the accuracy of the computed dispatch plans as well as the adaptability of our agent to input data that diverge from the training data.


The Labour Court and the rent tribunals are specialized judicial bodies where so called interest members act as judges alongside legally trained judges. Interest members are appointed on proposal from central labour and rental market organizations. While interest members can contribute to the adjudication in various ways, their participation can also raise questions about their impartiality with regard to their respective organizations.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the development of how the interest members are viewed since the establishment of the Labour Court and the rent tribunals. The purpose is also to examine whether the participation of interest members is compatible with the right to an impartial tribunal and if and how the rules governing the interest members should be reformed to better comply with the right to an impartial tribunal.

The examination has shown that the interest members were viewed in a generally positive way when the Labour Court and the rent tribunals were established and that the interest members' knowledge and contribution to the public's and the parties' confidence in the judicial bodies were emphasised. In the 1980's, questions of impartiality gained more attention and with regard to the interest members, the Langborger case was of great importance. In that case, the European Court of Human Rights established that the participation of interest members does not in itself constitute a violation of the right to an impartial tribunal. However, that could be the case when the balance of interests, inherent in the composition in most cases, is upset. Thereafter, the court
has reiterated the arguments made in the Langborger case. As to the internal Swedish law, the composition of the rent tribunals was partly adjusted after the Langborger case, but otherwise, the rules regarding the interest members were basically intact. However, there was a change in the way the interest members were viewed and there was an increased awareness of the question of impartiality in relation to the interest members. Furthermore, in Sweden, the scope of application of the rules regarding bias in Swedish law has increased, which is mostly a result of the European Convention on Human Rights playing a more important role when assessing bias in cases according to Swedish law. Although questions of impartiality generally have become more important,
this development has barely affected the interest members.

The thesis concludes that the arguments put forward by the court in the Langborger case still apply, that the European Convention does not generally prohibit the participation of interest members and that Swedish law probably complies with the European Convention with regard to the interest members. Notwithstanding, there are measures that can be taken to better comply with the right to an impartial tribunal. The proposals presented in this thesis are for instance to abolish the interest members, to increase the possibility to change the composition due to bias against the interest members and to increase the interest members' independence.


The article focuses on the priorities of the chairmanship of the Russian Federation of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) for the period 2014-2015. Based on address of President Putin on the Russian chairmanship of the SCO, as well as an article of Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sergey Lavrov, one can highlight the following three priorities: cooperation on the regional security issues, economic and finance cooperation; development of the SCO strategy for the period till 2025.


Taking full advantages of generalized demand side resources, such as controllable loads, distributed generations and so on, is of great significance in guaranteeing power demand-supply balance and improving electricity economic benefit. Conventional research focuses on optimization model and algorithms of demand response (DR). However, the scale of DR in practice may be so large and different nodes in the DR system may have different characteristics, which means users wm sign in or out at any time during the process of DR and even be fault and cannot response to DR signals. Aiming at these problems, this paper proposes and designs a novel DR system based on theory of Autonomous Decentralized System (ADS). Atomic nodes are divided and data field is constructed based on Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol. Moreover, an autonomous decentralized hierarchical synergy algorithm for residential DR is also proposed which is very suitable for the ADS. In order to test performance of the proposed system, a simulation platform is established based on MATLAB/Simulink and 3 different conditions are simulated. The results show our system has good performances of online fault-tolerance, online scalability, which is suitable for large-scale DR.


The power of the crowd, more precisely crowdsourced resources, is in its ubiquity. Accounting for traditional desktop/laptop computers and recent mobile computing devices including tablets and smart phones far surpasses the number of servers in cloud data centers. Besides, the capacity and capability of these resources owned by the crowd (crowd-sourced resources) has increased dramatically with GPUs in particular. Although a myriad of public-resource (or volunteer) computing projects, including SETI@home and Milkyway@home, have attracted the participation of crowd-sourced resources at very large scale, the sustainability of such participation is in doubt due primarily to ever-increasing energy costs. In this paper, we present Crowdware, a framework for enabling sustainable GPU-based public-resource computing with a realistic financial incentive mechanism. To this end, we design an auction-based resource allocation algorithm and a profit-based resource participation algorithm, explicitly considering the electricity cost of participating resources. Our results show that Crowdware greatly promotes profitability and cost efficiency for resource providers and resource consumers, respectively. Specifically, Crowdware has enabled the execution of MD5 password recovery jobs, in our testbed, with only 2.2% of the cost of using Amazon EC2 GPU instances while the participation of crowd-sourced resources is profitable with an average profit rate of 9.2%. Crowdware also shows great scalability with its fat-client and thin-server design. Together, Crowdware significantly improves the sustainability of public-resource computing.


Objective: To assess the efficacy of acupuncture versus western medicine in the treatment of tension- type headache in China. Methods: Randomized controlled trials( RCTs) involving acupuncture versus western medicine in the treatment of tension- type headache in China were identified from CNKI,VIP,WANFANG Database and CBM. We also manually searched all kinds of magazines of traditional Chinese medicine and comprehensive periodicals. Data were extracted and evaluated by two reviewers independently with a specially designed extraction form. The Cochrane Collaboration's Rev Man5. 2 software was used for data analysis. Results:There were totally 356 retrieved documents. Ultimately 9 articles met the inclusion criteria,and they included598 subjects. Extracted data for Meta analysis: Efficiency: Acupuncture was better than only Western medicine[OR = 3. 94,95% CI =( 2. 37,6. 56),Z = 5. 28( P 0. 00001) ]. Pain VAS: Acupuncture was better than medicine in reducing the degree of pain[MD =- 0. 58,95% CI =(- 0. 63,- 0. 52),P 0. 00001]. Conclusion:Existing domestic clinical evidence suggests that the curative effect of acupuncture treatment on tension- type headache compared with western medicine has certain advantages,but it still needs more high- quality randomized controlled trials to confirm the curative effect of acupuncture treatment on tension- type headache.


