Cross-laid nonwoven fabrics of 80, 120 and 160 punches/em' have been prepared from chemicallytexturized jute (TJ) and blends of TJ and polypropylene (PP), using TJ as a major constituent, and the effects of blend proportion and punch density on flexural rigidity, density, tensile behaviour, stress relaxation and response to cyclic loading studied. Blending of PP with TJ improves the tenacity, initial modulus and extension at break of the nonwoven fabric at all levels of punch density. Stress decay suffered by the fabric subjected to stress relaxation is higher for the blended fabric in comparison to the TJ fabric at both low and high extension levels. Extension cycling lowers the tenacity of TJ and 80:20 TJIPP fabrics. Permanent set suffered by the blended fabrics is generally lower in comparison to TJ fabric.


To elucidate the clinicopathological significance of granular swollen epithelial cells (GSECs), which provides histological evidence in the diagnosis of mitochondrial nephropathy, but incidentally observed in renal allografts, we evaluated GSECs as a surrogate histological marker for kidney allograft aging, as previously reported for p16, p21, and β‐galactosidase.


Apart from conflicting with precedent, the D.C. District Court's finding that the NSA metadata collection program is an "arbitrary invasion" of privacy seems misguided given the limited and unchanged nature of telephone metadata and the immense importance of domestic counterterrorism efforts.


Several studies have recently revealed an interesting ability of the rolC and rolB oncogenes of Agrobacterium rhizogenes to stimulate secondary metabolite production in plant cells. We have studied the role of the octadecanoid signaling pathway in the signal transduction initiated by therol genes in transformed Rubia cordifolia cell cultures. None of the octadecanoid pathway inhibitors tested (diethyldithiocarbamate, propyl gallate, salicylhydroxamic acid and piroxicam) inhibited anthraquinone accumulation in the normal and transformed cultures. This result indicates that the octadecanoid pathway is not involved in the rolB androlC gene-mediated increase of anthraquinone production. Summarizing the data of previously reported and present investigations, we suggest that the rolB androlC genes act downstream of Ca2+ signaling, H2O2-generating NADPH oxidase, as well as downstream of salicylic acid-mediated and octadecanoid pathways or perturb secondary metabolism by unknown for plants way. An unusual effect of piroxicam, a member of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on anthraquinone production was detected: this inhibitor stimulated anthraquinone production in a greater extent then methyl jasmonate. © 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.


When translating Chinese for Sci-Tech(CST) into English,besides considering the unique stylistic features of both CST and EST along with their general laws,we should also follow the basic principles of translation theory and flexibly use the translation techniques.Based upon the linguistic and cultural features of both Chinese and English and their differences,this paper analyses and explores the basic ways and common techniques used in translating CST into English from the perspective of the stylistic features of both CST and EST with concrete CST examples.


Narcolepsy is primarily characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and cataplexy.1 Most patients with sporadic narcolepsy with cataplexy and HLA DQB1*0602 have low CSF hypocretin-1 level in relation to a loss of hypocretin neurons.1–3 The origin of hypocretin neurons deficiency remains uncertain, but an autoimmune process is the most probable.1–3

Symptomatic narcolepsies associated with tumors located in the hypothalamic or the brainstem regions have been previously reported, half of them with cataplexy.4 The nature of the link among clinical symptoms, sleep onset REM periods, HLA, and CSF hypocretin remains unclear, especially in symptomatic narcolepsy. However, due to widespread excitatory projections to monoaminergic and cholinergic neurons, hypocretin neurons are supposed to be involved in maintaining wakefulness. Undetectable CSF hypocretin levels that correspond to a major functional impairment of the hypocretin region predispose to hypersomnia.1–3

We report a patient with severe symptomatic narcolepsy caused by a primary CNS lymphoma with undetectable CSF hypocretin-1 level whose symptoms reversed after chemotherapy.

### Case report.

A 46-year-old man was referred to our …


Summary form only given. GaAs based quantum cascade lasers working on a Peltier element are reported. These devices show 2.2 mW average power @240 K, demonstrating that this technology is no longer restricted to the cryogenic regime.


aAdvanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea bDepartment of Physics and Optoelectronics Convergence Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea. cMinistry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea. dDepartment of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea †These authors contributed equally to this work.


The natural history of sciatica in conservatively treated patient is not entirely clear. This study was undertaken to see morphological changes in the herniation accompanying natural resolution of sciatica. CT imaging of lumbar spine was performed for 100 patients presenting to neurology clinic with sciatica. Follow up CT of pathological disc was performed for 72 out of hundred patients after l year. During 1-year, period patients were treated conservatively with epidural injection of steroids and local anesthetics. 45(75%) out of 60 patients with disc herniation or sequestration showed partial or complete resolution. 2(6.06%) patients out of 33 patients with a generalized or local bulge showed partial or complete resolution, and 24(72.72%) patients did not demonstrate any change on follow up CT examination. Younger patients with disc herniation or sequestration having symptoms for shorter duration, showed more improvement on follow up CT examination KEY WORDS: Sciatice, Disc Disease, CT scan


Ferenc Finkey's scientific achievements and human qualities have made him one of the most prominent personalities in the field of legal sciences and prison affairs. He did not, of course, begin his epoch-making activity in a "vacuum", so we consider it important to present the antecedents, the penological initiatives of the early 19th century, focusing on youth protection and work in prisons, and we describe the social and political reasons that supported or made it difficult for Finkey's ideas to emerge. The fall of the Hungarian Soviet Republic had tragic consequences for criminal pedagogy trying its wings. We have gathered a bouquet of human and professional reasons why Finkey has distanced himself from the spirituality, events, and aspirations of the Hungarian Soviet Republic in every way. Fortunately for criminal pedagogy, Finkey's professional career and scientific aspirations were not broken by the proletarian dictatorship and the subsequent ideological retaliation. Finally, we prove the greatness of Ferenc Finkey's theoretical system in criminal pedagogy by using the ideas formulated in his own work Punishment and Pedagogy, which is considered to be the most important one for the topic of our study.


The explosive growth of the Internet has come with increasing diversity and heterogeneity in terms of client device capability, network bandwidth, and user preferences. To date, most Web content has been designed with desktop computers in mind, and often contains rich media such as images, audio, and video. In many cases, this content is not suitable for devices like netTVs, handheld computers, personal digital assistants, and smart phones with relatively limited display capability, storage, processing power, and network access. Thus, Internet access is still constrained on these devices and there is a need to develop alternative approaches for information delivery. In this paper, we propose a framework for adaptive content delivery in heterogeneous environments. The goal is to improve content accessibility and perceived quality of service for information access under changing network and viewer conditions. The framework includes content adaptation algorithms, client capability and network bandwidth discovery methods, and a Decision Engine for determining when and how to adapt content. We describe this framework, initial system implementations based upon this framework, and the issues associated with the deployment of such systems based on different architectures.


We present the prospects for photoassociation, optical control of interspecies scattering lengths and finally, the production of ultracold absolute ground state molecules in the Rb+Hg system. We use the "gold standard" ab initio methods for the calculations of ground (CCSD(T)) and excited state (EOM-CCSD) potential curves. The RbHg system, thanks to the wide range of stable Hg bosonic isotopes, offers possibilities for mass-tuning of ground state interactions. The optical lengths describing the strengths of optical Feshbach resonances near the Rb transitions are favorable even at large laser detunings. Ground state RbHg molecules can be produced with efficiencies ranging from about 20% for deeply bound to at least 50% for weakly bound states close to the dissociation limit. Finally, electronic transitions with favorable Franck-Condon factors can be found for the purposes of a STIRAP transfer of the weakly bound RbHg molecules to the absolute ground state using commercially available lasers.


The present investigation entitled. Application of cacographic techniques to improve spelling in sixth grade students, Leonard Euler, Chorrillos 2016, had the general objective of determining the effect of the application of cacographic techniques on the spelling of sixth grade students. The research carried out was of a quantitative approach, of an applied type and an explanatory level, with a quasi-experimental design, while the adopted method was the deductive hypothetical. The population consisted of 50 students of the 5th and 6th grade of primary education, a sample of non-probabilistic type was used and the sample was intentional, that is, it was considered according to the researcher's objectives. A test was applied, so that the reliability of the instrument was measured with the Kuder Richardson coefficient 20 (KR20), obtaining for the variable dependent orthography (0.862), while the validity of the instrument was verified by the expert judgment technique of the UCV. The results of the general hypothesis test show that, the value of significance observed in the posttest p =, 034 is less than the value of theoretical significance α =, 05 so the null hypothesis is rejected. This means that the application of cacographic techniques significantly influences the development of spelling in students. Likewise, the students of the experimental group obtained better results in spelling (Average = 40.28) after the application of cacographic techniques, with respect to the students of the control group (Average = 35.12).


Abstract : The United States was the dominant member of the coalition formed to counter Iraq's annexation of Kuwait. This led to U.S. concerns that countries benefiting from the coalition were contributing less than their fair share. This paper compares contributions and benefits for the major coalition participants in Operation Desert Storm. The benefits include national sovereignty and oil supply security. The contributions include defense resources and financial and in-kind payments to the U.S. and other countries. The analysis concludes that national sovereignty was the more significant of the two benefits and that the oil supply security benefit may be larger for the U. S. than for countries completely dependent on imported oil (i.e., Japan and Germany). Thus, the Gulf countries may have under contributed to the coalition. Japan and Germany may have over contributed, relative to these benefits, though they may have received other benefits not measured here.


