Abstract Background The goal of HIV treatment is to achieve and maintain virologic suppression to prevent disease progression. Patients with uncontrolled HIV and decreasing CD4 counts can experience more health problems and increased health care resource utilization (HCRU) and cost. The objectives were to describe the clinical characteristics, HCRU and cost of PLWH in US Commercial and Medicare Advantage health plans by CD4 count. Methods A retrospective cohort study of PLWH aged 18+ between 01/01/2014-03/31/2018 in the Optum Research Database was conducted. Patients were continuously enrolled 6 months before (baseline) and 12 months after (unless evidence of death) the first identified antiretroviral (ARV) therapy (follow-up). Patients were classified as heavily treatment-experienced (HTE) if their regimen indicated an ARV therapy used to treat multi-drug resistant (MDR) virus, Non-HTE if treatment did not include an HTE regimen, or Treatment-Naïve if they were not treated with any ARV medication during baseline. All variables were summarized descriptively by the CD4 count closest to the first ARV regimen and compared using chi-square or F-test/ANOVA. Results 5,522 patients met the inclusion criteria including 18% with a CD4 count < 200, 70% 200-500, and 12% > 500 cells/mm3. Patients in the lowest CD4 group were more likely to be HTE or Naïve, African-American, female, living in the South, earn less and have at least one AIDS defining condition (Table 1). Patients in the lowest CD4 group also had the highest mortality rate, (6% in the < 200, 2% 200-500, 1% in the > 500 group; p-value < 0.001) and the highest rates of emergency room visits and inpatient stays (Figure 1). All-cause total cost among patients with CD4 counts < 200 was 51% higher than those with CD4 > 500, and medical cost was 207% higher driven primarily by inpatient health care cost. Similar trends were seen for HIV-related care. Among the lowest CD4 group, average total cost was highest in the HTE group followed by Naïve patients. Table 1. Baseline Characteristics by CD4 count group, cells/mm3 Figure 1. Percentage of Patients with All-cause and HIV-related Healthcare Utilization by CD4 Group Conclusion There are still PLWH with CD4 counts < 200 cells/mm3 which can result in more AIDS defining conditions, higher mortality risk, and higher HCRU and cost. These results suggest interventions may be needed to diagnose and treat patients sooner and closely monitor the health of more advanced patients for worsening outcomes. Disclosures Julie Priest, MSPH, GlaxoSmithKline (Employee, Shareholder) Erin Hulbert, MS, Optum (Employee)ViiV (Grant/Research Support) Bruce L. Gilliam, MD, ViiV Healthcare (Employee)


Nanoscale vacuum channel triodes are promising in the electronics field due to their high frequency, fast response and high reliability, and have attracted much attention in terms of structural design and optimization. Currently, the research on nanoscale vacuum channel triode is mainly focused on simulation and fabrication, but few tests for high frequency characteristics are carried out. In this paper, based on transmission line theory, a scheme of testing high frequency characteristics of nanoscale vacuum channel triodes is proposed. In the system, a vector network analyzer is used to measure the S-parameter of the triode, so as to further calculated the maximum oscillation frequency.


The invention provides antibacterial blended yarn, which is obtained by blending 30 to 40 weight percent of hemp fiber, 15 to 25 weight percent of modal fiber, 15 to 25 weight percent of high-elastic polyester fiber and 15 to 25 weight percent of viscose fiber. The yarn blended by multiple fibers mainly comprising natural hemp fiber is taken as a wool fabric so as to greatly improve the antibacterial property, the launderability is good, and a processing process has no pollution and meets requirements of health and environmental protection. A wool fabric woven by the yarn as a raw material has enduring antibacterial effect, is healthy and environment-friendly, and reduces the cost.


This paper introduces two equations of non-Newtonian boundary-layer fluid: Cauchy equation of flow field and P-T/T equation of stress field. Secondly, we analyze the convergence of this system of fluid-solid coupled equation with semi-discrete finite element method. We use Galerkin finite element method on the space and semi-implicit C-N difference scheme on the time. Thus, the convergent order of the coupled equations is O(h2+k2) .


concept is embodied in this sentence: 'While environmental regulations impose costs on the target firms, they also produce business opportunities for those firms that develop and market products, equipment or services for environmental protection' (pp. 204–5). This article is complemented by a section dealing with economic and voluntary instruments supported by empirical examples from Germany. Correctly, the book distinguishes between competitiveness of the firm and competitiveness of the nation and consistently analyses the two in different ways. The message is clear: 'at firm and sector level, and given intelligent policy design over all sectors, there will not be a significant loss of competitiveness. The same is true at national level. There could be severe transition effects, but these can be ameliorated by the gradual and predictable introduction of environmental policies' (p. 8). Besides, 'exemptions of environmentally intensive sectors from environmental taxes reduce the efficiency of the taxes and increase the overall costs of attaining a given environmental improvement' (p. 65). There are many disclaimers to be made (see p. 9), but these conclusions look well founded to us and recent experience shows that they are still very relevant for policy design. Several European countries now have carbon or carbon/energy taxes and taxes on SO2 and NOx emissions, but in many cases, governments had to introduce tax exemptions to make the tax acceptable to industry. In Italy, a carbon tax was introduced in 1999 but waived a few months later because of pressures from increasing world oil prices. The issues discussed in the book look as hot as ever. This is an optimistic and useful book. It succeeds in providing theoretical foundations and empirical evidence of the limited effects on competitiveness of a carbon tax properly introduced. This is an important lesson for policy makers, specially when trying to attain the Kyoto targets. MARIALUISA TAMBORRA and DINO PINELLI Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei Corso Magenta, 63, I-20123 Milano, Italy


We classify the solutions to an overdetermined elliptic problem in the plane in the finite connectivity case. This is achieved by establishing a one-to-one correspondence between the solutions to this problem and a certain type of minimal surfaces.


This paper presents the synthesis of a planar array antenna with rectangular cells using genetic algorithms (GAs). GAs are used to calculate the complex excitation coefficients for each element of the array in order to obtain a radiation pattern specified by many constraints. The results show good agreement between the desired and calculated radiation pattern when we use the GA with a penalty function.


This article uses the basic method of marketization estimate of U.S.A.Heritage Foundation and Canada Fraser research institute synthetically to set up the index system that scientifically estimate the factor of production in the country.On the other hand,the article adopts the data that has been obtained from investigation in the Cangxi country of Sichuan Province,calculates the value of the marketization level of production factor of this county,only to find that the marketization level of production factor in rural areas is very low,to be specific,in a weak market economy status.This indicates that our country's rural economy reform should put particular emphasis on the rural production-factors market cultivation in future.The author also offers some suggestions for reference based on the conclusion.


The possibility of determining the frame size of a motor on economic instead of physical grounds is first discussed, and a basis is laid down-for economic comparisons. The capital and working charges are considered in turn, and in connection with the latter the efficiency of a shunt motor when suitably under-run is examined. Applying this method to the case where ⅛ h.p. at 1000 r.p.m. is required, the economical position is indicated for various conditions of service and prices of energy, and it is found that a ⅕-h.p. or ¼-h.p. frame is preferable in all but exceptional cases. Applying the method to sizes ranging from ¼ h.p. to 15 h.p. similar results are obtained, and it is found that the usual physical criteria are only satisfactory as a sole basis of choice when energy is exceptionally cheap or hours of service are short. The possible extension of the method and the effect of various changes are briefly reviewed.


Due to increased global competition as well as decreasing product margins industrial services are becoming increasingly important also in manufacturing companies. In parallel, the complexity of the service networks necessary to perform the different services continuously rises, leading to major challenges for these companies. In order to meet these challenges, companies rely on improved transparency. An important tool to achieve this is the introduction of KPIs to measure the performance of industrial services. In this paper we present results of an ongoing research project and describe the essential performance dimensions that must be considered for the planning and control of industrial service networks.


Abstract Chemical cleavage of methionyl bonds in human fibrinogen with cyanogen bromide produces several large fragments. One of these (N-DSK) contains NH2-terminal portions of the three chains of the parent molecule. The NH2-terminal portion of the γ chain of fibrinogen has been isolated. The γ chain fragment has tyrosine as NH2-terminal residue and homoserine as COOH-terminal residue and therefore evidently consists of one single polypeptide chain. It has a molecular weight of 11,500 as determined by ultracentrifugal analysis. A molecular weight of 12,700 was found by gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The charge heterogeneity of the γ chain fragment observed upon electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels is probably due to microheterogeneity of its carbohydrate moiety. The NH2-terminal γ chain fragment consists of 78 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence has been determined. The fragment contains about half of the half-cystines of the whole γ chain. They occur in a cluster, which indicates an uneven distribution of half-cystines within the γ chain of fibrinogen. One of the half-cystine-containing segments shows similarities in sequence with segments in the "A" α and B β chains. The carbohydrate moiety in the γ chain consists of 2 residues of glucosamine, 6 residues of galactose and mannose, and 1 to 2 residues of sialic acid. The carbohydrate moiety is most likely linked to residue 52. Some differences in specificity of trypsin, plasmin, and thrombin when acting on the γ chain are discussed.


