*Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 913 North Rutledge Street, Springfield, IL 62794, U.S.A., †Department of Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China, ‡Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq, §Institute of Translational Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, 102 Luojiajing Road, Chenzhou 423000, P.R. China, ¶Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University Graduate School at Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China, and ‖Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Memorial Medical Center, 751 North Rutledge, Springfield, IL 62781, U.S.A.


Housing policy can be a response to various kinds of factors such as the nature and the scope of the housing problem, the economic, technological and social resources available. Thus, housing policies are very different as between different countries. Yet, there is no accepted model for the application of the ultimate policy objectives. The purpose of this paper is to review the Korean housing policies and to propose the policy directions. There are four types of housing policy model: ideological, economic, social, and political approach model. In Korea, housing policies have been formulated dominantly by the central government. And the central government distributes housing resources according to the government initiated plans, which is considered as typical approach of developing countries. In other words, housing resources are allocated by the central plannings. In that sense, housing policy model of Korea is totally distinct from the other countries. In this paper, housing policy model of Korea is defined as "Government Initiated Planning Model." It is important to have a clear, well defined policy model in order to cope with housing problems effectively and to provide policy directions. In other words, in depth discussion should be made regarding to the various type of policy model.


Liberation theology has played an important role for overcoming structural violence. Originating in Latin America, the movement continues to expand throughout the developed and developing world. Marxism and liberation theology share similar philosophies – showing preferential option to the poor. While many Marxists may believe that a solution to structural violence is alienating violence through justified revolution, the chance of success is limited. Liberation is a process, not an event. This essay identifies an alternative to liberation: applying the teachings of John Rawls and applying the Suffering Servant model of Jesus Christ. When we apply the Veil of Ignorance and the Difference Principle to liberation theology, we can realistically implement a system of equity in juxtaposition to the goals of a Marxist. ENDING STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE 3 ENDING STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE: A RAWLSIAN APPROACH TO LIBERATION THEOLOGY Liberation theology has played an important role for overcoming structural violence. Originating in Latin America, the movement continues to expand throughout the developed and developing world. Marxism and liberation theology share similar philosophies – showing preferential option to the poor. While many Marxists may believe that a solution to structural violence is alienating violence through justified revolution, the chance of success is limited. Liberation is a process, not an event. This essay identifies an alternative to liberation: applying the teachings of John Rawls and applying the Suffering Servant model of Jesus Christ. When we apply the Veil of Ignorance and the Difference Principle to liberation theology, we can realistically implement a system of equity in juxtaposition to the goals of a Marxist. OUR GLOBAL REALITY / STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE We live in a global reality where wealth and poverty have never been higher. Numbers of our global reality reflect a tiered stratification that continues to widen. Forty percent of humanity (nearly 2.6 billion people) is impoverished, surviving on less than two dollars a day. Every year, malaria claims the lives of nearly one million children. The AIDS epidemic accounts for one of the greatest health concerns to humankind (affecting more than 40 million people) with the vast majority of those infected and without treatment in the developing world. Around the world, approximately 10 million children die before the age of five due to lack of prevention, treatment, and protection from violence, poverty, and disease. More than half a million women die negligently in childbirth each year. The developed world continues to exert ecological destruction, carbon emissions, and pollution on the earth – creating widespread public health concerns and natural disasters that disproportionally and explicitly devastate the world's ENDING STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE 4 vulnerable and poor. Violent conflicts and wars such as the Iraq War have displaced and killed millions of people. The results of such tragedies have currently created a global diaspora of more than 8 million refugees and 23.7 million internally displaced persons (United Nations Human Development Report, 2007/2008). While the poverty of the world's majority escalates, so does the wealth of an elite few. The gross domestic product of the world's forty poorest countries is less than the combined wealth of the world's seven richest individuals (United Nations Human Development Report, 2007/2008). Despite the 20 th century's modern advances in medicine, the health of the poor remains in shambles. The public health crises of the 20 th century, against the backdrop of modern medicine, reflect a failure to prevent and treat the maladies of the world's majority despite the resources to do so (Farmer, 2005). Paul Farmer's book Pathologies of Power addresses the disparities between existing medical technology and those who receive access to it. With the global spread of HIV and a plethora of other rising infectious diseases over the last twenty years, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) have helped establish structural measures within the developing world to enforce ―austerity measures‖ to promote ―fiscal responsibility.‖ Consequently, these institutional policies have resulted in a charitydependent state that cannot spend its money on food, shelter, or healthcare for its own people (Farmer, 2005). The United States' African Growth and Opportunity Act is another policy that allows African countries to receive American aid and debt relief only if the nations agree to give up all key assets to private U.S. companies and cut public spending. This effectively keeps the African nations in a continuous poverty-stricken state of foreign dependency with self-serving strings attached to every donation. This arrangement disables the receiving nations from forming their own self-sustaining social programs (Monbiot, 1999). One of the greatest injustices done is ENDING STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE 5 that poor countries are increasingly being forced to comply with the World Trade Organization's (WTO) rules that limit the people's access to reasonably-priced, generic drugs for diseases like AIDS or malaria (Farmer, 2005). Farmer further elaborates on the differences between medical ethics in the developed world and the developing world. Medical ethicists usually focus on topics that relate to euthanasia, issues in palliative care, and Hippocratic privacy. Farmer points out that we rarely apply these medical ethics to questions of providing a ten-dollar drug to save the life of a suffering child in Haiti. He poses the question: When will they be a part of the discussion? (Farmer, 2005) Farmer further describes the plight of those affected by the above statistics: ―Their sickness is a result of structural violence: neither culture nor pure individual will is at fault; rather, historically given (and often economically driven) processes and forces conspire to constrain individual agency. Structural violence is visited upon all those whose social status denies them access to the fruits of scientific and social progress‖ (p. 1686). What is structural violence? The Work Trauma Foundation defines structural violence as the ―intentional use of power and/or organisational systems and structures or laws against an individual or entity (employer, management, shareholders, employee, group of employees, client, government, unions) to carry out a covert or unethical agenda, enforce change or indulge in unfair practices to the disadvantage of the affected individual or entity‖ (n.d). A revision to this definition would also include an unintentional use of power to carry out unfair practices against an individual or entity. Such a use of power can be considered structurally violent if it compels alienation and obstructs societal participation in a non-alienating structure. ENDING STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE 6 In Pathologies of Power, Farmer (2005) begins by critiquing the human rights community and its disproportionate emphasis on civil and political rights over social and economic rights. He makes the point that the right to vote is completely undermined if the voter is HIV positive and without access food or medicine. How much does the right to vote matter to a person who is sick or starving? This call for material equity is now being vocalized after decades of silence from human rights and humanitarian organizations (i.e., the Nobel Peace Prize health groups Doctors Without Borders and Physicians for Human Rights are just now beginning to campaign for universal access to medicine). Farmer further criticizes the human rights community by saying that while human rights groups usually do an excellent job at identifying and criticizing human rights abuses, they fail to criticize the structural institutions that create and galvanize them. They attempt to seek justice by addressing the ―symptom‖ instead of the actual root ―pathology‖ of injustice. This bears resemblance to our modern-day human rights groups condemning the woefully inadequate health conditions in the developing world without condemning the social institutions (IMF, World Bank, WTO) whose policies helped create and maintain these conditions. This leads to Farmer's central thesis of his book: the lack of social and economic rights (rights to health, safety, nourishment) is the result of ―structural violence‖ produced by the misallocation of structurallyalienating institutions. He calls for a new way to address the healthcare disparities by seeking to re-arrange our social institutions. This re-arrangement must empower the poor with the socioeconomic liberties they need to fully exercise their civil and economic liberties. To begin the transformation that Farmer calls for, we must build a new philosophical shift of consciousness. What has been the underlying philosophy galvanizing structural violence? Buck-Morss' demonstrates in her essay ―Hegel and Haiti‖ that it is a historical philosophy that, ENDING STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE 7 while offering lip service to liberty, actually serves a zeitgeist of exclusion and alienation. She points to the philosophers of the Enlightenment and their views of slavery as an idea that based liberalism around freedom. This did not include those such as the slaves of Haiti into the discussion. Although ideas of freedom were integral to the time, she points that philosophers of the Enlightenment (i.e. Locke, Hobbes, Kant, and Rousseau) historically and epistemically overlooked the reality of slavery's expanded role in the economy of their time. Her thesis represents the need to unify isolated, binary conceptions between ideas and histories. She calls for an expansion of this synchronism to identify and develop universally applicable theories that promote a pragmatic reality. In doing this, she seeks out the ideas of historical revolutionary praxis as a source of hope. This leads to the conclusion that while the history of integrating history and theory for countries su


Introduction Serpentine is an important hydrous phase in the hydrous peridotite layer of the descending slab, and one of the high pressure polymorph of serpentine, antigorite, should be the most important hydrous phase to discuss the transportation of water into the Earth's interior. The single crystal X-ray diffraction in the diamond anvil cell, done by [1], showed an abnormal compression behaviour of antigorite. At pressures above 6 GPa, antigorite displays a significant volume softening. This compression behaviour change was proved with calculations by [2]. Recently, [3] found a slight discontinuity in the evolution of the elastic modulus near 7GPa by Brillouin scattering measurement, and they defined this discontinuity as a phase transition. However, there exist few data on high temperature EoS of antigorite, and the effect of the high temperature on the phase transition of antigorite around 7GPa remained unclear. We reported P-V-T data of natural antigorite, which were measured in situ by using energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction in a cubic type multi-anvil apparatus, MAX80, PF-AR, KEK.


