: This paper is based on a study that attempted to explore factors affecting the use of community service sentence orders as alternative to imprisonment in Kinondoni Municipality, Tanzania. The study was based on the ground that, while a growing number of empirical studies have revealed that prison sentence is not a human rights friendly kind of punishment in a civilized country like Tanzania, disappointingly it remains the most preferred and utilized penalty by most courts. Subsequently, thousands of convicted minor and non-recidivist criminals continued to be sentenced toprisons .Therefore, it is apparent that the community service sentence which was perceived as one of the effective alternatives to imprisonment, remains under-utilized ,resulting into prisons congestions . This study, therefore, explored factors affecting the use of community service sentence orders among magistrates as alternative to imprisonment in Tanzania. The qualitative approach guided by interpretive paradigm and exploratory design in formed this paper. The study consisted of twenty (20) participants who were purposively selected from seven courts of law .The participants included community service officers and magistrates. The in-depth interview was used to capture primary data while secondary data were captured using documentary review. The collected data were analyzed using thematic analysis .The findings revealed that there is lack of confidence of the general public and the courts on community service as a form of punishment since it is perceived to be lenient kind of punishment. Also the limited public awareness on the existence of community service sentence, limited knowledge on the eligibility criteria for community service offenders and corruptions were identified as major factors affecting the use of community service sentence. In light of the findings ,this paper recommends that social workers as human rights advocates should aggressively conduct awareness raising campaigns against overreliance of imprisonment by some magistrates as a form of punishment particularly for petty and non-recidivist offenders .The government should allocate adequate budget to facilitate regular trainings with honorable magistrates to remind them the available options including the use of community service sentence. There is also need of increasing funding to the Community Service Department to facilitate smooth implementation of the community service orders.


This paper reports the results of an experimental study of the flow-induced vibration of a heat exchanger tube array subjected to two-phase cross-flow of refrigerant 11. The primary concern of the research was to develop a methodology for predicting the critical flow velocities for fluidelastic instability which better characterize the physics of two-phase flows. A new method is proposed for calculating the average fluid density and equivalent flow velocity of the two-phase fluid, using a newly developed void fraction model to account for the difference in velocity between the gas and liquid phases. Additionally, damping measurements in two-phase flow were made and compared with the data of other researchers who used a variety of modelling fluids. The results show that the two-phase damping follows a similar trend with respect to homogeneous void fraction, and when normalized, agree well with the data in the literature. The fluidelastic threshold data of several researchers who used a variety of fluids, is re-examined using the proposed void fraction model, and the results show a remarkable change in trend with flow regime. The data corresponding to the bubbly flow regime shows no significant deviation from the trend established by Connors' theory. However, the data corresponding to the intermittent flow regime show a significant decrease in stability which is nearly independent of the mass-damping parameter. It is believed that the velocity fluctuations that are inherent in the intermittent flow regime are responsible for tripping the instability, causing lower than expected stability of the bundle.


This paper deals with integral-equation-based numerical methods for microwave imaging using regularization procedures to overcome ill-conditioning problems. The strong dependence of reconstruction quality on "a priori" information is discussed. Such information is required to select a suitable number of independent columns when using truncated pseudoinversions (or other regularization parameters, in different cases) for accurate dielectric reconstructions. Moreover, a criterion for the choice of the optimal number of independent columns is proposed, and the possibility of making this choice less critical by using a multiview version of the method is explored. Finally, a modified procedure is presented that further increases the range from which to choose the number of independent columns that allows one to achieve acceptable reconstructions. >


I N May 1949 the authors were given an opportunity to use a helicopter on a large-scale mapping job. The Land Management Division, Department of the Army, requested the Soil Conservation Service to prepare a land management plan for their llO,OOO-acre Firing Center near Yakima, Washington. Before the War the area was made up of several going livestock ranches. Grazing has been considerably restricted since then because the Firing Center is being used for field exercises by Fort Lewis artillery units. The plan was requested with the view of leasing grazing privileges on "safe" areas to individuals who formerly used the area.


Objective: To analyze the concept of "Systematization of Nursing Care" in Brazil, from the perspective of Pragmatic Utility, in its maturation process over time. Method: Concept analysis using the Pragmatic Utility strategy. The operational steps of Pragmatic Utility employed in the study were to select the concept; elaborate analytical questions; revise the literature comprehensively; determine the structural components of the concept according to established principles. We analyzed 61 documents between the years 1978 to 2019. Results: The term systematization of nursing care competes with the term SciELO Preprints Este documento é um preprint e sua situação atual está disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints.3344


The paper deals with the modification of the rail passenger coach floor design aimed at improvement of sound reduction index. Refurbishing was performed by using a new acoustic material with a filamentary microstructure. The materials proposed in research were compared by simulation calculation of acoustic energy transfer trough porous microstructure of filamentary material, and the effect of material porosity on sound reduction index and sound absorption coefficient were observed. This proposed filamentary material can be used in the railway bed structure, too. High degree of noise absorbing, resistance to climate conditions, low specific mass, enable to choose a system of low anti-noise barriers having similar properties as standard high anti-noise walls..


A calculation of /sup 13/C relaxation parameters for a system undergoing overall isotropic motion as well as internal conformational fluctuation between two stable states is presented. Dependence of T/sub 1/ on the lifetimes of the two conformations, the angle defined by the particular C-H vector and the effective axis about which it rotates, and the range through which it rotates are considered. Relaxation data for proline and proline-containing peptides have been analyzed on the basis of several models for proline puckering: interconversion between two envelope forms with C/sup ..gamma../ puckered, interconversion between two C/sup ..beta../--C/sup ..gamma../ half-chair forms, and an intermediate case. Consideration of the /sup 13/C T/sub 1/ values for each proline carbon indicates that for most cases the two stable conformational states correspond to approximate C/sup ..beta../--C/sup ..gamma../ half-chairs with C/sup ..gamma../ exhibiting a somewhat greater angular displacement than C/sup ..beta../. Reasonable values for the NT/sub 1//sup ..gamma..//NT/sub 1//sup ..cap alpha../ ratio can be obtained by requiring roughly equal lifetimes approximately 10/sup -11/--10/sup -12/ s for the two states and a typical range of motion for the C/sup ..gamma../--H vectors approximately 50 to 70/sup 0/. These results appear to be consistent with available theoretical calculations, x-ray data, andmore » conclusions based on /sup 1/H--/sup 1/H scalar coupling studies.« less


The oncology drug shortage is exacerbated by current policy and governance failures of Internet regulation, now being exploited by illicit online drug sellers targeting vulnerable patients and providers.


I WAS called, a short time ago, to see a healthy female, about twentyfive years of age. She was standing at a large iron gate, and the wind, being very high at the time, shut the gate with great force upon her arm. She was immediately sent to the hospital, when the wound, which was a very severe one in the thick fleshy part of the arm, was sewn up, she having had chloroform administered to her. No bones were injured. The wound healed quickly, and she was sent home, cured, to her friends in the country. Having a long distance to travel, she caught cold on the journey, and was seized, the second day after her arrival, with a very sharp attack of rheumatism, all her large joints being much swollen, hot, and tender, and with all the other wellmarked symptoms of rheumatism. On the evening of the second day after this attack, I was called in great haste, and found her suffering from hysteria, the paroxysms being very frequent and violent at times. She allowed me to grasp the swollen wrists and ankles apparently without feeling pain, although she could not let me handle them the day before. In this state she continued several days, and recovered from the rheumatism in an unusually short time for such a sharp attack. I have known the family for many years, and there is nothing in the family history to account for such an attack. The girl herself blames the chloroform given her when her arm was injured, and says she has never got over its effects upon her. But one can scarcely suppose that this could be the cause of such an attack from its administration at such a remote period. The case is interesting, as it is seldom one meets with such a complication in the early stage of acute rheumatism. R. CRAIG.


The present invention relates to an ultrasonic detection device, an ultrasonic detection device according to an embodiment of the present invention, the ultrasonic detection unit is an ultrasonic sensor for detecting the defect to a welded portion formed in the pipe is installed; A driving unit which is moved along the outer circumferential surface of the pipe; And the ultrasonic detection unit may comprise a control unit coupled in a state spaced apart from the driving unit and, adjusting the spacing of the ultrasonic detection unit and the driving unit. According to the present invention, an effect that can detect the internal defects for welds formed by the pipe in the radial direction with a predetermined angle as the ultrasonic detection unit installed to be spaced apart the distance to the driving unit is controlled to be moved along the outer circumferential surface of the pipe is.


to his home, where, being alone with his servant, he took some food and wine to drink. At about 11-30 p.m. on a bright moon-light night, he went out for the purpose of going to an out-house in the compound ; on the path he saw a snake, which he tried to seize; in making the attempt, it bit him in the hand. He called out to his servants that he had been bitten; he then chased and caught the snake, which again bit him twice on the hand ; he then threw it on the ground, and killed it by crushing its head with his heel. The servants tried


The production of housing is an important activity for capitalist accumulation and one of the foci of conflict around the appropriation of space. Historically, this required state regulation by various means, including, housing policies. Although it is something present in all socio-spatial formations, the way in which production and regulation of the sector take place in different spaces depends, at bottom, on the ongoing accumulation pattern. Based on this methodological assumption, this article seeks is, in the light of the critical theory of underdevelopment, to analyze the current characteristics and limitations of housing policies in the continent of Latin America. Given the variety of ongoing experiences, the discussion will be centered on the Minha Casa Minha Vida (My House My Life) (Brazil) and Gran Mision Vivienda (Venezuela) programs as being two paradigmatic models of the production of a city. It is said that there are three main differences between these two programs: the subsidy schemes and funding instruments; land policy; and the state's relationship with the fractions of capital that determines the pattern of the policies of the countries.