In this paper we revisit the derivation of boundary conditio ns for the Boltzmann Equation. The interaction between the wall atoms and the gas molecules within a thin surface layer is described by a kinetic equation introduced in [10] and used in [1]. This equation includes a Vlasov term and a linear molecule-phonon collision term and is coupled with the Boltzmann equation describing the evolution of the gas in the bulk flow. Boundary conditions are formally derived from this model by using classi cal tools of kinetic theory such as scaling and systematic asymptotic expansion . In a first step this method is applied to the simplified case of a flat wall. Then it is extented to walls with nanoscale roughness allowing to obtain more complex scattering patterns related to the morphology of the wall. It is proved that the obtained scattering kernels satisfy the classical imposed properti es of non-negativeness, normalization and reciprocity introduced by Cercignani [13]


Design issues related to implementation of the scattering optimization method for aperiodic gratings are discussed. Critical design parameters are highlighted and it is shown how their selection affects the final grating structure. The aperiodic grating design technique is then implemented to develop a grating for TE11 to TE11 mode conversion in a circular waveguide at 20 GHz. The length of the grating is 19cm and it has a conversion efficiency of 98.34%.


Introduction:
 Cryoballoon ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) has been widely adopted clinically. However, dislodgement from the pulmonary vein (PV) ostium following freeze initiation commonly occurs due to a sudden rise in balloon pressure, known as the "pop-out" phenomenon. This can often only be partially detected using continuous color Doppler or repeat angiography after the initiation of freeze. We aim to access the incidence of this phenomenon using the dielectric imaging system in comparison to intracardiac echocardiography (ICE).

 Methods:
 Ten patients underwent de novo cryoballoon ablation for paroxysmal or persistent AF with the use of the KODEX-EPD dielectric imaging system (Philips, Amsterdam, Netherlands). A baseline assessment and injection were performed pre-ablation followed by analysis of occulsion via the KODEX Occlusion Viewer. Simultaneous assessment was performed by the operator utilizing ICE. Repeat assessment with injection was performed after ablation start to assess whether the cryoballoon remained occluded on ICE and by KODEX's occlusion assessment.

 Results:
 There was a high correlation between KODEX and ICE for assessment of balloon occlusion prior to ablation (91.7±23.6%). KODEX demonstrated an overall sensitivity (88.6%), specificity (75.0%), positive predictive value (76.5%), and negative predictive value (87.8%) of the occlusion tool validated by ICE. Both imaging modalities detected a leak after initial full occlusion, an incidence of 24.3% on Kodex and 23.8% on ICE.

 Conclusions:
 Balloon contact with the PV is vital for an effective, transmural lesion. The dielectric imaging system and ICE confirmed high incidence of this "pop-out" phenomenon, which can lead to incomplete PV isolation. The KODEX-EPD occlusion tool is highly sensitive and specific to assist in the identification of this phenomenon and may improve the outcome for cryoballoon procedures. In the future a more compliant cryoballoon design, without a shift in balloon pressure during ablation, may avoid this phenomenon.


The utility model discloses an automatic suspension trolley for a tunnel waterproof plate, which includes an arch rack, a gantry and a traveling wheel rack, wherein the arch rack consists of an upper arch rack as well as a left lower part arch rack and a right lower part arch rack hinged with the two ends of the upper arch rack respectively; a left hydraulic jack is connected between the left lower part arch rack and an upright post adjacent to the left lower part arch rack; a right hydraulic jack is connected between the right lower part arch rack and an upright post adjacent to the right lower part arch rack; a plurality of pulleys are installed on all the arch racks; a hanging block is arranged on the arch racks and connected with a winding machine through a steel wire rope; the steel wire rope is connected with the winding machine through the pulleys; and the winding machine is arranged between the left lower part arch rack and the upright post adjacent to the left lower part arch rack. The automatic suspension trolley can realize the automation of laying waterproof plate in the tunnel, thereby improving the efficiency of laying the waterproof plate and reducing the labor intensity.


This paper presents a low-complexity chase (LCC) decoder for Reed–Solomon (RS) codes, which uses a novel method for the selection of test vectors that is based on the analysis of the symbol error probabilities derived from simulations. Our results show that the same performance as the classical LCC is achieved with a lower number of test vectors. For example, the amount of test vectors is reduced by half and by 1/16 for the RS(255,239) and RS(255,129) codes, respectively. We provide an evidence that the proposed method is suitable for RS codes with different rates and Galois fields. In order to demonstrate that the proposed method results in a reduction of the complexity of the decoder, we also present a hardware architecture for an RS(255,239) decoder that uses 16 test vectors. This decoder achieves a coding gain of 0.56 dB at the frame error rate that is equal to 10−6 compared with hard-decision decoding, which is higher than that of an $\eta =5$ LCC. The implementation results in ASIC show that a throughput of 3.6 Gb/s can be reached in a 90-nm process and 29.1XORs are required. The implementation results in Virtex-7 FPGA devices show that the decoder reaches 2.5 Gb/s and requires 5085 LUTs.


Objective To study the molecular mechanisms of protein C(PC) deficiency caused by PC P275S mutation.Methods Wild-type and P275S mutant PC cDNA expression plasmids were constructed and transfected into HEK 293T cells and COS 7 cells,respectively.ELISA was used to detect the PC antigens.The expression of PC mRNA was investigated by real time RT-PCR.Immunofluorescent assay was utilized to analyze the distribution of PC in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex.Results Compared to the wide type,P275S mutant PC antigens in the supernatant of culture medium and cell lysates were 22.6% and 78.9% separately.Real time RT-PCR analysis of the total mRNA from transfected cells showed no reduction of the P275S mutant PC mRNA expression.Immunofluorescent assay revealed that wild type PC protein was distributed largely in both endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex,while the PC P275S mutant protein was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum.Conclusion Impaired secretion and degradation intracellularly of the mutant PC might be the molecular mechanisms of PC deficiency caused by P275S mutation.


This document provides recommendations for the implementation of
password-based cryptography, covering key derivation functions,
encryption schemes, message authentication schemes, and ASN.1 syntax
identifying the techniques. This document represents a republication
of PKCS #5 v2.1 from RSA Laboratories' Public-Key Cryptography
Standards (PKCS) series. By publishing this RFC, change control is
transferred to the IETF. This document also obsoletes RFC 2898.


This paper described empirical research examining the effect of auditor going concern opinion and auditor quality on cost of debt. Auditor going concern opinion is measured by dummy variable, which value of 1 if the opinion is going concern, and 0 otherwise. Auditor quality is also measured by dummy variable, which value 1 if the opinion given by Big-4 auditor, and 0 otherwise.  Cost of debt is measured by interest expense divided by total debt. Using multiple regression analysis and a sample of 244 manufacturing company periods 2011 – 2014, the research find that auditor quality negatively effect the cost of debt and auditor going concern opinion doesn't effect cost of debt.