X-ray diffraction is important for analyzing crystals and their structures. Since the simulated diffraction patterns are costly, surrogate models are developed to enable fast time-to-solution. However, surrogate models produce slightly different output from the ground truth (simulation). Understanding and exploring these differences easily is an important topic for materials scientists. Visual comparison of these differences is difficult because diffraction spots are often very sparse and occupy few pixels in the images. In this work, we propose to use Voronoi-based tessellations to enhance visualizations of diffraction patterns. We propose to use this method for exploration of individual images as well as for visualizing the differences between the emulated and simulated outputs. We use Cinema-based viewers for exploration of the analyzed output. Domain expert feedback is provided to validate the utility of the proposed visualization and exploration system.


Endocytosis of bacteria by epithelial cells in the hindgut of 4- to 6-day-old cod (Gadus morhua L.) larvae and of 10- to 12-day-old herring (Clupea harengus L.) larvae was demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Fixed sheep erythrocytes and bacteria-sized latex particles were not ingested by these cells. By immunohistochemical methods intact bacterial antigens were observed in columnar epithelial cells in the foregut of 4-day-old yolk-sac larvae of cod. In these cells a preferential uptake of Vibrio fischeri and Vibrio salmonicida cells as compared to Flavobacterium sp. was found. The possible role of these findings in the establishment of an indigenous microflora, defence against pathogens or nutrient absorption in fish larvae is discussed.


Perception and the image - theoretical perspective on Caribbean migration three islands - Jamaica, Barbados and St Vincent the micro-environments of migration migration and the propensity for migration evaluations of work, education and modernization in migration behaviour accessibility and mental images.


Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of early enteral nutrition and nursing in severe acute pancreatitis patients.Methods Thirty patients with severe acute pancteatitis were selected,and intubated nasointestinal tube was placed into jejunum of each patient.The effectiveness and side effects were evaluated.Results All 30 patients were cured and discharged from hospital.Conclusion Enteral nutritional is safe and can decrease the financial burden of patients in treatment of severe acute panceatitis.


It was May 2000 when I was first employed as a nurse in the Anesthesiology Department and I clearly remember how strongly the equipment used in clinical practice had attracted my interest. Monitors, ventilators, infusion pumps and similar devices rendered my workplace a hi-tech environment and made me enthusiastic about their clinical application. Until one day 3 months later, when I administered intravenously an opioid drug at an infusion rate of 50 mL/h, instead of the desirable one of 5 mL/h. Fortunately, my serious error did not critically harm the patient; however, my enthusiasm was spontaneously turned into fear and anxiety when I realized the high risk for adverse events associated with equipment use. When a few years later I decided to investigate nurses' perceptions about technological equipment, I found that nurses with <5 years of experience were more positive than more experienced ones about the advantages of equipment use, but at the same time they were more concerned about increased risk from errors and felt increased stress when using technological equipment and devices (Kiekkas et al., 2006). Previous authors have highlighted the Janus-face of technology, that is, the potential for both benefits and risks according to its use, as well as for patient-care outcomes that range across all possibilities (Barnard, 2000; Almerud et al., 2008). Because the employing of technological equipment use has become an integral part of daily nursing practice in the intensive care unit (ICU), identifying how nurses perceive technology is of primary importance. In most studies, participants' responses generally reflect a tendency towards positive benefits for patient care (Noh et al., 2002; Kiekkas et al., 2006; Wikstrom et al., 2007). By embodying scientific progress into nursing practice, devices ensure higher care effectiveness and patient safety, easier and faster completion of nursing tasks and decreased workload. They are also considered to expedite the role of nurses, offering the potential for improving their knowledge, clinical skills and professional prestige (Wichowski, 1994; Kiekkas et al., 2006; Laila et al., 2011). Although nurses tend to overestimate the positive advantages of technological equipment (Almerud et al., 2008), existing studies reveal that they are also well aware of disadvantages and risks associated with its inappropriate use. Increasing complexity of devices renders them difficult to handle and raises high risks for human errors and mechanical faults, which may seriously compromise patient safety (Kiekkas et al., 2006; Wikstrom et al., 2007). In a recent study, a leading source of critical incidents occurring in seriously ill patients was owing to handling of equipment, accounting for 30% of incidents (Welters et al., 2011). In particular, faulty equipment, unfamiliarity with or incorrect use of equipment, disconnections and leaks were reported as major causes of these incidents. With regard to devices, infusion pumps have been reported as the most commonly involved in critical incidents occurring in intensive care or high dependency units, followed by ventilators, haemofilters and monitors (Thomas and Galvin, 2008). It is also worth noticing that 3% of these equipment-associated critical incidents resulted in increased length of ICU stay, permanent harm, life-threatening conditions, or even contributed to patient death. Besides patient harm, repeated induction and high complexity of new devices, along with limited time and training for mastering their use, could be a serious cause of stress for nurses, or even of technophobia, which refers to unreasonable fear about technology (Bucknall and Thomas, 1997; Kiekkas et al., 2006). In addition, the fact that equipment is usually purchased and controlled by physicians could possibly favour medical dominance, restrict autonomy of nursing profession and reduce nurses to technicians (Barnard, 2000). Concerns have also been expressed that technology may attract attention of personnel away from patients and minimize nurses' role as empathetic touchers (Barnard, 2000; Alasad, 2002). It can further constrain holistic care and lead to dehumanization, as devices render patients measurable objects whose psychosocial needs are ignored (Barnard and Sandelowski, 2001; Almerud et al., 2008). It is thus obvious that technology misuse can compromise both objective aspects and subjective qualities of care. How can critical incidents attributed to equipment be prevented? Technology can never substitute human judgement or skills and is neither good nor bad per se; it is only as good as the user is knowledgeable about its use (McConnell, 1998). For example, pulse oximetry has allowed more reliable and earlier oxygen desaturation detection, resulting in decreased incidence of hypoxemia. However, its appropriate use entails much more than simply reading oxygen saturation values. Nurses must know how pulse oximetry works and what it measures, be capable of correctly interpreting its readings, be


A group of 38 patients (50 eyes) was studied. Their ages were between 50 and 81 years and they were treated with 1 % solutions of Mintacol Solubile (= Mintacol 1:6000), as a rule, three times daily, for periods ranging from six months to ten years (mean 27 months). All the patients had been treated with pilocarpine or pilocarpine-eserine for various periods prior to MintacoI therapy. The mintacol group included many cases of very advanced glaucoma. For statistical analysis it was necessary that the reference group also included many of these cases. The pilocatpine-eserine group, described in Paper I, met this criterion, and was thus selected as the control group.


Objective:To lay the groundwork for germplasm resources conservation, and to build of quality specifications of germplasm.Method:To study on three populations of psammoilene tunicoides W.C.Wu et C.Y.Wu from kunming,Heqing and Zhongdian by RAPD analysis. Results:Genetic diversity within populations is rich,and difference among populations is great.Conclusion:While conserving germplasm resources, it should to pay same attention to genetic diversity within and among population.


BACKGROUND: The Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act prioritized provision of vocational rehabilitation (VR) services to young adults with disabilities, reinforcing the importance of assisting young persons with disabilities to prepare for and engage in employment. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this investigation was to examine patterns of provision of career and work-based learning interventions to young SSI recipients. METHODS: This investigation was accomplished through analysis of case service data of 1,646 individuals who participated in a multiyear program designed to improve educational and employment outcomes. Discrepancies in career and work-based learning interventions were examined based upon age, gender, disability type, parent employment status, parent education level, and youth and parent expectations about work and education. RESULTS: No differences in interventions were observed by gender, age at enrollment, or type of disability. Affirmative expectations about going to work or attending college after completing high school were associated with higher mean intervention scores for some types of career and work-based learning interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that gender, age, and disability did not contribute to differences in provision of services to young SSI recipients. Additional findings underscore the importance of fostering youth and parent expectations about youth engaging in work after completing high school.


The present study reports a reconstruction scheme for f(T) gravity considering the scale factor in the power law form. The equation of state parameter has been studied for this reconstructed model along with the deceleration parameter and the statefinder pair {r,s}. The statefinder trajectory has been found to interpolate between dust and ΛCDM phase of the universe. Cosmological evolution of primordial perturbations has been studied through scalar metric fluctuations and finally the reconstructed f(T) model has been tested for its consistency with the generic expansion of the universe.


The author treats the interaction of incident photons with an atom in a Weisskopf-Wigner theory on an arbitrarily large Hilbert space defined by some arbitrarily weak important-state hypothesis. It is shown rigorously that the solution describing the interaction of arbitrarily many incident photons in an arbitrary initial state of coherence or incoherence with an atom in any initial state can be 'composed' of simpler elements, namely: amplitudes of one free photon, amplitudes of spontaneously emitted photons, and amplitudes of photons emitted in a resonance fluorescence process after the absorption of one, two,... incident photons. The composition law is applied to some problems in the interaction of a single atom with a coherent beam of incident photons.


This paper focuses on a third arm of statistical development: statistical thinking. After surveying recent definitions of statistical thinking, implications for teaching beginning students (including non-majors) are discussed. Several suggestions are given for direct instruction aimed at developing "habits of mind" for statistical thinking in students. The paper concludes with suggestions for assessing students' ability to think statistically. While these suggestions are primarily aimed at non-majors, many statistics majors would also benefit from further development of these ideas in their undergraduate education.