Attributes and Limitations: The thrust of this work is to aerate or alleviate disease in the epitympanum in those patients who have retraction pockets in the attic or Prussak's space. Usually, cases in which multiple tubes have been needed have epitympanum disease. Whereas the surgeon would traditionally have removed the diseased incus, malleolar head, and all attached folds, ligaments, and membranes in the canal wall-down procedure for cholesteatoma, the author portrays techniques to use with canal wall-intact procedures and the frontolateral atticotomy approach in generalized cholesterol granuloma, mastoiditis, and epitympanitis. The author does not discuss reconstruction techniques. It would be perplexing if some type of reconstruction was not done to the lateral wall after any extensive atticotomy.


Fragility curves (also known as vulnerability curves) are known to be instrumental in the decision making for the retrofitting of structures. Nonlinear static analysis, specifically, pushover analysis, combined with nonlinear dynamic analysis, that is, time history analysis, were utilized to determine ductility factors. In turn, these factors are used to calculate damage indices and damage ranks.


The invention relates to a method and system for converging a fixed network and a mobile network. The method comprises the following steps of: 1, connecting a downlink at the terminal of an optical line with an optical divider through an optical fiber; 2, dividing a plurality of light paths from the optical divider, and connecting an optical network unit to each light path; 3, connecting the base band part of the mobile network with an uplink at the terminal of the optical line; and 4, connecting a radio frequency remote part of the mobile network with the optical network unit. The method and the system for converging the fixed network and the mobile network can save network construction cost.


This paper discusses the computer simulation of the diffusion coefficients and structure of infinitely dilute aqueous ionic solutions at ambient (298 K, solvent density 0.997 g cm−3) and supercritical (683 K, solvent density 0.35 g cm−3) conditions using two different models for water. They are the extended simple point charge (SPC/E) and renormalized polarizability (RPOL) models in which the electronic polarizations of the water molecule are treated differently. The effect of polarizability is implicit in the SPC/E model and explicit in the RPOL model. The RPOL model shows slightly greater hydrogen bonding, at room temperature than the SPC/E model, but less hydrogen bonding at 683 K. It is concluded that the explicit neglect of electronic polarization of the solvent and ions in calculations based on the SPC/E model of water, has only a small effect on the diffusion coefficients of the ions. Both models predict diffusion coefficients of ions in supercritical water that are weakly dependent on their size i...


With the proliferation of wireless network and the advances of the embedded systems, the traditional distributed systems begin to include the wireless embedded systems. Clock synchronization in the distributed systems is one of the major issues that should be considered for diverse Purposes including synchronization, ordering, and consistency. Many clock synchronization algorithms have been proposed over the years. Since clock synchronization in wireless embedded systems should consider the low bandwidth of a network and the poor resources of a system, most traditional algorithms cannot be applied directly. We propose a clock synchronization algorithm in wireless embedded systems, extending IEEE 802.11 standard. The proposed algorithm can not only achieve high precision by loosening constraints and utilizing the characteristics of wireless broadcast but also provide continuous time synchronization by tolerating the message losses. In master/slave structure the master broadcasts the time information and the stave computes the clock skew and the drift to estimate the synchronized time of the master. The experiment results show that the achieved standard deviation by the Proposed scheme is within the bound of about 200 microseconds.


Spatially varying environments are expected to provide more niche breadth than homogeneous areas, and should thus support a larger number of plant species. The observed sample area, or spatial scale, can also influence the relationship between this environmental heterogeneity and plant species richness. Few studies have been conducted at a multi-scalar level and none have been conducted in coastal barrens habitats. This study looked at two types of environmental variation: 1) Spatial heterogeneity and 2) Average conditions, at Chebucto Head, NS, at three different scales: subplot (0.5 m x 0.5 m), plot (1 m x 1 m), and transect (25 m x 2 m). Spatial heterogeneity was calculated as the standard deviation of substrate depth, substrate moisture, and topographic elevation as well as the Shannon-Weiner diversity index of six cover type variables. Average conditions were calculated as the mean of substrate depth, substrate moisture, and topographic elevation. Results of a multivariate linear regression analysis indicated that the strongest environmental predictor of plant species richness varied with sample area and also showed a general trend towards an increase in the strength of the relationship between environmental heterogeneity and plant species richness with increasing sample area. This study is one of the first to assess environmental heterogeneity and plant species richness on a multi-scalar level in coastal barrens and underlies the importance of how spatially varying environments can influence the diversity of plant species and how vegetation sampling design can affect the strength of predictor variables. Date submitted: April 25, 2018


Hierarchical porous carbon spheres are prepared by the carbonization of a D201 anion-exchange resin. These carbon spheres are characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption and electron microscopy. The lithium ion storage capacity of these carbon spheres is evaluated by galvanostatic measurements. The initial discharge–charge capacities of the material are 1213 and 798 mA h g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1, respectively. A discharge capacity of 506 mA h g−1 is still retained when charge–discharged at 1.0 A g−1 for 50 cycles. The large reversible capacity, high rate performance and good cycleability are attributed to the unique hierarchical porous structure featured by large surface area, readily accessed porous channels and the highly graphitized carbon shells. The carbonization of a cheap anion-exchange resin can be easily scaled-up, making the hierarchical porous carbon spheres a promising low-cost anode material for high performance lithium ion batteries.


To the Editors: We read with great interest the results of the noninferiority randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL) with controlled-release carbamazepine (CR-CBZ) as monotherapy treatment for patients (aged ≥18 years) with newly diagnosed focal epilepsy. The trial was conducted according to standards of the European Medicines Agency and recommendations of the International League Against Epilepsy, adopted a robust methodology, and will undoubtedly have great impact in clinical practice. However, one main point is worth noticing. According to the requirements of the European regulatory agency for the evaluation of medicinal products, noninferiority analysis can be adequate to demonstrate the efficacy of an antiepileptic drug, provided that the molecule under investigation has been compared with an acknowledged standard at optimized dosages. In the ESL monotherapy trial, the authors evaluated ESL up to 1600 mg/d, which is a dosage higher than the highest effective recommended daily dose of 1200 mg for add-on therapy. Interestingly, the same choice of "pushing up" the dose of the tested drug was adopted in the trial assessing lacosamide (LCS) monotherapy. LCS was up-titrated to a 600-mg daily dose, which is higher than the highest recommended dosage (400 mg/d) for adjunctive therapy. Conversely, CR-CBZ was allowed up to 1200 mg/d, and this choice was in line with 3 previous monotherapy RCTs evaluating LCS, levetiracetam, and zonisamide. To date, there is no definitive information on the equieffective doses of different antiepileptic drugs. However, the dosages being tested in this ESL monotherapy RCT (ESL up to 1600 mg/d, CR-CBZ up to 1200 mg/d) might have somewhat benefited ESL regarding overall efficacy and influenced the primary endpoint of seizure freedom, particularly considering the good seizure control obtained with ESL at the 1600-mg daily dose in the conversion-to-monotherapy trials. A higher dose of CR-CBZ could have increased the occurrence of adverse events, but could have also improved its efficacy, possibly allowing a less "unfair" (or more "fair") comparison between the two antiepileptic drugs. DISCLOSURE OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST


The reaction mole ratio of monomers, pH value, reaction temperature and time factors directly affect the properties of urea-formaldehyde resin (UF)/low melting point paraffin wax microcapsules during in situ polymerization process. The effects of these factors on the thermal storage capacity, particle size and distribution were systematically discussed. When the reaction conditions were formaldehyde and urea molar ratio of 1.8:1, the prepolymerization system pH controlled at 8.5, the reaction temperature of 60 °C, the reaction time of 60 min, the synthetic phase change materials microcapsules have good morphology and thermal storage capacity.


High reflective metal materials have some disadvantages on laser heat treatment. In order to increase the laser absorption of metal materials, the effect of external applied electric field on the laser absorption was studied. A so-called saturated temperature technique was put forward to measure the laser absorptivity of 2Cr13 stainless steel with external applied electric field applied. The test results indicated the external electric field could increase the laser absoptivity of metal materials.


Preserves are fruits and vegetables pickled with sugar or honey, which are divided into 6 categories according to their characteristics and 4 categories according to their local flavor. The processing techniques of candied fruit include: grading, peeling, preserving the fruit embryo, preserving and hardening, sulfur treatment, dyeing and pre-cooking. With the progress of the process, the candied waste-water with different water quality characteristics was produced. The treatment methods of candied waste-water include biochemical, chemical and physical chemical methods, and chemical methods can be divided into 6 kinds of treatment methods, such as REDOX and neutralization. Because of the large amount of fruit juice and sugar, candied waste-water can be treated by biochemical method to meet the discharge standard.


AirTree is preparing for land-based testing at the NIOZ/IMARES test facility. As the Ballast Water Management System (BWMS) developed by AirTree uses ozone as active substance, IMO Guideline G9 applies and Basic and Final Approval are also required. In preparing the Basic Approval dossier, it appeared that too little is known about the development of disinfection by-products (DBP) during the treatment process.