Responding to the water shortage in Egypt, the use of submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) for wastewater reclamation has been studied. The impact of hydraulic retention time (HRT), as the most influential operational parameter has been investigated. A bench-scale module was operated at three HRT: 6, 10 &15hs. The results demonstrated that total COD and BOD removal rates were not affected by changing the HRT or by variations in raw wastewater strength. Average residual COD values in the membrane permeate ranged from 14 to 20.3 mg O2 L-1. Corresponding residual BOD was below 3.0 mgL-1. Nitrification capacity of the SMBR was high. HRT was found to be a key parameter for fouling. Decreasing the HRT enhances membrane fouling. At HRT of 6h, fouling happened after 6 days. Corresponding values for HRTs 10 and 15 were 13 day and more than 42 days, respectively. Total coliform bacteria counts in most of the MBR permeate samples were below the detection limit of 10 CFU/100 mL. All protozoan parasitic stages detected in raw wastewater were removed by the SMBR. At HRT of 15h, both human rotaviruses and adenoviruses genome copies were reduced by 2 to 3 log10. This ratio was reduced by decreasing the HRT.


New surveys with the Spitzer space telescope identify distant star-forming and active galaxies by their strong emission at far-infrared wavelengths, which provides strong constraints on these galaxies' bolometric energy. Using early results from Spitzer surveys at 24 micron, we argue that the faint sources correspond to the existence of a population of infrared-luminous galaxies at z > 1 that are not expected from predictions based on previous observations from ISO and IRAS. Combining Spitzer images with deep ground-based optical and Hubble Space Telescope imaging, we discuss the properties of galaxies selected at 24 micron in the region of the Chandra Deep Field South, including redshift and morphological distributions. Galaxies with z < 1 constitute roughly half of the faint 24 micron sources. Infrared-luminous galaxies at these redshifts span a wide variety of normal to strongly interacting/merging morphologies, which suggests that a range of mechanisms produce infrared activity. Large-area, joint surveys between Spitzer and HST are needed to understand the complex relation between galaxy morphology, structure, environment and activity level, and how this evolves with cosmic time. We briefly discuss strategies for constructing surveys to maximize the legacy of these missions.


The ionization potentials (IP) of Si 2 (X Σg) to form the XΣg and aΠu states of Si 2 have been calculated at very high levels of ab initio molecular orbital theory (CCSD(T) with augmented correlation-consistent basis sets extrapolated to the complete basis set limit). The calculated value of the IP to form the X Σg ground state of the ion is 7.913 eV as compared to an experimental value of 7.9206 eV. The a Πu state is predicted to lie 0.52 eV above the X Σg ground state of Si 2. The 1∆u, 2 ∆u, H Σu, and KΣu excited states of Si 2, as well as the XΣg, aΠu, and 2Πu states of Si 2, have been calculated at the multireference configuration interaction level. The agreement of the calculated positions of the states with the known experimental values is quite good (better than 0.1 eV). The calculated wave functions for the excited states of Si2 show significant multireference character. This is especially true for the H state which has been used as an intermediate state in photoionization experiments. The multireference character of the H state readily allows the connection of this state to the ground X Σg electronic state of Si 2 via a one electron photoionization process.


First Person is a series of interviews with the first authors of a selection of papers published in Journal of Cell Science, helping researchers promote themselves alongside their papers. James Glover is co-first author on ' UMAD1 contributes to ESCRT-III dynamic subunit turnover during cytokinetic abscission', published in JCS. James is a PhD student in the lab of Juan Martin-Serrano at the Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, UK, investigating cell division using advanced microscopy techniques.


A definition of cryptosystem with subliminal channels and a model of subliminal channels are given in this paper. And two index, confiding degree and security degree, are also discussed. Then a systemic classification of subliminal channels techniques is given. And a sound research on capacity, computational complexity and side information has also been done- We then discuss the difference between the subliminal channels in authentication codes and the one in other system. Finally,a concept of side information exchange is first presented and some schemes are given.


Research on making split brick with major materials of hematite tailings in western Hubei,testing and analyzing the water absorption,breaking strength and resistance to freezing and thawing of the samples with the different recipe and firing temperature.The best technological parameter: the conventional time is 3 d,the drying time is 2 h,the firing temperature is 1 120 ℃,hematite tailings∶clay=6∶4.The split brick's water absorption is 3.59%,the breaking strength is 27.26 MPa,and the resistance to freezing and thawing is good.All indexes accord with split brick's professional standard.


The constriction factor (C-factor)-based particle swarm optimisation algorithm is proposed for the solar photovoltaic array powered brushless direct current (BLDC) motor drive control. The rotor position sensors are completely eliminated. Instead, it is determined by measuring the changes in back-emf. The CPSO algorithm is used for the tuning of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller parameters for the speed control of the drive. The BLDC motor drive is modelled in MATLAB/Simulink and trapezoidal back-emf waveforms are modelled as a function of rotor position using MATLAB code. This paper deals with rise time, settling time, peak overshoot and steady-state error under varying conditions and examines the effectiveness of the BLDC motor drive with the proposed algorithm. The comparison of simulation results of proposed algorithm with other PSO algorithms demonstrates the prominence of the constriction factor for the drive controller.


DNA-based nanomaterials are the subject of numerous researches. A series of modified nucleobases were synthesized either to construct a double helix where the natural H-bonded bases are replaced by metal-coordinated liganosides or to introduce a punctual modification inside a natural DNA structure. Thanks to their photophysical and photochemical properties, iridium(III) complexes are of increasing interest in the development of sensors and photoreactants for biochemical applications. In this view, we previously demonstrated that some IrIII complexes are able to photoreact with DNA through photoinduced electron transfer. In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of nucleosides bearing iridium complexes with unaltered properties compared to their parent complexes.


The influence of different kinds of surfactant on the surface tension of acid solution and the contact angle of rock is different.The relationship between the cleanup efficiency and the surface tension and the contact angle is studied.The surface tension and the contact angle and the cleanup efficiencies of nonionic surfactant,fluorcarbon surfactant and cationic surfactant are measured.The results indicate that and the increase of the contact angle has the same importance as the decrease of the surface tension to the cleanup efficiency of the acid containing surfactant.The quantitative relationship between the cleanup efficiency and the surface tension and the contact angle is presented.The study result of this paper is applied to the development of high-performance cleanup additive,and the optimized experiments show that the cleanup efficiency can reach to 90% when the mass ratio of FX-2 to CTAB to OP-8 is 1∶2∶2 and the concentration of surfactant is 800 mg/L.


Abstract Relatively few fungal genera possess the extensive collections of mutants or reliable transformation systems that are found in favoured species such as Aspergillus nidulans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Neurospora crassa. Consequently, heterologous gene cloning protocols that circumvent the requirement for mutant construction or the development of transformation vectors in a previously uncharacterized species, are attractive. Lambda vectors probably provide the most versatile group of cloning vehicles but, with some exceptions (Pall and Brunelli 1994 Fungal Genet. Newsl. 4141:63-65 ), they do not carry selectable markers for fungal transformation. Cooley et al (1990 Mycol. Res. 9494:145-151) nevertheless demonstrated that lambda molecules could be cotransformed effectively into Septoria nodorum along with a conventional vector carrying a selectable marker. Here, we describe an extension of that protocol demonstrating that such cotransformed molecules can be rescued efficiently from Aspergillus nidulans as a host. Lambda genomic DNA libraries of other fungi may thus be screened by complementation of A. nidulans mutants. Additionally, the protocol offers a second method of gene bank screening via conventional plaque hybridization, so exploiting the large cloning capacity of lambda replacement vectors. Recently, we have cloned DNA capable of complementing the A. nidulans salt sensitivity mutation sltA1, (Spathas 1978 Aspergillus Newslett. 1414:28), from the marine hyphomycete Dendryphiella salina, using this cotransformation approach.


Background and Aims: Cephalic index has significant importance in the field of forensic science and variation in the cephalic index affects the facial dimensions and growth of the maxillary sinus in an individual. Knowledge of the anatomical relationship between maxillary posterior teeth and the floor of the maxillary sinus is very important for preoperative treatment planning in dentistry. The aim of the study is a comparative evaluation of the relationship and the distances between maxillary posterior teeth root tips and the floor of the maxillary sinus in different cephalic index subjects using a digital orthopantomogram. Materials and Methods: 210 subjects were categorized as Brachycephalic, Mesocephalic and Dolichocephalic according to their cephalic index. Orthopantomograms of these subjects were taken for assessment of vertical relationships between the maxillary posterior teeth and the floor of the maxillary sinus followed by distance measurement. Recorded data were statistically analyzed. Results: Significant difference in vertical distance was observed in all three cephalic groups in the case of 1


In the context of maintenance testing and diagnosis of faulty boards, a functional FSM (Finite State Machine)- based model for mixed-signal boards has been introduced [1]. It has been extended for dealing with time sequences aspects. In this paper, the new modeling technique is presented.


think the bulk of economic regression, political repression, and administrative mismanagement occurred after Peron. The pre-Peron period, particularly in the 1930s, contained fraudulent elections, an extremely restricted electorate, no competitive mass political parties to which workers gave their allegiance, and a society largely dominated by an uncompromising agrarian oligarchy. For me the Argentine reversal begins not in the 1940s but when the import substitution phase is exhausted and Peron (about 1952-53) and those that followed him attempted to mount a heavy industrial base. It was a world dominated by U.S. capital and West European and Japanese postwar economic recovery, where the terms of trade were already unfavorably disposed to such developments and where capital importation seemed a necessity. I don't think that liberal democracy and dynamic capitalism were secure in Argentina before Peron and that Peron's industrialization policies were such a poor economic alternative. Had Peron not initiated light industrialization, Argentine postPeron dependency would have been more severe.