In most eukaryotic cells, the respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) is a multimeric enzyme under dual (nuclear and mitochondrial) genetic control. Several genes encoding subunits of this enzyme have been identified in the mitochondrial genome from various organisms, but the functions of these subunits are in most part unknown. We describe here a human cell line in which the enzyme lacks the mtDNA‐encoded subunit ND4 due to a frameshift mutation in the gene. In this cell line, the other mtDNA‐encoded subunits fail to assemble, while at least some of the nuclear‐encoded subunits involved in the redox reactions appear to be assembled normally. In fact, while there is a complete loss of NADH:Q1 oxidoreductase activity, the NADH:Fe(CN)6 oxidoreductase activity is normal. These observations provide the first clear evidence that the ND4 gene product is essential for Complex I activity and give some insights into the function and the structural relationship of this polypeptide to the rest of the enzyme. They are also significant for understanding the pathogenetic mechanism of the ND4 gene mutation associated with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.


School is an important vehicle for educating and fostering people to understand and understand a science. In realizing a caring and cultured school, the school community needs to be involved in various environmental learning activities. In addition, schools are also expected to involve the surrounding community in conducting various activities that benefit both the school community, the community and the environment. These activities include creating extracurricular / curricular activities in the field of participatory-based environment in schools, participating in environmental action activities carried out by outsiders, building partnership activities or initiating the development of environmental education in schools, management and development of school supporting facilities. . School is a community that consists of students, teachers, principals, and administration and employees which is one of the effective mediums for learning and awareness of school residents. So that individuals, ranging from teachers, students and workers are involved in efforts to stop the rate of environmental damage caused by human hands. Creating a caring and cultured school requires a school management strategy that supports the implementation of environmental education by all school members in accordance with the basic principles of the Adiwiyata Program which is participatory and sustainable.


Aflatoxins are large groups of mycotoxins that are produced by specific species of molds. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has been known as the most potent toxin among various aflatoxins. Aflatoxins are highly toxic, immunosuppressive, mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic compounds. The main target organ for their toxicity and carcinogenicity is the liver . Probiotics are microbial food supplements that beneficially affect the health of the host. Probiotic bacteria are used to balance the intestinal flora and to prevent several gastrointestinal disorders. In this review, recent developments in biocontrol of AFB1 by probiotic bacteria have been investigated.


The article discusses the features of economic growth in Mongolia and describes the economic development of Mongolia, characterized by leading industries to ensure economic growth. The impact of global economic crisis on the national economy of Mongolia is revealed, as well as the main directions and ways to implement socio-economic development of Mongolia


A circuit-level model of metal-semiconductor-metal photodetector (MSM-PD) was developed and implemented into VHDL-AMS simulator hAMster/spl trade/ The model was derived for a one dimensional (1-D) structure from continuity equations. Both transient and steady-state simulations results match well with experimental data.


The evolutionary conserved control of behaviour by glucocorticoids translates into a key role for glucocorticoids in the control of neuropsychological functioning. In accordance, both animal and human models of uncontrolled exposure to glucocorticoids show impaired stress responsiveness, cognitive dysfunction, and a broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders, ranging from severe depression and anxiety disorders to acute psychosis and delirium. Importantly, exogenous glucocorticoid administration can induce the same phenotype, proving the causal role of glucocorticoids per se on neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric functioning. Recent findings now indicate that these effects may be long-lasting and even may not be completely reversible because cognitive dysfunction and maladaptive personality traits persist in patients long-term after successful correction of glucocorticoid excess in the presence of altered coping strategies and affected illness perceptions. This implies that long-term care for both patients with pituitary and adrenal disorders and patients using glucocorticoids should incorporate selfmanagement interventions that help to improve quality of life


For the estimation of energy in high-energy nucleon-nucleon jets, the formula proposed by Castagnoli et al. is commonly used. The degree of anisotropy in the angular distribution of secondary particles can be characterized by adjusting the coefficient in the assumed distribution to the observed distribution. The limits of error of energy and anisotropy estimates are discussed. The statistical test of Kolmogorov and Smirnov is used. (W.D.M.)


In job shop and project scheduling problems, generally speaking, a set of activities shall be scheduled over time. The execution of the activities typically depends on certain resources of limited availability and diverse other restrictions like precedence constraints. A feasible schedule is sought that minimizes some objective function like the makespan. For such problems, mixed integer linear programming (MIP) techniques are frequently considered, but also known to have severe limitations. Basically, there are few general MIP modeling strategies for approaching such scheduling problems: Firstly, it is sometimes possible to come up with a compact model where the starting times of activities are directly expressed by means of corresponding variables. Resource constraints, however, impose a particular challenge in this respect. While they can be often treated in principle, e.g., by discrete-event models [2], these models are typically rather weak. A second, frequently applied option are so-called time-indexed (TI) formulations. They are based on a discretization of time, i.e., the activities may only start on a limited set of possible starting times. Binary variables are used that are additionally indexed by these possible starting times. The success of such TI models strongly depends on the resolution of the time discretization. While such models can have strong linear programming (LP) relaxations, the number of variables and constraints increases dramatically with the number of possible starting times. Frequently, a rather crude discretization can therefore only be applied to obtain any result in reasonable computation time. Further MIP techniques for approaching the considered scheduling problems make use of exponentially sized models and apply advanced techniques such as column generation, Lagrangian decomposition, or Benders decomposition, see, e.g., [2]. While they are frequently very successful, they are also substantially more complex to develop and implement. Here, we consider a relaxation of a potentially very fine-grained TI model in which the set of possible starting times is partitioned into so-called time-buckets


Many Approaches, but Few Arrivals: Merton and the Columbia Model of Theory Construction Turner, Stephen. 2009. Many Approaches, but Few Arrivals: Merton and the Columbia Model of Theory Construction. The definitive version of this paper has been published in Philosophy of the Social Sciences 39(2): 174-211, all rights reserved. DOI: 10.1177/0048393108326484 Stephen Turner University of South Florida


Based on the routine atmospheric monitoring data from 1989 and 1992, the frequency distribution of daily mean SO2 value at monitoring points is analyzed and SO2 pollution and pollution tendency at monitoring points are compared.


