Abstract Biology and habitat use of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) throughout its range are reviewed for its spawning; early developmental, hatching, and emergence; and underyearling, yearling, and subadult to adult feeding and migratory stages. About 44% of the 112 relevant publications pertain to U.S. populations (California, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Oregon, "Washington), about 42% to British Columbia populations, and the remainder to Alberta or other populations. About 63% of the studies have been published since 1970. There are surprising gaps in essential life history and other biological aspects of the species, which severely limit development of techniques for habitat compensation and improvement arising from impacts on habitat by impoundments, pipeline and road construction, forestry and mining activities, as well as on the populations themselves by recreational fisheries. Nevertheless, a series of specific needs and recommendations for habitat compensation and improvemen...


The formation and heredity of defects from PAN precursor to carbon fiber was systematically investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The result revealed that surface defects of fibers had transmissibility, such as grooves, scratches and holes, which could be greatly reduced through changing manufacture processes, parameters and equipment precision. Interior defects had close interrelationship, such as skin-core multilayer morphology, loose core and holes, which could be overcome by adjusting coagulation process, the temperature and time of pre-oxidation process. It could be concluded that alleviating the defects, such as skin-core morphology, loose core and deliberately optimizing fiber structures were essential to obtain high strength carbon fibers.


According to the airflow and pollutant density at the student dormitory of the internal area bordering on the external balcony area at condition of natural draught,the changes of indoor environmental factors caused by different window location ventilation were analyzed.The results show that the window location at external balcony area is an important factor to affect the airflow and pollutant density of the dormitory,while the emission efficiency analysis confirms the wrong point that the more fluent the ventilation is,the more pollutant the airflow can carry.


Background: Postoperative inflammatory cell deposition on the surface of intraocular lenses (IOLs) is a well-described entity and considered part of the normal postoperative course. This inflammatory response, which is usually a visually insignificant finding, typically begins shortly after surgery and peaks at 3 months. Case: We describe a case of a patient who developed late-onset intraocular lens (IOL) cellular precipitates 8 months after IOL placement. The patient had a history of clinically inactive toxoplasmosis and developed visually significant IOL precipitates 8 months after uncomplicated cataract surgery with a previously unremarkable postoperative course without other signs of ocular inflammation. The IOL deposits improved and resolved with use of topical steroids, which coincided with an improvement in visual acuity. Conclusions: The results of this case suggest that a trial of topical steroid therapy should be considered in patients presenting with late-onset precipitates on the surface of IOLs, even in the absence of concomitant intraocular inflammation. tory response dependent upon the various IOL materials [5,6]. Numerous risk factors have been identified for inflammatory giant-cell deposit (IGCD) formation including older generation silicone IOLs and presence of posterior synechiae. Although rare, visually significant IOL changes are a concern for both surgeons and their patients as IOL removal or exchange can be a complex or potentially complicated procedure, particularly in patients with a history of uveitis [7]. We present a case of visually significant, localized cellular deposits on the surface of an IOL in patient with clinically inactive toxoplasmosis that presented late in the postoperative period and resolved with topical corticosteroids.


A novel dynamic threshold voltage SOI MOS structure with a stepped-channel-doping (SCD) profile is proposed. The influence of the SCD profile on performance of deep-submicron dynamic threshold SOI MOSFET's is studied systematically using two-dimensional device simulation. It is discovered that the SCD configuration combined with the dynamic threshold SOI MOS structure not only effectively suppresses short-channel effects, but also greatly enhances the device driving capability. Moreover, the heavily doped body in the SCD device substantially reduces the forward-biased body current and source-drain punch-through current.


Abstract : Contents: Organoboron chemistry Fluorenyl-nitrogen system ecomposition of o-subsituted benzazides and benzenesulfonazides Mutual acceleration of the decomposition of benzenesulfonyl azide and t-butyl hydroperoxide Triphenylphosphine oxide peroxide Trapping of dichlorocarbene by triphenylphosphine Exploratory experiments. Metalorganic compounds: organoboron, fluorenyl-n, phosphine-azide, benzazide, sulfonylazide, triphenylphosphine chemistry.


This paper presents a novel Coriolis/centripetal matrix factorization applicable to serial link rigid manipulators. The computationally efficient Coriolis matrix factorization is explicitly given as a function of the robot's kinematic matrices and their time derivatives which are easily obtained using the Denavit-Hartenberg-convention. The factorization is different from the popular Christoffel symbol representation, but the important skew-symmetry property is preserved. The proposed factorization is used to determine the class of manipulators for which a particular non-minimal representation of the manipulator dynamics exists.


Study Design. Prospective, randomized controlled study. Objective. To compare the functional outcomes and extent of paraspinal muscle damage between 2 decompressive techniques for lumbar canal stenosis. Summary of Background Data. Lumbar spinous process splitting decompression (LSPSD) preserves the muscular and liga-mentous attachments of the posterior elements of the spine. It can potentially avoid problems such as paraspinal muscle atrophy and trunk extensor weakness that can occur after conventional midline decompression. However, large series prospective randomized controlled studies are lacking. Methods. Patients with lumbar canal stenosis were randomly allocated into 2 groups: LSPSD (28 patients) and conventional midline decompression (23 patients). The differences in operative time, blood loss, time to comfortable mobilization, and hospital stay were studied. Paraspinal muscle damage was assessed by postoperative rise in creatine phosphokinase and C-reactive protein levels. Functional outcome was evaluated at 1 year by Japanese Orthopaedic Association score, neurogenic claudication outcome score, and visual analogue scale for back pain and neurogenic claudication. Results. Fifty-one patients of mean age 56 years were followed-up for a mean 14.2 ± 2.9 months. There were no significant differences in the operative time, blood loss, and hospital stay. Both the groups showed significant improvement in the functional outcome scores at 1 year. Between the 2 groups, the Japanese Orthopaedic Association score, neurogenic claudication outcome score improvement, visual analogue scale for back pain, neurogenic claudication visual analogue scale, and the postoperative changes in serum C-reactive protein and creatine phosphokinase levels did not show any statistically significant difference. On the basis of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association recovery rate, it was found that 73.9% of conventional midline decompression group had good outcomes compared with only 60.7% after LSPSD. Conclusion. The functional outcome scores, back pain, and claudication pain in the immediate period and at the end of 1 year are similar in both the techniques. More patients had better functional outcomes after conventional decompression than the LSPSD technique. On the basis of this study, the superiority of one technique compared with the other is not established, mandating the need for further long-term studies. Level of Evidence: 2


In this paper we generate a bitopological space from the old one by using the notion of a grill and study the relation between these spaces. Given a bitopological space (X, τ1, τ2) (bts, for short) and a grill G on X, we introduce a new local function Φ12(A) = {x ∈ X : Ox∩A ∈ G ∀ Ox ∈ τ12(x)}, where τ12 = {U1 ∪ U2 : Ui ∈ τi, i = 1, 2} is a supra topology [7] generated by τ1 and τ2, (X, τ12) is a supra topological space associate to the bts (X, τ1, τ2). We show that Φ12(A) = Φ1(A) ∩ Φ2(A), where Φi(A) : P (X) −→ P (X), (i = 1, 2), the given local functions associated to the spaces (X, τi). We show that the operator cl∗ 12(A) = A ∪ Φ12(A) is a supra closure operator [6, 8] and then induces a supra topology τ∗ 12 which is finer than τ12, τ∗ 12 is not a topology in general. The properties and the relations between the spaces (X, τ12),(X,τ∗ 12) and (X, τ∗ 1 , τ∗ 2 ) have investigated. Mathematics Subject Classification: 54A05, 54A10, 54E55


Objective To investigate various imaging findings of retroperitoneal fibrosis and their values for diagnosis. Methods IVP, B-ultrasound, CT and MRI findings of 9 cases of retroperitoneal fibrosis confirmed by clinicopathology were retrospectively analyzed. Results Various imaging manifestations of retroperitoneal fibrosis were shown, including diffuse plaque or mass, infiltration of retroperitoneal organs, hydronephrosis, and dilatation of the ureters. Conclusion CT and MRI could play an important role in the diagnosis, staging and curative effect inspecting of retroperitoneal fibrosis. Comprehensive analysis of various imaging examinations is helpful to diagnose retroperitoneal fibrosis.


In-depth interviews with 48 consumers were conducted to reveal the influence of emotional factors on consumption decision of infant formula, and explore the mechanism. Because of the halo effect, spillover effect and media effect, a negative accumulated mood with homebred infant formula has been generated among Chinese consumers, worship of western culture and region of origin effect has caused a concrete sentiment with imported infant formula at the same time. Eventually, herd mentality of Chinese consumers with imported products has strengthened the advantages of imported infant formula in Chinese market. The reformation of homebred infant formula image can not be improved merely through improvement of quality. To increase the market share of homebred infant formula, reducing Chinese consumer's negative accumulated mood and forming a concrete sentiment with homebred infant formula can be helpful approaches.