A white male patient aged 52 years with permanent atrial fibrillation and left ventricular hypertrophy because of glycogen storage cardiomyopathy, heterozygous for c.905G>A p.(Arg302Gln) PRKAG2 missense mutation on exon 7, was admitted because of partial pacemaker extrusion and pocket infection. His mother and 5 brothers carry the same mutation and were previously reported.1 A dual chamber pacemaker was implanted 20 years earlier because of third-degree atrioventricular block. Pacemaker leads and generator were explanted under extracorporeal circulation. A fragment from the base …


Intentional rounding was introduced at Wrightington, Wigan and Leigh NHS Foundation Trust, Greater Manchester, in October 2011 and mandated in every ward from May.


Several species of bats in the U.S. Form large aggregations in caves, old mines, or other shelters, and many of these colonies are of management concern to biologists working for the states or federal government (e.g. Prichard 1987). Four taxa, the gray bat (Myotis grisescens), Indiana bat (M. sodalis), Ozark big-eared bat (Plecotus townsendii ingens), and Virginia big-eared bat (P . t. virginianus), are of particular concern because they are endangered (USDI, FWS 1987). Habitat destruction such as deforestation, water pollution, stream channelization, and stream sedimentation (Tuttle 1979, Prichard 1987) or direct human disturbance and destruction of bats (Tu ttle 1979, for a recent example see Anon. 1987) are primary known threats to bat colonies. However, environmental contaminants, such as organochlorine pesticide residues and heavy metals, probably have been involved in some declines of bat populations. In this paper I discuss the management implica tions of these contarninan ts. (Note: for purposes of this discussion, "management" refers broadly to human activities undertaken in the interest of a bat colony with the goal


Emergent electromagnetic field which couples to electron's spin in ferromagnetic metals is theoretically studied. Rashba spin-orbit interaction induces spin electromagnetic field which is in the linear order in gradient of magnetization texture. The Rashba-induced effective electric and magnetic fields satisfy in the absence of spin relaxation the Maxwell's equations as in the charge-based electromagnetism. When spin relaxation is taken into account besides spin dynamics, a monopole current emerges generating spin motive force via the Faraday's induction law. The monopole is expected to play an important role in spin-charge conversion and in the integration of spintronics into electronics.


The technology of small and medium sized shipbuilding companies is lower relatively to major shipbuilding companies, and should be up-graded from the viewpoint of national economic development. In spite that hull form design is one of the most important elements with respect to shipbuilding technology, small and medium sized shipbuilding companies are incapable of developing hull form. In order to support technically such companies hull form development was carried out for G/T 999ton class tanker and D/W 4990ton class tanker which are the typical vessels operating in coastal area. The operating efficiency for the developed hull forms are improved by 30% for G/T 999ton class tanker and 24% for D/W 4990 ton class tanker respectively. The results of hull form development including ship model test and performance analysis are presented in this paper.


In this paper, nonlinear parallel structural analyses are presented by using the parallel multifrontal solver and Internet Supercomputing methodology. As these solver and methodology have been already developed in this laboratory, the parallel algorithm related with nonlinear finite element analyses is implemented and its applications to large-scale structures are studied. The amount of memory used is a critical factor in this parallel analysis because of the limited memory size of personal computer. Therefore, the effort to minimize the required memory is worked over. Also, Riks' continuation method is parallelized to search the solution when strain softening occurs due to damage evolution. For numerical examples such as damage localization in cracked plates, several computational models having up to around 0.5- million degree of freedoms are used. The parallel performance in this nonlinear parallel algorithm is shown through these examples.


Forgiveness is sometimes said to be evidence of a person's spirituality. We explore what spirituality is, and what it means to be spiritual and to forgive. Based on the thought of William James, it...


Objective To evaluate the value of enhanced and delayed spiral CT scans in the diagnosis of renal trauma. Materials and Methods Image data of plain spiral CT, enhanced CT, and delayed enhanced CT scans in 50 cases of renal injuries were retrospectively analyzed. Results Marginal irregularity of the kidney was displayed on plain spiral CT in 33 cases, subcapsular hematoma in 14 cases, and perinephric hemorrhage in 13 cases, renal contusion in 16 cases, renal avulsion in 7 cases. Enhanced and delayed CT scan not only showed what have been presented in the plain CT scans but also demonstrated 7 cases with external fistula of urine due to injury of collecting systems.Conclusion Enhanced and delayed CT scan are of important value in the diagnosis of renal trauma, especially in those with injuries in collecting systems.


This essay is called The unnatural learned woman: an examination of patterns in the portraying of the learned woman in theatre history and it examines what patterns in the portraying of learned wom ...


Optical emission spectrometry (OES) is a fast, easyto-use and cost-effective analytical technique used for elemental analysis of solid aluminum samples in various contexts, from production to recycling and from foundries to service laboratories. The Thermo ScientificTM ARL iSparkTM Series metals analyzer is a high-performance OES spectrometer platform delivering the ultimate precision and accuracy for the analysis of aluminum from trace to alloying element levels.


The Making of a Dream Team: When Expert Teams Do Best The original use of the phrase "Dream Team" was in reference to the US basketball team that won the gold medal at the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona. Team members included basketball greats (e.g., Michael Jordan, Magic Johnson, and Larry Bird) as well as Charles Barkley and seven more NBA All-Stars. This team of twelve proficient athletes who were at the top of their game seamlessly blended their talents such that they dominated the Olympic competition, beating their eight opponents by an average of 44 points. On February 22, 1980 at the Olympic Winter Games in Lake Placid a highly skilled Russian hockey team, recognized as the best hockey team in the world, lost 4–3 to a young but skilled collegiate US hockey team. The US victory over the "undefeatable" Russian team in the semi-finals, whom they had just lost to 10–3 a week before in an exhibition match, put the US team in contention for the gold medal. The US hockey team, which had been seeded seventh in the 12-team tournament, went on to beat Finland (4–2) for the gold medal. So what distinguishes these two teams from other teams? Teamwork? Individual expertise? Both? What led the original "Dream Team" to dominate the 1992 Olympics? Conversely, what led the star Russian team to lose to a team they had dominated only a week before?


In a group of postoperative patients, Taniguchi and coworkers compared the effect of a computerized system for weaning against 'manual care'. The computerized system involved automatic adjustments to the level of pressure support to achieve a target respiratory rate. Manual care involved adjustments to the level of pressure support to keep the ratio of respiratory frequency to tidal volume below 80. The duration of ventilator weaning was equivalent with the two approaches. The level of pressure support, however, was lower with manual care than with computerized ventilation. The study adds support to the notion that ventilator duration is shortened when weaning is contemplated at the earliest possible time. The findings also emphasize the importance of the Hippocratic dictum that patient outcome is improved when care is individualized rather than delivered according to a protocol. In a previous issue of Critical Care, Taniguchi and coworkers [1], from Sao Paulo, Brazil, report a new study on ventilator weaning. The study represents a part of the evolution of the approach to weaning that has occurred over the past several decades [2]. Thirty years ago patients were weaned without any guiding framework; few of the mechanisms that lead to weaning failure (or success) had been discovered. Subsequently, attention focused on the use of tests to predict weaning outcome. Later still, specific techniques for performing a weaning trial were compared. In recent years, attention has turned to the use of protocols in weaning, although one could argue that this step represents regression rather than an advance [3].


METHODS. The PCL devices were prepared by compression and were inserted into the vitreous of pigmented rabbits. At different time points, vitreous samples were retrieved, and dexamethasone concentration was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The biodegradation of the implants was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, and the dexamethasone remaining was evaluated at the end of follow-up. Clinical and histologic examinations were performed to evaluate the implant's tolerance.


We report on an unconventional mechanism of electron scattering in graphene in hybrid Bose- Fermi systems. We study energy-dependent electron relaxation time, accounting for the processes of emission and absorption of a Bogoliubov excitation (a bogolon). Then using the Bloch-Gruneisen approach, we find the finite-temperature resistivity of graphene and show that its principal behavior is $\sim T^4$ in the limit of low temperatures and linear at high temperatures. We show that bogolon-mediated scattering can surpass the acoustic phonon-assisted relaxation. It can be controlled by the distance between the layers and the condensate density, giving us additional degrees of freedom and a useful tool to render electron mobility by the sample design and external pump.


Legendary transportation leader Frank Turner (1909-1999) crafted one of the great legacies of the "American century," an efficient network of state-of-the-art roadways traversing the United States. Members of the Transportation Research Board's Committee on Transportation History, many of whom were personal friends, colleagues, and proteges, recently examined Turner's "place in history." This article by Francis B. Francois, consultant in Bowie, Maryland, provides some personal perspectives on the man he regards as a mentor and as a truly historic person.


The present dissertation spots light on the problem of family disintegration in the post-bellum American Southern society through the analysis of the Compson family in William Faulkner"s novel the Sound and the Fury .The objective of this dissertation is to show the effect of the society"s transformation on the psychological makeup of the characters which brought about their end, and how such an influence appears through the character"s language. To accomplish this objective, an eclectic approach is adopted in this study where the Psychoanalytic and the Formalist approach converge. The Psychoanalytic approach is significant to this study as it serves to uncover symptoms and reasons of decay by getting access to the character"s psyche through Sigmund Freud"s theories of Oedipus complex and Structure of the Mind .Whereas the latter is used to display the Modernist techniques that correspond with the theme of family disintegration .Consequently ,the analysis that has been carried out throughout this study reveals that family in the American Southern society has been a victim to its society"s transformation from an Old Southern society to a New Southern society .It also shows that language of the characters is a reflection to such an influence.


INTRODUCTION
Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is the most commonly utilized procedure for augmenting deficient alveolar ridges in support of dental implant placement. In a GBR procedure, barrier membrane dimensions, bone graft volume, and surgical complexity may influence the risk of postsurgical morbidity.