A fire damage assessment tool for a composite sandwich structure has been developed by integrating the 1D heat diffusion equation of a composite sandwich panel with a hybrid progressive damage prediction module within the LS-DYNA3D computational framework. The pyrolysis-driven chemical reaction during a fire has been included in the fire model by incorporating temperature and mass-dependent thermal properties. In comparison with a solid laminate, the accumulative effect from the decomposition, gasification, and vaporous migration of the resin and core has a greater impact on the fire response prediction of sandwich structures. To capture the fire-induced degradation of the material, the synergistic interaction between the discrete and continuum damage, and their compounding effects to the final failure, the hybrid discrete and continuum damage models have been applied in conjunction with mechanism-driven failure criteria. Given the fire induced temperature profiles and the time history of mass loss, the degraded thermal-mechanical properties at ply and laminate level are determined via a virtual testing tool. The capability of the developed fire damage assessment tool has been demonstrated via a fire damage characterization of a loaded sandwich beam subjected to a fire. The use of the temperature dependent thermal properties has shown to have a greater impact on the fire response prediction of a sandwich material as compared with a solid composite laminate.


A low power, high speed, but with a large input dynamic range and output swing class-B output buffer circuit which is suitable for the flat-panel display application is proposed. The buffer draws little current during static but has a large driving capability during transients. It has been demonstrated with the TSMC 0.6 /spl mu/m CMOS technology.


Microwave absorption lines of 18O2, in υ=0 and υ=1 states, are observed in the 119 and 60 GHz regions. Precisely determined molecular parameters for the 18O2 species are compared with those of 16O2 previously determined, and isotope dependences of the parameters are briefly discussed.


Langzeitergeb-nisse möglich geworden. Methode der Wahl ist die Implantation der zumindest teilweise (tibial) zementierten Semiconstrained-Prothese. Die Standzeit der Prothese beträgt durchschnittlich 10 Jahre. Daneben kommt bei älteren und inaktiven Patienten die unikondyläre Prothesenimplantation bei auf ein Gelenkkompar-timent beschränkten Arthrosen in Betracht. Abstract Axial realignment by osteotomy and arthroplasty are important methods in treatment of gonarthritis today. The osteotomies are purposed to transfer the mean bearing line of the leg from the destructed knee compartment into the non-affected area. The osteotomies are performed by the medial-opening techniques in a high frequency today. This operation is optimal in younger patients who suffering from unicompartimental gonarthritis. Arthroplasty also produces excellent or good long-term results, today. The implantation of semiconstrained cemented or partially cemented (tibial) bicondular endoprosthesis is method of choice in the mostly cases. The survival after arthroplasty amounts meanly 10 years. The unicondular joint replacement is only indicated in cases of unilateral gonarthritis in older and inactive patients.


We analyzed all the topics brought up in DIPEX interviews concerning meaning making issues for family care takers in a context of dementia.


The invention relates to an oral hard capsule, in particular to a tablet capsule loaded with a dutasteride tablet and a tamsulosin tablet. The tablet capsule consists of a capsule and tablets in the capsule, wherein the capsule comprises an upper capsule body and a lower capsule body; and at least one tablet of which the active ingredient is dutasteride and at least one tablet of which the active ingredient is tamsulosin are filled into the capsule. The capsule has the advantages of easy filling, low production cost, tablets made of two active ingredients and simple production process. In addition, the product of the capsule is very suitable for industrialized production and improves the compliance of patients by adopting the design of cylindrical tablets and different colors and applying transparent capsule shells.


The indexes of teaching quality evaluation,such as attitude,teaching and evaluation,contents and methods,and evaluation standards,such as "excellent,good,medium,bad,worse",show the characteristics of inaccuracy.While traditional evaluation methods focus on accurate figures,the paper proposes a new method which is based on fuzzy mathematics to evaluate teaching quality.The theory,computing procedure and examples of the method are introduced.


Claviceps purpurea PRL 1980 produces a fluorescent reddish brown pigment in the alkaloid production medium. When D,L-tryptophan was administered into the production medium, the radioactive pigment and 5-hydroxytryphan were isolated from the cultures. Conversion of tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan in vivo was shown by an isotopic trapping procedure. 5-hydroxytryptophan isolated from the cultures contained appreciable radioactivity and was recrystallized to constant specific radioactivity. The injection of the 5-hydroxytryptophan showed an incorporation of radioactivity into brown pigment significantly higher than that of tryptophan. The brown pigment produced by Claviceps purpurea PRL 1980 seems to be derived from tryptophan through 5-hyrdroxytryptophan.


Data and Das [S. Datta and B. Das, Appl. Phys. Lett. 56, 665 (1990)] proposed an electronic analog to the optoelectronic modulator which would employ spin injection from a ferromagnet into a semiconductor. We investigate the ferromagnet–semiconductor system consisting of the Heusler alloy Ni2MnIn and the semiconductor InAs. Using a full-potential electronic structure code with a basis set of Slater-type orbitals, we have calculated the band structure of Ni2MnIn. We calculate the spin polarization for each atom. It resides primarily on the Mn atom (3.51), with a small moment (0.31) on the Ni. Interestingly, In has a very small moment (−0.04), which is antiferromagnetically coupled to the other atoms. Using a simple model, we estimate the transmittance of minority spins in three high-symmetry directions.


