Thi s study was i n iti ated to col l ect i nformati on on several as pects of skunk ecol ogy and natural hi story i n a campgrou nd s ituation . The areas of skunk ecol ogy and behavi or cons i dered were popu l ation density , denni ng behavi or, den s ite avai l ab i l i ty, acti vi ty behavi or , and foraging beha v i or i n the Cades Cove campground, GSMNP. Data col l ecti on for the study began i n June 1 979 and ended i n August 1980. The skunk popu lati on with i n the 1 56 ha study area , whi ch . incl uded the campground and pi cn i c area , was esti mated by mark recapture at 31 ± 4 skunks ; i n l ate Jul y and earl y August the skunk popul ation temporari l y i ncreased as the juven i l es became i ndependent and were caught more frequentl y . The esti mated res i dent popu l at i on in the study area was hi gher than reported popul ation estimates from agr i cul tural and natural areas. The campground and p i cn ic area appear to i nfluence the s ize of the skunk popul ation by i ncrea sing the avai l abi l ity of food and den s ites. Thi rty-three natural dens were l ocated duri ng the course of thi s study. These dens fel l i nto 2 groups correspond i ng to the seasons , summer and fal l . Summer dens tended to be above ground be l ocated on wel l -drai ned shal l ow soi l s with steep s l opes . Fal l dens tended to be bel ow ground and be l ocated on moderatel y to wel l dra i ned soi l s with gentl e sl opes . Summer dens al so had wi der entrances than fal l dens. Skun ks swi tched from summer dens to fal l dens by October i n response to several factors : temperature , decreased food


INTRODUCTION The Shenzhen government is widely considered to be most efficiently implementing smoke-free legislation in China. We evaluated and compared the impact of Shenzhen's two-phase smoke-free regulation on the incidence rates for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. METHODS An interrupted time series design was used to capture immediate and annual incidence changes from 2007 to 2016 for both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke due to two-phase smoke-free regulation in Shenzhen, China, by using a generalized additive model. The first phase, implemented on 9 March 2010, required five main public places to be smoke-free. In the second phase, the comprehensive law was expanded to the whole city on 1 March 2014. RESULTS The regulation implementation during phase I was associated with a strong immediate decline in the incidence rate of ischemic stroke (-14.2%, 95% CI: -19.6 – -8.4) and hemorrhagic stroke (-10.1%, 95% CI: -18.2 – -1.2), but without showing the annual changes (p>0.05). Following the implementation of the comprehensive law, the gradual annual effect showed a significant change in ischemic stroke, with a 6.3% (95% CI: 8.9 – -3.6) reduction. Neither the immediate nor gradual decreases in hemorrhagic stroke incidences associated with the comprehensive regulation were statistically significant during phase II (p>0.05). Subgroup analyses indicate that a much larger health effect of the regulation during phase I was greater among those aged ≥65 years than among those aged 35–64 years. CONCLUSIONS Shenzhen's two-phase smoke-free regulation was well implemented. Even though the regulation did not extend to the whole city, the immediate health benefits on the incidence rates of ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke could be seen. However, the health benefits brought by the implementation of comprehensive smoke-free legislation were attenuated by previous smoke-free regulations in five main public places, which were more evident in hemorrhagic stroke.

https://www.tobaccoinduceddiseases.org/pdf-168123-92739?filename=Effect of a two_phase.pdf


With the rapid development of online car‐hailing, the related crashes have become a key issue with public concern. Identifying and predicting aggressive driving behaviors is critical to reduce traffic crashes. In this study, we propose a method to recognize aggressive driving behavior based on association classification, with multisource features being employed, including driver emotion, vehicle kinematic characteristics, and road environment. The model performs best in a 10‐fold cross‐test when the minimum support and minimum confidence are set as 0.01 and 0.8, respectively. Besides, we also compare the performance of aggressive driving behavior recognition classifiers constructed using association classification with other rule‐based classification methods, including ID3, C4.5, CART, and Random Forest. The results show that association classification performs better than other classification competitors. Thirty‐six if–then rules generated by the association classification are used to analyze the influencing factors and associated mechanisms of aggressive driving behavior. It is found that aggressive driving behavior is highly correlated with driver anger and disgust emotions. Aggressive driving behavior is more likely to occur when no passengers are in the car than the case with passengers. Driver entertainment behavior and passenger interference also affect driving behavior. Moreover, drivers are prone to aggressive driving when making a U‐turn. This research not only proposed a new identification method for aggressive driving behavior but also provided a comprehensive understanding of the associated influencing factors which thus benefit the further research and development of safety assistance driving devices.


Since many Wi-Fi routers can currently transmit two-band signals, we aimed to study dual-band Wi-Fi to achieve better positioning results. Thus, this paper proposes a fingerprint positioning method for dual-band Wi-Fi based on Gaussian process regression (GPR) and the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm. In the offline stage, the received signal strength (RSS) measurements of the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz signals at the reference points (RPs) are collected and normalized to generate the online dual-band fingerprint, a special fingerprint for dual-band Wi-Fi. Then, a dual-band fingerprint database, which is a dedicated fingerprint database for dual-band Wi-Fi, is built with the dual-band fingerprint and the corresponding RP coordinates. Each dual-band fingerprint constructs its positioning model with the GPR algorithm based on itself and its neighborhood fingerprints, and its corresponding RP coordinates are the label of this model. The neighborhood fingerprints are found by the spatial distances between RPs. In the online stage, the measured RSS values of dual-band Wi-Fi are used to generate the online dual-band fingerprint and the 5 GHz fingerprint. Due to the better stability of the 5 GHz signal, an initial position is solved with the 5 GHz fingerprint and the KNN algorithm. Then, the distances between the initial position and model labels are calculated to find a positioning model with the minimum distance, which is the optimal positioning model. Finally, the dual-band fingerprint is input into this model, and the output of this model is the final estimated position. To evaluate the proposed method, we selected two scenarios (A and B) as the test area. In scenario A, the mean error (ME) and root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the proposed method were 1.067 and 1.331 m, respectively. The ME and RMSE in scenario B were 1.432 and 1.712 m, respectively. The experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve a better positioning effect compared with the KNN, Rank, Coverage-area, and GPR algorithms.


The implementation of information technology (IT) projects constitutes a major change for any organisation. The actual implementation appears to be very heavily biased toward the technological aspects, while paying little attention to managing the ensuing changes in process, structure and culture. This study employs statistical tests to show that nine established change management guidelines were particularly significant where the successful implementation of IT projects was concerned. Of the nine, however, two were primarily responsible for the success or failure of IT projects.


Recently, financial fraud of listed companies has triggered the re-evaluation of audit risks of them at home and abroad. Audit risks of those companies mainly form the subjects related to the generation of audit service chain and interest groups, including listed companies themselves, regulators, policy-making departments, stakeholders and accounting firms. It is helpful for public and interest groups to analyze the causes of relevant audit risks rationally, to effectively avoid them. Keywords—listed companies; certified public accountants; audit risks


Principal component analysis (PCA) has been shown to be a very useful technique for displaying multivariate asteroid spectra as shown by PCA's use in Tholen's asteroid classification system [I]. PCA transforms each asteroid spectrum into a new set of uncorrelated variables called principal components. These new variables are linear combinations of the original spectrum and are derived in decreasing order of importance [2]. Tholen did his PCA on the ECAS spectra [3] of 405 asteroids. The ECAS wavelength region is from 0.337 to 1.041 pm. The 1 st principal component from Tholen's PCA contained 67.7% of the variance of the sample, while the 2nd principal component contained 26.8O/0 of the variance. Tholen used a plot of the 1 st and 2nd principal component to display the data since the first two components contained 94.5% of the variance. The reason why the first two components contained 94.5% of the variance is because asteroid spectra have just two major features in the ECAS wavelength region [4]. These features are an ultraviolet feature and an infrared feature. Tholen also assigned a taxonomic class to each of the asteroids after doing a minimal tree cluster analysis on their spectra. Each of the asteroid classes have their own distinct regions on Tholen's plot of the 1st and 2nd principal component except for the Es, Ms, and Ps which are spectrally degenerate and must be separated by albedo. Later asteroid classification systems by Barucci et al [5j and Tedesco et al [6], which use both ECAS spectra and IRAS albedos, support most of Tholen's classifications. All asteroid classifications used in this paper will be from Tholen [71. However very little work has been done on using PCA to display asteroid spectra for longer wavelength regions and seeing if the results are consistent with Tholen's classification system. In this preliminary study, PCA was done on asteroid spectra using a combination of ECAS and 52-color data. The 52-color asteroid survey of 11 9 asteroids which was done by Bell et al [q is the first and only extensive spectral survey of asteroids in the 0.8 to 2 . 5 ~ wavelength region. 52-color data is useful for determining the presence or absence of the second pyroxene band near 1 . 9 ~ and the degree to which the spectra is reddened [8]. Before the PCA could be done, the 52-color spectrum of each asteroid was fitted to the overlapping region (0.853-1.041 pm) of the asteroid's normalized ECAS spectrum so the resulting composite asteroid spectrum would be continuous. Due to the problems of correcting for atmospheric extinction, data from wavelengths near water bands at 1.4 and 1.9pm were not used. Also wavelengths near the edge of the detector's sensitivity ( 2 . 5 ~ ) were not used because of high uncertainties. PCA was done on the reflectance Bpectra at 41 wavelengths from 0.337 to 2.41 30pm. 66 asteroids were deemed to have spectra of high-enough quality to do PCA on them. These asteroids [9] include 42 Ss (including 221 Eos), 3 Cs, 3 Gs, 1 B (2 Pallas), 3 Fs, 3 Ts, 1 V (4 Vesta), 1 R (349 Dembowska), 1 A (446 Aeternitas), 2 Es, 5 Ms, and 1 P (1 53 Hilda). As can be seen by these numbers, the type of asteroid is heavily biased toward Ss (63.6% of the sample) because most of the asteroids in the 52-color survey are Ss. Figure 1 is a plot of the 1 st and 2nd principal component from the resulting PCA and Figure 2 is a plot of the 3rd and 4th component. Each asteroid is labeled with its taxonomic class except for five asteroids which are labeled with their number due to having obviously anomalous principal components when compared to other members of their taxonomic class. These asteroids with their taxonomic classes are 308 Polyxo 0 , 3 5 4 Eleonora (S), 387 Aquitania (S), 980 Anacostia (SU), and 1036 Ganymed (S). Also 221 Eos is labeled with a K to see if its proposed designation as a K by Bell [ I 01 is supported by its principal components. The 1 st component contains 78.5% of the variance and is dominated by the overall slope of the spectrum. The 2nd component contains 1 1.9% of the variance and appears to be related to the strength of the 1 pn absorption feature. The 3rd component which contains 4.8% of the variance and the 4th component which contains 2.6% of the variance do not seem to have any simple correlations with any one feature in the original asteroid spectra, but do appear to be validly separating different asteroids according to different characteristics of their spectra. The remaining 37 components contain only 2.2% of the variance. As seen by the general clustering of asteroids of the same taxonomic dass in Figures 1 and 2, each asteroid class tends to have members which have similar principal components. If Figures 1 and 2 could be combined into a single 4dimensional plot, the resulting figure would look very much like a distorted view of Tholen's plot of his 1 st and 2nd principal component [ I ] because each asteroid class would have its own region in this 4dimensional space. Even though Tholen's classification system only uses a part of the spectral information that could be available from an asteroid, his asteroid classes tend to remain distinct from each other even after a PCA of asteroid spectra for a much larger wavelength region. But some asteroids in this sample have principal components which render them distinct from other asteroids. These asteroids include 4 Vesta, 349 Dembowska, and 446 Aeternitas which are the lone representatives of their class in the sample. Of the five asteroids which have been identified as having anomalous principal components and are labeled by their numbers in Figures 1 and 2, four of them are Ss which is known to be the most heterogeneous of the asteroid classes [I I]. These asteroids are 354 Eleonora which has a strong olivine