CASE PRESENTATION
A 25-year-old female in good general health received GBR at two mandibular first molar sites exhibiting horizontal ridge deficiency. High-density polytetrafluoroethylene membranes were intentionally limited in size, and small-volume freeze-dried bone allografts were applied only where clinically beneficial for implant site development. Treatment resulted in clinically favorable ridge augmentation with no appreciable swelling and minimal postoperative discomfort.

CONCLUSION
At dental implant sites exhibiting modest alveolar ridge deficiency, limiting GBR barrier membrane dimensions and bone graft volumes may enhance patient-centered outcomes while accomplishing clinical goals.


This paper develops an attempt to account for nuclear saturation and shell structure in terms of manybody forces that are derived from mesons that obey a nonlinear wave equation. Classical field theory is used, and in some cases the practical difficulties of obtaining numerical answers are reduced by employing a variation method. Apart from a cutoff, which appears in this particular form of the theory but could be eliminated, there are two parameters in the theory; they can be chosen so that nuclear matter has a stable density equal to the observed value, and a variational binding energy equal to 42 percent of the observed value, thus approximately accounting for saturation. The two-nucleon interaction has the observed order of magnitude in empty space, and is greatly reduced within nuclei. This suppression of two-body interactions in favor of the interaction of each nucleon with the average nucleon density in heavy nuclei may account for the independent-particle model and hence for shell structure. Although the theory does not account for magnetic moments, it indicates that a more realistic version (for example, a nonlinear pseudoscalar theory) may predict a reduction of the anomalous magnetic moments of nucleons within nuclei. According to a recent suggestion of Bloch, this could account for the deviations of the magnetic moments of even-odd nuclei from the Schmidt lines. The nonlinearity also has the consequence that mesons are scattered from nuclei as though by a strong repulsive potential. The relation of this effect to current observations on interactions between mesons and nuclei is brieRy discussed.


Binge eating disorder (BED) is a syndrome characterized by recurrent uncontrollable overeating (1,2), with prevalence rates of ∼3% in the general population and 10- to 20-fold higher in patients seeking treatment for obesity (1,3). There are limited reports of BED in subjects with type 2 diabetes, particularly in minorities (4,5).

We conducted a pilot study to assess BED and its association with obesity, metabolic control, and depression in a tri-ethnic (37% Hispanic, 40% non-Hispanic white, and …


Shortly after he was hired as a Laboratory Apprentice in the Division of Mechanical Technology in the United States National Museum in 1922, Frank A. Taylor works on a large press from the collections . He is working in the United States National Museum, now known as the Arts & Industries Building. Suspended from the ceiling, the nose of a plane with Texaco name and star and one wing can be seen on the right . Taylor came to work at the Smithsonian after he graduated from high school and advanced to Museum Aid in 1925, Curator in 1929, Director of the National Museum of History and Technology, now the National Museum of American History, in 1958, and Director-General of Museums in 1968 before his retirement in 1971.


Studies were made on the effect of hydrothermal processing upon chemical composition, physico-chemical properties and structure of buck wheat starch. The results showed that buckwheat starch differed from cereal starch, and that steam hydrothermal processing resulted in considerable changes in the chemical composition, properties and structure of this starch.


We read with interest recent letters on the potential benefit of fever in infection.1 2 In keeping with previously published data,3 we recently found that hypothermia (<36oC) on admission to hospital was significantly associated with 30 day mortality in …


Introduction Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) leads to neurodegenerative changes that progress over time and can cause neurobehavioral and functional changes [1]. mTBI victims are also more susceptible to subsequent TBI or to secondary insults, such as hemorrhagic shock (HS) which can exacerbate the posttraumatic disorders. The main objective of this study was to assess the regional volumetric changes in rats subjected to mTBI, followed by HS. We determined regional volumetric changes using tensor-based morphometry (TBM) that has been shown to provide methodological improvements over the commonly used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) [2]. TBM identifies regional volume changes from the Jacobian Determinant (JD) of the deformation fields. Since the JD can be directly used in statistical analysis, it eliminates the need for comprehensive tissue segmentation. Methods Long Evans rats were used in these studies. To model mTBI aggravated by HS conditions, controlled impact injury (3 m/sec; 2.5mm deformation) was inflicted over the right parietal cortex (3mm±1mm posterior from bregma) of anesthetized rats, immediately followed by induced HS with mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 40mm Hg (group 1: mTBI+HS, n=15). Two additional sham injury groups: rats with impact injury but no induced HS (group 2: mTBI only, n=5) and rats with no impact injury, but induced HS (group 3: HS only, n=5) were also included for comparison. Soon after HS, the animals were resuscitated by re-infusion of blood and necessary fluids. Two weeks after injury, high resolution 3D RARE T2-weighted images were acquired on a Bruker 7T animal scanner after which the animals were sacrificed. Ten naïve rats were also included as control group. The images were manually stripped of the extra-meningeal tissues, bias corrected [3] and smoothed [4]. A custom template was generated by spatially normalizing the images of the control group using symmetric inverse consistent non-linear diffeomorphic registration [2]. All datasets were similarly registered to the template. The Jacobian obtained for each dataset following registration was normalized and the log Jacobian of the brain region was generated. The log jacobian maps for each of the groups 1, 2 and 3 were then compared with those of the control group for statistical differences. The two sample FDR-corrected unpaired t-tests were performed voxel-by-voxel for the whole brain using both parametric (http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/) and non-parametric (http://www.sph.umich.edu/ni-stat/SnPM/) methods [3, 5]. The resulting t-maps were overlaid on the template to identify regions with significant atrophy. Results The regions with significant atrophy in group 1: mTBI+HS compared to the naïve controls (p<0.05 using FDR) are indicated by the blobs superimposed on the template (Fig. 1). As can be seen from this figure, significant atrophy was observed at the site of impact (yellow arrow), as well as regions away from the site of injury that include the contralateral parietal cortex and deep gray matter regions such as medial/cortical amygdaloid nucleus, and suprachiasmatic nucleus (green arrows). No significant atrophy was observed in groups 2 (mTBI only) or 3 (HS only) relative to the naïve controls. Discussion and Conclusions Our results indicate that mild traumatic brain injury aggravated by superimposed hemorrhagic shock causes local as well as global structural changes in the brain. Atrophy was detected with tensor-based morphometric analysis not only at the site of injury, but also in some deep gray matter regions far from the site of injury that otherwise appear normal on anatomical scans. The observed regional atrophy could perhaps explain the long-term cognitive deficits observed in mTBI subjects having secondary insults [6]. To the best of our knowledge, our analysis is the first TBMbased approach to detect injury induced atrophy in rat models. References [1] JW Huh, et al. Exp Neurol, 2008. [2] BB Avants, et al. Med Imag Anal, 2008. [3] J Ashburner and KJ Friston. NeuroImage, 2000. [4] SM Smith and JM Brady. Int. Journal of Computer Vision, 1997. [5] TE Nicholas and AP Holmes. Human Brain Mapping, 2001. [6] Schütz, et al. Crit Care Med. 2006.


The diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.) is known to cause economic damage to rapeseed, cabbage, and other cruciferous crops worldwide. Sex pheromone components of P. xylostella, including (Z)-11-hexadecenal, (Z)-11-hexadecenol, and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, were synthesized in a concise and divergent fashion in yields appropriate to develop field tests. Two blends were prepared from these three components (8:18:100 and 10:1:90), and they were used to evaluate the number of P. xylostella adult male captures in commercial canola fields. Our results indicate that both blends were effective at attracting the microlepidoptera. Furthermore, they show that this type of pest-specific method could lead to the development of sustainable management strategies to rationalize the use of pesticides.


Uncertainty in scientific predictions of outcome of decisions is currently of substantial interest, with a common perception, at least in groundwater modelling, that some decision makers have unrealistic expectations of accuracy. A feeling shared by some practitioners is that with a proper stakeholder engagement process, uncertainty is no longer such a difficult issue. This paper argues that the key is precisely specifying purpose and expectations, and the definition of closed questions provides a useful approach to do so. A closed question, also known as a fixed-choice or pre-coded question, has a finite set of answers, e.g. yes/no or A, B, C. If an answer is possible, it will always be certain, but science may need to say "we do not know". The approach is conceptually simple, though not necessarily trivial in practice, often requiring iteration between interest groups and modellers. Closed questions provide an interface between scientists and stakeholders which has a number of advantages, illustrated using examples from the published literature. Defining closed questions demands that proper attention be paid to problem formulation, which has long been recognised as important in the treatment of messy problems so pervasive in environmental modelling. The stakeholder engagement process manages the uncertainty in the definition of the problem, freeing the scientific process to concentrate on uncertainty in the model. Closed questions specify the purpose and required precision of the prediction, allowing the use of simpler models and techniques. This helps address the challenges of defining context-dependent criteria for acceptable model quality and determining appropriate model complexity. By addressing values in a proper process involving both stakeholders and scientists, the role of the scientist in providing objective predictions is separated from their potentially more subjective contributions to the remainder of the process. The common use of scientific hypothesis testing shows that probabilistic uncertainty can also be represented, allowing stakeholders to explicitly accept risk. As a result, a well-run, engaging process using closed questions allows science to promptly answer stakeholder questions with certainty, or recognize that an answer is not possible with the allocated resources, and therefore that the problem must be treated as trans- scientific.


