Abstract The paper analyzes the impact of switchable glazing: electrochromic (EC) and gasochromic (GC) on the energy efficiency of the building. Using the analytical and comparative method, the energy-relevant EC and GC glazing features were defined. Secondly, experimental studies on the energy-saving role of EC and GC glazing in various climatic zones were analyzed. The paper aims to define this role. The analyzes were referred to the thermal and lighting aspects. Comparisons were made between the EC and GC technologies, as well as with traditional - "static" types of glazing. The analysis showed differences in the technical characteristics of both technologies. Despite the differences, the results prove a beneficial effect of EC and GC glazing on the reduction of usable energy consumption in the building. The impact is most significant in terms of relieving the cooling and air conditioning systems. In this field, EC glazing was determined a more favorable technology. Further detailed research is required, focusing mainly on the lighting aspect for moderate and cold climate zones. The research was summarized with a collective evaluation of the energy-related role of EC and GC glazing.


When organizational scandals occur, the common refrain among commentators is: 'Where was the board in all this?' 'How could the directors not have known what was going on?''Why didn't the board intervene?' The scandals demonstrate that board monitoring or oganizational performance is a matter of great importance. By monitoring, we mean the act of keeping the organization under review. In many English-speaking countries, directors have a legal duty of care, which includes duties to monitor the performance of their organizations (Hopt and von Hippel 2010). However, statutory law typically merely states the duty, while providing little guidance on how that duty can be met.


Solar‐to‐fuel conversion with organic–inorganic hybrid halide perovskites has attracted growing attention as a result of their excellent optoelectronic properties as well as the low temperature of the solution based fabrication process. However, the most comprehensively developed hybrid perovskite materials are comprised of the toxic metal lead, raising concerns about environmental health threats. Herein, a lead‐free bismuth (Bi)‐based hybrid perovskite showing in situ growth of heterojunctions is successfully developed at the interface of methylammonium bismuth iodide (MA3Bi2I9) and tri(dimethylammonium) hexa‐iodobismuthate (DMA3BiI6) by a facile solvent engineering technique. The air‐stable MA3Bi2I9/DMA3BiI6 perovskite heterostructure with enhanced photoinduced charge separation exhibit outstanding visible‐light‐induced photocatalytic activity for H2 evolution in aqueous hydrogen iodide solution. The powdered MA3Bi2I9/DMA3BiI6 heterostructured composite (BBP‐5) shows a H2 evolution rate of 198.2 µmol h−1 g−1 without the addition of Pt co‐catalysts under 100 mW cm−2 of visible‐light (λ ≥ 420 nm) illumination.


Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) mRNAs contain related (HCVlike) internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) that promote 5'-end independent initiation of translation, requiring only a subset of the eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) needed for canonical initiation on cellular mRNAs1. Initiation on HCV-like IRESs relies on their specific interaction with the 40S subunit2–8, which places the initiation codon into the P site, where it directly basepairs with eIF2-bound Met-tRNAi to form a 48S initiation complex. However, all HCV-like IRESs also specifically interact with eIF32,5–7,9–12, but the role of this interaction in IRESmediated initiation has remained unknown. During canonical initiation, eIF3 binds to the 40S subunit as a component of the 43S pre-initiation complex, and comparison of the ribosomal positions of eIF313 and the HCV IRES8 revealed that they overlap, so that their rearrangement would be required for formation of ribosomal complexes containing both components13. Here, we present a cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of a 40S ribosomal complex containing eIF3 and the CSFV IRES. Strikingly, although the position and interactions of the CSFV IRES with the 40S subunit in this complex are similar to those of the HCV IRES in the 40S/IRES binary complex8, eIF3 is completely displaced from its ribosomal position in the 43S complex, and instead interacts through its ribosome-binding surface exclusively with the apical region of domain III of the IRES. Our results suggest a role for the specific interaction of HCV-like IRESs Corresponding authors: Christopher U. Hellen, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Department of Cell Biology, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA. Phone: +1 718 270-1034, Fax: +1 718-270-2656, email@example.com, Joachim Frank, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 650 W 168th Street BB2-221, New York, NY 10032, USA. Phone: +1 212 305-9510, Fax: +1 212 305 9500, email@example.com. The electron microscopy (EM) map has been deposited in the EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute EM Data Bank under accession codes EMD-2450 and EMD-2451. Coordinates of EM-based model of the CSFV IRES have been deposited in the RCSB Protein Data Bank under accession number 4c4q. Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints. The authors declare no competing financial interests. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS Y.H., A.d.G., V.D, T.V.P, C.U.T.H and J.F. interpreted the data and wrote the manuscript. V.D, T.V.P and C.U.T.H prepared the sample. Y.H., A.d.G. and R.A.G. performed the cryo-EM experiments. H.Y.L. performed the 3D variance estimation. Y.H. and R.L. performed the cryo-EM data processing. Y.H. modeled the CSFV IRES. C.U.T.H and J.F. directed research. NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Nature. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 July 22. Published in final edited form as: Nature. 2013 November 28; 503(7477): 539–543. doi:10.1038/nature12658. N IH -P A A uhor M anscript N IH -P A A uhor M anscript N IH -P A A uhor M anscript with eIF3 in preventing ribosomal association of eIF3, which could serve two purposes: relieving the competition between the IRES and eIF3 for a common binding site on the 40S subunit, and reducing formation of 43S complexes, thereby favoring translation of viral mRNAs. Canonical translation initiation begins with assembly of a 43S preinitiation complex, comprising a 40S subunit, eIF1, eIF1A, the Met-tRNAi/eIF2/GTP ternary complex (eIF2-TC) and the ~800-kDa five-lobed multi-subunit eIF31. The 43S complex attaches to the cap-proximal region of mRNA and then scans to the initiation codon, whereupon it forms a 48S initiation complex with established codon-anticodon base-pairing. Attachment and scanning are mediated by eIF4A, eIF4B and eIF4F, but scanning on structured mRNAs additionally requires DHX2914,15, a DExH-box protein that also binds directly to the 40S subunit13,14. 48S complex formation on the homologous HCV and CSFV IRESs, which comprise two principal domains, II and III (Extended Data Fig. 1a), does not involve scanning and requires only a 40S subunit and the eIF2-TC. The process is based on the specific interaction of the IRES with the 40S subunit, which involves the pseudoknot and subdomains IIId and IIIe3–5,16. Binding to the 40S subunit positions the initiation codon of the IRES in the P site where it directly base-pairs with the anticodon of Met-tRNAi as a part of the eIF2-TC, leading to formation of the 48S complex. Subsequent joining of the 60S subunit to this complex is mediated by eIF5 and eIF5B. Although domain II of HCV-like IRESs stimulates eIF5-mediated hydrolysis of eIF2-bound GTP and joining of a 60S subunit17–19, it does not influence the affinity of the IRES to the 40S subunit5, only moderately affects 48S complex formation, and is not essential for initiation on the CSFV IRES3,18,20,21. An unresolved aspect of initiation on HCV-like IRESs is the role of eIF3, which interacts specifically with the apical region of domain III (helices IIIb and III4) (Extended Data Fig. 1a). Although eIF3 is not essential for 48S complex formation on these IRESs and only slightly stimulates this process in the in vitro reconstituted translation system2,6,7,18, mutations in the apical region of domain III that impair binding of eIF32,9,19 lead to severe translation initiation defects in cell-free extracts22. Importantly, the position of the eIF3 core in 43S complexes13 and of the HCV IRES in 40S/IRES binary complexes8 overlap, with a clash between eIF3's left arm and the pseudoknot13. The simultaneous presence of eIF3 and the IRES in ribosomal complexes would therefore require their rearrangement. To shed light on eIF3's role in initiation on HCV-like IRESs and to investigate how the predicted eIF3/IRES clash is resolved, we determined the cryo-electron microscopy (CryoEM) structure of the 40S subunit in complex with eIF3 and the CSFV IRES lacking the nonessential domain II ("ΔII-IRES"). The CSFV IRES was chosen since it has higher translational activity than the HCV IRES2, likely because it interacts more strongly with eIF3 and/or the 40S subunit, and would thus yield complexes with higher stability for structural analysis. Domain II was omitted to reduce complexity and to reduce conformational heterogeneity. DHX29 was also included in these complexes because it stabilizes eIF3's peripheral domains in 43S complexes13 without affecting the interaction of the IRES with the 40S subunit14. The 40S/ΔII-IRES/eIF3/DHX29 complexes were assembled in vitro by incubating individual purified components. Toe-printing analysis of Hashem et al. Page 2 Nature. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 July 22. N IH -P A A uhor M anscript N IH -P A A uhor M anscript N IH -P A A uhor M anscript these complexes revealed that they maintained the full complement of interactions of the IRES with the 40S subunit and eIF32,18, and were quantitatively converted into 48S complexes upon addition of eIF2-TC (Extended Data Fig. 2). Although DHX29 does not interfere with 48S complex formation on the ΔII-IRES (Extended Data Fig. 2), only 10% of 43S complexes in cells are bound to DHX2914, and whether it is present in IRES-bound ribosomal initiation complexes in the cytoplasm has not been determined. Processing of ~630,000 particle images (see Methods) yielded several classes containing different combinations of components (Extended Data Figs 3 and 4). The present analysis is focused on the 40S/DHX29/ΔII-IRES complex (class 2, ~72,900 particles) and the first of three 40S/ DHX29/ΔII-IRES/eIF3 classes (4–6), which differed slightly in the orientation of eIF3 and eIF3-bound subdomain IIIb of the IRES (class 4, ~26,000 particles). They yielded 8.5Å and 9.3Å reconstructions, respectively, which revealed three well-defined masses of density on the 40S subunit (Fig. 1a and b). The shape and location of a mass of density around the tip of h16 and of a smaller mass on the subunit interface near the A site connected to it via a clearly defined linker (green in Fig. 1a and b) matched the density of DHX29 in the 43S complex13 (Fig. 1c). Another density at the back of the platform (cyan in Fig. 1a and b) was assigned to the CSFV ΔII-IRES, since it fitted the shape and location of the related HCV IRES domain III in 40S/IRES and 80S/ IRES binary complexes8,23 (Extended Data Fig. 1b). A visible segment of the CSFV coding region emerges from the mRNA entrance and forms a small additional mass near the A site and the small intersubunit domain of DHX29. This mass could be modeled as an ~11-bp stem-loop separated from the P site codon by 5–7 nt and could include a predicted hairpin formed by CSFV nts. 387–406. The third mass attached to the ΔII-IRES at the back of the 40S subunit (red in Fig. 1b) was attributed to the core of eIF3, based on its shape12,13,24 and interaction with the apical part of IRES domain III2,5,9,11. Strikingly, the position of the eIF3 core in the IRES-containing complex differs from that in the 43S complex: whereas in the latter, eIF3's left arm and head interact with ribosomal proteins rpS1e/rpS26e and rpS13e/rpS27e, respectively13 (Fig. 1c), in the former complex, they bind to the apical part of IRES domain III (Fig. 1b), consistent with eIF3's position on HCV-like IRESs5,9,11. The orientation of the CSFV ΔII-IRES on eIF3 is consistent with the position of scattered density attributed to the HCV IRES in a lower-resolution cryo-EM reconstruction of the eIF3/IIIabc binary complex11. Thus, the IRES effectively usurps ribosomal contacts of eIF3, leading to displacement of eIF3 from the 40S subunit and leaving it interacting exclusively with the IRES. Compared to its position in the 43S complex, eIF3's core is shifted by ~55Å and rotated by approximately 60° (Fig. 1d). Assignment of eIF3's left arm and head to eIF3a and e