Background: PRMC is a very rare benign tumor of the abdominal cavity that usually occurs in women, and PRMC demonstrate no specific findings on CT. There are many reports on the differential diagnosis and discussion of PRMC imaging, but there are few reports on the treatment of dedifferentiated PRMC using laparoscopic resection and postoperative follow-up.


This paper proposes a robust optimization algorithm customized for the optimal design of electric machines. The proposed algorithm, termed "robust explorative particle swarm optimization" (RePSO), is a hybrid algorithm that affords high accuracy and a high search speed when determining robust optimal solutions. To ensure the robustness of the determined optimal solution, RePSO employs the rate of change of the cost function. When this rate is high, the cost function appears as a steep curve, indicating low robustness; in contrast, when the rate is low, the cost function takes the form of a gradual curve, indicating high robustness. For verification, the performance of the proposed algorithm was compared with those of the conventional methods of robust particle swarm optimization and explorative particle swarm optimization with a Gaussian basis test function. The target performance of the traction motor for the optimal design was derived using a simulation of vehicle driving performance. Based on the simulation results, the target performance of the traction motor requires a maximum torque and power of 294 Nm and 88 kW, respectively. The base model, an 8-pole 72-slot permanent magnet synchronous machine, was designed considering the target performance. Accordingly, an optimal design was realized using the proposed algorithm. The cost function for this optimal design was selected such that the torque ripple, total harmonic distortion of back-electromotive force, and cogging torque were minimized. Finally, experiments were performed on the manufactured optimal model. The robustness and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm were validated by comparing the analytical and experimental results.


SUMMARY The purpose of this article is to examine the long-term consequences of paternal involvement for a sample of young men, with the intent being to examine whether patterns of fatherhood are transmitted across generations. Initially, a theoretical framework is discussed that has led researchers to expect that patterns of fatherhood will be produced across generations. Data from the Baltimore Parenthood Study were used, a 30-year longitudinal study that has followed the reproductive patterns of teenage parents and their children. A subsample of 110 males were examined with an occasional reference made to a subsample of females. Results indicated that a strong link existed between the stable presence of a biological father in the histories of the young men and the timing of their own family formation. Early fatherhood, both during the teen years and early twenties, is much more likely to occur if young men did not grow up living with their own fathers. Moreover, early fatherhood is somewhat more likely to occur if the young men did not have a stepfather in the past who was a stable presence in the home. Young fathers also were less likely to be living with their children if their own fathers had not lived in residence with them throughout childhood.


The big news from the Bay Area's 1989 earthquake was that the transportation disruptions were only inconvenient, not dreadful. Structural failures on the Bay Bridge and several elevated concrete freeways cut major metropolitan commuting routes. Nevertheless, the regional transportation system didn't crash at the time. It was resilient because it was redundant - the parallel links took up the burden. Commuters got to work without intolerable hardship. Trucks got their freight delivered, nearly on time. Some businesses suffered in the short-term, but only a few failed. Estimates place direct losses from the Loma Prieta quake at over $8 billion dollars, making it the costliest natural disaster in American history at the time. In addition, some costs must be assigned to the secondary losses resulting from the breakdown in accessibility. The surprise is that the losses were so low. Our studies into the effects of breaks in the metropolitan transportation network reveal three major reasons why traffic disaster did not follow the earthquake disaster.


Straw incorporation is known as an environmentally friendly agricultural practice that can effectively enhance soil nutrient contents and crop yields; its potential to suppress soil-borne disease has also been reported in recent years. Here, we perform a field experiment for two consecutive years (2017–2018) to evaluate the effectiveness of maize (Zea mays), rice (Oryzae sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straws incorporation in alleviating Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin. Microbial composition in Chinese cabbage rhizosphere and soil P. brassicae abundance were estimated by high-throughput amplicon sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results showed that, during the two-year field experimental cycle, all three straw amendments promoted Chinese cabbage plant growth, inhibited clubroot disease and increased the alpha diversity of the bacterial community in Chinese cabbage rhizosphere. Rice and wheat straws also increased the alpha diversity of the fungal community. These straws diversified the composition of the Chinese cabbage rhizosphere microbial community. All three straws promoted Cryptococcus carnescens; both rice and wheat straws stimulated Lysobacter sp.; maize straw boosted Sphingomonas sp. and wheat straw increased Talaromyces sp. These microbial taxa are either considered to have positive influences on plant growth or potential biocontrol effects. In addition, straw amendments also increased soil pH, electrical conductivity, available nitrogen and available potassium contents in both years of the field experiment. Taken together, we concluded that these three gramineous straw amendments ameliorated Chinese cabbage rhizosphere microorganisms, inhibited clubroot disease and promoted the growth of Chinese cabbage, and that rice straw worked best amongst the three. This study could potentially provide a new tactic of massive grain crop straw utilization and a direction in dealing with clubroot disease.


Introduction. Prior studies have connected entrepreneurship to the economic growth of regions. This fact has led to an increase in academic interest on regional entrepreneurship in Russia and around the world. However, these studies are highly diverse in their research scope, goals, methodologies and results. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to provide some coherence and synthesis to academic research on regional entrepreneurship in Russia.

Materials and Methods. Using a bibliometric method of analysis, this research presents an empirical review of academic studies on entrepreneurship in Russian regions. To maintain a quality threshold, our research focus was limited to studies indexed in the Scopus citation database. We analysed 361 articles from 2006 to 2022. The research includes a thorough performance analysis and a scientific mapping of the field.

Results. Our results show that the main thematic clusters include entrepreneurship, innovation system, government support, knowledge economy and competitiveness, while emerging themes include pandemic, digitalisation, higher education and investment attractiveness, among others. Also, we identified a number of research gaps, particularly in the sociological research of entrepreneurs, and propose suggestions for future research.

Discussion and Conclusion. This article provides an important resource for scholars interested in the study of regional entrepreneurship in Russia and around the world.


On Friday 14th March 1975, The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow held a Symposium on Analgesia in Clinical Practice. The choice of subject was both topical and relevant, for quite recently a Pain Centre was set up in Glasgow. The meeting was opened by the President of the College, Sir W. Ferguson Anderson, and the Chairman of the first session was Professor G. M. Wilson of the Department of Medicine, Western Infirmary, Glasgow.


Two examples of electron photomicrographs taken by application of the above described procedures are included in this paper. Figure i shows the warty layer in European white fir (Abies alba Miller). Warty layer is an amorphous (non-microfibrillar) structure adpressed to the S3 layer of the secondary wall. Figure 2, taten from a treated sample of cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus libani Barr.), shows bundles of primary wall microfibrils composing the membrane of a bordered pit. This species possesses also a warty structure, which was dissolved and disappeared äs a result of the treatment. Thus, the underlying microfibrils were revealed and may be seen in the background.


In this work, polymeric coated Long Period Gratings (LPGs) working in transition mode have been used to monitor the coordination and self assembling of water nano-layers (typical thicknesses range in few tens of nanometers) providing new scenarios in chemical sensing applications. In particular, nano-scale layers (∼320 nm) of semicrystalline syndiotactic and amorphous atactic polystyrene (sPS and aPS), have been deposited by dip-coating onto LPGs to tune the devices at the transition point. Experimental results demonstrate the polymers capability to orient water molecules in proximity of their surfaces. The sPS and aPS interactions with water have been continuously monitored and then compared demonstrating the higher capability of the crystalline phase of sPS to orient water nano-layers. Moreover, the high sensitivity of the coated LPGs was used to monitor the effect of disorder induced on the interfacial water molecular arrangement by different cations (sodium, Na+, potassium, K+, and calcium, Ca2+, ions) depending on their size and electrical charge. Experimental results show for the first time that, thanks to the water-polymer interaction, sPS coated LPGs could be successfully employed as high sensitivity cation sensors. In fact, the monitoring of the disorder induced by cations on the coordinated water layer leads to high sensitivities, in terms of detected RI change for unitary variation of concentration (∼ for Na+ ions, ∼ for K+ ions, and ∼ for Ca2+ ions).