The origin of the Small-Scale Spinning Test, which is used to characterize the quality of samples of cotton weighing between 15 and 30lbs (6.8 and 13.6 kg), lies in the annual cotton crop assessments performed by the USDA's Agricultural Marketing Service and the Textile Research Center of Texas Tech University. Each program of evaluation involved thorough testing of the raw cotton followed by the ring spinning of at least two yarns by the ring spinning route. The machinery used was of industrial size to emulate production conditions. The Small-Scale Spinning Test advocated by the USDA's SRRC has been extended to include fabric manufacture, yet condensed by a need to conserve space that has required the elimination of one drawframe from the sequence of machines employed. The objectives of this study are three-fold;


Outlines the dissatisfaction of US accountant graduate employers in relation to graduates' communication and problem solving abilities. Cites that technical abilities are good and reviews prior research in this area. States that whilst progress is being made in training and graduates are in fact stronger than in previous years, employers' expectations have yet to be reached. Argues that this may be that other countries are developing their training at a faster rate. Advocates a strong partnership between academics and businesses.


The measurement principle of resonance frequency of magneto-elastic sensor is analyzed.The influence of DC-bias magnetic field change on measurement of resonance frequency is analyzed,the relationship between sensor size and optimal DC-bias magnetic field is proposed.The experiment shows the influence of ΔE effect on measurement accuracy of resonance frequency of sensor.


Enhancement of quality of services (QoS) parameters is a challenging requirement in the Fifth Generation (5G) networks. Delay sensitive applications such as voice over internet protocol, online gaming, and live video are easily affected especially in high data traffic with limited available resources. Moreover; virtualization in standard long term evolution (LTE) systems is considered as an integral promising solution in the next generation networking architecture. In this paper, we aim to enhance the delay performance of such applications by utilizing the extra resources available in two-tier cellular network architecture with macro- and micro-cells. Virtualization is considered by allowing users belonging to the macro-cell to be allocated resources of the micro-cell when located in the micro-cell range. The average delays for various traffic types are evaluated to verify the framework's performance effectiveness before and after resources sharing scenario. Simulation results show that the proposed framework considerably reduces UE's average delay when compared with the non-sharing scheme.


In 2018, Edelsbrunner and Iglesias-Ham defined a notion of density, called first soft density, for lattice packings of congruent balls in Euclidean 3-space, which penalizes gaps and multiple overlaps. In their paper, they showed that this density is maximal in a 1-parameter family of lattices, called diagonal family, for a configuration of congruent balls whose centers are the points of a face-centered cubic lattice. In this note we extend their notion of density, which we call first soft density of weight t , and show that it is maximal in the diagonal family for some family of congruent balls centered at the points of a face-centered cubic lattice, for every t ≥ 1, and at the points of a body-centered cubic lattice for t = 0.5.


SUMMARY The organization and nucleotide (nt) sequences were determined for the genes encoding the Sal1 restriction and modification (R-M) system (recognition sequence S-GTCGAC-3') from Streptomyces albus G. The system comprises two genes, saliR, coding for the restriction endonuclease (ENase, R*SaZI; probably 315 amino acids (aa), a predicted M, of 35 305; product, G'TCGAC) and salIM, coding for the methyltransferase (MTase, M.SalI; probably 587 aa, a predicted M, of 64943; product, GTCGm6AC). The genes are adjacent, they have the same orientation, and they occur in the order salIR then salIM. R-Sal1 contains a putative magnesium-binding motif similar to those at the active sites of ReEcoRI and R.EcoRV, but otherwise it bears little aa sequence similarity to other ENases. M*SrslI is a member of the m6Ay class of MTases. In aa sequence it resembles M+AccI, another m6A~-MTase whose recognition sequence includes the Sal1 recognition sequence as a subset.


Tandem white OLEDs with fluorescent and phosphorescent emission have been fabricated. Their electroluminescence performance is dependent on fluorescent blue‐emitting portion in a white spectrum. When CIEx = 0.33, CIEy = 0.35, the devices can achieve 22% external quantum efficiency, 50 cd/A, 25 lm/W, and ∼10,000 h lifetime, tested at 6.2 V and 1000 nits. If the blue‐emitting portion is reduced to produce color with CIEx = 0.34, CIEy = 0.40, the devices can exhibit ∼23% external quantum efficiency, 57 cd/A, 30 lm/W, and ∼30,000 h lifetime when tested at 5.9 V and 1000 nits.


Alloy films of ZnS and MgF 2 of varying composition were prepared by co-evaporation on substrates maintained at different temperatures. Electron diffraction studies showed that the two materials form solid solutions in each other in the composition range 0-30%. In the intermediate composition range the two materials segregate. The solubility limit was found to be strongly dependent on the temperature of deposition. The shift in the optical absorption edge wasfound to be consistent with the electron diffraction results.


We derive and solve a system of ODEs over the infinite time horizon which maximizes the payout for a forward contract under a real world measure modulated by n-state continuous time Markov chain. AMS Subject Classification: 90J27, 60J70, 91G20, 93E20


A discovery-based Grignard experiment that emphasizes several important concepts in organic chemistry is reported. The Grignard reagent from 1-bromo-4-chlorobenzene was prepared and reacted with dimethylformamide (DMF) to synthesize 4-chlorobenzaldehyde. Students were tasked with predicting halogen reactivity in the formation of the Grignard reagent, predicting the final product, and drawing a reasonable mechanism for the reaction with DMF. The Grignard reaction with tertiary amides is typically not discussed in the organic chemistry curriculum, so the students have an opportunity to apply concepts covered in lecture to a new situation. Lastly, the students experimentally verified the identity of the product using thin layer chromatography, melting point analysis, gas chromatography, IR and NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry.


The invention discloses an insecticidal composition comprising pyriproxyfen, the insecticidal composition comprises an active component A and an active component B, the active component A is selected from the pyriproxyfen, the active component B is selected from any one of the following compounds: methoxyfenozide, furan tebufenozide, tebufenozide and chlorine tebufenozide, and the weight ratio of the active components A to the active component B is 1: 80-60:1. The insecticidal composition has a synergistic effect on a plurality of insect pests damaging agricultural production, can reduce the pesticide dosage, reduce pesticide residues in crops, and reduce environmental pollution, is safe to human and livestock, and has good environment compatibility, and the insect pests have low tendency to produce resistance to the insecticidal composition.


Heart disease continues to be the number one cause of death for men and women in the United States. New research findings and recommendations have made it necessary for the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association to revise the guidelines for treatment of unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. By implementing these guidelines, health care providers can deliver quality care and improve outcomes for those patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.


Discovery Grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), Northern Research Fund (NRF), Northern Scientific Training Program (NSTP)


High-protein corn and glutinous already exist, but the unification of these two traits is still temporary we did in a study. The effort to unite the properties of high protein and glutinous (high amylopectin) was started from hybridization between Srikandi Putih Variety corn and Local Waxy Corn followed by a series of crosses and selection. The continuity of a selection in breeding requires the value of heritability as a foundation. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of breeding progress in the corn assembly program with high amylopectin and protein levels based on heritability values. This study was designed in the form of a randomized block design. The treatments are varieties or genotypes which consist of 5 types: G1 = Srikandi Putih (parent 1♀); G2 = Local Waxy Corn (parent 2♂); G3 = F1; G4 = F2 and G5 = F3, repeated 3 times. Data for each parameter were analyzed for variance and heritability values. The results showed of Broad-Sense (BS) and Narrow-Sense (NS) heritability of the plant's height 0.75 (BS), 0.61 (NS), number of leaves 0.71 (BS), 0.55 (NS), flowering age ♂ 0.78 (BS), 0.52 (NS), and flowering age ♀ 0.79 (BS), 0.64 (NS), ear length 0.72 (BS), 0.56 (NS), ear diameter 0.77 (BS), 0.54 (NS), weight of 100 seeds 0.73 (BS), 0.60 (NS), seed production per hectare 0.78 (BS), 0.58 (NS), protein content 0.53 (BS), 0.51 (NS), amylopectin content 0.60 (BS), 0.52 (NS). The heritability values of all measured properties parameters are generally included in the rather high category.


Radiosurgery is the application of radiation therapy in an extremely precise manner. These techniques apply large bioequivalent doses of radiation to a small area in order to destroy tumor cells, while sparing surrounding normal tissues. Radiosurgery has been available for intracranial abnormalities since the 1950s but it has only recently become available to treat tumors outside of the brain and skull base. This article outlines the authors experience with CyberKnife® in the treatment of spinal and spine-associated abnormalities.


We will be learning new approaches to the stir-frying method which can be done without a wok. Emphasis will be on making sauces with Marisolio products.


The utility model discloses a sagging forming mold of a T-shaped section bar. The sagging forming mold comprises an upper mold (1) and a lower mold (2). A working surface of the upper mold (1) is made into a molded surface matched with an ultimate edge strip molded surface of the T-shaped section bar which needs sagging forming. A working surface of the lower mold (2) is made into a molded surface matched with the working surface of the upper mold (1). The lower mold (2) is provided with a groove containing a web plate (12) and vertical to the working surface of the lower mold (2). A protrusion portion (8) protruding upwards is made on the bottom face of the groove corresponding to a bent portion of the molded surface on the working surface of the lower mold (2). In forming, the protrusion portion (8) is matched with the upper mold (1) to enable the bent portion of the T-shaped section bar to be under the pressure stress action, materials in a difficult deformation area do not easily crack in tension or wrinkle, plastic deformation amount of the materials in the difficult deformation area is increased, and therefore the depth and width of a sagging pit are small and within an allowed value, and a T-shaped section bar part in sagging forming is qualified.


