Interest in studying the status of the Kyrgyz family at the present stage is caused by the unstable situation in society. The socio-economic crisis of the Kyrgyz society, which led to market relations, unemployment, migration and poverty, affected the needs of family members. The mobilization of the family's internal capabilities for survival in a crisis, the preference for material well-being to spiritual values have become the main factors in reducing the value of the family and weakening the status of parenthood. Changes in traditional family values caused social risks that negatively affected the quality of socialization of the individual, the integrity of the family, the structure of family and marriage relations, the status of the family, which led to the dysfunctionality of the institution of the Kyrgyz family. The family is the only historically determined and stable institution of Kyrgyz society that can withstand the destructive and destabilizing situations of society. This requires purposeful strengthening of the social potential of the family, parents, youth and effective family policy of the state.


The solutions to the inverse scattering problems in electromagnetics and acoustics are modified to incorporate prior knowledge of the property dependencies of expected material constitutive parameters; dependencies are built directly into the discontinuous Galerkin method Gauss-Newton inversion algorithm (DGM-GNI). As the expected target materials are known, a relationship between properties (real and imaginary permittivity in electromagnetics, and compressibility, density and attenuation in acoustics) is assumed. This dependence is used to recast the multi-property inversion problems as a single property inversion in each imaging modality, reducing the degrees of freedom and suppressing spurious solutions.


The content of 8 microelements (Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, K and Na) in the powder of Radix Puerariae have been determined by AAS under microwave digestion. The results showed that the recovery is 93.5 %- 103.7 %,and the RSD less than 4.2 %.


The following statements concerning the tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) procedure are true: 1 It is indicated as a first-line treatment of stress urinary incontinence. False 2 The procedure is associated with a lower cure rate than conventional surgery for stress incontinence. False 3 Following TVT,symptoms of urgency are likely to increase. False 4 The risk of de novo detrusor overactivity in patients undergoing TVT is greater in those following previous continence surgery. True 5 Clinically obvious retropubic haematomas occur in 20% of cases. False 6 The risk of major vascular injury is likely to be increased by lateral displacement of the TVT needle. True 7 Operative blood loss following TVT is significantly lower than colposuspension. True 8 Patients should be counselled about the possible risk of deterioration in sexual function following TVT. True 9 The rate of erosion of TVTs is unclear. True


One of the major constraint of a Software Defined Network (SDN) is the limited size of the flow table in the switch. These flow tables are required for forwarding packets to the desired destination. To deliver a packet in SDN, the controller installs flow table rules on the source switch i.e. the switch which connects to the source host, multiple intermediate switches through which the packet will be transmitted, and the destination switch which connects to the destination host. In high traffic scenarios, the flow tables of these switches become full and the flow rules must be repeatedly replaced by the controller. Hiep T. Nguyen Tri et al. proposed a solution for the same, by using an OpenDaylight controller feature that forwards packets to the destination switch directly and install a flow table rules only on it. In this paper we show how a DDoS attack can be instigated on a primary server i.e. the server providing important services like web server, file server etc., present in SDN which uses the abovementioned solution during high traffic scenarios. The attack is instigated by generating huge number of packets with destination IP addresses such that it compels the controller to always choose the switch which connects the primary sever to the rest of the network as the destination switch. The flow table rules are repeatedly installed by the controller into this switch, leading to exhaustion of its flow table space. This blocks the genuine traffic between the primary server and its clients as the flow rules that would service legitimate clients get replaced by flow rules that process this attack traffic.


Based on the data sources of Guidelan,this article makes an analysis of the collection of foreign law journals of Scopus and EBSCO in five "985"universities(Fudan University,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Nanjing University,Zhejiang University and Southeast University).Several problems can be found such as: the number of paper-based foreign journals is not enough,too many duplicates of both the paper-based foreign journals and the electronic foreign journals,the number of foreign core-journals cannot always be guaranteed,the repeated collections of foreign journals are formed by so-called the discipline construction,too many duplicates of foreign law journals in different universities.This article is aiming at making a higher level collection of the foreign law journals in China academy libraries by adopting the following policies: the libraries should give the priority to the subscription of electronic journals,increase numbers and sorts of the foreign core journals,subscribe the foreign journals by considering the discipline construction,optimize the quality of journal collection,cut down the duplicates,boost the level of guarantee,and adhere to joint acknowledge,construction and sharing of the foreign journals so as to upgrade the collection level.


The cookie-cutter-like set is defined as the limit set of a sequence of classical cookie-cutter mappings. For this cookie-cutter set it is shown that the topological pressure function exists, and that the fractal dimensions such as the Hausdorff dimension, the packing dimension and the box-counting dimension are all equal to the unique zero $h$ of the pressure function. Moreover, it is shown that the $h$-dimensional Hausdorff measure and the $h$-dimensional packing measure are finite and positive.


Introduction: Fighter and acrobatic flight pilots are exposed to short-term cerebral hypoperfusion or cerebral ischemia by hypergravity. Preventive therapy against hypergravity stress in pilots has been sought in recent years and needs to be developed in animal models as translational research. In this study, we developed acute hypergravity in vivo models, which can be gravity loaded arbitrarily, and the blood pressure, pulse rate, and hemodynamics over time during gravity loading can also be measured. Methods/Results: In this model, 9w male SD rats were anesthetized with sevoflurane (induction 5% for 4 min, maintenance 3%) by inserting catheters in the left femoral and right carotid arteries. After intraperitoneal injection including medetomidine 0.15 mg/kg + midazolam 2 mg/kg + butorphanol 2.5 mg/kg, the rats were loaded with+1Gz~ +5 Gz for 2 minutes by a hypergravity system (Tommy Seiko, Bio Research Center). We connected the system to the femoral catheter, and we used Labchart Software (ADInstruments) to monitor blood pressure and heart date during gravity loading. Then, we used i-stat(Abbot) to measure biomarkers, including lactate acid, via the right carotid catheter from 1min to 10min after gravity-loading Conclusion: Our acute hypergravity model enables us to monitor hemodynamics during gravity loading and measure the dynamics of biomarkers with short half-lives, such as lactic acid. This model applies to the evaluation of the kinetics of hypergravity-induced oxidative stress, including hydroxyl radicals and facilitate translational research. No Conflict of Interest This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.


Ear recognition system is one among the many evolving cutting edge technologies in the field of security surveillance. This paper presents an ear recognition system based on the Radon transform combined with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for feature extraction, and integration of Multi-class Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Self -Organizing Feature Maps (SOM) for classification. Radon transform is used to extract the directional features of an image by projection of an image matrix for different orientations. The experimental result shows that the verification of an ear recognition system tested on two different public ear databases is accurate and speed. Key-Words: Radon Transform, Principal Component Analysis, Multi-class Linear Discriminant Analysis, Self-Organizing Feature Maps


Toroidal (axially asymmetric) (toroidal) divertors which only cause a weak perturbation of the field in a tokamak are proposed. The divertor parameters are found analytically and by numerical simulations. It is shown that the resonant perturbations of the magnetic surfaces can be made small. Possible applications of these divertors as magnetic limiters, for achieving heliotron conditions, and for use with ac tokamaks are discussed.


Reduced Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams (ROB-DDs), also known as Bryant graphs, are a representation for Boolean functions supporting many eecient operations. Because of this, they have often been used to implement the positive Boolean functions for program analysis. Some ROBDD operations heavily used in program analysis, however, are still rather expensive. The undertaking of the present paper is to develop some more eecient algorithms for a few key ROBDD operations used in program analysis.


With the development of e-commerce, there has been an increase of the conflicts between its evidence and the current law. In order to meet the demand of the development of e-commerce, it is necessary to establish the legal status of the relative evidence.


The effective relaxation time T2e is calculated in the weak-collision case, for identical nuclear spins in the presence of a Mansfield–Ware-4 multipulse sequence. The dipole–dipole, quadrupole, and spin-rotational interactions are taken into account.


Blanket bans of specific treatments have been controversially introduced by some NHS trusts as a means of rationing health care and prioritizing funding for services. This article examines the perceived value conflicts that emerge in relation to blanket bans on specific treatments. Following an initial overview of rationing in contemporary society the needs and wants of given individuals are compared with those of a wider society. Ethical values and philosophical considerations are explored as an analysis of the continuing debate is attempted.


Prior research has explored homelessness and barriers to accessing digital technology. Our study will build on this evidence base by moving beyond a discussion of what technology is used, to better understand how these technologies are used, and the content and nature of communicative practices within homeless communities. This will be done by drawing together two important streams of homelessness research. The first stream focuses on the importance of connectedness for homeless persons. The second stream concentrates on the importance of identity for homeless persons, recognizing the negative impact of homelessness on an individual's self-concept. Through the lens of boundary objects theory, technology-mediated social interaction will be viewed as providing a safe environment where homeless persons and service providers can develop mutual respect. The insights gathered will inform future interventions that aim to facilitate better social interaction among homeless persons, non-homeless persons, and the formal institutions supporting the homeless.


A rolling method for a composite strip of stainless steel and straight carbon steel belongs to the technical field of rolling of composite strips and comprises the steps of preparing materials; pretreatment; blank overlaying; heating and heat rolling; unreeling; cold rolling and heat treatment; and finishing. Leading an initial rolling plate into a cold-rolling mill for cold rolling to obtain a cold-rolling composite rolling plate, then conveying the cold-rolling composite rolling plate into a heat treatment furnace for heat treatment, and controlling the temperature for heat treatment to obtain a cold composite rolling plate; and performing finishing on the cold composite rolling plate and obtaining the composite strip of the stainless steel and the straight carbon steel. The rolling method for the composite strip of the stainless steel and the straight carbon steel has the advantages that the rolling method is short in process procedure and high in rolling efficiency so as to save energy; enables the integral combination effect of base plate blank made of the straight carbon steel and composite plate blank made of the stainless steel to be fully ensured; is high in finished product rate; and can meet the requirements of industrialized amplification production.