The authors present the review of literature on histological classifications of precancerous changes of the cervix uteri, stages of their development, their advantages and disadvantages. The authors described morphological criteria and principles of differential diagnosis. Biological features of CIN remain so far insufficiently studied and need further in-depth study and specification. Advantages of modern classification of SIL are reflection of essence of biological process and coordination of cytological and histological classifications. A course of a disease prognosis, assessment of prospects of transition of one degree of neoplasia into other and an outcome in an invasive cancer is important for standardization of histological studies.


Regularites of weed plants specific structure formation depending on weather conditions, fertilizers applications and herbicides are reflected at the article.


A model for the opiate receptor has been defined by using a computer-based molecular display and x-ray crystallographic input data. The model can explain the stereochemical fashion in which the morphine, morphinan, and oripavine classes of compounds interact with the receptor. The minimal structural unit of the enkephalins demonstrated to be pharmacologically active. Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe, was also fitted to this model by using a systematic search of conformational space.


CHAPTER 1: Overview CHAPTER 2: Nature and Sources of Conflict CHAPTER 3: Strategic Choice CHAPTER 4: Contentious Tactics CHAPTER 5: Escalation and Its Development CHAPTER 6: The Structural Change Model CHAPTER 7: Conditions that Encourage and Discourage Escalation CHAPTER 8: The Persistence of Escalation CHAPTER 9: Perceived Stalemate and De-escalation CHAPTER 10: Problem Solving and Reconciliation CHAPTER 11: The Intervention of Third Parties


, Liver MultiScan is an emerging diagnostic tool using multiparametric MRI to quantify liver disease. In a two-centre prospective validation study, 161 consecutive adult patients who had clinically-indicated liver biopsies underwent contemporaneous non-contrast multiparametric MRI at 3.0 tesla (proton density fat fraction (PDFF), T1 and T2 * mapping), transient elastography (TE) and Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) test. Non-invasive liver tests were correlated with gold standard histothological measures. Reproducibility of Liver MultiScan was investigated in 22 healthy volunteers. Iron-corrected T1 (cT1), TE, and ELF demonstrated a positive correlation with hepatic collagen proportionate area (all p < 0·001). TE was superior to ELF and cT1 for predicting fibrosis stage. cT1 maintained good predictive accuracy for diagnosing significant fibrosis in cases with indeterminate ELF, but not for cases with indeterminate TE values. PDFF had high predictive accuracy for individual steatosis grades, with AUROCs ranging from 0.90–0.94. T2 * mapping diagnosed iron accumulation with AUROC of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.67–0.92) and negative predictive value of 96%. Liver MultiScan showed excellent test/ re-test reliability (coefficients of variation ranging from 1.4% to 2.8% for cT1). Overall failure rates for Liver MultiScan , ELF Both for LMS, significant interaction effect and fibrosis detected. As T1 relaxation time the presence of inflammation 27 and liver fat 28 a more nuanced understanding of the individual and combined effects of fibrosis, inflammation, fat and iron on T1 relaxation time in different aetiologies of liver disease is required to refine the interpretation of LMS. However, the multiparametric MRI sequence is ideally suited to correct for these distinct histological variables. LMS, ELF and TE had comparable predictive accuracy for the differentiation between normal biopsies/stea-tosis and the presence of any degree of inflammation and/or fibrosis. On a post hoc analysis, we have identified that liver transplantation may influence the diagnostic performance of cT1 in detecting significant liver disease, with a substantial but not significant improvement in diagnostic accuracy observed (AUROC 0.89 vs. 0.76) when post-transplant patients were excluded. To investigate this further, a prospective multicentre trial comparing the accuracy of LMS against a liver biopsy in the assessment of liver transplant recipients is ongoing (NCT03165201). Following net reclassification analysis, cT1 was comparable to TE and ELF in diagnosing significant liver fibrosis, when using the proposed cut off of 875 ms. Moreover, our analysis suggested that cT1 could be used to increase the diagnostic yield in indeterminate ELF cases, although this was not true for indeterminate TE cases. These have particular relevance in NAFLD patients, in whom National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidance recommends the ELF test for the identification of liver fibrosis 29 and where TE failure rates are highest due to obesity, currently necessitating further evaluation via alternative imaging modalities such as acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging, shear wave elastography by liver biopsy.


The special residual gas ion cross section monitor is used at Proton LINAC INR RAS output to provide measurements of beam parameters. There are distortions and errors of measurements which are caused by various external and internal factors during the formation of beam cross section images. Below estimations of these distortions and results of numerical simulation of registration process of images are resulted, resolution of the detector and accuracy of measurements are discussed.


The dichotomy between a universal mass function (IMF) and a variable IMF which depends on local physical parameters characterises observational and theoretical stellar astronomy. In this contribution the available distributions of probability are briefly reviewed. The physical nature of two of them, gamma variate and lognormal, is then explained once the framework of the fragmentation is introduced. Interpolating techniques are then applied to the sample of the first 10 pc and to the open cluster NGC 6649: in both cases lognormal distribution produces the best fit. The three power law function has also been investigated and visual comparison with an artificially generated sample of 100000 stars suggests that the variations in the spectral index are simply due to the small number of stars available in the observational sample. In order to derive the sample of masses, a new formula that allows us to express the mass as a function of the absolute magnitude and (B-V) for MAIN V, GIANTS III and SUPERGIANTS I is derived. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


A total of 426 individuals from six families, six genera and ten species were collected from Tanjung Dawai while a total
of 351 individuals from five families, five genera and six species were collected from Pulau Sayak. Six families that were
found from Tanjung Dawai were Littorinidae, Neritidae, Potamididae, Ellobiidae, Muricidae and Assimineidae while five
families that were found from Pulau Sayak were Littorinidae, Ellobiidae, Muricidae, Assimineidae and Naticidae. The
abundant species at both mangrove areas were Cerithidea cingulata and Naticidae sp. Shannon Diversity Index and Evenness
Index for Tanjung Dawai were 1.95 and 0.85, respectively. Shannon Diversity Index and Evenness Index for Pulau Sayak
were 1.27 and 0.71, respectively. Both of the mangroves habitats of Tanjung Dawai and Pulau Sayak, Kedah appeared to
have low snail species diversity but still sustain some common gastropod families of tropical mangroves. It is essential to
have an economically and ecologically sound management plan in order to make the mangroves ecologically viable as
well as a source of economy.


Argues that some of the conclusions of Neglia's paper (GeoAbstracts 80E/0198) are only valid if he is correct in postulating only two directions of fluid migration: upward and horizontal. This discussion is concerned with evidence for downward migration and with illogical redefinition of the established terms, primary and secondary migration. Argues that the terminology must be logically consistent and widely understood.- after Author


This article discusses natural light in architectural design. Considered a very important element in defining space and form, natural light is often used as a premise for creative proposals, a catalyst for the creative process, and an independent element that addresses functional issues, but which also rouses emotions.


The geomagnetic field, which is generated by the geodynamo, varies in a wide range of time scale. Focusing on short time scale variation, it is well known that a sudden and abrupt change in the first time derivative of the geomagnetic field (a V-shape-like change) occurs in typically one year. This abrupt change is called the geomagnetic jerk. Although we don't fully understand the mechanism of the geomagnetic jerk, it is said that the geomagnetic jerk is of internal origin in a broad sense. In this study, we use a numerical dynamo modeling to see whether or not any jerk-like magnetic field variation can result from a dynamo model at a reasonably low Ekman number. The adopted values of the Ekman number in the model is 3×10. We investigate three components of the dynamo-generated magnetic field at the core-mantle boundary and the model Earth's surface truncated at spherical harmonic degree 12 according to geomagnetic observations. In time series at a selected position, we find some V-shape changes in secular variation accompanying rapid changes from negative to positive values and vice versa in secular acceleration. Such variation is not always observed in three components, and shows some delay in a certain component. These variations occur typically in 5×10 in magnetic diffusion time unit. Although it should be kept in mind that secular variation time scale in the dynamo model may not correspond to that in the geomagnetic field mainly because of vast difference in the Ekman number, these features are similar to those of the geomagnetic jerk. The results suggest a possibility that numerical dynamos could generate even rapid magnetic field variation such as jerk, and also that some geomagnetic jerks might be purely of core origin.


This paper presents a 142-154 GHz third-harmonic extracted Class-F oscillator featuring an FoM of -177.1 at 1-MHz offset. In this work, a magnetically coupled dual-core topology is applied to enhance the third harmonic for Class-F operation, which also effectively boosts the negative conductance of the oscillator. The boosted negative conductance relaxes the startup condition in the Colpitts oscillator and improves its phase noise. This oscillator is fabricated in a 22-nm CMOS FDSOI. At 154.5 GHz, the measured PN is -87.4 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset, and -101.8 dBc/Hz at 10 MHz offset.


A wet agitating ball mill wherein a shaft (5) rotated by a motor is axially hollow at an upper portion thereof to form a discharge port (9) communicating with a slurry discharge port, and has at a lower portion thereof rotors (11). A separator (4) comprises a pair of disks (21) and blades (22) connecting both disks to form an impeller which rotates to impart centrifugal forces to slurry and a medium having entered the separator (4) whereby the medium having a greater specific gravity is scattered radially outward due to the difference in specific gravity and separated from the slurry. The slurry having a smaller specific gravity is discharged through the discharge port (9) of the shaft (5) while having no kinetic energy.


The paper shows the feasibility of using a current amplifier in the filters RF and microwave ranges. By analyzing the basic structure of the second-order level sufficient conditions for the efficient use of active elements. The examples of methodological nature and formulated conclusions of practical importance.