The concepts such as globalization and mission overload of higher education attempt to explain the changing and rising social request of and for higher education. The rising significance of doing research, knowledge, innovation and developing viewpoints on proficiency are making changes in the social function of universities in globalization. "Knowledge society" is one of the most prevailing concepts used for concerning these changes along with some other concepts such as Knowledge Economy, Information Society, and Learning Society tending to adorn the environment of social change. As an obligatory external factor, globalization has a great impact on decision making and performance of Higher Education and universities. To be more precise, despite cultural, behavioural, ideological differences in Higher Education, different countries need the orientation to international and global thoughts and behaviours. Therefore, globalization is a trigger to revising the policies and the methods of development and entering this stage from global and national dimensions. Since Higher Education in countries can reflect the culture and knowledge for introducing and projecting internal society to external world , the will for possessing a better reputation is the key factor for developing the more efficient and innovative policies.


BALB/c mice were weaned from their mothers at either 14, 17 or 21 days of age. At 21 days all animals were either isolated or paired with a cagemate of the same sex. At 45 days the mice were inoculated with 0.2 ml of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Weight changes and survival time were recorded. Animals housed in pairs survived significantly longer than did those housed individually. A significant sex difference was also found, with males surviving longer than females. There were no differences in mortality rates among the three maternal separation groups.


Well defined, pure oligosaccharides are important tools for biologists to study the structure and function of carbohydrates in biological systems and to create novel diagnostic methods and therapeutic approaches. Synthetic chemists are therefore challenged to develop straightforward and reliable methods to produce carbohydrates. Automated oligosaccharide synthesis provides one means of rapid access to diverse carbohydrate structures. Chapter 1 reviews the state-of-the-art of automated oligosaccharide synthesis at the outset of this thesis. A brief overview is followed by five illustrative examples to highlight applications and a conclusion regarding the remaining challenges addressed by this work. Methods to install "difficult" glycosidic linkages have to be established and incorporated into the overall synthetic concept. Chapter 2 describes the first automated solidphase synthesis of protected oligosaccharides containing the challenging β-mannosidic linkage. Carboxybenzyl mannoside building blocks proved effective β-mannosylation agents and resulted in excellent conversion and good to moderate selectivities. [(Triisopropylsilyl)oxy]-methyl ether (Tom), served as an orthogonal, minimally intrusive, and readily cleavable protecting group for the elongation of the C3 position of mannose. The desired oligosaccharide products were readily separated from by-products containing unwanted stereoisomers using reverse-phase HPLC. The methods described in Chapter 2 expand the scope of carbohydrates currently accessible by automation as many oligosaccharides of biological interest contain β-mannosidic linkages. Chapter 3 describes the development and construction of the first fully automated oligosaccharide synthesizer. First, the key features and key operations performed by an automated oligosaccharide synthesizer in general are defined. Next, the ABI peptide synthesizer, the starting point of our research is rated according to these features and operations. Then, two commercially available systems which were tested are introduced and rated. Finally, the development of the new synthesizer is described. Starting from a prototype


The phenomenon of «childishness» in the concept of personality in the work of A.I. Hertzen is revealed through the material of the novel «Who is to blame?», the stories «The duty above all» and «Damaged». The author concludes that for the writer's artistic image of the world sacralization of a child in an adult man is very typical.


We provide a description of the ground state correlations induced by a general pairing Hamiltonian in a finite system of like fermions in terms of four-body correlated structures (quartets). These are real superpositions of products of two pairs of particles in time-reversed states. Quartets are determined variationally through an iterative sequence of diagonalizations of the Hamiltonian in restricted model spaces and are, in principle, all distinct from one another. The ground state is represented as a product of quartets to which, depending on the number of particles (supposed to be even, in any case), an extra collective pair is added. The extra pair is also determined variationally. We show some realistic applications of the quartet formalism in the case of Sn isotopes.


This study was aimed to find a practical technique for isolation and culture spermatogonial stem cells from male brown trout (Salmo trutta macrostigma). Twelve wild juvenile male were obtained from Kılıç Trout Fish Farm (Kahramanmaraş, Turkey). The juveniles were taken alive to the aquaria unit and stored in a 1000-liter capacity fiberglass tank.  In order to identify the best size, age and testis structure of S.t. macrostigma for spermatogonial stem cell isolation and culture. Morphological and histological testis conditions were assessed. Fish were anesthetized with 0.04% 2-phenoxethanol. The surface of the fish was sterilized with 70% ethanol. Twelve fish were divided into two groups for enzyme digestion, and each group was divided into two replicates (three fish per replicate). Testis tissue of group one were digested by 0.25% trypsin- EDTA, and testis tissues of group two were digested by 0.05% trypsin-EDTA. At the end of the trial, first, the best age, size and weight of the male fish for spermatogonial stem cell isolation and culture were identified as 5+ month old, 12.13±1.5 cm, 19, 25±7.05 g respectively. Then, the highest spermatogonial stem cells were measured in the stage one and two of the testes. Finally, isolation and culture conditions were optimized for male S.t. macrostigma. Spermatogonial stem cell isolation and culture techniques were defined for fish in order to be used in surrogate reproduction technologies and gene transfer systems.


A gyrokinetic linear stability analysis of a collisionless slab geometry in the local approximation is presented. We focus on $k_\parallel=0$ universal (or entropy) modes driven by plasma gradients at small and large plasma $\beta$. These are small scale non-MHD instabilities with growth rates that typically peak near $k_\perp\rho_i\sim 1$ and vanish in the long wavelength $k_\perp\to 0$ limit. This work also discusses a mode known as the Gradient Drift Coupling (GDC) instability previously reported in the gyrokinetic literature, which has a finite growth rate $\gamma= \sqrt{\beta/[2(1+\beta)]} C_s/|L_p|$ with $C_s^2=p_0/\rho_0$ for $k_\perp\to 0$ and is universally unstable for $1/L_p\neq 0$. We show the GDC instability is a spurious, unphysical artifact that erroneously arises due to the failure to respect the total equilibrium pressure balance $p_0+B_0^2/(8\pi)=\text{constant}$, which renders the assumption $B_0'=0$ inconsistent if $p_0'\neq 0$.


Downhole fluid analysis (DFA) has been successfully used to delineate reservoir attributes such as vertical and lateral connectivity and properties of the produced fluids. The new-generation DFA tools not only measure bulk fluid properties such as gas/oil ratio (GOR), density, and light-end compositions of CO2, C1, C2, C3–C5, and C6+ more accurately but also color (optical density) that is related to the heavy ends (asphaltenes and resins) in real time at downhole conditions. In addition, the color measurement is one of the most robust measurements in DFA. Therefore, color gradient analysis in oil columns becomes vital to discern reservoir complexities by means of integrating advanced asphaltene science with DFA Fluid Profiling. In this paper, a thermodynamic asphaltene grading model was developed to describe equilibrium distributions of heavy ends in oil columns using the multicomponent Flory-Huggins regular solution model combined with a gravitational contribution. The variations of oil properties such as molar volume, molar mass, solubility parameter, and density with depth were calculated by the equation of state (EOS). A three-parameter Gamma distribution function was employed to characterize asphaltene components. The primary factors governing asphaltene distribution in reservoirs are the gravitational term, which is determined in part by the size of the asphaltene molecular or colloidal particle, and the solubility term, which is determined in large part by the GOR. Consequently, it is critical to accurately measure both the fluid coloration and the GOR to understand the asphaltene distribution. The two field case studies showed that colored resins (asphaltene-like heavy resins) were molecularly dissolved in condensate oil columns whereas asphaltenes were dispersed as nanoaggregates in crude oils. The heavy ends (resins or asphaltenes) have a preference of going to the bottom of the oil column both because of gravity and the variation of the liquid-phase (live oil mixture) solubility parameter. The results obtained in this work were in accord with the observations in recent advances in asphaltene science. The asphaltene distributions were consistent with an equilibrium distribution implying reservoir connectivity. In both cases, the subsequent production data proved the reservoir connectivity and the methods developed herein were validated. This methodology establishes a new powerful approach for conducting DFA color and GOR gradient analyses by coupling advanced asphaltene science with DFA Fluid Profiling to address reservoir connectivity. Introduction In the past few decades, fluids in a hydrocarbon reservoir have been often assumed to be homogeneous in giant porous structures. However, there is now a growing awareness that fluids are frequently heterogeneous in different (small to large) hydrocarbonbearing sands. Reservoir fluids often demonstrate complexities in fluid compositions, properties, and phase behaviors owing to the impact of gravity, thermal gradients, biodegradation, active charging, water washing, leaky seals, and so on. Most of these mechanisms result in nonequilibrium or non-stationary state conditions in the reservoir and hence are very difficult to model. In addition, reservoir compartmentalization which is the biggest risk factor in deepwater oil production leads to discontinuous compositional and property distributions of hydrocarbon fluids. Thus compartments can be identified using downhole fluid analysis (DFA) and laboratory fluid analysis. Moreover, measurements of continuous and equilibrium distributions of reservoir fluids provide a new method to determine the connectivity of the reservoir. Because many of the processes acting on fluids are time-dependent, the existence of fluid gradients can yield understanding on relative rates of fluid movement in the reservoir, and


Abstract. Organic nitrates in both gas and condensed (aerosol) phases were measured during the Uintah Basin Winter Ozone Study from January to February in 2012. A high degree of correlation between total aerosol volume at diameters less than 500 nm and the particulate organic nitrate concentration indicates that organic nitrates are a consistent, if not dominant, fraction of fine aerosol mass. In contrast, a similar correlation with sub-2.5 μm aerosol volume is weaker. The C : N atomic ratio inferred from field measurements of PM2.5 and particulate organic nitrate is 34 : 1. Calculations constrained by the observations indicate that both condensation of gas-phase nitrates and heterogeneous reactions of NO3 / N2O5 are responsible for introducing organic nitrate functionality into the aerosol and that the source molecules are alkanes. Extrapolating the results to urban aerosol suggests organic nitrate production from alkanes may be a major secondary organic aerosol source.