The article presents the results of development and validation of the method of eggs sample preparation for the determination of tylosin residues by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the kits manufactured by Europroxima (Netherlands). Tylosin is a natural antibiotic, highly effective against gram-positive and selectively active against gram-negative organisms. It is a product of microbiological synthesis of Streptomyces fradiae. Irresponsible use of antibiotics and the non-compliance with the withdrawal period for animals after their use have escalated the problems associated with the presence of antibiotic residues in food. Biologically reasonable maximum permissible levels (MRLs) of residual antimicrobials in animal products, officially approved in all countries by the Commission of the Codex Alimentarius, in the European Union by EU Regulation № 37/2010, and in Ukraine by the Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine products.
In order to ensure the compliance with the above standards, it is necessary to have sensitive and specific analytical methods that can rapidly and effectively control the presence of residues at the established levels for routine control of antibiotics in eggs by veterinary and manufacturing laboratories.
The influence of different extraction conditions on the percentage of extraction of the target analyte from the homogenized eggs sample fortified with the standard solution was investigated: pH changes of different buffer solutions, different degrees of sample concentration, the influence of separate reagents for the better separation of aqueous and organic phases. The results of the quantitative analysis of tylosin content in the model samples, determined by the developed screening method, were confirmed by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Optimal conditions for extraction of the target analyte from egg were provided by the sample preparation method using the extraction with 0.5 M potassium phosphate buffer with pH 8.0, followed by the analyte transfer into the organic phase, the concentration of the analyte by evaporation of an organic extract aliquot and the reconstitution of the dried residue in the buffer solution, degreasing with hexane. It was found that for the better phase separation in "buffer – ethyl acetate" system the procedure of extraction and phase separation is best carried out at room temperature. The research results are presented in tables and chromatograms.
The proposed screening method was validated, the necessary statistical analysis of the obtained results was performed, and as a result, the limit value or "technical threshold" and the cut-off factor were calculated, and their graphical representation was presented.
The main advantages of the developed method are the rapidity, the simplicity of performance and the sensitivity to the target analyte at the level of 2 μg/kg, which is confirmed statistically by the results of validation tests. The technique is offered to the manufacturer to expand the scope of the kits usage.


The usage of L1 and L2 in ESL Classrooms has been on an ongoing debate over the decades. As teachers are responsible for the learners' learning experiences from urban and rural schools in Malaysia, it is crucial to investigate the teachers' preferences of L1 and L2 usage since there is no apparent agreement on whether L1 hinders or helps in ESL classrooms regardless of massive research efforts. This study attempts to fill the gaps on teachers' preferences on L1 and L2 use in Malaysian primary ESL classrooms of both rural and urban schools. It aims to explore the language preferences of teachers in various situations either L1 or L2 in different settings. The study employs a quantitative approach in which an online survey was done with 30 primary ESL teachers through purposive sampling. 36 from 158 questions of Chavez's questionnaire are adapted according to the suitability of this study. Data gathered were analysed using frequencies and percentages. The findings show that L2 is used by the respondents from rural and urban primary schools for most situations with slight differences in terms of number of items and percentages. Despite the strong preferences of L2 usage, there are variations of L1 use in certain situations especially for teachers from rural schoo ls. It is shown that teachers are still inclined towards 'English - only' approach but L1 remains inseparable in ESL primary classrooms. Thus, future research proposed includes the recommendation for another study to be done on a larger scale of respondents and studies that investigate teachers' preferences based on specific reasons of switching the language such as translanguaging, code-mixing, code-switching or other diglossic approach.


Fossils from three localities in the Apucarana Sub-basin (Parana Basin) investigated by Clarke in his 1913 paper have commonly been considered as Emsian (±407.3 My to ±393.3 My) In this paper they are demonstrated to be a characteristic Malvinokaffric fauna of a latest Pragian to early Emsian (±410 My to ±405 My ) age at two localities (Ponta Grossa - Vila Placidia and Jaguariaiva), and Eifelian (±390 My) at one locality (Tibagi - Estância Recreio).


The techniques for maize super-high yield in Yanyuan county were introduced.The average yield of maize could reach to 18 270.0 kg/hm2,which created the high yield record in the region of southwest China,and the average yield could reach to 10 691 kg/hm2 in 667 hm2 demonstration planting region when adopting these techniques.Besides,it was pointed out that Panxi,especially Yanyuan and Xide had the condition of creating high yield,and the yield could increase significantly when adopting the techniques of reducing the row space for increasing planting density and the number of ear,tectorial transplanting,and the formula fertilization,especially when matched optimal cultivation technique.


Germany's political decision to refrain from the further use of nuclear energy by the year 2022 has far reaching implications for this highly industrialized nation. Not only the production of electricity but the whole energy supply system is subject to this most ambitious reorganization of Germany's energy structure. Industry as well as private households, i.e. production as well as consumption behaviour will have to face a profound change.


To have a quantitative estimate of the speed of Li+ diffusion in Nal+xV3O8 (L-T.), for example, impedance tests were run for different intercalation levels. The values of 10-8-10-9 cm2·s-1 have been obtained and matched the fast kinetics observed.Possible


Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is well developed and widely applied for the study of electrode/electrolyte interfaces, films, coatings, and ion-transport mechanisms, among others. Measurement and analysis of traditional EIS is based on linear response in voltage or current to a sinusoidal perturbation. Small perturbations with linear responses are used in traditional EIS. Larger perturbations applied to nonlinear systems require a new set of tools. In the present study, we focus on the larger amplitude modulation and analysis of the harmonic response with the purpose of improving signal-to-noise ratio, and deriving additional information about the electrochemical system. Traditional EIS is extended to include Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) analysis. Non-linear harmonic distortion, instrument noise, and perturbation amplitude effects are discussed relative to monitoring oxygen concentration and operation status of a PEM fuel cell (PEMFC). Alternative approaches such as Intermodulation Distortion (IMD) are also introduced.


of of 40 ppmSiO 2 , 10 ppmCl − and 10 ppmSO 42 − . The surface of the copper tube immersed in the water containing 80 ppmSiO 2 was covered with white granular scales. The depth of pitting corrosion occurred in the water containing 80 ppmSiO 2 was smaller than those of pits occurred in the water containing 20 or 40 ppmSiO 2 . The concentration of sili- ca in the synthetic water containing 20 ppmSiO 2 decreased to about 2 ppm for 9 months when the copper tubes were immersed in the synthetic water.


This study was designed to the assessment of motivational patterns of women entrepreneurs in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria, a Study of Rural Women Entrepreneurship in South East State of Nigeria. A sample of 376 women entrepreneurs was adopted through the population of 6,281 engaged in 5 sectors was taken for the study using stratified and simple random sampling. In the process of answering the basic questions, a questionnaire that include demographic profiles, patterns of motivation of women entrepreneurs and their enterprises, factors that affect the performance of women entrepreneurs in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) was designed in a closed ended and Likert scales. Moreover, interviews were held with women of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). After the data has been collected, it was analyzed using simple statistical techniques (tables and percentages) and descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviations).The results of the study indicates the personal characteristics of women entrepreneurs in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and their enterprise affect their performance. It also shows that lack of own premises(land), financial access, stiff competition, inadequate access to training, access to technology and access to raw materials were the key economic factors that affect the performance of women entrepreneurs in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). The study also found that conflicting gender roles, social acceptability and, network with outsiders were the major social factors that affect these entrepreneurs. Furthermore, the main legal/administrative factors include access to policy makers, high amount of tax and interest, bureaucracies and red tapes, and over all legal and regulatory environments. Based on the major findings, recommendations were forwarded to existing and potential entrepreneurs, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs).