Abstract The recovery of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) based biopesticides from fermented sludge broth via cross-flow microfiltration (CFMF) was evaluated. Three types of microfiltration membranes, WX-model cellulose, cellulose acetate, and polyethersulfone, were tested for their permeate flux and restoration capacity. The cellulose acetate membrane with a pore size of 0.8 μm was selected for further process optimization and modeling of CFMF. Under optimal conditions, the permeate flux could be greater than 20 l/m2/h if the retentate contained was less than 100 g/l. The spore and crystal proteins recoveries were found to be 99 and 95%, respectively. The standard hydraulic resistance-in-series model was used to determine the parameters of CFMF of Bt fermented sludge. The results demonstrated that CFMF was effective for Bt based biopesticide recovery from fermented sludge.


With a wide variety of easily-accessible internet tools, social media have revolutionized the way people access, create and share information. Apart from facilitating social networking, these online platforms are also considered critical enablers of professional competence development, with perceptions of their use in promoting learning – in a domain like journalism – gaining currency. Using Rwanda as a case study, this article explores students' attitudes towards social media use in professional learning and how these predict their self-efficacy for online journalism work. Empirical data was gathered from mass communication students from five Rwandan universities (n=143), who completed a researcher-constructed 'online journalism self-efficacy' (OJSE) survey. Descriptive findings indicated that the students are highly efficacious in most online journalism skills. Inferential statistical analysis demonstrate that the students' beliefs, feelings and actions regarding social media as professional learning tools, significantly correlated with the students' online journalism self-efficacy. The results disconfirm the null hypothesis that negate the existence of a significant relationship between these variables. In light of the study's results, educators need to leverage the students' positive social media attitudes to enhance and innovative student-centred teaching and learning approaches – where learners harness the affordances of the social media tools for their professional growth.


A 55-year-old man attended A&E complaining of right-sided loin and flank pain of 36 h duration that had recently begun to radiate to the right groin. Observations revealed sepsis and microscopic haematuria, while examination confirmed tenderness in the areas mentioned above. Surprisingly, however, subcutaneous emphysema was also noted, specifically in the right groin and hemiscrotum. The patient was resuscitated successfully with fluids and antibiotics and subsequently underwent emergency unenhanced helical CT (UHCT), the first-line investigation for cases of suspected renal stone disease in our institution. What is your differential diagnosis? What is the diagnosis shown on the UHCT performed in our institution? What radiological investigation(s) would you have chosen?


Abstract: Studies of GPS data carried out before and after the great Wenchuan earthquake of Ms8.0 on May 12, 2008 show that anomalous crustal movements occurred before the earthquake. Data from 4 pre-earthquake observation sessions at a dense network of stations show that there were prominent broad-ranged long- and mid-term anomalies in horizontal displacements and strain and in vertical displacements. Data from the fewer-numbered reference stations of continuous GPS observations since 1999 in West and South China showed short-term preseismic anomalies in horizontal displacements. The detection of co-seismic horizontal displacements at these stations supports the existence of the pre-earthquake anomalies. Results of single-epoch solutions of data from continuous-observation stations near the epicenter also show large imminent anomalies in vertical displacements. Although the Wenchuan earthquake was not predicted, these results give a strong indication that GPS should be the main observation technique for long-term, mid-term, short-term and imminent earthquake predictions.


Abstract. Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies have acquired significant attention in the modern industry due to their versatility in creating custom-designed components with complex shapes utilising multiple materials with minimal material waste. Moreover, the full potential of AM technologies relies on creating meta-materials, structured materials with distinctive mechanical properties designed for specific purposes and optimised throughout various regions of the structure. For instance, it is possible to design topology-optimised structures through periodic lattice cells by varying the cell types, dimensions or relative volume fractions [1]. In this way, structures with graded or separate regions can be manufactured in one single manufacturing process, significantly reducing the design-to-production time and allowing a rapid iteration and design optimisation [2]. As previously mentioned, lattice structures are formed by a unit cell properly repeated with an ordered topology to achieve desired mechanical properties. Amongst the different cell types, thanks to its simple configuration and ease of print with AM technologies, the Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) structure is frequently used [3]. Several studies are present in the literature to predict and evaluate the behaviour of this cell type analytically, numerically and by experiments showing its excellent specific mechanical properties [4]–[6]. This paper investigates the mechanical properties of additively manufactured structures, comparing experimental results with numerical simulations conducted using various modelling approaches, including a full 3D model, a simplified 1D and 2D approach, and homogenized models. At first, the mechanical properties of a lattice BCC structure are considered, followed by the investigation of a sandwich structure featuring a lattice core. At this stage, the skins and the core are 3D printed in Polylactic acid PLA; the lattice core structure is composed of BCC unit cells. Finally, the mechanical performances of the AM structures are compared to assess the accuracy and reliability of the different modelling approaches.


1. The response of plasma renin activity to frusemide 40 mg given intravenously, was examined before and after oral propranolol 160 mg daily for 7 days in normal and hypertensive subjects.


In Australia the agricultural industry is experiencing major trading difficulties. The project reported here was undertaken to investigate means of streamlining the operation of a major national supplier of farm input products with the objective of decentralised selling with centralised cost‐effective support services and nationally centralised order processing. The preliminary logistics audit is described including supply chain analysis, inventory management, order processing and freight/distribution. Analysis of this led to detailed recommendations. The many recommendations were implemented by the company during the year of the project′s lifetime – a signal success!


The detailed knowledge of the soot distribution is an indispensible prerequisite for a study of the impact of fluid dynamics on the regeneration behaviour of ceramic fiber coil filters. As shown by experiments and simulation calculations the soot distribution can be reliably predicted with a mathematical model formulated in terms of the structural parameters as well as of the operating conditions. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that besides its effect on the regeneration behaviour the impact of fluid dynamics on the soot distribution must be considered, too.


The effect of monensin supplementation on suckling male dairy calves was studied on a commercial farm. Twenty-eight calves were given monensin supplements from the age of 1 week and compared with a similar group not given monensin. During a 52-day suckling period, the supplemented calves gained 0·12 faster, with little difference in the conversion ratio of metabolizable energy into live weight. During the subsequent 42 days, there was no difference in daily gain, but the supplemented animals were 0·064 more efficient in the conversion of metabolizable energy into live weight.


The results of the study of the Z-pinch and plasma-focus plasmas at presence of the axial C, Al, or Cu wires of sufficient high diameter are discused in this paper. The wire was positioned on the top of the inner electrode of the PF 1000 plasma focus (1.8 MA, IPPLM Warsaw), or at the axis with or without the tungsten or alumine wire array load at the S-300 facility (3 MA, RRC Kurchatov Institute, Moscow), and at the axis of the small Z-pinch Z-150 (50 kA, CTU Prague). The plasma corona around the wire was generated both by the current going through the wires and by the implosion of the wire array or of the current sheath. The experiments showed interesting results often observed in some shots of Z-pinch type discharges - existence of helical structures, two relatively long and stable pinch phases, oscillation of pinch diameter, and back return of the plasma exploding from the pinch. All these observed phenomena can be evolved by spontaneous self-generation and transformation of the axial magnetic field in the pinch during the plasma implosion and explosion. A configuration of axial and azimuthal magnetic field confines the plasma and later transforms or dissipates during a few tens or hundreds ns. A fast transformation of internal magnetic fields can induce a sufficiently high electric field for generation of keV particles and radiation.


The Yangshan gold deposit is located in the Songpan- Motianling gold mineralization belt in the Shaanxi- Gansu-Sichuan triangle area,it is a hydrothermal rock type gold deposit. The ore- forming material sources are complicated including the ore- bearing host strata of Sanhekou Group,Mesozoic granite porphyry and Bikou terrain in the southern deposit area. In general,the ore- forming fluid in the wholeYanshan gold belt is dominated by the magmatic fluid,and finally the meteoric water which added in the late ore- forming stage. The multiple magmatic activities provide the heat source for the formation of gold deposit. Due to the abundant sources of ore- forming materials,heat and fluids,the metallogenic geological conditions are favorable,therefore,there is great potential for prospecting in the deposit area. The metallogenic model is consistent with the " Three- sources metallogenic model" of the gold deposit. The next stage exploration should enhance the study of the metallogenic regularities of the gold mineralization in order to find new orebodies,and enlarge the prospecting scope by the test drilling programme.


A 47 GHz LC cross-coupled voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) employing the high-Q island-gate varactor (IGV) based on a 0.13 ¿m RFCMOS technology is reported in this work. To verify the improvement in the phase noise, two otherwise identical VCOs, each with an IGV and a conventional multi-finger varactor, were fabricated and the phase noise performance was compared. With VDD of 1.2 V and core power consumption of 3.86 mW, the VCOs with the IGV and the multi-finger varactor have a phase noise of -95.4 dBc/Hz and -91.4 dBc/Hz respectively, at 1 MHz offset, verifying the phase noise reduction with the introduction of the high-Q IGV. The VCO with IGV exhibited an output power of around -15 dBm, leading to a FoM of -182.9 dBc/Hz and a tuning range of 3.35% (45.69 to 47.22 GHz).


Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety for the nasal feeding of liqitongbian agreement prescription (home preparation) plus external application of natrii sulfas in critically ill patients. Methods A total of 62 cases of critically ill patients with abdominal hypertension were randomly divided into two groups: 30 cases in the control group which received the conventional treatment; 32 cases in the treatment group which received the convention treatment combined with the nasal feeding of liqitongbian agreement prescription plus natrii sulfas. The intra-abdominal pressure of patients on day 3,7 and 14, and time for symptom alleviation were measured to compare the efficacy and safety between the control and treatment groups. Results The intra-abdominal pressure of the treatment group on day 7 and 14 was significantly decreased compared with that of the control group (t=3.20,4.33,P 0.05); The total efficacy of the treatment group was greater than that of the control group (χ2=7.92; t=4.49,P0.05). However, 4 cases of patients in the treatment showed diarrhea which was cured after the treatment. Conclusions Nasal feeding of liqitongbian agreement prescription plus external application of natrii sulfas could remarkably decrease abdominal hypertension and show no obvious side effects.


Polis's public debate on the phone-hacking scandal "Is it time to get tough on the press?" – highlighted a central tension for British journalists going forward in the days since News of the World shut down, Trisha Audette reports.


A semiconductor device comprising an insulating film substrate (1) having a surface carrying a high frequency semiconductor chip (2) and other circuit elements (3a to 3e) connected to said semiconductor chip (2), wherein said insulating film substrate (1) is bent at B and laminated, and it is moulded with resin (8) to produce a miniaturised package. A metal layer (5b) acts as an electromagnetic shield. The semiconductor chip (2), which operates at microwave frequencies, receives a spacer layer (7) of a lower dielectric constant than that of the moulding resin (8). In other arrangements, the insulating film is folded in a meandering manner or coiled in the shape of a whirlpool. Alternatively more than one insulating film may be used to carry components and connected together before moulding.


The utility model relates to a high-pressure pipe connecting mechanism, in particular to a high-pressure pipe connecting mechanism achieving connection through a cutting sleeve. The high-pressure pipe connecting mechanism comprises a cutting sleeve connector, the cutting sleeve, a nut and a pipe, wherein the pipe is inserted into the cutting sleeve connector, the periphery of the pipe is sleeved with the cutting sleeve and the nut, the cutting sleeve is connected with the inner side of the cutting sleeve connector, the nut is connected with the outer side of the cutting sleeve connector, shallow stripes are arranged on the outer surface of the pipe matched with the inner sealing face of the cutting sleeve, and the inner sealing face of the cutting sleeve is pressed into the shallow stripes. By means of the high-pressure pipe connecting mechanism, effective sealing can be ensured, and the problem that the pipe easily drops out under high pressure can be also solved.


INTRODUCTION Many documents subject to discovery by American courts are located in foreign countries' whose laws prohibit discovery. s In such an instance, American courts have encountered the difficult task of determining whether to order the discovery of such documents in the face of the foreign nondisclosure law. This dilemma is increasingly prevalent, due in part to expanding commercial activity conducted by multinational corporations. A resolution of this discovery conflict requires recognition and evaluation of various interests. The necessity of discovery is often pitted against the legitimate interests of a foreign domicile in prohibiting the disclosure of the requested documents. 3 The Amer-ican court must therefore consider the foreign interests promoted 1. In determining whether to order discovery which violates a foreign nondisclosure law, two preceding problems concerning courts' power to order production must be considered: (1) Does an American court possess the personal jurisdiction necessary to order a party to produce documents located in a foreign country? (2) Does the party to the order have the documents in his control? For the purpose of this article the author assumes that both of these questions are answered in the affirmative. Nondisclosure laws could be categorized as follows: (a) laws requiring an enterprise to keep its records available at all times for local inspection. (b) laws which are designed to protect the confidential nature of business records. (c) laws which forbid the removal of the originals or copies of business documents , if such removal is in response to a foreign government's order. Id. at 296. Category (a) does not present a foreign discovery problem because copies can be sent while the originals remain available for inspection. This article is concerned with categories (b) and (c). For a discussion of various nondisclosure laws, see Societe Internationale v. by the foreign nondisclosure law, as well as the domestic interests promoted by broad discovery. Additionally, the American court must consider the impact of any resolution of this conflict on the litigants. The litigant ordered to produce documents subject to the foreign nondisclosure law is confronted with conflicting demands: to comply with a United States order to produce a document and suffer penalities under a foreign nondisclosure law, or to comply with a foreign government's law prohibiting disclosure and suffer sanctions under American law. Accordingly, the American court must address both the threshold question whether to order the production of documents notwithstanding foreign nondisclosure …


Article history: Received on: 24/07/2013 Revised on: 10/08/2013 Accepted on: 26/09/2013 Available online: 30/09/2013 The conductance of glycine, α-alanine and β-alanine has been measured in the concentration range of 1×10 to 8×10 mol dm in aqueous and aqueous binary mixtures containing D-glucose (5,10,15,20% (w/w)) at different temperatures (298.15-313.15 K). The conductance data in all cases have been computed by Shedlovsky equation to obtain Λm and KA . Based upon the composition dependence of Walden product, the influence of the Dglucose mixtures on the solvation of ions has been discussed. The values of the association constants, KA, are used to obtain various thermodynamic parameters for the association process in the solution.


Seven male patients (age 47–70 years) with congestive idiopathic (n = 4) or ischemic (n = 3) cardiomyopathy of functional class 2 (n = 5) or 3 (n = 2) were investigated. In the control study, cardiac output (Fick principle) and intravascular pressures were measured at rest in the supine position and during three consecutive bicycle exercise levels of increasing severity in the sitting position. One hour later, indoramin (0.09 to 0.17, mean: 0.12 mg/kg) was slowly injected over 10 to 20 min in the supine (n = 3) or sitting (n = 4) position and the same protocol was repeated 15 min later. After drug injection, one patient developed major postural hypotension and exercise data were not collected in this patient; data on six patients are thus presented. At rest, indoramin decreased mean heart rate from 91 to 77 beats/min, arterial blood pressure from 123/69 to 102/61 mm Hg. and mean pulmonary arterial pressure from 26 to 22 mm Hg. The effects of indoramin were similar during the three levels of exercise (analysis of variance). At the highest exercise level, heart rate was unchanged (from 135 to 138 beats/min) and cardiac output was slightly increased (from 8.6 to 9.6 L/min); blood pressure (from 166/87 to 155/78 mm Hg); pulmonary arterial pressure (from 49 to 42 mm Hg): mean capillary wedge pressure (from 31 to 22 mm Hg); systemic vascular resistances (from 1,065 to 863 dynes); and total pulmonary resistances (from 523 to 403 dynes) were all significantly lower after indoramin administration. These preliminary data suggest that, both at rest and during exercise, indoramin is a potent arterial vasodilator devoid of reflex tachycardia; it also lowers the left ventricular filling pressures and partly corrects the hemodynamic abnormalities noted in chronic congestive heart failure. Postural hypotension is a potential problem when the drug is administered in supine position.


In this paper, we find recursive formulas for the Tutte polynomials of a family of small-world Farey graphs, which are modular, and has an exponential degree hierarchy. As applications of the recursive formula, the exact expressions for the chromatic polynomial and the reliability polynomial of Fare graphs are derived and the number of connected spanning subgraphs is also obtained.


A review of the role played by the Boletin de la Sociedad Botanica de Mexico reveals it to be one of the leading scientific publications of long standing tradition in the development of plant sciences in Mexico. In its 50 years of existence, the Boletin has published 396 papers in 54 numbers. When these are evaluated, the preference of authors and the inclination of editors in selecting papers are principally directed toward taxonomic topics, followed by floristic studies, ecology, phytogeography and ethnobotany. An analysis of the last decade (beginning with number 44) shows that one genus and 34 species of plants new to science have described in the numerous taxonomic papers, thus contributing to the knowledge of the diversity of the flora of Mexico.


Abstract : The Navy Remote Ocean Sensing System (N-ROSS) satellite is being developed to supply accurate data on ocean parameters for fleet operations. a Low Frequency Microwave Radiometer (LFMR), a large flexible reflector attached to an angled flexible boom, is a sea surface temperature sensor on this satellite which rotates at 15 RPM. The dynamic interaction between the reflector and the boom, and the effects of the reflector orientation and flexibility on the pointing error of the LFMR during a spin-up procedure are investigated by performing dynamic simulations. Dynamical equations of this flexible multibody system are formulated using Kane's method. Efficient computer simulations were achieved by developing a FORTRAN program and using Dynamic Simulation Language (DSL).


W. H. Bellinger, Jr., who teaches at Baylor University, has written a good introduction to the study of the Book of Psalms. Among the books covered in this review, his is distinctive in its emphasis on the skills needed for reading the Psalms. Chapter 3 of his book is entitled "Reading the Psalms," and in it he calls for careful treatment of the literary features of the texts, with attention especially to awareness of how psalm texts use language to achieve their goals. He suggests that a psalm's rhetoric should be subjected to four questions (p.37): 1. How does the psalm use divine names? 2. What words or phrases does the psalm repeat? 3. How are "loaded" terms, such as "justice," "righteousness," and "steadfast love," used in the texts? 4. What figures of speech (metaphors, images) does the psalm incorporate? The reader also should give attention to such matters as parallel Book Reviews Review and Expositor. 88 (1991)


The insect antijuvenile hormone precocene II (6,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethylchromene) was radiosynthesized, incorporating tritium specifically in the gem-dimethyl group at high specific activity. 7-Hydroxycoumarin was methylated (CH3I/KOH) and then oxidized at 6-position (K2S2O8/NaOH). The resulting 6-hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin was methylated (CH3I/KOH) and reacted with excess C3H3MgI to give precocene II-[2-methyl-3H] at a specific activity of 32 Ci/mmol. This synthetic scheme offers access to radiolabeled preparations of a wide variety of mono- and dialkoxy-substituted analogues of precocene II.