The palladium-catalyzed Matsuda–Heck and Suzuki–Miyaura cross-couplings of 2-methoxycarbonylthiophene-3-diazonium tetrafluoroborate 1 were performed to synthesize a series of thiophene derivatives functionalized in the β-position. Good to excellent yields of the cross-coupling products were obtained using palladium acetate [Pd(OAc)2], a ligandless palladium catalyst, without a base, at room temperature, under aerobic conditions and with short reaction times. A diazotization and cross-coupling sequence can also be performed in a one-pot process avoiding the isolation of the thiophenediazonium salt derivative. In addition, 2-methoxycarbonylbenzo[b]thiophene-3-diazonium tetrafluoroborate 8 was also efficiently arylated by applying the same Suzuki–Miyaura optimized reaction conditions.


Cardozo wrote of Riggs v. Palmer that this case that two analytical paths pointed in different directions and the judges selected the path that seemed better to lead to "justice". Dworkin has claimed that the case demonstrates the triumph of certain "principles" over what are called "rules of law". Taylor has argued that there was no "law" at all about murderers inheriting from testators before the actual decision in Riggs, and that consequently the decision itself was the only "law" that affected Elmer. All of these suggest that the decision in Riggs was largely unpredictable and therefore must have come as something of a surprise. But the notions of surprise and unpredictability raise a far more basic issue: what business does a court have in surprising anyone? Shouldn't a court fulfill people's expectations of the law? Shouldn't a court behave as predictably as it possibly can?


In one of his several self-consciously philosophical passages about things Midwestern, Sal Paradise sits in ua gloomy old Plains inn of a hotel by the locomotive roundhouse" reflecting on his sense of place in Iowa "halfway across America, at the dividing line between the East of my youth and the West of my future."1 Images of what Sal considers to be typically Midwestern recur throughout his narrative. Alluding for the most part to farmers or cowboys or to a mystique of the land which he describes as immense, lyrical, and even "beat," Sal creates patterns of images in structurally crucial positions in the novel. The Midwest is always the midpoint of his quest, and yet it assumes its own character as alternately expansive and optimistic or confined and "brooding." Accordingly, Dean Moriarty emerges as a type of dime-novel hero who crisscrosses the plains in fantasy quests. For Sal, the Midwest is a mass of contradictions. The pace of life is slower, yet the roads are faster. While its most striking feature is often its sameness Sal finds diversity in the amalgam of East and West concentrated in Midwestern people and customs. Kerouac himself was always more at home in the East or the West, yet while in Iowa, Nebraska, or Illinois, he always managed to capture what Ann Chartres has called "the rhythm of the Midwest."2 Structurally and thematically, what Kerouac felt about the Midwest is central also to an understanding of several other seemingly unrelated concerns in On the Road. Sal's experiences in the Midwest assume added significance through structural positioning. In the first four chapters especially, Dean Moriarty's "wild yea-saying overburst of American joy" becomes "an ode from the Plains" (p. 11). In Chicago, Iowa, and Nebraska, Sal feels the urgency that is embedded in his highly developed sense of place; in the Midwest, he realizes for the first time that he is on a quest (p. 10); he experiences a rite of passage between his youth and his future (p. 16); and he even takes "the greatest ride" of his life (p. 22). Though his consciousness of the prairie recedes in San Francisco and New York, whenever he is on the road, Sal prefers "reading the American landscape" as he goes


The benefits from immigration increase with better integration of immigrants – both from an economic as well as from a social point of view. The active participation of immigrants in the labour market and in public life is as important for the immigrants as for the social cohesion and the economy in the host country. This is why the integration of immigrants is a topic high up on the policy agendas of EU countries.


This paper reviews numerical methods and analysis procedures used in the study of automotive disc brake. It covers Finite element Method approaches in the automotive industry, the complex Contact analysis. The advantages and limitations of each approach will examine. This review can help analysts to choose right methods and make decisions on new areas of method development. The complex eigen value method is choose for contact analysis of car disc brake. The essence of such a method lies in the asymmetric stiffness matrix derived from the contact stiffness and the friction coefficient at the disc interfaces. This paper presents the analysis of the contact pressure distributions at the disc interfaces using a detailed 3-dimensional finite element model of a real car disc brake. It is also investigates different levels in modelling a disc brake system and simulating contact pressure distributions at varying load. It points out some outstanding issues in modeling and analysis of disc brake squeal and proposes new research topics. Wear can take place when two or more bodies in frictional contact slide against each other. It is found that the complex Contact analysis is still the approach favored by the automotive industry.


This study is an exploratory research project to: (1) identify the concerns that beginning science and mathematics teachers have about being a new teacher; and (2) identify the perceptions that these teachers have about the effectiveness of their preservice program in relation to their concerns. Program, in this context, is defined as pedagogy coursework, content coursework, and undergraduate experiences relevant to teaching. The participants for this study consisted of 11 beginning (less than 2 years experience) secondary and middle school science (n = 8) and mathematics (n = 4; dual assignment) teachers who were involved in the Salish Project at Purdue University during the 1993–1994 school year. The national Salish Project, in which Purdue University is a participant, is a research project designed to study secondary science and mathematics preservice programs across the nation. The primary data sources for the study were telephone interviews using an interview guide. The interview guide consisted of four questions that asked about the school community, what was learned by the participants during their first year of teaching, advice that the participants would like to give to new teachers, and how well the preservice program prepared them for their first year of teaching. The interview transcripts were analyzed using a cross-case inductive analysis based from a phenomenological perspective. The new teacher concerns that emerged were: class assignments, curriculum development, time management, classroom management, and presentation of the content. Curriculum development, class assignments, and presentation of content have significant implications for the secondary science and mathematics preservice program. The perceptions that emerged about the preservice program were: content course work is too specific; some of the pedagogical coursework has limited usefulness; there is a need for more field experiences; and being an undergraduate teaching assistant eases the transition in becoming a teacher. All four of these perceptions have implications for the improvement of a secondary science preservice program. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed 81:29–50, 1997.


The authors have developed a method to analyze the turbulence scale accurately from the descrete data, which are usually obtained by LDV measurements, at low sampling rate with non-uniform time intervals. In this method, the turbulence correlation is calculated from the data of many engine cycles, and successively the turbulence spectrum is calculated from the inverse Fourier-transform of the turbulence correlation. The reliability of this method is confirmed by the model data sampled randomly on a sinusoidal process, and by the data measured in the cylinder of a motored diesel engine having a direct injection system. Furthermore, it is clearly shown that the spectrum in the frequency range higher than the Nyquist frequency defined by the mean data rate can be analyzed by this method, and that it is not necessary to change the range of frequency analysis despite a little variation of mean sampling rate.


This study examines a largely overlooked issue in immigration literature—the impact Islamic institutions and Muslim religious leaders have on the cultural and psychological adaptation of Muslim immigrant congregations in host Western societies. Specifically, it explores whether and how variations in the cultures, teachings and resources available to the mosques along with ideological differences between and among imams (clergy) hinder or facilitate the acculturation of Muslim immigrant women attending mosques in the United States. The findings suggest that mosques indeed play a significant role in the acculturation process of immigrant Muslim women in their host society. It also establishes that immigrant mosques whose administrators and religious leaders have a futuristic and integrationist interpretation of Islam and who perceive the mosque to be an organic entity that is changing, developing and adapting to the changes in the environment, are more successful in building bridges between their congregants and the larger society in general, and in empowering women congregants and facilitating their cultural and psychological adaptation within their host society in particular.


Heteroacenes (thieno[3,2-b:4,5-b']diindoles and benzothieno[3,2-b]indoles) were efficiently synthesized from tetrabromothiophene and 2,3-dibromobenzothiophene in two steps, respectively. In the first step, a site-selective Pd-catalyzed C-C coupling is carried out, followed by a two-fold C-N coupling with aromatic and aliphatic amines.


A high power X-ray delivery system consisting of a superconducting compact storage ring and a novel beamline is now in use for SR (synchrotron radiation) lithography research at Mitsubishi Electric. The double ellipsoidal focusing mirror optics of the beamline collects and condenses the horizontally diverging SR beam and transports it to the exposure station, a Karl Suss X-ray stepper. The beamline is kept at an ultrahigh vaccum level by the vacuum control system. Furthermore, the vacuum protection of the beamline ensures that a storage ring vacuum of at least 1.33×10-6 Pa is maintained, even when the beamline vacuum is broken down. We have also investigated the effects of the electron beam orbit change on the vacuum performance of the beamline.


Zn–Fe alloys were electrodeposited on mild steel plates and their morphology were evaluated. Electrodeposition was carried out using electrolytic sulphate bath with glycine as an additive. The composition of the electrolytic bath, experimental parameters and current density was optimized using Hull cell. The corrosion properties of developed coatings were evaluated in 3.5% NaCl solution using potentio-dynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic techniques. Zn-Fe alloy coatings at 4 A dm-2 presented a remarkable corrosion resistance performance due to morphology changes in the alloy.


The effect of electron-electron Coulomb correlation on orbital-electron capture by the nucleus has been treated by the multiconfigurational Hartree-Fock approach. The theoretical /sup 7/Be L/K capture ratio is found to be 0.086, and the /sup 37/Ar M/L ratio, 0.102. Both ratios are smaller than the independent-particle predictions. Measurements exist for the Ar M/L ratio, and agreement between theory and experiment is excellent.