Based on the analysis of natural environment,regional characteristics,economic status of agriculture,resources and economic technology conditions in northwest Hubei,it was pointed out that the advantages of northwest Hubei were the "mountain forest" but not "farmland",the "characteristic resources" but not "public resources" of characteristic agricultural economy orientation.


A method for providing alignment of a probe relative to the support substrate, and defining a flat surface and the corner, and the step of providing the supporting substrate further defining a first crystal plane, the corners of claim 1 which defines a first exposed area on the surface at a mask, that comprises the step of providing on the surface of the supporting substrate, providing a specific etch reagent, and the recess is formed by the etching reagent for etching the first exposed area, the recess has a first side wall, opposite the second side wall, and defines an end wall, and a bottom wall spaced from the corner. Method to use a flat surface, and a first crystal face and the step, and a specific etching reagent to provide a probe substrate defining a same second crystal plane to form a probe from the probe substrate, the first and second crystal faces are the same position comprising the step of positioning the probe substrate, the probe defines a first side wall and second side wall and the congruent surface. Test sample, the probe, the supporting substrate, the recess etching, the mask


E XPERIMENTS dealing with regulation and regeneration in hydra date back to the classical work of Trembley (I744), whose researches have served as a startingpoint for numerous other investigations. The great volume of literature that has accumulated on the subject has been adequately reviewed by such workers as Peebles (1897), Koelitz (1910o), Hyman (1928), and Weimer (1928), and therefore will not be considered here except as it applies directly to the data gathered in this particular investigation. Numerous results have been obtained, and facts recorded, which we believe lack an adequate interpretation in the light of more recent discoveries. This work therefore serves in part as an attempt at the interpretation and correlation of certain facts which heretofore have been ignored, or at best only partially considered. The budding phenomenon in hydra is of considerable interest to the developmental physiologist, for it is in the primordia of the bud that the primary developmental patterns first come into being. Questions concerning the budding process at once present themselves. How do the tissues which make up the bud become isolated from the controlling action of the parent? How do polarity and other developmental patterns arise in the bud? How soon, if ever, does a bud reach a stage when the different regions are determined in the formation of such parts as hypostome, body, and stalk? What are the relations between the actively growing bud and the parent? An attempt has been made in this investigation to answer, at least in part, some of the foregoing questions, although they may never be answered fully without entirely different methods. We have, in this work, sought to throw some light on the origin of the tentacular pattern of the bud. We have endeavored to show something as regards the early determination of the bud. We have striven to point out certain effects of the actively growing bud on the reconstituting parent, as well as the effects of the reconstituting parent on the actively growing bud.


1Physical Therapist, Outpatient clinic of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Egypt 2Lecturer of Physical Therapy, Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Egypt 3Assistant Professor of Physical Therapy, Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Egypt 4Professor of Physical Therapy, Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Egypt


A comparison was made of accelerated professional development (APD) for nurses (n=64), involving peer consultation and reflective practice, and peer consultation alone (n=30). Although APD participants had a higher completion rate, improvements in caregiver behaviors and work environment were not significantly different.


This research aims to find out how much the factors studied are able to influence hotel revenue from rooms that have been handled by room attendants and carried out promotions, as well as to determine the most dominant factor influencing hotel income at Pacific Palace Hotel Batam. The data analysis method used in this analysis is multiple linear regression coefficients. The variables studied that affect hotel income at Pacific Palace Hotel Batam are room cleanliness, room rates, promotion costs, and the number of rooms. This study uses interview and observation methods in obtaining data, while the data used are qualitative and quantitative data. Based on the data analysis conducted, it turns out that the cleanliness of the rooms and the number of rooms are the most dominant factors influencing hotel revenue. The room rate and promotion cost factors are not as dominant as the room cleanliness factor and the number of rooms but together they are able to influence hotel revenue which has been proven through the F test using the SPSS program. The results of this study turned out that at Pacific Palace Hotel Batam the number of rooms is the most dominating thing for existing room revenue.


Dyslipidemia is a lipid metabolic disorder characterized by increased total cholesterol, Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), or elevated levels of High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Dyslipidemia is one of the main factors that caused atherosclerosis by coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and peripheral vascular disease that is incorporated in cardiovascular disease (PKV). Factors that cause dyslipidemia in Indonesia are people who need foods low in fiber and high fat. Mortality from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2008 obtained 17.3 million deaths in the world caused by cardiovascular disease and will increase to reach 23.3 million deaths by 2030. Traditional therapy is still one option that is still being taken into account in Indonesia. The use of herbal therapy as a therapy for dyslipidemia can be one way out with the use of Syzygium polyanthum or often known as bay leaf. From several studies reported, bay leaf extract has Substance Flavonoids, Tannins, Saponins and Vitamins C, B3, A, and E which in some studies have been linked to studies of fat in the body. Based on this, bay leaf can be a potential alternative for the development of dyslipidemia to reduce mortality from cardiovascular disease. Keywords: dyslipidemia, lipids, Syzygium polyanthum


Nowadays, there is a need for an efficient and effective way in which computers are interconnected. In National Open University Sokoto Study Center network there exist problems such as: more traffic which may slower the network performance, bandwidth wastage and security problems because the host and servers that are connected to Layer 2 switch are part of the same network segment. To resolve these problems we identify the networking media that best suits the network to enable person-to-person communication, determine the best network architecture that would enable effective resource sharing between all staff offices, design respective VLANs for different units, configure network addresses for each units and identify configurations required on router and switches to create VLAN's and Inter VLANrouting. After the implementation of proposed Virtual Local Area Network in ICT unit of National Open University Sokoto study center, effective resource sharing and communication is achieved. Hence, implementation of this study is practically cost effective.