We have designed and demonstrated a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor compatible process for fabricating high capacitance micro-capacitors based on vertically grown silver nanowires on silicon substrates. Array of silver nanowires with high-aspect ratio were electrochemically grown in the pores of anodized aluminum oxide film, which was pre-formed through anodization of aluminum thin film deposited on titanium/silicon oxide/silicon substrates. High dielectric bismuth ferric oxide layer was electrodeposited to fill the gap between silver nanowires after anodized aluminum oxide film was removed. It was found that the micro-capacitor based on the silver nanowires/bismuth ferric oxide composite film possessed higher capacitance by approximately one order of magnitude from the COMSOL simulation results from the flat Ag thin-film capacitor and the silver nanowire capacitor.


SummaryEggplant (Solanum melongena L.) was efficiently regenerated from cultured roots of 15-d-old seedlings on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 0.45 μM thidiazuron and 13.3 μM 6-benzyladenine. Within 28d of culture initiation, induction of organogenic calluses and subsequent differentiation into shoot buds were observed. Shoot buds upon subculture to MS basal medium elongated into healthy shoots. Excised shoots (2–4 cm) were rooted on Soilrite® irrigated with water either in vitro or in vivo. Plants with well-developed root systems were established under field conditions after hardening in the glasshouse, where they developed into flowering plants and produced mature fruits with viable seeds.


Named Data Networking (NDN) as the future internet, shall have a good design routing for handling massive node connection with various behavior. Otherwise, the routing protocol will be burdened with an inefficient process that can degrade connection performance. One of inefficiency parameter is routing overhead, which usually a broadcast message. In this paper will be depicted and analyzed how routing overhead could significantly increase due to a number of node and behavior of the network. Routing protocol link state (LS) have a good efficiency for handle intense traffic network. However, LS shows more inefficient due to the network dynamism and a huge amount of NDN node, than geographic based routing (GR). This result will be fundamental for future research for routing efficiency.


A substrate holder comprising a first substrate and a second substrate holder (substrate holder of the first and second substrate holder capable of holding the respective substrates) delivery device, comprising: a first drive arm, the second a drive arm has a first and a second end portion, and with the rotation of the first drive shaft to rotate; a second drive arm, the drive arm has a first and second end portions spaced apart a first distance from the first three-terminal portion and a second end portion spaced apart from the fourth end portion of the second distance, and the rotation of the second drive shaft rotates, second drive shaft coaxial with the first shaft; two a first follower arm, the two arms of the first follower and the first substrate holder; and a second two follower arms, the two second driven arm and the second substrate holder connector.


This chapter discusses the relevance and role of structural racism and equity, critical race theory, and social justice perspectives in evaluation. We also suggest opportunities for formally educating the next generation of evaluators about ways to identify and address these topics in practice. One of the ways our field can remediate a long history of relegating the importance of these topics is by revamping evaluator training with expanded pedagogy that includes self‐reflection about positionality, and experiential activities aimed at cultivating evaluators who are better equipped to address pressing justice, disparity, and social and public health issues in contemporary global evaluation practice.


Background: Integrated pathways are commonly seen as the way to strengthen service delivery in many countries. Russia has traditionally had a multilevel system of care that consists of facilities varying in terms of complexity of cases treated. The recent innovation is to establish a new intermediate level of inter district specialty centers IDSC that serve the population of a few local areas and provide additional services, including preventive care and early disease identification. Integrated pathways between levels of service delivery are developed and implemented. Voronezh region is a pilot cite for this innovation in the area of urological care with the focus on the cases of benign prostate hyperplasia BPH. The objective of the research is to evaluate: 1 the scale of new BPH cases identification, 2 the change in the structure of service delivery in multilevel system, 3 the trends in total and unit cost of BPH treatment.  Methods and data: The indicators of BPH cases structure, utilization and expenditure trends in Voronezh oblast for each level of service delivery are analyzed. The data relates to men older than 50 year in 2009-2013 before and after the reorganization in 2010. Results: 1- The number of identified new cases increased, while the share of surgical cases decreased. 2- The IDSCs treat the bulk of cases now, while the share of tertiary care hospitals regional and federal decreased substantially. 3- The first impact of the innovation was the growth of BPH expenditure due to early revealing the cases, but the new institutional structure together with a constant surveillance of cases has afterwards slowed down this growth. 4- The unit cost per one BPH case has a strong downward tendency – due to a decrease in tertiary care utilization. Conclusion: Multilevel system of care, based on early identification of cases and integrated pathways between the levels, can contribute to decreasing the share of complex cases requiring surgical interventions. It can also lead to decreasing the share of tertiary care utilization and lower unit cost.


This thesis named The Project of Optimization of Cost Management System in the Com-pany XY a.s. is focused on, as indicated by its name, cost management system. The work is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part is processed as literature search of professional sources dealing with costs, calculations and budgets. Its purpose is to gain and expand knowledge of this area. The beginning of practical part is focused on description of the company and its activities. Then comes analysis of the current cost man-agement system and on the basis of this analysis are identified deficiencies. At the end of the practical part is proposed the project, whose goal is to eliminate these deficiencies. The project also contains the evaluation in terms of costs, time and benefits of whole project.


Due to the wide application of face recognition (FR) in information security, surveillance, access control and others, it has received significantly increased attention from both the academic and industrial communities during the past several decades. However, partial face occlusion is one of the most challenging problems in face recognition issue. In this paper, a novel method based on linear regression-based classification (LRC) algorithm is proposed to address this problem. After all images are downsampled and divided into several blocks, we exploit the evaluator of each block to determine the clear blocks of the test face image by using linear regression technique. Then, the remained uncontaminated blocks are utilized to partial occluded face recognition issue. Furthermore, an improved Distance-based Evidence Fusion approach is proposed to decide in favor of the class with average value of corresponding minimum distance. Since this occlusion removing process uses a simple linear regression approach, the completely computational cost approximately equals to LRC and much lower than sparse representation-based classification (SRC) and extended-SRC (eSRC). Based on the experimental results on both AR face database and extended Yale B face database, it demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method on issue of partial occluded face recognition and the performance is satisfactory. Through the comparison with the conventional methods (eigenface+NN, fisherfaces+NN) and the state-of-the-art methods (LRC, SRC and eSRC), the proposed method shows better performance and robustness.


This study reports the development of tangent-linear and adjoint models for a vector radiative transfer model called TAMU-VRTM. This vector radiative transfer model is further validated in the case of the atmosphere-ocean coupled system, although previous validation was conducted for single and multiple layers. The TAMU-VRTM and tangent-linear and adjoint models can be applied to remote sensing and data assimilation based on spaceborne and airborne polarimetric observations. The tangent-linear and adjoint models accurately and efficiently compute the derivatives of output Stokes parameters with respect to input variables of the TAMU-VRTM. An inversion algorithm can straightforwardly compute the Jacobian matrix from the derivatives of Stokes parameters using the chain rule. We validate the tangent-linear and adjoint models by comparing them with the finite difference method, and show that the finite-difference results converge to the tangent-linear and adjoint results. Furthermore, the adjoint model can efficiently compute the derivatives of observables with respect to the scattering phase matrix elements. This capability can be used to evaluate the scattering phase matrix assumed in an inversion algorithm and has potential for applications to inferring scattering phase matrix elements of cloud, aerosol, and hydrosol particles.


MARTINS, G.P. Evaluation on Primary Care Services in the municipality of Uberaba: acessibility, utilization and longitudinaly. 2006. 151f. Master Degree Dissertation College of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto/Department of Social Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto. Primary care is recommended as an organizing principle for health systems. The objective of the present investigation was to obtain in-depth knowledge about the accessibility, utilization and longitudinality of primary care services in the municipality of Uberaba. To this end, the authors evaluated the accessibility, the utilization of the reference service by the population served and the ability of these persons to identify the primary care reference service in the area where they live; the opinion of users about the ability of the health professionals to identify the population served by the area of action of its health service; the perception of users regarding the existence of interpersonal bonding between the users of the health services and the professionals of the health team. An additional objective was to evaluate whether the strategy adopted for the assistance process at the primary care services studied influenced the accessibility, utilization and longitudinality of the care offered. This was a quantitative, descriptive and transverse study conducted by applying a questionnaire to randomly selected households in the Sanitary District II (SDII) of the municipality of Uberaba, MG. A total of 795 interviews were held in the households selected by systematic sampling during the period from September 2005 to March 2006. Results and discussion: 74% of the interviewees were able to identify the location of the health unit in their neighborhood. Data analysis showed that 96% of the persons interviewed did not perceive the existence of important barriers that would impair accessibility in geographical terms. However, values much lower than those considered to be adequate in the literature consulted were identified regarding waiting time before being attended at the reception of the service unit and before receiving clinical procedures or procedures of health prevention/promotion. The present findings also suggest that the type of work organization and the hours of functioning of the primary health care units were organizational obstacles that impaired the access of the persons to the services offered. Only 69.3% of the interviewees stated that they utilized the reference primary care health unit in the area where they reside in order to obtain some type of care, a percentage that varied widely according to the type of procedure investigated. The results of the present investigation indicate low bonding between the users and professionals of the services studied, as well as an only incipient utilization of the reference unit as a regular source of care along time. In the comparative evaluation between the different areas of coverage of the SDII and the different forms of care, scores were attributed regarding the percentages reached in each characteristic investigated. Data analysis suggested that the organization of the service based on a strategy of family health improved the ability to identify the reference unit, but with no effect of its utilization. Despite the low scores reached in all areas of coverage for organizational accessibility, the areas organized with family health teams presented slightly higher scores, suggesting that this form of organization of health services favors the organizational aspects investigated. Analysis of the data regarding the utilization of the services also indicated a low impact of the strategy adopted for the organization of the assistance process in the primary care services of the areas studied on the utilization of these services by the population served. The evaluation of aspects involving the relationship between users and health professionals yielded low scores in all areas studied. The ability of users and health professionals to identify each other by name obtained slightly higher scores in the areas where the services are organized with family health teams. Thus, it seems appropriate to assume that the family health strategy favors the identification of users and professionals by name, especially for the users in relation to the professionals. This observation is also valid for the analysis of user perception of the ability of the team to become well acquainted with both users and their families. The data did not permit us to relate the ability of the unit teams to respond to the necessities of the users to the organization strategy of the health services in the study area. The longitudinality component, investigated on the basis of the perception of the user regarding the care provided with emphasis on the person, was the aspect that received the lowest score. The findings of this evaluation did not indicate an impact of the strategy of organization of health services regarding the formation of bonding between users and health professionals. Key-Words: Primary Care; Evaluation of Health services; Accessibility; Utilization of health services; Bonding. LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Figura 1. Regiões homogêneas, segundo características sócio econômicas, no município de Uberaba, MG...................... 35 Figura 2. Distribuição das Equipes de Saúde da Família nas áreas de abrangência, Uberaba, MG.......................................... 36 Figura 3. Unidades de Saúde de referência para atenção primária das áreas de abrangência do Distrito Sanitário II.............. 52