MILITARY RESEARCHDuring the 1991 Gulf War, Army assessments painted the Patriot antimissile system as all but perfect at intercepting Iraqi Scud missiles, but two researchers who analyzed commercial video footage of intercept attempts found no evidence of a single successful intercept. Now a team of physicists and engineers assembled by the American Physical Society's Panel on Public Affairs has concluded that the video analysis was probably correct.


The article deals with some peculiarities of forming future music teacher's communicative competence, enabling him to be actively involved in his vocational activity within polycultural socio-musical space.


Emerging adulthood is a developmental period that i s not adolescence nor adulthood, but rather a separate period of change and exploration (Arnett, 2000). During this time, emerging adults consolidate aspects of their identity to begin psychosocially establishing their adult self (Arnett, 2000). According to Erikson, Paul, Heider, and Gardner (1959), young adulthood is a time for exploring identity and developing a sense of intimacy with others. Emerging adults' pursuit of identity consolidation and relationships with others have been associated with increased feelings of belonging and improved quality of life (Arnett, 2000; Blatt & Luyten, 2009; Montgomery, 2005; Schwartz, Côté, & Artnett, 2005). Few studies have examined how identity formation occurs in emerging adults with disability. According to the World Health Organization (2011), approximately 15% of people worldwide experience some sort of disability, including a disabling impairment or activity limitation. Most research has suggested that emerging adults with disabilities experience a delay in achieving markers Open Data and Open Materials badges earned for transparent research practices. Data may be accessed from the Journal of Open Psychology Data at https://doi.org/10.5334/jopd.38. Materials are available at https://osf.io/te54b/. ABSTRACT. Emerging adulthood is a developmental period during which adults begin making choices regarding love, work, and partnerships. This experience may be different for those with a disability, depending on how they self-identify. The present study was the first to examine differences in belonging and the importance of marriage in those who self-identify as disabled, those who have a disabling impairment but do not self-identify, and those who do not have a disability. This study examined participants' general sense of belonging, as well as their need to belong, which refers to the feeling that belonging is important. Emerging adults across 32 institutions between the ages of 18 and 29 (N = 2,016) completed the Emerging Adults Measured at Multiple Institutions 2 survey including measures of disability identity, sense of belonging, need to belong and the importance of marriage. Results indicate that emerging adults who self-identify as disabled report a lower sense of belonging and a higher need to belong than those without a disability. Additionally, emerging adults with a disabling impairment valued marriage less than those without a disability. These results suggest that disability identity is related to differing levels of confidence in marital relationships, sense of belonging, and need to belong. These findings could be considered by clinicians who work with emerging adults with disabling impairments, who may feel limited in these areas.


The development of depot antipsychotics are facilitated incompitable patient's treatment process for in terms of chronic disease course. One of the disadvantages of depot antipsychotics, having various advantages and disadvantages, neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) rate is higher than the oral form. NMS, rare but can be fatal, is an idiosyncratic reaction characterized by confusion, hyperthermia, autonomic dysfunction, muscle rigidity after use of neuroleptics. In this case, a schizophrenia patient used to haloperidol depot, named haldol decanoate in abroad used since1986 (Europe-US) but recently introduced in Turkey, with NMS was reported.


of the tumour cell DNA from each of the lines studied was complementary to plasmid DNA. [It is difficult to convert this number into an amount of plasmid DNA per diploid plant cell genome as many of these tissue culture cells are aneuploid (Matthysse, unpublished observations).] However, the percentage of the total plasmid DNA sequences present varies with the tumour line:


27 Sperm are among the most variable cells in nature. Some of this variation results from non-adaptive 28 errors in spermatogenesis, but many species consistently produce multiple sperm morphs, the adaptive 29 significance of which remains unknown. Here, we investigate the evolution of dimorphic sperm in 30 Lepidoptera, the butterflies and moths. Males of this order produce both fertilizing sperm and a 31 secondary, non-fertilizing type that lacks DNA. Previous organismal studies suggested a role for non- 32 fertilizing sperm in sperm competition, but this hypothesis has never been evaluated from a molecular 33 framework. We combined published datasets with new sequencing in two species, the monandrous 34 Carolina sphinx moth and the highly polyandrous monarch butterfly. Based on population genetic 35 analyses, we see evidence for increased adaptive evolution in fertilizing sperm, but only in the 36 polyandrous species. This signal comes primarily from a decrease in non-synonymous polymorphism in 37 sperm proteins compared to the rest of the genome, suggesting stronger purifying selection, consistent 38 with selection via sperm competition. Non-fertilizing sperm proteins, in contrast, do not show an effect 39 of mating system and do not appear to evolve differently from the background genome in either species, 40 arguing against the involvement of non-fertilizing sperm in direct sperm competition. Based on our 41 results and previous work, we suggest that non-fertilizing sperm may be used to delay female remating 42 in these insects and decrease the risk of sperm competition rather than directly affect its outcome. 43 44 45 46 47


Applying Newtonian dynamics in five dimensions rather than four, to a universe that is closed, isotropic and expanding,suggests that under certain circumstances an additional and previously unidentified acceleration, a_A, can arise affecting the four dimensional motion of spacecraft. The two cases of this acceleration being either real or virtual are considered. In the real case, simple estimates of a_A are shown to be in partial agreement with reported acceleration anomalies from several Earth flybys and from the Pioneer spacecraft. However, these estimates do not fully reconcile with radio Doppler tracking data. The virtual case, by contrast, appears to overcome these and other difficulties with the real case, and is discussed in an addendum. Furthermore, the virtual case has an altitude dependence which makes detection of any anomaly unlikely above ~2000 km. Equations governing this additional acceleration have been derived from first principles, without the introduction of free parameters or new constants and without amendment to the law of gravity.


It is estimated that Egypt's microfinance industry currently reaches only about 5 percent of the more than 2 million potential borrowers. In this situation, commercial banks could play an important role since they have the advantage of both outreach capacity through their branch networks and fundraising capacity through their legal ability to accept savings deposits. Traditionally, commercial banks in Egypt, as in many other developing countries, have shied away from microfinance, perceiving it to be characterized by high risks and low rewards. The National Bank for Development (NBD) in Egypt, however, has had a different experience. A private commercial bank, NBD has successfully run a microlending program for over 16 years. Microlending programs have existed in Egypt since the mid-1960s. Most microfinance services are delivered through government and nongovernmental organization (NGO) programs and some are conducted through business associations, development intermediaries, and public sector and special-purpose banks. Until recently, microfinance services in Egypt typically existed within broader human development and social safety net strategies. An important microfinance provider is the Egyptian Social Fund for Development (SFD), which channels sizable amounts of its funds through NGOs. There are also several national and international NGOs that have been more effective at addressing the credit needs of the poor; they lack the infrastructure and institutional setup to expand outreach beyond their local communities.