This article suggests the concept of "Experiencing" product interface in the design field based on the feature of "Experience" and "Interface".Moreover,the prosperous MP 3 industry is taken as an example for analysis of "Experiencing" product interface design.As a result,some basic principles in experience economy age are concluded concerning the "Experiencing" design of product interface.


We demonstrate a Fourier domain mode-locked laser based on lanthanum-codoped bismuth-based erbium-doped fiber (Bi-EDF) for swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) imaging. Raman amplification is incorporated to suppress the gain competition and homogenous linewidth broadening effects of Bi-EDF. A wavelength sweeping bandwidth of 81 nm is generated under stable operation. Therefore, in vivo OCT imaging of human finger print and orange slices is enabled and the results are also presented. This scheme paves the way for doped fiber amplifiers to be employed to generate ultra-wideband SSs for OCT applications.


The anticoccidial action of 6 drugs was studied by treating cell cultures with drug for 24 h after inoculation of the cultures with sporozoites of Eimeria tenella. A monitoring technique was used to confirm that the drug was being removed. Only monensin was shown to be coccidiocidal. Amprolium, lasalocid, methyl benzoquate, nicarbazin and robenidine were coccidiostatic at their minimum effective doses. Misleading coccidiocidal effects were observed when higher concentrations of methyl benzoquate, nicarbazin or robenidene were used.


Provided is a low carbon type air conditioning method and a low carbon type air conditioning device. The method includes steps: liquid refrigerating fluid is compressed into high-temperature high-pressure gaseous refrigerating fluid through a compressor unit; the high-temperature high-pressure gaseous refrigerating fluid exchanges heat with water through a hot water unit, and is cooled into intermediate-temperature high-pressure liquid refrigerating fluid which generates cold air through a cold air unit; after heat exchange, warmed water is stored, and together with a water pump, supplies hot water to users. The low car type air conditioning device comprises a compressor unit and a cold air unit, wherein a hot water unit is arranged between the compressor unit and the cold air unit, and the compressor unit, the hot water unit and the cold air unit are connected in series through refrigeration pipelines. According to the low carbon type air conditioning method and the low carbon type air conditioning device, heat generated from refrigeration of an air conditioner does not need to be exhausted outdoor but is converted to use. Heat generated by a condenser is used for heating water through a heat exchange pipe, and is collected and stored in a storage tank. The water pump pressurizes to supply hot water so that an outdoor machine set of an air conditioner refrigeration system is eliminated, and a refrigeration-heating integrated low carbon air condition system can be manufactured.


Optical and photoelectric properties of poly (ohydroxyamide) (PHA) sensitized with zinc phthalocyanines were investigated in the visible and near infrared spectral regions. The structures were deposited on glass substrates by centrifugation and subsequent drying of a PHA film without thermal annealing. Optical spectra revealed characteristic absorption peaks of phthalocyanine in the longer wavelength region at 620-640 nm and 680-700 nm; absorption of the PHA matrix monotonously increases to the shorter wavelengths starting from 700 nm. Measurements of the photocurrent under irradiation with a high-power LED at a wavelength 630 nm showed photoconductivity related to the organic dye; photoconductivity also was observed while irradiated at 540 nm, presumably due to the absorption of PHA matrix. For non-sensitized (dye-free) PHA films no detectable photocurrents were produced by 630 nm irradiation. It was shown that introducing of phthalocyanines significantly improves optical absorption and photoconductivity of PHA thin films at the wavelengths, where the maximum in the spectral distribution of solar radiation lies. It was concluded that phthalocyanine-sensitized PHA has the potential use as a photosensitive organic material for solar applications, for example in developing composite organicinorganic structures with ferroelectrics.


The present work analyses the degree of coupling between a greenhouse rose crop and the internal climate as a function of crop characteristics (leaf area index, LAI) and greenhouse climate functions (natural and forced ventilation, fogging) through the determination of the decoupling factor, Ω. The study was conducted during summer periods, in the Eastern coast of Greece. It was found that the maximum values of Ω generally occur near midday, being about 0.30 when forced ventilation was operating and about 0.40 when natural ventilation was used. Slightly higher values were found when the fog system was operating. Increasing LAI also increased the value of Ω. It was evidenced that the actual transpiration rate was closely correlated to the vapour pressure deficit. As main conclusions of this study, it should be pointed out that (i) none of the control equipment used during this study was able to reach values of Ω greater than 0.50 for LAI = 2, suggesting a relatively tight control of transpiration rate by the crop itself during most of the day and (ii) the aerodynamic term of the PM equation is by far the major component determining the intensity of vapour exchanges between the internal air and the canopy in the conditions of the experiments. INTRODUCTION The ability to exchange water vapour between a canopy and the atmosphere can be evaluated through the concept of coupling between the two components (McNaughton and Jarvis, 1983; Hsiao, 1990). The degree of coupling, by affecting the conditions at the canopy surface, characterizes the extent to which stomata control transpiration and CO2 assimilation. The "decoupling factor" Ω was proposed by McNaughton and Jarvis (1983), for quantifying the degree of stomatal control, at the leaf scale as well as at the canopy scale. As pointed out by Jarvis (1985), this concept may be useful when comparing different types of vegetation or agricultural systems, and in particular, greenhouses vs. open fields. Concerning the latter, several studies are available that have characterized and analysed the degree of coupling for different types of vegetation (e.g. Steduto and Hsiao, 1998, for maize). However, until now, little attention was devoted to quantifying and analysing the degree of coupling between the canopy, the internal atmosphere and the outside climate in greenhouse crops. From theoretical considerations, some authors have suggested that crops growing in climate-controlled greenhouse were not, or very weakly, coupled with the external climate, due to the presence of the greenhouse covering and to the influence of the climate control system, which counteract and damp the effects of any external perturbations. In this way, it is worth mentioning the work of Aubinet et al. (1986), based on a theoretical analysis of the different feedback loops existing between the canopy and the greenhouse climate, determining an environmental gain, C, that can be related in some way to the decoupling factor. Their study highlighted the fact that the negative "hydraulic" feedback existing between the transpiration rate and the water content of the greenhouse air, which does not occur in the open field, giving a unique characteristic of the greenhouse ecosystem. This feedback appears to play the most Proc. IC on Greensys Eds.: G. van Straten et al. Acta Hort. 691, ISHS 2005 164 important role in determining the degree of coupling between the canopy and the internal climate. The objectives of this paper are (i) to derive the values of Ω for a greenhouse rose crop, from experimental determinations of the aerodynamic and bulk canopy conductances and (ii) to analyze the extent to which the crop controls the gaseous exchanges under different climate conditions and canopy developments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Greenhouse and Climate Control Devices The experiments were carried out in a 200 m experimental glass-covered greenhouse, N-S oriented, located near Volos, (Lat. 39 44 ) on the coastal area of Eastern Greece. The geometrical characteristics of the greenhouse were: eaves height 2.9 m, span angle 20°, total width 6.5 m, total length 31 m, ground area 200 m, volume 690 m. The climate was controlled by either: natural ventilation (continuous roof vents). forced ventilation, with two pairs of fans, one pair in each gable. The airflow rate for each fan was 4000 m h. When the fan assisted system was operating, the roof vents were opened to their maximum value. natural ventilation associated with evaporative cooling (high-pressure water misting system). During operation of the mist-system the roof vent was opened to about 20% of its maximum aperture. Crop and Cultural Practices The rose crop (cv. First Red) was planted on March 1997 in rows of containers (1 m in length and 0.3 m width) filled with perlite and the plant density was 6 plants m. The distance between rows was 1 m. Water and fertilisers were supplied every hour from 6:00 to 21:00 via a drip-system, which was automatically controlled by a fertigation computer. No irrigation water was supplied to the crop during the night. The plants were grown following the "bending" technique, which consists in bending the stems that are not considered useful to flower production. During the period of measurements, the area of ground covered by the crop was about 100 m, thus giving a ratio of 0.5 for the fraction of soil covered by the crop. Measurements Measurements of the relevant climatic variables (air temperature with Pt-sensors, and vapour pressure deficit), average canopy temperature, transpiration rate and intercepted net radiation were continuously monitored. Accuracy of temperature, VPD and radiation measurements was ± 0.2oC, ± 0.04 kPa and ± 5 W m, respectively. Transpiration rate was measured every ten minutes by means of a weighing lysimeter located in a central row of the greenhouse compartment. The device included an electronic balance with scale capacity 12.1 kg and resolution ± 0.1 g (corresponding to an error of ± 5% in the lower range of transpiration rates) equipped with a tray carrying two plants, and an independent system of water supply and drainage. Data were sampled at a 1 minute interval, and averaged over 10 minutes by means of a data logger (Delta T Devices) Determination of the Decoupling Factors From the above measurements, and using the big leaf concept (Monteith, 1973), the aerodynamic canopy conductance, ga (mm s) and the bulk stomatal canopy conductance, gc were derived (Katsoulas et al., 2000; Kittas et al., 2001). These conductances to water vapour transfer characterize the ability of the canopy to exchange water vapour with the air surrounding the canopy. Coupling between the canopy and the inside air was analysed using the corresponding values of the Ω factor (decoupling factor), calculated from the values of ga and gc as described in the following.


The utility model discloses an underground intelligent switch device which comprises an oil extraction pipe. The oil extraction pipe is provided with an oil inlet hole, a main channel and a liquid passing channel, the main channel and the liquid passing channel both extend along the vertical direction, an oil outlet for being communicated with a cavity of the main channel is arranged at the lower end of the liquid passing channel, the oil inlet hole is located above the oil outlet, a switch for controlling the oil inlet hole and the liquid passing channel to be connected and disconnected is a plugging switch, and a switch for controlling the main channel and the liquid passing channel to be connected and disconnected is a check valve. Ground liquid pushes a plugging valve plug from top to bottom to directly enter the main channel, impurities of the ground liquid left in the liquid passing channel can be deposited on the plugging valve plug when the plugging switch enables the liquid passing channel to be separated, the impurities of the ground liquid entering the liquid passing channel can be crushed into the main channel from the plugging valve plug when the plugging switch moves to enable the oil inlet hole and the liquid passing channel to be connected, and influences on regular work of the intelligent switch caused by plugging of deposited impurities on the intelligent switch can be avoided.