With the aim of informing the first contact physician about the hypertensive states of pregnancy, we carried out this bibliographic review. Sources in English and Spanish were consulted for the writing of this article. Hypertensive status of pregnancy refers to a group of disorders that constitute, as a group, one of the most common complications of pregnancy [1]. The incidence of this group of disorders is close to 1 in 10 pregnant women [2], due to its high frequency, it is important for all doctors to know about these states, for their early identification, particular diagnostic method to each of them and the treatment of choice. Thus through prevention at the first level of care and its treatment at the second level of care, the incidence of both maternal and perinatal complications is reduced, generating a benefit to the Mexican public health.


An Android application that realizes an audible version of echolocation has been implemented. Bundled within the app are videos, notes, problems, and discussion questions, thus creating an "eModule". The eModule contains material that is relevant to several educational levels including K-12 and undergraduate engineering. By using the echolocation features of the app, at the K-12 level, teachers are able to introduce labs, and science and engineering practices into their lesson plans. By using data collection and interpretation, undergraduate students can be exposed to various concepts in signals and systems, digital signal processing, and machine learning. Assessment instruments for the evaluation of the Reflections app, as well as the bundledcontent,havebeendeveloped. Pre/postassessmentdataandresultsofsurveyinstrumentshavebeen collected and analyzed in an effort to assess the impact of the tool on student learning at the undergraduate level, as well as impacts on K-12 teacher interest in introducing science and engineering practices in their lesson plans.


This paper defends the pertinence of global justice in the contemporary world. It accepts, for the sake of argument, Nagel's view that matters of justice arise only when political authority is asserted or exercised and, connectedly, his rejection of the cosmopolitan thesis. However, it challenges his conclusion that considerations of justice do not apply beyond the state. It argues that on any plausible account of the relationship between authority and justice international institutions, such as the World Trade Organisation, are now authoritative in the right way to justify their evaluation from the point of view of justice.


The Jajrood River watershed is one of the main drinking water resources of Tehran, the capital city of Iran. In addition it provides many recreational usages. However, a variety of microbial pollutions is commonly perceived in the Jajrood River, among them a high concentration of coliform group bacteria that has caused strong concerns. In this article, different aspects of microbial pollution as well as the main microbial pollution sources in the region are discussed. Coliform group bacterial die-off rates have been evaluated as the key parameters that govern bacterial fate in the watershed and were estimated using both laboratory and field data investigations. The high values of the bacterial die-off rates cause significant reduction in the bacteria population naturally. According to the first order decay equation, around 74% of the microbial pollution from domestic wastewater of the 3 main cities in the study area would be attenuated naturally before arrivals to the watershed outlet. In addition, around 98.1% of the microbial population of the animal excretion in the surface area would be decayed naturally. By investigating both sources and fates in the Jajrood River watershed, our knowledge about coliform group bacteria dynamics in this watershed would be enhanced. Therefore, microbial pollution can be managed in a sustainable way by evaluation and use of natural capacity of bacteria die-off in the environment. The derived values for bacterial die-off rates can be a useful reference in microbial studies and modeling attempts.


JPGN Volume 72, N irect-acting antivirals (DAAs) have revolutionized hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection treatment with high efficacy rates D in adults and in children older than 3 years old. Data on using DAAs in pediatrics are limited. We present the youngest infant reported to receive DAAs, who cleared her HCV infection on DAAs before a successful liver transplant (LT) for carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS-1) deficiency and achieved sustained virologic resistance (SVR) 12 weeks post-LT.


Doctors are the same as lawyers,= said Anton Chekhov, =The only difference is that lawyers merely rob you whereas doctors rob you and kill you too.= That's pretty cynical, but whatever brings medicine and law together promises to be interesting. The website, www.forensicmed.co.uk, is an excellent introduction. You will find a wide range of topics, such as wounds, asphyxia, law of evidence, and cocaine, for example. The site also gives a detailed description of an …


As a consequence of the discovery of fullerene [1], atomic and molecular clusters have gained immense attention as the potential candidates for designing novel nanomaterials [2–4]. The most important fact is that atomic clusters of sub-nano or nano-scale dimensions exhibits drastic differences in the physicochemical properties compared to their bulk counterparts, due to the effect of quantum confinement. This important behavior of nano-scale materials are found to be very useful in various technical applications over the last two decades or so [1–7]. In order to overcome the usual meta-stable nature of many clusters, one main focus of researchers is to search for the clusters with unusual or exceptional stability and/or useful physicochemical properties. The jellium is a quantum mechanical model of interacting electrons within an infinite volume of space and neutralized with an artificially assumed uniformly distributed background positive charge [8]. The jellium is usually treated within the density functional theory (DFT) [9, 10], since at zeroth temperature the properties of a jellium depend solely on electron density (ρ) [8]. Through an experimental mass spectra of a series of sodium clusters, W. D. Night et al. [11] have noticed that sodium clusters with a certain total number of valence electrons, viz., 2, 8, 18, 20, 34, 40, 52, . . . etc. shows exceptional stability compared to their neighbors. Such exceptionally stable clusters are named as magic clusters, and based on the jellium model as mentioned above and similar to the electronic shell structure of atom, they have proposed a new cluster valence shell structure in terms of the total valence electrons of the magic clusters as 1S1P1D2S1F2P . . . . Such cluster shell structure essentially represents the total valence electrons as observed for magic clusters with shell closure as 2(1S), 8(1S1P), 18(1S1P1D), 20(1S1P1D2S), 34(1S1P1D2S1F) etc. The exceptionally stable cluster motifs may have potency for utilizing them as the building blocks for designing novel cluster assembled materials. The purpose of the present work is to perform a detailed study on the geometries, electronic properties as well as to search for any unusual and/or exceptionally stable cluster building motifs from the InxMg3 (x = 1 − 6) cluster series. The electronic properties include energy gain in adding an indium atom (∆EIn) to the previous sizes, HOMO-LUMO energy gap (HLG), ionization potential (I.P.), chemical hardness (η) etc.


Although lentil has a long history of cultivation, cultivars rely on a narrow genetic base, indicating room for broadening the diversity. Two field experiments were conducted at Bardiya, Nepal, during winter 2016 and 2017, with 324 diverse lentil genotypes obtained from genebanks and breeding programs around the world. Phenological traits related to adaptation, particularly days to flower, were assessed. A photothermal model was used to predict days to flower in new environments to identify genotypes that may be suitable for additional growing regions in Nepal, allowing for the expansion of the production area. Many putatively adapted genotypes were identified for terai, mid-hill, and high-hill growing regions. The list includes large-seeded or yellow cotyledon lines, representing new market classes of lentils for Nepal.


1 Introduction UKMAS has now been running for six years, in 1996 and 1997 under the heading of FoMAS (Foundations of Multi-Agent Systems) both organised by Michael Luck at Warwick University and then subsequently in its current incarnation, UKMAS, first by Michael Fisher at Manchester Metropolitan University then by Chris Preist at Hewlett Packard Laboratories, Bristol and finally by Mark d'Inverno at St Catherine's College, Oxford in 2000. After the success of the workshop last year at St Catherine's in providing an excellent opportunity for academics and industrialists to come together to discuss current work and directions in the multi-agent systems field, it was decided by the steering committee to use St Catherine's once again as the venue for UKMAS 2001. The workshop was sponsored by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and by AgentLink, the European Commission's IST-funded Network of Excellence for Agent-Based Computing.


Abstract The article provides a summary and synthesis of the Introduction and Chapter One of Evangelii Gaudium (EG 1-18 and 19-49), where Pope Francis outlines his vision of the church and the program of his pontificate. He envisions the church as fundamentally a missionary church and sees the role of his pontificate as bringing about the transformation of the church into a missionary church. The article concludes by showing that Pope Francis' vision of the church in EG echoes Vatican II's decree Ad Gentes and is shaped by his experience of the church in Latin America. Thus, it ends with two observations: first, that with EG, Ad Gentes' statement that "the Church is missionary by her very nature" ceases to be merely a theological declaration and now becomes a concrete pastoral program of action; and second, that EG, where the concerns of the third world are allowed to shape the vision of the universal church, is an eloquent manifestation of the church becoming a World Church. ********** As the first major document of his pontificate, (1) Pope Francis' post-synodal apostolic exhortation Evangelii Gaudium (EG) (2) may be considered to be programmatic. In it, in the context of his reflections on the Synod of Bishops on the New Evangelization held in October 2012, Pope Francis lays out his vision of the church and the programme of his pontificate. We find an overview of this in the Introduction and first chapter of EG. Indeed, Chapter One's title, "The Church's Missionary Transformation," captures Pope Francis' vision and programme. He envisions the church as a missionary church and sees the role of his pontificate as bringing about the transformation of the church into a missionary church. Summary and Synthesis Introduction ([paragraph] [paragraph] 1-18) The Introduction sets the tone of the apostolic exhortation by placing it in the context of the Synod of Bishops on The New Evangelisation for the Transmission of the Christian Faith ([paragraph] 14) and underlining the experience of the joy of the gospel as the wellspring of evangelization ([paragraph] [paragraph] 3-7). A life that is turned in on itself, "caught up with its own interests and concerns," with no room for others and no place for the poor, is a life where the joy of God's love is no longer felt, making us "resentful, angry and listless" ([paragraph] 2). On the other hand, "life is attained and matures in the measure that it is offered up in order to give life to others. This is ... what mission means" ([paragraph] 10). Indeed, the gospel is an invitation to a personal encounter with Jesus Christ, which is always an experience of joy. The gospel is, therefore, an invitation to joy, and the proclamation of the gospel an experience of joy. Chapter One ([paragraph] [paragraph] 19-49) Chapter One consists of five sections: (1) "A Church Which Goes Forth"; (2) "Pastoral Activity and Conversion"; (3) "From the Heart of the Gospel"; (4) "A Mission Embodied within Human Limits"; and (5) "A Mother with an Open Heart." Vision of the church. Chapter One outlines Pope Francis' vision of the church as fundamentally missionary. He dreams, he says, "of a 'missionary option', that is, a missionary impulse capable of transforming everything, so that the Church's customs, ways of doing things, times and schedules, language and structures can be suitably channeled for the evangelization of today's world rather than for her self-preservation" ([paragraph] 27). His dream, in other words, is of a church that moves from the "conservation" to the "missionary" mode. "We need to move from a pastoral ministry of mere conservation to a decidedly missionary pastoral ministry" ([paragraph] 15). '"Mere administration' can no longer be enough. Throughout the world, let us be permanently in a state of mission" ([paragraph] 25). "Missionary outreach is paradigmatic for all the Church's activity" ([paragraph] 15). …