We have been performing fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) for the diagnosis of head and neck tumors, in approximately 200 cases per year, during the past 7 years. In our experience, this diagnostic procedure proved successful in a considerably large proportion of cases, but diagnostic failure was by no means infrequent. In order to further increase the rate of successful diagnosis, an attempt was made, therefore, to perform FNA under ultrasonographic imaging.This new modified FNA is featured by the use of a gelatin mass placed in a transparent plastic framework developed by us. Preliminary phantom experiments were conducted with the gelatin cube, interposed between the skin and a 7.5 or 5MH. probe, through which to introduce the puncture needle. Thereafter, actual patients were examined clinically in otherwise the similar manner.Comparisons of FNA biopsy findings obtained with the use of the gelatin cube and 3.5MHz probe and those yielded with a 7.5 or 5MH. probe applied directly onto the skin led to the following conclusion.(1) With the gelatin cube, clear images of a tumor and the puncture needle throughout its entire length were obtained, whereas ultrasonography failed to visualize the needle to its full length when it was introduced without passing through the gelatin cube.(2) The use of the gelatin cube, since this makes the needle, so to speak, preset to the probe, rendered manipulation easier.(3) A frequency of more than 5MHz was found to be necessary for adequate ultrasonographic imaging, 7.5MHz proving to be more effective.(4) The use of gelatin was demonstrated not to be impedimental to the preparation of sections, their fixation and staining.In summary, our experiences seem to indicate that the method of ultrasonographic FNA biopsy through the gelatin cube, though entailing some cumbersome preparatory steps, will certainly make valuable contribution to the diagnostic evaluation of head and neck tumors, being likely to prove of value in failures of conventional FNA study.


Yu ZH, Chow PH, Pang S‐F. Identification and characterization of 2[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites in the rat epididymis. J. Pineal Res. 1994;17:195–201.


Although software is pervasive, almost all programs suffer from bugs and errors. To detect software bugs, developers use various techniques such as static analysis, dynamic analysis, and model checking. However, none of these techniques is bulletproof.

This dissertation argues that learning from programs and their documentation provides an effective means to prevent and detect software bugs. The main observation that motivates our work is that software documentation is often under-utilized by traditional bug detection techniques. Leveraging the documentation together with the program itself, whether its source code or runtime behavior, enables us to build unconventional bug detectors that benefit from the richness of natural language documentation and the formal algorithm of a program. More concretely, we present techniques that utilize the documentation of a program and the program itself to: (i) Improve the documentation by inferring missing information and detecting inconsistencies, and (ii) Find bugs in the source code or runtime behavior of the program. A key insight we build on is that machine learning provides a powerful means to deal with the fuzziness and nuances of natural language in software documentation and that source code is repetitive enough to also allow statistical learning from it. Therefore, several of the techniques proposed in this dissertation employ a learning component whether from documentation, source code, runtime behavior, and their combinations.

We envision the impact of our work to be two-fold. First, we provide developers with novel bug detection techniques that complement traditional ones. Our approaches learn bug detectors end-to-end from data and hence, do not require complex analysis frameworks. Second, we hope that our work will open the door for more research on automatically utilizing natural language in software development. Future work should explore more ideas on how to extract richer information from natural language to automate software engineering tasks, and how to utilize the programs themselves to enhance the state-of-the-practice in software documentation.


Objective To explore early diagnosis and surgery of upper-segment intraspinal tumors(USIT)of cervical spine. Methods Clinical data of 39patients underwent surgery for USIT of cervical spine were retrospectively reviewed. Results Of the patients in this study,extramedullary tumors accounted for 94.9%,and intramedullary tumors 5.1%.Total tumor resection was 87.2%,and subtotal 12.8%.Postoperatively,the motor function and sensory function of upper and lower limbs,and bladder function were significantly improved compared with before surgery.A last follow-up three months after surgery showed the difference of JOA score between before and after surgery was significant(t=7.346,6.774;P0.01). Conclusion For preoperative diagnosis of intraspinal tumor MRI should be the first choice.A laminectomy and decompression through posterior midline approach can fully reveal the tumor.The prognosis is good in patients with tumor is completely removed.


Given the amplitude of migration in Europe and its potential to encourage or hinder the agricultural development, the general objective of this paper is to assess this possible potential on the long term, within a sustainable development frame of reference. Along these lines, we have built up several scenarios that focus on the agricultural results attained by ten EU Member States mainly targeted by immigrants, throughout the 2020-2025 period (sustainable development extrapolation). We have elaborated a set of indicators and within a panel in order to implement the spatial analysis and structural equation modelling (SEM), as methodological endeavour. The results obtained, verified by testing four hypotheses, show that a positive tendency in terms of increased government agri-innovation support is revealed on the long run, through the economic (labour) migration. Our findings outline that conclusive results of labour immigration could reverse generating unbalances in the agricultural sector. Thus, the need to develop accurate tailored policies is more than necessary by acknowledging the complex problems of the rural areas and those of international migration, as well as the major discrepancies among countries and stronger socio-economic interconnections.


The paper contains an analysis of the status and trends of innovation companies oil and gas industry. The basic problem of innovation in this area: improving the efficiency of geological exploration, mining efficiency with hard stocks in order to enhance oil recovery and gas efficiency further exploration of deposits with remaining reserves of oil in flooded areas, increasing the potential productivity of mediumand low-debit wells, intensification and improvement of the quality of construction of wells deeper than 4 km, increasing the productivity of wells with low-permeability reservoirs.


The most commonly used rationale for the elevation of preservice teacher edu cation from the undergraduate to the graduate level is to reserve the bac calaureate years for the completion of a well-balanced liberal arts education and an academic major. A more defensible and academically respectable course of reasoning for graduate-level preservice teacher education focuses on the inher ent similarities between the traditional characteristics of graduate studies and preservice teacher education. Given these similarities and the potential ad vantages of graduate-level preservice teacher education, Funkhouser argues that the undergraduate status quo may be difficult to defend in the future.


SummaryWe present a compact and robust 10 GHz photonic microwave oscillator using an integrated nonlinear optical repetition rate stabilization mechanism for achieving a phase-noise level of -100, -125, -145, and < -160 dBc/Hz at 100 Hz, 1 kHz, 10 kHz and > 100 kHz, respectively, with an integrated timing-jitter < 3 fs (30 fs) over a 0.01s (1s) measurement time.


ZnS films were deposited by spray pyrolysis at 450 0 C on glass substrates. In order to study the influence of manganese, nickel and copper on the properties of ZnS film, undoped and Mn/Ni/Cu – doped films were synthesized and investigated using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, ultra violet–visible absorption transmission spectroscopy and photoluminescence studies. The absorption coefficient was measured and correlated with the photon energy to estimate the energy gap, which varies with the different dopant. x-ray diffraction analysis revealed the polycrystalline zinc sulphide film with cubic structure and a preferential orientation along (111) plane. The size of the zinc crystallites was determined using the full width half maximum values of Bragg peak. The crystallite size and the refractive index of the films increased when the film thickness increased.


The invention relates to mushroom cultivar compost, which is characterized in that a mushroom cultivar is prepared by means of adding 2%-3% of gypsum powder in fifth-instar domestic silkworm excrement which is taken as a raw material. The invention also relates to a preparation method of the compost. Compared with the existing wheat grain compost, the mushroom cultivar compost has the following advantages that firstly, the silkworm excrement is complete in nutrition of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, hyphae grow vigorously and the coherence is good; secondly, the prepared strains have the particle shape of a wheat grain and are easily dispersed when being sown, and the prepared strains are more difficult to age than the wheat grain; thirdly, the silkworm excrement is utilized in a harmless way, the pathogens in the silkworm excrement are killed, and the silkworm breeding environment is cleaned; and fourthly, the wheat grains are substituted by the silkworm excrement, the grain and feed are saved, channels for raw materials are broadened and the strain cost is lowered.


On board measurement of attitude position, for example roll angle, of autonomous vehicles is critical to the execution of a successful mission. This paper describes a real-time technique, which combines a polarization scanning reference source and a priori knowledge of the scanning pattern. Measurements in an anechoic chamber, as well as, field tests in a busy parking lot, verify the efficacy of the technique, for both line of sight and non-line of sight capability.