This study aims at determining whether the Export Processing Zones (EPZs) are "new industrial spaces" in Kenya by analyzing their evolutionary, structural and operational characteristics. The concern here being to determine whether there are similarities and or differences amongst the EPZ firms in terms of their structural characteristics, linkage capabilities and marketing strategies. The regulation approach and the product cycle model were employed in understanding the evolutionary and operational characteristics of the EPZs in Kenya. The findings of this study are based on information gathered from a sample of 25 EPZ firms and 250 employees. The technique employed in acquiring the samples for employees was stratified random sampling. Primary data was gathered by use of standardized questionnaires, while secondary data was obtained from government publications and Export Processing Zones Authority (EPZA) reports. In the analysis and presentation of the field data both qualitative and quantitative techniques were employed. In assessing the linkages between EPZ firms and the host economy, Corden's (1974) enclave approach was employed. It was used descriptively in assessing the linkage capabilities between the EPZs and the host economy. Finally, common factor analysis was utilized in determining the significant survival strategies utilized by EPZ firms in the competitive world market economy. The findings indicate that like the new industrial spaces in North America and Western Europe, EPZ firms in Kenya exhibit similar structural and operational characteristics. For instance most EPZ firms are foreign owned, depend on labor-intensive technology, rely on imported inputs, are export oriented, manufacture mature products and most of them are either small or medium size firms. The EPZ firms in Kenya utilize the same survival strategies in a competitive world market economy. The most significant strategies utilized are production of quality goods, use of cheap non-unionized labor, standardization of production processes, locational mobility and reliance on EPZ incentives. The findings also indicate that the contribution of EPZs on the host economy has not been very significant. For instance, employment creation in the EPZs has been very low as evidenced in


A 2-year-old girl with growth and developmental retardation, minor facial anomalies, asymmetry of face and body, tetralogy of Fallot, and reticular hyperpigmentation of the skin was found to have mosaic trisomy 14 involving a t(14;15)(q11;p11). The patient showed mosaicism for 46,XX cell line, apparently resulting from a break of the translocation chromosome and a subsequent loss of 14q. The mother has a balanced translocation t(14;15)(q11;p11). Inherited trisomy 14 has not been reported previously.


We studied the dynamics of two qubits interacting with one-mode thermal quantum electromagnetic field of microwave cavity with Kerr medium. Using the exact solution for considered model we derived the qubit-qubit negativity for separa coherent initial qubits states. We showed that initial qubits coherencee interaction can greatly enhance the degree of qubits entanglement in the presence of the Kerr nonlinearity and dipole-dipole interactionyeven for high thermal field intensities.


Joint supervision of PhD students has gained in popularity in several countries and educational systems. In Sweden it is mandatory to provide at least two supervisors for each PhD student (HOGSKOLEFORORDNINGEN 1993). This means that all PhD students are entitled to have one or more assistant supervisors beside the main supervisor, who has the formal responsibility for the studies. Within the PhD education, the roles and rights of the student and the main supervisor are fairly well described. The role of the assistant supervisor is fussier. In a survey performed at the Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, a main concern of both PhD students and assistant supervisors was the lack of a formal description of this role (DICK et al. 2010). The assistant supervisors indicated that they had difficulties knowing what was expected of them. Still, seven out of ten PhD students in the same survey were satisfied or very satisfied with the support from their assistant supervisors. This implies that joint supervision is in fact performed and serves an important purpose at the Faculty of Engineering. With three out of ten PhD students being unsatisfied, there is also room for improvement. One way towards improving the situation could be to provide a framework of the role of assistant supervisor. Here we investigate the role of the assistant supervisor with the objective of formulating such a framework.


The literature reflects a contested view of the concept 'mental health'. What we 'know about' mental health can be translated within the definitions, models, elements of and criteria for mental health and in the language used to discuss 'mental health' itself. Although these differing ways of knowing about mental health do not exist in isolation from one another, they can offer a clear, systematic and logical approach to reviewing the concept 'mental health'. This makes it clear, however, that there is no common consensus as to what is meant by 'mental health'. The aim of this paper is to present an overview of these different ways of knowing about mental health and to discuss critically the implications of having a contested concept.


The operation of a Hopfield neural network is considered. It is shown that in neural networks of this kind the correlation coefficients between images are order parameters. An analysis of the Hopfield model identifies the regions of the order parameter space where recognition is possible. A new model of a neural network, which uses radial base functions, is proposed


International tourists to Japan have attracted considerable attention in the Japanese tourism sector. In particular, tourists from Asia, China in particular, are increasingly recognized as an important target group. To accommodate the demands of foreign tourists, the tourism industry must investigate the satisfaction and preferences of such tourists, as well as the challenges encountered by both tourists and gastronomy sectors. By comparing the responses of tourists with those in the service sector, this study identified future tasks for inbound tourism. This study focused on tourists from Hong Kong and Taiwan. In a parallel questionnaire, employees of restaurants in Kanazawa City were interviewed. The results of the survey on tourists from Hong Kong and Taiwan were compared with the results from non-Asian tourists. A significant difference was observed as regards the communication between tourists and staff (i.e., the language barrier) between the two groups. In addition, the level of satisfaction on Wi-Fi Internet access is the lowest amongst all the survey items regardless of the tourists' nationality.


ABSTRACT This article is in response to the article titled Redefining Social Work for the New Millennium: Setting a Context, by Dr. Roberta Greene. I have come to view social work as a profession that seeks to enable others not just the poor and undeserved, the opportunity to better understand and navigate any situation that causes them stress or presents some type of barrier to their health and well-being.


In Reference 1, a practical application of the special properties of a class of matrices called chain matrices is made to obtain numerical solutions of partial differential equations of the elliptic type. In this communication, we wish to present an application of these matrices to the study of the problem of obtaining numerical solutions of parabolic partial differential equations. This method is not proposed as a general method for obtaining a numerical solution to parabolic equations, for its limitations are obvious. Its use, however, does allow us to obtain some interesting theoretical results


Background: As per schedule Y (Drugs and Cosmetics act 1940: Amended in 2016), cosmetics are defined as "articles intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed on, introduced into, or otherwise applied to the human body or any part thereof for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance." Cosmetovigilance is a public health surveillance on cosmetic products with a public health objective.

Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of cosmetic use among 2-year undergraduate students in a tertiary care hospital.

Materials and Methods: After approval from Institutional Ethics Committee and informed consent from the participants, a cross-sectional, semi-structured, prevalidated, and questionnaire-based study was conducted by the Department of Pharmacology, Guntur Medical College, Guntur, among 2-year undergraduate medical students.

Results: Out of 250 participants, the response rate was 87%. Among them 61% were females. 54% of the participants were aware of the different ingredients of cosmetics. About 65% had knowledge about harmful ingredients. The ill effects of cosmetics were known only by 31%. Internet was the source of information for most students (60%). Only 30% of students agreed that cosmetics can cause skin reactions. About 50% of students convinced that the use of cosmetics can improve self-confidence. Majority of students (65%) shared information about cosmetic hazards occasionally. Rarely, very few participants (42%) had the habit of reading labels before buying them.

Conclusion: Knowledge about cosmetics use was good among undergraduate medical students but the awareness regarding harmful effects was comparatively less. In the present scenario, as cosmetic use is more prevalent; hence, it is necessary to educate medical students about the risks of cosmetics.


Ozonation on the phenols present in pyrolytic aqueous phases attained from biomass thermochemical conversion was evaluated. During ozonation, the dark color of original samples was found to decrease as a function of ozonation time. The oxidation kinetics of phenols was quantified by a method based on the color changes of samples. The oxidation profiles showed different behaviors and in some cases the phenols presented a positive correlation with the relative R color parameter, except eugenol, syringol, and vanillin which were markedly different. Finally, the color changes observed seem to be associated with the changes in the overall content of phenols and with the change in the molecular weight of the heavy fractions that include lignin oligomers.


Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) in endothelin-3 (ET-3) null (fi/fi) knockout mice and ET A receptor (fi/fi) mice were measured using the servo null pressure measuring technique under halothane anaesthesia. In infant ET-3 (fi/fi) mice (2‐3 weeks old), mean BP and HR were 55‡2 mmHg and 436‡30 beats/min respectively. These values were not dierent from those in age-matched wild-type mice (53‡3 mmHg and 430‡18 beats/min respectively). Baroreflex sensitivity, which was calculated as the slope of the relationship between systolic BP and RR interval on an ECG, was also similar in ET-3 (fi/fi) mice (0.84‡0.20 ms/mmHg) and wild-type mice (1.07‡0.38 ms/mmHg). ET A receptor (fi/fi) mice were obtained by caesarean section on the expected day of delivery and tracheotomized, so that they would live for more than 24 h. Mean BP and HR in ET A receptor (fi/fi) mice were 15‡1 mmHg and 333‡6 beats/min respectively. These values were not dierent from those in age-matched, similarly treated wildtype mice (16‡3 mmHg and 308‡10 beats/min respectively). Baroreflex sensitivity in the newborn ET A receptor (fi/fi) mice (0.45‡0.15 ms/mmHg) and wild-type mice (0.31‡0.06 ms/mmHg) were very low compared with the values in infant wild-type mice, but not dierent between the mutant mice and their littermates. Moreover, HR in awake ET A receptor (fi/fi) mice (396‡13 beats/min) was not dierent from that in wild-type mice (409‡13 beats/min). These results show that the ET A receptor and ET-3 are not involved in cardiovascular regulation, at least during the very early life of the mice. A possible involvement of the ET A receptor in BP regulation, if any, seems to occur at later times and/or in some pathological settings.