With the development of the Internet of Things (IoT), massive numbers of IoT devices (smart sensors, cameras, phones, and so on) have been deployed and utilized in various environments, supporting numerous smart-world applications. Those devices communicate with computing infrastructure servers over network infrastructures to send relevant collected data in order to link physical objects to the cyber world. As the number of IoT devices increases rapidly, the volume of collected data likewise increases prodigiously. Thus, how to search for and through specific IoT datasets among the enormous amount of data become critical issues for potential data consumers. Moreover, various IoT devices and applications establish IoT-based systems, also known as the smart-world systems or smart cyber–physical systems (CPS), such as smart grids, smart transportation, smart healthcare, smart cities, smart homes, and smart manufacturing systems, among others. However, the individual CPS are independently designed and deployed, such that they collect and analyze data independently, with no information sharing or interconnection, raising serious challenges in searching for valuable information. Thus, in order to efficiently and precisely utilize the IoT datasets, suitable search techniques designed for the IoT environments are fundamental. In this paper, we first summarize popular web search techniques and survey existing research on the search and analysis related to the IoT. We then outline the opportunities and challenges of the IoT search techniques. Furthermore, we propose a problem space for the IoT search techniques and provide a clear view of potential future research directions.


Objective: To analyze and evaluate the use of antibacterial agents in patients in perioperative period in the department of general surgery.Methods:A retrospective investigation was performed by collecting medical records of 876 cases of surgical operation from Janurary to June 2005 in Central Hospital of Shanghai Changning District.Results:In type Ⅰ incision operation,the rate of prophylactic use of antibacterial agents was 100% and administration without indication accounted for 42.86%(102/238).Some problems,such as irrational choice of antibacterials(e.g.application of broad-spectrum antibacterials without authorization,frequent change of drugs and blind drug combination),inappropriate timing of begining of administration and prolonged drug therapy,still existed.Conclusion: Irrational use of perioperative antibacterial agents existed in this hospital.It is necessary to standardize administration of prophylactic antibacterial agents according to "Guideline on Clinical Use of Antibacterials".


Organizational arrangements such as telework are often believed to disrupt workers' social networks. This raises a concern regarding teleworkers' abilities to adjust to technological changes in organizations. Based on innovation diffusion theory, this chapter considers telework and interdependence as parallel dimensions of social proximity that may be expected to affect the diffusion of innovation in terms of users' social information processing (i.e., their technology beliefs, communication channels, and information sources). This proposition is investigated in a field-study conducted during the migration of a business unit to a new communications system. Technology users at the business unit were surveyed three times over a 12-week period—right before the conversion to the new system and at two six-week intervals following the conversion. These surveys assessed the impact of telework on respondents' beliefs toward the communication technology. Findings partially supported our hypotheses regarding the negative effect of remoteness on beliefs about technology. Users were then surveyed to investigate the media and sources they utilized to stay informed about the new technology. As anticipated, telework was related to an increased use of electronic media and of individual and authority information sources. Contrary to our expectations, though, results indicated a positive effect of telework on the use of collective sources and face-to-face media. Therefore, we conclude that teleworkers make a special effort to preserve their social networks.


The 11th International Seminar on Nuclear Physics was held in Ischia from May 12 to May 16, 2014. This Seminar was dedicated to Aldo Covello, who has been the promoter of this series of meetings, which started in Sorrento in 1986 and continued with meetings held every two or three years in the Naples area. Aldo's idea was to offer to a group of researchers, actively working in selected fields of Nuclear Physics, the opportunity to confront their points of view in a lively and informal way. The choice for the period of the year, Spring, as well as the sites chosen reflected this intent. The first meeting was of a purely theoretical nature, but it was immediately clear that the scope of these conferences needed to be enlarged calling into play the experimental community. Then, starting from the second meeting, all the following ones have been characterized by fruitful discussion between theoretical and experimental researchers on current achievements and future developments of nuclear structure. This may be read, in fact, as one of the motivating factors for Aldo's election as Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2008 "... for his outstanding contributions to the international nuclear physics community by providing, for over two decades, a venue for theorists and experimentalists to share their latest ideas." The present meeting, organized by Aldo's former students and with the benefit of his suggestions, has maintained this tradition. The title "Shell model and nuclear structure: achievements of the past two decades" recalls that of the 2nd International Spring Seminar "Shell Model and Nuclear Structure: where do we stand?". The main aim of this 11th Seminar was, in fact, to discuss the changes of the past two decades on our view of nuclei in terms of shell structure as well as the perspectives of the shell model, which has been one of the key points in Aldo's research. This point is well accounted by the Opening Speech of Igal Talmi, one of the fathers of the shell model. Then, as usual, the program of the meeting consisted of general talks and more specialized contributions, which covered five main topics: i) From nuclear forces to nuclear structure; ii) Exploring nuclear structure toward the drip line; iii) Role of the shell model in the study of exotic nuclei; iv) Nuclear structure aspects outside the shell model; and v) Special topics. The main conclusions were drawn in two keynote talks given by Amand Faessler and Franco Iachello. The Conference had about 90 participants from some 20 countries [please see the list of participants]. This is well in line with the tradition of these meetings, as is the fact that more than 50% of the present participants attended one or more of the previous Seminars. We received 58 manuscripts out of the 73 invited papers and contributions presented at the Seminar. All of these have been peer reviewed and are collected in this volume. We would like to thank all the colleagues who have acted as referees to assess the suitability of the various articles for publication in the Journal of Physics: Conference Series. We are confident that the high quality of both invited and contributed papers contained in these Proceedings will be appreciated by the nuclear physics community. We gratefully acknowledge the members of the Advisory Committee for their valuable cooperation in preparing the scientific program as well as the financial support of the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, the University of Naples Federico II, and the Dipartimento di Fisica who helped make the Seminar possible. Angela Gargano Luigi Coraggio Nunzio Itaco Editors


Our lack of knowledge on the spatiotemporal drivers of the distribution of many freshwater fishes, particularly as they differ among life-history stages, is a challenge to conservation of these species. We used 2-stage hurdle models to investigate drivers of occurrence and abundance of locally threatened adult and juvenile Northern River Blackfish in the upper Condamine River, Queensland, Australia. Different processes drive occurrence and abundance between the 2 life-history stages. Both adult and juvenile occurrences were negatively associated with high-magnitude, extended warming events, suggesting Northern River Blackfish are thermally restricted to cooler headwaters. Juveniles had greater sensitivity than adults to high stream temperatures. In contrast, drivers of abundance differed between life-history stages. Adult fish were negatively associated with increased fine-sediment loads, whereas juveniles were negatively associated with a hydrologically active inverse-distance-weighted grazing metric that accounted for the greater influence of grazed land close to the stream or in areas of high overland flow. Teasing apart environmental drivers affecting multiple life-history stages of a locally threatened headwater species enabled us to provide direct management recommendations for conserving this species and ecologically similar headwater fishes and their associated habitats.


Free-living ciliates assemblages were studied in Lake Kandry-Kul (Republic of Bashkortostan) in 2012. The ciliate fauna of the lake expanded considerably (from 90 to 137 species). It was found that a significant horizontal variability combined with a weak vertical heterogeneity of ciliate assemblages. Compared to 2010, the decline in species diversity due to strengthened dominance, nearly twofold increase of abundance, biomass and production, enhanced contribution of smaller species and a decrease in the fraction of mixotrophic ciliates indicate the trend towards increasing trophic level of the water body. An inverse relationship between saprobity values and fraction of mixotrophic ciliates was detected, that can probably be used in future studies to evaluate the state of aquatic ecosystems.


Flavour symmetries appropriate for describing a neutrino spectrum with degenerate solar pair and a third massive or massless neutrino are discussed. We demand that the required residual symmetries of the leptonic mass matrices be subgroups of some discrete symmetry group $G_f$. $G_f$ can be a subgroup of SU(3) if the third neutrino is massive and we derive general results on the mixing angle predictions for various discrete subgroups of SU(3). The main results are: (a) All the SU(3) subgroups of type C fail in simultaneously giving correct $\theta_{13}$ and $\theta_{23}$. (b) All the groups of type D can predict a relation $\cos^2\theta_{13} \sin^2\theta_{23}=\frac{1}{3}$ among the mixing angles which appears to be a good zeroth order approximation. Among these, various $\Delta(6n^2)$ groups with $n\geq 8$ can simultaneously lead also to $\sin^2 \theta_{13}$ in agreement with global fit at 3$\sigma$. (c) The group $\Sigma(168)\cong PSL(2,7)$ predicts near to the best fit value for $\theta_{13}$ and $\theta_{23}$ within the 1$\sigma$ range. All discrete subgroups of U(3) with order $<512$ and having three dimensional irreducible representation are considered as possible $G_f$ when the third neutrino is massless. Only seven of them are shown to be viable and three of these can correctly predict $\theta_{13}$ and/or $\theta_{23}$. The solar angle remains undetermined at the leading order in all the cases due to degeneracy in the masses. A class of general perturbations which can correctly reproduce all the observables are discussed in the context of several groups which offer good leading order predictions.