Introduction: The Mini-RF instrument aboard NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) is a hybrid dual-polarized synthetic aperture radar (SAR) [1, 2] that operates in concert with the Arecibo Observatory (AO) [3,4] and the DSS-13 Goldstone deep space communications complex 34 meter antenna to collect Sand X-band bistatic radar data of the lunar nearside. The ground station transmits at specific pulse intervals defined by the planning process and the instrument is configured to operate in continuous receive-only mode. The transmitted pulses generated by the ground station are asynchronous with the sampling by the Mini-RF receiver. The data collected is then downlink and processed into horizontal and vertical (H and V) images using a time-domain backprojection algorithm that utilizes phase history measurements in the raw downlinked Mini-RF data to calculate the pixels that comprise a complex-valued image [5]. This processing of the returns requires several steps in order to generate the initial images (Fig.1). Image cube backplanes, Stokes daughter products, and derived data products are also generated, along with accompanying labels for delivery to the PDS archive. Methodology: The first five steps below describe the methodology of the SAR image processing software (the processor) in order to generate the initial image products. Successive steps describe the processing done in order to create supplementary and higher level data products. Isolate the Direct Path. The direct path signal from the ground station as it passes through the instrument is often the strongest element in the returns collected. The processing software uses this fact to isolate the signal from the others. It is then used as a timing and phase reference to compensate for any shifts that may occur in the backscattered signal. A waterfall plot is created displaying each pulse to allow for a visual inspection to ensure that the software was able to identify the direct path correctly (Fig. 2). Manual selection of the direct path may be required in those instances where the signal is low enough such that it is not simply separable from the specular return. The end result is an accurate estimate of the pulse repetition interval (PRI). Determine Phase Estimate. Estimates are taken of the now isolated direct path correlation peak phases. A simple filter based on the measurement of the power in each direct path pulse is used to determine which phase measurements are directly usable. Any gaps are filled by integrating a model of the phase drift built up by analyzing collections of adjacent pulses. These phases, modeled or measured, are then used as a reference for correlating the backscattered signal measurements from pulse to pulse. Calculate Geometry. Geometry information is derived from SPICE kernels as inputs to the processor. This information includes the ground station and receiver locations with respect to a lunar fixed reference frame. It also includes roll, pitch, and yaw angles and their time derivatives of the receiver relative to an idealized nadir-oriented spacecraft frame. This ancillary geometry information is then used to generate an equirectangularly projected, 20 meter per pixel, grid from the spherical lunar surface onto which the H and V channel images are formed. Generate H phase and V Phase Image Products. The timing, direct path phase, geometry, and grid information are used to process the returns and coherently accumulate the collected backscattered signal onto the grid. Two sets of two separate images are generated per observation (e.g., Fig. 1). Each set of images is


Informal settlers reside in high-risk areas like shorelines and riverbanks, under bridges and near transmission lines, in garbage dumps and in other dangerous places that make them vulnerable to health and environmental problems. This study aimed to determine the health safety awareness among informal settlers within the four Barangays in Davao City: Agdao, Bankerohan, Sandawa, and Boulevard; utilizing quantitative research design, specifically correlation study. The respondents of this study were 200 purposively chosen informal settlers in Davao City specifically 50 residents in each of the study site. The findings of the study revealed that no significant difference exists on the health safety awareness of the respondents in dealing with their dilemmas regardless of their area of location. It implies that although the respondents have high level of health safety awareness, it does not affect their level of behavior since they still prefer to stay despite the dilemma. However, they differ in dealing with the dilemmas when they are grouped according to the areas of location. This means that they prefer to stay there because of convenience, more specifically in Sandawa because of its accessibility and proximity to the downtown area. Keywords: Psychology, health safety awareness, informal settlers, behavior, Davao City, Philippines


This paper demonstrates a direct approach for fault current calculations without using symmetrical components. By representing a polyphase network in phase-coordinates, i.e. phase voltages, currents and impedances, the unbalanced fault currents can also be analyzed and calculated. The proposed approach is direct and can be implemented easily by solving a set of linear system equations. Identical results for both methods are obtained in a sample network. The following faults are analyzed: phase-to-earth with/without impedance; phase-to-phase fault with/without impedance; two-phase-to-earth fault; and a three-phase fault.


In 2014, the discovery of two well-defined rings around the Centaur (10199) Chariklo were announced. This was the first time that such structures were found around a small body. In 2015, it was proposed that the Centaur (2060) Chiron may also have a ring. In a previous study, we analyzed how close encounters with giant planets would affect the rings of Chariklo. The most likely result is the survival of the rings. In the present work, we broaden our analysis to (2060) Chiron. In addition to Chariklo, Chiron is currently the only known Centaur with a presumed ring. By applying the same method as \cite{araujo2016}, we performed numerical integrations of a system composed of 729 clones of Chiron, the Sun, and the giant planets. The number of close encounters that disrupted the ring of Chiron during one half-life of the study period was computed. This number was then compared to the number of close encounters for Chariklo. We found that the probability of Chiron losing its ring due to close encounters with the giant planets is about six times higher than that for Chariklo. Our analysis showed that, unlike Chariklo, Chiron is more likely to remain in an orbit with a relatively low inclination and high eccentricity. Thus, we found that the bodies in Chiron-like orbits are less likely to retain rings than those in Chariklo-like orbits. Overall, for observational purposes, we conclude that the bigger bodies in orbits with high inclinations and low eccentricities should be prioritized.


The invention discloses a communication method and device, and belongs to the technical field of communication. The method comprises the steps: enabling a base station to divide a coverage region of a first antenna into at least two small regions; carrying out the weighted processing of the data carried by the time frequency resources of the small regions, so as to enable the data carried by the time frequency resources of the small regions to be mapped to a channel of the first antenna; merging the data carried by the time frequency resources of the small regions; transmitting at least two directional beams through the first antenna, wherein the directions of the directional beams are different, and the directional beams are corresponding to the small regions; or transmitting a first directional beam through the first antenna. Through dividing the coverage region of the antenna into a plurality of small regions and setting the transmission bandwidths for the small regions, the method remarkably increases the total transmission bandwidth which can be used for the coverage region of the same antenna, and can remarkably enlarge the capacity of a communication system.


Today I sit here on the Kapiti Coast, 60 kilometres north of Wellington, in Aotearoa New Zealand. I'm in my lounge, surrounded by my study materials, listening to a presentation via Zoom, eight weeks after our initial Covid-19 lockdown began and I think of what this time has meant to me and my peers.