During the Ninth International Congress of Human Genetics which was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 16 to 18 August 1996, a group of experts under the coordination of the authors discussed at length the state of medical genetics in Latin America. The facts and ideas presented at the meeting, which was sponsored by the Human Genetics Program of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Maternal and Child Health Program of the Pan American Health Organization, are examined in this document under three broad headings. The first verses on the history and current status of medical genetics in selected Latin American countries. This is followed by a discussion of the general features of medical genetics in the Region and by a final section of recommendations for promoting medical genetics in Latin America.


Studies of framing effect in risky decision-making played an important role in rational deci- sion-making. There might be significant age-related changes of framing effects. Previous studies mainly had three findings: first of all, participants with different ages showed little differences in framing effect; Next, framing effect became larger with the increasing age; Finally, participants' decision shifted from bidirectional to unidirectional framing effect with age increased. We reviewed the complicated relationships between framing effect and age, under the construct of neural correlates, cognitive processing style, dual information processes and the modified prospect theory; Moreover, we supposed that the increasing advantage of proc- essing emotional information, especially positive emotion might be the key reason of age-related changes in framing effect.


The integration of meaningful and effective reflection interfaces with learning technologies remains an open yet important challenge. In this paper, we describe the incorporation of several interfaces for reflection into Mechanix, an interactive system for creating tangible simple machine designs. We also discuss the results of early user studies that demonstrate the potential of these interfaces to engage children in reflection and facilitate transformative shifts in understanding.


The paper concentrates on Marx's critique of religion especially from the view of it's anthropological point. It uncovers that the center of Marx's Critique is "man creates religion, not vice versa – religion the man" and that the critique of religion is the core of all the critique. It concentrates on the Marx's critique of Feuerbach´s religion of an abstract man" and consequently Hegel's "absolute Spirit", that should create the history. However we learnt that for Marx a man is the real subject of the human history. A man no abstract, but always concrete in his material relationship with the nature and with other people. The paper tries to point out the false and biased interpretations of the intentions of Marx and a man of history generally only from the material point of view. One of the main moments was also the critique of the relationship of religion – ideology, which leads to the display of the closure of forms of religion with the actual form of human production. Next point is that Marxs´s critique notices mainly the self-exterioration in religion, the relationship of religion and ideology. The religious world is only a reflection of the real world. The conclusion is interpretation of Marx´s philosophy as the interest in the man and realization of his potential.


Significance Our work addresses the long-standing issue of the relationship between mathematics and language. By scanning professional mathematicians, we show that high-level mathematical reasoning rests on a set of brain areas that do not overlap with the classical left-hemisphere regions involved in language processing or verbal semantics. Instead, all domains of mathematics we tested (algebra, analysis, geometry, and topology) recruit a bilateral network, of prefrontal, parietal, and inferior temporal regions, which is also activated when mathematicians or nonmathematicians recognize and manipulate numbers mentally. Our results suggest that high-level mathematical thinking makes minimal use of language areas and instead recruits circuits initially involved in space and number. This result may explain why knowledge of number and space, during early childhood, predicts mathematical achievement. The origins of human abilities for mathematics are debated: Some theories suggest that they are founded upon evolutionarily ancient brain circuits for number and space and others that they are grounded in language competence. To evaluate what brain systems underlie higher mathematics, we scanned professional mathematicians and mathematically naive subjects of equal academic standing as they evaluated the truth of advanced mathematical and nonmathematical statements. In professional mathematicians only, mathematical statements, whether in algebra, analysis, topology or geometry, activated a reproducible set of bilateral frontal, Intraparietal, and ventrolateral temporal regions. Crucially, these activations spared areas related to language and to general-knowledge semantics. Rather, mathematical judgments were related to an amplification of brain activity at sites that are activated by numbers and formulas in nonmathematicians, with a corresponding reduction in nearby face responses. The evidence suggests that high-level mathematical expertise and basic number sense share common roots in a nonlinguistic brain circuit.


An adaptive intra-refresh (IR) technique is proposed for low-complexity video encoding on resource-constrained wireless platforms. The IR decision is made upfront without requiring any pre-encoding, which significantly reduces the complexity and power consumption in real-time communication. To allow upfront mode decision, a novel closed-form solution is provided requiring no algorithmic iteration or exhaustive searches. The IR scheme adapts to multiple factors including the content texture information, the frame-to-frame pixel-value variation, and the estimated channel loss probability. The macroblock-based refresh can be performed using various patterns (i.e., cyclic, random etc.). Experimental results demonstrate superior performance of the adaptive scheme over fixed schemes at all channel loss rates


Inadequate yield, and the generation of nonspecific Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) products can complicate fingerprinting studies of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Application of the technique can be troublesome and time consuming to establish the optimization of the PCR. To ensure that the results will be consistent, reproducible and to amplify true genetic variation, RAPD-PCR conditions must be optimized. In this study, the ability of PCR to enhance the specificity and yield of amplication was evaluated. A significant enhancement of PCR yield had been improved by the elimination of nonspecific PCR product, thereby promoting successful results. This study also showed that the PCR conditions used could be applied in RAPD-PCR analyses of Macrobrachium rosenbergii.


We consider a single electron traveling along a strictly one-dimensional quantum wire interacting with another electron in a quantum ring capacitively coupled to the wire. We develop an exact numerical method for treating the scattering problem within the stationary two-electron wave function picture. The considered process conserves the total energy but the electron within the wire passes a part of its energy to the ring. We demonstrate that the inelastic scattering results in both magnetic asymmetry of the transfer probability and a turnstile action of the ring on the electrons traveling separately along the ring. We demonstrate that the inelastic backscattering and / or inelastic electron transfer can be selectively eliminated from the process by inclusion of an energy filter into the wire in form of a double barrier system with the resonant energy level tuned to the energy of the incident electron. We demonstrate that the magnetic symmetry is restored when the inelastic backscattering is switched o?, and the turnstile character of the ring is removed when the energy transfer to the ring is excluded for both transferred and backscattered electron waves. We discuss the relation of the present results to the conductance systems based on the electron gas.


The problems related to the phenomenon of education have given rise, in the current historical moment, to growing interest, marked by the general structural crisis of the material production of the form of sociability conducted by capital, which results in profound crises in varied instances of society. This results in the need to surpass, in the educational field, old unilateral visions of contemporary educational phenomena. Independent of the place which it is given from a social and historical point of view, the social complex of education is constituted, from the ethical-ontological perspective of Georg Lukacs, as a rich, complex and contradictory fact, which it is not possible to approach without a solid theoretical-methodological basis.


The effect of varying the jet exhaust's ratio of specific heats, gas constant, and temperature on airplane afterbody drag was investigated. Jet exhaust simulation parameters were evaluated also. Subsonic and transonic tests were made using a single nacelle model with afterbodies having boattail angles of 10 deg and 20 deg. Besides air, three other jet exhaust gases were investigated. The ratios of specific heats, gas constants, and total temperatures of the four exhaust gases ranged from 1.40 to 1.26, 287 to 376 J/kg-K, and 300 to 1013 K, respectively. For steep boattail angles, and transonic speeds and typical turbojet pressure ratios, the current data indicate that the use of air to simulate a dry turbojet exhaust can result in an overprediction of afterbody drag as high as 17 percent of the dry turbojet value.


Acquisition of TRM by a cooling assemblage of identical monodomain grains involves a transition from superparamagnetic to blocked behavior over a narrow but indefinite range of temperature. Blocking temperature may, nevertheless, be precisely defined by comparing the blocked magnetization, after cooling, with the curve of equilibrium magnetization against temperature. At the blocking temperature TB the relaxation time τ of the magnetization is of the same order as the cooling time constant θ, which is the time required for τ to increase by a factor e. An approximate analytic solution of the differential equation for magnetization in a cooling system gives for TB:e (TB)/kT = 1n(1.78Cθ) where e is the activation energy for rotation of magnetic moments, k is Boltzmann's constant, and C is the frequency factor (∼1010 Hz). Because e varies with temperature, the cooling time constant θ is given by 1/θ = (1/kTB)(de/dT - e/TB)dT/dt. The 95% blocking interval is about 7.2θ. For steady cooling it is reasonable to assume θ to be constant through this interval; small deviations from constancy have a negligible effect upon TB. In small external fields the variable grain geometry to be found within a real assemblage can be incorporated in a parameter e0, which is the activation energy at O°C. Curves of e0 against TB for magnetite and haematite, at cooling rates from 6°C per minute to 3°C per million years, show that (1) a change in e0 by a factor of 2 corresponds to 12 orders of magnitude change in cooling rate and (2) for a broad distribution of grain sizes a large proportion of the size range will acquire their magnetization within 100°C–200°C of the Curie point. Using these curves, blocking temperature in cooling assemblages can be related to laboratory demagnetization temperatures; the differences are greater at slower cooling rates and lower temperatures and tend to zero as the Curie temperature is approached. Intensity of magnetization should increase by a few percent for each order of magnitude decrease in cooling rate. Magnetization acquired at temperatures near the Curie point should dominate in a chemically homogenous monodomain assemblage with a broad spread of grain sizes. Possible tests of the theory and its application to the determination of cooling history are discussed.


With the popularization of mobile Internet devices, more and more teenagers use smartphones. The use of mobile phones can not only bring convenience to young people, but at the same time, improper use and dependence may also lead to the risk of addiction and harm the physical and mental health of young people. With the development and influence of positive psychology, the meaning of life plays an important role in preventing adolescents' psychological and behavioural problems. Individuals with a high sense of life are less likely to become addicted to mobile phones. Based on this, it is possible to prevent and alleviate the problem of mobile phone addiction by enhancing the sense of life, improving self-control, and paying attention to positive psychology and group counselling interventions.