A sensor based on selective optical absorption allows monitoring of hazardous engine exhaust emissions such as gaseous hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. The IR components presented here offer the potential to develop a compact, fast and selective sensor reaching the technical and cost requirements for on-board automotive applications. Optical gas monitoring requires light sources above 3μm since most of the gas species have their fundamental absorption peaks between 3 and 6 μm. We report here on resonant microcavity light sources emitting at room temperature between 3 and 5μm. The emitter combines a CdxHg1-xTe light emitting heterostructure and two dielectric multilayered mirrors. It is optically pumped by a commercial III-V laser diode. The principle of the resonant microcavity emitter allows tailoring of the emission wavelength and the line width to fit the absorption band of a specific gas, ensuring a very good selectivity between species. Moreover, this kind of emitter allows fast modulation enabling high detectivity and short response time. We report performances of light sources in the range 3-5μm allowing the detection of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. Association of emitters peaking at different characteristic wavelengths with a single broad band detector allows designing of an optical sensor for several gas species. Sensitivity and time response issues have been characterized: detection of less than 50ppm of CH4 on a 15cm path has been demonstrated on synthetic gas; analysis of exhaust gases from a vehicle has allowed cylinder to cylinder resolution. This optical sensor offers the potential of various on-board automotive applications.


The next generation information systems require access to a large number of simple and complex objects, and inferencing capability is required to utilize such systems in various applications. Current AI and database systems, alone, do not have the capability to handle the demanding requirements of the new and next generation applications. AI systems are strong in reasoning and problem solving but weak in efficiently accessing a large knowledge-base. Database systems are very effective in storage and retrieval of large amount of data, but weak in reasoning. The capabilities of these two areas must be integrated in order to satisfy all information requirements.
Snowy-KBMS, a knowledge-base management system, has been designed as (a) a system to support the new application needs which are expected to grow in their required capabilities and the size of knowledge-base, and (b) a platform for investigating various issues that arise as a result of AI and database integration. Snowy-KBMS provides various capabilities such as modification of a dynamically changing knowledge-base and secondary storage representation of a large knowledge-base structure.
We have also designed a new strategy, called controlled and adaptable attribute search (CAAS), for efficient knowledge-base access. In this strategy, an inheritable attribute, defined in a concept, is replicated in the concept's subclasses which are HTD (Hierarchy Traversal Distance) concepts away from the concept. This strategy will allow a search for an attribute in superclasses of a concept to terminate after visiting a maximum of HTD concepts in each superclass path of the concept. This is in contrast to the two strategies, no replication and full replication, used by object-oriented and knowledge-representation systems. The degree of replication in CAAS determines space/time efficiency. CAAS allows a knowledge-base manager to make the appropriate adjustments. The CAAS mechanism is not system dependent and can, therefore, be used in other object-oriented and terminological-based systems.
We will present the Snowy-KBMS architecture, the CAAS mechanism used to implement inheritance, and the simulation results of the Snowy's infer and insert operations using CAAS.


Simple Summary This review updates recent advances in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy of prolactinoma. Prolactinomas, comprising 30–50% of all pituitary neuroendocrine tumors, frequently occur in females aged 20 to 50 and cause hypogonadism and infertility. In typical cases, female patients exhibit galactorrhea and amenorrhea due to serum prolactin (PRL) elevation, and during pregnancy, they should be carefully treated. During diagnosis, other causes of hyperprolactinemia must be excluded, and an MRI is useful for detecting pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. For the treatment of prolactinoma, dopamine agonists are effective in decreasing PRL levels and shrinking tumor size in most patients. Surgical treatment is recommended for patients who are resistant or intolerant to dopamine agonists. This review also discusses giant and malignant prolactinomas, prolactinoma-associated pregnancy, and new therapeutic approaches. Abstract Prolactinomas comprise 30–50% of all pituitary neuroendocrine tumors, frequently occur in females aged 20 to 50, and cause hypogonadism and infertility. In typical cases, female patients exhibit galactorrhea and amenorrhea due to serum prolactin (PRL) elevation, and patients during pregnancy should be carefully treated. During diagnosis, other causes of hyperprolactinemia must be excluded, and an MRI is useful for detecting pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. For treating prolactinoma, dopamine agonists (DAs) are effective for decreasing PRL levels and shrinking tumor size in most patients. Some DA-resistant cases and the molecular mechanisms of resistance to a DA are partially clarified. The side effects of a DA include cardiac valve alterations and impulse control disorders. Although surgical therapies are invasive, recent analysis shows that long-term remission rates are higher than from medical therapies. The treatments for giant or malignant prolactinomas are challenging, and the combination of medication, surgery, and radiation therapy should be considered. Regarding pathogenesis, somatic SF3B1 mutations were recently identified even though molecular mechanisms in most cases of prolactinoma have not been elucidated. To understand the pathogenesis of prolactinomas, the development of new therapeutic approaches for treatment-resistant patients is expected. This review updates the recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy of prolactinoma.


The invention discloses a method for peeling fresh berries of pepper. The method comprises the following steps of: (1) sorting the fresh berries of pepper; (2) soaking, that is to say, soaking fringes of the fresh berries of pepper in ethephon solution with the concentration of 0.15-0.35% for 5-15 seconds, fishing out and putting into a wooden case; (3) accelerating the ripening, that is to say, putting the fringes of the fresh berries of pepper soaked with the ethephon solution into the wooden case, and storing out of the room for 3-4 days until the fringes are totally yellowed and softened; (4) peeling and washing, that is to say, removing peels and stems by a peeling machine or by hand so as to obtain pepper corns; (5) soaking, and removing residual substances on the surfaces of the pepper corns; and (6) drying to obtain the peeled pepper corns. The method, provided by the invention, has the advantages of simple whole process, easier treatment, short period, and capability of processing peeled pepper corns with better quality in a short time.


Exposure of dilute solutions of ethers in trichlorofluoromethane (freon) to 60Co γ-rays at 77 K gave the corresponding ether cations or derivatives thereof, as judged by their e.s.r. spectra. Dimethyl and diethyl ethers gave the primary cations, the unpaired electron being largely confined to oxygen but with considerable delocalisation onto β-protons. For n-propyl and larger alkyl substituents, hydrogen shifts occur to give alkyl radicals. Several cyclic monoethers gave primary cations again exhibiting very large β-proton hyperfine coupling constants. For example, the oxetane cation had four equivalent β-protons with coupling constants of 64 G. However, ethylene oxide (oxirane) was exceptional, with four equivalent β-protons with couplings of only 16 G. It is suggested that either the orbital on oxygen is switched from the normal π(b1) orbital to the in-plane σ(a1) orbital or ring opening has occurred. For tetrahydropyran the product had two protons with 34.5 G splitting, two with 15 G splitting, two with 11 G splitting and two with ca. 2.5 G splitting. We suggest that the β-proton coupling is low because of the conformation of the cation.Acetals exhibited remarkably large hyperfine coupling to the two methylene protons (ca. 145 G as a result of σ-π delocalisation within this unit. For s-trioxane cations only two of the three oxygen atoms participate strongly in the SOMO with two strongly coupled protons. However, a second radical species was detected in this system which showed an unusually large g-value variation (gx= 2.0286, gy= 2.0067, gz= 2.0023) as well as very large proton coupling. It is suggested that this species is essentially an alkoxide radical formed by ring opening.For 1,2-diethers weak O[graphic omitted]O σ* interaction is thought to occur. Thus, 1,4-dioxane, for example, exhibits only small proton splittings, which is expected in a σ* system.The cation formed from the vinyl ether EtOCHCH2, which is of interest since such cations are thought to be of importance as intermediates in the free-radical oxidations of vinyl ethers, has e.s.r. parameters which suggest that the limiting structure Et[graphic omitted]CH–ĊH2 dominates, the spin-density on the methylene group being ca. 89%. Cations formed from (RO)2CH–CHCH2 rearranged to give the stable (R[graphic omitted])2C–ĊHMe radicals. Also for MeOCCH, the cation has a structue close to the limiting Me[graphic omitted]CĊH form.We have also studied the effect of ionizing radiation on solutions of ethers in sulphuric acid. Electron addition gave alkyl radicals but in several cases there was evidence for the formation of cations R2O+˙(R2OH++ HSO4˙→ R2O+˙+ H2SO4) on annealing above 77 K. If this is correct, the extent of electron delocalisation on to β-protons for these ions in sulphuric acid is reduced relative to the cations in freon.All attempts to prepare alcohol cation radicals, RȮH+, by these procedures failed. For freon solutions, this is thought to be because of extensive association due to hydrogen bonding in even the most dilute solutions. This leads to intermolecular hydrogen transfer giving the radicals R2ĊOH which were detected by e.s.r. spectroscopy. An alternative explanation is that the radicals RȮH+ can transfer protons to the solvent.


Variability and association studies for oil yield and its component traits were investigated in BC3F1 population of a cross between IR6 (recurrent parent with low oleic acid content) and HO5-29 (donor parent with high oleic acid content). Among 12 traits studied, volume weight (g/100 ml) , head diameter (cm), oil yield per plant (%), seed yield per plant (g), oleic acid (%), linoleic acid (%), palmitic acid (%), and stearic acid (%) displayed high phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation along with moderate or high heritability and genetic advance as a percent of mean. This suggests that these traits are mainly under the control of additive gene action. Hence, selection based on these characters could significantly improve these traits in this population. The traits such as days to flowering, 100-seed weight (g), and stearic acid (%) have shown a platykurtic distribution which represents that these characters are amenable for selection towards further improvement. Correlation analysis showed that positive correlation between oil yield per plant and all traits, except with days to flowering. Path analysis on seed yield indicated that head diameter alone had a high positive direct effect and other traits had low direct effects. Hence, selection for head diameter can improve the seed yield in sunflower.