Abstract Information-seeking behaviour by university academics at Moi University, Kenya, is analysed. A survey, in the form of a pilot study, was conducted and data collected through questionnaires and interviews among 27 academics randomly sampled from four faculties: Health Sciences, Information Sciences, Environmental Studies and Education. The results obtained established that a great number of academics depend on libraries and colleagues for information and that although the academics heavily depend on textbooks for information, they display great interest in, and use, current and research-oriented information sources. It was also established that the nature of discipline and level of programme influence the information-seeking behaviour of academics and that lack of awareness of information services, and non-use of current awareness services and sources available at the university contribute to limited access and use of the information resources. In addition, academics indicated that they need information mainly for career development to circumvent the "publish or perish syndrome", but also for their professional and occupational needs. It is concluded that despite insufficient relevant information resources at the university library due to budget cuts, academics still depend on the library for their information needs. Work colleagues are also an important source of intra-university information. It is suggested that the library would benefit the academics if equal attention were paid to current awareness services as well as publicity and promotion of information products and services. Similarly, methods should be devised by the university to strengthen the academics' overall accessibility to information. In this way, the circulation of information between academic colleagues can be maintained.


[1] Modern microbial mats have been used as analogs for early life because of the longevity of microbial life on Earth. Mats collected from hypersaline salterns in Baja California were maintained for over a year and a half under both normal (85 ppt salinity, 50 mM SO42−) and reduced salinity (35 ppt salinity; near modern seawater) and sulfate concentrations (20 mM, ≤1 mM SO42−) to assess carbon processing under sulfate conditions more similar to the Archean oceans. As sulfate was removed from the mats by diffusion out into the overlying water, methane concentrations within the mats increased. Highest methane concentrations occurred in mats with reduced salinity and little sulfate. The δ13C values of bulk particulate organic matter in all of the mats averaged −11‰, similar to what had been observed previously for these Microcoleus mats. In mats with sulfate, pore water concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) δ13C values averaged about −3‰. However, in the mats with ≤1 mM sulfate concentrations, the DIC δ13C values increased substantially with depth, from about −1‰ in the overlying water to +10‰ by 20 mm depth. Rates of methanogenesis, calculated from pore water dissolved methane concentration profiles, were too low to account for the total increase in DIC δ13C values. These positive isotopic signatures, however, are also consistent with the occurrence of acetogenesis, as are the higher acetate concentrations in the low-sulfate mats. Acetogens may be poised to become successful competitors for substrates in these mats, given the right environmental conditions.


The present work aims to study the replacement of Portland cement (PC) by stone cutting waste (SW) and ground waste clay brick (BW) in binary and ternary pastes. Thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis tests were carried out at various ages in order to investigate the development of the cement hydration reactions in the presence of those wastes. The packing density was calculated in accordance with the Compressible Packing Model to understand the physical effect of those wastes. Compressive strength tests were also performed and the results were related to hydration and packing. Considering the substitution levels studied, the results indicated that the use of SW in the binary mixture accelerated the hydration reactions, and the particles packing density and compressive strength were maintained. The use of BW in the binary mixture caused a small acceleration in the hydration reactions and there was an indication of pozzolanic activity, although the compressive strength was reduced in comparison with the reference paste. In the ternary mixture, the combined effect of both wastes resulted in the maintenance of compressive strength for cement replacement content of 30%.


The group pile foundation can be used to replace the commonly-used gravity type foundation for suspension bridge anchorage.On the basis of the analysis of influence of the layout,diameters and soil effect of the pile foundations for anchorages of several practical examples of completed suspension bridges on the displacement of the bridges,the rigidity and capacity of resistance to the horizontal load of large diameter group piles are verified to be greater and stronger than those of small diameter group piles and batter piles.By using the finite element method of pile-soil element that takes into account of frictional slip,the horizontal displacement,vertical displacement and the mechanical conditions of pile side soil stress of the cylindrical shaft foundation of Maanshan Changjiang River Highway Bridge are analyzed.The results of the analysis suggest that the horizontal displacement of the cylindrical shaft foundation can satisfy the normal working requirement of long span suspension bridge and the pile side soil stress is still in the elastic range,which will not cause creep and further lead to the increase of late period displacement of the anchorage.


The article is devoted to the consideration of the Russian pre-revolutionary legislation regulating the control over industrial pollution of the environment. The early Russian sanitary legislation and features of its development in the XIX — early XX centuries are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the positions of various social groups on the issues of state and public control over the sanitary state of industrial enterprises. It is shown that the first norms prohibiting water and air pollution appeared already at the beginning of the 19th century. The author notes that although they did not contain clear criteria and measures for eliminating pollution, this was typical of many European countries during the study period. As the range of studied sources and literature shows, active work on the development of comprehensive measures against industrial pollution began in the 1890s and continued until the revolution: it did not bring practical results in the legal field, but contributed to a significant deepening of scientific understanding of the environment. The author concludes that, despite the revolutionary events of 1917, the pre-revolutionary experience in combating environmental pollution had a significant impact on the development of Soviet environmental policy.


The Visean carbonate series of the Bas-Boulonnais, previously described as uniform, reveals diachronic formations. In particular, the «Banc d'Or» is interpreted as a paleosoil. Napoleon limestone, attributed to the Belgian «Grande Breche», cannot be exactly compared with these deposits. Late Visean (Asbian-Brigantian) is well represented and richly fossiliferous in the Joinville limestone. Ferques Unit and Haut-Banc Unit are distinguished by sedimentology and biostratigraphy. Tectonically, structural units, separated by a major fault, are recognized: - Moines duplex with a roof thrust, the Haut-Banc fault and a floor thrust, the Moines fault. This duplex, composed of several horses is tied to the Ferques Unit. - Haut-Banc Unit and Ferques Unit which are distinguished must be separated by an important fault


The dispute between China and Japan regarding Diaoyutai is believed to be quite similar to the controversy surrounding Dokdo in terms of historical and post-war processes except for the point that the phenomena of occupation is different with regard to Dokdo. China's claim to Diaoyutai is based on historical title and continuous use while the basis of Japan's claim is summarized as preoccupancy of ownerless land. Even though Japan acknowledges that China discovered Diaoyutai, Japan claims that the act to establish sovereignty over the island from the standpoint of International Law was not taken by China. However, at that time, effective occupation was not an essential prerequisite for the acquisition of a territory. That is to say, from a legal perspective, the legal right for an area could be established based on the discovery of the land, and so it is thought that Japan is applying the current criteria of International Law in a manner that is inappropriate. When we review the post-war process, the San Francisco Peace Treaty does not directly mention Diaoyutai. But based on the said treaty, we can note that Japan gave up all rights for the southern area that is north of the boundary line that equates to latitude 29 o and that includes the Ryuku Islands and Diaoyutai. Of course, the provisions for the territory in the San Francisco Peace Treaty and its disposal are not the final factor for the judgment regarding dominium of Diaoyutai. However, it seems clear that Japan's attitude and interpretation regarding the issues of Diaoyutai, the Kuril Islands and Dokdo is problematic.


Clifford numbers formalism for Maxwell equations system is considered. The Clifford imaginary unit for space-time is introduced as coordinate independent form of fully antisymmetric fourth-rank tensor. The representation of Maxwell equations system in massless Dirac equation form is considered. In this connection we consider two approach to the invariance of Dirac equation as respects the Lorentz transformations. According the first approach the unknown column is invariant and according the second approach it has the transformation properties known as spinorial ones. Clifford numbers representation for nonlinear electrodynamics equations system is obtained. From this representation we obtain the nonlinear like Dirac equation which is the form of nonlinear electrodynamics equations. As the special case we have the appropriate representations for Born-Infeld nonlinear electrodynamics.


Abstract : The injection of gram negative endotoxin into the systemic venous system of dogs, generally causes a fall in lung compliance and a rise in resistance to airflow. These changes did not occur if the endotoxin was injected through the portal system. Heparin in average dosage was not effective in preventing the respiratory change. The diffusing capacity of the canine lung for carbon monoxide was generally diminished by systemic intravenous endotoxin and pulmonary capillary blood volume fell significantly. In humans, carbon monoxide increases with increasing lung volume due primarily to a rise in blood volume. The ratio of blood volume to lung volume does not change with increasing lung volume in normal subjects, and may provide a useful standard for the study of patients.