A distinctive feature of recent revolutions was the key role of social media (e.g. Facebook, Twitter and YouTube). We study the role of social media in mobilization. In a simple model we assume that while social media allow to observe all previous decisions, mass media only give aggregate information about the state of a revolt. We show that when individuals' willingness to revolt is publicly known, then both sorts of media foster a successful revolution. However, when willingness to revolt is private information, only social media ensure that a revolt succeeds, with mass media multiple outcomes are possible. This suggests that social media enhance the likelihood that a revolution triumphs more than traditional mass media.


We describe a new viscometer developed for liquid crystals. It has been designed for measurement of the Miesowicz viscosity coefficient η2 (n‖v) in particular, but can be used for measuring η1 (n‖∇v) as well. The measurement is based on observation of the damped motion of a pendulum and derivation of the viscosity coefficient from the damping constant.


Objective interpretation of the quantum states leads to the enhancement of the principle of 'relativity to the measuring device' to the principle of 'relativity to embedding into environmental field' and further to the super-relativity. In fact the geometric phase works rely on tacitly thinking version of such principle. The geometric phase approach refers to the symplectic invariants of the state space (or parameter space) independent on dynamical (in the space-time) behavior of "macroscopic" quantum systems. As far as understood the geometric phase concept is applicable to the really "microscopic" quantum systems like 'elementary particles', due to a generality, as well. However unification of the fundamental interactions including gravity requires the geometric (in the state space) description of quantum dynamical variables. Therefore the state space geometry should be non-distinguishable from the quantum dynamics. The new kinds of dynamical invariants (quantum integrals) associated with symmetric part of Kähler structure arise in such description. These integrals are relating to some analog of non-Abelian Yang-Mills unified fields.


A 35-year-old female presented to the emergency department (ED) in pulseless electrical activity arrest after suddenly losing consciousness during intercourse. In the ED, return of spontaneous circulation was obtained but the patient remained obtunded. Point-of-care ocular ultrasounds were obtained to evaluate for optic nerve sheath swelling as an acute intracranial process was highly suspected. Bilateral ultrasounds revealed well-defined, echogenic material just anterior to the optic disk, which itself appears to be bulging into the posterior chamber (Figure 1; Video 1).


Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of operative laparoscopy for pecilo-ovarian cysts in endometriosis.Methods:The clinical data of 112 cases was analyzed retrospectively.60 cases were treated by laparoscopic operation(group laparoscopy),52 cases were treated by laparotomy(group laparotomy).The symptoms improved were compared by different operative method.Results:The patients of group laparoscopy had a lower operative time,a lower volume of blood loss,a shorter post operative gastrointestional function recovery time and a shorter hospitalization stay to compare the laparotomy group(P0.01),however there were no significant differences in dysmenorrhea relief and the recurrence rate(P0.05).Conclusions:The laparoscopic operation is the primary treat method for pecilo-ovarian cysts in endometriosis.


Topical and systemic antibiotic treatment are essential in the prevention and treatment of wound infections. Systemic antibiotics, on the other hand, are strongly linked to mechanisms of resistance, which jeopardize the treatment process. The direction of systemic antibiotics to the eschar becomes less reliable the deeper the burn and the thicker the eschar becomes for local wound care . As a result, topical antibiotics appear as a viable treatment option, as they help to maintain a "high and sustained concentration of the antimicrobial at the infection site.
          Every year, wound treatment develops a high urgent clinical problem, as The requirement for wound care has an influence on a significant percentage of the global population. The system of healthcare in the United States spends $20 million a year on wounds . An Incisional, acute, and chronic wounds are all examples of wounds that can become infected and lead to more complications.
           Incisional wounds and deep lacerations are often troublesome, and they account for a significant portion of the annual cost of wound healing products. While Wounds from incisions heal more quickly than chronic wounds, they always have challenges with appropriate closure as well as the formation of granulation tissue, which might lower one's quality of life. Wounds from incisions are also susceptible to infection, necessitating further care. Antiseptics, antibiotics, as well as silver dressings have traditionally is always used to treat wounds, however each of these therapies is ineffective against a wide range of microorganisms often present in wounds.


Many questions arise when trying to estimate the interaction between the geological environment and the infrastructure of urban areas. This interaction is very complicated in terms of the various interrelations and complexities. On the other hand, other specialists, whose fields of interest are quite distant, need this kind of information. Consequently, the estimation of the engineering geological conditions of urban areas by traditional components of the geological environment: geological structure, relief, hydrogeological conditions, geotechnical parameters of soil as well as geological phenomena and processes, would be incomplete. It is also necessary to present information about an area's historical development, chemical and physical pollution peculiarities, technological load intensity, groundwater protection and stability of soils. Our experience in the research of urban areas in Lithuania has enabled us to build up a complex geological and infrastructure based environmental investigation scheme. The composite parts of the investigations are presented in the scheme. A database was compiled and several special maps reflecting geotechnical system peculiarities were made from the available datasets. Finally, the division of areas (based not only on the geological information but also on the infrastructure load influence) was used to evaluate the urban areas and to forecast a dynamic area development.


This paper aims at analysing labour market transitions of older workers (aged 50 and older) using the Dutch Socio-Economic Panel for the period of 1990 to 1998. The Netherlands are of special interest because they are among the countries with the lowest participation rates of older workers, both for men and women. In this paper, multinomial regression models are estimated for transitions from employment to various (competing) destination states. These are exit routes out of work into retirement, disability or unemployment. These transitions are modelled within a search-theoretical framework. The older worker is assumed to have some free choice, but at the same time is subject to constraints imposed by the rules and features of the alternative routes (e.g. firm's retirement practices, retirement legislation, and the social security system). The dependent variable is the relative likelihood of exit from work to any of the various destination states. Among the covariates implemented in the model are individual variables, human capital variables, household variables, and labour market variables. First, a static multinomial logit model is estimated in order to analyse the influence of the covariates on the probability of being in non-employment (with a distinction between being in retirement, disability, unemployment or inactivity without receiving benefits) compared to being in employment. The results show that there is a significant positive effect of being a male, having a retired partner and individual non-wage income for most of the non-employment states, while significant negative effects are found of being the head of the household, having an employed partner, working in commercial services, job level, being self-employed, net wage income and total household income. No large differences were found between the several non-employment labour market states. For age only a significant positive effect was found for retirement, while for poor health only a significant positive effect was found for disability. Second, a dynamic multinomial logit model is estimated in order to analyse the effects of the covariates on the probability of making a transition to another state than employment. The results show a significant positive effect of age, being a male, having a poor health and non-wage individual income on the probability of making a transition into non-employment (regardless of what route is taken) while a significant negative effect is found for having an employed partner, working in the primary sector, being self-employed and net wage. Moreover, wanting to work more hours and tenure positively influence the relative probability of going into early retirement, while job level has a positive effect on the relative probability of going into inactivity without receiving benefits.


Production of electricity and hot water for district heating by Nesjavellir geothermal co-generation power plant in SW-Iceland utilizes high temperature steam, which contains various trace elements. The effluent from the plant is either pumped into shallow drill holes or disposed off in the Nesjavellir stream, which disappears into the lava and finds its way into Lake Thingvallavatn, a rift lake of high conservational value. Measurement of quantities of chemical constituents in effluents and lakeshore outflow sites (springs), and in the biota at outflow sites, and at a control site, Vatnskot was done. Concentrations of SiO2, As, Al and B are elevated in geothermal effluents but are diluted before the wastewater reaches the lake. There is no detectable rise or accumulation of trace elements in the biota at the geothermally influenced sites. However, taking into account the conservational value of Lake Thingvallavatn, sound wastewater management by deep reinjection and regular monitoring of thermal influence, chemical constituents in effluents and lake outflow sites water should be adopted.


Abstract : This study investigated the sensitivity, reversibility, and selectivity of the thin film coatings used on the interdigitated gate electrode field effect transistor (IGEFET) gas microsensor. These responses were quantified based on the dc resistance changes and frequency domain responses of the microsensor. The thin-film materials included: copper phthalocyanine (CuPc), nickel phthalocyanine (NiPc), and cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc). The challenge gases included: diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP), dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, and boron trifluoride. Tests of the CuPc thin-films and nitrogen dioxide challenges established the primary set of test parameters expected to maximize the selectivity, sensitivity, and reversibility of the thin-film coatings. A series of experiments performed at 150 C tested the other thin-film materials, on the IGEFET sensors, when challenged by listed gases. At 150 C, the nitrogen dioxide and ammonia interacted with all three film types, the boron trifluoride interacted weakly, the DIMP and DMMP show no response.