The purpose of the study was to explore challenges affecting the growth of women entrepreneurs in the micro finance sector. This was necessitated by the importance of growth of women entrepreneurs to economic development of countries. An exploration research design was adopted for this study. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire and interviews from 200 female entrepreneurs in the micro finance sector in Harare. The results showed that the social factors such as too many family responsibilities, segregation in terms of accessing capital resources and gender stereo typing were negatively affecting the growth and success of women owned micro-finance institutions. The study noted that business environment factors such as hyperinflation, weak currency, low demand for loans due to poverty, and unemployment and unpredictable policies were negatively affecting the growth of women owned micro finance institutions. The study also noted that regulations from the Central Bank on the operations, registration and licensing of micro-finance had not significantly affected the growth of women owned micro-finance institutions in Harare. The main limitations of the study are that the findings may not be generalized to all female owned entrepreneurs in Zimbabwe because the sample was drawn from Harare so they may be a need to make use of a larger sample. The findings of this study are of value to the operations and successful growth of women owned financial sector, Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe, the government of Zimbabwe and the women in general. Identification of the challenges will shape and inform all future intervention policies and programs to support the growth of women owned micro-finance sector in Zimbabwe. In addition, the growth of women entrepreneurs will reduce poverty among women, promote economic empowerment and lead to gender equality. The findings of this study are based on the data collected from women who own and operate micro-finance institution in Harare and hence the challenges identified are original and true. This implies that addressing the challenges identified in this study will lead to growth and success of women owned micro-finance institutions. IJSB Accepted 30 January 2021 Published 25 February 2021 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4561669


Abyssal chemosynthetic communities are supported by bacterial oxidation of reduced chemicals in brines which seep out through sediments at the base of the Florida Escarpment. They are surrounded by carbonate hardgrounds and sediments rich in fresh organic carbon that contain a record of the metabolic pathways and geochemical processes which are active at these sites. The isotopic composition of tissue samples (δ 13 C as low as #7576.40∓), carbonate crusts (δ 13 C as low #7545.19∓) and sedimentary organic matter (δ 13 C as low #7567.87∓) indicate that biogenic methane dissolved in the brines (δ 13 C #7583.3 ± 5.8∓) is a major carbon source for many of the locally synthesized compounds


Purpose Nitrogen (N) is a key factor that limits plant growth in most terrestrial ecosystems. However, N leaching is still serious. Our study sought to provide theoretical basis for improving N fertilizer e�ciency by using nano materials in the cultivation of fruit trees. Methods We invented a new type of nano fruit tree hole storage brick (NFTHSB) by using natural nano-materials, biochar and organic fertilizers, designed a new fertilization strategy-application NFTHSB under subsurface drip irrigation to characterise the effects of NFTHSB addition on grape N absorption at three different treatments [ "CK", "NFTHSB A (T1)" and "NFTHSB B (T2)" ].


We have fabricated scanning probe microscope cantilevers with dimensions 65×11.4×0.25 μm3 and 3×2×0.129 μm3 from GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As heterostructures containing two-dimensional electron gases. Deflection is measured by an integrated field-effect transistor (FET) that senses strain via the piezoelectric effect and provides a low noise, low power displacement readout. We present images of a 200 nm mica grating taken with the large cantilever having a deflection (force) noise 10 A/√Hz (19 pN/√Hz) at T=2.2 K. The small cantilever has a resonant frequency of 11 MHz, a FET gate charge noise of 0.001 e/√Hz, and is projected to have a deflection (force) noise of 0.002 A/√Hz (1 pN/√Hz) at T=4.2 K.


This paper will serve as a summary of our work demonstrating the immune capabilities of cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes, as well as to introduce the paper by Hirschhorn et a!.' concerning a potential in vitro screening and typing test for transplantation. Our interest in the behavior of the cultured lymphocyte began with a study of the mechanism of action of phytohemagglutinin (PHA), an extract of the kidney bean, Phaseofus vrilgaris, which is used as a mitotic stimulant in peripheral blood cultures for the purpose of chromosome studies. The mitotic-stimulating property of PHA could not be separated from its property to agglutinate white cells, but could be separated from its hemagglutinating action.2 When PHA is added to a culture: 90 per cent or more of the small lymphocytes are morphologically changed to large lymphocytes, some resembling plasma cells, before undergoing division (FIGURES 1 and 2). As the lymphocytes begin to enlarge, they produce RNA and protein. A large percentage of the new protein released by the cells into the supernatant culture medium is gamma g l~bu l in .~ The amount of protein produced can be quantitated by the incorporation of radioactively labeled amino acids into protein and the subsequent determination of radioactivity in trichloracetic acid precipitates of the supernatant and of cell extracts. The appearance of gamma globulin can be demonstrated by electrophoresis of the supernatant medium containing labeled protein, and chromatograph scanning of the electrophoretic strip. By using specific fluorescein-conjugated antihuman gamma globulin, it was shown that almost all of the PHA-stimulated cells contain gamma globulin. The presence of gamma globulin in the supernatant was also confirmed by coprecipitation, using antihuman gamma globulin and the medium derived from cultures grown in the presence of labeled amino acids. Adequate quantities of actinomycin D and puromycin inhibit the production of protein and RNA in these cultures. Actinomycin D, an agent which blocks the formation of messenger RNA, inhibits RNA production from the beginning of culture, but permits some protein production to begin, probably due to the presence of endogenous messenger. This amount of protein is also produced in the absence of PHA. Puromycin, on the other hand, is an agent which prevents protein synthesis. In our system, no new protein is formed, but RNA is produced during the initial phases of the culture, although even RNA production ceases within a few hours. This is possibly due to a lack of the enzymes necessary for the synthesis of RNA. When cells from agammaglobulinemic individuals are stimulated with PHA, cell enlargement and mitoses are observed to the same extent as in cells from normals. The fluorescent technique described above did not, however, detect production of gamma globulin. These cells provided us with a control to ascertain whether fluorescence of the cells was due to endogenous gamma globulin production, or to absorption of gamma globulin from the medium. Mixtures of equal numbers of normal and agammaglobulinemic cells could be shown to have two


The bioassay of 5-fluorouracil is an useful technique to obtain pharmacokinetic data in order to establish reasonable administration schedules of this particular drug. However, the growth-inhibition circle which is produced by this agent on the agar plate in this method has not been proved to be invited by whether solely original agent itself or together with some active metabolite of the drug. We studied on this subject, employing an unique technique, the combination of paper-chromatography and bioassay, using the tissue homogenate from S-D rats. The following results were obtained: 1. Three biologically active substances which were designated "A", "B" and


Item type Report Authors Kassem, M. (Mohamad); Leusin de Amorim, S. R. (Sergio) Citation Kassem, M., Leusin de Amorim, S. R. (2015) BIM Building Information Modeling No Brasil e na União Europeia. Brazil: Rights Permission is granted to reproduce all or part of the articles in this publication, as long as the source is acknowledged. Downloaded 5-Feb-2016 10:34:12 Link to item http://hdl.handle.net/10149/595171


Objective To investigate the clinical manifestations and bacterial resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae(K.pneumoniae) infection in children in order to give reference for clinical work.Methods A total of 720 children cases of lower respiratory tract infections(178 cases of K.pneumoniae infection) who were treated in Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Shiyan from April 2011 to June 2013 were studied.Six hundred forty children without lower respiratory tract infections treated in the same period were used for comparison.The clinical characteristics and susceptibility test results of children with lower respiratory tract infections were analyzed.Results The number of K.pneumoniae infection in children with lower respiratory tract infections was much higher than children with other infections,the difference was statistically significant.The patients with fever,long hospital stay,complications,increased lung markings and use of antimicrobial drugs showed higher incidence of K.pneumoniae infection.The drug-resistant rate of K.pneumoniae to quinolones,aminoglycosides,and third-generation cephalosporin was high,while it was low to imipenem,cefoperazone / sulbactam.Conclusion K.pneumoniae infection is often found in children.The rational use of third-generation cephalosporin-based antibiotics is significant for the decrease of the infection.


Recent leak failures in cross‐linked polyethylene tubing from several US locations have been studied using microscopy and microscopic spectroscopy. Such failures compromise the use of a material that has been regarded as more environmentally sustainable. The failures appear to be the result of local chemical attack by aqueous chlorine that reacts with the polymer, leading to its oxidation, decrystallization and expansion of its volume. This creates stress fields that lead to chemically induced cracking of the polymer and, eventually, failure of the tubing. Each failure studied in this work was found to be associated with a micro‐protrusion in the inside diameter of the tubes; it is proposed that turbulence in the water flow behind the protrusion may accelerate local mechanical and chemical attack of the polyethylene tubing. A simple inspection method is suggested to detect the presence of such protrusions before installation of the tubing. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Knowledge distillation (KD) is a method in which a teacher network guides the learning of a student network, thereby resulting in an improvement in the performance of the student network. Recent research in this area has concentrated on developing effective definitions of knowledge and efficient methods of knowledge transfer while ignoring the learning ability of the student network. To fully utilize this potential learning ability and improve learning efficiency, this study proposes a multiple-stage KD (MSKD) method that allows students to learn the knowledge delivered by the teacher network in multiple stages. The student network in this method consists of a multi-exit architecture, and the students imitate the output of the teacher network at each exit. The final classification by the student network is achieved through ensemble learning. However, because this results in an unreasonable gap between the number of parameters in the student branch network and those in the teacher branch network, as well as a mismatch in learning capacity between these two networks, we extend the MSKD method to a one-to-one multiple-stage KD method. The experimental results reveal that the proposed method applied to the CIFAR100 and Tiny ImageNet datasets exhibits good performance gain. The proposed method of enhancing KD by changing the style of student learning provides new insight into KD.


Sensing of alkali metal ions has attracted considerable interest owing to the significance of these metal ions in biology. Of the many mechanisms used for ion signaling, photoinduced electron transfer (PET) is the one most commonly exploited. We report the use of simple PET sensors as a ratiometric sensor towards alkali metal ions. The systems described here behave either as a simple PET sensor or as a ratiometric sensor towards alkali metal ions based on the length of the spacer that connects the donor and acceptor groups. The formation of an exciplex between the donor and acceptor groups in the metal ion free state and the changes of the monomer and the exciplex emissions on metal ion binding are utilized for the ratiometric signaling of alkali metal ions.