In recent years, wafer-scale engines have emerged as a promising solution for achieving high performance computing (HPC), thanks to their advantages on form factor and scalability. By building a wafer-scale system with fine-pitch die-to-wafer bonding, it is possible to achieve high computing power, large memory capacity, and fast and efficient access to this memory, while ensuring high manufacturing yield and low design complexity. Large wafer-scale systems, however, make enormous demands on power (≥ 50 kW for a 300 mm diameter wafer), and methods to deliver this power efficiently, uniformly, and cost-effectively have not been fully realized yet. Compared to silicon, Gallium Nitride (GaN) switches promise higher conversion efficiency and higher power density, due to GaN's large bandgap, large breakdown electric field, and high electron mobility. In this paper, a dielet-on-GaN interconnect fabric (GaN-IF) vertical structure was demonstrated with a ≤ 10 µm metal bonding pitch for the future three-dimensional integrated voltage regulator (3D-IVR). This allows for intimate integration of the GaN switches with high-performance CMOS logic and passives in the substrate. An average shear force of 160.76 N was achieved on a dielet-to-wafer assembly with a dielet size of 4 mm2. An effective specific contact resistance of 0.13 Ω-µm2 was measured for the Cu-Cu bonding interface. A reliability test was performed, showing a resistance change of < 4%. Photoluminance, x-ray diffraction, and Raman spectra were measured to prove that our fabrication and bonding processes are not degrading the quality of the GaN layer. Additionally, a novel architecture is demonstrated, which allows an efficient delivery of power to the wafer-scale system through a dielet-side power delivery network (PDN) that does not require through-silicon vias (TSVs) - which are costly and necessitate the thinning of the substrate. A robust integration process flow for dielet-side power delivery was developed and optimized to obtain desired mechanical and electrical properties of the assembled structure. Power platforms were flip-bonded to the front side of the die-to-wafer assembly to form daisy chains. This is the first work that demonstrates a power-efficient, cost-effective, and heterogeneous power delivery architecture for wafer-scale systems.


effectively uses case studies to tease out associations between the processes of compiling recipes and those of scientific analysis. Chapter five contextualises recipe books in a broader social narrative as Leong shows how family recipe books were part of the "paperwork of kinship" (p. 126), where family links were established across gender boundaries in the process of making recipe knowledge (p. 136). In the final chapter, Leong tackles the daunting history of the relationship between manuscript and print recipe collections in the early modern period. She argues that these two textual formats were part of a web of knowledge making, and that their creation and use had considerable overlap (p. 148). The crossover between manuscript and print recipes is one clear illustration of the household's participation in commercially-produced knowledge (p. 167). Just as early modern recipe compilers considered the cost and appearance of the manuscripts they created and the printed collections they purchased, there is great value in the presentation of Leong's book. The structure and thematic approach to the chapters allows both specialists and non-specialists to understand the material and intellectual life and significance of recipe books. The paperback format and its wonderful array of figures make the book affordable and accessible, which has been a challenge in academic publishing. Leong's passion and commitment to the history of recipe books is evident from the multitude of fantastic case studies and rich examples that took years of dedicated research to unearth. The result is a clearer understanding of how recipes were used in making and documenting natural knowledge. This book is a must-read for anyone interested in recipes, for social historians, and for those looking to broaden their understanding of science and its multitude of practitioners in early modern England.


The inventive embodiment discloses a system and a method for matching user list in instant communication, and an instant communication terminal. The instant communication terminal is used for receiving user information, emitting acquisition request for user list containing user information to a instant communication server; the instant communication server is used for forwarding the acquisition request for user list to a user information server; the user information server is used for resolving user information from the acquisition request for user list, retrieving the user list matching to the user information, and returns the user list to the instant communication terminal. The inventive embodiment can facilitate extension of user friend relationship, greatly meet the personalized requirements of a user, and improve usability and easy use of instant communication.


This research observed the Toya Devasya, Kintamani. The aim of this research are 1) to know the motivation of domestic tourist's that visit the Toya Devasya Kintamani, Bangli. 2) to know their perception in regards of its service quality. This research used sample determination method which tend to purposive with taking its sample by using accidental sampling method and determining the number of samples using quota sampling giving 100 questioners to domestic tourist. Data collection technique that used is by interview, observing, documentation, literature study and questioner with analysis technique by qualitative and quantitative descriptive. The result showed the motivation which push domestic tourist's to visit Toya Devasya are to make the mind calm, relax and free yourself in a beautiful and interesting place, get a new atmosphere. At the same time the motivation that pull those tourist's to visit Toya Devasya is the beauty of natural mountain kicking, a nice atmosphere to be enjoyed, the source of hot water coming from Mount Batur. The perception of domestic tourist's to its service quality over all is good, however they still feel that the lack of assurance service in Toya Devasya.


Clement VI was a pope who appeared to face both ways. This impression is confirmed by the fact that some historians have hailed him as a humanist pope, if not the first humanist pope, whereas his conception of the Christian society and of papal sovereignty followed thoroughly traditional and authoritarian lines. A glance at his best known political sermon, that preached in 1346 to approve the future emperor Charles IV as king of the Romans, would suffice to show this. His attitude to infidels and Jews also appears paradoxical, for he persecuted the one and tolerated the other, and this despite the threat presented by both to the purity of the Faith. This is not to suggest that Clement was the only pope to exhibit this dichotomy, for it was a common enough one: it was just that his views on infidels and Jews were more extreme than those of others, and the contrast therefore more pointed.


Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane with phenethyl substituents (PhenethylPOSS) as nanofiller was incorporated within Poly(bisphenol A carbonate) (PBAC) as matrix. Dielectric spectroscopy proved an almost complete miscibility of PhenethylPOSS up to 7 wt. %. At higher concentrations phase separation yields composites with a PBAC-rich matrix and POSS-rich domains which posses well shaped interfaces. The nanocomposites were also investigated with respect to their gas transport behaviour. An increase of the gas permeability was found at higher PhenethylPOSS concentrations, which is due to the phase separated structure.


Achieving energy efficient legged locomotion is an important goal for the future of robot mobility. This paper presents a novel joint for legged locomotion that is energy efficient for two reasons. The first reason is the configuration of the elastic elements and actuator which we show analytically has lower energy losses than the typical arrangement. The second is that the joint stiffness, and hence stance duration, is controllable without requiring any energy from the actuator. Further, the joint stiffness can be changed significantly during the flight phase, from zero to highly rigid. Results obtained from a prototype hopper, demonstrate that the joint allows continuous and peak hopping via torque control. The results also demonstrate that the hopping frequency can be varied between 2.2Hz and 4.6Hz with associated stance duration of between 0.35 and 0.15 seconds.


Trial-based functional analysis (TBFA) is a procedure for experimentally identifying the function of challenging behavior within applied settings. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a TBFA teacher-training package in the context of two Head Start centers implementing programwide positive behavior support (PWPBS). Four Head Start teachers were trained in TBFA procedures as part of ongoing technical assistance on individualized behavior supports. Following training and performance feedback, all teachers were able to implement TBFA with 100% fidelity during simulation probes. With minimal additional coaching, teachers implemented TBFA sessions with a child in their classroom with 100% fidelity. Implications for future research and for the use of TBFA in early childhood settings are presented.


Abstract : This research involved the study of electronic devices using quantized magnetic flux lines in long Josephson junctions and in superconductive films. The work involved fabrication and electrical measurement, coupled with physical modelling, of device configurations. The Josephson structures studied included the junction vortex flow transistor made with both low and high transition temperature superconductors and a niobium device which proved to be an interesting dual to a semiconductor diode. A laser ablation system was built for deposition of the thin films. Films from this system and from other laboratories were used in a coordinated study of the magnetic field sensitivity of thinned links. The results of this study showed too little sensitivity for practical Abrikosov vortex flow transistors to be realized. A parallel study on granular films yielded similar results. It was concluded that Josephson based devices had much more potential. Subsequent study was conducted on grain boundary Josephson junctions and junctions made by oxygen depletion caused by a narrow electron beam. Long Josephson junctions were made and characterized. Vortex flow transistor structures, using long junctions and junction arrays have been designed. (MM)


Fishing activities on Lake Naivasha were banned for a year in 2001 following a rapid decline in fish catches attributed to overexploitation and environmental degradation. Studies were done to estimate growth, mortality, and exploitation rate of Tilapia zillii from length frequency data collected in January to December in 1995, 2002 and January to May 2003 from commercial catches in Lake Naivasha to evaluate the effect of the fishing ban. Experimental gillnetting studies were done during 2001 closure period. Data analysis was done using FISAT (FAO-ICLRAM Stock Assessment Tool) software. The asymptotic length (L"V) was estimated at 28.93, 29.00, 37.08 and 28.90 cm TL, growth curvature (K) of 0.56, 0.83, 0.36 and 0.60 yr-1, total mortality (Z) of 3.50, 5.14, 1.22 and 4.56 yr- 1 and exploitation rate (E) of 66, 71, 33 and 72 % in 1995, 2001, 2002 and 2003 respectively. The study showed remarkable changes in population characteristics immediately after the lifting of the ban in 2002. The annual catches also rose from 0.9 t in 2000 before fishing ban to 21 t in 2002 after lifting of the ban. The increase in L"V, catches and a reduction of K, F and E immediately after lifting of the ban revealed that the closure of the fishery had a positive impact on the T. zillii fishery. However, the same parameters and catches in 2003 two years after lifting of the ban were at a level indicative of intense exploited again. Remedial measures to sustain the fishery are recommended. These include: limiting entry to the fishery, eradication of illegal fishing methods, reduced environmental  degradagation, encouraging alternative livelihood and involvement of the community in the fisheries management. Keywords : environment degradation, co-management, population characteristics


Identifying patterns of organismal distribution can provide valuable insights for basic and applied marine and coastal ecology because understanding where animals are located is foundational to both research and science-based conservation. Understanding variation in distributional patterns can lead to a better assessment of ecological drivers and an improved ability to predict consequences of natural and altered relationships. Here, our purpose is to explore if quantifying coexisting groups of individual fish predators advances our understanding of field distribution patterns. Toward this end, we quantified locations of 59 acoustically tagged striped bass (Morone saxatilis) within a 26-stationary unit telemetry receiver array in Plum Island Estuary (PIE), MA, United States. We then used cluster analyses on spatial and temporal-spatial metrics from this dataset to (1) assess if distinct groups of individuals coexisted, (2) quantify group characteristics, and (3) test associations between groups and distribution (e.g., physical site type and region). Based on multiple lines of evidence, we identified four groups of striped bass with different space use patterns that persisted across seasons (summer and fall). Similar-sized striped bass clustered at spatial and temporal scales at which individuals within distinct groups could, and did, physically overlap. In addition, distributional groups were linked to components of physical site type and region suggesting that discrete groups of individuals can interact differently with the environment within the same ecological system. The identification of these distinct groups of individuals creates a baseline from which to explore further ecological implications of grouping behavior for research and conservation in geographically large, temporally dynamic, and spatially heterogeneous marine and coastal environments.