Satureja metastasiantha Rech.f. which was formerly known just only from North Iraq and endemic to Iraq is recorded for the first time for the Flora of Turkey. In addition to the description of the species, distribution map and photographs are given of the new Satureja L. record. The number of Satureja species in Turkey reaches to 16 species with this new species record.


An embodiment of the invention discloses a flash control method and device. The flash control method comprises obtaining the distribution information of at least one shot object in a scene to be shot; determining a plurality of object areas which are corresponding to a plurality of depth ranges of the scene to be shot according to the distribution information respectively; determining a plurality of groups of flash parameters which are corresponding to the plurality of object areas respectively. The embodiment of the invention also discloses an image coaction method and device. The image collection method comprises obtaining the plurality of groups of flash parameters which are corresponding to the plurality of depth ranges of object areas respectively; responding to a shooting instruction, performing flashing on the scene to be shot and the plurality of groups of flash parameters repeatedly and shooting the scene to be shot repeatedly to obtain a plurality of initial images; synthesizing the plurality of initial images. According to the flash control method and device and the image collection method and device, the plurality of groups of flash parameters are determined according to the distribution information of the shot object of the scene to be shot and accordingly images of the scene to be shot can be collected and the images are good in exposure effect.


Several clones of an ice-related, planktonie diatom, forming chains with overlapping tips (as is typical in the section Pseudonitzschia), were isolated at Texas A&M University from a water sample collected a month earlier near McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, and later identified as Nitzschia subcurvata Hasle. After a week of log phase growth following the first transfer from a 5 ml microtest plate well in clone Mc-2, healthy, rapidly-growing cells clumped together in masses. Upon examination of the clumps, some free amoeboid-like cells were seen in fixed slides. The expanded auxospore had balloon-shaped walls, and the zygotes apparently developed into the elongate, banded perizonium (up to 92 μm) noted with complex organelles or the initial cells formed inside. The empty parent cells were ca. 52–58 μm in length, some vegetative cells were as small as 46 μm, while the newly formed, expanded cells were up to 92 μm long. Evidence of sexual reproduction has been little noted in marine planktonie Nitzschia species,...


Objectives. To investigate the importance of activation of the transcription factor, nuclear factor-� B (NF-� B) by interleukin-1� (IL-1� ) and tumour necrosis factor-� (TNF-� ) in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) and assess its suitability as a target for therapy by determining its role in the induction of the cytokine IL-6 and the degenerative enzymes, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-3 in vitro. Methods. Three distinct cellular models, derived from primary OA tissue, were employed, namely, fibroblast-like synoviocytes (OA-SF); co-cultures containing phenotypic macrophage-like and fibroblast-like cells (OA-COCUL); and primary OA synovial tissue explants (OA-EXP). These were treated with specific inhibitors of IL-1� , TNF-� and NF-� B to assess their differential role in the production of pathologically relevant mediators, specifically IL-6, MMP-1, MMP-3 and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), which were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. Inhibition of NF-� B by a novel agent, RO100 at a dose of 0.1 � M, exerted significant (P < 0.05) repression of IL-6, MMP-1 and MMP-3 production in OA-SF. Notably, neither TIMP-1 production nor cell viability was significantly affected at the dose tested. These data were reproduced in OA-EXP, which might be considered as having greater physiological relevance. Interestingly, comparable efficacy was noted using IL-1� and TNF-� neutralizing antibodies in OA-COCUL. Conclusions. We have demonstrated that a novel pharmacological inhibitor of NF-� B, RO100 inhibits pathological mediators of OA progression with equivalent efficacy as established IL-1� and TNF-� neutralizing strategies. Our findings highlight a potential for developing NF-� B targeted therapeutics for positively regulating disease activity and improving clinical outcome in OA.


Arteriosclerotic occlusive lesions of the brachiocephalic system were well described by Broadbent in 1875 2 and Penzoldt in 1881. 13 The significance of these lesions in the production of cerebral insufficiency was later emphasized by Chiari in 1905 3 and Hunt in 1914. 7 The most common pathological process is an occlusive atheromatous plaque at the level of the common carotid bifurcation. The surgical management of this lesion is well established. Endarterectomy has been regarded as the procedure of choice. 1,4,5,9 Obstruction of the extracranial portions of the carotid and vertebral systems can also occur due to external pressure by bony projection or by kinking of the vessels. 10,11,14 The purpose of this presentation is to report our experience with kinked internal carotid artery. Clinical Material In a series of 308 patients subjected to carotid surgery, 248 underwent carotid bifurcation endarterectomy and 15 were operated upon for the relief of


After a synchronic overview of the verb system in Biblical Hebrew prose, this description of the verb system is applied to various poetic and prophetic passages, especially Hab 3, Deut 32, Jonah 2 and Jer 51. Not only are aspect, (non-)sequentiality and mood categories inherent to the verb, but cognitive (non-)proximity - a new feature - is indicated by the verb as well. (Tense is only indicated by wayyiqtols predominant in narrative text and by yiqtols predominant in discursive text.) On the basis of these four categories functional oppositions are described between yiqtol, qatal, wayyiqtol, weqatal and predicative qotel. Occasionally this position has implications for translation, not least in target languages that are tense-based.


BACKGROUND
Buried free flaps represent a reconstructive challenge concerning monitoring of vitality, which is fundamental for an early detection of flap failure and prompt surgical salvage. Many flap monitoring techniques have been developed over time, and there is still no consensus concerning the best monitoring technique for buried reconstructions.

METHODS
We performed a systematic review of the literature on NIRS monitoring for head and neck free flaps. Moreover, we presented a case of orbital reconstruction through a buried free myo-fascial anterolateral tight flap (ALTF) in which postoperative monitoring was performed by means of NIRS.

RESULTS
Four studies were included with a total of 200 monitored head and neck free flap reconstructions. Flap survival was reported in 96.5% of studies (n = 193/200) with a 3.5% of total flap failure rate (n = 7/200). We monitored the buried myo-fascial ALTF for 7 post-operative days measuring a regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) ranging from 55% to 72% (mean = 66%).

CONCLUSIONS
This device appeared to be an efficient choice for monitoring buried flaps, thanks to its ability to measure tissue perfusion deep under the skin, to the continuous availability of recorded data on the monitor, and to its low impact on the patient. Further prospective studies are advised in order to standardize this monitoring technique and define warning values.


Background/Methods

Alcoholism and criminality tend to run in families. The current research examines that tendency by investigating the link between paternal deviance and the socializing environments fathers provide for their children. Observational data indicate that alcoholic and criminal men disproportionately tend to be aggressive in their families and to father sons whose mothers are disproportionately incompetent in their roles as mothers.

Results/Conclusions

Using longitudinal data, the study suggests that good socializing environments tend to impede the transmission of deviance and that bad socializing environments tend to promote the transmission, especially, of criminality. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.


To reach a quality management systems, the food manufacturing!industry starts to the appropriate steps such as: a basic understanding oj quality concepts and practices by QC and TQC, to generate interest among manufacturers in consumers requirements by QA, to provides approaches to the plIInning and organization oj a quality control system by TQM, to provide a basic aequiantance with international standard and measurement by ISO 9000 (series oj universal standards). ISO 9000 qUlllity management system is a guideline for food manufacturing/industry to reach the international marlret place or selected marlrets. The adoption and imp1ementation oj ISO 9000 will give export of food manufacturing! industry a powerfull tool for sharpening his ability to compete (reduce the ted",ical barriers to trade) and offer products or services that meet well-defined needs, satisfy consumer expectation, complY with applicable standards and specification as well as conform the requirements.


With the increase of the number of the blind, demand for visual prosthesis is increasing. Text reading is one of the most important visual functions to the blind. Therefore human trials and simulations of prosthetic vision have already been carried out for testing an improved system or studying rehabilitation of people who implant prosthesis. But although forms of electrode arrays used in those studies were various, differences between performances of them were not considered for the text reading. Therefore we tested reading performances among three different array shapes (square (32×32), vertical(42×22) and horizontal(22×42) shape array) by blind simulation experiment with head mount display device. As a result, horizontal array showed the best performance when window length for horizontal array was 3. However, when the window width for horizontal array increased to 3.5, performances between horizontal array and square array were similar. In the experiment of lower resolution (8×8) and window width, square array showed the best performance than other arrays.


In science, statistics is very important in the original article.

It is not only proves the author's conclusions, but also gives accreditation to the paper.

Additionally, statistics, which had a basis in mathematics, is essential in modern sciences. Of course it provides a concrete basis for an original, scientific article in medicine.

Basically, there are two kinds of tests in order to testify the null hypothesis (H0) in medical statistics. One is a test to show the difference, whereas the other is to prove the equivalence - test for no difference - between control and experimental group.

For the difference test, a null hypothesis (H0) should be made. Null hypothesis is usually asserts that "there are no differences between two groups. Nevertheless if there is a difference between two groups, it is originated from the sampling variance" [1].

To guarantee no differences between two sampled groups, variance from sampling should be minimized. It can be realized by random sampling in a clinical study. If we increase the sample size by random sampling, there would be a lessening of differences in demographic data between groups. Of course this means that there should be no differences in the factors that could affect the results of the experiment between the two groups [1].

The next step is calculating a probability (P value) of achieving no difference in the result between groups. If it is below 5% (P < 0.05), it means that no difference between groups, if ever, would take place very seldom. Hence, it is reasonable to reject the null hypothesis. Then we can say that there is a significant difference between groups statistically [1].