This paper discussed the characteristics of user's relationship networks on the individual micro-blog.We tracked the data of individual micro-blog from registering to a certain stabilization period,extracted representative data on the three time points,built three complex networks.We measured the properties of the networks on the different three time points,and found the changes of users'behavior and influence.The paper used K-means clustering algorithm to analyze the characteristics of users.From the purpose of using micro-blog perspective,K-means clustering classified the users into three types(ordinary social type,personal interest type,information dissemination type).Thus,by optimizing the algorithm and using the result of clustering,service providers can reduce unnecessary recommendations of pages and application to meet the needs of users so as to acquire commercial value.


(1) Background: Linezolid plays an important role in the treatment of invasive infections caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococci after its introduction to clinical practice. However, a detailed examination of linezolid-nonsusceptible enterococci (LNSE) is required. In this study, we attempted to analyze the mechanisms of LNSE strains isolated from a tertiary care hospital. (2) Methods: From 2019 to 2020, 18 Enterococcus faecalis, 14 E. faecium, and 2 E. gallinarum clinical isolates were collected at Severance Hospital. Agar dilution was performed to evaluate precise linezolid minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Short-read whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was used to analyze resistance determinants. (3) Results: The presence of the optrA gene was likely the primary resistance mechanism in these three species, typically demonstrating a MIC value of 8 μg/mL. The co-existence of the cfr(D) and poxtA2 gene was the second major mechanism, primarily predicting a phenotype showing intermediate susceptibility to linezolid. G2576U mutation on 23S rRNA was only found in E. faecium; it mediated the most significant increase in linezolid MIC. (4) Conclusion: This is the first report examining poxtA2–cfr(D) co-harboring clinical enterococcal isolates in Korea and demonstrating the poxtA EF9F6-harboring clinical E. gallinarum strain worldwide. The comparison with resistance-gene-containing fragments in the isolates obtained from different countries and different sources demonstrated the spread of linezolid-resistance genes and suggested the possibility of foodborne transmission.


In this paper, we propose the generalized extraction procedure for retrieval of the effective constitutive parameters for a metamaterial transmission line loaded with asymmetric unit cells. The asymmetric unit cell is replaced with a transmission line immersed in equivalent bianisotropic medium described by effective parameters ε, μ, and Zc, and bianisotropic parameters u and η. The proposed retrieval procedure is applied to novel dual-band unit cells and compared with the standard Nicolson-Ross-Weir (NRW) method that is originally developed for the symmetric unit cell and then extended to the asymmetric one using the averaged value of reflection coefficients. It has been shown that, in case of pronounced asymmetry, the NRW method gives only the exact value of refraction, but effective permittivity and permeability are considerably different from the exact values since they are calculated by means of the approximate value of characteristic impedance.


This paper presents a new conception of "Arab nationalism", which conventionally means pan-Arab nationalism and defines an Arab as an "Arabic speaker". Yet the term "Arabic" is elusive, as is the generic "Arabic speaker"...


Objective:To study the difference of efficacy and side effect of citalopram in the treatmrent of senile depression.Method:15 comparative studies of citalopram and other antidepressants in the treatment of senile depression were analyzed by meta-ananlysis.Results:Self-comparative study of citalopram before and after treatment showed that d=4.00,95% CI(2.25,5.74),χ2=65.88,P0.05.Comparison between citalopram and the controlled antidepressants at 2 weeks treatment and at the end of each trial showed that yco=-0.15,95% CI(-0.28,-0.02),χ2=3.30,P0.05,and yco=-0.12,95% CI(-0.25,0.01),χ2=1.20,P0.05 respectively,which revealed that there was no significant difference between citalopram and controlled antidepressants with respect to the clinical efficacy.However,citalopram had a rapid effect on symptoms,with significantly less adverse effects compared with controlled antidepressants.Conclusion:Citalopram has a similar clinical effecacy compared with controlled antidepressants,with rapid treatment effect and less adverse effects.


The ecosystem travels to be used as a kind of the traveling way newly, having become the current that now world travel development, this text passes the ecosystem that inquiry into the rise travels, with differentiation that tradition travel, expatiate the characteristics that ecosystem travel, and present condition that our country development ecosystem travel, from but to our country the ecosystem travel and should walk how a science norm can keep on developing the road puts forward own viewpoint.


A turbidity measurement-based experimental method for the determination of the crystallization induction period is described. The induction times for crystallization of tolazamide, an oral hypoglycemic agent, were measured over a range of supersaturation in both unseeded and seeded crystallization experiments. The measured induction times were then treated using the expressions developed by van der Leeden et al., which relates the induction time and the supersaturation for various growth mechanisms in unseeded and seeded crystallization. On the basis of these analyses, the growth mechanism of tolazamide was identified as two-dimensional nucleation-mediated growth. The analyses also afforded estimation of the kinetic parameters such as nucleation and growth rate constants. In addition, atomic force microscopy imaging of the major faces of tolazamide crystals corroborated this growth mechanism.


A wedge standard is developed for the correlation measurement and calibration of intensity interferometric flying height testers. This standard provides self-intensity measurement capability, eliminates material effect, covers any desired flying height range, and is stable and easy to perform calibration. It is implemented on a polychromatic interferometric flying height tester, and the calibration results are presented and discussed. >


Benegal's seminal work was far from exhaustive. It blazed a trail which others might follow and carry forward. Granville Austin's work is a step in that direction. Discarding the current fashion of starting with a lengthy historical background, Austin proceeds straightway from the formation of the Constituent Assembly and the task confronting the latter. He faithfully and critically narrates the marathon work of the


Results of tests made to determine the experimental performance of a series hybrid bearing are reported. The bearing consists of a 150 mm ball bearing and a centrifugally actuated, conical, fluid film bearing fitting an envelope with an outer radius of 86.4 mm (3.4 in.) and inner radius of 71 mm (2.8 in.). Tests were conducted up to 16,500 rpm, at which speed an axial load of 15,568 N (3500 lb) was safely supported by the hybrid bearing system. Through the employment of the series hybrid bearing principle, it was possible to reduce the effective ball bearing speed to approximately one-half of the shaft speed. A reduction of this magnitude should result in a tenfold increase in the ball bearing fatigue life. A successful simulation of fluid film bearing lubricant supply failure, performed repeatedly at an operating speed of 10,000 rpm, resulted in complete and smooth change over to full scale ball bearing operation when the oil supply to the fluid film bearing was discontinued. Reactivation of the fluid film supply system produced a flawless return to the original mode of hybrid operation.


Utilizing Information Technology (IT) in managing the Zakat not only could support muzzakis (people who give Zakat donation) and zakat institution but also provide accountability and transparency. Both liability and transparency could increase the people's trustiness to the zakat institution. In the end, it could raise Islamic social welfare. This research has produced a web-based system for LAZM (Lembaga Amil Zakat Mesjid) institutions to facilitate the muzakkis in donating the Zakat anytime and anywhere. Guiding the institution in calculating the number of donations obtained, keeping the muzakkis' data, distributing the donations, and creating the donations' report to the BAZNAS are the system features. This system also builds the network between LAZM institutions for the easiness of sharing funds and data. Assisting Muzzakis in finding the nearest mosque to distribute the Zakat, the system presents the map of the mosques.Keywords: amil, mosque, zakat, muzzaki


To evaluate the efficacy and safety of continuous saline bladder irrigation (CSBI) after transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) in patients with low‐ to intermediate‐risk non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC).


of Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science COMPARISON OF FISH ASSEMBLAGES IN FLOODED FOREST VERSUS FLOATING MEADOWS HABITATS OF AN UPPER AMAZON FLOODPLAIN (PACAYA SAMIRIA NATIONAL RESERVE, PERU) By Sandra Bibiana Correa May 2005 Chair: James S. Albert Major Department: Zoology Flooded forests and floating meadows of Amazonian floodplains are important habitats for fishes and yet the distribution and abundance of fish in these habitats are poorly known. This study presents the first quantitative comparison of fish species richness and composition, abundance, biomass and body-size distributions between flooded forests and floating meadows in an Amazon floodplain. This study was conducted in the floodplain of Reserva Nacional Pacaya Samiria, in the Peruvian Amazon and sampled fish assemblages in both flooded forests and floating meadows, using matched sets of gill nets of different mesh sizes. This represents the only reliable method available of doing a quantitative assessment of fish assemblages in flooded forest. Species richness was higher in flooded forest because of to a high percentage of unique species. Species abundances followed a hollow distribution in which three species accounted for 70 and 60 % of the total abundance in flooded forest and floating


Summary

The use of natural fibers and bio-particles as reinforcement in polymeric composites is gaining keen interest in the field of cellulose based composite materials, due to its attractive properties such as light weight, low cost and biodegradability etc. Several studies in the past have reported major improvement in the mechanical behaviors of fiber reinforced polymer composites by impregnating bio-particulate with the matrix system. This investigation is aimed at introducing a hybrid reinforcement based polymer composites which uses rice husk as bio-particles and green husk coir as fibrous reinforcement. The composite sheets were fabricated as per full factorial design of experimental plan by varying the fabrication parameters namely fiber length, fiber content and particulate content. The effects of fabrication parameters on the impact properties of the composites were analyzed and favorable conditions to yield better impact strength were determined. The X-ray diffraction and Scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to characterize the bindability of rice husk and coir fibers in the resin system. A major improvement in the impact properties was inferred on impregnating rice husk bio-particles in coir-vinyl ester composites.


In order to find a differential representation of the $n$th partial sum $\displaystyle \sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{1}{a+(i-1)d}$ of the general harmonic series $\displaystyle \sum_{i=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{a+(i-1)d}$, a theoretical study has been performed analytically. Moreover, some special cases of it such as harmonic number have been discussed.