Twice glue-dipping process of equilibrium paper is a technological renovation. Its application improves theperformance of equilibrium paper and cuts down the cost of flooring.


A simple test for the determination of cystinuria and of aminoaciduria is described. The basis of the test is the color reaction between nitroprusside and thiol groups. The reagent is a dry mixture to which the urine samples are applied. The ease of peformance of the test makes it ideal for use as a screening procedure. The reaction is nonspecific, and positive tests require further investigation by more elaborate laboratory procedures.


By analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of the present models for caring the old in rural areas, this article puts forwards that a community-care model for caring the old should be employed in our countryside. The design of the model is discussed from four aspects, including economical security of the old, life care, psychological care and rights protection. Some related suggestions are given to resolve the possible problems that may created while the model is in practical operation.


The development of human cell models stably expressing functional properties of the in vivo cells they are derived from for predicting toxicity of chemicals is a major challenge. For mimicking the liver, a major target of toxic chemicals, primary hepatocytes represent the most pertinent model. Their use is limited by interdonor functional variability and early pheno-typic changes although their lifespan can be extended not only by culturing in a 2D dimension under sophisticated conditions but also by the use of synthetic and natural scaffolds as 3D supporting templates that allow cells to have a more stable microenvironment. Hepatocytes derived from stem cells could be the most appropriate alternative but up to now only liver progenitors/hepatoblasts are obtained in vitro. A few hepatocyte cell lines have retained a variable set of liver-specific functions. Among them are the human hepatoma HepaRG cells that express drug metabolism capacity at levels close to those found in primary hepatocytes making them a suitable model for both acute and chronic toxicity studies. New screening strategies are now proposed based on miniaturized and automated systems; they include the use of microfluidic chips and cell chips coupled with high content imaging analysis. Toxicogenomics technologies (particularly toxico-transcriptomics) have emerged as promising in vitro approaches for better identification and discrimination of cellular responses to chemicals. They should allow to discriminate compounds on the basis of the identification of a set of markers and/specific signaling pathways. Expert Opin. The liver occupies a central role in major functions of the organism. It is the principal organ involved in the biotransformation of xenobiotics with its capacity to convert hydrophobic compounds into water-soluble products that can be secreted readily from the body. Cytochromes P450 are the most important class of metabolic enzymes directly involved in the initial clearance of drugs; conjugations reactions are then usually required and elimination occurs through biliary or urinary excretion, a process that frequently implicates plasma transporters. However, a number of drugs and other xenobiotics are potentially hepatotoxic either directly or more frequently after biological activation leading to the formation of chemically reactive metabolites or generation of reactive oxygen species. Reactive metabolites mainly formed by cytochromes P450, such as quinones, quinone imines and epoxides can covalently modify proteins and nucleic acids leading to liver damage. Various mechanisms can contribute to drug-induced liver injury. Only a few hepatotoxic drugs exert dose-dependent


Chitosan-Zn and chitosan-Cu complexes were synthesized.The effect of degree of deacetylation and temperature on the metal content was studied.The property of slow release,anti-bacteria and anti-oxidation of products were measured.The results showed that the release rate of complexes in artificial seawater was 0.76%in 15d.It presented the outstanding property of slow release of the complexes.Chitosan-Zn and chitosan-Cu complexes showed significant effect against Bacillus subtilis and Micrococcus tetragenus.The anti-bacteria rate of complexes was 55%at 10th day.The inhibition rate increased with the increasing of concentration of complexes,and CTS-Cu(Ⅱ)complex showed the highest inhibition activity than CTS-Zn(Ⅱ).


The completeness between linear logic and Petri nets has been shown for several versions of linear logic. For example, Engberg and Winskel considered the t-free fragment of propositional intuitionistic linear logic without exponential !, and showed soundness and completeness of the logic for a Petri net model. One of difficulties in proving completeness for full propositional intuitionaistic linear logic lies in distributivity of u over t, that is not valid in linear logic. The quantales constructed by Engberg and Winskel are distributive lattices, i.e., distributivity is always valid. In this paper, we first construct non-distributive quantales from Petri nets by using a closure operation, and prove completeness of full linear logic without exponential for them. Next we extend the construction of the quantales to those with exponential !, and prove completeness of linear logic with exponential for the quantales. We also give an impression on the meaning of the logic on the proposed Petri net model, comparing with that by Engberg and Winskel.


Despite recent advances in numerical methodology, the solution of the complete equations describing saturated-unsaturated flow in an unconfined aquifer remains a difficult problem. Therefore in practical engineering calculations the formulation must be simplified. It is shown here that Boulton's equation (involving a time-dependent drainable porosity) and also the linearized Boussinesq equation can provide results that are in agreement with certain aspects of the more realistic Richards solution, provided that an estimation of their parameters is possible. However, the performance of Boulton's formulation is only marginally superior to that based on the Boussinesq equation.


Berryman (1992) focuses on theoretical systems based on the logistic equation. He notes that the logistic equation remains a favorite tool of mathematical ecologists, despite its obvious simplifications. He demonstrates that use of an explicitly ratio-dependent form of the logistic permits stabilization of predator-prey interactions when the equilibrium lies to the left of a humped prey isocline, thereby solving one annoying problem. Berryman considers that his formulations also solve the "paradoxes of enrichment and biological control." These paradoxes consist of the coupled assertions: (1) Increase of resources results in increased size of most populations in any ecological community. (2) There often is a kind of alternation of control mechanisms of trophic levels, so that if predators are limited by food, then herbivores are limited by predation and plants by resources. Introducing an extra trophic layer of carnivores may cascade to cause a decrease of plants (Power 1990) or increase the abundance of plants, depending on the initial number of trophic levels. In this system, increase of resources to a community need not increase the size of any particular population in that community. This apparent paradox has been given widespread attention ever since it was read into the theory of Hairston, Smith, and Slobodkin (1960), but is not a formal inference from their verbal theory. For example, a particular trophic level can be simultaneously limited by resources and by predation, as noted by Slobodkin, Smith, and Hairston (1967), quoting data from Slobodkin (1960). Ginzburg and Akqakaya (1992) first consider in detail the formal difference between static and dynamic


Geert Hofstede mounted an attack on the work of Fons Trompenaars in the spring issue of the International Journal of Intercultural Relations (Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 189198). We are not remotely interested in counterattacking or attributing to Hofstede the kind of motives attributed to Trompenaars. We do not know what Hofstede's motives are, any more than he knows what our motives are. As Sir Thomas More put it "I have no window to look into another man's soul". If Hofstede "knows" that we are in this business for the money and are ready to practice intellectual dishonesty to this end, then we leave him to this immaculate perception. We have no knowledge of his motives and are content to leave such judgements to God. In the meantime we suppose him to be honest and trying his best. We do not know this to be the case. We assume it, since only in such circumstances can civilized discussion proceed. So we intend to say no more about the "sneer elements" in his attack, save to point out that commercial success and successful public speaking are no bars to profound thinking and scholarly contribution. We do not feel the need to apologize for our success. There are major difirences between Geert Hofstede's approach and ours, as there are differences in culture the world over. We believe that social science methodology is not culture free. There is no neutral point "above" culture from which to view the universe. It follows that many different ways of viewing culture are legitimate. We have learned much from taking Hofstede's viewpoint. He appears to have some difficulty in adopting and understanding our viewpoint. We will therefore content ourselves in this response with pointing out our differences with Hofstede. We shall try to avoid labelling the differences as "good" or "bad", although we shall justify our attempts to see things differently. Readers should judge for themselves whether they prefer "The-World-According-To-Geert", or our variations. Both points of view are inadequate and much more work needs to be done. Our most


The mechanism of erosion-corrosion of duplex stainless steel is introduced and the ways to improve the erosion-corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steel such as stain hardening,secondary phase strengthening,heattreatment as well as minim element alloying are summarized in this paper,to provide a guidance for materials design and performance study,especially for the application of new erosion-corrosion resistent materials.


This paper presents a further step of a study that is exploring the potential of applying computational strategies to design and evaluate solutions for urban development and planning in the context of contemporary China. This exploration used a city design competition brief in China to check the feasibility of shaping future cities by the use of an automated system based on high-density urban types. The necessity of relying on digital tools is due to the need to encapsulate and translate into one single process the wide range of different parameters taken into account during the design development, in our case environmental data, big data, blockchain technology and Chinese regulatory frameworks as envisioned by the Chinese 13th five year plan. We thus build an algorithm that creates new cities driven by the aforementioned parameters. The last step of the process is based on the application of a social condenser that aims to create an overlapping merging among the defined functions. In parallel the algorithm uses a Cellular Automata strategy to develop an urban fabric. The outcome of the paper is an algorithm who gathers all the data as mentioned above and outputs a masterplan making use of the Cellular Automata paradigm.


Although gardening has largely been associated with individual actions in private spaces, recent years have witnessed the increased significance of collective forms of gardening in urban public spaces. Defined as 'an organized, grassroots initiative whereby a section of land is used to produce food or flowers or both in an urban environment for the personal use or collective benefit of its members' (Glover et al., 2005), community gardening projects have been established to produce cheap and fresh food, respond to poverty, redress environmental degradation and provide new green spaces in disadvantaged urban places. Much of the research on community gardening has taken place in the US. This project provides the first comprehensive account of community gardening in the UK. More particularly, it examines the environmental, socio-cultural and political impacts of community gardens on participants and members of the local community in disadvantaged neighbourhoods in UK cities. The research involved interviews with national environmental, horticultural and community gardening organisations as well as case-studies of 18 community gardening projects in nine cities in England and Wales. The case study research has included a range of methods, including interviewing, mobile methods, visual ethnographies and participant observations.