This manuscript develops an automatic tripping mechanism for three phase supply system. The output is giving the information when the any one phase current is zero in three phase supply system. If the fault is happened in a three phase supply system (L-L fault L- G fault) at the time current faulted phase become zero. After few seconds the faulted phase current is will not comes to normal range. It has consider to a phase has been faulted (or) phase current is interrupted in a three phase supply system, so which faulted (or) interrupted in supply system. The respective fault phase information will sended to nearby substation using IOT technique. At the same time by using a relay circuit to disconnect the faulted phase section also to connect the remaining healthy converted into using two phase-three phase converter. The output is verified by the prototype module using Arduino NANO controller. This is intended to understand concerning two basic information of the delay and current transformer in control system. The circuit will segregate the load from the supply if any power variation occurred in a supply system. The major advantage of the research is not only give the information about phase fault (or) phase current interruption and also give the three phase power supply to a load.


The study examined the casual link between emotional intelligence and organisational commitment of lecturers at Kyambogo University. Specifically, the study examined the link between the four emotional intelligence competencies of self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management with organisational commitment of full-time lecturers at Kyambogo University. The three-component model of organisational commitment by Allen and Meyer, which describes it in terms of affective, normative, and continuance commitment, was used to assess the concept. Using the correlational research design, the study adopted the quantitative approach. The study participants were 175 full-time lecturers of the selected university. The data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Structural equation modelling (SEM) using SmartPLS was used to analyse the data. The study findings indicated that while self-management and social awareness were significant determinants of organisational commitment of full-time lecturers, relationship management and self-awareness were positive but insignificant determinants of organisational commitment. The study concluded that while self-management and social awareness are essential for the organisational commitment of lecturers, relationship management and self-awareness are not. Therefore, it was recommended that to promote the organisational commitment of lecturers, university managers should take cognisance of lecturers' self-management and social awareness more than relationship management and self-awareness.


A MacPherson independent suspension front axle assembly with a circulating ball steering mechanism comprises a circulating ball power-assisted steering device, a steering driving mechanism, a MacPherson independent suspension and a hydraulic disc brake system. The circulating ball power-assisted steering device is arranged on a frame and connected with the MacPherson independent suspension through the steering drive mechanism which is a broken type steering trapezium mechanism. The MacPherson independent suspension comprises a transverse stabilization system. The hydraulic disc brake system is provided with an ABS device. The front axle assembly fills in the blank of adopting the MacPherson independent suspension system and the circulating ball power-assisted steering device steering system which are matched for domestic light commercial vehicles, the front steering trapezium is large in steering power assistance, and ride comfort and controllability of vehicles are improved.


In order to improve the performances of the nano-optic-fiber bio-sensors,the immobilizations of biomolecules on the nano-tips of optic-fibers by sol-gels were studied.The sols doped with glucose oxidase(GOD) as the biomolecules were firstly fabricated using tetraethoxy silane(TEOS) precursor,and then the GOD gels were immobilized on the nano-tips of the optic-fibers by the lifting method.The conditions of retaining bioactivity of immobilized GODs and forming of gel films on the nano-optic-fibers were discussed.The results showed that the immobilized films were uniformity and the diameters of the tips were less than 1μm by the scanning electron microscope(SEM) and the GODs were examined to be immobilized on the nano-tips of optic-fibers by the electron-probe microanalyzer(EPMA).


Our investigation of bivalent ligands at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors is focused on the preparation of ligands containing kappa agonist and mu agonist/antagonist pharmacophores at one end joined by a chain containing the mu antagonist pharmacophores (naltrexone, naloxone, or nalbuphine) at the other end. These ligands were evaluated in vitro by their binding affinity at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors and their relative efficacy in the [35S]GTPgammaS assay.


The society of today is overflowed with information and commercials. There is a thick media noise that the marketers finds hard to penetrate. Bearing this in mind, we can see that Event Marketing, ...


The main argument proposed in favor of the ethical acceptability of this procedure relates to the risk for prospective donor. It is conceded that combining the procedures increases the risk to the individual patient compared to cholecystectomy alone. Yet, if the patient needs elective surgery and at another time accepts to become a donor, the sequential risk tied to the separate procedures is probably greater. The reason is that the risks of the cholecystectomy are by and large the same as those of renal donation, so that the latter only adds an 'incremental' risk. The authors elaborate their point in terms of the consideration of 'individual' and 'collective' risks. The argument seems to be that if a sufficient number of donors were to react favorably to their proposal, the collective risk of kidney donation might decrease, because fewer healthy persons would undergo surgery solely for the purposes of kidney donation. Most people tend to agree that it is better to have lower than higher collective risks. However, lower collective risks are not to the advantage of single patients, whereas the higher individual risks are to their disadvantage. So the question really is whether it is justified to expose some patients to higher risks so that fewer healthy persons may run lower risks. Would the cholecystectomy patient then be asked whether s/he agrees to run higher risks for the sake of sparing healthy donors who otherwise would be included in donation programs. . . with a lower risk? Given these circumstances, the odds are that it is more difficult to obtain consent from cholecystectomy patients than from healthy donors.


Vinyl mercaptoacetate S-sulfate sodium salt (VMAS) was prepared with a yield of 74% from a reaction of vinyl chloroacetate and sodium thiosulfate. Polymerization of VMAS with 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) in the presence of ammonium persulfate and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine afforded a color less copolymer bearing the S-SO - 3 Na + group in 3.2-4.3 mol-% and having a MW of 2.2-13 x 10 4 . The polymer was water-solube but, upon treatment with an oxidizing agent, was transformed quickly into a water-tolerant material. It again became water-soluble on the addition of a reducing agent. The unique solubility alternation was explained by the formation and fission of S-S bond crosslinking in the polymer.


This article demonstrates the disadvantages of specialization of modern medicine in nine aspects. Ho- listic Integrative Medicine will be the direction and the only way for the development of medicine in future. Holistic Integrative Medicine should be advocated and accelerated in both theoretical and practical levels.


The Territory of the Historian by E.. Le Roy Ladurie(Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1979 —S21.00) Harvard Guide to American History edited by Frank Freidel, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Universiry Press, 1974 with 1479 as first date for this paperback edition—$12.50 (on tne book cover) or 39.95 (in the slip inside from the publisher) Witham Katz Your Library: A Reference Guide (New: York: Holt. Rinehart & Winston, 1919—price not given, gaper) Alan E. Thompson, Understanding Futurology: An Introduction. to Futures Study (Newton Abbot, U.R /North Pomfret, Vt. : David & ,1979 —$12.50)


BACKGROUND: Management of bone periodontal defects, destruction, and loss of the alveolar bone is considered a challenge for modern periodontal regeneration and implant dentistry. Numerous of biomaterials are being used in periodontal regenerative treatment.
AIM: This study aims to know the characteristics of biomaterials and their efficiency in periodontal surgical treatment as regenerative therapy.
METHODS: A systematic review of the literature considering reviews, clinical studies, original papers, and articles from electronic data has been used.
RESULTS: Different biomaterials such as Straumann® Emdogain®, Geistlich Bio-Oss®, MIS 4MATRIX – Bone Graft, Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), Mis Bone-4MATRIX, and PRF are being used for periodontal regeneration treatment, hence revealing more effective outcomes when combined. PRP together with conventional grafting procedures may be a beneficial treatment approach, guided tissue regeneration with bioabsorbable membranes in combination with Bio-Oss are stable on a long-term basis.
CONCLUSION: Biomaterials being used in periodontal surgical treatment have the different regenerative ability. The combined use of biomaterials might result in a better clinical outcome. There are also a number of other biomaterials used to treat periodontal regeneration, but generally all have the same ability and the same molecular structure as highlighted in this literature review.


This paper describes a part of the Intelligent Lifestyle project conducted at the University of Melbourne in cooperation with our industrial partner Adacel Technologies in 2004. The Intelligent Lifecycle project aimed to design and build a system of intelligent agent-based appliances. It further aimed to demonstrate that agent development methods were suitable for wide acceptance by software developers with object-oriented but no agent-oriented experience. In this paper we describe how initial requirements engineering activities undertaken using the ROADMAP methodology can be complemented by rapid prototyping performed by using the RAP/AOR methodology. Overall, this paper defines and explains the first two stages of a systematic approach for achieving systems of intelligent agents.


Hepatitis is the serious health related concern and spreading rapidly specifically in developing countries, it also led to liver related diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma. While liver disease is an important health problem and having high health cost and leads to poor quality of life and dependency. Objectives: To determine the Incidence of hidden Hepatitis B and C during screening in patients' undergone surgical procedures reported in a single center. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Innovative Health Concepts & Research center by using a non-probability convenient sampling technique. The duration of study was 8 months from December 2021 to August 2022 and the study included those subjects who admitted in hospital for some surgical procedure and both genders aged between 25 to 60 years. Those subjects who have multiple neurological or musculoskeletal or endocrinological condition and came for the 2nd procedure were excluded from the study. Ethical permission was sought from Board of Advance Studies and Expert Review Board of Innovative Health Concepts Hospital (ASRRB/IHC&RC/RH/MED/Letter-003). The assessment for hepatitis B, HCV, and HIV was done through blood test. Data was entered and analyzed through SPSS version 26. Results: The results of study showed mean age of subjects was 43.47±10.17, mean weight was 71.35±10.78.  The result showed 04% prevalence of hepatitis B, 4.9% prevalence of hepatitis C and no case reported of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Conclusion: The study concluded that there is very low frequency of hepatitis B and C found in subjects undergone surgical procedures


Delegations representing Switzerland and the United States of America met in Ittigen on 17 and 18 July, 2008, to review their aviation relations and to evaluate new avenues for developing and liberalizing the regulatory framework for air services between their two countries . A list of the two delegations is attached hereto (Attachment I) . In the course of the negotiations, which were held in a cordial atmosphere reflecting the excellent relations between the competent authorities, the two delegations reached the following understanding : 1 . After discussions, the delegations reached, ad referendum, agreement on and initialed the text of a new Air Transport Agreement (referred to as ATA hereinafter) in the English language (Attachment II) .


Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS)is characterized by recurrent episodes of airflow cessation during sleep and daytime somnolence.It can be grouped into obstructive type,central type and mixed type,of which the obstructive type is the most common one.It is a severe disease showing harm to human health.Because of the incidence increases year by year,it causes more and more attention in recently years.At present,considerable progress is achieved in the treatment by internal medicine,surgery and Chinese medicine.This article reviews the progress on treatment of OSAHS.


— Service advertisement and discovery is an important component for ad hoc communications and collaboration in ubiquitous computing environments. However, the nature of ad hoc networks pose additional problems – caused by highly dynamic network topology and nodes' limited power sources-compared to wireless networks with infrastructure, even if the infrastructure is just services that stay continuously available most of the time, like a network printer. Service discovery protocols have been designed specifically for ad hoc networks, e.g. JESA, DEAPspace, and Konark, but they also fail to solve all the problems.


PURPOSE: A method for generating a three-dimensional virtual realistic digital map is provided to manufacture a three dimensional virtual realistic digital map through GPS and a model airplane. CONSTITUTION: A photographic plan is established in consideration of the location of a building, flight height, and relative redundancy(S501). A GPS/INS model aviation photographing system is flied to a photographed place(S502). Image data is obtained by operating a GPS/INS system and transceiving system(S503). Attitude information about the change of three coordinates rotation elements is obtained through a remote control.


A key to and a check list of the 56 Xanthophyllum (Polygalaceae) species of Borneo is presented. One species is newly described, X. albicaulis. Xanthophyllum hildebrandii is sunk in X. ellipticum.


The reveromycins A (1) and B (2) belong to a new family of natural products that have been isolated from a soil actinomycete of the genus Streptomyces.1 Both compounds inhibit eukaryotic cell growth presumably by interfering with an element associated with the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway.2,3 The molecular structures of 1 and 2 are characterized by a [6,6] or [5,6] spiroketal core respectively, decorated with two highly unsaturated side-chains ending in carboxylic acid units. The relative and absolute configuration of 1 was determined by chemical degradation and spectroscopic analysis, while the structure of 2 was proposed by analogy to 1.4 Herein, we would like to disclose a route to the chemical synthesis of 2, which may also be amenable to the synthesis of other members of this family.5 This reaction sequence constitutes the first total synthesis of a member of the reveromycin family and unambiguously confirms the proposed structures for 2 and 1.


We present a comprehensive study of vortex matter in the FeSe1−x S x system with various doping degree. The influence of sulphur substitution on peak effect occurrence is studied. Additionally, we study a possible vortex liquid–vortex glass/lattice transition and find an evidence that the vortex liquid–vortex glass phase transition in FeSe1−x S x has a quasi two–dimensional nature. We investigate the upper critical field behaviour in FeSe1−x S x system, and found that the upper critical field is higher than that predicted by the Werthamer–Helfand–Hohenberg (WHH) model, whereas its temperature dependence could be fitted within a two-band framework. Finally, a detailed H–T phase diagram is presented.


Anchoring effects refer to a phenomenon whereby people make absolute estimates by starting from an initial point (anchor value) and adjusting upwards or downwards to reach their final answers (target values). A number of studies have demonstrated that these adjustments are often insufficient (e.g., Tversky and Kahneman, 1974) and are subject to many factors, such as the source of the anchor (self-generated or externally given), the relationships between anchors and targets (relevant or irrelevant), the knowledge and experience of decision makers (novices or experts), and features of the decision tasks (conjunctive or disjunctive tasks). Much of the literature has been based on laboratory experiments, but relatively little investigation of this phenomena has occurred in naturalistic environments. Consequently, the aim of this paper is to explore anchoring effects in a dynamic real world decision making environment associated with risk and uncertainty – the horserace betting market to examine whether similar effects are observed in real world as in laboratory settings. Data from the Hong Kong horserace betting market is used to explore potential anchoring effects by analysing the relationship between bettors' subjective probability judgments of a horse winning a race and the information that they use to help make decisions. This is achieved by developing ordinal regression and conditional logit models. The factors explored in this study include past performances of horses, jockeys and trainers, and the barrier conditions and official ratings of horses. Tests are firstly undertaken for data from Happy Valley and Sha Tin racetracks combined and then are conducted at the two racetracks separately. Previous research suggests that experienced bettors bet late in the market. Consequently, the odds, which reflect bettors' subjective probability assessments of a horse winning, are selected at three different time points during the betting period so as to identify the level of anchoring effects associated with experienced as well as less experienced bettors. Results suggest that the HK betting public as a whole are very well calibrated in terms of their assessments of the winning probability of horses. It appears that they use information efficiently in their decision making models. It is found that bettors do not anchor their subjective judgments on horses' previous performances, do not anchor their subjective probability of a favourite winning a race based upon pervious performances of favourites, and do not anchor their probability of a jockey and/or a trainer winning the next race based upon their performances in previous races. However, results relating to barrier conditions and official ratings of horses indicate that the HK betting public do anchor their judgments on these factors although their anchoring behaviours at Happy Valley and Sha Tin racetracks are at different levels. Reasons fro these differences are explored in the paper. In summary, the results presented here challenge the consensus to emerge from laboratory based studies and suggest that anchoring effects may not be as widespread in real world decision making environments as previously thought, suggesting that further investigations in these markets are required.


1. Krieg AF. Cerebrospinal fluid and other body fluids. In: Henry JB, ed. Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 16th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1981:635-657. 2. Schlech WF, Ward JI, Band JD, et al. Bacterial meningitis in the United States, 1978-1981: the National Bacterial Meningitis Surveillance Study. JAMA. 1985;253:1749-1754. 3. Swartz MN, Dodge PR. Bacterial meningitis: a review ofselected aspects, I: general clinical features, special problems and unusual meningeal reactions mimicking bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med. 1965;272:725-731. 4. Del Rio M, Chrane D, Shelton S, McCracken GH, Nelson JD. Ceftriaxone versus ampicillin and chloramphenicol for treatment of bacterial meningitis in children. Lancet. 1983;1:1241-1244. 5. Feigin RD. Bacterial meningitis beyond the newborn period. In: Feigin RD, Cherry JD, eds. Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1981:293-304. 6. Geiseler PJ, Nelson KE. Bacterial meningitis without signs ofmeningeal irritation. South Med J. 1982;75:448-450. 7. Klein JO, Feigin RD, McCracken GH. Report of the task force on diagnosis and management of meningitis. Pediatrics. 1986;78(suppl):959-982. 8. Stutman HR, Marks MI. Bacterialmeningitis in children: diagnosis and treatment. Clin Pediatr. 1987;26:431-438. 9. Rutman DL, Wald ER. Fever in Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis. Clin Pediatr. 1981;20:192-195. 10. Balagtas RC, Levin S, Nelson SE, Gotoff S. Secondary and prolonged fevers in bacterial meningitis. JPediatr. 1970;77:957-964. 11. Lin TY, Nelson JD, McCracken GH. Fever during treatment for bacterial meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1984;3:319-322. 12. Dodge PR, Swartz MN. Bacterial meningitis: a review of selected aspects, II: special neurologic problems, postmeningitic complications and clinicopathologic correlations. N Engl J Med. 1965;272:954-960. 13. Lindberg J, Rosenhall U, Nylen O, Ringner A. Long-term outcome ofHaemophilus influenzae meningitis related to antibiotic treatment. Pediatrics. 1977;60:1-6. 14. Dodge PR. Sequelae of bacterial meningitis. Pediatr InfectDis. 1986;5:618-620. 15. Kaplan SL, Feigin RD. Clinical presentations, prognostic factors and diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. In: Sande MA, Smith AL, Root RK, eds. Bacterial Meningitis. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone Inc; 1985:80-85.


Digital Television Strategies: Business Challenges and Opportunities by Alan Griffiths. Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, 196 pages, ISBN 0-333-99295-4, www.palgrave.com

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Data flow analysis is concerned with the static determination of relevant properties of the execution state of programs. Using Kleene algebra we develop a general framework for the formalization of a set of well-known data flow analysis problems. This approach permits an elegant yet rigorous treatment of the data flow problems and provides an intuitive cookbook style description of the formalization. We also prove the soundness of the approach with respect to the standard approach and illustrate the method on a concrete example.


Filtration operations in Negroes and in other heavily-pigmented races have earned a bad reputation for a high rate of failure,


An enclosure fire test was conducted incorporating high strength reinforced concrete columns and normal strength post-tensioned floor slabs. The slabs formed part of the roof whilst the columns within the enclosure were unloaded except for compressive stresses induced by the prestressing bar located at the centre of each of the columns. The columns and slabs were made from commonly available but markedly different Australian aggregates. Some of the columns incorporated 6mm monofilament polypropylene (pp) fibres introduced into the concrete mix at a concentration of 1kg per m 3 of concrete. With the exception of columns with pp fibres, spalling commenced within 10 minutes of the start of the test with all columns experiencing extreme spalling. The test was terminated at 68 minutes due to failure of one of the posttensioned slabs. Minimal spalling was obtained for slabs constructed from basaltic aggregate. The implications of the findings are considered with respect to the design of reinforced concrete structures.