The electrochemical degradation of reed pulp black liquor containing lignin pretreated by acidification method was investigated using a three-dimensional electrode reactor. Using activated carbon as particle electrode, the effects of p H value, reaction temperature, electrolysis time and current on residual concentration of total organic carbon(TOC) were discussed in detail. The optimal conditions were obtained: pH 2.5, influent flow rate of 200 mL/min, 25 °C, 300 mA and 2h of electrolysis time, and the removal efficiency of TOC maintains at 35.57 %. The results of the electrochemical method indicate that ·OH radicals are produced in activated carbon anode in the electrolysis process and then adsorbed on the activated carbon surface. Microcell consists of ·OH radicals and the absorbed lignin. With the microcell reaction, the lignin is degraded, while the anodic polarized curve illustrates that the lignin is obviously oxidized in the anode. The contributions of direct and indirect electrolyses to the TOC removal ratio are about 50%, respectively.


The occurrence of the habitat-forming macroalgae Fucus vesiculosus has generally decreased in many Baltic Sea areas. Parallel to eutrophication, water temperature has increased, enhancing pelagic primary production, light absorption and sedimentation, affecting phytobenthic communities. We studied the occurrence of F. vesiculosus (> 3400 drop-video observations) and long-term environmental changes in two adjacent areas (Archipelago Sea, Bothnian Sea). Fucus vesiculosus has not recovered from its disappearance from the outer Archipelago Sea that was reported in the late 1970s. In the Bothnian Sea, it was six times more common and grew deeper and denser. Temperature, total phosphorus concentration and chlorophyll a have increased since the 1970s in both areas but from lower initial levels in the Bothnian Sea. We suggest that if the trends of these variables continue, the water quality of the Bothnian Sea will deteriorate within two to three decades and reach levels that may lead to major losses of F. vesiculosus.


Five sulfonamide tablets, those of sulfaphenazole, sulfadimethoxine, sulfisomidine, sulfisoxazole, and sulfamethizole, were exposed to exaggerated and ordinary ultraviolet (UV) rays for stability studies in the solid state, and the relationship between coloration stability and chemical degradation was investigated. The color change of tablet surface was measured by colorimetric method. Sulfisoxazole and sulfamethizole were photostable in coloration, and sulfadimethoxine was eventually not colored contrary to what was stated in the Pharmacopeia of Japan. Photosensitive similarity between exaggerated and ordinary exposure was not established in coloration. Photolytic degradation was examined spectrophotometrically and crystallographically. Interesting absorption changes were observed in UV spectra, whereas no apparent changes in either infrared spectra or X-ray diffraction patterns. These evidences were discussed in relation to the results obtained by the complementary tristimulus colorimetry using the UV absorption data. For all the sulfonamides, evident correlation did not exist between coloration and photolytic degradation.


The advances in Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology have tremendously increased the bandwidth of a single fiber optic, for local and metropolitan area network (LAN and MAN). This paper presents and discusses a new network environment that is multiple optical channel, which coupled Ethernet with WDM to decrease the average queuing delay and increases the normalized throughput. The performances of three channels are evaluated with different network parameters using discrete event simulator called OMNeT++. In this paper it has been proved that RS BEB algorithms show the best throughput for three data rates. Moreover, in average queuing delay and RS BEB shows the lowest delay despite the others algorithms. It has been observed from this work that an increase in the number of nodes, the percentage of normalized throughput decreasing is less than 20% for every additional node in the network.


treated unequally, usually so that the differences can be reduced. Although there continues to be some disagreement, most writers today accept personal income, defined as consumption plus increase in net wealth, as the best practical standard by which to judge equity.1 In particular, it is held that people with equal gross incomes should pay equal taxes (horizontal equity), and that people with different gross incomes should be taxed at different average rates (vertical equity). These standards will be referred to as the "traditional" or "tax-paid-on-grossincome" criteria.


Aim of this study is to evaluate the in vivo and in vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant profile of standardized ethanol extracts of Bidens cernua L. var. radiata and B. frondosa L. Acute hypoglycemic activity of extracts were investigated on normoglycemic, glucose loaded and streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats. Sub‐acute antidiabetic effect was investigated during the 8 days experiment. Both the extracts exhibited promising and significant hypoglycaemic effect in all tested in vivo models. Acute antidiabetic effect of B. cernua and B. frondosa were found as 40% and 42% at 500 mg/kg dose, respectively. α‐Glucosidase and α‐amylase inhibitory activity of the extracts were also determined and both of the extracts inhibited α‐glucosidase enzyme strongly (64.29–75.22% at 2 mg/mL). Conversely, in vitro antioxidant activity and total flavonoid content of extracts were measured. The extracts were standardized by RP‐HPLC‐DAD on the basis of cynaroside and chlorogenic acid as markers. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Bidens species have been used both as food and traditional medicine. In some countries, young leaves of Bidens species are added to salads, soups, and young shoot tips are used to make a tea. Our results revealed that Bidens species standardized by cynaroside and chlorogenic acid had a significant effect on regulation of blood glucose levels. It can be concluded that the tested Bidens species, that were found to be rich in flavonoid and phenolic compounds, might be beneficial for diabetic patients.


Abstract The TiCl4-catalyzed reaction of α-(phenylseleno)-cycloalkanones with aldehydes gives aldol products with high threo selectivity. High stereoselectivity is also achieved in the formation of spiro aldol products starting with α-(phenylseleno)cycloalkanones bearing an aldehyde chain.


Tin is widely used in defense industry, electronic equipment, food packaging and other fields because of its good physical properties. The impurities directly affects the quality of tin, so the standard of tin put forward a claim for impurity elements. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) of PE was used for the detection of four trace impurity elements zinc, aluminum, cadmium and silver in high purity tin. Instrument parameters, isotope, acidity and internal standard elements were optimized. This method is simple , sensitive and stable, the detection limit of each element is less than 0.147 3 ng/mL. The recovery rate of each element is between 94.0% and 109%, and the RSDs of 11 parallel experiments in precision experiment were less than 5.2%, which was consistent with the results of ICP-AES. The results show that the method is accurate, precise and reliable.


of the founding figures of computing should be celebrated has turned into a global social phenomenon. A quick perusal of the Turing Centenary Web page (http://www.turingcentenary.eu/) reveals an amazing explosion of meetings, lectures, exhibitions, and volumes. There is a risk, however, that in our focus on highlighting Turing's seminal contributions we may have gone from celebration to hagiography. Listening to so many speakers extol Turing's accomplishments, one could end up believing that Turing single-handedly begat computing, being the father of computability, universal machines, stored-program computers, cryptoanalysis, and artificial intelligence. This picture is simplistic and does not do justice to the richness of the story of how computing emerged between 1930 and 1950. We do not have one founding figure, we have several, and we should recognize and celebrate all of them. The study of computability was launched at Princeton University, where Alonzo Church, together with his students Stephen Kleene and Barkley Rosser formalized computability in the early 1930s first in terms of the lambda-calculus, and then in terms of recursive functions (proposed by Jacques Herbrand and Kurt Gödel). They also proved the equivalence of the two formalisms, which led to Church's identification of computability with recursiveness. Yet, this characterization of computability was not compelling enough and described as "thoroughly unsatisfactory" by Gödel. It was then Turing's influential analysis of computability in terms of finite machines and its equivalence to the lambdacalculus and recursiveness that led to our current accepted understanding of computability, referred to as the Church-Turing Thesis. (Emil Post independently formulated another notion of machines, which turned out to be equivalent to Turing machines.) Turing was a leading scientist in deciphering the German Enigma code at Bletchley Park in the early 1940s. Yet, unlike his computability work, which was done independently of the Princeton effort, breaking the Enigma was a collective effort. To start with, Turing was building on previous work by Polish and British code-breakers. I.J. Good played a key role in the Bayesian statistical analysis of Enigma messages and Gordon Welchman made key contributions to the design of the Bombe, the machine that used brute-force search to identify correct Enigma rotor positions. Overall, one must remember that the British codebreaking project was a huge effort; 12,000 people toiled at Bletchley Park during the war. The claims that Turing invented the stored-program computer, which typically refers to the uniform handling of programs and data, are simply ahistorical. One can trace the kernel of the idea of handling programs and data uniformly back to Gödel's arithmetization of provability in 1931. The idea then showed up again in the lambda-calculus, recursive functions, and Turing machines. Turing invented a universal machine, a machine that can simulate all other machines, but he was preceded by the Princeton group, who constructed a universal lambda-term and a universal recursive function. While these ideas undoubtedly influenced the efforts of John von Neumann and his collaborators at the University of Pennsylvania in the 1940s, we should not confuse a mathematical idea with an engineering design. It was the EDVAC Report of 1945 that offered the first explicit exposition of the stored-program computer. Turing's ACE Report, which elaborated on this idea and cited the EDVAC Report, was submitted in early 1946. The first embodiments of the stored-program computer were the Manchester Baby and the Cambridge EDSAC, put into operation in 1949 and preceding the Pilot ACE, which was based on Turing's design and first run in 1950. Turing was not the first to think about artificial intelligence (AI). The philosopher Charles S. Peirce wrote in 1887: "Precisely how much the business of thinking a machine could possibly be made to perform, and what part of it must be left to the living mind is a question not without conceivable practical importance." Nevertheless, Turing's 1950 paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" is indeed the first deep philosophical investigation of the possibility of artificial intelligence. While the Turing Test, referred in the paper as the "Imitation Game," has been rather under-influential in the history of AI, Turing does deserve the credit for putting the question of general machine intelligence so squarely on the table. Computing emerged during the 1930–1950 period because the time was right. Many people played key roles in this development; assigning precise credit is quite impossible. Turing was a great computing pioneer, and his place in the computing pantheon is secure, but he is not alone there.


Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) method was used to prepare Ti-Al intermetallic compounds from Ti, Al and B powders. The effect of SHS parameters and the amount of Al and B on the explosion mechanism were investigated. The results show that the ignition time of the thermal explosion decreases and the exothermic peak rises by decreasing the Al amount or by increasing the heating rate. It was found that the introduction


Biologists today are •nuch concerned with the ecological factors which control natural populations. Avian populations, particularly of colonial species, lend the•nselves well to investigations of the survival and mortality rates of offspring up to the age of attaining flight. Factors which control the success of the social unit or colony as a whole during the reproductive period may also be readily studied. The present study was made during the breeding seasons of 1947 and 1948 as a part of a stud)of the behavior and ecology of the Arctic Terns •Steraa paradisaeay of Machias Seal Island, Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick. Canada. Although a greater portion of time had to be allotted to behavior studies, sufficient data have been acquired to allow an analysis of egg and chick mortality of the Arctic Tern and to provide material for discussions of the factors affecting roup success in this breeding colony. This is fortunate since Dr. Raymond A. Paynter made detailed studies of the egg and chick mortality of Herring Gu,11s (La. rus argeatatus smithsonianus) and or.her species on Kent Island, only fifteen miles away, during the summers of 1947 and 1948 t Paynter 1949). Thus, by coincidence, so•ne comparison of data obtained in the same locality, during the same years and for a related species, is possible. Due to the exceptionally wide distribution of the Arctic Tern, information on the species is scattered throughout the ornithological ,literature of many countries and of many years. In this paper, an attempt has been made to bring together much of the more important information dealing with the ecology of the species. I wish to express my appreciat.ion to Dr. Ralph S. Palmer for many helpful suggestions based on his experience with terns. Drs. Robert T. Clausen, Richard H. Backus and Charles L. Remington have assisted with identification f plant, fish and invertebrate specimens. My wife assisted constantly with field work which could hardly have been completed without her.


Abstract : Records of pressures were obtained by using the same copper crusher cylinders for several rounds. These were compared with the pressures obtained by the usual method during the firing of pressure rounds in the 105 mm, 12 inch and 14 inch guns.


Objectives: To examine differences in functional status among two successive cohorts. Method: The study was a comparative analysis of Jewish respondents aged 75 to 94 from two nationwide random samples: the Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Aging Study (1989-1992; N = 1,200) and the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (2005-2006; N = 379). Self-reported functional limitation and disability were compared by means of logistic regressions and MANCOVA, controlling for age, gender, origin, education, marital status, income, self-rated health, and home care receipt. Results: Reported functional limitation decreased in the later cohort (SHARE-Israel), but activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) disability increased. Receipt of home care moderated these effects. ADL and IADL disability increased among home care–receiving respondents in the later cohort whereas functional limitation decreased among respondents not in receipt of home care. Discussion: The findings suggest that different measures used to assess the disablement process capture different aspects and that contextual factors influence how older people rate their own functional capacity.


Hydrology – the science of the water cycle – has a long tradition: the ancient philosophers tried to resolve the mystery of the hydrological cycle. However, even if the general understanding of hydrology has been about right for centuries, typically it was not possible to assess national or global water resources in quantitative terms until the 20th century, when many national hydrological services started systematic waterrelated observations, collecting data and information. Now, it is broadly recognized that information on how much water is available in time and space is indispensable for socio-economic development and for securing environmental river flows. Information about the mean, variability, dependability and seasonality of water resources, as well as their utilization and control, is available to decision makers. It provides the potential for water resources development, for managing water in an informed way, and for assessing impacts. Water serves competing uses nowadays and water-related information is needed for planning, design and operation of water resources systems (e.g. multi-purpose reservoirs). However, it is not uncommon that construction projects are launched without adequate water resources assessment. Often, all that is available is a short time series of hydrological records, or even no records at all. River gauges provide essential information, but the length of record is often limited. Instrumental records can only be extended into the future, when new data are obtained, but not back into the past. Hence, the possibility of extending river records by acquiring information on pre-instrumental events is very welcome. This underpins the importance of historical hydrology or palaeohydrology: providing knowledge of hydrological events outside of the instrumental records. Historical hydrological information is typically limited in location (near to human settlements). Not all large events may have been mentioned in historical information – their inclusion depends on human perception at the time. Events that led to high disruption and damage are quite likely to be remembered. Palaeo-information, encapsulated in geophysical archives, is also available for uninhabited areas. The optimal merging of instrumental, historical and palaeo-information is a difficult task of considerable importance. An essential part of water management is the pursuit of relative security against hazards associated with water-related extremes: floods and droughts. They are natural events, experienced since the dawn of civilization, sometimes resulting in loss of human life and material damage. Despite the technological progress and better under-


Security is most important part in data communication systems. Today technologies have introduced different methods and schemes to secure data, financial transactions and other modes of data exchange. Out-of-band is one such mode where authenticity of user is determined by using concept of what you have. This concept can be witnessed in one form by receiving pin codes on registered cell phones to enable financial transaction making it truly out-of-band authentication. This work is about the development of one such device which allows the users to perform out-of-band encryption of sensitive data or documents on Laptop/PC which is running AES-256 algorithm using user controlled keys. The device is used to encrypt sensitive data or documents within the Laptop/PC and output encrypted data back to the Laptop/PC. The same device is used for decrypting the data. The key management system (KMS) is also designed that is responsible for secure distribution of keys.


Abstract : A study of the silver oxide electrode was made with the optical microscope, using methods that had previously proven successful for the lead-acid battery. It was determined that Ag, Ag2O, and AgO could be easily distinguished from one another in the polished section of the electrode without resorting to any etching or staining. Crystals of the three phases were also found to be of a size that made it feasible to follow crystallographic changes that occurred during the course of a discharge. Although considerable variations occurred in different areas of the same electrode, results were in agreement with previously obtained x-ray data. (Author)


JAPAN SUBDUED is the last of the five admirable studies in which Herbert Feis has set forth the diplomatic history of the United States from the events that led to Pearl Harbor to the surrender ceremony on the U.S.S. Missouri. "Diplomatic history" in the conventional sense is actually an inadequate description, for Japan Subdued is not limited to the doings of the diplomats; it follows the actions of the extraordinary group of men in the United States government concerned with winning and ending the war, using or not using the atomic bomb; it describes, in sharp contrast, the doings of the unhappy group of vacillating and conflicting statesmen, military and civilian, who surrounded the Emperor of Japan and the Emperor himself. To Feis diplomacy encompasses the actions of scientists, politicians, and generals and is never limited to diplomatic negotiations and the formal interchange of diplomatic messages. In the opening chapters of the book, Feis lays out with brilliant clarity the three separate but overlapping plans for securing Japanese surrender that our government had decided on in the spring of i945: (i) Combined Assault. This was the direct military approach, with an initial landing on Kyushu, followed by a final attack on Honshu. The plans for this were given final approval, and our armed forces were turned in this direction immediately after V-E Day. Originally it was in support of this plan that Russian entrance into the war seemed so important; by May i945 neither Marshall nor King regarded Soviet participation as essential, but Marshall particularly, mindful of the losses that we might well sustain, wanted Russian help to reduce our burden and speed up the end. There is no doubt that an American invasion would have brought about total Japanese defeat; and it is hard, almost impossible, to believe, regardless of the Japanese military code (Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori!) and the honorable status of military suicide, that at some point the Emperor would not have stepped in and insisted on


As the main bonding materials of glass curtain walls and aluminum alloy frames,there are two kinds:building sealants (weather resistant adhesives)and structural sealants (structural adhesives).Based on the comparison of their performances several careful considerations, which should be warranted when you select and use the two kinds of sealants,were pointed in this paper.


Objective: To evaluate the influence of the acupoint sticking combined with Guben Yiqi therapy on enhancement of Inhaled Corticosteriod for children with asthma.Method:A total of 124 bronchial asthma children with inhaled hormone therapy were recruited in this study and randomly divided into four groups:Group A:Inhaled hormone therapy only;Group B:Inhaled hormone combined with acupoint stick therapy in summer;Group C:Inhaled hormone combined with Guben Yiqi therapy in winter;Group D:Inhaled hormone combined with both acupoint stick therapy in summer and Guben Yiqi therapy in winter.The incidence of acute asthma and influenza were recorded.The record of Budesonide Suspension inhalation treatment during acute asthma occurrence and drop-out ratio in the subsequent year were kept.The serum levels of IgE、IgA、IgG、CD4 and CD8 in four groups were determined before and after treatment.Results:The enhanced therapeutic effects have been observed in three groups with additional traditional Chinese medicine treatment(group B,C and D) with declined serum levels of IgE、CD8,elevated serum levels of IgG and CD4.The most significant enhancement was observed in group D(effective rate was 94.29% and drop-out rate 34.29%),when comparing with group A(effective rate was 76.67%and drop-out rate 16.67%)(P0.05).Conclusion:Immune function and allergy state of bronchial asthma children treated by Inhaled Corticosteriod can be improved,and course of inhaled corticosteroids can be reduced after combined with.acupoint sticking and Guben Yiqi therapy.