The strong experimental evidence for neutrino oscillations is one of the most exciting recent results in physics. Results obtained in the SuperKamiokande, K2K, SNO and KamLAND experiments are presented. A summary of the future experiments and of the most important measurements concerning the neutrino oscillations is given. The neutrino absolute mass scale, their mass hierarchy and character (Dirac or Majorana particles) are open questions of vital importance. The current and future � � � � ( ) � e �


This paper is a practical guide to the stages of brand market entry in overseas countries. It is written for the smaller exporter showing how to write an effective entry market strategy without the budgets of multi-national companies. The first stages are basically desk research. The penultimate stage is to go to the country to build an understanding from bottom-up of the market to marry with the top-down analysis of Stages 1 and 2. The author concludes that understanding the rules and the opportunities can be clearly understood, but no amount of study can substitute for the basic steps of observing, breathing and thinking the market.


The phrase 'if it bleeds, it leads' reputedly drives editorial policy in some electronic media outlets. In other words, if the story is graphic and involves bloodshed, then it is likely to attract more airtime. To a certain extent, the 'if it bleeds, it leads' maxim also extends to the attention devoted to intra-state conflict by academia, NGOs, states and international organizations. Certain cases and certain issues attract more attention than others. For example, the issue of 'spoiler violence', or violence that deliberately attempts to undermine peacemaking processes and peace accords, has benefited from relatively generous academic attention. Other issues that are no less pressing, and which have a tremendous potential to affect the quality of life of millions of people in conflict-torn areas, attract less attention. By far the largest causes of death in war-affected areas are public health failures. The civil war in the Democratic Republic of Congo has claimed up to four million lives over the past decade. Rather than battlefield deaths, most of these fatalities have been the result of disease and malnutrition as the state has failed to provide public heath care or maintain sanitation and related infrastructure. The key point is that in our rush to concentrate on acute political violence, we may overlook the structural or chronic violence that bedevils many deeply divided societies, including some Commonwealth states. Such chronic violence often takes an indirect form. Rather than the direct violence of shootings and bombings, indirect violence is deeply embedded within social structures and processes in deeply divided societies. It is often latent rather than proximate and may not always be visible to the observer. It includes sectarianism, intimidation, and the militarization of society, all of which have the potential to limit life opportunities, puncture the public optimism needed to seal any peace accord and trigger the recidivism that could drag a state back towards a full-scale civil war. This issue of The Round Table uses contemporary cases from Commonwealth societies to illustrate the risks of indirect violence and chronic conflict. Robert Muggah's state of the art survey of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration mainly concentrates on the period after a ceasefire or peace accord has been signed in intra-state wars. While such transition periods may be marked by an absence of direct violence, the mere presence of large numbers of former combatants and their armaments will shape the environment in which peace is to be forged. As Muggah makes clear, the demilitarization of militarized societies is much more than a technical exercise. Instead, it is a long-term, expensive and incredibly delicate endeavour. Moreover, as important as the demilitarization of armed groups and their weapons is the demilitarization of the political culture of the war-affected state. The presence of armed groups, even if on ceasefire, can impact upon the distribution The Round Table Vol. 94, No. 379, 173 – 175, April 2005


Tourism is an activity of economic importance at a global level, and at the same time, it is a strategic area for a country that knows how to exploit it, which requires immediate attention in the Saquisili Canton to publicize its natural and cultural attractions. The design of a tourist guide, with elements of editorial design, was proposed due to the need of tourist communication by visual means which was socialized to the GAD Canton that tends to inform and encourage the visit of national tourists. The project also contributed to the visual identity of the Saquisili Canton highlighting the possibilities of exploring non-visited places, through the promotion of the main natural and cultural attractions. The cultural tourism focused on showing the traditional trade fairs, and the natural attractions as recreational spaces with a diversity of flora constitute perfect scenarios for a conscientious adventure tourism that take care its preservation and conservation. Graphic design invites to explore and make rational use of resources for future generations to strengthen the development for the benefit of its population.


In the context of a supplier and a retailer supply chain, the marketing efforts of the retailer have a significant impact on market demand. But due to the asymmetry of information, the supplier can not observe the behavior of retailer, and thus moral hazard may exist, which will affect the coordination of supply chain. Based on this, this paper analyzes the profit games between supplier and retailer based on Principal-Agent theory. By comparing the linear contract under the symmetric information with asymmetric information, as well as with the linear contract added external, internal control signal. This paper analyzes the effects of different parameters on agency cost and expected revenue of the supplier. Finally, this paper also analyzes the complementary role of implicit contracts to explicit contracts on the premise of bounded rationality and uncertainty.


Polyamines are group of plant growth regulators with low molecular weight and different hydrocarbon groups, almost found in all living organisms and involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including embryogenesis, root formation, the formation of pollen and floral, early fruit development and response to the stresses. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of various concentartions of polyamines (0, 50, 100, 200 µM ) and NaCl (0, 50, 100, 200 mM) on morphological traits and plant secondary metabolites of Lilium ledebourii Bioss under in¬-vitro condition tissue culture laboratory of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. Experimets were done by compolately randomized design with factorial arrangment with 5 replications. The results of mean comparison revealed that Espermine at rate 100 µM significantly affected morphological traits including plant lenght, number of leaves, scales, fresh weight, callus and the amount of chlorophyll. However, the maximum scales. leaves and roots lengths, were obtained at 50 µM Espermine treatment. The highest proline content was obtained in media containing combination of 100 µM Espermine and 50 mM NaCl. The results of mean comparison revealed that Putriscine at rate 100 µM significantly affected morphological traits including plant, root and scale lenghts. The results also revealed that the highest leaf number, bulblet diameter and chlorophyll content was found in Control. However, the highest bulblet number, fresh and callus weight was obtained at 50 µM Putriscine treatment. The result also showed that the highest proline content was obtained in media containing combination of 100 µM Putriscine and 100 mM NaCl. The results showed that the highest Flavonoid levels in all three wavelengths (270, 300, 330) was belong to media treted by combination of 50 µM Espermine and 50 mM NaCl. Moreover, the highest phenol and anthocyanine content was found in media combination of 100 µM Espermine and 50 mM NaCl. Mean comparision also revealed that the highest Flavonoid levels in all three wavelengths (270, 300, 330) was belong to media treted by combination of 100 µM Putriscine and 50 mM NaCl. Moreover, the highest phenol and anthocyanine content was found in media combination of 100 µM Putriscine and combination of 100 µM Espermine and 50 mM NaCl respectively.


A thorough understanding of fundamental parameters, such as transient and time-averaged gas and solid velocities, is helpful for designing and manipulating the gas-solid jetting fluidized beds. In this study, a new two-fluid model developed in our group is used to investigate numerically the gas and solid velocities in the gas-solid jetting fluidized beds by adding the user-defined Fortran subroutines in the platform of CFX 4.4, a commercial CFD software package. Simulation is carried out in a two-dimensional fluidized bed 2.0 m high and 0.3 m wide equipped with a nozzle in the centre at the inlet. Resin, belonging to Geldart B Group, is selected as the solid material. The numerical results show that the solid movement is predominantly upward in the center of the bed, whilst it is primarily downward in the outer region of the bed. Particles exchange between these two regions across their neighboring boundary. Gas interchange between the jet and the emulsion phase becomes obvious with the jet evolution. The time-averaged distributions of gas and solid velocities in the bed are greatly influenced by jet gas velocity, and the effect of the static bed height can be ignored. These numerical computations provide helpful information for designing and scaling up the jetting fluidized bed.


BlackRock's 2019 letter to its shareholders, statements by the Business Roundtable, and the theme of the motes recent World Economic Forum meeting in Davos, basing the company on value creation for stakeholders, provide more than enough evidence that stakeholder theory is now widely accepted in the business world. Harrison, Phillips and Freeman himself (Harrison et al., 2020) recently offered further evidence of this change in perspective and concluded that one of its main implications is that there is a need for a broader range of means of measuring stakeholder-oriented corporate performance. If the corporate purpose shifts from generating value for shareholders to generating value for a broader variety of stakeholders, the two-dimensional (double-entry) perspective of today's accounting needs to be widened to a more multidimensional view of performance, that can reflect value holistically. Economic/financial accounting cannot meet the information requirements of stakeholder theory. In the absence of a concrete system of information, therefore, stakeholder theory could easily fall foul of Jensen's 'problem of governance'. Whether the principal is only the shareholder (as in agency theory), or a set of stakeholders (multi-fiduciary theory), the problem of agency could be aggravated; and the manager (the agent) would have exclusively control of the system for justifying goals and interests. Introducing stakeholder theory in companies without stakeholder-oriented accounting will allow managers to act on this premise. Stakeholder theory itself and the associated problem of non-governance therefore pose a serious challenge to traditional accounting and necessitate its extension. The purpose of this article is to propose how and why this should be done and what for purpose.


Isabelle and NuPRL are two theorem proving environments that are written in diierent dialects of ML using diierent formula syntaxes and diierent logical foundations. In spite of this, they have similar sets of basic theories, representing the same mathematical concepts. This paper presents the design of an automated converter from Isabelle into NuPRL that allows sharing formal knowledge between these two provers. Such sharing eliminates the need for reproving the same results in diierent systems and opens the door to joint work on large veriication projects.