It is time to review the paper "Predictors of difficult intubation defined by the intubation difficulty scale (IDS): predictive value of 7 airway assessment factors." written by Seo et al. [2]. The aim of the paper is to find the preoperative airway risk factors that can predict the difficult intubation more efficiently.

The two groups are divided by the criteria of intubation difficulty score, which was measured by the experimenter, who had administered endotracheal intubation. The demographic differences between the two groups are shown in Table 3 of the aforementioned paper. There are already three statistically different factors (age, intubation duration, lowest SaO2 level) between the two groups. From this information, what kind of a null hypothesis could be built? To make a null hypothesis, there should be no differences in the demographic data between the two groups. If there are different factors between the two groups with regards to the demographic data, it is very hard to rule out their influence on the result. Additionally there is a significant relationship between the criteria that divides a population into two groups and the results itself, which is shown in this paper. There are many clinical tests to predict a possible airway risk. Of course, these types of test are officially accepted as being useful in predicting a possible difficulty in endotracheal intubation. Most of them appear in this paper. Considering the link between the criteria by which the two groups are divided and the experimental results, it is easy to infer that there are big differences in the results between the two groups.

Finally, Table 5 shows that the total airway score is the most useful factor in predicting the difficulty intubation, followed by the upper lip biting test. However most tests have false positive and negative traits. Therefore, it is very hard to say that one test is better than another just for the reason of high sensitivity. Additionally, the author should show why he used the method of multiple logistic regression analysis in Table 5. Odds ratios are hardly used in testifying a usefulness of a clinical test.


Bio-fertilizers and Organic cropping system has been identified as value-added soil amendments for improving nutrient use efficiency and increasing soil fertility and crop productivity in sustainable farming system. Two field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of organic fertilizers application in combination with bio-fertilizers on the yield, nutrient availability and uptake of Faba bean- Maize cropping sequence under sprinkler irrigation. A split plot design was employed with three replicates per treatment which include Control, chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer (farm yard manure [FYM]; town refuse and biogas manure) combined with bio-fertilizers (effective microorganism (EM) and N fixer Compomax (CoM)).The direct effects of applied manure as soil along with EM resulted in significant differences with regard to yield parameters (100 seed weight, Seed yield and foliage yield) of bean plants. Application of FYM combined with EM recorded the highest yield parameters followed town refuse application and the lowest value was recorded in the treatment receiving Biogas manure. The yield and yield attributing characters viz. 100 grain weight, grain yield and stover yield of Maize also exhibited response to manure application. Maize crop is more stable under combined organic and bio fertilization compared with mineral fertilization enhancing organic matter in soils and increases yield of maize. Significant differences among the treatments were noticed with respect to available NPK and uptake by bean due to manure application. Application of FYM combined with EM recorded the highest available and uptake of NPK and significantly superior over rest of the treatments and the lowest value were obtained in control. Similar trend of available and uptake of NPK was also observed with the residual crop (Maize).


An approximation is derived for the optimum M for M-out-of-N binary integration applied to Swerling II targets. This optimum M minimizes the required signal-to-noise ratio for given probabilities of detection and false alarm and a given N. The approximation is valid for probabilities of detection in the range of 0.1 to 0.95 and for typical probabilities of false alarm. Examples of the accuracy of this approximation are given.


The effect of micellar media ( cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) for complex formation reaction of cobalt and nickel ions with xylenol orange ( XO) has been investigated. The order of reaction and the apparent activation energy have been determined. The sensitivity of ternary complex of cobalt( II ) and nickel( II) are 4.4 and 8.6 times bigger than binary complex. In the meantime, the difference of the reaction rate of two complex was increased and the selectivity of reaction was improved obviously. A new analytical method based on the reaction rate difference of two ternary complex, for simultaneous determination of cobalt( II ) and nickel( II ) was developed, the logarithmic extrapolation method with computer was used to calculate. This method has been applied to simultaneous determination of cobalt and nickel in samples with satisfactory results. The relative error for determinations of two components was within 4% and the relative standard deviation was within 3 % .


In this study, a circuit that can be realize two different controlled current conveyor on the same structure is proposed. Being used different connection structures on the proposed circuit with this new design, the circuit can be used being controlled current conveyor with positive parasitic resistance or being controlled current conveyor with negative parasitic resistance when it is requested. The theoretical analysis of proposed circuits has been done and the circuit performances have been corroborated with Pspice simulation results. It is proved that the parasitic resistance can be adjusted between ±52 Ω and ±520 kΩ for both type of the current conveyors depending on simulation results. It is shown that proposed circuit structure can be used being a convenient structure in realization of many analog signal processing circuits based on bipolar technology and can be electronically adjustable.


Naturalism, as a movement and genre, was heavily influenced by the work of Émile Zola, particularly by his essay, Le roman expérimental (1880). However, despite Zola's strong influence, Naturalism was also significantly influenced by the ideas of others that go beyond and even predate those of Zola. As a result, Naturalism is generally accepted as having originated in France in the late 19th century, and having extended into the early 20th century, however it soon became an international as well as an interdisciplinary movement and genre. More specific examples of this international and interdisciplinary network of Naturalism can be seen in the writing of Zola, Joris-Karl Husymans, and Oscar Wilde, as well as the painting of Cécile Douard, Vincent van Gogh, Gustave Caillebotte, and Claude Monet. Furthermore, these examples reveal that Naturalism evolved into a more interior branch, as well as a more exterior branch, and they also reveal some strong evolutionary links between not only Naturalism and Impressionism, but also between Naturalism and Decadence/Aestheticism. These latter links have seen little discussion in relation to Naturalism, particularly on the basis of the roles that interiority and exteriority play in the international and interdisciplinary expressions of Naturalism.


Efforts to scale neuroimaging towards the direct visualization of mammalian brain-wide neuronal activity face major challenges. Although high resolution optical imaging of whole brain in small animals has been achieved ex vivo , the real-time and direct monitoring of large-scale neuronal activity remains difficult, owing to the performance gap between localized largely invasive optical microscopy of rapid, cellular-resolved neuronal activity and whole-brain macroscopy of slow hemodynamics and metabolism. Here, we demonstrate both ex vivo and entirely non-invasive in vivo functional optoacoustic neuroimaging of mice expressing the genetically encoded calcium indicators GCaMP6f. The approach offers rapid, high-resolution 3D snapshots of whole-brain neuronal activity maps with single optoacoustic excitations, and of stimulus-evoked slow hemodynamics and fast calcium activity in the presence of strong hemoglobin background absorption. By providing direct neuroimaging at depths and spatiotemporal resolutions superior to optical fluorescence imaging, functional optoacoustic neuroimaging bridges the gap between functional microscopy and whole-brain macroscopy.


The article presents the specifics of self-presentation in social networks, depending on personal characteristics. The specificity of social networks as one of the means of self-presentation of subjects is analyzed. It is noted that the manifestation of oneself in social networks is due to various personal characteristics. The main foreign studies devoted to the study of the relationship between personal characteristics and the publication of photos by users in social networks are analyzed. In the process of theoretical analysis, it was found that extroversion is the most significant predictor for most categories of photographs, which include: self-portraits, traveling with friends, traveling alone, family activities, classes with friends, meetings, artistic leisure, intellectual leisure, indoor physical leisure, outdoor physical leisure, casual shots, interests and hobbies, photos of attractive people and others. The main categories of photos published by users of social networks are highlighted. The results of an empirical study of the specifics of self-presentation in social networks through the publication of various types of photos, depending on personal characteristics, are presented.


In 2014 a unique burial was unearthed in Gerulata cemetery III, containing an unusual number of rings. The buried woman aged 40–49 had two rings on each hand, one of which was a signet ring with a gem depicting the Egyptian deities Serapis and Isis. Another unusual item was a bracelet composed of seven disks with side openings for a string. Two glazed vessels have enlarged the number of known vessels of this type from this site to 13 pieces. KEyWOrDS Gerulata; Roman period; burial; finger ring; gem; Isis; Serapis; glazed vessels; anthropological analysis.


Brain natriuretic peptide(BNP) is a kind of neurohorm one which is mainly secreted by ventricular myocytes and participate in the reg ulation of fluid balance.Elevated BNP levels during acute phase of Kawasaki dis ease(KD) has higher specificity,which is a useful biochemical indicators in the early diagnosis of KD.This paper focuses on the research progress of relati onship between BNP and KD.


This document provides a detail of sensors used in remote sensing systems that are harnessed internationally, focusing generally on agricultural and cadasters applications. Consider that remote sensing is based on data acquisition areas, phenomena or objects, without direct contact with them, a list of sensors that follow this principle is done, taking electromagnetic short or long waves, within the visible, infrared or microwaves spectrum mostly. Thus in Chapter I provides an introduction to remote sensing systems considering the functional characteristics of these technologies through the description of the main physical phenomena, terms and concepts. The general classification of sensors is done based on the principle of operation, type of product and according to a source of the signal, active and passive sensors are derived of the last classification, of which some examples are performed specifically in the following chapters. Similarly various applications are mentioned in investigative, scientific, commercial, environmental, and productive, among other areas. Finally a historical overview focused on sensors and transport platforms used in these devices is done. Chapter II identifies more concisely hardware and software for remote sensing sensors for obtaining and processing information used to generate images or data. Subsequently operating principles, technologies, features, technical parameters, specific applications of the MSS, MLA, SPOT, RESOURCE21 sensors used in agriculture and TM, ETM +, SAR sensors operated in the area of land registers are detailed. At the end remote sensing global leading enterprises are mentioned. In the last chapter a specific list is done of the architecture, parts, components and features of the SPOT HGR and HRS Vegetation sensors used in the area of agricultural resources and ETM + and SAR sensors used in the mapping oriented cadaster and their major enterprises. Overall, sensors remote sensing analyzed contribute concise information from different areas, places or components, thus enabling great advances in political, military, productive, social, commercial sectors among others, which contribute beneficially to humanity and can be applied locally to meet needs of the country generating industrial and socio-economic progress.