To the Editor.— The good results obtained in the treatment of hyperkeratotic lesions with a 5% fluorouracil ointment 1-3 suggested the possibility of treating patients who have porokeratosis of Mibelli with this drug. This rare disease is not grave but recurs frequently, when treated by surgery, electrocoagulation, or dry ice. 4,5 Clinical Data Six patients from the outpatient Department of Dermatology of the Instituto Portugues de Oncologia de Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, were selected. As the lesion of porokeratosis of Mibelli is so typical and the clinical diagnosis so easy, histologic confirmation was not considered necessary; the resulting surgical trauma in such tiny lesions could, eventually, hinder the evaluation of the treatment. The patients were two men and four women, with ages ranging from 30 to 51 years. Two of the women were sisters. The lesions had been present for three months in one case, six months in one, four years


founder of an eponymous philosophical movement neither Cartesian nor scholastic, who dedicated his 1727 masterpiece to Newcastle, carefully positioned himself with respect to Newtonian doctrine, announced his Hanoverian loyalties, and guaranteed his immortality by leaving his skeleton to be hung in Clare Library. Similar ambiguity can be seen in Clare in the 1670s, whence John Warley endorsed Cartesianism, attacked the latitude men, and tried to win support from Heneage Finch, an erstwhile patron of the broad church. The importance of mystical religion also needs emphasis: Gascoigne rightly notes the careers of William Law and John Byrom, who exercised considerable influence on Methodist, Quaker and pietist naturalists and divines later in the eighteenth century. Home to the latitude-men in the early modern period, Cambridge would breed its opponents, the evangelicals, in the late-eighteenth, early-nineteenth centuries, and the term 'low church' would be used for both movements. In dealing with this change, Gascoigne appeals to the action of 'Newton's third law' of action and reaction in the realm of the spirit (p.251). More seriously, in analysis of natural philosophical practices, he uses anachronistic terms such as 'biomedical science' to categorize disciplinary divisions. A contextualized vocabulary would help resolve such problems as the conservative scepticism of 'subjects like geology and biology' (the latter nonexistent in the eighteenth century) or the apparent preference of natural theologians for these 'biomedical' subjects. We get a hint of the obstacle posed by an inadequately contextualized vocabulary when Gascoigne cites the botany professor Thomas Martyn's use in 1782 of the term 'physics' to refer to non-mathematical sciences. Gascoigne's work will prompt much further research. Especially important would be a re-exploration of the mediations between the universities and eighteenth-century public life. Gascoigne cites lay suspicion of the clergy, of the schools and of mathematical learning. At the same time, as Larry Stewart has shown, the Newtonian sciences were often lauded explicitly for their highly utilitarian aspect. Laughton reckoned that mathematics could be an invaluable military tool in warfare against Jacobites and Frenchmen. Their Augustan home was the coffee houses and lecture rooms of the metropolis and the provinces. There are references to several important showmen, such as Vigani in the 1680s or Hoffman, Watson's demonstrator in the 1770s. Evidently men like Cotes and Whiston, or later Milner and Watson, were competent managers of the apparatus of philosophical demonstrations. The technical-industrial change of the latereighteenth century is all but invisible in Gascoigne's Cambridge. So while in some places he argues that 'Cambridge's scientific traditions were influenced by the university's response to the external political situation' (p.184), elsewhere he re-affirms the highly conservative picture: 'deeply entrenched traditions were only gradually reshaped to cope with the changing demands of the larger society' (p.269). For some very influential early Victorian observers, this was both true and good. William Whewell wrote in 1834 that 'it belongs to the office of the Universities to be permanent and stable while other things fluctuate and change'. Gascoigne's work helps us place this defensive nostalgia alongside the instinct for reform in natural knowledge. While he has not completely unlocked the mysteries of Cantabrigian conservatism, he has offered a rich picture of the milieu in which allied divines and natural philosophers plied their trade.


plays. of camivalesque, inversion, trickster and outlaw figures, gender blurrings and cross-dressing, of parody drama, vaudeville, pantomime, variety elements and moments that nobble his structuralist race towards certainty. Flying Scud itself, for example, he reveals as ambiguous, a 'peculiarly English conglomerate of reactionary, consensual, agrarian. aristocratic and anarchic mythologies'. When Coppin staged Flying Scud in Australia in 1880. he advertised that he was using horses supposedly deployed by the Kelly Gang only weeks before at the Glenrowansiege. There are many fascinating observations in Sport in Australian Drama, many challenges to other recent arguments (as in those stressing the importance of American influenceson the colonial stage). Certainly it restores a sense of the power of English cultural conventions in Australian cultural history, and of discoursesof 'home', desires royalist and imperial forold England.It tends, however, in a nationalistic way, to yearn for dramaandfilm as somekindof true reflection of a true uniquedemocraticAustralian spirit. This yearningentwineswitha legacyof 19705 cultural theory, a humourless search for ideological purity in a fallen world.


Perception is constitutively a matter of discriminating and singling out particulars by employing perceptual capacities. To be a perceiver is to possess such capacities, to perceive is to employ them, and employing them constitutes perceptual states. What are perceptual capacities? Drawing on work in cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and developmental psychology, Chapter 2 develops an account of perceptual capacities. It includes an analysis of their function, their individuation and possession conditions, their physical and informational base, as well as their repeatability, fallibility, and the asymmetry of their employment in perception, on the one hand, and hallucination and illusion, on the other. In providing this analysis, the chapter gives an account of the general elements of perception.


hen the design of variable flow hydronic systems was initiated 30 to 40 years ago, little emphasis was placed on the selection of the modulating two-way coil control valves. The existing valve specifications that were used for constant flow were often applied to variable flow systems. In many instances the valves that were used were not constructed to meet the high differential pressures encountered in variable flow systems. As a result many variable flow chilled water systems experience Delta T's that are below design and have chillers that operate inefficiently. This low Delta T is often caused by valves leaking due to either insufficient close off capabilities or erosion (often referred to as "wire drawing") of the seat or plug.


PRELIMINARIES Three-Dimensional Euclidean Space R3 Basic Notation Integral Theorems Two-Dimensional Sphere OMEGA Basic Notation Integral Theorems (Scalar) Spherical Harmonics (Scalar) Circular Harmonics Vector Spherical Harmonics Tensor Spherical Harmonics POTENTIAL THEORY IN THE EUCLIDEAN SPACE R3 Basic Concepts Background Material Volume Potentials Surface Potentials Boundary-Value Problems Locally and Globally Uniform Approximation Gravitation Oblique Derivative Problem Satellite Problems Gravimetry Problem Geomagnetism Geomagnetic Background Mie and Helmholtz Decomposition Gauss Representation and Uniqueness Separation of Sources Ionospheric Current Systems POTENTIAL THEORY ON THE UNIT SPHERE OMEGA Basic Concepts Background Material Surface Potentials Curve Potentials Boundary-Value Problems Differential Equations for Surface Gradient and Surface Curl Gradient Locally and Globally Uniform Approximation Gravitation Disturbing Potential Linear Regularization Method Multiscale Solution Geomagnetics Mie and Helmholtz Decomposition Higher-Order Regularization Methods Separation of Sources Ionospheric Current Systems Bibliography Index Exercises appear at the end of each chapter.


Mentoring of Garongan Tourism Village: Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata AMPTA Yogyakarta Collaboration Program with the Kementrian Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif/ Badan Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif. Garongan Tourism Village is one of the developing tourism villages in the Yogyakarta Special Region. Garongan Tourism Village has tourism potential, including natural tourism, cultural tourism, culinary tourism. This village also has an interesting historical background as a former hiding place for thieves (Garong: Java). There are still weaknesses in the management of Garongan Tourism Village and the many tourism potentials that exist, so that this village needs improvement through the tourism village assistance program. This mentoring program results from the collaboration between the Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata AMPTA Yogyakarta and the Kementrian Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif/Badan Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif. Mentoring results are measured by indicators of success, showing that the capacity of human resources and governance of the Garongan Tourism Village has increased. This mentoring program also resulted in the achievement of the Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata AMPTA Yogyakarta as the best tourism village mentoring in the top 14 National ranks by the Kementrian Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif/Badan Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif.


Abstract In this paper, a hybrid model of a gasification unit is presented, using linear representations and a discrete events (DES) supervisor based on automata. This supervisor chooses the best linear description at the occurrence of variations of plant's operative conditions, to assure the best prediction performance. Performances of the proposed hybrid model are discussed.


The error diffusion filter in this paper is optimized with respect to the ideal blue noise pattern corresponding to a single tone level. The filter coefficients are optimized by the minimization of the squared error norm between the Fourier power spectra of the resulting halftone and the blue noise pattern. During the process of optimization, the binary pattern power spectrum matching algorithm is applied with the aid of a new blue noise model. The number of the optimum filters is equal to that of different tones. The visual fidelity of the bilevel halftones generated by the error diffusion filters is evaluated in terms of a weighted signal-to-noise ratio, Fourier power spectra, and others. Experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed filter set generates satisfactory bilevel halftones of grayscale images.


The High Court's role of judicial review has often been examined for its impact on rights protection, an area of particular interest in Australia due to the historical lack of an explicit bill of rights in either statutory or constitutional form. In 2004 rights issues were presented in particularly stark relief in several key cases, demonstrating the difficulties of the role of judicial review in the Australian constitutional framework. The cases analysed here produce compelling evidence of the limitations of relying on judicial review for rights protection within the Australian system of government. They demonstrate that in the absence of a clearer framework for the protection of rights the judiciary can uphold unambiguous decisions of the legislature enshrined in statute, even where and when those provisions are considered to override the rule of law, international standards and human rights principles.


Plants of Thlaspi alpestre L. (Cruciferae) from a high elevation population in the Medicine Bow Range of Wyoming were genetically dwarfed. These plants broke dormancy and entered dormancy more rapidly than a subalpine population from the same area. The overwintering of seed of T. alpestre before germination in the field may be caused by properties of the seed coat. The distribution of T. alpestre at high elevations is limited in part by a low reproductive ability; at low elevations, competition and infection by pathogens may shorten the life span of T. alpestre and limit its distribution. mountainous areas of the western United States. In the Medicine Bow Range of Wyoming it grows from the foothills to the highest alpine tundra and survives along this elevational gradient in envir- onments differing markedly in temperature, soil moisture, and other factors. In a previous study Scott and Billings (1964) found that the aboveground standing crop of T. alpestre plants at various elevations in the Medi- cine Bow Range was positively correlated with greater extractable calcium in the topsoil than the subsoil, and negatively correlated with the avail- able water in the topsoil, the greater amount of imbibitional water in the topsoil than the subsoil, and a decreasing amount of winter snow cover. Despite these correlations, the entire regression equation accounted for only 39% of the total vari- ation in aboveground standing crop of T. alpestre as compared to 84% obtained with regression equations for other species investigated. Appar- ently, other factors are involved in controlling the distribution of T. alpestre. The present study was undertaken to look for some of these factors.