The achievement of a predetermined or planned goal is known as effectiveness. The implementation of the One-Stop Integrated Service System at the Sumenep Regency Public Service Mall, East Java, is still relatively new. In fact, this system still needs significant improvement. The purpose of this study was to find out the application of the One Stop Integrated Service System at Public Service Malls in Sumenep Regency, East Java and to find out how far the Effectiveness of the Implementation of One Stop Integrated Services at Public Service Malls in Sumenep Regency, East Java. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research. Data obtained through observation techniques, interviews, documentation and literature study. The theory used is the theory of effectiveness measurement according to Kettner, Moroney, and Martin including effort, cost efficiency, result, cost effectiveness, impact. The data analysis technique used was proposed by Miles & Huberman namely data collection, data reduction or data simplification, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The research results obtained are that the application of a One-Stop Integrated Service System at Public Service Malls in Sumenep Regency, East Java is in accordance with the objectives of establishing a Public Service Mall, the Implementation of a One-Stop Integrated Service System at Public Service Malls in Sumenep Regency, East Java is already effective. The advice given is that it is hoped that MPP will optimize services more, not attract additional fees beyond the provision of service fees, be consistent with their attitudes and duties in providing services, consistently focus on the existing budget for the implementation of licensing and non-licensing services, and hope that the positive impact will be felt by the community Service users are evenly distributed throughout the archipelago.


The need for opposition to establishment psychology and psychiatry and for the creation of liberating alternatives is exigent both because the expansion of Anglo-American psychology during the fifties and sixties has been matched by the increasing use of behavioral technology as an agent of repressive social control and because the experiences of the sixties furnished movement activists with an awareness of the necessary conjunction between personal and political change. These phenomena presage the growth of radical psychological theory and provide a context within which the publication of a volume such as Toward a Marxist Psychology is timely, even though this book does not contribute significantly to the intellectual and political development which it is intended to promote.


Abstract This current study aims to extract bamboo fibers from different species of bamboo using the mechanochemical method and investigate their properties. The bamboo species used in this study were Dendrocalamus, Bambusa balcoaa, Oliveri, Asamica, and Chimono. The vacuum-pressurized impregnation treatment process was employed for treating the bamboo. The mechanochemical method was chosen for extracting the bamboo fibers due to its simplicity and efficiency. The yield percentage of the bamboo fibers was determined. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed an increase in the crystallinity of the bamboo fibers with subsequent treatments in the presence of NaOH, as evidenced by two well-defined peaks at 2θ = 17.6° and 2θ = 22.7°. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of numerous hydroxyl groups in the bamboo fibers, indicated by the –OH expanding and contracting vibration at the band around 3311 cm−1. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted to investigate the thermal stability of the bamboo fibers, and the results demonstrated that chimino bamboo fiber exhibited the highest level of thermal stability compared to other treated bamboo fibers. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed for morphological characterization, providing insights into the surface morphology of the bamboo fibers. Based on the findings, it can be inferred that bamboo fibers, particularly of the chimino type, have the potential to serve as a viable reinforcement in polymeric composites for lightweight applications in various industries, such as automotive, aerospace, and packaging.


Climate change is an environmental problem with a strong political and development component. Addressing its threat has become a current global priority. The impacts of global climate change are not only physical and economic, (for instance, in the form of natural disasters), but also social and cultural, jeopardizing environmentally based livelihoods in many parts of the world. The impacts of climate change will fall disproportionately upon developing countries and the poor persons within all countries, thereby exacerbating inequalities in health status and access to adequate food, clean water and other resources. The majority of the poor developing countries are women, who at all levels earn less than men and therefore bear the disproportionate burden of climate change consequences, mainly because of their marginalized status and dependence on local natural resources. Poor women's lack of access to and control over natural resources, technologies and credit mean that they have fewer resources to cope with seasonal and episodic weather and natural disasters. Consequently, traditional roles are reinforced, girls education suffers, and women's ability to diversity their livelihood is diminished. Again, in traditional societies, women are even more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change because they are often not allowed to participate in public sphere, and are therefore less likely to receive critical information for emergency preparedness. They are also less mobile due to strict and gendered codes of social behavior, and have fewer chances to escape from affected areas. Keywords: Gender, Poor women, climate change, natural disasters, livelihoods, natural resources


We propose nonlinear optical systems that are analogous to spin-transport in magnetic materials. We find a topological Hall effect for light in skyrmionic nonlinear photonic crystals, and spin-Anderson localization in optical spin-glass.


Some users of virtual environments experience adverse effects known as simulator sickness. Common symptoms are generally grouped into nausea, oculomotor discomfort, and disorientation. This research examined whether the severity and type of simulator sickness differs due to the type of driving environment or the gender of the driver. Three environments with variations in driver workload were developed: Highway, Rural, and City. Tests were conducted using Northeastern University's Virtual Driving Simulator. The Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) and postural stability tests, were used to gather data before and after participants drove the virtual environments based driving simulator. In comparison with past research, a different SSQ profile was found in that most of the symptoms reported were in the oculomotor discomfort category. This included eye strain, headaches, difficulty focusing, and blurred vision. Subjects who drove the Highway or Rural Road environments had more symptoms than those who drove the City environment. This indicates that vehicle velocity may be a factor in driving simulator sickness since subjects drove 60 mph in the Highway and Rural Road environments, but only 25 mph in the City environment. In both the before and after tests, females had less postural stability than males. Females also had a greater increase in oculomotor discomfort symptoms than males. Additional research is needed to determine why females experience more simulator sickness than males.


The24humanchromosome types ofanormal diploid fibroblast cell strain wereclassified into 15groups by high-resolution flow cytometry onthebasis of33258 Hoechst fluorescence. Chromosomes associated witheachgroup were flow sorted onto microscope slides andidentified byquinacrine banding analysis. DNA cytophotometry ofmetaphase chro- mosomes fromthesamecell strain supported andextended this identification. Fourofthegroups purified wereduetochro- mosomes ofasingle type-namely, chromosomes 5,6, 13, and 17.Eight additional groups werealso separated andfound to contain thefollowing chromosomes: 1and2;3and4;7,8,and X;9-12; 14and15;16and18; 20andY;and19,21, and22.The average purity forthe12sorted fractions was78%. Flowcytometry ofisolated chromosomes isanewapproach to cytogenetics that provides rapid measurement ofindividual metaphase chromosomes. Inthis approach, chromosomes that arestained inaqueous suspension with anappropriate fluoro- chrome areconstrained toflow athigh speed through anarrow laser beamthat excites thestain. Theemitted fluorescence is