【Objective】To investigate the expression of osteopontin(OPN) in esophageal adenocarcinoma(EAC)tissue and its clinical significance. 【Methods】OPN expressions in EAC tissues, tumor adjacent tissues and normal esophageal tissues were determined by PT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The correlation of OPN expression with the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of EAC patients was analyzed. 【Results】OPN expressions in EAC tissues were significantly higher than those in tumor adjacent tissues and normal esophageal tissues(P 0.05);OPN expression was correlated with T-status, lymph node metastasis and differentiation grade(P 0.05). The overall survival of EAC patients with high OPN expression was significantly worse than that of patients with low OPN expression(P 0.05). 【Conclusion】High OPN expression in EAC tissue is associated with tumor invasion depth,lymph node metastasis, differentiation grade and disease prognosis, suggesting that OPN may participate in the occurrence and progression of EAC.


Experiments indicate that the gain of a Yagi-Uda antenna arrangement depends only upon the phase velocity of the surface wave traveling along the director array and not to any significant extent upon the particular forms of the director elements.


Summary A new procedure is suggested for controlling the element size distribution of surface meshes during automatic adaptive surface mesh generation. In order to ensure that the geometry of the surface can be accurately captured, the curvature properties of the surface are first analyzed. Based on the principal curvatures and principal directions of the surface, the curvature element-size requirement is defined in form of a metric tensor field. This element-size controlling metric tensor field, which can either be isotopic or anisotopic depends on the user requirement, is then employed to control the element size distribution during mesh generation. The suggested procedure is local, adaptive and can be easily used with many parametric surface mesh generators. As the proposed scheme defines the curvature element-size requirement in an implicit manner, it can be combined with any other user defined element size specification using the standard metric intersection procedure. This eventually leads to a simple implementation procedure and a high computational efficiency. Numerical examples indicate that the new procedure can effectively control the element size of surface meshes in the cost of very little additional computational effort.


According to the theory of grating diffraction,the law and phenomena of grating diffraction are reproduced exactly by MathCAD and programming technology of computers graphics,which can be applied to assisting teaching.


This study reports on the production, characterization, and application of a novel starch/graphene oxide nanocomposite for rapid synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles. To this end, graphene oxide was first functionalized by 1,8-diamino-3,5-dioxaoctane under appropriate conditions. Starch, functionalized graphene oxide, and 3-aminopyridine nanocomposite were then prepared from the reaction of starch with graphene oxide functionalized with 1,8-diamino-3,5-dioxaoctane in the presence of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDMI) as a binding agent and 3-aminopyridine. Then, trifluoroacetic acid was added, giving rise to an acid-supported starch and graphene oxide nanocomposite. To examine the efficiency of the nanocomposite, 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles were efficiently synthesized in the presence of the nanocomposite using benzil, aryl aldehyde, and ammonium acetate under solvent-free condition within a short reaction time. The moderate conditions, fast reaction rates, ease of purification, solvent-free condition, use of a green catalyst (nanocomposite), and environmental friendliness are among the advantages of the proposed synthesis method. The recoverability and durability of the catalyst were confirmed after five runs with no significant loss of activity. Thus, this research presents a novel nanocomposite based on starch and graphene oxide with superior properties.


Major complications Development/exacerbation of GER Peritonitis Gastrocutaneous fistula Intestinal obstruction Major hemorrhage Buried bumper Sepsis and death Minor complications External leak Infection Stoma problems Granulation tissue Since Gauderer et al described percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) in 1980, PEG has been widely accepted as the preferred route for gastrostomy in infants and children who require long-term enteral feeding. Compared with surgical gastrostomy, PEG is relatively noninvasive and more cost-effective compared with surgical gastrostomy. Surgical gastrostomy is generally reserved for patients with anatomical anomalies, esophageal stricture, previous extensive abdominal surgeries, or severe gastrointestinal reflux requiring fundoplication and/or pyloroplasty. The main indication for performing PEG is to provide enteral nutrition and medication for children who have neurological impairment, metabolic disorders, oncological diagnoses, or gastrointestinal disorders. The use of gastrostomy tube feeding has previously been shown to increase weight, improve overall health, and decrease feeding times for such children. It has also demonstrated a significant, measurable improvement to the quality of life of caregivers. In this issue of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Wu et al reported the long-term outcomes of 83 children who underwent PEG placement and documented catch-up growth in these children. Nevertheless, complications that include stoma infection, perforation, bleeding, tube migration/ dislocation, gastrocutaneous fistulas, and intestinal obstruction may follow after gastrostomy placement (Table 1). Buried bumper is a rare complication of percutaneous gastrostomy. Inadequate postoperative care without appropriate mobilization is a factor leading to this preventable complication. Endoscopic removal is possible, failing which laparoscopic surgery should be considered. In addition, development or worsening of gastroesophageal reflux in neurologically impaired children with gastrostomies has also been widely reported, and it was considered to be one of the long-term sequelae of gastrostomy placement. Rescue therapies for these patients consist of antireflux medications, fundoplication, and jejunal tube feeding. There remains considerable uncertainty regarding the optimal treatment. Uncontrolled studies of proton pump inhibitors have reported high levels of tolerability and efficacy suggesting high rates of healing, symptom relief,


The territory of Venosa (Potenza Italy), ancient Venusia (291 BC), is one of the best investigated Roman colonial territories in Italy. During more than a decade of intensive landscape archaeological research conducted in the context of the Forma Italiae project an area of seven hundred square kilometres has been investigated and more than two thousand archaeological sites dating from Prehistory to the Middle Ages have been mapped. This enormous quantity of data is now being used to protect and promote the cultural heritage of this area, and as a crucial academic instrument for further archaeological and historical research. Nonetheless, important historical questions remain to be scrutinized further. Especially in the light of recently developing research questions and improved ceramic chronologies, various facets of this ancient colonial landscape deserve detailed analysis. In the context of the 'Landscapes of Early Roman Colonization project' new field research has been conducted in the Venosa area, focusing on early colonial settlement organization and in particular on the role of nucleated rural sites within it. In this paper the outlines of this new research project will be presented as well as the results from one key site: the nucleated settlement site of Masseria Allamprese.


Abstract : The program and abstracts of the Third International Meeting on the Molecular Genetics and Pathogenesis of the Clostridia is presented.


The congestion control mechanism in TCP was first introduced by Jacobson in [7], which was later developed into TCP Tahoe. Since then, various end-to-end congestion control protocols have been proposed, including Reno [2], NewReno [6], SACK [4], and Vegas [3]. Among these protocols, TCP Reno is the standard congestion control algorithm for TCP traffic, according to [2]. However, TCP Reno detects congestion only when a packet loss occurs, i.e., when the sender receives duplicate acknowledgements (ACKs) or experiences a timeout. Hence, there are no explicit congestion notifications to end systems.


During the COVID-19 pandemic, the rush to scientific and political judgments on the merits of hydroxychloroquine was fuelled by dubious papers which may have been published because the authors were not independent from the practices of the journals in which they appeared. This example leads us to consider a new type of illegitimate publishing entity, "self-promotion journals" which could be deployed to serve the instrumentalisation of productivity-based metrics, with a ripple effect on decisions about promotion, tenure, and grant funding.


Objective To analyze the effect of middle pancreatectomy for benign or low-grade malignant pancreatic tumor. Methods 24 cases of patients with benign or low-grade malignant pancreatic tumor underwent middle pancreatectomy were selected as the subjects, and their clinical data were analyzed retrospectively. Results The surgery of all the patients was completed successfully. And no operative deaths occurred. Various complications occurred postoperatively, including 1 case of pancreatic fistula, 2cases of gastrointestinal bleeding, 1 case of pyoperitoneum, 2 cases of new-onset diabetes. The patients are followed up for a period of three years, all of them are alive, and have good physical condition. Conclusion Middle pancreatectomy is a very effective way for the treatment of benign or low-grade tumor of the neck and body of the pancreas, which can improve the safety and effectiveness of surgery, reduce the incidence of complications, and is worthy of promotion in clinical practice.


Convergence is an issue being widely concerned about. Thus, in this paper, we mainly put forward two types of concepts of convergence in mean and convergence in distribution for the sequence of uncertain random variables. Then some of theorems are proved to show the relations among the three convergence concepts that are convergence in mean, convergence in measure and convergence in distribution. Furthermore, several examples are given to illustrate how we use the theorems to make sure the uncertain random sequence being convergent. Finally, several counterexamples are taken to explain the relations between these different types of convergence.


Objective: To investigate the status of professional identity of undergraduate nursing students at different admission levels before clinical practice, and analyze the differences and reasons, so as to provide basis for guiding the development of nursing students' professional identity. Methods: A total of 186 nursing students (including the first batch of admissions from senior middle school, the second batch admissions from senior middle school of secondary college, and the admissions from junior college graduates) were surveyed by using occupational identity scale before clinical practice. The scale contains four dimensions: career moratorium, career diffusion, career achievement, and career foreclosure. The highest-scoring dimension is recorded as the status type of professional identity for each nursing student. If a student's highest score is not unique, his type is considered ambiguous. Results: 1) 35.5% of them are in the status of career moratorium, 1.6% of them are in the status of career diffusion, 52.2% of them reach to the status of career achievement, 2.2% of them are in the status of career foreclosure, 8.6% of them are ambiguous. 2) The ANOVA analysis and further LSD-test of four dimensions of the three categories of nursing students found that only the difference in the career achievement dimension is statistically significant (P < 0.05), the second batch of admitted nursing students from senior middle school had the highest score, followed by the nursing students admitted from junior college graduates, and the first batch of admitted nursing students from senior middle school has the lowest score, the remaining differences are not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Nearly half of the undergraduate nursing students have not reached the career professional identity level.