Musical Science is a branch subject of arts.It has not only the feature of pure science but also that of sociology.People have attached importance to the social function of music since remote antiquity.As a human being living in this society,we cannot see music higher than everthing else,but we cannot ignore the social effect and function of music either.The society without music is dull and desolate.Education without musical education is insipid and rough.However,lascivious music is harm to human being and the society.In other words,we need to correctly understand about the unity and opposites between "transform social tradition by enjoying good and healthy music" and non-music.


The thermal modeling of proton exchange membrane fuel cell in present was introduced,and the model related to simulation in the study was described in the article.The thermal modeling of proton exchange membrane fuel cell was done and its data was analyzed and discussed in the distribution of thermal sources and temperature fields,the performance of fuel cell.The results show that distributions of thermal sources and temperature are uneven in proton exchange membrane fuel cell,and temperature differences based on different current density exist in membrane electrode assemble.The performance curve of the cell is compared with the experiment data,and agrees well with them.


In this paper, the photonic bandgap, the predistor- tion, and the secondary harmonic tuning are simultaneously em- ployed in feedforward amplifier to maximize the power added effi- ciency (PAE) and the operating bandwidth for in IMT-2000 band. In this case, the secondary harmonic tuning and the predistortion linearizer can cancel the second and the third harmonics, respec- tively. The PBG prevented any more harmonics to appear over 6 GHz. The feedforward amplifier was improved 4%, and 15 dBc in the PAE and the IMD(Intermodulation Distortion), respectively. The operation bandwidth was achieved twice wider than the con- ventional feedforward amplifier.


The development of different analytical and approximate numerical methods for calculations of shock-wave propagation in the inhomogeneous interstellar medium is reviewed. The models of ultracompact H II regions, nonspherical supernova remnants, bubbles produced by stellar winds of hot stars, and expanding supershells are discussed on the basis of these calculations.


The notion of poor pay in the Nigeria's public sector is anchored on the existence of higher pay in the comparable private sector and is also premised on the higher real pay levels that prevailed in the past in the sane public sector before the devaluation of the naira. In order to investigate the supposed poor pay in the public sector, the study uses a data set that was collected seven months after the wage review to estimate Mincerian human capital models for urban male employees in the public and private sector. The results suggest that seven months after the pay review, public sector employees should not be described as being poorly paid in comparison with private sector employees. The characterization of the post-May 2000 public sector pay levels as being poor (or not) is based on a comparison of presents wages with the past real pay levels in the public sector Ta cope with an increased public sector wage bill and future wage demand, the study recommends increases in revenue generation, the elimination of ghost workers, retrenchment of redundant employees and the rationalization of government ministries, departments and agencies to make for an equitable and sustainable public sector staff strength/emolument.


As a kind of toxic gas, carbon monoxide is often found in industrial waste gas, automobile exhaust, confined space such as submarines, etc. In recent years, the purification of carbon monoxide has attracted more and more attention. Catalytic oxidation has become a widely used method for carbon monoxide purification. In this paper, manganese oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by emulsion self-assembly method and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (PXRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). The activity of the oxide nanoparticle catalysts were evaluated on the fixed bed tubular quartz microreactor at atmospheric pressure. The effects of KMnO4 dosage, flow rate and temperature were investigated and the reaction kinetics range was determined.


We apply systems engineering principals and life cycle analysis (LCA) to municipal waste supply chains to elucidate sustainability incentives. Environmental impacts are quantified using LCA for waste management technologies available in the supply chain, and included as products. The supply chain is modeled as a coordinated market and resolved using mathematical optimization techniques. Incorporating impacts as products allows us to analyze the influence of tax policy on optimal waste management strategies.


The linear paradigm of take-make-dispose in production and consumption patterns impedes the achievement of global sustainability goals. Strategies for maintaining the added value of resources and circulating them have been discussed as promising for the future. There are, however, many barriers to be addressed to overcome the linear lock-in. The large body of literature on these barriers is notably diverse in terms of theory, methods, sectors, products, and settings. This demonstrates the complexity of delineating implications to the practice and research needs. Without a common framework to analyse barriers, knowledge does not accumulate, hindering the development and implementation of solutions and policies that could effectively address the barriers. In this article, we developed a systematic map of studies on barriers related to the circular transition. The purpose was twofold: (1) to classify published research on barriers; (2) to provide a searchable database for future more rigorous systematic literature reviews. We reviewed the abstract of 527 publications and classified the study according to a developed scheme. This classification scheme includes the research paradigms (circular economy, sharing economy, collaborative consumption and product-service systems), circular strategy (recycling, remanufacturing, component/product reuse, and access-based consumption), country, sector/industry/product, and research approach and method. The resulting research map is open source, serving also as an adaptive digital database for researchers alike to perform systematic reviews and contribute further to its collaborative development.


Weak solution was sprayed on the tube bundle of evaporative condenser. Liquid solution was regenerated utilizing evaporation condensation mechanism. Performance of evaporative condensing regenerator was studied experimentally. The influences of inlet parameters such as air, solution and refrigerant on the performance of regenerator were discussed. The results had great value in the design and improvement of evaporative condensing regenerator.


This paper investigates several classifiers for labeling internal features of hardwood logs using computed tomography (CT) images. A primary motivation is to locate and classify internal defects so that an optimal cutting strategy can be chosen, Previous work has relied on combinations of low-level processing, image segmentation, autoregressive texture modeling, and knowledge-based analysis, Most previous work has also been limited to two-dimensional analysis of a single species only, This paper describes these approaches briefly, and compares them with a feed-forward neural-net classifier that we have developed, In order to accommodate species with different cell anatomies, CT density values are first normalized, Features are then extracted, primarily using local three-dimensional data, Somewhat surprisingly, this locality approach has resulted in a pixel-by-pixel classification accuracy of 95%. This accuracy improves during subsequent morphological processing steps which refine the detected defect regions in the images.


ROBIN HOLLOWAY. Double Concerto for saxophone, clarinet, and double chamber orchestra (premiere)—20 May/Queen Elizabeth Hall/John Harle (sax), Michael Collins (cl), London Sinfonietta c. Oliver Knussen. Horn Concerto (premiere)—16 June/London, Spitalficlds Festival/Barry Tuckwell (horn). Northern Sinfonia c. Richard Hickox. Romanza for oboe and strings (UK premiere)—22 June/St. John's, Smith Square/Gareth Hulse, Henry Wood Chamber Orchestra C.John Lander. Brass Quintet (premiere)—5 July/Warwick Arts Festival/Fine Arts Brass Ensemble.


This article describes the bases of the acoustic emission analysis to make successful applications in the range of the tribological problems, especially at machinery slide journal bearings. Acoustic emission differs from ultrasonic testing, which actively probes the structure; Acoustic emission listens for emissions from active defects and is very sensitive to defect activity when a structure is loaded beyond its service load. During detecting and analysing the generated acoustic emission we earn information about the behaviour, state or quality of these acoustic emission sources. A lot of different sources are generating acoustic emission (e.g. corrosion processes, fluid friction, cracks, cutting processes). This paper shows the acoustic emission sources, the wave propagation, the mode conversion, the damping, the design of a typical transducer and the whole measurement chain. The piezoelectric disc, the "heart" of a typical acoustic emission transducer, converts the incoming mechanical wave into a corresponding electrical signal. Every transducer has its own characteristic, if this is unknown we can test it with difficult methods e.g. so called reciprocal method. On the end of this paper the signal parameters (burst-count, rise-time, signal-duration, signal peak amplitude, signal energy and root-mean-square) will be discussed.


We calculate the finite temperature and non-equilibrium electric current through systems described generically at low energy by a singlet and two spin doublets for N and N ± 1 electrons respectively, coupled asymmetrically to two conducting leads, which allows for destructive interference in the conductance. The model is suitable for studying transport in a great variety of systems such us aromatic molecules, different geometries of quantum dots and rings with applied magnetic flux. As a consequence of the interplay between interference and Kondo effect, we find changes by several orders of magnitude in the values of the conductance and its temperature dependence as the doublet level splitting is changed by some external parameter. The differential conductance at finite bias is negative for some parameters. PACS numbers: 73.23.-b,73.22.-f, 75.20.Hr


The invention provides a light high-strength multilayer composite internal partition wall batten and a preparation method thereof. The multilayer composite internal partition wall batten comprises a partition wall batten body, wherein insulation boards are arranged on the partition wall batten body; light mortar layers are laid on the upper surface and the lower surface of each insulation board; the light mortar layers are coated with high-strength anti-crack mortar outer layers; glass fiber grid reinforcing fabrics are laid at connecting parts of the light mortar layers and the high-strength anti-crack mortar outer layers. According to the invention, the light mortar layers are coated with the high-strength anti-crack mortar layers and the insulation boards are arranged in the light mortar layers, so that an insulation effect is realized, and meanwhile, the weight of the internal partition wall batten is reduced; each insulation board is composed of multiple polyphenyl boards or holes are formed in each insulation board, so that light mortar can flow into the insulation boards, the light mortar layers and the insulation boards are connected more tightly, and the strength of the internal partition wall batten is improved. In addition, the preparation method is simple and the internal partition wall batten can be prepared through one-time molding casting.