Accidents in the process industries can be attributed, at least in part, to human causes. Hazard studies are commonly used in industry to identify and manage risks. This paper describes a methodology, called HumHID, which potentially improves hazard identification associated with human factors. The approach is based on cognitive work analysis (CWA) techniques, human factors/error taxonomies and the blended hazard methodology (BLHAZID). A desktop case study is used to illustrate the application of the methodology. The results show that a combination of CWA, human factors/error taxonomies and BLHAZID techniques provides a structured means of identifying hazards associated with human activity as well as showing the causality behind the hazards which can be used to guide redesign work.


There are three essential problems in building software systems [1]: complexity, evolution, and scale. The evolution of large-scale systems is compounded both by the problems of complexity and by the problems of scale. Thus, process models for the evolution of large-scale systems must define approaches to manage the compounding effect of complexity as well as to manage the multiplicative effect of multi-people interaction while dealing with the realities of changing and extending existing systems.. Ideally, we should be able to use the same policies, mechanisms and structures to bound the effects of complexity that we use to support and enforce multi-people coordination and cooperation. Further, these policies, mechanisms and structures should gives us the basis for successfully managing the evolution of these large-scale systems.


Champion et al. (2015) recently reported findings supporting an Internet-based prevention programme targeting alcohol and cannabis use in early adolescence. They found increased alcohol and cannabis knowledge among 13-year-old students who completed the programme, as well as decreased intentions to use alcohol. Such prevention programmes are critical given high rates of risky drinking among young people, and the wide range of harms associated with early onset and/or regular drinking during adolescence (Lubman et al., 2007). Similarly, intervention efforts promoting help-seeking during this period are paramount, as many adolescents are reluctant to seek help for substance use problems despite the benefits of early treatment. Research examining help-seeking for mental health problems during adolescence has identified attitudes and beliefs that can act as barriers, including perceptions of stigma, fears about confidentiality, poor problem recognition and a belief that one should be able to sort out one's own problems. Consequentially, many young people keep their problems to themselves, or turn to peers or key adults (e.g. parents) for help, despite evidence of poor mental health literacy among these groups (Gulliver et al., 2010). Developing programmes that address these barriers is therefore an important component of broader prevention efforts that aim to minimise the harms associated with adolescent drinking (Lubman et al., 2007). The MAKINGtheLINK: Seeking Help for Risky Drinking programme is a school-based intervention designed to address barriers and enablers to adolescent help-seeking, in order to promote help-seeking for alcohol-related problems before they reach clinical significance. The programme draws upon two well-validated models of behaviour change (the InformationMotivation-Behavioural Skills Model and Theory of Planned Behaviour) that have been previously utilised in school-based prevention programmes. We recently trialled the programme with 297 Grade 8 (aged 13–15) students from three Victorian schools. The programme was delivered over two sessions (3 hours total) during one week by an experienced teacher external to the school. An evaluation of the programme identified high levels of satisfaction. Preliminary results demonstrated increased knowledge, awareness of help-seeking options and confidence to seek help for alcohol problems (see Table 1). These data support the feasibility and acceptability of the MAKINGtheLINK programme within a school environment, and add to the evidence supporting early intervention within this context (Champion et al., 2015). Further research is needed to determine whether these findings translate into actual help-seeking behaviours, or whether the effects of the programme generalise to helpseeking for other disorders.


To programmatically discover and interact with services in ubiquitous computing environments, an application needs to solve two problems: (1) is it semantically meaningful to interact with a service? If the task is "printing a file", a printer service would be appropriate, but a screen rendering service or CD player service would not. (2) If yes, what are the mechanics of interacting with the service - remote invocation mechanics, names of methods, numbers and types of arguments, etc.? Existing service frameworks such as Jini and UPnP conflate these problems - two services are "semantically compatible" if and only if their interface signatures match. As a result, interoperability is severely restricted unless there is a single, globally agreed-upon, unique interface for each service type. By separating the two subproblems and delegating different parts of the problem to the user and the system, we show how applications can interoperate with services even when globally unique interfaces do not exist for certain services.


Objective To compare the dose distribution of the three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy(3D-CRT)and 5-field or 7-field intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT), and to explore the value of IMRT in preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer.Methods Ten rectal cancer patients treated with preoperative combination radiotherapy and chemotherapy were enrolled in this study. 3D-CRT plan and the 5.field or 7-field IMRT plans were performed for each patient.The conformal index (CI),heterogeneity index(HI)of the planning target volume(PTV)and the dose of normal organs of 3D-CRT plan(3D-CRTp)and the 5-field or 7-field IMRT plans(IMRT5fp or IMRT7fp)were analyzed with the dose-volume histogram.Results The CI values of PTV were 0.91,0.87 and 0.78 in IMRT7fpIMRT5fp and 3D- CRT but with IMRT7fp>IMRT5fp>3D-CRTp(t=-5.69、-8.91,P IMRT7fp>3D- CRTp(t=3.41、-6.89,P<0.01),respectively.The ratio of dose volume were 0.08,0.10 and 0.19(t=2.79、3.52,P<0.05)in IMRT7fp,IMRT5fp and 3D- CRTp on the small intestine V50,with 0.07,0.10 and 0.19(t=2.58、3.40,P<0.05)in IMRT7fp,IMRT5fp and 3D-CRTp on the bladder V50 and 0.01,0.01 and 0.05(t=3.00、3.17,P<0.01)in IMRT7fp,IMRT5fp and 3D- CRTp on the fomoral head V45.The ratio of dose volume were 0.31 and 0.38(t=3.91,P<0.01)in IMRT7fp and IMRT5fp on the bone marrow V50,with 0.07 and 0.10 in IMRT7fp and IMRT5fp on bladder V45.Conclusions IMRT plan is superior to 3 D- CRT plan in dose conformal degrees of PTV with preoperative radiotherapy of rectal cancer and can significantly protect the normal tissues.The 7-field IMRT plan might be the optimal plan for dose conformal degree and dose uniformity compared with 5-field IMRT.

Key words:
Rectal carcinoma; Preoperative radiotherapy; Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy; Intensity-modulated radiotherapy; Dosimetry


The invention discloses a worm and inclined-worm-gear-disc type electronic parking brake which comprises an actuating device and a brake caliper assembly. The actuating device comprises a shell fixed to a brake caliper of the brake caliper assembly, and a worm and inclined-worm-gear transmission mechanism is installed in the shell. The symmetrical center line of a worm gear of an inclined worm gear disc is deflected by a certain angle relative to the axis of a worm gear shaft, and the outer end of the worm gear shaft is inserted into the brake caliper. A driving motor is installed on one side of the shell and connected with one end of a worm, an adjustment screw is fixed in a screw hole in the outer side of the shell through a locking nut, the inner end of the adjustment screw abuts against the upper portion of the inner end face of the inclined worm gear disc, and the adjustment screw is used for transmitting reactive force of the transmission mechanism. The worm and inclined-worm-gear-disc type electronic parking brake has the advantages that physical output of a driver can be reduced, a vehicle parking brake system can be simplified, the gap self-regulation function, the speed-reduction and torque-increasing functions, the movement conversion function and the mechanical reverse self-locking function can be achieved, and electric power consumed during long-time parking can be reduced; in addition, the transformation machining cost is low, and the manufacturing-process succession performance and the technological-process succession performance are good.


Iodine-incorporated BiOCl (I–BiOCl) core–shell microspheres were for the first time fabricated using a one-step approach under atmospheric pressure. The morphology and compositional characteristics of the 3D hierarchitectures (HAs) of BiOCl were investigated by various techniques such as XRD, FESEM, TEM, EDS, XPS and PL. On the basis of observing the structure of BiOCl and iodine-containing BiOCl at different intervals of reaction time, a three-stage growth mechanism that involves an initial Ostwald ripening process followed by a self-assembly process is proposed. Meanwhile, iodine anions were utilized as both structure-directing agents for fabricating hollow, core–shell, solid structure and doped ions incorporated into the framework of the core–shell BiOCl spheres to extend the light adsorption edge to the visible light region. UV-vis spectra reveal that the band energies of the iodine anions-modified BiOCl (I–BiOCl) hierarchical hollow, core–shell, and solid samples (2.43 eV, 2.28 eV and 2.04 eV, respectively) exhibit obvious red-shifts with respect to that of the pure hollow BiOCl sample (3.23 eV). I–BiOCl without adding poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) was researched. This result demonstrated that the formation of the core–shell structure is induced by a synergetic effect by iodine and PVP. The specific surface area and porosity of the iodine anions-modified hierarchical BiOCl were also investigated by using nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms. The as-prepared I–BiOCl core–shell microspheres showed much higher photocatalytic activity than that of the reported TiO2−x−yNxFy(SC)-3 and Bi2WO6, which was evaluated by the degradation of phenol under visible light (λ > 420 nm) and Rhodamine-B (RhB) dye under visible light (λ > 420 nm) and sun-light irradiation.


Undergraduate research paper/narrative for WMNS 210: "Culture of the Third Wave," Summer 2005. Submitted by instructor Patti See for student award in the 2006 cycle.


The water yield model of integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs (InVEST) model was employed to estimate the water source conservation capacity of West Liaohe River Basin and analyse its variation characteristics. The data included land use and land cover, average annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration and so on. The results show that the total water yield of the Basin fluctuates obviously from 1990 to 2012. The actual evapotranspiration is decreasing. Water yield is becoming less and less. Water resources at the regional distribution is extremely uneven. The activities of returning farmland to grassland made the actual evapotranspiration and water yield decreasing. Dry coefficient increase. Ecosystem environment of West Liaohe River Basin is fragile and sensitive.