Our Worst Hour. From Doughnuts to Diners. My Introduction to Denny's. Beginning Again. The Promises We Made. Leading the Way. Training Our Employees to Be the Best. Procurement: A Fair Share of the Business. Our Franchisees Take Us Forward. New People, New Directions. Celebrating Success. Index.


ated by the attempt to base art history in some way on reliable "scientific"' foundations, on a set of ground rules, on "universal" principles or on recurring formal features. This belief dominated the views of art historians such as Heinrich Wiilfflin, who formidated the problem toward the end of his introduction to his Kiiiistgeschichtliche Gniihlhegriffe: "To define the law of recurring formal features would be the main task ... of a scientifically-based


In the article the role of small enterprise structures in the economy of the Russian Federation is defined, features, advantages and difficulties of small-scale business are designated. The statistical data on the basic indicators of small enterprises activity in Russia are cited, the tendencies of development are defined. By means of an expert method the exogenous and endogenous factors of crisis situations of small enterprises of a woodworking industry are established. The possibility of application of foreign and native models of financial condition identification and forecasting of a bankruptcy probability in economy of small enterprises of a woodworking industry is considered. The approbation of the most known techniques of crisis situations diagnostics on the example of the manufacturing firm is made, inconsistent results are noted. Lacks of foreign and native techniques are considered in detail. It was found out that the use of the considered models is possible at carrying out of preliminary calculations according to the estimation of financial condition of the enterprises, in the absence of requirements to a high level of accuracy or at the initial stages of inspection of the enterprises. The reasons of complexity of known techniques application for identification of a financial state and forecasting of bankruptcy probability are noted: the specificity of Russian economy (selection of indicators, weighting factors and threshold values) and small enterprise structures (short life cycle of the small enterprise, a branch attribute); the limitation of an information about financial and economic activity of the small enterprise. The necessity of working out for small enterprise structures of the woodworking industry of essentially new preventive mechanisms is found out which in the conditions of limitation of information would promote to find out early signs of crisis development with a necessary degree of reliability. The grouping of factors on the basis of synchronization was made, priority advanced indicators which will allow foresee the crisis occurrence at its early stages and to take corresponding measures of preventive management of the organizations taking into account the branch features are defined.


AbstractThe purpose of this research is to know how the efforts made by the Pontianak Supermoto Indonesia Motorcycle Community in Pontianak City in maintaining organic social solidarity among its members. This research method uses qualitative research methods with descriptive research form. The data sources of this research are the general chairman, the chief executive and two members of the Pontianak Supermoto Indonesia Motorcycle Community. The results showed that the efforts made by the Motor Community had a good impact on members regarding maintaining their organic social solidarity in an activity. These efforts make the members of the Motor Community become more connected with strong organic social solidarity. The form of organic social solidarity which is carried out to maintain the social solidarity of members is done by holding division of labor, restitutive laws and interdependence. The three forms of organic social solidarity are efforts to create an atmosphere for the motorbike community to be tighter in maintaining the social solidarity of community members. The efforts of the three forms of organic social solidarity can be seen in communication, cooperation, help, coaching, discipline, sanctions, togetherness and responsibility of the members of the motorbike community.Keywords: Effort, Organic Sosial Solidarity, Motor Community.


Mathematical reasoning skills are a desired outcome of many introductory physics courses, particularly calculus-based physics courses. Positive and negative quantities are ubiquitous in physics, and the sign carries important and varied meanings. Novices can struggle to understand the many roles signed numbers play in physics contexts, and recent evidence shows that unresolved struggle can carry over to subsequent physics courses. The mathematics education research literature documents the cognitive challenge of conceptualizing negative numbers as mathematical objects--both for experts, historically, and for novices as they learn. We contribute to the small but growing body of research in physics contexts that examines student reasoning about signed quantities and reasoning about the use and interpretation of signs in mathematical models. In this paper we present a framework for categorizing various meanings and interpretations of the negative sign in physics contexts, inspired by established work in algebra contexts from the mathematics education research community. Such a framework can support innovation that can catalyze deeper mathematical conceptualizations of signed quantities in the introductory courses and beyond.


Abstract : Radar backscatter from a chaff cloud is examined for the case in which the radar approaches the cloud from above and moves into and through the cloud. The chaff cloud is modelled as a collection of randomly oriented dipoles having a mean volume density that is a function of altitude but invariant in a horizontal plane. The statistics of the chaff echo power when the number of dipoles in the resolution volume is large are reviewed. The impulse response, which approximates the short-pulse radar response, and the radar return signal for a specific range resolution cell as a function of the position of the radar relative to the cloud are derived for several chaff cloud configurations and antenna patterns. Power spectral density functions for range-gated chaff-return signals and correlation functions for the signals following square-law detection are also derived.


A novel topological insulator with orthorhombic crystal structure is demonstrated. It is characterized by quasi one‐dimensional, conducting atomic chains instead of the layered, two‐dimensional sheets known from the established Bi2(Se,Te)3 system. The Sb‐doped Bi2Se3 nanowires are grown in a TiO2‐catalyzed process by chemical vapor deposition. The binary Bi2Se3 is transformed from rhombohedral to orthorhombic by substituting Sb on ∼38% of the Bi sites. Pure Sb2Se3 is a topologically trivial band insulator with an orthorhombic crystal structure at ambient conditions, and it is known to transform into a topological insulator at high pressure. Angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy shows a topological surface state, while Sb doping also tunes the Fermi level to reside in the bandgap. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


Over the years, the urban land markets in Nigeria have been grappling with conflicts between the formal and informal institutions who have remained the dominant players. Despite the provision of the Land Use Act of 1978, which vested in the states, the power to hold and administer all lands within their territorial boundaries, interests are still being transferred informally. These transactions continue defying all risks associated with insecure tenure. The purpose of this study therefore, is to investigate the factors responsible for the choice of households' access to land through informal channels. Data was obtained through questionnaire from 362 land owners and analysed using descriptive statistics and factor analysis techniques. The results revealed that, households' preferences for informal access to residential land are influenced by socio-economic factors with 37.9% variance, inefficiency in the urban land administration with 21.2% and planning and development control issues with 17.7% variations respectively. Thus, the main conclusion of the study is that the predominant influence of these factors on the urban land market will continue to sustain the informality of land access in Minna. The study recommends the decentralisation of land administrative system and reduction in the planning standards to enhanced formal land access. Keywords: Urban Households, Informal Access, Residential Land, Insecure Tenure Factors


Individuals differ in many ways. Most produce few offspring; a handful produce many. Some die early; others live to old age. It is tempting to attribute these differences in out-comes to differences in individual traits, and thus in the demographic rates experienced. However, there is more to individual variation than meets the eye of the biologist. Even among individuals sharing identical traits, life history outcomes will vary due to individual stochasticity, i.e., to chance. Quantifying the contributions of heterogeneity and chance is essential to understanding natural variability. Inter-individual differences vary across environmental conditions. Heterogeneity and stochasticity depend on environmental conditions. We show that favorable conditions increase the contributions of individual stochasticity, and reduce the contributions of heterogeneity, to variance in demographic outcomes in a seabird population. The opposite is true under poor conditions. This result has important consequence for understanding the ecology and evolution of life history strategies.


This paper discusses a computationally efficient method for optimizing aircraft trajectories in a two-aircraft conflict scenario, under a noncooperative setting. It is assumed that the future trajectory of the uncontrolled aircraft is unknown, but that deterministic input bounds are given. Unsafe reachable sets are computed in a game theoretic framework to account for worst case behaviors. Overapproximations of the reachable sets are used as constraints in a convex trajectory optimization program at each time step. We prove the safety property of the optimization program, and address the errors introduced by model linearization through a robustness analysis. Simulation results demonstrate that the algorithm generates collision free conflict resolution trajectories even as the adversary aircraft inputs are drawn randomly from within input bounds.


Despite some remarkable recent discoveries, the Mesozoic fossil record of salamanders remains limited, particularly for the Jurassic. Here we describe the first articulated salamander skeleton from the Jurassic of Euramerica, recovered from Upper Jurassic deposits of the Morrison Formation, Dinosaur National Monument, USA. The specimen was studied using both conventional methods and high-resolution computed tomography. It shows a combination of primitive and derived character states that distinguish it from all known Mesozoic salamanders and which permit the erection of a new genus and species, Iridotriton hechti. The derived states (including the presence of spinal nerve foramina in the tail) suggest a position on the stem of the Salamandroidea. Together with microvertebrate material from Britain, Portugal, and North America, this specimen confirms the presence of both stem- and crown-group salamanders in Euramerica from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) onwards, paralleling their evolution in Central and eastern Asia. This, in turn, provides qualified support for the current vicariance model of salamander evolution whereby basal caudates on an undivided Laurasian plate became separated into two populations by the incursion of the Turgai Sea in the Middle Jurassic, yielding Cryptobranchoidea in Asia and Salamandroidea in Euramerica. (c) 2005 The Linnean Society of London.


players and video captioning software to third-party rendering engines and comment-moderation platforms. This is the central claim of Joshua Braun's remarkable book This Program is Brought to You By ... Distributing Television News Online, which offers a detailed journey through the new digital newsroom, with a unique focus on the 'back-end' business-to-business platforms used in contemporary journalism. The book's central contribution is to rethink, at a deep level, how news circulates in the digital environment, and what 'distribution' means in a context of platforms, crowds and clouds. Based on fieldwork at MSNBC (the US progressive cable news channel formed through a partnership between Microsoft and NBC), Braun's study does an excellent job analysing the changing professional cultures at the intersection of media and information technology (IT) worlds. In a context where 'distribution' increasingly takes place through social media, Braun observes, old arguments about gatekeepers need to be refined and theories of structure and agency rebalanced to take into account the expanded range of technical intermediaries that are involved in this process. His book provides a rich set of tools for thinking through the problem, and it usefully describes the many 'transparent intermediaries' that help to deliver our daily dose of headlines, gifs and videos. Individual chapters examine different parts of this technical ecosystem as observed at MSNBC – such as the MSNBC.com video player, the Rachel Maddow show blog and the Newsvine usercomment platform. (Braun's discussion of the commercial history of the Newsvine startup and its later integration into MSNBC is particularly interesting.) Other chapters focus on the theoretical questions raised by these new developments and technologies. Braun's study is notable for at least two reasons. First, it provides a vivid account of how various everyday newsroom processes – user-comment moderation, video formatting and so on – actually work in practice. Few studies of digital media production can boast this level of technical expertise, and Braun has a remarkable ability to explain complex technical phenomena in everyday language. Second, the book provides a genuinely interdisciplinary perspective on digital journalism debates, combining elements of critical media studies; science, technology and society studies (STS); and communications theory into a new and compelling whole. I found the theorisation of distribution on offer here very generative, in terms of how it links up media studies concerns with parallel debates in fields such as software studies. Overflowing with good ideas, this is a book that puts a new set of problems on the agenda for media and communication studies. I recommend it for anyone interested in where digital journalism research could, and should, go. Ramon Lobato Swinburne University of Technology, Australia