Introduction: Our prior work utilizing a combinatorial in vitro and in vivo phage display strategy identified a 12-amino acid cardiac targeting peptide (CTP: APWHLSSQYSRT) that transduced the mouse...


In this research, effect of demineralization and solvent swelling on pyrolysis kinetics was investigated. The experiments were carried out to investigate theeffects of solvent swelling with different solvents, such as THF, Pyridine and DMSO after demineralization with HCl, HNO3 and HF successively. To calculate the activation energies of lignite sample during pyrolysis, TGA analyses were performed with raw and swollen samples at 5, 10 and 20° C/min heating rates. Coast-Redfernmodel was used for the determination of kinetic parameters. According to the results, the macromolecular structure of lignite was affected from these hydrogen bonding solvents. So, the activation energies of swollen samples found to be less than the raw lignite sample for all heating rates. The reactivity of lignite samples can be ordered as follows; DMSO swollen sample > Pyridine swollen sample> THF swollen sample. Activation energy of DMSO swollen lignite sample is 10.62 kJ/mole whereas activation energies of pyridine swollen and THF swollen sample are 17.83, 25.76 kJ/mol, respectively at a heating rate of 10° C/min. The results indicated that, solvent swelling has catalytic effect on pyrolysis kinetics.


The suitability of rice husk as an alternative to sand in concrete production was studied here. Rice husk is an agricultural waste obtained from the rice. For this, various properties of concrete mainly workability, bulk density, water absorption, compressive strength and flexural strength were experimentally determined with the partial replacement of sand by rice husk at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 percent respectively. M15 grade of concrete was prepared at 0.60 water cement ratio considering weight batching. The experimental results showed that the workability of the concrete increased with the increase in percent replacement of sand by rice husk. Similarly, the water absorption also increased while the bulk density, compressive strength and flexural strength of the samples decreased with the increasing amount of rice husk content in the mixtures. The research suggested that up to 10 percent replacement of sand by rice husk, the concrete so produced could be used for building compressive and flexural members of the structure.


In the article we look at the questions of precedent phenomena usage in differenets kinds of advertising texts namely in the names of different institutions: shops or cafes. We describe the results of the conducted experiment which prove the assuption which have been put forward before.


In buffer solution of NaAc-HCl,when congo red(CGR) is mixed with the solution of cetylpyridinium bromide(CPB) after anion surfactant(AS) is added,the colour of the soluotion become deeper,and the max absorbtion wavelength is at 570 nm.At this wavelength,the absorbence enhancement is proportional to concentration of anion surfactant(AS).Based on it,a photometry method determining for anion surfactant was established.In the max absorbtion wavelength,anion surfactant(AS),namely,sodium lauryl sulfonate(SLS)and sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS),in the 0~2.4×10-4 mol/L and 0~2.7×10-4 mol/L range obey Beer(s Law,and the apparent molar absorptivity(e) of 1.28×104 L/(mol.cm) and 1.19×104 L/(mol.cm),the detection limit of 1.43×10-6 mol/L and 1.08×10-6 mol/L are obtained respectively.The proposed method has good sensitivity and better anti-jamming ability and has been applied to the determination of anionic surfactant(AS) in water samples with satisfactory results.


In the title compound, C19H25NO2, the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 53.15 (8)°. One of the –OH groups forms an intramolecular O—H⋯N link, generating an S(6) ring. The other –OH group forms an intermolecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond in the crystal, generating centrosymmetric R 2 2(20) loops.


This book, the ninth in a series, entitled Recent Advances in Surgery , is an attempt on the part of the editor to include subjects where there has been a "complete change of approach, those in which the pattern of treatment has now emerged clearly and finally, I have included descriptions of new techniques which seem to me to have reasonably wide applications in surgery." Hence, subjects from portal hypertension to regional renal hypothermia to Systeme International d'Unites (SI) have been included. This noble effort has succeeded to the extent that the contributors are recognized as international authorities in their fields. However, with such a potpourri it is hard to imagine that it would be a particularly useful book for the average surgeon and unnecessary for the specialist. One is left with the conclusion that this edition should probably join the previous eight on the shelves of reference libraries where a


As noted in the previous chapter, many of the factors that can cause humor to fail will also be likely to cause miscommunications to occur in serious discourse. These potential triggers represent the first six levels of the model presented in Chapter 3, and examples of each will be discussed here with the goal of determining the ways in which communicative failures at each level can differ when they take place in serious or non-serious discourse. In other words, when the mechanism that triggers miscommunication is the same, are failures of humor different in some way from parallel failures in serious talk? If so, in what way? The triggers to be examined here involve problems related to: locution, linguistic rules, ambiguity, pragmatic force, message form, and framing.


Ecological security includes the natural ecological security,the economic ecological security and the social ecological security.The ecological security describes a security states of the area,the country and even the global ecological environment.It will provide the ecological guarantee for the sustainable development of the whole ecological economic system.According to the conceptual pattern of P-R-S proposed by OEC and UNEP an index system of eco-security was constructed which consists of three programs and fifiteen indexes including the resources environment pressure,the resourcesenvironment condition and the humanities environment response,and the urban eco-security of Shihezi was appraised.It was concluded that its eco-security has ascended approximately and its eco-environment has become better in the recent 10 years.The proposal was proposed in order to solve the urban eco-security problems and promote the urban sustainable development based on analysis and appraisement.


The possibility of recording second-order nonlinear susceptibility in commercial and specially synthesized lead-silicate glasses was investigated. Effective photoinduced SHG in glasses with lead content from 10 to 40 mol% was found. Optical waveguides by ion-exchange were made in these glasses. Optimal content of Na2O in lead-silicate glasses for optical waveguides was found.


. The relation of 3D Chern-Simons theories to quantum groups is studied, it turns out that besides the already known quantum group realization for the quantized theory, a similar realization exists for the classical theory. The classical limit of the theory is considered in detail.


Being encouraged by the recent study by Yang et al. ["On collinear steady-state gravity waves with an infinite number of exact resonances," Phys. Fluids 31, 122109 (2019)] on two primary waves traveling in the same/opposite direction, we investigate two primary waves traveling with an arbitrary included angle by solving the water-wave equations as a nonlinear boundary-value problem. When the included angle is small, there exists an infinite number of nearly resonant wave components corresponding to an infinite number of small denominators in the framework of the classical analytic approximation methods, like perturbation methods. At a certain included angle, it will cause the classical third-order resonance, corresponding to a singularity. Fortunately, based on the homotopy analysis method (HAM), this type of problem can be solved uniformly by choosing a proper auxiliary linear operator with which the small denominators and singularity can be avoided once and for all. Approximate homotopy-series solutions can be obtained for the two primary waves traveling with an arbitrary included angle. The solutions bifurcate at the angle of classical third-order resonance. Regardless of the resonance at the third-order, it is found that when the acute angle between the two primary wave components becomes smaller, the wave energy slowly shifts from the primary wave components to the high-order wave components, and the increase in wave amplitude strengthens this energy transfer. Moreover, when the included angle is close to or smaller than the third-order resonant angle, the third-order quasi-resonant interaction has a greater influence on the energy distribution, especially if the overall amplitude is relatively large. All of this illustrates the validity and potential of the HAM to be applied to rather complicated nonlinear problems that may have an infinite number of singularities or small denominators.


Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of motor neurons. Neuronal superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) inclusion bodies are characteristic of familial ALS with SOD1 mutations, while a hallmark of sporadic ALS is inclusions containing aggregated wild-type TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43). Co-expression of mutant or wild-type TDP-43 with SOD1 leads to misfolding of endogenous SOD1 and aggregation of SOD1 reporter protein G85R-GFP in HEK293FT cells, and promotes synergistic axonopathy in zebrafish. This pathological interaction is dependent upon natively solvent-exposed tryptophans in SOD1 (tryptophan-32) and TDP-43 RRM1 (tryptophan-172), in concert with natively sequestered TDP-43 N-terminal domain tryptophan-68. TDP-43 RRM1 intrabodies reduce wild-type SOD1 misfolding in HEK293FT cells, via blocking tryptophan-172. Tryptophan-68 becomes antibody-accessible in aggregated TDP-43 in sporadic ALS motor neurons and cell culture. 5-fluorouridine inhibits TDP-43-induced G85R-GFP SOD1 aggregation in HEK293FT cells, and ameliorates axonopathy in zebrafish, via its interaction with SOD1 tryptophan-32. Collectively, our results establish a novel and potentially druggable tryptophan-mediated mechanism whereby two principal ALS disease effector proteins might directly interact in disease.


Ryan T. Helwig is an economist in the Division of Labor Force Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com The U.S. economy continued to expand in 1997 and 1998, experiencing its seventh and eighth consecutive years of economic growth. During this 2-year period, payroll employment rose by 6.4 million jobs, and the unemployment rate averaged less than 5 percent for the first time since the early 1970s.1 As a result of these improved labor market conditions, both the level and incidence of job displacement continued to decline. While many workers benefited from an expanding economy in the late 1990s, job loss continued to affect a substantial number of workers. During the 1997–98 period, 1.9 million workers permanently lost jobs they had held for 3 or more years because their plant or company closed down or moved, their positions or shifts were abolished, or there was insufficient work.2 This compares with 2.2 million workers displaced during 1995–96, and 2.4 million during 1993–94. As the displacement decline suggests, the likelihood of losing a job also fell. The displacement rate—the proportion of long-tenured workers who were displaced from their jobs—was 2.5 percent in 1997–98, down from 2.9 percent in 1995–96, and the lowest in nearly a decade. 3