THE arrival of this splendid edition of the medieval Life of Gruffudd ap Cynan has been long awaited. Already in 2001, at the D.I.A.S. Tionol, Paul Russell announced his intention to reconstruct the Latin source text of the biography through collation of the disparate manuscript corpus. His research entailed a level of philological analysis in both Welsh and Latin, accompanied by sophisticated codicological study, sufficient to earn him the Legonna Celtic Research Prize, awarded by the National Library of Wales in 2003. The eventual appearance of this critical edition reveals how justly deserved the award was. Russell has provided fifty pages of introduction in which he surveys the Welsh and Latin manuscripts of the text (offering two separate stemmata) and presents in dense but clear form his argument for the existence of a lost Latin source text and his reliance on Peniarth MS 434 to reconstruct it. He then concisely summarises the historical significance of his reconstructed text and explains the editorial conventions he has employed in his edition. Not only are we then presented with the text and facing-page translation, but also with thirty pages of textual apparatus followed by fifty pages of linguistic and historical commentary. There are also three appendixes: (1) a tabulation of the orthography of Welsh names; (2) a list of the names of countries and nationalities; and (3) a transcription of B.L., Cott. MS Vitellius C IX, which is a sixteenth-century fair copy of Peniarth MS 434 that belonged to John Dee. In addition to three indexes and a helpful bibliography, Russell provides a concordance of his edition with Peniarth MS 434, the Welsh edition Historia Gruffud vab Kenan, and the English edition A mediaeval prince of Wales (of which he also supplies the chapter headings). All in all, this is a well-organised and clear exposition of a complex argument in a manner which grants full space to analysis of technical matters of codicology and philology without obstructing the goal of accessibility to the student or general reader. It is also a magisterial demonstration of the value of philological scholarship for historians, and of the importance of text editions compiled through, and accompanied by, full linguistic and historical commentary.


Optimization of equalization parameters in SerDes systems is one of the most challenging problems in modern communication systems. The difficulty of properly tuning equalizer parameters for minimum bit error rate (MBER) increases as channel loss becomes harder to overcome, driving design into more complex equalizers. The complexity of equalizer and forward error correction (FEC) systems are directly determined by the equalizer's ability to correct intersymbol interference (ISI) from the channel. In this work, the author presents a novel method of tuning equalizer parameters that specifically focuses on MBER and eye dimensions over traditional minimum mean squared error (MMSE) based methods.


The outbreak of the conflict and the scale it took affected the Romanian society strongly, and the mourning covered the entire Banat. In this context, some intellectuals from Banat came to the front. They are the ones who lived the drama of the great war, being aware that the thousands of Romanians on the front are in the position to fight for a foreign cause. These intellectuals are those who, through the notes made on the battlefield, have made known the tragedy of the Romanian people, but also the drama of the great war. Interesting are some nuances highlighted by the testimonies of intellectuals like Peter Nemoianu, who in his memoirs speaks of the hardness and discipline of the Austrian front, but also of the hunger he suffered here and of the "Russian spirit" with which the prisoners were treated from the beginning, being accepted and tolerated. Publicist Cassian R. Munteanu, on the front, speaks of the drama of Romanians who have to fight for foreign interests, while Alexandru Ţânţariu witnessed a special meeting on the front, being the one who had the opportunity to discuss in Debrecen with a group of Russian prisoners, among whom he also found Romanians from Bessarabia. The lines written by Caius Brediceanu are also enticing. Arrived on the Italian front, he speaks in his memoirs of a "diabolical night", in which he could no longer distinguish the rustle of the Austro-Hungarian cannon from that of the bugs sent by the enemies. Due to the difficult situation facing the Romanian society, some intellectuals from Banat have come to fight on the side of the Entente, contributing to the organization of Romanian volunteer troops, such as Cassian Munteanu, but also Avram Imbroane and Sever Bocu. All this describes the drama of the Romanian society, a divided society, but which, due to the difficulties that arose during the war and the activities of its intellectuals, succeeded in gathering, defending its national ideal and forming a new state.


We compared canopy arthropod assemblages among overstory conifer and understory angiosperm species at Teakettle Experimental Forest in the Sierra Nevada in California during 1998-2000. Arthropods were sampled from upper, middle, and lower crown levels of one overstory tree of each of the four dominant conifer species (Jeffrey pine, sugar pine, white fir, and incense cedar), and from three understory plants of each of the major understory species (California black oak, manzanita, and white-thorn ceanothus) in each of five replicate plots during June and Aug. in each of the 3 years to represent seasonal and annual variation in abundances. Many taxa differed significantly in abundance among plant species, with one to five taxa being significant indicators for each plant species. Five to eight taxa on each plant species showed significant differences in abundance among years. Aphids and scale insects, predaceous mirids, and some detritivores showed peak abundances in 1999, a particularly dry year, whereas most other taxa showed lowest abundances during 1999 or declining abundances during this period, suggesting association with wetter conditions. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS), supported by multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP), showed that arthropod assem- blages differed significantly among the seven plant species, especially between overstory conifers and understory angiosperms, and among the 3 years. These data indicate that the diversity and structure of arthropod communities depend on vegetation structure and/or condition, perhaps as modified by annual variation in weather conditions. FOR .S CI. 51(3):233-242.


Abstract : The purpose of this program was to determine the feasibility of converting an aircraft jet engine starter that is normally powered with an 8LBm solid propellant cartridge (type MXU4A/A), to an equivalent liquid monopropellant-fueled device utilizing state-of-the-art hydrazine technology, the single most difficult development constraint being that the complete hydrazine system must package within the space normally occupied by the MXU4A/A solid propellant cartridge in the starter breech. The feasibility of packaging a hydrazine fueled cartridge in the existing solid propellant breech volume and meeting performance requirements was successfully demonstrated using a breadboard hydrazine system in conjunction with actual cartridge starter hardware.


The Principal aimed to revaluate and detect the methods hand grip strength, pulse, arterial pressure, lung function and psychological fitness between male and female. The observation was based on some groups of Indian students of Perm State Medical University and finding the average values between these tests.

Keywords: Maximum strength; Average Vital capacity; Arterial pressure


Control and chloroquine treated fibroblast cultures were incubated with 14C-glucosamine. The cells were separated from the medium and the pericellular matrix. The S-carboxymethylproteins in the medium were hydrolysed with trypsin and pronase. The glycosaminoglycans were treated with hyaluronidase, chondroitin AB-lyase and chondroitin ABC-lyase. The macromolecular 14C label per cell in the medium was higher in the chloroquine treated cultures than in the controls. The incorporation of the 14C-hexosamines per cell into the pericellular and intracellular compartment was not modified. The increased 14C-label in the medium of fibroblast exposed to chloroquine accounted for the increased incorporation of the 14C precursor into chondroitin 4 and 6 sulfates and dermatan sulfate.


According to the high reliability design requirements about the civil aviation aircraft flight control systems,this paper has investigated fault diagnosis and health assessment method based on expert system,and constructed a health monitoring system structure and realization process,and realized database which includes prophase,real-time and longterm statistic information and the expert system knowledge base.At last,based on the CPCI-bus,a health monitoring verification system is developed which is suitable for the airliner flight control systems.


SUMMARY Vertical and horizontal ground deformations accompanied by seismic activity are typical features of volcanic areas within quiescent calderas such as Long Valley Caldera (California), Yellowstone (Wyoming), Rabaul (Papua New Guinea) and Campi Flegrei (Italy). Ground deformation can be related to the existence of a shallow pressurized magma chamber. Migration processes of hot pressurized fluids are also responsible for the observed uplift. A finite element model is derived and the solutions are checked against the analytical deformation field due to a pressurized, spherical cavity embedded in an infinite, homogeneous, elastic space. The effects related to the finite size of the magma chamber buried in a half-space are investigated and compared with the analytical results obtained for a point-like deformation source. In the latter case, a dilation or an overpressure at the source are equivalent in terms of ground displacement, while in the former the choice of the boundary condition at the magma chamber walls (fixed displacement, i.e. dilation, or pressure) is found to be crucial. A pressurized shallow magma chamber produces a larger (even of a factor of two) ground deformation than a point-like source located at the same depth. This effect can be explained by the existence of a free surface towards which the medium is allowed to deform more easily. Finally, lateral and vertical variations of the rigidity are taken into account and it is shown how they can affect the solution: modelling the caldera as a low-rigidity zone, much larger ground displacement can be obtained. The results obtained help to overcome one of the major problems so far encountered in the interpretation of the ground deformation in quiescent calderas with point-like source models: the need for unreasonably high overpressures in order to produce the observed uplift.


Consumer theory struggled to establish itself in the early years of the twentieth century but made little contribution to marketing thought at that time. An uneasy relationship that had developed between marketing practitioners, marketing economists (that is, marketing academics who were economists by training and who drew primarily on the economics literature in their work), and mainstream economic theorists with respect to utility, value, consumer preference formation, and consumption. A growing lack of communication between the three groups was, at first, treated with indifference, but by the 1930s, had become too great to ignore. This article identifies the causes of tension that had developed over the years and looks at the attempts made by consumer economists to repair the damage and to achieve some reconciliation of ideas. In particular it describes events in the late 1930s and early 1940s, when concern over the relevance and direction of consumer theory reached a peak.