INTRODUCTION
Although the use of cementless implants in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has increased in recent years, there is still ongoing debate regarding the optimal method of fixation. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the evidence regarding cementless versus cemented total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with regard to: (1) all-cause survivorship and aseptic survivorship; and (2) patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) of newer generation TKAs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A systematic review of all reports on cementless TKA published from January 2010 to February 2019 was performed. A total of 221 articles were evaluated and 39 studies met inclusion criteria for final analysis. Metrics evaluated included all-cause survivorship, aseptic survivorship, and Knee Society Scores (KSS).

RESULTS
Modern cementless TKA provides excellent survivorship and patient-reported outcomes as compared to cemented designs.

CONCLUSIONS
Recent studies have demonstrated that newer generation cementless TKAs provide similar functional outcomes and survivorship as compared to cemented TKA. However, additional prospective, randomized trials with long-term follow up are necessary to further compare the outcomes of cementless versus cemented TKA.


Superplastic behavior has been found in Fe 3Al, Fe 3Si, FeAl, Ni 3Al, NiAl and TiAl alloys with large grain sizes (30~600μm). Metallographic examinations show that the average grain size of large-grained intermetallics decreases during superplastic deformation and a much finer grain size could be obtained after superplastic deformation. Electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations show that there are great numbers of subgrain boundaries which form a network and among which the proportion of low and high angle boundaries increases with the increase of strain. The observed superplastic phenomenon is explained by continuously dynamic recovery and recrystallization (CDRR). During superplastic deformation, an unstable subgrain boundary network forms and these subboundaries are absorbing gliding dislocations and transform into low and high angle grain boundaries. A dislocation gliding and climbing process accommodated by subgrain boundary sliding, migration and rotation, enables the superplastic flow to proceed.


(Dated: We demonstrate that ultralight axion dark matter with a coupling to photons induces an oscillating global terrestrial magnetic-field signal in the presence of the background geomagnetic field of the Earth. This signal is similar in structure to that of dark-photon dark matter that was recently pointed out and searched for in [Fedderke et al. Phys. Rev. D 104 , 075023 (2021)] and [Fedderke et al. Phys. Rev. D 104 , 095032 (2021)]. It has a global vectorial pattern fixed by the Earth's geomagnetic field, is temporally coherent on long timescales, and has a frequency set by the axion mass m a . In this work, we both compute the detailed signal pattern, and undertake a search for this signal in magnetometer network data maintained by the SuperMAG Collaboration. Our analysis identifies no strong evidence for an axion dark-matter signal in the axion mass range 2 × 10 − 18 eV (cid:46) m a (cid:46) 7 × 10 − 17 eV. Assuming the axion is all of the dark matter, we place constraints on the axion–photon coupling g aγ in the same mass range; at their strongest, for masses 3 × 10 − 17 eV (cid:46) m a (cid:46) 4 × 10 − 17 eV, these constraints are comparable to those obtained


A constant loop bandwidth fractional-N frequency synthesizer for portable civilian global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers implemented in a 130 nm 1P6M CMOS process is introduced. Via discrete working regions, the LC-VCO obtains a wide tuning range with a simple structure and small VCO gain. Spur suppression technology is proposed to minimize the phase offset introduced by PFD and charge pumps. The optimized bandwidth is maintained by an auto loop calibration module to adjust the charge pump current when the PLL output frequency changes or the temperature varies. Measurement results show that this synthesizer attains an in-band phase noise lower than −93 dBc at a 10 kHz offset and a spur less than −70 dBc; the bandwidth varies by ± 3% for all the GNSS signals. The whole synthesizer consumes 4.5 mA current from a 1 V supply, and its area (without the LO tested buffer) is 0.5 mm2.


The main objective in operating a chemical plant is to improve profit while assuring products meet required specifications and plant operation satisfies environmental and operational constraints. A subobjective that directly affects profit is to improve the control performance of key economic variables in the plant, particularly the production rate and quality. An optimal control-based approach is proposed to determine a set of dominant measurements and manipulated variables and to structure them to improve control of the production rate and product quality. After the dominant variables are identified, a decentralized control structure is designed to control these variables. Then, a model predictive controller (MPC) is built on top of the decentralized control structure. The approach is applied to the Tennessee Eastman Process to demonstrate its effectiveness.


This work presents new insights into how hardmetals with alternative binders as well as cobalt based references react to wear and deformation. The main focus has been on hardmetals for steel turnin ...


..................................................................................................................... IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... V LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... VII LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... VIII ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .......................................................................... IX CHAPTER ONE .................................................................................................................. 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................ 1 1.1.1 Internet Banking ................................................................................................. 3 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT .................................................................................................. 5 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................... 7 1.3.1 General Objectives of the Study ......................................................................... 7 1.3.2 Specific Objectives ............................................................................................. 7 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................ 7 1.4.1 Benefits to Commercial Banks in Kenya ............................................................ 8 1.4.2 The Government................................................................................................. 8 1.4.3 Further Research ................................................................................................ 8 CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................. 9 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................ 9 2.


Introduction and Aims The role of the cholecystokinin B (CCK B )/gastrin receptor in the pancreatic response to a standard meal was investigated in the pig. Methodology Twenty-four pigs were prepared surgically for the collection of the pancreatic juice and an intravenous perfusion. On experimental days, the pigs were perfused with one of two CCK B antagonists (L-365,260 or PD 135156) or the vehicle for 2 hours. We offered them a standard meal 30 minutes after the beginning of the perfusion. The pancreatic secretion was collected for 4 hours starting 30 minutes before the perfusion. Its volume was recorded, and the protein concentrations were assayed. Results Neither antagonist totally abolished the postprandial peak of the pancreatic protein. Conclusions We suggest that the stimulation of pancreatic protein secretion by a meal is not mediated by CCK B /gastrin receptors. Because we previously showed that the CCK A receptor antagonist MK329 was no more able to abolish this response, CCK is probably not responsible for this response.


We present the dynamic evolution of a probe pulse traveling through a cold-atom ensemble composed of a $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-type three-level system interacting with counterpropagating control fields. We numerically demonstrate quantum coherent control of the temporal pulse splitting resulting from atom-field interactions for quantum optical information processing. We discuss the underlying physics using four-wave mixing generation and Bragg-grating reflection.


During the time of late Francoism Spain and USSR did not have diplomatic relationships. Although the two countries had economic and cultural contacts, they were limited. In this context at the end of January of 1969, a group of soviet tourists visited Spain. This event made a very important contribution to the Soviet-Spain relations. It moved beyond the line of just an ordinary visit. The "tourists" had contacts both with highest officials of the francoist regime and with clandestine members of Spanish communist party. On the base of recent declassified materials of Russian archives, this article pretends to put this visit in the context of relationships between URSS and Spain.


Among the various methods to protect potatoes from common diseases, the most economical and environmentally friendly is tuber dressing. Based on the tebuconazole, thiram and benzimidazole fungicides, protectants (in the form of solid dispersions and suspensions) have been developed for use on potatoes against various diseases. The solid-phase mechanochemical modification of selected fungicides with the help of water-soluble polymers made it possible to obtain supramolecular complexes that possessed high biological activity with a reduced dosage of active substances 10 and more times due to their influence on the properties of cell membranes. An alternative approach—the development of stable suspension forms for these fungicides without the use of traditional formative substances (stabilizers, emulsifiers, film formers, etc.)—allowed for the practical use of innovative products in the form of suspension concentrates. The analysis of the quality indicators of the obtained multicomponent environmentally friendly protectants made it possible to select the most promising of them, the biological tests of which indicated a decrease in the number of tubers of patients with dry rot 1.6-2.0 times in comparison with the control variant, and they were also more effective than the standard preparation (Colfugo Super, SC 60) 1.2-1.3 times. The proposed preparations significantly reduced the development of rhizoctoniosis in the period of sprouting 5.8-7.3 times or the plants were completely healthy, and in the budding-flowering stage 2.7-5.5 times. The preparations provided a reliable yield increase, and also reduced the weight percentage of unsuitable tubers and significantly increased the yield of healthy tubers.