The object of this study is the problem of market regulation in modern Russia. The author has set a goal based on a comprehensive system analysis of the Russian Federation's scientific works and normative legal documents to uncover and characterize the socio-economic and socio-legal aspects of the problems of regulating the labor market at the federal and regional levels. In his work, the author relied not only on solidarizing but also on alternative theoretical approaches and conclusions. The scientific results obtained in the course of the study allowed us to understand and substantiate that at the federal and regional levels, the Russian Federation requires a very serious adjustment of institutional mechanisms for regulating the labor market, on which the development of its economy depends. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the conclusion that in current conditions, Russia should provide more in-depth fundamental research of the labor market, which would contribute to the formation of more effective public policy in the regulation of the labor market, employment of the population. This will entail the need to develop the implementation of social, economic, industrial policy, considering its impact on the labor market.


The stereotyped impression held by the Chinese in Taiwan toward hypnosis is elaborated. Common psychological tendencies noticed among the Chinese patients are discussed, and associated with this, the special considerations needed for hypnosis is presented. Case examples are presented for the illustration. Finally, cultural comments are made regarding the application of hypnosis for the Chinese patients. INTRODUCTION The practice of hypnosis was used by the western physicians in Europe since the end of Nineteen century. Later, the practice was gradually spread to the whole world including the East. Through the induction of hypnosis a person's conscious state will alter, fall into a trance state, and manifest different mental conditions permitting the clinician to explore the patient's depth psychology and to manipulate the inner emotion for therapeutic purpose. In order to investigate how the hypnosis will work for the Chinese patients, hypnosis has been tried for several patients in Taiwan. This report will explain how hypnosis works with the positive therapeutic effects on the Chinese. How to apply hypnosis for the Chinese patients will be discussed from cultural perspectives. CHINESE CULTURE AND HYPNOSIS Chinese people in Taiwan usually hold the wrong view and misunderstand the mechanisms of hypnosis. They developed their image of hypnosis either from viewing the dramatic show of hypnosis performed on the stage, or the movie story which deals with evil manipulation of people's soul. Therefore, they regard hypnosis as some kind of mysterious magic and hold an unreasonable expectation of a miracle cure from hypnosis. In another way they regard hypnosis as an evil practice and too afraid to receive such a practice. It is unfair and unfortunate to hold these attitudes. Actually, based on modern psychological knowledge, hypnosis can be realized as a specific psychological intervention or operational skill for healing the mind. It has profound potential for utilization in the field of psychotherapy. However there is a need for careful explanation and assurance to the clients before the hypnosis is applied.


Because baseline characterization of shale mineralogy is critical to the interpretation of results from experiments on radionuclide retardation, groundwater-shale interactions, and physicochemical characteristics, a protocol for quantitative mineralogical analyses has been developed by integrating geochemical and instrumental techniques for the investigation of properties related to repository performance. Thermal analyses were used to estimate total organic matter and carbonate mineral contents. Scanning electron microscope backscattering and elemental mapping of polished sectors and particle-size distribution data were used to estimate the amounts of quartz plus feldspar and pyrite in the shales. X-ray diffraction, neutron activation, and size-distribution data were utilized to estimate phyllosilicate mineral contents. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy was used to identify clay mineral components.


Achiral unsymmetrical 2-methyl 3-amino-benzoic acid (2,6-substituted toluene)-derived four-ring bent-core liquid crystals with a polar fluoro or chloro substituent at one end and an alkyloxy group (butyl to dodecyl) at the other end have been synthesised by a simple and straightforward synthetic method. The molecular structure characterisation is consistent with the elemental and spectroscopic analysis data. The materials' thermal behaviour and phase characterisation have been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and polarising optical microscopy. All the compounds exhibit an enantiotropic nematic phase over a wide temperature range.


An intelligent terminal has been used at a radiology reception desk to maintain a master patient index and to assist documentation. It also yields valuable management information.


Sustainable food production depends on well functioning agro-biological ecosystems: a diversity of living organisms—the biodiversity—plays a critical role in the function of these ecosystems, particularly in the way in which biotic and abiotic processes shape agricultural productivity and sustainability. Biological collections are the repository for this biodiversity information and there is a strong track record of the knowledge generated from these collections improving sustainable food production and ultimately food security. However, the way these collections are used, and indeed what they are comprised of, is undergoing rapid change. The collections themselves are moving from repositories of our flora and fauna to warehouses of species data, spatial ecosystem models, digital images, tissues, genetic sequences and information. Furthermore, our tools include genomics and informatics which provide an explosion of information that we now can mine in new ways we have never been able to do before. One example is the Atlas of Living Australia that will bring together all relevant biological knowledge of Australia's biota. But we need to do more, including using automation to harvest new knowledge and insights. It is critical that our science remains at the forefront with our collections being connected at a global level if we are to make a genuine difference. It will be a challenge to fund what is required, but we need to remember that what we are talking about is life on earth. There are exciting opportunities to more effectively manage and value our biodiversity as well as deliver biosecurity to maintain our productivity and prosperity as a nation. Our national efforts can also contribute to global solutions to challenges such as food security and environment degradation.


The protocol design of device-to-device (D2D) networks have regained research interest in recent years, due to the increasing number of networking devices and the diverse deployment settings. Most of the network optimization tasks are fundamentally difficult NP-hard problems in wireless settings, because managing interference introduces combinatorial complexity. Existing approaches use general heuristic algorithms for the underlying graph problems. While efficient and simple, they are not adaptive to the changing requirement and priorities of the service providers, and make no use of the past data to recognize and exploit the information within. In this paper, we study a representative network optimization task of maximizing the throughput-based system utility through link scheduling in a single-radio, single-channel D2D networks, and propose a learning-based method to leverage past experience to generate a good scheduling policy. We combine the pattern matching capabilities provided from recurrent neural networks (RNN) and the flexibility in changing environment from reinforcement learning (RL). The algorithm is implemented with existing software frameworks and tested with numerical experiments. We find that its overall solution quality is comparable to existing heuristics with various network scales, and report an improved system throughput with significant lower computation time.


SS-AGR-279, a 2-page fact sheet by Ann Blount, Ronald Barnett, Jerry Johnson, Cheryl Mackowiak, and Yoana Newman, describes this oat cultivar, considered to be an excellent choice for grain and forage use in the southeastern U.S. Published by the UF Department of Agronomy, October 2007.
SS AGR 279/AG284: Horizon 314—A New Winter Oat Cultivar for Both Grain and Forage (ufl.edu)


Introduction: The cardiovascular complications related to COVID-19 have led to the need for echocardiographic services for these patients to help with the management and identification of complications. The aim of this study was to identify echocardiographic findings in COVID-19 infection and its utility in management. Methods: We included in our study patients who were COVID-19 positive by polymerase chain reaction test (PCR) and had echocardiogram done during the same admission. Results: A total of 45 patients were evaluated, the mean age was 61.4 ± 12.2 years. Hypertension 29 (64%) and in diabetes mellitus in 25 patients ( 55%) were the most common comorbidities followed by congestive heart failure(CHF) in 11 patients (24%), Coronary artery disease (CAD) in 9 patients (20%) and valvular heart disease in 3 patients (7%). Eight patients (18%) had of myocardial injury suggested by elevated troponin (n=44) and BNP was found to be elevated in 14 patients (35.8 %) (n=39) patients. Majority 93 % (n=29) had elevated LDH and 87.8 % (n=33) had elevated ferritin. and D dimer 88 % (n=27). 14 patients had left ventricular dysfunction (31%). 6 patients with right ventricular (RV) dilatation and 5 patients with reduced RVEF. Pressure and volume overload were seen in 3 of our patients. In one patient RV thrombus was visualized. Pulmonary pressure was found to be elevated in 10 patients (24%). Conclusion: 2-dimensional echocardiography can be an important bedside tool in the assessment of left and right ventricular function and hemodynamic status COVID-19 patients.


Production risers are used to conduct oil or gas from the wellhead to an offshore production facility. Due to technical challenges with flexible marine pipe at large depths, there has been a move to steel catenary risers (SCRs) in recent years, due to the availability of high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels, such as bainitic X100. HSLA steels make SCRs a viable option for deep water due to the reduction in complexity and hence cost, compared to flexible pipes. However fatigue response is an important factor in their design, particularly in the vicinity of welded connections. In this paper, a two-stage low cycle fatigue (LCF) model is presented to simulate damage accumulation associated with both early cycles and later at near-failure cycles. The LCF model is implemented in combination with a high cycle fatigue model (HCF) in an Abaqus UMAT subroutine for riser simulations. The calibrated LCF-HCF, UMAT is used to analyse the case study of a girth weld under fatigue load in a steel catenary riser. The model incorporates complexities of the weld geometry in addition to the effects of damage when calculating the fatigue life.