Tungsten heavy metal alloys (WHA) with elemental metal powders of tungsten, nickel, iron, and cobalt which correspond to a chemical composition of 93.5% W4.2% Ni-1.8 Fe-0.5% Co (wt.%) were mixed in milling machine for two hours. The mixture was then subjected to uniaxial compaction varied from 60 MPa up to 180 MPa. Sintering of specimens was carried out in a Vacuum sintering furnace. Sintering temperature was varied from 1420°C up to 1550°C while sintering time was changed from 60 minutes up to 120 minutes. Sintered density, hardness, and impact tests were performed to find out the effect of processing parameters (compaction pressure, sintering temperature, and sintering time) on the mechanical and physical properties of the adopted tungsten alloy. It was found that the a compaction pressure of 120 MPa and a combination of sintering parameters of (1450°C for 120 minutes) or (1520°C for 60 minutes) can provide optimum mechanical and physical properties of this alloy.


In the perusal of biological science at the Blackfoot High School the study of developmental processes has been given a prominent position. Surely in life science the study of the development of life is important. To aid these studies an incubator was constructed that may be of interest to other biology teachers. A box was constructed having a length of 18 inches, a width of 18 inches, and a height of 8 inches. The box was lined with wood fiber for the conservation of heat. In the lid are six glass windows, each being 4 x 3 inches. The glass over each window can be removed separately for the insertion of eggs without necessitation of the removal of the larger lid. Figure I shows the finished incubator


An earlier theory of the quantum phase transition in metallic ferromagnets is revisited and generalized in three ways. It is shown that the mechanism that leads to a fluctuation-induced first-order transition in metallic ferromagnets with a low Curie temperature is valid, (1) irrespective of whether the magnetic moments are supplied by the conduction electrons or by electrons in another band, (2) for ferromagnets in the XY and Ising universality classes as well as for Heisenberg ferromagnets, and (3) for ferrimagnets as well as for ferromagnets. This vastly expands the class of materials for which a first-order transition at low temperatures is expected, and it explains why strongly anisotropic ferromagnets, such as UGe2, display a first-order transition as well as Heisenberg magnets.


The spread of fire over liquid fuel is a common phenomenon, and it has been demonstrated experimentally that the flame length and tilt angle change with the transient heat release rate and different positions of the flame. The coupling relationship between these factors is studied in this paper. The experiments are composed of a rectangular pool with dimensions of 80 cm × 6 cm × 5 cm and crosswind with speeds of 0.8 to 2.4 m/s. Diesel is used as the fuel, and a new method is applied to ensure that the initial temperature of the diesel is constant during ignition. The results show that the traditional method of luminous flame intermittency may not be suitable for studying the geometric characteristics of the spread of fire over a pool, and a new method is proposed. In addition, the transient variation of flame length in different positions of the pool is shown to fluctuate around a mean flame length. The evolution of flame tilt angle along the longitudinal direction of the pool exhibits a U‐shaped curve. Moreover, the multivariate nonlinear relationships of mean flame length and tilt angle among the heat release rate, fire position, and wind speed are established, and relevant coefficients are determined.


: The researcher wanted to identify the retention to the program implementation level in the sports based on the DepEd Order no. 25 s. 2015 in GSCHNS, and the data would be the basis for making the intervention program. The researcher utilized the quantitative research method more specifically, the quantitative evaluative design. The collected data were based on the result given by all student-athletes of GSCNHS on the survey questionnaire as a tool where the questionnaire was based on DepEd Order N. 25 S. 2015. The data were analyzed and interpreted using an appropriate statistical tool which was a weighted mean. Based on the result, the retention to the program implementation level in sports was high. Despite the result, still the proponent formulated an intervention program to sustain or improve the retention of the respondents in the chosen program.


Shell's ultimate bearing mostly lies on its stability. There are two methods,a linear method and a non linear method, to analyze the stability. The linear method is simple, however, the non linear method is very complex. The paper analyzed Kiwette shell with linear method. By comparing the result of linear method with that of non linear method, the quantitative relation of them is obtained.


Stem cells are distributed in all tissues. They can be then sorted from such sources. However, their localization in each source tissue is not well defined, and they cannot be identified in a specific district isolated from all different cells, which are more differentiated and originated from the stem cells. Moreover, the lack of homogeneity in pluri/multipotent SCs severely hinders a definition and standardization for successful stem cell-based therapies. Finally, cell-type-specific markers such as cell surface proteins are limited known, and they often recognize multiple members of a SC lineage. Stem cell recovery and functionality are also affected by immunolabeling.
Celector® does operate sorting with no immuno-tagging. Its proprietary separation process exploits differences in the intrinsic characteristics of the cells, which include size, density and surface properties. Cell sorting occurs in a biocompatible fluid (PBS-phosphate buffer saline, physiological solutions, culture media) through the sterile fluidic device that can be disposed once used. The separation process avoid cell contact, and consequent adhesion on the separation device, and cell-cell aggregation by using in-flow injection of cells and a proprietary combination of different flow stream rates able to keep cells away from the channel walls, and be swept down the separation device at different velocities. This can make different cells be collected at different times in sundry containers.
The flow rate values typically applied guarantee low shear stress on cells. After fractionation is completed, native physical features then are fully restored. This allows high cell recovery and full maintainance of cell viability and differentiation features.


Recycling and waste management industry is important for future circular material flows. The food waste logistic and recycling operations need to be managed efficiently both in terms of material efficiency and cost of operations. Supply chain challenges include extraction of the residual material, retaining material quality with low contamination, and to produce a marketable material. Consumer waste/residual material is particularly challenging in these respects. Lean is a management concept with focus on quality, flow and improvement for customers. Important lean management principles for are; Continuous improvement, Respect for people, Standardised way of work, Just in time and Right from me quality. These principles can be simulated in lean games to facilitate discussions on improving the system. Benefits from using lean management in manufacturing have been lower costs, improved customer value, and competitiveness, reached through less transport, handling and inventory losses. The recycling and waste management industry differs from manufacturing by having less value of the products and a system providing simultaneous services and products to different customers. This study used literature, process data, including observations and operator interviews, and a workshop using a lean simulation game to initiate lean thinking discussion concerning improvement measures in food waste collection and recycling. The aim with this paper is to find in what areas (if any) there is potential for lean management implementation and the challenges for implementing such management in the food waste recycling chain.  The results showed several applicable lean principles in the recycling industry. The industry has focus on flow and in many respects the transportation sub-system of the studied chain is efficient, although carrier return is a significant system loss. Information flow and goal settings have improvement opportunities. Disturbance in the information flow is not unique to recycling industry but give challenges. Paying customers in each end of the value flow with various requirements adds complexity for food waste recycling. Using the lean simulation game and value stream map were appropriate to enhance understanding of the value chain. Distinguishing value-reducing activities from other non-value adding activities may be important in waste management processes. This study contributes with a case study applying lean management tools in municipal waste management of food waste and with conceptualisations for further green lean, and sustainable supply chain management research in recycling and waste management industry.


Objective Acute myeloblastic leukemia(AML) accounts for 15 to 25 percent of childhood acute leukemias. Cytogenetic information is important for diagnosis,classification and prognosis of AML. Our aim was to analyze the relationship between karyotypic characteristics and prognosis of childhood


UNLABELLED
The treatment of synchronous esophageal and head and neck carcinomas is difficult.

MATERIAL AND METHOD
Retrospective study of 33 patients treated with esophagectomy for an intrathoracic squamous cells carcinoma discovered during pan-endoscopy for a synchronous head and neck cancer.

RESULTS
In 7 cases (21%) it was advanced (pT3-4) esophageal cancers. The hospital mortality was 9%. Five year survival was 18% without stabilization of the survival curve, 60% of patients died of recurrence of tumor.

CONCLUSION
Esophagectomy is suitable for usT1-2 tumors if surgery is also indicated for the head and neck tumor. Radiochemotherapy is indicated for advanced usT3-4 esophageal tumors or when the treatment of the head and neck tumor is not surgery.


The right to freedom of thought and expression represents one of the fundamental principles of a democratic and civilized society. The Internet has become the most important communication medium through which the individuals exercise their right to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of any kind, regardless of any frontiers. Various technologies have been used to enable an online communication, while today artificial intelligence systems are deployed in every corner of the Internet, providing information dissemination and communication. The application of the artificial intelligence systems is based on generating, collecting, and processing a large quantity of personal data with the aim of profiling users and predicting their future behaviour. This can have serious consequences for the right to freedom of expression. Through the content personalization on online platforms, particularly on social networks and search engines, the artificial intelligence systems choose the content that users can see and the order in which they see it, leaving them in the so-called 'filter bubbles'. Artificial intelligence systems also moderate the content, removing the one which does not comply with the rules of the online platforms, and, temporarily or permanently, blocking the users who violate the community rules, raising thus the issues of legality, legitimacy and proportionality of the decisions made by artificial intelligence.


The aim of this study is to analyze the socio-demographic characteristics of persons diagnosed with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Data for this research covering the period January, 2013-January, 2014 were obtained from the records of the General Hospitals in Michika ,Mubi, Yola, Garkida, and Numan. The data were analyzed using ARC GIS 9.3a GIS package. A total of two thousand, eight hundred and thirteen (2813) people were diagnosed with HIV/AIDS during the period understudy. The results revealed that 55% of the H IV/AIDS positive persons were within the age group 20 34 years. HIV/AIDS varied significantly by age. Prevalence rate by sex revealed that more females (68%) than males (32%) were infected and that majority were married (70%). The analysis of the data by occupation revealed that the unemployed constituted 83%. Given the relatively high prevalence of HIV/AIDS among those in marital union and unemployed, the research suggested the need to refocus the strategies of curbing the menace with the prevalence rates among those in marital union, the unemployed and the illiterates.