In order to better reveal the response mechnism of rangleland soil organic matter to grazing in early stage,the influence on soil carbon and nitrogen content of light fraction component,particulate component,the light fraction,the particulate under no grazing(0cattle/hm2),light grazing(0.38cattle/hm2),moderate grazing(0.64cattle/hm2)and heavy grazing(0.94cattle/hm2)condition in Zhaosu meadow steppe by fieldcontrolled grazing experiment and laboratory analysis was studied.The result showed that compared with no grazing,the soil carbon(185.26~203.62mg/kg),nitrogen(15.86~18.20mg/kg)content of light fraction component of 0-10 cm,carbon-nitrogen ratio of the particulate of 0-10cm(7.68~8.01),light fraction carbon-nitrogen ratio of 10-20cm(11.55~11.96),particulate carbon(18.42~19.26g/kg)and nitrogen(2.65~2.75g/kg)content of 10-20 cm,the particulate carbon distribution ratio of 10-20cm(50.23%~51.97%)significantly decreased after 3years grazing(P0.05),those respectively decreased by 2.8%~11.6%,3.2%~15.7%,4.6%~8.6%,1.9%~5.3%,29.6%~32.7%,30.9%~33.3%,28.7%~31.1%,but the particulate carbon distribution ratio of 0-10cm(74.54%~81.01%)and light fraction carbon distribution ratio of 0-10cm(7.78%~12.08%)significantly increased(P0.05),those increased by 16.0%~26.1%,10.3%~71.3%.There was basically no significant effect on carbon and nitrogen content of light fraction component,particulate component,the light fraction,the particulate and carbon-nitrogen ratio of the light fraction in 0-30 cm soil layer and the particulate among no grazing,light grazing,moderategrazing and heavy grazing(P0.05),and extreme value basically emerged at light grazing or moderate grazing condition.Correlation analysis showed that the content of light fraction carbon in 0-10 cm soil layer decreased,and that of the particulate carbon distribution ratio increased with the increase of grazing intensity.Carbon and nitrogen content of light fraction component,carbon-nitrogen ratio of the particulate,light fraction and the particulate carbon distribution ratio of 0-10 cm soil layer,carbon-nitrogen ratio of light fraction of 10-20 cm soil layer was sensitive to grazing,which could be used early indicators of soil organic carbon dynamics in study region.


Knowing how to effectively predict the scale of future information cascades based on the historical trajectory of information dissemination has become an important topic. It is significant for public opinion guidance; advertising; and hotspot recommendation. Deep learning technology has become a research hotspot in popularity prediction, but for complex social platform data, existing methods are challenging to utilize cascade information effectively. This paper proposes a novel end-to-end deep learning network CAC-G with cascade attention convolution (CAC). This model can stress the global information when learning node information and reducing errors caused by information loss. Moreover, a novel Dynamic routing-AT aggregation method is investigated and applied to aggregate node information to generate a representation of cascade snapshots. Then, the gated recurrent unit (GRU) is employed to learn temporal information. This study's validity and generalization ability are verified in the experiments by applying CAC-G on two public datasets where CAC-G is better than the existing baseline methods.


The early years of Arnold Schoenberg's career as a composer were marked by much opposition. Apparently very few people could tolerate his music's strange new sounds or seemingly incomprehensible organization for any length of time, and the performance of a Schoenberg work frequently resulted in scandal. Then, of course, his introduction of the so-called 'atonal' style of writing must have seemed to some to be an assault upon the very foundations of music itself, a blasphemy demanding the strongest condemnation.


In the established media scenario such as that in India, extension service can foresee
an optimistic, promising role in its effectiveness towards agricultural or other
developmental activities. There could be a symbiotic relationship realized between
media functioning and extension services to ultimately benefit. Extension
communication is a scientific method to ensure an increased reach of qualitative
messages, influence opinion, persuade and then make people participate.
The role of media as a catalyst in the process of a nation's development has been
proven in case of Indian media. Media in India also has a track record of having
played a quality role in the process.
With many possibilities, the scope of the study extends to examining the existing
media's role in extension services with objectives to explore the possibilities of its
role and contribution in the effective dissemination process. The significance of the
study lies in closer scrutiny of contemporary media practices for recheck on cohesive
communication among domestic and transnational media. The methodology here is
the theoretical study with explorative type.


An unified spiral vector model of Dual-Stator Brushless Doubly-Fed Induction Machine (DSBDFIM) is developed, which unifies the steady-state and dynamic analysis of the machine. And the modelling method well applies to any other ac machine with arbitrary phase number and winding layout. To verify the validity of the spiral vector model, steady state performance prediction based on the model is carried out under cascaded induction mode and doubly-fed synchronous mode. The spiral vector model also proves to be more comprehensive and versatile compared with the conventional d-q model in an open-loop dynamic simulation.


This research examines the appraisal practices of recordkeeping experts and non-experts in the Government of Canada. The study uses interviews, cognitive inquiries, and document analysis to investigate the strategies and criteria each group uses to appraise records with a focus on the similarities and differences. Cette recherche examine les pratiques d'évaluation archivistique des experts et des non-experts au gouvernement du Canada. L'étude utilise des entrevues semi-structurées, des enquêtes cognitives et l'analyse de documents pour étudier les stratégies et les critères que chaque groupe utilise pour évaluer les documents d'archives en mettant l'accent sur les similitudes et les différences.


This thesis is about the design and implementation of practical functional languages. We begin with a discussion of functional language I/O, and survey existing I/O schemes highlighting their drawbacks. We then present a new I/O scheme, based on what we term result continuations, which overcomes these drawbacks. Result continuations solve the I/O problem by arranging for all I/O to be performed on behalf of the program by the O/S outside the functional domain, thus maintaining referential transparency and providing I/O sequence control. We later extend our I/O system to provide an inter-language interface between functional and imperative programs. We describe a new implementation method for functional languages, based upon a conventional imperative model modified to support and optimise the execution of functional languages. This provides comparable performance to imperative languages, and can be extended to coarse-grained implementations for current MIMD machines. The ability to overload identifiers with multiple definitions is a convenient programming feature, allowing for example the same symbol to be used for integer and matrix multiplication. Our inter-language calling mechanism together with certain useful abstractions, such as abstract data types, require existential quantification of type variables in type definitions. We show how these two can be supported in a language with polymorphism and type inference, and detail both a type system and type-checking algorithm for handling the combination of all four. We demonstrate that despite the fundamental impact existential quantification has on the type system its implementation in a type-checker can share the same mechanism as polymorphism. We further demonstrate that overloading resolution can be handled without introducing an unacceptable performance penalty. Our research was undertaken as part of the Hope project, part of Alvey Flagship, the aim of which was to construct a practical pure functional language system running on conventional sequential hardware.


It is very important to develop accurate methods for the determination of trace mercury due to its extremely hazardous and bioconcentration effect on human health and the environment.The conventional detection methods for Hg(Ⅱ),such as Atomic Spectrometry,Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry,Electrochemical Analysis and Spectrophotometry,require complex sample preparation,expensive instruments,and lengthy analysis,which cannot meet the needs of the actual analysis.The colorimetric method has been widely applied for detecting Hg(Ⅱ),but the sensitivity and selectivity are still difficult to measure trace Hg(Ⅱ) in a complex matrix.In recent years,nanomaterials of gold(Au) or silver(Ag) have attracted the attention of many researchers in the application of colorimetric detection for Hg(Ⅱ) because of their unique surface plasmon resonance,and many new methods have been successfully applied to detecting trace Hg(Ⅱ) in actual samples.The main colorimetric detection mechanism of Au/Ag nanomaterials is based on the fact that Hg(Ⅱ) could cause the aggregation/redispersion or the redox reaction,which induces a color change in the solution.This method has been applied successfully to water samples,however,large interferences exist for other kinds of samples.In this paper,the theory and research progress of Au and Ag nanomaterials in the colorimetric detection of Hg(Ⅱ) are reviewed.This is a new direction for establishing a simple,rapid,highly sensitive and highly selective colorimetric detection method for trace Hg(Ⅱ) measurements in complex samples in the future.


It is the factors affected plant regeneration in explant culture in Euphorbia pulchrrima willd to different explants or aurin or cytokinin or the combination of the auxin and cytokinin.The results indicating that among the three explants,the young stem is the best one.IBA or 6-BAwas superior to plant regeneration as a single factor.ZT 1.0 with NAA 0.1 possessed the highest capability for plant regeneration.The ratio of the plant regeneration is 68.4%,76.6%,95.3% each other.


In the past few years, several new publications and exhibitions have presented surveys of the genre of artists' magazines. This recent research has explored the publication histories of individual titles and articulated the significance of this genre within contemporary art history. Millennium magazines was a 2012 exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art that traced the artists' magazine into the 21st century. The organizers, Rachael Morrison and David Senior of MoMA Library, assembled a selection of 115 international tides published since 2000 for visitors to browse during the run of the exhibition and created a website as a continuing resource for information about the selected tides. The exhibition served as an introduction to the medium for new audiences and a summary of the active community of international artists, designers and publishers that still utilize the format in innovative ways. As these projects experiment with both print and digital media in their production and distribution of content, art libraries are faced with new challenges in digital preservation in order to continue to document experimental publishing practices in contemporary art and design.


For a dulcimer music robot that strikes a dulcimer, fast and high-frequency striking is a key requirement, so the time optimization of the trajectory planning of the robot arm is the first problem to be solved in motion control. In this paper, the kinematics modeling and solving are firstly completed by using the D-H parameter method. Then the steps of trajectory planning by interpolation and the application of basic PSO algorithm are introduced. As for the deficiency of only velocity constraint, we propose an improve PSO algorithm considering complete kinematic constraints of all joints, which can ensure that the optimal trajectory planned is reasonable. Finally, the simulation experiments of time optimization and trajectory planning are carried out in MATLAB. Experiments show that after optimizing the interpolation time by the improved PSO algorithm under the kinematic constraints, the total time of trajectory planning of the robot is greatly reduced by 74.35%; and the planned time-optimal trajectory curves are continuous and smooth, which meets the requirements of motion stability of the manipulator. As a result, the efficiency of the improved PSO algorithm applied to time-optimal trajectory planning of robot is verified.