THERE clearly existed among all who knew him well, a widespread desire, manifesting itself in many circles, to commemorate Sir William ____________ Osler's seventieth birthday in July. It seems well worth while to inquire into the reasons for this unwonted stir among the brethren of the stethoscope and the scalpel. I am sure I shall not be dubbed mechant if I venture delicately to hint that at least a little piquancy is added to the celebration of the seven decades, rotund and replete with years of splendid activities, by the obvious fact that our dear friend has cheated his own jesting computation of the years of a man's fertility by several lustra; and who among his friends are entitled to make so merry at this happy birthday party as we, his hoary contemporaries, who have also escaped the penalty of innocuous desuetude? Without being minutely analytical, we boldly claim that our Osler is some sort of a genius, not perhaps a vast scientific genius of the laboratory, nor yet a genius through the excess of any one predominant quality, but rather the possessor of a rare combination of gifts, of a mental and spiritual endowment and balance which always attract and inspire men to higher ideals, and which recall them to a renewed dedication of life and service to more worthy and nobler ends. Philadelphia lost Osler, I think, because the way to preeminent leadership there seemed barred, while instinct led him to seek the highest office the profession held as a gift for the rare man. Baltimore offered him scope for the development of all his capabilities in the Johns Hopkins Hospital, and in the inauguration and untrammeled growth of a new medical school on new lines; the time for a change was ripe in medicine, the field was open, and the man arrived to claim the opportunity as his right. When Osler settled in Baltimore, the medical profession was rent with internal dissensions fostered by a numerous progeny of starveling medical schools, with "professors" who secured the charter in order to gain the title, and who took the title in the hope that they might thus learn medicine,—offshoots of one venerable school with a noble history, the University of Maryland. With this complete disruption all progress was stayed and the harmony and united effort essential to progress


Numerical simulations of flooding events through rivers and channels require coupling between 1-D and 2-D hydrodynamic models. The rivers and channels are relatively narrow and the widths are smaller than the grid resolution of the 2-D model. The shapes of the rivers and channels are complex and do not necessarily coincide with the grid points. The coupling between the 1-D and 2-D models are challenging. In this paper, a novel Immersed-Boundary (IB) type coupling is implemented. Using this method, no linkpoint needs to be manually determined, nor does the discharge boundary conditions need to be specified on the linkpoints. The linkpoints will be dynamically determined by comparing the water levels in the 1-D channel and the surrounding dry cell elevations in the 2-D model. The linkpoint flow conditions thus can be dynamically calculated by the IB type of implementation. This coupling method enables more realistic simulations of water exchange between channels and dry lands during a flooding event comparing to the traditional coupling method.Copyright © 2012 by ASME


This article is the third of a series of articles that in-troduces new models and concepts presented in the latest set of Canadian occupational therapy guidelines entitled, Enabling Occupation II: Advancing Occupa-tional Vision for Health, Well-Being and Justice through Occupation (Townsend & Polatajko, 2007).In Enabling Occupation II, the Canadian Model of Client-Centred Enablement (CMCE) is presented. This model is "a visual metaphor for client-centred enable-ment" (see Figure 4.3) (Townsend et al., 2007, p. 109) and depicts the relationship between therapist and client, as well as an array of enablement skills used in therapeutic relationships. Chapter four of Enabling Oc-cupation II describes how the CMCE, "embraces enable-ment as the core competency of occupational therapy" (Townsend et al., p. 109). The chapter is exciting to read because it makes explicit the ideas about enablement that have implicitly guided occupational therapy prac-tice for years. The CMCE displays 'what' occupational therapists 'do' with their clients who may be individual, families, groups, communities, organizations or popu-lations. Furthermore the CMCE defines a spectrum of enablement skills that include the actions of adapt, ad-vocate, coach, collaborate, consult, coordinate, design/build, educate, engage and specialize as the key skills for client-centred, occupation-based enablement. A fascinating idea portrayed in the CMCE is that enablement may fall on a continuum. While we would wish for all enablement to be effective, there are a "continuum of possibilities from ineffective to effective enablement" (Townsend et al., p. 128). Four decision-making points for the enablement continuum have been established and include; ineffective enablement, missed enablement, minimal enablement and effective enablement (see Figure 4.4). The text encourages us to critically reflect on enablement, recognizing that "com-plex practice conditions as well as therapist choices determine possibilities for enablement" (Townsend et al., p. 130). Last fall, the CMCE and the enablement continuum was discussed with a group of occupational therapists with diverse practice backgrounds. These 15 thera-pists were participants in a distance-education theory course at Dalhousie University's School of Occupational Therapy. Here are some of the comments they made in their on-line discussion. *****


This study is devoted to the analysis of individual processes of strategic management of state programs and national projects. The paper presents the key differences between traditional and strategic management, describes the evolution of domestic experience in the application of the project approach in strategic management. In addition, the study examines the place of state programs in achieving the goals of national projects. The author concluded that state programs ensure the relationship between strategic and budgetary planning, being a key element in the framework of a program-targeted approach to management. The study also describes imbalances in the field of strategic management of state programs or national projects and suggests measures to minimize them.


Attitude control of a rigid body is used widely in spacecraft ,robot and aviation's control these years.In this paper,an error quaternion-based rate/attitude controller is derived by Lyapunov method on base of kinematics and dynamics,and makes the system achieve global description.Combined with the automatic aiming of neutralization gun,all of that above is simulated.


This study aimed at providing information to help HR practitioners understand the uncertainties caused by COVID-19 by addressing questions on what certainties are faced by HR practitioners in the education sector; what factors are seen as stressors, what characteristics need to be developed


The implementation of construction projects often mismatch between the planning schedule and the realization at site like Coal Fired Steam Power Plant Project (PLTU) in Tembilahan has been delayed during construction.. Considering the increasing need of electric energy significantly in electricity system in Indragiri Hilir, therefore the construction of Coal Fired Steam Power Plant Project in Tembilahan must be finished soon. Overall progress (consists of Engineering Procurement Construction) till July 2015 had already reached 65%. In the item of civil construction work until this August 2015 is about 48% so that effort in accelerating the work implementation should be made soon to pursue a delay that until now still have deviation. The acceleration of implementation work was done by some simulations, like in simulation 1 there is no additional workers, simmulation 2 is additional overtime hours, simulation 3 is additional workers and equipment, and also there is additional overtime hours as many as the number of workers and equipments in simulation 4. The analysis is focused on foundation work and the structure of the building/area in which the material already available there and should be installed (erection) because their work is a critical path and directly impact on steam power plant system. From the analysis, it obtained the optimum cost and time that the simulation of 3 get the optimum cost as much as Rp6.377.772.000 and cost performance index (CPI) as much as 0,98 and simulation 4 get optimum time of 183 days and schedule performance index (SPI) of 1,01.Keyword : progress, overtime hour, critical path, optimum cost, optimum time


In perceptual speaker identification, it is known that the identification accuracy depends on the contents of the stimuli presented to the listeners. In our previous experiments, we found that the stimuli containing a nasal sound are effective for human speaker identification, and that coronal sounds are more effective than labial ones. This tendency was observed in the identifications of both familiar and previously unknown speakers. In this present study, we investigated the effects of the speech contents again, by focusing on the vowels in CV monosyllabic stimuli. Through the experiment we obtained several findings: 1) stimuli containing a nasal gained significantly higher accuracy compared to stimuli with only oral sounds; 2) coronal sounds were more effective than labial sounds; 3) palatalisation caused an improvement in performance; and 4) back vowels were more effective than front vowels significantly. These results can be explained by speaker‐specific morphologies of the nasal cavity and the paran...


Introduction: The Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) [1] represents our team's third attempt to observe the surface and atmosphere of Mars using modern infrared limb sounding techniques. The campaign began in 1986 with the Pressure Modulator Infrared Radiometer (PMIRR) [2,3] on the Mars Observer mission, which was lost in 1993. NASA re-selected that scientific investigation using the same PMIRR instrument design for the Mars Climate Orbiter mission, which was lost in 1999. NASA selected our team a third time to build the new MCS instrument now onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). MCS is not a copy of the PMIRR instruments, but is a smaller, lighter instrument with the same scientific objectives as those of the previous two investigations. The scientific goals of the MCS investigation are focused on defining and understanding the current and past climate of Mars. They include: • Global monitoring of atmospheric properties • Characterization of the surface and subsurface thermal state and thermal properties • Monitoring the annual carbon dioxide frost budget MCS represents an excellent opportunity to increase our knowledge of a wide range of interrelated phenomena connected to Mars climate studies, especially in the polar regions. Measurement Approach. From MRO's low polar orbit, MCS will continuously scan the atmosphere and surface to obtain vertical profiles of temperature, con-densates and water vapor, as well as measurements of broad-band solar reflectance and infrared emission. MCS includes nine spectral channels. Channels A1, A2 and A3 are in the vicinity of the 15-micron CO 2 band and are used for temperature sounding. Channels A4 and A5 are centered at dust and condensate absorption features at 11 and 22 microns. Channel A6 measures broad-band solar reflectance between 0.3 and 3 microns. Channels B1, B2 and B3 are centered at 31, 41 and 42 microns and measure dust, conden-sates and water vapor. MCS' IFOV is 5 km vertical and 8.6 km horizontal at the limb, and 1 km x 1.7 km at the surface. Outside the polar regions, MCS will primarily scan the limb of Mars to obtain vertical profiles of temperature , dust, condensates and water vapor with a vertical resolution of one half scale height. In the polar regions , MCS will conduct limb scans at a reduced repeat frequency, and execute a " buckshot " scan pattern in azimuth and elevation that will enable enhanced spatial, temporal and angular coverage (See Figures 1 and 2). Figure 1. …


The invention discloses a material conveying device capable of being opened and closed rapidly and with an observable function. The material conveying device comprises a material conveying pipe (1), a manual turning board (2), a transparent observing window (3) and two side surrounding boards (4), wherein the material conveying pipe is provided with a groove, the manual turning board is arranged in the groove, one end of the manual turning board is connected with one side of the groove in the axis direction of the material conveying pipe through a hinge, and the other end of the manual turning board is a bending end. The transparent observing window is embedded in the manual turning board, the two side surrounding boards are arranged inside the material conveying pipe, one end of one side surrounding board is fixed on one side of the manual turning board, one end of the other side surrounding board is fixed on the other side of the manual turning board, and the other end of each side surrounding board can make contact with one side, corresponding to the bending end of the manual turning board, of the groove after the manual turning board is pulled open. By means of the material conveying device, the circumstance in the conveying pipeline can be observed in real time, the pipeline can be rapidly unchoked without disassembling the pipeline when blocking occurs, maintaining time is shortened, and production efficiency of enterprises is improved.