This paper aims at comparison of transmission characteristics of circulator with triangular ferrite geometry to that of previously reported ferrite disk geometry. Co-sintering of commercially available Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) dielectric tapes with pre-sintered ferrite tapes has been undertaken towards fabrication of Y-junction microstrip circulator using triangular and circular geometry. A number of samples have been fabricated to ascertain variation in transmission characteristics.


We prove that a critical circle homeomorphism with infinite number of break points without periodic orbits is conjugated to the linear rotation by a quasisymmetric map if and only if its rotation number is of bounded type. And we also prove that any two adjacent atoms of dynamical partition of a unit circle are comparable.


Abstract A new form of therapy termed therap-e-mail, developed by the authors for use in their Internet-based counselling service Therapy Online, is explained. Two major challenges that have been brought up by other professionals concerning on-line therapy are addressed, and solutions to these challenges are proposed. Five significant advantages of therap-e-mail are discussed The need for research, and the implications for guidance and counselling, are addressed


In this paper, we deal with a class of backward stochastic differential equations driven by Teugels martingales associated with a Levy process (BSDELs). The comparison theorem is obtained. It is also shown that the solution of BSDE provides a viscosity solution of the associated system with partial integro-differential equations.


Preface R.Jackall & A.J.Vidich - Acknowledgements - Notes on the Contributors - Introduction P.Kasinitz - PART 1: MODERNITY AND THE URBAN ETHOS - Introduction P.Kasinitz - The Culture of Cities L.Mumford - The Metropolis and Mental Life G.Simmel - Paris: Capital of the 19th Century W.Benjamin - Urbanism as a Way of Life L.Wirth - PART 2: RATIONALITY AND IT'S DISCONTENTS: THE MAKING OF THE A METROPOLIS IN NEW YORK CITY - Introduction P.Kasinitz - New York is not a Completed City Le Corbusier - Uses of Sidewalks J.Jacobs - In the Forrest of Symbols: Some Notes on Modernism in New York M.Berman - PART 3: COMMUNITY REDISCOVERED, COMMUNITY REASSESSED: SOCIAL BONDS IN THE MODERN CITY - Introduction P.Kasinitz - Urbanism and Suburbanism as Ways of Life H.Gans - Race, Ethnicity and New Forms of Urban Community J.Bensman & A.Vidich - Private, Parochial and Public Social Orders: Crime and Incivility in Urban Communities A.Hunter - Community Becomes Uncivilized R.Sennett - City Life and Difference I.M.Young - PART 4: SOCIAL RELATIONS AND PUBLIC PLACES - Introduction P.Kasinitz - The Varieties and Vicissitudes of Public Space J.Weintraub - The Pleasures and Costs of Urbanity M.Walzer - Street Etiquette and Street Wisdom E.Anderson - Fortress Los Angeles: The Militarization of Urban Space M.Davis - Reclaiming our Public Spaces F.Siegel - PART 5: THE FUTURE OF THE CITY: SPACE, RACE, CLASS AND POLITICS - Introduction P.Kasinitz - Megalopolis Unbound M.Fishman - The Ghetto, the State and the New Capitalist Economy L.J.D.Wacquant - Civil Society as a Polyarchic Form: The City F.Ferrarotti - Index


We analyze observed mean to extreme summer temperature indices across Europe in order to determine whether there is evidence for a detectable climate change signal and whether these indices show evidence for predictability. Observations from 1960 to 2011, taken from E‐OBS an observational dataset created for the European Commission funded project (ENSEMBLES), are compared with the model simulations from the global coupled climate models CanCM4, HadCM3, MIROC5, and MPI‐ESM‐LR, as published on the CMIP5 archive. Indices are examined that span a moderate to extreme range of the summer temperature distribution by including the summer average, the hottest 5day average, and the hottest daily maximum and daily minimum temperatures during summer. The region of interest is Europe; however, a number of subregions are also studied, which include Western Europe, the British Isles, the Mediterranean, and Central Europe. The observed changes in the analyzed indices are well represented by the multimodel mean and are within the range of the multimodel ensemble for most regions, with the exception of 1 and 5day average daily maximum temperature extremes across the UK. Observed changes are detectable against estimates of internal climate variability for both moderate and extreme temperature indices across all regions in almost all cases. Exceptions are the hottest 5day average daily maximum temperature in the UK and Central Europe, for which results are not conclusive. An analysis of the skill in decadal hindcasts of these indices shows that there is significant prediction skill across these indices for three of the four models for some regions and some models. This skill exceeds the skill of forecasts based on observed climatology and random noise and is largely due to external forcing. However, there is some evidence that there is additional skill originating from the assimilation of observations into the initialization in some cases.


Research progress in materials science for bio-based materials for cartilage repair or supportive to host tissue has become a fashionable, worldwide. Few efforts in biomedical engineering has attempted in the development of newer biomaterials successfully. Bio ceramics, a class of materials been used in particulate form as a reinforcement with polymers those ensure its biocompatibility. Every artificial biomedical system has to meet the minimum in Vitro requirements for successful application. Equally the biological behavior of normal and diseased tissues is also essential to understand the artificial systems to human body.


The digital device in analog / digital converter (ADC) sampling capacitor charge to an internal reference voltage, and then through a low resistance switch within the interior of said digital sampling means a number of charge-voltage voltage charge on the capacitor is transferred to the unknown external capacitor. After the charge transfer has stabilized, the internal sample measuring residual electric charge on the capacitor voltage. Using a known reference voltage and the difference between the internal voltage remaining on the capacitor is determined by sampling the capacitance value of the external capacitor. Alternatively, the external capacitor may be charged to the reference voltage, then the external capacitor coupled to the internal sampling capacitor (e.g., on which no charge or with a known charge) and measured on the resulting internal sampling capacitor charge voltage and used to determine the value of the capacitance of an external capacitor.


This study explores the relationship between criminal thinking and other variables related to criminal cognition. Prosocial behavior, emotional intelligence, and cultural dimensions were chosen to check their predictive capacity for criminal thinking. The research sample comprised 695 young university students and adults, chosen by a non-probabilistic sampling method. The instruments used were the Criminal Sentiments Scales (CSS-M), the Prosociality Scale, the Emotional Intelligence Scale (EQI-C)


According to the recent research of fluid inclusions in Mobin gold deposit,the authors obtained physical and chemical parameters about metallogenic fluids:average homogeneous temperature is 199.14℃,average salinity is 6.01wt%(NaCl),and average density is 0.92 g/cm3.Thus,the average ore-forming pressure is estimated as 16.36 Mpa,and the average ore-forming depth is as 1.64 km.Combining with the analysis of geological characteristics and the previous results,the authors consider that it belongs to the epizonal in type of orogenic gold deposit,and the prospecting potential is little in the depth in Mobin gold deposit.


The viability of projections for a 1994 CMOS logic chip having 3*10/sup 5/ transistors/cm/sup 2/, 20-W/cm/sup 2/ power dissipation, and 600-MHz clock frequency is assessed with respect to power distribution, signal transmission, and off-chip connections. It is found that current silicon technologies, systematically scaled to 0.25- mu m feature size, can achieve complexities of around 2*10/sup 6/ transistors/cm/sup 2/, 10-W/cm/sup 2/ power dissipation, and 150-MHz clock frequency. Projected functional throughput rates of 5*10/sup 13/-gate Hz/cm/sup 2/ are inconsistent with these parameters by more than an order of magnitude. Supplying the chips with power at acceptable Delta I noise will pose the most formidable design challenges.<<ETX>>


Two simple and sensitive spectrophotometric methods (method A and method B) have been developed for the determination of sparfloxacln in bulkand in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Method A is based on an observation that methanolic solution of sparfloxacin exhibits an absorbance maximum of 295.2 nm and method B Is based on diazotisation of sparfloxacin with nitrous acid followed by its coupling with resorcinol in alkaline medium, to form a colored chromogen with an absorbance maximum of 450 nm. The methods are statistically validated and found to be precise and accurate.


Sago, one of  some carbohydrate sources  which  has a great potential as food  stock,  grows  naturally  and distribute through out  Indonesian  archipelago,  Maluku is one  of  several  areas having  sago forest. The study  on sago forest  at West Seram in 1979,  showed that the number of  mature  trees per hectare  was 17 trees, consisted  of  several sago species  namely  tuni,  molat and makanaru.  The sago production per  tree was 419.9  kg of  wet sago or 292,5 kg  of dried  sago.


Results of the effect of direct and indirect selection of quantitative traits of fertility and milk performance of first calving cows of Simmental breed in Serbia are presented. Investigation of genetic parameters of heritability (additive genetic variance in total phenotypic variability of quantitative traits) and analysis of milk traits was done in four breeding regions and several tenths of farms where 3980 daughters of 32 sires were housed and reared. Results of analysis were obtained by application of mathematical-statistical data analysis, using mixed models (Harvey, 1990). Mathematical-statistical analysis of data was done using linear methods, i.e. method of least squares (LS method). Based on obtained results it was established that bulls-sires and several paragenetic factors caused no significant variation of fertility traits in relation to general average (P<0.01). Quantitative milk traits of first calving cows, under the influence of breeding region, had significantly higher deviation from the general average (**P<0.01). Significant deviations (*P<0.05) were caused by year of calving on milk yield and yield of milk fat (4765.0 kg and milk fat 3.86%). Established heritability coefficients for reproductive traits were following: .102, .051 and .088, and milk traits .297, .207 and .197).