Objective We aimed to assess the dietary intake of certain food groups in a representative sample of public-school teachers living in Jeddah city. We also, examined the association of dietary intake with physical activity and obesity among schoolteachers. Methods The study was a cross-sectional online survey, conducted among 640 (177 male, 463 female) schoolteachers aged between 20 and 62 years old and working in public primary, intermediate, and high schools in Jeddah. Measurements included gender, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), health problems, and lifestyle behaviours, including physical activity levels, smoking status, and dietary intake. Results Based on gender, number of non-smoking women (94%) was higher than number of non-smoking men (57.1%) (P < 0.001). However, men were more active than women (P = 0.03). Regarding BMI, there were more overweight men than women, while obese women numbered more than men (P = 0.003). There was no significant difference in dietary intake between men and women except that men consumed more soft drinks than women (P = 0.002). Lower physically active schoolteachers were less likely to consume salad (OR = 0.6, 95% CI 0.4–0.9; P = 0.02), vegetables (OR = 0.6, 95% CI 0.3–0.9; P = 0.01), beans and legumes (OR = 0.4, 95% CI 0.2–0.7; P = 0.005), wholegrain bread (OR = 0.6, 95% CI 0.4–0.9; P = 0.03), dairy products (OR = 0.6, 95% CI 0.4–0.9; P = 0.01), snacks (OR = 0.5, 95% CI 0.2–0.8; P = 0.01), and fish (OR = 0.4, 95% CI 0.2–0.9; P = 0.04) compared to those with high levels of physical activity. Only fruit intake was considered statistically significant (OR = 0.4, 95% CI 0.3–0.7; P = 0.003). The study found a relationship between the BMI of schoolteachers and food intake. Obese schoolteachers had lower consumption of fruits (OR = 0.3, 95% CI 0.2–0.7; P = 0.007) and white meat (OR = 0.5, 95%CI 0.3–0.9; P = 0.03) than schoolteachers in the normal weight group. Conclusion The high prevalence of physical activity, dietary intake and body weight among Saudi teachers is a major public health concern. The present study identified several lifestyle factors associated with body weight that may represent valid targets for the prevention and management of obesity among Saudi school teachers. Promoting active lifestyles and healthy diets would be primary targets for obesity prevention.


Alstonia sp is one of Indonesia tropical forest plant widely used for various benefits such as wood used for furniture, blackboards, wooden sandals, while barks and leaves used for traditional medicine for various diseases. Phytochemical content is influenced by various factors including species, age, and geographical location. This study aimed to identify phytochemical compounds of Alstonia sp. from various species, namely Alstonia scholaris, Alstonia pneumatophora, and Alstonia angustiloba from Palembang South Sumatera. Phytochemical analyzed flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, steroids, and triterpenoids qualitatively. The result showed that all Alstonia sp. contained flavonoid and steroid compounds. Alkaloids and tannins were only detected in Alstonia Scholaris. Saponins were detected in Alstonia scholaris and Alstonia pneumatophora. Phytochemical content in Alstonia indicated that they had potency to be utilized as a source of medicinal plants. Alstonia sp. with the same genus but different species had different phytochemical content.


In this paper, the problem of simultaneous fault detection and control (SFDC) for an autonomous unmanned underwater vehicle (AUV) is considered. An H∞ formulation of the SFDC problem using a dynamic observer is developed. A single module designated as the detector/controller is designed where the detector is a dynamic observer and the controller is a state feedback controller based on the dynamic observer. The detector/controller module produces two signals, namely the detection and the control signals. Sufficient conditions for solvability of the problem are obtained in terms of linear matrix inequality (LMI) feasibility conditions. Simulation results for a Subzero III AUV illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed design methodology.


The current dependence of the spin torque switching rate in a thermally activated region of an in-plane magnetized system was studied. The logarithm of the switching rate depended nonlinearly on current in the high-current region, I_{c} < I < I_{c}^{*}, where I_{c} and I_{c}^{*} are critical currents distinguishing the stability of the magnetization. We also found that the attempt frequency had a minimum around I_{c}, and that the attempt frequency at I_{c} was three orders of magnitude smaller than that at zero current, contrary to the assumption in previous analyses of experiments that it remains constant.


Microbiological analyses were carried out of the digestive tract contents of tench and of water from Lake Dga AE Wielki. Qualitative and quantitative parameters were evaluated. Numbers of bacteria indicatory of water production (TVC 20C and TVC 37C) and sanitary state (TC, FS, FS), Clostridium perfringens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were calculated. Qualitative analyses involved classification of the genera of bacteria isolated on agar in 20C and on Endo medium in 37C from the lake water and tench digestive tract contents.


In this paper, we present five classes/categories of time scales. Then, on each class, we introduce and analyze delays that not only lead to new types of delay systems on time scales but also reveal the limitations of the known results in the literature. To show the importance and significance of our analysis, several examples are illustrated. We conclude our paper with some interesting open problems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Galvanic nystagmus and the sway of the body center of gravity (galvanic body sway) were used to differentiate between otoliths and semicircular canal lesions in patients with bilateral loss of labyrinthine excitability.Methods. Galvanic stimulation was performed by the biaural-bipolar method. (1) Galvanic nystagmus induced by application of a direct current of 3 mA for 60 seconds was counted macroscopically. (2) The subject was instructed to stand on a stabilometer, and galvanic body sway was examined by galvaniza-tion at 1 mA for 6 seconds.Results. One patient did not show any galvanic nystagmus. but had normal galvanic body sway. Two patients had opposite results. Clinical symptoms and other balance tests, such as the standing test, suggest that galvanic nystagmus reflects mainly the reaction of the semicircular canal system and body sway mainly the reaction of the otolith system.Such phenomena are explained as follows : First, it is considered that although both the canal system and the otolith system can cause ocular reflexes and spinal reflexes, the main role of the canal system is to cause nystagmus, while that of the otolith system is to cause spinal reflexes. Second, in the canal system, the kinetic reaction is superior, with a high threshold for galvanic stimulation, which makes it difficult to observe spinal reflexes from the canal system, while in the otolith system the tonic reaction is superior, causing spinal reflexes at a low threshold.The results indicate that it is possible to differentiate lesions of the semicircular canal system from those of the otolith system by analyzing galvanic nystagmus and body sway.


17 The neurogenomic mechanisms mediating cooperation in animals are understudied. Here we 18 leverage extensive transcriptomic and behavioral data on birds that perform cooperative 19 courtship displays to better understand the mechanisms underlying cooperative behaviors. Males 20 of the neotropical wire-tailed manakin ( Pipra filicauda ) form cooperative display coalitions and 21 their cooperative behaviors are modulated by testosterone in a status-specific manner. That is, 22 testosterone promotes cooperation in non-territorial birds, but suppresses it in territory holders. 23 We sought to understand the neurogenomic underpinnings of these three related traits: social 24 status, cooperative behavior, and testosterone phenotype. To do this, we profiled gene expression 25 in 10 brain nuclei spanning the social decision-making network (SDMN), and two key endocrine 26 tissues known to regulate social behavior. We associated gene expression with each bird's 27


The knowledge on immune mechanisms of chronic urticaria (CU) at the cytokine level is widely scarce. We compared pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory as well as Th1‐ and Th2‐associated serum cytokine levels in two phenotypes of CU: associated with (CU+) and without (CU−) sensitization against Anisakis simplex, a ubiquitous fish parasite, that has been associated with acute urticaria in gastro‐allergic anisakiasis (GAA) and with CU+. Thirteen CU+ and 19 CU− patients were compared with 13 GAA patients and 15 control subjects for cytokines, measured by cytometric bead array. Urticaria activity score was positively correlated with IL‐6 in CU−. Serum levels of IL‐10 were lower in CU+ and CU− with respect to the control group. Median IFN‐γ was lower in all urticaria groups. Patients with previous parasitism by A. simplex displayed higher TGF‐β levels than subjects without previous parasitism. The main finding was lower levels of IL‐17 in CU+ with respect to GAA or controls, with a further tendency to even lower levels in CU−. Different urticaria phenotypes are associated with distinct serum cytokine levels.


Nonprecooled and precooled 'Ace' lily bulbs were placed in the dark at 5, 9, 13, 17, and 21 °C and basal root growth determined at weekly intervals for 5 weeks. Roots originating from the basal plate were designated as primary roots; those originating from the primary roots were designated as secondary roots. The total fresh wt of secondary roots of nonprecooled and precooled bulbs increased with length of storage and increased temp. Optimum root growth occurred at 21°C. Primary roots of nonprecooled bulbs responded similarly to the secondary roots, while those of precooled bulbs had a temp optimum of 17 to 21°C. It was concluded that for commercial use, both nonprecooled and precooled bulbs should be initially grown at approx 17°C to stimulate basal root growth.


Dr. Knock, protagonist of a theatrical parody of 1923, uses marketing to expropriate health and to establish the economics of the disease in a rural village of France at the beginning of the XXth century. Almost 100 years later, the whole world has adopted Knock's method. Taking sides by the supplier in the unequal relationship between him and the consumer, conflicts of interest of the industry are encouraged to the detriment of human rights of citizens. The pharmaceutical and medical technology industries only spread results of the tests on their products when they are successful so health authorities make decisions based on biased information that affect citizens of good faith. Dr. knock's marketing used for stimulate the fear of disease and death, is subverted by the state in bioterrorism. The paradigmatic example is the unfair figth against cancer, disease that represents in Uruguay the second cause of death among its population. But there is also disease mongering in order to join health people to feed the market of illnesses. The follow up of possible patients is carried by the state with an hypercontrolled model over health service users which vulnerates the protection of their personal data.