Models are inventions that, having worked well in economics, may make major contributions to our knowledge of the political world. There is, how ever, no presumption that models are a good in themselves. Like man's other tools, they must be judged on their utility. Their assumptions, reasoning and conclusions are analyzed.


Records the disastrous effects of a summer 1968 drought in the Old Crow area near the headwaters of the Porcupine River in Yukon Territory. Supply barge trips were curtailed; forest fires displaced the caribou migration route for decades to come. The summer fish catches were lowered; and supply of meat by government or hunting by members of the Vunta Kutchin people was required. Oil exploration on Crow Flats may be expected to interfere with traditional trapping grounds.


Assembly sequence planning and motion simulation of the three-dimensional model of heterogeneous platform require the model to be unified into a same platform.Therefore,a unified expression method of assembly model is proposed.This method unifies the different CAD model into the threedimensional model of the same structure.The mixed expression of parts-level model and relationship model is used to record the hierarchical structure,the assembled relationship,the motion relationship,and the related properties,etc,and a unified assembly expression method is built.In order to improve the efficiency of the model for information exchange and display at the same time,lightweight methods are adopted to construct and express the parts model.


Question In patients with acute calculous cholecystitis (ACC) and high surgical risk, how do laparoscopic cholecystectomy and percutaneous catheter drainage compare for mortality and morbidity? Methods Design Randomized controlled trial (RCT) (Laparoscopic cholecystectomy versus percutaneous cholecystostomy in acute calculous cholecystitis in high risk patients [CHOCOLATE]). Dutch Trial Register NTR2666. Allocation Concealed.* Blinding Blinded* (outcome adjudicators and data safety monitoring board). Follow-up period 1 year. Setting 11 teaching hospitals in The Netherlands. Patients 142 adults (mean age 73 y, 63% men) who had ACC and high surgical risk (APACHE [Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation] II score 7). Exclusion criteria included symptoms for >7 days, APACHE II score 15, decompensated cirrhosis, intensive care unit admission at diagnosis, pregnancy, or mental illness prohibiting informed consent. Intervention Laparoscopic cholecystectomy ( n =71) or percutaneous catheter drainage ( n =71) performed within 24 hours of presentation. Experienced surgeons performed cholecystectomy using the 4-trocar technique and a single dose of preoperative antibiotics. Drainage was done under local anesthesia by, or under the supervision of, qualified radiologists in aseptic conditions. Outcomes Primary outcomes were mortality at 1 year and major complications (infectious and cardiopulmonary complications at 1 mo, need for reintervention at 1 y, or recurrent biliary disease at 1 y). Secondary outcomes included individual components of the major complications outcome and length of stay. The trial aimed to recruit 284 patients to detect a reduction in the primary endpoints from 28% in the drainage group to 15% in the cholecystectomy group (80% power, 2-sided =5%, expected loss to follow-up 1%). However, recruitment was stopped early after an interim analysis for apparent efficacy in the cholecystectomy group and potential for harm in the drainage group. Patient follow-up 94% (intention-to-treat analysis). Main results The results for mortality and morbidity are in the Table. Median length of hospital stay was shorter in the cholecystectomy group than in the drainage group (5 vs 9 d, P <0.001). Conclusion In patients with acute calculous cholecystitis and high surgical risk, laparoscopic cholecystectomy reduced major complications but not mortality compared with percutaneous catheter drainage. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy vs percutaneous catheter drainage in patients with acute calculous cholecystitis and high surgical risk Outcomes Event rates RRR (95% CI) NNT (CI) Cholecystectomy Drainage Mortality at 1 y 3.0% 8.8% 66% (64 to 93) Not significant Major complications 12% 65% 81% (63 to 90) 2 (2 to 3) Need for reintervention at 1 y 12% 66% 82% (64 to 91) 2 (2 to 3) Recurrent biliary disease at 1 y 4.5% 53% 91% (73 to 97) 3 (2 to 3) Abbreviations defined in Glossary. RRR, NNT, and CI calculated from drainage event rates and risk ratios in article. Infectious and cardiopulmonary complications at 1 mo, need for reintervention at 1 y, or recurrent biliary disease at 1 y. Commentary Congratulations to Loozen and colleagues for addressing the vexing clinical problem of which patients with ACC are surgical candidates and which would be better served by a temporizing measure, such as percutaneous drainage. Despite an increase in admissions for ACC in the Western hemisphere over the past decade (1), no prior RCTs have addressed the question asked by Loozen and colleagues. The well-designed, multicenter CHOCOLATE study showed that older patients with nonlife-threatening comorbidities benefit from early surgical intervention. The results of the trial would have been more generalizable if it had included patients with a broader age range, given that ACC affects adults of all ages. Additionally, the results of the trial for length of stay and hospital costs are not directly applicable to patients in the USA due to differences in hospital processes and financing between the USA (2) and The Netherlands. Finally, the use of the APACHE scoring system to address physiologic compromise may be limited, given that it is designed to address survival (3). A system, such as the Tokyo criteria (4), would have been a better measure of physiologic derangement. Despite its limitations, the CHOCOLATE trial may change treatment by surgeons and internists who care for such patients and is an important step in solving a unique clinical dilemma.


Describes the move to develop brief outcome tools for clinicians that increase effectiveness. In line with this movement a new Zealand Maori ultra-brief outcome measure is described here (the Kaupapa Outcome Rating Scale - KORS), and the result of a preliminary validation study against the Outcome Rating Scale (ORS) are given. In keeping with the call for 'cultural safety' the KORS is an instrument that gives the power to the client or family to define the quality of service or progress.


The utility model discloses a safety monitoring device of a tower crane with two horizontal arms, which comprises a sensor and a main controller, wherein the sensor comprises a left amplitude sensor and a right amplitude sensor which are used for detecting the amplitudes of a primary lifting hook and a secondary lifting hook, an revolution angle sensor used for detecting the revolution angle of an arm support, a wind speed sensor used for detecting the wind speed at the top of the tower crane in working condition, and a hoisting capacity sensor used for detecting the hoisting capacities of the primary lifting hook and the secondary lifting hook; wherein the main controller comprises a central processing unit (CPU), an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), a universal serial bus (USB) flash disk drive module, a controller area network (CAN) bus chip, a touch screen drive module, a clock module, a general packet radio service (GPRS) communication interface, a power supply module and a switching power supply; the sensor passes through a CAN bus and is connected to the main controller by a signal line; and the main controller is connected with an output relay board by the CAN bus. The safety monitoring device is applicable to the safety protection of the tower crane, a display of the safety monitoring device can visually display the real-time dynamic information of the tower crane, early warning and the protection can be offered under the over safety range states such as overload, over unbalanced moment, over wind speed and the like, and simultaneously the working information is stored for statistics and analysis.


The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between brand image and sport sponsorship in Iran Football Premier League (2013-2014), respectively. This study, in terms of purpose is practical, and its nature was of descriptive-survey type. Statistical population of this research consisted of the fans of Iran's Football Premier League clubs. The sample size was estimated 1058 people, using a statistical formula. Measuring tool was Structured Researcher Questionnaire and its reliability and validity was tested for this research (Cronbach's alpha Coefficient 0.91). In order to analyze the result data, SPSS version 20 was used. The results showed three dimensions: the product-related brand attributes, non-product related brand attributes, benefits and attitudes are correlated with the amount of sport sponsorship (P= 0.01). Also, there is a significant positive relationship between brand image and sport sponsorship.


The second-order achievable rate region in Slepian-Wolf source coding systems is investigated. The concept of second-order achievable rates, which enables us to make a finer evaluation of achievable rates, has already been introduced and analyzed for general sources in the single-user source coding problem. Accordingly, in this paper, we first define the second-order achievable rate region for the Slepian-Wolf coding system and establish the source coding theorem for general sources in the second-order sense. Moreover, we compute the explicit second-order achievable rate region for i.i.d. correlated sources with countably infinite alphabets and mixed correlated sources, respectively, using the relevant asymptotic normality.


Guidelines for the initiation of statins have been hotly debated over the last few years. The results of a network meta-analysis of studies comparing low-/moderate-dose statin with no statins, in patients between 40 and 75 with no history of cardiovascular disease, has added to the discussion. The benefits started to outweigh the risks at 14% for men aged 40 to 49 and 21% for men over 70. For women, the balance at different ages varied from 17–22%. The authors concluded that, for primary prevention, the threshold for prescription may be higher than some current guidelines and may vary according to gender and age. Puhan M, Yebyo H and Aschmann H (2019) Finding the balance between benefits and harms when using statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: A modelling study. Annals of Internal Medicine 170(1): 1–10. DOI: 10.7326/M18-1279.


The occurence of apple canker in the three main apple growing areas including Yesan, Chungju and Taegu was investigated during the four years from 1967 to 1970. According to the survey, about 30 percent of apple plants was infected with canker organisms and more the disease occurred in older plants in comparison with younger ones. Jonathan was said to be highly susceptible among five varieties observed. Main trunks or main branches had more canker lesions than those of twigs or of side branches. The survey showed that application of higher nitrogenous fertilizer without boric acid predisposed to the disease together with sandy soil