The endotoxin of Salmonella typhi, strain 0-901, was isolated by extraction with hypertonic (1 M) sodium chloride solutions and studied by gel-chromatography and light scattering methods. The gel-chromatographic separation was performed on Sepharose 2B, Sepharose 4B and Sephadex G-200 gels, and the fractionated material was monitored by ultraviolet and phenol-sulfuric acid colorimetry as well as by a photometric latex agglutination test. The extracted material consisted of two components: one was the high molecular weight endotoxin and the other a protein-polysaccharide complex of a molecular weight lower than 66,000 dalton. The light scattering experiments of endotoxin extracts showed the average molecular weights from 1.9 to 4.9 million dalton. The separation of the low molecular weight proteinic component was attempted by thermal denaturation, but this had to be abandoned owing to the denaturation and degradation of endotoxin. A high molecular weight endotoxin component was isolated by elution on a Sephadex G-200 column and had the molecular weight of 5.6 million dalton, which was in good accord with the value previously determined for a Boivin extraction sample. The high molecular weight endotoxin sample proved to be a highly polydispersed material. From the estimates of various averages of gyration radii it has been concluded that the particles of this sample have a more compact structurE than those of the Boivin extraction sample, possibly due to the tertiary structuring of polypeptide chains in the protein-lipopolysaccharide complex of the endotoxin particle.


Abstract : Three alternatively spliced forms of the integrin Beta 5 subunit have been identified. Each mRNA splice removes one or more exons from the Beta 5 message, but does not alter the reading frame. Consequently, each splice variant encodes a protein that is lacking domains in the amino terminal portion of the molecule, near the ligand binding site. Each variant of Beta 5 contains transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains that are identical to wild type Beta 5. Analysis of the protein products of each splice variant by immunoprecipitation showed that each variant is translated to protein and expressed on the cell surface. However, the variants of Beta 5 do not dimerize with the Alpha v subunit. This is the first identification of alternative splices in the ectodomain of an integrin that result in the display of a "single subunit integrin" on the cell surface.


In this study, we propose a linearized proximal alternating direction method with variable stepsize for solving total variation image reconstruction problems. Our method uses a linearized technique and the proximal function such that the closed form solutions of the subproblem can be easily derived. In the subproblem, we apply a variable stepsize, that is like Barzilai-Borwein stepsize, to accelerate the algorithm. Numerical results with parallel magnetic resonance imaging demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.


The condyle position is important for the balance of the stomatognathic system. The changes of the condyle position from the normal position can cause Temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Malocclusions may cause condyle position changes at the Temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Treatment of skeletal class II malocclusion is expected to change the position of the condyle into a normal position. The condyle position is measured using two reference lines; Tuberculum sella to Cribiform (TC line) and vertical T line. TC line is formed by tuberculum sella (T) and Cribiform (C); the vertical T line is formed by the line that passing through point T and is perpendicular to the TC line. The angular measurement of condyle is formed by point Condylion (Co)-T-vertical T line and the position of condyle is formed by Co to TC line and Co to vertical T line. This research is cross sectional design study with analytical statistical approach which compared the position and angular condyle from tracings 36 lateral cephalometric radiograph before and after fixed appliances orthodontic treatment in skeletal Class II malocclusion with maxillary pragmatism. The different condyle position in Co-TC line, Co-vertical T line and angular Co-T-vertical T line shows a significant results (P=0.001) in skeletal Class II malocclusion with maxillary pragmatism. The distance of the Co to TC line increased, Co to vertical T line and angular Co-T-vertical T line is reduced after fixed appliances treatment in skeletal Class II malocclusion with maxillary pragmatism. Keywords–skeletal Class II malocclusion, maxillary pragmatism, condyle position, TMJ


The effects of Cd2+,Pb2+single and complex contamination on the two important soil enzyme(catalase,urease) activities were studied in this paper.Then the relationship between contamination degree of the heavy metals and enzyme activity of the soil was found out,on which the enzyme activity of the soil could be as a token of the pollution degree of heavy metals.The results indicated that at certain concentrations heavy metals showed activation effect on the soil enzyme activity but often inhibitory effects occured with the Cd2+,Pb2+ single agent contamination.Influence of Cd2+,Pb2+ complex contamination on the two soil enzyme activities was very different,the compound contamination of Cd2+,Pb2+ on urease activity exhibited synergic inhibitory effect,but exhibited protective effect on catalase activity to some extent.Through the study on influences of the heavy metals to the soil enzymes,the urease activity can be served as the main bio-chemical index to the degree of the Cd2+,Pb2+single agent and complex contamination as well.


Eric Voegelin thought his "paradox of consciousness" was "the key to all his other works," but no one has yet explored it as such a key. "participation" is the central term in Voegelin's philosophy, and the "paradox of consciousness" reveals the paradox of participation: a participant-partner is simultaneously a part and the whole (albeit in a perspective) of a reality of consciousness, like a marriage, a polity, or the cosmos.


The possibility of using Desmodesmus armatus (Chod.) Hegew and Acutodesmus dimorphus (Turpin) Tsarenko algae as fodder substrates for growing Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820) has been investigated. The biochemical composition of algae cultivated in wastewater from a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) fish-farm has been analyzed. It is shown that both algae cultures are characterized by a similar amount of protein - at a level of 50%. The amount of lipids predominates in A. dimorphus biomass and is 21%. In the biomass of both algae, a high carotenodine content of 12 mg/g of dry weight was noted. Also, the nutrient value of Daphnia magna was analyzed in the conditions of co-cultivation with these fodder algae. It is shown that co-cultivation of Daphnia magna with D. armatus allows to obtain daphnia biomass with an increased content of total protein (82.6%) and carotenoids (15,24 mg/g of dry weight). Use of A. dimorphus as a feed substrate leads to an increased accumulation in the biomass of daphnia lipids - 10.3%. The biomass of D. armatus algae is assumed to be used as an optimal fodder substrate for co-cultivation with Daphnia magna.


For the inexact linear programming problem (P) \ sup x∈X inf c∈C c\+Tx, where X={x∈ R\+n :Ax≤b,x≥0},A∈ R \+\{m×n\},b∈ R \+m and C R \+n ,the author presented a dual (D) \ inf c∈C sup x∈Xc\+Tx. Various duality theorems are given,together with the solvability of (P) and (D) .Examples are constructed to explain the results and meanwhile to serve as counterexamples for the main results of some papers listed in the references.


In this paper, word-frequency distribution of JACET 8000 basic words and text statistics were researched to compare and analyze differentials of English compositions (essays) written by native speakers and non-native speakers. As for the native speakers' essays, the Guiraud Index in each Level 2-8 to Average sentence length and Automated Readability Index had higher correlation coefficients. Meanwhile, on the non-native speakers' essays, the index values to Sentence count showed moderate correlation coefficients. It was observed that the productivity and readability of the compositions seem to depend on ranges of basic content words which native or non-native writers have acquired and can use in English. To verify the word-frequency distribution as proficiency rating measurement for non-native speakers, the estimation experiment was carried out based on a multiple-regression model using word-frequency distribution of 68 English compositions written by the non-native writers. The estimated scores of the learners showed a correlation score 0.475 to their actual TOEIC scores. These results confirmed the possibility of the word usage statistics for the objective evaluation of L2 (second language) learners' language proficiency.


ers that were reconvicted; the frequency of reoffending; and the proportion that were reconvicted of a 'severe' offence. The overarching finding was that ETS was effective in bringing about a statistically significant reduction in both the reconviction rate and frequency of reoffending in the year following release from custody for the participants on ETS. Whilst the findings provide support for ETS (and by extension its replacement, Thinking Skills Programme) in custody, a secondary finding of the research was that there was a low adherence to the suitability targeting criteria amongst those prisoners receiving the programme in the period assessed. This suggests that the programme was not always administered to individuals that have been identified as the most suitable group of prisoners, which may be impacting on the efficacy of the programme. On the one hand, stricter application of the targeting criteria could further enhance the effectiveness of the programme in reducing reoffending, but on the other, the significant reduction in reconviction rate and frequency of offending amongst this cohort might suggest that the targeting criteria requires adaptation to officially include those that were found to benefit from it. National Offender Management Service practitioners report that the accuracy of targeting has improved over time, and so a similar evaluation on a more recent cohort might provide greater clarity.


# These authors contributed equally to this paper) Abstract: A multi-glume (mg) mutant was obtained by screening the T-DNA inserted mutant pool. Anatomical observation revealed that the florets of the mutant showed elongated leafy paleas/lemmas and palea/lemma-like structures, just like multi-glumes. Among the 215 observed florets of the mutant, 14.27% were failed to produce pistil and stamens, 23.72% showed extra floret generated on the same rachilla, while 62.01% consisted of one to nine stamens and one to three pistils in a single floret. On the other hand, in some cases the transparent bulged vesile-like tissue could be observed at the basis of filament. The mutant showed glumaceous lodicules, which prevented the florets from opening in natural conditions, while the absolute male and female sterility was an obvious character of the current mutant. Observation on the process of floral organ morphogenesis by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that no phenotype difference in floret primordia was found between the wild-type and the mutant. Meanwhile, for the mutant, the beginning of stamen and pistil primordial differentiation was later than the wild type and the palea/lemma-like structure continued to differentiate after the formation of normal palea and lemma. Furthermore, in the mutant the asymmetrical division of floral primordial caused variation in the number of stamens and pistils. Therefore, the genetic analyses indicated that the mutation phenotype was a recessive trait controlled by a single gene and co-segregated with the T-DNA. Based on the phenotypic characteristics, it could be deduced that the mutant was the result of homeotic conversion from the function of the class E genes in ABCD model.