523 Journal of Pediatric Neurosciences ¦ Volume 13 ¦ Issue 4 ¦ October-December 2018 Dear Editor, Kluver–Bucy syndrome is a relatively rare phenomenon, which results from the involvement of bilateral temporal lobe, especially hippocampus and amygdala.[1] It is characterized by hyperorality, hypermetamorphosis (excessive exploration of the environment), altered sexual, feeding, and emotional behavior, and visual agnosia.[1] During childhood and adolescent, the manifestations differ. Many patients may have only few features of the syndrome and are described as "partial Kluver–Bucy syndrome."[2] In pediatric population, it is infrequent and mostly results as a complication of herpes simplex encephalitis.[3] We present here the case of an adolescent female, who developed features of Kluver–Bucy syndrome following encephalitis.


In this paper we suggest a best-effort scheduler for high speed downlink packet access (HSPDA) systems that schedules resources in a way that achieves certain target QoS levels requested by users. Scheduling is based on adjusting the activity of a user such that the farther it is from the target the higher its activity becomes and vice versa. The objective of the algorithm will be to find the activity probabilities that achieve and maintain that target QoS level. The scheduler is based on a best-effort paradigm in a sense that when a requested target cannot be reached for instance in the case of congestion or limited resources in the system, then the algorithm would fall back to some fair scheduler allocating the resources in a fair manner


This study was performed the analysis of four kinds of common science textbooks based on the 6th curriculum. Particularly, inquiry activity part was analyzed by the three dimension framework which consists of inquiry content dimension, inquiry process dimension and inquiry context dimension. In the analysis of the inquiry content dimension of inquiry activities, the contents revised by 6th curriculum of common science textbook was accomplished through various inquiry activities. The number of inquiry activity in four textbooks was similar as about 16. The For the analysis of inquiry process dimension, 'interpreting data and formulating generalizations' category (39.1%) was most emphasized and the categories of 'observation and measuring'(30.8%), and 'building, testing and revising the theoretical model' (16.5 %), 'seeing a problem and seeking ways to solve it' (13.5%) follow in order. As for the analysis of the inquiry context dimension, the proportion of STS related contents in inquiry activities was only 18%. So, we propose that STS related contents would increase the proportion for the following textbook.


In 2018 Chico wastewater treatment plant replaced an existing inefficient dissolved oxygen (DO) control system with the model predictive control (MPC) based DO/NmasterTM. Results of DO/ NmasterTM operation showed that accurate (average accuracy 6%, median accuracy 4.5%) air flow control was achieved using adaptive heuristic models. Accurate (relative standard deviation 10%) DO control was achieved in virtually all aeration zones. DO control algorithms used an adaptive MPC. Accurate (standard deviation 0.3 mg/l) ammonia control was achieved by utilizing feed-forward, feed-back control, and by maintaining a DO gradient within a predetermined range. Precise ammonia control allowed reduction of DO targets down to 0.5 mg/l-1 mg/l. Reduction of DO led to reduction of air flow and reduction of blower related energy usage by 47.1 %. Effluent nitrate concentration was reduced from 22 mg/l to 16 mg/l, and effluent TSS concentration was reduced to below 5 mg/l.


A new morphological multiscale method in three-dimensional (3D) image processing is presented which combines the image processing methodology based on nonlinear diffusion equations and the theory of geometric evolution problems. Its aim is to smooth the level sets of a 3D image while simultaneously preserving geometric features such as edges and corners on the level sets. This is obtained by an anisotropic curvature evolution, where time serves as the multiscale parameter. Thereby the diffusion tensor depends on a regularized shape operator of the evolving level sets. As one suitable regularization, local L2 projection onto quadratic polynomials is considered. The method is compared to a related parametric surface approach, and a geometric interpretation of the evolution and its invariance properties is given. A spatial finite element discretization on hexahedral meshes and a semi-implicit, regularized backward Euler discretization in time are the building blocks of the easy-to-code algorithm. Different a...


Drawing on organizational justice theories and the theory of planned behavior, this study investigates factors likely to impact the employee's intention to comply with internal disclosure policies, also called whistle-blower policies. The theoretical model is tested using data collected, using a survey instrument, from 96 graduate students. The findings suggests that the overriding factor impacting the employee's attitude toward internal disclosure policies is their concerns about potential negative consequences they may experience if they report and that perceptions of fairness does not appear to decrease the employee's concerns. The implications of the results of this study are discussed.


In a forced-choice recognition task children's memory fcr some dimensions of pictured events was investigated. Seventyntwo children (12 boys and 12 girls each in kindergarten, second, and fourth grades) were shown pictures of simple events. In four respqnse ccnditions, distractors differed from stimulus pictures in 11) who the pacticiEants were, (2) which participants were paired, (3) what type cf action was occurring, and (4) each participant's role. There was a higEy reliable effect of conditions on recognition accuracy, but no effect of age or interaction of age with condition. All children remembered the participants, role and type of action, in that order. They did not consistently remember let.ich participants had been paired. It was inferred that: (1) children used semantic information tc; organize these pictured events; (2): they seem to have had available in memory a set of participants, with information about role relation and action cf each participant; (3) the ability to use role and action information for picture recognition apparently develops very early. (Author/MS)


Introduction : the settings of pregnant teenager·s labor moment have been largely unexplored. In the literature there is an emphasis on prenatal and puerperal care, so a deeper nursing care during this phase is clearly needed due to the particular conditions of the adolescence. Aims : identify main aspects that guide nursing care of pregnant teenager´s during labor and delivery trough evidence. Methods : this study responds to an integrative review that allows us to join and synthesize available evidence of the research subject. Results : there are four categories that guide nursing care in order to provide a human and differentiated attention to pregnant teenager´s during labor: Feelings and emotions, non pharmacological strategies, nursing role, pregnant teenager needs and rights. Conclusions : the four categories of nursing care for pregnant teenagers in labor act as a guide for the elaboration of care protocols in labor rooms because they provide the four Meta-paradigmatic concepts of nursing: Health, person, nursing care, and environment.


Abstract This study seeks to increase knowledge regarding the consequences of deceptive self-presentation in the context of online dating. Specifically, this study investigates how online daters may react to different levels of misrepresentation in online dating and the role gender may play in the above situation. A two (degree of deception) by two (self-presenting content) by two (gender) between-subjects factorial experimental design was adopted to empirically test the cognitive, affective, and behavioral outcomes of self-presentation in online dating profiles. The results indicate that online daters showed stronger changes in emotions and action willingness when they discovered others engaging in higher degrees of deception. Women and men reacted differently when confronting misrepresentation.


In 1987, Computer Security Act was enacted, requiring computer security awareness and practical training for federal workforce. This is the beginning of US development of federal cybersecurity workforce. It has been strengthening the development of federal cybersecurity workforce policy by establishing OPM regulations and OMB circulation in cases where it is difficult to define by law. Through GISRA 2000 and FISMA 2002, which has been improved, it played a central role for development of federal cybersecurity workforce for more than 10 years. Since then, FISMA 2014 has been enacted as a necessity for supplementing technology and policy. In 2014, the importance of cyber security personnel in US federal agencies has been increased even more, by enacting a single law on cybersecurity workforce twice. We will review the current state of Korea's development of cybersecurity workforce by reviewing and analyzing the development and federal cybersecurity workforce in the United States.


These results demonstrate that the rat isolated gas- tric mucosa secretes acid in response to electrical field stimulation. The effect is mediated by postganglionic cholinergic nerves which do not require mucosal his- tamine for their action.


The salience network (SN) plays a critical role in cognitive control and adaptive human behaviors, but its electrophysiological foundations and millisecond timescale dynamic temporal properties are poorly understood. Here, we use invasive intracranial EEG (iEEG) from multiple cohorts to investigate the neurophysiological underpinnings of the SN and identify dynamic temporal properties that distinguish it from the default mode network (DMN) and dorsolateral frontal-parietal network (FPN), two other large-scale brain networks that play important roles in human cognition. iEEG analysis of network interactions revealed that the anterior insula and anterior cingulate cortex, which together anchor the SN, had stronger intranetwork interactions with each other than cross-network interactions with the DMN and FPN. Analysis of directionality of information flow between the SN, DMN, and FPN revealed causal outflow hubs in the SN consistent with its role in fast temporal switching of network interactions. Analysis of regional iEEG temporal fluctuations revealed faster temporal dynamics and higher entropy of neural activity within the SN, compared to the DMN and FPN. Critically, these results were replicated across multiple cohorts. Our findings provide new insights into the neurophysiological basis of the SN, and more broadly, foundational mechanisms underlying the large-scale functional organization of the human brain.


The effects of dust on the ionization and thermal structure of a photoionized nebula are explored by numerical model calculations. Particular emphasis is placed on the calculation of observable quantities such as the radio and infrared continua and the optical emission-line spectrum and the effects that dust might have on these quantities. The role of the dust in the nebular structure is summarized. Model calculations of planetary nebulae are shown to agree very well with much of the radio, infrared, and optical data. The importance of dust in the case of H ii regions is called into question, especially as an explanation for the low abundance of ionized helium observed in several nebulae. (AIP)


were reconstructed after 2-fold in-plane parallel imaging. Before and after using MB technique, the slice number was 6 and 18, respectively. Using MB excitation with an MB factor of 3 and blipped-CAIPI, three simultaneous excited slices were folded together with a phase shift. After reconstruction with the 'SliceGRAPPA' algorithm, the three folded slices were successfully separated and unaliased. SB


Due to the applicability of a wide range of cryptosystems in recently proposed applications, a large variety of cryptographic schemes have been developed. It can be claimed that proposing a cryptographic protocol to satisfy security and efficiency requirements is one of the significant challenging issues. Nevertheless, cryptographic research community suffers from non-existence of an integrated pattern to categorize and standardize possible challenges of mentioned concerns. These drawbacks could in turn lead to much confusion for the researchers who are not expert in this research area. Therefore, we paid particular attention to assemble a powerful document to fill this gap between the beginners and the experts. Our final goal is to make other researchers able to classify the challenges over Provably Secure cryptosystems or lightweight ones, analyze the proposed scheme based on the determined components and help them to find better solutions for the future researches.