 Sensitive data has to be protected from the public.  A strong encryption algorithm is required for protecting images.  Computing speed is growing, making algorithms vulnerable to attacks.  An enhanced AES-CBC algorithm is evaluated for the encryption proposed.  The algorithm satisfied the required standards and passed all tests. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) has become an attractive encryption method for high security and fast implementation. The encryption algorithm is approved as a standard for widely-used communication and data processing units. However, the advance in technology and the introduction of quantum computers made the encryption scheme vulnerable to attack. Different attack procedures are continuously developed to attack end decrypted important and sensitive data. This paper evaluated an enhanced Advanced Encryption System operating in Cipher Block Chaining mode, suggesting a promising solution for resisting future attacks. The approach depends on a time-dependent initialization vector that produces the initialization vector block depending on the epoch time without sharing any encryption key. The evaluation process includes correlation analysis, global and local Shannon entropy analysis, chi-square analysis, histogram analysis, and differential analysis. The results showed that the enhanced encryption scheme is reliable and can resist most cyber-attacks without exposing any encrypted data to the public. The results were compared with previously published and tested algorithms and found to satisfy and exceed the minimum requirement. So, the encryption method can be implemented safely in future communication channels or used in the file encryption process. A R T I C L E I N F O Handling editor: Jawad K. Ali


Because ice shelves respond to climatic forcing over a range of time scales, from years to millennia, an understanding of their long-term history is critically needed for predicting their future evolution. We present the first detailed reconstruction of the Larsen C Ice Shelf (LCIS), eastern Antarctic Peninsula (AP), based on data from sediment cores recovered from below and in front of the ice shelf. Sedimentologic and chronologic information reveals that the grounding line (GL) of an expanded AP ice sheet had started its retreat from the midshelf prior to 17.7 ± 0.53 calibrated (cal.) kyr B.P., with the calving line following ~6 k.y. later. The GL had reached the inner shelf as early as 9.83 ± 0.85 cal. kyr B.P. Since ca. 7.3 ka, the ice shelf has undergone two phases of retreat but without collapse, indicating that the climatic limit of LCIS stability was not breached during the Holocene. Future collapse of the LCIS would therefore confirm that the magnitudes of both ice loss along the eastern AP and underlying climatic forcing are unprecedented during the past 11.5 k.y.


Renal afferent nerves mediate activation of the sympathetic nervous system and hypertension in rats with unilateral renal artery stenosis (2K1C-HTN). However, the central neural structures that mediate this response are unclear. The organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), has also been implicated in the regulation of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and sympathetic activity in preclinical models of hypertension. We tested the hypothesis that afferent renal nerves and the OVLT share a common neural pathway required for the development of 2K1C-HTN. Two experiments were conducted.
 1:
 Male rats (n=5-9) were implanted with telemeters to measure MAP. 1-week later they received a clip on the left renal artery and were subjected to afferent renal denervation (ARDN) by periaxonal capsaicin (2K1C-ARDN) or sham (2K1C-sham) treatment of the clipped kidney.
 2:
 Male rats (n=6-8) were subjected to lesioning of the OVLT (OVLTx) or sham operation. 1-week later telemeters were implanted and 7 days later the left renal artery was stenosed by application of a silver clip. In both experiments, MAP was measured continuously for 6 weeks, and water intake (WI) was measured once a week. Neurogenic pressor activity (NPA) was assessed by measuring the peak MAP response to ganglionic blockade.
 EXPT 1 Results:
 At the end of the protocol, MAP was 165±5 mmHg in 2K1C-sham compared to 131±10mmHg in 2K-1C-ARDN rats (p<0.001). WI increased in 2K1C-sham rats peaking at 110±13 ml/day at week 2. In contrast, WI was markedly reduced in 2K1C-ARDN rats at this same time point (41±3 ml/day). NPA was increased in 2K1C-sham (-50 ± 4 mmHg) but was reduced in 2K1C-ARDN (-25 ± 3 mmHg) rats (p<0.05).
 EXPT 2 Results:
 At end of the protocol MAP was 162±6 mmHg in sham-2K1C rats compared to 135±8 mmHg in OVLTx-2K1C rats (p<0.001). WI peaked at 74±9 ml/day in sham lesion-2K1C compared to 52±9 ml/day in OVLTx-2K1C rats at week 2 (p<0.05). NPA was increased in sham-2K1C rats (-51 ± 3 mmHg) but was reduced in OVLTx-2K1C rats (-31 ± 4 mmHg) (p<0.05). Since both ARDN and OVLTx attenuated MAP, WI, and NPA similarly in 2K1C rats, we hypothesize that afferent renal nerves and the OVLT are linked in a common neural pathway required for the development of hypertension following renal artery stenosis.


The Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation for rigid and saturated ferromagnets is derived using a two-continuum model constructed by H.F. Tiersten for elastic and saturated ferromagnets. The relevant basic laws of physics are applied systematically to the two continua or their combination. The exchange interaction is introduced into the model through surface distributed magnetic couples. This leads to a continuum theory with magnetization gradients in the stored energy density. The saturation condition of the magnetization functions as constraints on the energy density and has implications in the constitutive relations.


March 1, 2006 is an important date in the history of the Hungarian Higher Education, as the new LXXX/2005 Act on Higher Education is effective from this date. The new act is the final step of approximately 15 years of reform, which has accelerated in the last five years. A large part of the system renewal originates from the Bologna Agreement, adopted by the Ministers of Education in 1999, but the reform covers a much broader area than just the system of education and training. One of the main objectives of the reform is to give opportunities to Higher Education Institutes (HEI) to be more competitive, responsive as well as being constructive members of the European Education (and Research) Area. Under the framework of the National Development Plan, the Human Resource Development Program of nine universities in two consortia has developed a normative process model in order to focus on organisational and procedural innovation. In the first phase of the project, more than 40 innovative solution we developed. The second phase was devoted to normative model development. Since the HEIs are in a competitive situation, the adaptive phase will be conducted separately based on a common model.. The common model will guide not only the adaptation, but also serves as a basis for decision support to the Ministry of Education. The overall objective of the development is complex. First, Hungarian higher education has several positive traditions, which are worth preserving. Second, the competition assumes sustainable growth. Third, a dynamic equilibrium is also an achievable objective. The financing of resources on one hand, and the taskoriented income on the other need a dynamic equilibrium. The overall strategic focus will be applied to performance management, organisational innovation, ERP, innovative technologies in education, strategic human resource management and the link between academia and the labour sector. The key strategic action is active portfolio management. Portfolio management covers a mix of educational programmes and research projects, including building the life cycle of innovation. An integral part of portfolio management is dynamic international co-operation. ALADIN is a very good initiative under which educational and research activities can be organically implemented in the strategy of the Corvinus University of Budapest. The regional aspect will be enhanced in the feedback of the labour sector to academia; innovative technologies will be used in the development and use of joint curricula. Corvinus University of Budapest is fully engaged in the co-operation on a win-win basis, and ALADIN gives an excellent example and basis for doing this. Contributions of ALADIN to eRegion Development: The University of Graz Perspective


tion of change with evil and immutability with good' (p. 100). As Pettersen says elsewhere (p. 89), mutability for Athanasius can imply perfectibility, as well as the possibility of sin and death. This statement intrigues this reviewer, for it opposes the interpretation Christopher Stead presents in a 1983 article (The Freedom of the Will and the Arian Controversy' in Platonismus und Christentum: Festschrift fur Heinrich Ddrrie, Munster, 1983, p. 250). There Stead places Athanasius within a theological tradition that places responsibility for the introduction of evil into the world on created human nature's inevitably fallible faculty of choice, despite the fact that this conclusion is based on the false assumption that choice always decides between good and bad alternatives. Previously Gregg and Groh had also discussed Athanasius' negative view of human free will in an examination of polemical themes in the Life of Anthony, in Early Arianism: A View of Salvation (Philadelphia, 1981, pp. 131-159). It does seem as if a discussion of asceticism would require a more positive assessment of human capabilities than that needed in a discussion of the incarnation and the reasons why it was undertaken. Nevertheless, Pettersen's analysis might have benefited from a consideration of some of the literature that discusses divine and human free will in the Arian controversy. Pettersen's study reveals a solid grasp of the Athanasian sources and states its views with clarity and eloquence. Indeed, the forcefulness with which Pettersen presents his interpretation invites further questions of the sort expressed in this review, and for this reason I found Athanasius and the Human Body a stimulating spur to scholarly reflection. More importantly, in composing this essay, Pettersen has not only given a compelling exposition of the views of a central patristic theologian, buthas also articulated avision of the Christian hope that can and should be held by all Christians today.


The excitation functions and recoil characteristic of the target fragments have been studied from the interaction of gold with 8 2,12 1,16 2,20 0 and 24 2 MeV/nucleon 40 Ar ions using nuclear chemical techniques.The possible formation mechanisms for various reaction residues are discussed on the basis of the recoil characteristic.Variation of the cross sections from heavy target residues with energies of 40 Ar ions is indicated.


Thin films exhibiting high nonlinear optical responses can be promising candidates to achieve super-resolution. Chalcogenide based layers are studied using the Z-scan technique employing 13.5 ns, 1064 nm laser pulses.


Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices Test (RCPM) was administered to 894 normal healthy adults who were randomly selected in six Italian cities and in the Republic of San Marino. Gender, age, and education significantly influenced overall test performance, and performance on different RCPM subsets. Findings from this large random sample provide demographic corrections to test scores for use in clinical practice.


| The classiication performance of a neural network for combined six-band Landsat-TM and one-band ERS-1/SAR PRI imagery from the same scene is carried out. Diierent combinations of the data | either raw, segmented or ltered |, using the available ground truth polygons, training and test sets are created. The training sets are used for learning while the test sets are used for veriication of the neural network. The diierent combinations are evaluated here.


Sustainable Land Management in the Tropics – Explaining the Miracle, by Kees Burger and Fred Zaal. Hampshire, UK, Ashgate, 2009. ISBN: 978-0-7546-4455-2


From shortly after we are born, each of us lives with 10 times as many microbial cells as human cells in our bodies. The metabolism of human cells influences that of microbial cells and vice versa. For that reason, the collection of microbial genes (the microbiome) has been called "the second human genome."

The microbiome has …