Turner recounts a process of self-reflection and organizational review in which a flight training organization with a contract to educate pilots from the People's Republic of China adapted and revised both its selection and its training and development strategies to account for differences in culture and practice. Quite rightly, the role of culture is central to this discussion, as it impacts both the selection of candidates for training and the response to training once candidates are selected. The difficulty for the flight training organization involved educating prospective pilots who might not necessarily possess the aptitude, but whose family has invested significant resources in acquiring a position in the training program. Inevitably, this imposed significant demands on both the flight training organization and the candidates to perform at the requisite standard necessary for success. Once selected into the training program, it became difficult to identify and then exclude candidates from training, to the point where significant resources were being invested before poorly performing candidates were identified and finally excluded from further training. The identification of poorly performing trainees was exacerbated by self-imposed protective measures among the candidates that included the support of colleagues, which, in some cases, might have masked poor performance. The development of a strong in-group identity was possibly accentuated by the highly collectivist nature of the Chinese culture, together with the location of the training program outside China and schooled by non-Chinese educators. As part of a review process, members of the flight training organization noted the importance of managing the initial selection process, because the cultural characteristics that would emerge postselection would be very difficult to manage. Culture, in and of itself, is a ubiquitous construct, but one that is all too often overlooked in the development and assessment of training initiatives. Capitalizing on the characteristics of underlying culture can improve performance in some contexts, and degrade performance in others (Helmreich & Merritt, 2001). Importantly, however, culture, whether it is at the organizational or national level, has a pervasive effect and this is recognized and accepted by Turner. To obviate the requirement to potentially exclude trainees following their arrival in Canada, the flight training organization developed an in-country process where prospective applicants would complete part of the knowledge-based syllabus in-country (China) and, on the basis of


107 Technical progress is the major source of productivity growth in the long run. Research and development (R&D), resulting in new knowledge, new processes, and new goods, is a major source of technical progress according to the R&D-based endogenous growth theory (Romer 1990). Multinational corporations (MNCs), most of them based in developed countries, play a major role in global R&D and in the international transfer of technology. Foreign direct investment (FDI), most of it undertaken by MNCs, is a major vehicle of technology transfer to developing countries (Moran 1998, 2001, chapter 11 of this volume). FDI can be a major vehicle of technology transfer to and diffusion in developing countries via positive externalities through four channels (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, or OECD, 2002a, 98; Blomström and Kokko 1998, 11–15):


This article analyzes the current situation of education of medical fine arts and discusses the importance of cultivation and development of talents of our medical fine arts.Several suggestions are brought forward to promote the development of medical fine arts education in China so as to keep pace with the development of modern education.


Activation ofCD4+Tcells byantigenic pep- tide involves theinteraction ofmajorhistocompatibility com- plex(MHC)class Il-peptide complexes onthesurface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) withT-cell receptors. This report describes thekinetics ofT-cell triggering byexogenous antigenic peptides inthepresence ofAPCs.A rapid specific increase inextracellular acidification rate isobserved within minutes uponexposure ofA.E7Tcells (restricted forIEkand mothcytochrome cpeptide containing residues 88-103) and 4R3.9T cells {restricted forIAkandmyelin basic protein peptide containing residues 1-14(AcMBP-(1-14))} totheir cognate peptides inthepresence ofCH27cells bearing both TAkandIEkMHC class IImolecules. Pretreatment ofcloned Tcells, butnotAPCs,withherbimycin Aresulted incomplete inhibition oftriggering events, indicating thattheacidifica- tionresponse ismediated byT-cell second messenger path- ways. Thisrapid assay for4R3.9T-cell stimulation showed increased T-cell triggering activity forAcMBP-(1-14)-A4 and MBP-(1-14)-M4 peptides compared tothenative AcMBP-(l- 14)-K4. Byusing thepreviously determined kinetic constants forMBP-(1-14)-A4 reactions withTAk, itispossible toshow thatatthelowest peptide concentrations thekinetics ofT-cell triggering arelimited bythekinetics ofthepeptide binding to MHC class IImolecules. Thespecific response ofT-helper (TH) lymphocytes topeptide antigens normally requires theparticipation ofantigen- presenting cells (APCs) bearing class IImolecules ofthemajor


AT motif binding factor 1(ATBF1) gene is a new tumor suppressor gene, ATBF1 is also known as the largest DNA-binding protein nowadays, it can bind to the enhancer AT-rich element of alpha fetoprotein (AFP) gene and regulate the transcription of AFP. During the expression of ATBF1, the ATBF1 gene yields two variants messenger RNAs (mRNA), ATBF1-A and ATBF1-B, by alternative splicing. Among the two variants, ATBF1-A is the major transcripted isoform of ATBF1, ATBF1-A could inhibit AFP expresses, but ATBF1-B has a property to counteract this effect of ATBF1-A, it showed that ATBF1-A possesses a capability to induce differentiation and apoptosis of some cancer cells, but ATBF1-B potential to promote the proliferation of these cells. In this mini-review, we attempted to analysis the manner of AFBF1 variants regulated the expression of AFP and their multiple model on the proliferation of the tumor cells; ATBF1 functions as a suppressor genes, it was illustrated for the influence on the growth and invasion of hepatoma or gastric cancer cells when its expression was restrained. We also discussed the possible functional mechanism of ATBF1 variants on repressing the growth of the tumor cells, and forecasted the scientific significance to selectivity apply ATBF1 variants for the therapy of cancer.


In this paper we describe a novel interaction technique that allows users to access and share rich multi-media content via a large, situated public display and their own Bluetooth enabled camera phone. The proposed system differs from other solutions in that it does not require any client software to be installed on the user's device. We believe that our solution provides a practical and holistic approach for device-based interactions with a public multi-media information system.


Summary Fungi interact directly with trees as biotrophs (obtaining nutrients from living cells/tissues) - either parasites or mutualistic mycorrhizas, and as necrotrophs (obtaining nutrition from cells/tissues that they kill). Mycorrhizas are crucial to the health of the vast majority of plants in nature, supplying them with water and mineral nutrients, and protecting against root pathogens. Fungi affect trees indirectly as saprotrophs, by decomposing dead organic matter and releasing the nutrients that were locked up therein. The relations between fungi, soil and tree are complex since fungi also interact with each other, with other microorganisms and with soil invertebrates affecting mycelial growth and functioning. With changing climate the outcome of these interactions is likely to differ, and hence the interaction between fungi and trees will also differ. Ecological roles of fungi Fungi have 3 main ways by which they obtain nutrition: (1) saprotrophy, in which dead plant, animal and microbial cells are utilised; (2) biotrophy, where nutrients are obtained from living cells; and (3) necrotrophy, where cells and tissues are killed. Biotrophs damage hosts when they are parasites, but others provide benefits and are mutualists. These latter include: (1) lichens, organisms comprising a fungal partner and an algal or cyanobacterial partner; and (2) mycorrhizas, an association between plant roots and a fungus. These nutritional modes are not mutually exclusive: for example, many mycorrhizal fungi have some saprotrophic ability, some mycorrhizal fungi can become pathogenic, and necrotrophs continue to live, for variable times, following death of the host. Saprotrophs Saprotrophic fungi are the major agents of decomposition (Boddy et al. 2008). In temperate forests 12-13 tonnes per hectare of biomass is added per year as a result of photosynthesis. In balanced systems a similar amount is decomposed to carbon dioxide and water, with release of mineral nutrients that had been 'locked up' in plant tissues. Fungi as a whole can decompose all naturally produced organic compounds, though their individual abilities vary. Cellulose and lignin are the main components of wood cell walls and the most abundant organic compounds on the planet. Cellulose can be decomposed by a wide range of microorganisms, but lignins are very complex molecules that can only be decomposed by a narrow range of microorganisms, mainly some basidiomycetes and a few xylariaceous ascomycetes (Baldrian 2008). These fungi are, therefore, hugely important in nutrient release and cycling in woodlands, allowing continued productivity of plants. Moreover, they play important roles in humus formation, soil structure and stability, provide food sources for invertebrates, and some are biocontrol agents.


The synergism/antagonism between interleukin (IL)-1β and parathyroid hormone (PTH) has been the subject of in vitro and in vivo work, but a possible direct action of the cytokine on PTH release has not been reported. We have investigated the effect of a continuous infusion of human recombinant IL-1β (rIL-1β) on circulating PTH during a 14-day period in 7-week-old female rats. This time interval was chosen in order to exclude initial hypercalcemia and to enable data collection under steady-state conditions. Five groups of 20 animals each had miniosmotic pumps (Alzet 2002, 200 µl) implanted subcutaneously and primed to release either distilled water (controls) or 100, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 ng/24 h of rIL-1β. Blood was drawn on days 1 and 14 for PTH, corticosterone and Ca2+ determinations. Adequate biological activity of the infused rIL-1β was supported by elevated rectal temperature records and significant elevations of plasma corticosterone on day 14. The 100-ng dose had no effect but 500–2,000 ng rIL-1β/24 h significantly reduced plasma PTH in a dose-dependent manner down to 54% of basal value (20.4 ± 1.1 vs. 15.3 ± 1.4 pg/ml for 500 ng, p < 0.005; 20.5 ± 1.3 vs 12.3 ± 1.1 for 1,000 ng, p < 0.001, and 19.5 ± 2.0 vs. 10.6 ± 1.1 pg/ml for 2,000 ng, p < 0.0008). Despite these findings, no differences in blood Ca2+ could be detected between treated animals and controls. The following conclusions can be inferred from the foregoing: Systemic administration of rIL-1β to rats induced a dose-dependent fall in circulating PTH without altering calcemia, calling into question the biological relevance of the former finding. Although the recorded PTH depression may indeed not have been severe enough to cause hypocalcemia, it can be hypothesized that osteoclast activation by rIL-1β would enhance bone mineral release into the pool compensating for depressed PTH activity.