Cylindrical parts made from pre-strengthened Fe–Cu–C and Fe–Zn–C powders, fabricated under 1000 MPa-cold press, were welded in a vacuum furnace at different temperatures by diffusion welding. A novel approach was used where powder metallurgy parts were sintered together with diffusion welding with no extra pressure applied during the welding process. Chemical composition, cold press pressure, and sintering time (consequently welding time) were constant during the experimental works. Samples were examined by means of optical microscopy for metallographic inspection and by energy dispersive spectroscopy for compositional analysis. The shear strength and hardness profiles of joints were determined. It was observed that shear strength and hardness values of welding increased with increasing welding temperature.


In order to solve political and economical problems of FEC deregulation and increase its efficiency the authors suggest the mechanism using options. It is based on the substitution of state regulation by the system of private legal obligations of the proprietors of existing assets to their consumers. It is proposed that the proprietors of newly created assets will be free from these obligations as well as from natural monopolies regulation.


Over the past five years the organic cotton production in India has grown many folds. In the conventional cotton arena, the genetically modified cotton is growing at an unprecedented rate. In view of these developments, it was considered necessary to carry out a systematic comparison between the various cotton production systems common in the area. Further, this research attempts to address the larger issues:
• Put the discussion regarding the benefits and drawbacks of organic agriculture on a rational footing;
• Help to identify challenges for organic agriculture that can then be addressed systematically;
• Provide physical reference and meeting points for stakeholders in agricultural research and development and thus support decision-making and agricultural policy dialogue at different levels.


This paper introduces Kolmogorov nonlinear complexity index theory, and quantitatively evaluate the stabilization of the combustion flame. It improves on the qualitatively analysis of the combustion state by the frequency of gray time serial of the flame image. It is showed that the Kolmogorov complexity index can effectively distinguish the stable and unstable state of the combustion flame as a quantitative index. To some extent the bad combustion can be warned in advance. Figs 7, table 1 and refs 2.


Many botanic gardens produce catalogues of plants growing in their gardens on either a regular or ad hoc basis. These catalogues are useful for reference and archive purposes and their production has added benefits such as the necessity to stocktake the collection and clarify nomenclature prior to publication. Many now also contain interesting introductory material such as collection statistics, histories of the gardens and information about significant plants in the collection. This paper describes the value of producing catalogues, reviews four diverse approaches to catalogues (from the Arnold Arboretum, Ness Botanic Gardens, Oxford Botanic Garden and Utrecht Botanic Garden) and then describes the catalogues produced by the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, before culminating in a description of Edinburgh's 2006 Catalogue.


Nested multigrid techniques are combined with the finite‐element method for the fast numerical solution of two‐dimensional electromagnetic scattering problems. The finite‐element modeling is performed on nested meshes of the same computational domain. The conjugate‐gradient method is used to solve the resultant finite‐element matrix for the finest mesh, while the multigrid method acts as the preconditioner of the iterative solver. Numerical experiments are used to demonstrate the efficiency as well as the limits of the proposed methodology. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 97–101, 2001.


In this work, we present the synthesis of lithium- and sodium-based ferrites by nitrate decomposition, using low and short thermal treatments. X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement were used to...


PARENT-CENTERED VALUES AMONG LATINO IMMIGRANT MOTHERS MAY 2008 CANDICE FISCHER. PSICOLOGA, PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATOLICA DE CHILE M.S., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Ph.D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Professor Elizabeth Harvey The present study examined parent-centered values among 98 Latino mothers living in the U.S. with at least one child between the ages of one and eleven years old. Paired sample t-tests were used to compare parenting qualities thought to be valued most with those thought to be valued less. Results revealed that Relational Qualities. Role Modeling values. Family Loyalty, and Firm Control were highly valued, whereas qualities that promote a Stimulating Environment, qualities associated with Low Parental Control, and having Economic resources were rated relatively low. Participants also perceived these last three dimensions as significantly more valued by mothers in the dominant culture than by Latino mothers. Overall results were consistent with the hypothesis that Latino mothers endorse parent-centered values that adhere to a relational perspective, which emphasizes affection and loyalty towards other family members. Findings also supported the notion that Latino parenting values


The absorption of light by particles at a single wavelength, aph(λ), is reduced with increased packaging of the light absorption material within these particles. This reduction can be described by the parameter : where asol(λ) is the theoretical maximum light absorption of the cellular material, acm, in a completely dissolved state. In practice, the estimations asol(A) for living phytoplankton are hampered by the process of removing the chloroplast/thylakoid membranes from the organic matrix of the cell, the destruction of the pigment‐protein complexes when an organic solvent is used, and the interference of the excited states of the pigment chromophore by the organic solvent. What is actually being measured by many of the current methods trying to determine asol(λ) is aom(λ), i.e. the absorption of light by the pigment material in the organic medium of the experiment (methanol, acetone, Triton‐X, etc.). The solvation factor, S, in the above equation is the ratio of the true asol(λ) to the measured aom(λ).


After the tremendous development that occurred in the transmission of news and events through television channels, by adopting (IPTV), which works directly on directing the data unit over the Internet instead of transmitting it through analog broadcasting, this development opened the way for content to be broadcast and received as soon as the Internet was available, and a device Newly innovative, which in turn led to increased competition in the speed of news broadcasting with lower costs than before.These modern features in satellite channels imposed on the caller or the gatekeeper additional standards in addition to the traditional media standards. The speed and high ability to transmit visual and audio information added to the responsibilities of the TV star (newscaster, program presenter, news reporter) new burdens, including ethical ones. Within the ethics of practicing the profession, which consists in deliberating and scrutinizing the news before putting it before the eyes and ears of the recipients, as well as other burdens that pertain to the professionalism of media work.The research problem was rooting to make the developments in the digital field supportive of the speed of performance in media work and the accuracy of the news.The aim of the research is to prove that digital development does not call for a decrease in the level of professional media work, but rather to upgrade it, and to engage in honest competition between satellite channels.The research tagged (IPTV Standards of Professional Practice in the Age of Digitization) was divided into five sections. In the first topic, we deal with the methodological framework for research, in the second topic, the basics of IPTV work, and in the third section presenting the added standards in media work after the development in the means of communication, while in the fourth topic The impact of the development of electronic digitization on media work and the outcome of the content analysis study are explained. The fifth section presents the results, conclusions and recommendations.


Conventional music learning in schools could benefit from the study of the music from films, television, and video games. This article offers practical applications for including film music as an outlet for analysis, an interdisciplinary compositional art form, a viable teaching tool, and an authentic performance/production experience. Music educators in both performance-based and non–performance-based settings will learn ways film music can serve as a tool for fostering rigorous critical thinking skills via analysis, broadening creativity through composition and production experiences, and offering a platform for artistic reflection. A list of print and online resources devoted to film music is included.


This paper describes an analytical technique that can be utilized to predict the short-circuit current in a fault-tolerant permanent-magnet machine under partial-turn short-circuit fault conditions. It has been shown that the current in partially short-circuited turns is dependent on their relative position in the slot where the phase winding is accommodated, and the slot-leakage flux associated with these turns has a significant influence on the short-circuit current when a remedial action has been applied. An analytical model that quantifies the variation of the slot-leakage flux as a function of the relative position of partially short-circuited turns has been developed. Both finite-element analysis and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique for predicting the short-circuit current.


Classic inotropic drugs have recently been demonized because they are associated with increased myocardial oxygen consumption, a major risk for arrhythmias and a reduction in short- and long-term survival. Because of these negative effects, there is a great interest about a new class of inotropic drugs, the calcium sensitizers, whose the most studied is levosimendan. Compared with other inotropic agents, it improves myocardial contractility without increasing oxygen requirements and induces peripheral and coronary vasodilation with a potential anti-stunning, anti-ischemic effect. In this review we give an example about the study methodology of an inotropic drug, reporting the results of different experiences carried out in our Department. We studied the efficacy and safety of levosimendan analyzing clinical, hemodynamic parameters, mortality and rehospitalization rates in patients with ischemic acute heart failure. Finally, a critical analysis that compares the "real world" with the trial results is provided.


This article analyses the factors influencing the common sports consumption demand,consumption level and structures through questionnaire,statistics and logic analysis,thus concludes that common sports need diversity-oriented, entertainment-oriented,green-consumption-oriented,and it needs to be combined with culture and tourism.


ANTHONY DAWSON, formerly a research assistant in the Institute of Industrial Relations at the University of California, Los Angeles, and a special lecturer in economics at Victoria College, University of British Columbia, is now working in the Economic Section of the International Labor Office (United Nations) in Geneva. His "Patterns of Production and Employment in Hollywood" appeared in Volume IV, Number 4, of the Hollywood Quarterly.


Identification of clinical isolates of Neisseria meningitidis that are resistant to rifampin is important to avoid prophylaxis failure in contacts of patients, but it is hindered by the absence of a breakpoint for resistance, despite many efforts toward standardization. We examined a large number ( n (cid:1) 392) of clinical meningococcal isolates, spanning 25 years (1984 to 2009), that were collected in 11 European countries, Argentina, and the Central African Republic. The collection comprises all clinical isolates with MICs of > 0.25 mg/liter ( n (cid:1) 161) received by the national reference laboratories for meningococci in the participating countries. Representative isolates displaying rifampin MICs of <0.25 mg/liter were also examined ( n (cid:1) 231). Typing of isolates was performed, and a 660-bp DNA fragment of the rpoB gene was sequenced. Sequences differing by at least one nucleotide were defined as unique rpoB alleles. The geometric mean of the MICs was calculated for isolates displaying the same allele. The clinical isolates displaying rifampin MICs of >1 mg/liter possessed rpoB alleles with nonsynonymous mutations at four critical amino acid residues, D542, H552, S548, and S557, that were absent in the alleles found in all isolates with MICs of < 1 mg/liter. Rifampin-susceptible isolates could be defined as those with MICs of < 1 mg/liter.