. Abstract One of the representatives of literal term Servet-i Fünûn in field of novel Halit Ziya Uşaklıgil narrates a forbidden love in Istanbul at his novel named Aşk-ı Memnu. The writer places the characters to the center of novel Aşk-ı Memnu that it is one of the first mature patterns of western novel in Turkish literary. Most of the people that take place in the novel by their roles are family members, close relatives and staff of Adnan Bey's waterside house. The central fictive persons of novel Aşk-ı Memnu is converted to characters through deepening their psychologies. Imaginations, dreams and wishes of the central fictive people drag them into conflicts with the others or else in their inner world. Worries, doubts and fears affect characters preferences in this process. The narrator doesn't talk about elements such as neighborhood press, national and moral values, social and political conditions in the novel when he transforms the subject "forbidden love" to a theme.


The queens of Polistes annularis in the Missouri valley spend the winter gregariously in crevices in rocky bluffs; in the spring they start new colonies, singly or co-operatively, in the trees, often very near to their home site of the previous season. Little is known of the beginnings of hibernation or of the influences which force them into it.[1][1] The following observations and experiments may help to bridge this gap.

 [1]: #fn-1


Abstract
 This chapter focuses on the negative and positive impact of urbanization and urban population growth on the environment and human health over the course of history. While urbanization creates challenges with waste disposal, air pollution and the provision of clean water, it enables economies of scale and resource efficiencies and enables administrative functions to emerge, including strong public health programmes and advanced medical systems. Another undeniable benefit of urbanization is that human health benefits from strong health care infrastructure and systems, and good access to these. The key to overcoming the urban challenge is to ensure that future urban development and expansion is carefully managed to preserve the health of the environment inside and outside the city, as well as the health of the urban inhabitants within it.


The first quarterly report on the status of the Susanville Geothermal Energy Project outlines the research plan, institutional plan, utilization plan, and program plan. Each task includes a description of scope; a definition of current status; an identification of key results or findings; a definition of problems and solutions being undertaken or recommended; and a highlighting of key future activities. The first quarter effort has concentrated in organizing for and initiating data collection and analysis. (LBS)


This book combines two functions, as a technical handbook for training epigraphists to recognize an individual mason's hand, and a social study of a skilled artisan in Hellenistic Athens ('B', the cutter of IG II 1028). Tracy trained under Sterling Dow, the acknowledged master in this field, and Dow has contributed here an Introduction, 'The Study of Lettering', which should be required "reading for historians as well as epigraphists. It sums up in ten pages the patchy, though often perceptive, nature of the work done in this field since the early nineteenth century. Tracy's study follows, in three chapters. Dow had already isolated B's hand and started a dossier of his identifiable work. Ch. I (Methodology) describes how the author formulated his (very high) standards, trained his eye, and finally extended the dossier to twenty inscriptions, sieved out by exhaustive research from all the Attic material which might be relevant, in Athens, Attica, Aigina, Delphi, and Delos. Ch. II gives the full texts of these twenty, dated between 131/0 and 97/6 B.C., and by rigorous analysis of all significant details produces the evidence for the working technique of a letterer, and for the conclusions forming Ch. III. This last is the most interesting part for the general reader, not least for the picture of B himself—probably a Salaminian, settled in Athens between 116 and 110 B.C., where his skill in transcribing long documents led to steady employment by State officials and quasi-official organizations such as the Dionysiac Artists (only one private dedication by his hand is known, and no funeral inscriptions). In 98/7 he was in Delphi, accompanied by a junior mason 'X', inscribing the long record of Athenians sent out for the Pythais of that year on the southern wall of the Athenian Treasury—a tricky assignment, as Tracy reminds us, the Treasury being a National Monument. Throughout his working span of at least thirty to thirty-five years his style stayed the same, with the prominent serifs which were one of his hallmarks. He was evidently fully literate, for he showed intelligent judgement over wordsplitting and ending a line (the stoichedon style being now obsolete), and within the line he was one of the few letterers who anticipated later practice by leaving blank spaces between words at points to make the sense clearer.


Using two separate models of planet formation we compare the outcomes of two different accretions of solids: planetesimals or pebbles. In order to do so we adopt some similar properties. The Hueso & Guillot 2005 disc model is used for both codes and the outcomes are compared. We also compare the accretion of gas onto the planet, which is similarly implemented in both models. And finally we use the same migration formulae in both cases. With this comparison we would like to show the impact of the accretion of solids.


It is shown that galaxy clusters of BM type I, which are dominated by a single cD galaxy, are characterized by a higher number density of galaxies than are clusters in which the first-ranked galaxy is less dominant. This result is consistent with the notion that BM type I clusters are dynamically more evolved than are those of type III. 1 figure, 1 table.


Introduction .................................................... 81 I. Lessons From Theory and Practice ........................ 85 A. Implemented Permit Trading Programs ............. 85 B. Necessary or Beneficial Elements for Trading Program Success ..................................... 87 C. Issues Specific to the Water Pollution Setting ....... 93 1. Physical Context of Water Pollution ............. 93 2. Legal Requirements of the Clean Water Act .... 94 D. Types of Transferable Discharge Permit Systems .... 96 1. Allowance System ............................... 96 2. Group Permit System ............................ 96 3. Tradable Limit System ........................... 97 II. Evaluating Discharge Permit Trading in a Specific Problem Context .......................................... 98 A. Examination of Factors Relevant to Permit Trading .............................................. 98 1. Physical Context-Selenium Discharges to the San Francisco Bay Estuary ...................... 99


Objective: To describe the observational findings of functional echocardiography (FnEcho) in neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital by evaluating its frequency of use, characteristics of patients and distribution of heart diseases


METHOD AND DEVICE FOR SHEETS DISTRIBUTION. WHEN YOU PRESS A SWITCH OFF MACHINE 1 REPROGRAPHIC OR DURING OPERATION REPROGRAPHY ANY OPERATION IS DETERMINED REPROGRAPHY HOWEVER CARRIER CONTINUES MOVING SHEETS COPY ALREADY CHARGED IN SORTING 2. REPROGRAPHY MACHINES.


This study focuses on in situ synthesis of ZnS nanoparticles on the surface of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. By microwave-assisted chemical reaction of Zn(Ac)2·2H2O and NaS·9H2O in glycol solution with carbon nanotubes, which were pretreated by oxidization in concentrated HNO3. Zinc sulfide crystallite densely supported on carbon nanotubes with the diameter about 1 nm. The carbon nanotubes decorated by ZnS were characterized using transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. It is found that the multi-walled carbon nanotubes can not only act as a substrate but also change the crystal structures of ZnS in the reaction.


Commentary Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is defined by the sudden, unexplainable death of an individual with epilepsy and accounts for approximately 17% of epilepsy-related deaths. Patients with longstanding epilepsy characterized by frequent generalized tonic-clonic seizures that are relatively poorly controlled appear to be at highest risk. Physiological factors that may contribute to SUDEP include peri-ictal, centrally-originating autonomic irregularities leading to cardiac and respiratory arrest. Electrocardiographic abnormalities characterized mainly by rhythm and repolarization changes, including prolonged QT interval, are also associated with the occurrence of generalized seizures in patients with epilepsy and may contribute to SUDEP, especially when it occurs postictally (1). Similar to clinical reports, arrhythmias associated with altered cardiac Na channel function have been demonstrated in rodent epilepsy models, including the kainate-induced status epilepticus model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) (2), but the mechanisms supporting these changes were previously undescribed. Biet and colleagues investigated epilepsy-related changes in several Na currents that underlie action potential repolarization and timing in cardiomyocytes as they relate to cardiac conduction and excitability. Significant functional and molecular cardiac channel remodeling was detected in conjunction with development of spontaneous seizures in the TLE model, consistent with epilepsy-induced overexpression of a neuronal Na channel isoform in cardiomyocytes, which predispose to an increase in QT interval. Normally, cardiomyocyte action potential generation and inactivation are tightly regulated in order to maintain appropriate cardiac contraction rhythms. As in central neurons, cardiac action potentials are mediated by Na currents, although neuronal and cardiomyocyte Na currents differ in their kinetics and are composed of different channel isoforms. Cardiac Na currents are mediated mainly by a relatively tetrodotoxin (TTX)insensitive Na channel isoform, NaV1.5, encoded by the SCNA5 gene, which imparts relatively fast activation and inactivation kinetics. Normally, Na currents and action potentials in neurons are mediated by a TTX-sensitive Na channel isoform, NaV1.1, which has somewhat slower kinetics and is encoded by the SCNA1 gene. Using electrophysiological recordings in vitro, the authors found that action potential duration was increased in cardiomyocytes from epileptic rats, and TTX was more potent in reducing action potential duration and peak Na current amplitude in epileptic rats than in controls. Activation threshold was also hyperpolarized relative to controls. Interestingly, these changes were very similar to Na current increases reported in hippocampal neurons from spontaneously epileptic rats (3). Increased activation of a late Na (NaL) current tends to increase cardiac action potential duration, which can result physiologically in increased QT interval that can lead to long QT syndrome and other arrhythmias. The TTX-sensitivity of the NaL current was also enhanced in cardiomyocytes from epileptic rats. Prolongation of Action Potential Duration and QT Interval During Epilepsy Linked to Increased Contribution of Neuronal Sodium Channels to Cardiac Late Na+ Current: Potential Mechanism for Sudden Death in Epilepsy.