The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from fresh leaves of Casearia lasiophylla Eichler, Salicaceae, was analyzed by gas capillary (GC/FID and GC/MS). The cytotoxicity of the leaves essential oil was tested in vitro againstU251 (glioma), UACC-62 (melanoma), MCF-7 (breast), NC1-ADR/RES (ovarian-resistant), NCI-H460 (lung), PC03 (prostate), OVCAR-3 (ovarian), HT-29 (colon) and K562 (leukemia) human cancer cells and against VERO (no cancer cell). The yield of oil was 0.02%. Fifty two compounds were identified, representing 87.1% of the total of the oil. The main components were identified as germacrene D (18.6%), β-caryophyllene (14.7%), δ-cadinene (6.2%), and α-cadinol (5.4%). The oil exhibited antiproliferative activity against all cell lines (TGI<100 µg/mL), with exception of NCI-H460 cell line (TGI 191.31 µg/mL). The highest activity was observed against UACC-62 (TGI 7.30 µg/mL), and K562 (TGI 7.56 µg/mL) cell lines. The observed activity could be related to high content of germacrene D and β-caryophyllene, compounds known as cytotoxic.


Proactive security provides a method for maintaining the overall security of a system,even when individual components are repeatedly broken into and controlled by an attacker. Proactive security is a non-trivial extension of (t + 1 ,n)-threshold cryptosystems,where shares are periodically renewed (without changing the secret) in such a way that information gained by the adversary in one time period is useless for attacking the secret after the shares are renewed. In this paper, we describe the proactive approach and review some basic technologies. We also report the problems need to be study.


This paper attempted to investigate the impact of infrastructure on economic growth in Nigeria. A multivariate model of simultaneous equations was deployed. The paper also utilized three-stage least squares technique to capture the transmission channels through which infrastructure promotes growth. The research covered 40 years (1970 to 2010). The finding shows that infrastructural investment has a significant impact on output of the economy directly through its industrial output and indirectly through the output of other sectors such as manufacturing, oil and other services. The agricultural sector is however not affected by infrastructure. The results also show a bi-directional causal relationship between infrastructure and economic growth. The paper recommended increased investment in infrastructure. Also, the financing options for closing Nigeria's infrastructure gaps should focus on broadening the sources of finance and a better allocation of public resources In this wise, the government should intensify the utilization of the public-private-partnership (PPP) framework.


We used sensitivity-analysis techniques to investigate the behaviour of the landsurface model UTOPIA while simulating the micrometeorology of a typical northern Italy vineyard (Vitis vinifera L.) under average climatic conditions. Sensitivity-analysis experiments were performed by sampling the vegetation parameter hyperspace using the Morris method and quantifying the parameter relevance across a wide range of soil conditions. This method was used since it proved its suitability for models with high computational time or with a large number of parameters, in a variety of studies performed on different types of biophysical models. The impact of input variability was estimated on reference model variables selected among energy (e.g. net radiation, sensible and latent heat fluxes) and hydrological (e.g. soil moisture, surface runoff, drainage) budget components. Maximum vegetation cover and maximum leaf area index were ranked as the most relevant parameters, with sensitivity indices exceeding the remaining parameters by about one order of magnitude. Soil variability had a high impact on the relevance of most of the vegetation parameters: coefficients of variation calculated on the sensitivity indices estimated for the different soils often exceeded 100 %. The only exceptions were represented by maximum vegetation cover and maximum leaf area index, which showed a low variability in sensitivity indices while changing soil type, and confirmed their key role in affecting model results. C. Francone · C. Cassardo · R. Richiardone Department of Physics, University of Turin, Via Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy C. Francone (B) · R. Confalonieri Department of Plant Production, CASSANDRA, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy e-mail: email@example.com C. Francone Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Polytechnic of Turin, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, Italy C. Cassardo · R. Richiardone CINFAI, National Inter/University Consortium for Physics of the Atmosphere and Hydrosphere, Turin, Italy


Here w(t) is the «-dimensional Wiener process (Brownian motion), b(x) is a vector field, o(x) is the diffusion matrix and e ¥= 0 is a small real parameter. The cumulative effect of even very small random perturbations may be considerable after sufficiently long times, so that even if the deterministic dynamical system has an asymptotically stable equilibrium point, the trajectories of the system will leave any compact domain with probability one. The following problem was posed by Kolmogorov: determine the probability distribution of the points on the boundary where trajectories exit, at the first time of their exit from a compact domain, as well as the expected exit times. The random effect may be thought of as a slow diffusion of particles in the deterministic flow field given by b(x), and the results may differ according as particles are diffusing (a) with a flow, (b) across a flow, or (c) against a flow. Results on (a) were first obtained by Levinson [4] , and on (b) by Khasminskii [3] , both of whom used analytical techniques. Problem (c) seems to be the most difficult, and to date only partial results are available (cf. Ventsel and Freidlin [5] and Friedman [1] who used probabalistic methods). Using analytical techniques, we present a full solution of this problem for flows which are essentially gradients of a potential (as well as certain more general flows). Let f]l be a compact domain in R with a smooth boundary 3£2. Let a(j(x) = ie(o(x)a*(x))//-, be strictly positive definite in £2, b(x) = (bv b2,..., bn)9 and let u€(x) be the solution of the Dirichlet problem


Motivated by the fact that most of the information relevant to the prediction of target tokens is drawn from the source sentence $S=s_1, \ldots, s_S$, we propose truncating the target-side window used for computing self-attention by making an $N$-gram assumption. Experiments on WMT EnDe and EnFr data sets show that the $N$-gram masked self-attention model loses very little in BLEU score for $N$ values in the range $4, \ldots, 8$, depending on the task.


OF THE DISCLOSURE The invention involves pharmacologically useful 1 aroylalkyl derivatives of arylhydroxypyrrolidines and arylhydroxypiperidines and pharmaceutically useful salts thereof. These compounds are potent depressants of the central nervous system and are also analgesics, anti pyretics and spasmolytic agents. The present invention is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 801,990 filed Mar. 26, 1959, now abandoned. The present invention relates to a new group of 1 aroylalkyl derivatives of arylhydroxypyrrollidines and arylhydroxypiperidines of the general structural formula


The Diels‐Alder product 1 is transformed by Noyori reaction and catalytic hydrogenation to 4. Hydrolysis with concomitant decarboxylation of 4 furnishes the trans configuration amino acid 5. Functional group transformation (reduction, lactonization) of 5 provides 7, ring opening affords the pipecolic acid derivative 9. On the other hand 1 is hydrolyzed to 10 and 4‐oxo‐pipecolic acid 11. Reduction of 10 and subsequent hydrolysis with decarboxylation of 12 affords the amino acid 13a/13b in a cis/trans ratio of 1:1. Contrary to this result, reduction of 11 provides 13a/13b in a ratio of ≧ 95/5.


Rapid technological advances have turned mobile mobile devices into smartphones that have various applications in them. So that the smartphone device becomes the main need for its users. Several new breakthroughs can be present on smartphones such as applications around health. Where accidents can happen to anyone, anywhere and anytime. First aid measures are very important to do to reduce the impact of accidents. So the researchers developed an Accident First Aid (P3K) application on the Android platform with version 2.2 Froyo. The first aid application has a main feature that contains tutorials on first aid measures in an accident, as well as several additional features in the form of drug information, information on the location of the nearest hospital and pharmacy, types of rescue techniques, and emergency number calls. By using the Rapid Application Development system development methodology which consists of three phases, namely planning, design and implementation of the workshop, this application is made using the Android SDK Framework, Java Programming Language, googlemaps as a spatial data service and system testing has been carried out using the Black Box testing method. . This application, which has a file memory of 3.5Mb, can help smartphone users to recognize, learn and understand various first aid measures and become an application that can help victims when an accident occurs. googlemaps as a spatial data service and system testing has been carried out using the Black Box testing method. This application, which has a file memory of 3.5Mb, can help smartphone users to recognize, learn and understand various first aid measures and become an application that can help victims when an accident occurs. googlemaps as a spatial data service and system testing has been carried out using the Black Box testing method. This application, which has a file memory of 3.5Mb, can help smartphone users to recognize, learn and understand various first aid measures and become an application that can help victims when an accident occurs.


This article describes and explains the tribological tests and methods for the evaluation of the performance of the brake friction materials. It starts by discussing the particularities of these materials and the variation of characterization tests, which can experimentally simulate many aspects of brake situation but with a large field of tribo-test, from standard to specific protocol. Examples of preparation, procedures, instrumentation, and analysis results for the tribological aspect testing ranging from the scale of vehicle braking performance (by methods including inertia dynamometers, Krauss testing, friction assessment screening test, and Chase testing) to simplified test using reduced-scale prototypes for small-sample friction, are explained. A particular attention is attributed to the discussion of the viability of the friction coefficient report in relation to the material properties and brake compound performance. At the end of this article, the guarantee of the performance output or ranking evaluated by such experimental methods is discussed.


PROLOGUE LITERARY PRODUCTION LITERARY CONSUMPTION LITERATURE, CLERICAL AND LAY LITERARY REALITIES COMPLEX IDENTITIES LITERARY PLACE, SPACE AND TIME LITERARY JOURNEYS EPILOGUE INDEX OF MANUSCRIPTS GENERAL INDEX


Shortages in the supply of quality early generation seed (EGS) of new and improved varieties, particularly of dryland cereals and legumes is a major challenge because of the business models. This triggers the following questions: what EGS business models would sustainably avail quality parent seed? To investigate this, we documented 16 EGS interventions. We found that pre-securing seed market ahead of production played important role in the successful seed business. Taking different forms (e.g