Organizations in today's business environment struggle on how to reduce operation cost in order to set prices that can be afforded by many customers while obtaining reasonable profit.  In order to reduce Operational Cost, service organizations have been working hard to identify techniques that facilitate business processes improvement for reduced Operational Cost. In so doing, the global literature indicates that service organizations adopt Business Process Re-engineering technique as a panacea of reducing Operational Cost. Despite a documented potentiality of Business Process Re-engineering technique, there are mixed empirical results, findings and conclusions regarding the effect of Business Process Re-engineering on Operational Cost. Therefore, this paper aimed at assessing and explaining effects of BPR on Operational Cost. The study used cross-sectional survey design to investigate the effect of BPR on Operational Cost. Intensive literature review enabled the construction of structural measurement model, formulation of testable hypotheses and operationalization of constructs. In order to test the model and hypotheses, data were collected from ninety five (95) service organizations in Tanzania. Results of the study reveal that BPR and delivering speed have no direct effects on Operational Cost; they indirectly affect Operational Cost through the mediations of service quality. Therefore, BPR influences first both service quality and delivery speed in affecting Operational Cost of service organizations. It is now recommended that service organizations should use Business Process Re-engineering as panacea of reducing Operational Cost.


Recognition of the lac operator by the lac repressor involves specific interactions between residues in the repressor's recognition helix and bases in the DNA major groove. Tyr17 and Gln18, at positions 1 and 2 in the lac repressor recognition helix, can be exchanged for other amino acids to generate mutant repressors that display altered specificity. We have solved the solution structure of a protein–DNA complex of an altered‐specificity mutant lac headpiece in which Tyr17 and Gln18 were exchanged for valine and alanine, respectively, as found in the recognition helix of the gal repressor. As previously described by Lehming et al. (EMBO J. 1987, 6, 3145–3153), this altered‐specificity mutant of the lac repressor recognizes a variant lac operator that is similar to the gal operator Oe. The mutant lac headpiece showed the predicted specificity and is also able to mimic the gal repressor by recognizing and bending the natural gal operator Oe. These structural data show that, while most of the anchoring points that help the lac headpiece to assemble on the lac operator were preserved, a different network of protein–DNA interactions connecting Ala17 and Val18 to bases in the DNA major groove drives the specificity towards the altered operator.


There are only two solving process for secondorder constantcoefficient nonhomogeneous liner differential equation while the freeterm have two special for(namely f(x)=eλxPm(x) or f(x)=eαx)in the higher mathematics teaching material of engineering course. This paper gives the general solution formula of the above differential equation while the freeterm is a general continuous function f(x), using coefficientvariation and subsection integral. The coefficientvariation is more general than the undeterminedcoefficientvariation, it needn't discuss the form of function f(x) when supposing the special solution.


Abstract: The executive order process can be a long and complicated one, as directives may wind their way through various agencies before finding their way onto the president's desk. Even after these orders have been issued, federal agencies will have a wide degree of latitude under certain conditions as it pertains to implementing them. In this article, I study the history of three separate presidential directives, two dealing specifically with environmental issues and one with general regulatory issues, in order to provide a picture of the process from inception to implementation. I consider three cases and explore the factors that drive presidents in choosing when or whether to issue an order and those that drive federal agencies to react as they do. This article encourages scholars to reconsider what they consider "unilateral," pointing to the instances in which presidents must engage in bargaining within the executive branch they ostensibly head.


Three-dimensional (3D) printing of carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) components shows promise for building light-weight strong components for industry. Many structures require multiple components to be joined to form the completed parts. However, tightening of metal bolts used to join CFRP can damage the composite and the bonding strength of adhesive bonding is variable. Here, we propose a new joint system, based on all-3D printed parts. Snap-in joints and Ajax-pins induce a mechanical joining force at the interface between parts, together with a bearing force. This joint system offers comparable strength to that of adhesive and metal bolt joints, while adding negligible weight to the parts. Furthermore, 3D printing of the surface structures, holes and pins enables unprecedented control over the joint design, enabling strength optimization through the thickness and in-place directions as required. The Snap-in joint system shows great potential for the fabrication of strong light-weight 3D printed structures.


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Using nonstandard analysis, we generalise a classical result on equidistributions to integrable functions, and give an application of the Weil conjectures for algebraic curves, to equidistribution in characteristic zero.


Motivation and meeting the employee needs as a part of human resource management fundamentally affect the improvement of job performance and corporate culture. The research fills in the research gap in the field of the definition of the level of motivation factors in small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises following the preferences for their motivation needs in terms of the selected socio-demographic characteristics such as gender, age, completed education, and job position. A questionnaire was used to determine the level of motivation needs. The proposal of motivation factors as a part of the motivation programme is defined according to selected sociodemographic factors. Findings that a significant increase in motivation needs relating to finance, and work conditions occurred due to the COVID-19 pandemic can be considered a result of the study. The level of motivation does not vary in terms of gender and age. The differences are determined in terms of job position and education. The proposed motivation programme is tailored to the preferences of employees.


Using the boundary conditions,the SH wave transfer matrix is derived in multilayer dielectric system and the SH wave transmissivity in 1D solid-solid phononic crystal is obtained.Using the transmissivity to study the filter characteristics of total reflection tunnel effect of the SH wave in 1D solid-solid phononic crystal.SH wave total reflection tunnel effect in 1D solid-solid phononic crystal is found and SH wave total reflection tunnel effect have good filter characteristics.


An in-depths understanding of human activity is a relevant contribution to the design of interactive systems to support human activity. This is of explicit relevance for assistance systems building on prediction and recommendation. However, the understanding of human activity is limited. Albeit the omnispresence of smart phones and computers, the actual execution of complex activities with those devices in relation to context factors is not completely understood. One possible reason is the limited amount of activity related data to perform actual research. In this paper, we present the Kraken.me framework to address this lack of information. Kraken.me is the first tracking suite to offer integrated tools for mobile, social, and desktop tracking. It is also, to our knowledge, the first tool to emphasize the collection of data from both physical and soft sensors. In this paper, we will introduce the overall architecture, system components, and future research ideas for Kraken.me.


A summary of a report that focused on the many issues related to the installation of safety restraints and various other feasible safety investment options for large school buses in Florida to make a safety investment option recommendation to the Florida legislature is presented. To accomplish this objective the existing literature was reviewed and evaluated to draw conclusions from the accumulated evidence. In addition, two supplemental analyses were performed : a safety investment cost-benefit analysis and a descriptive analysis of Florida school bus accident data. Based on the evidence gathered from the literature review and the results from the two supplemental analyses, it was concluded that the installation of safety restraints will not significantly improve the overall safety performance of large school buses in Florida. The potential benefit to be obtained from the installation and use of safety restraints, quantified by the annual fatalities and injuries prevented per annual dollar invested, was shown to be diminutive and thus not cost-effective. However, other feasible safety investment options were shown to be significantly more cost-effective in terms of their potential to prevent fatalities and injuries per annual dollar invested.


Objective To study the operation of prolifierative vitreoretinopathy D 3.Methods Vitreoretinal surgery were used in 12 cases with PVR D 3.Results Retina of 12 cases were all reattached.Visual acuity of 7 cases increases.The appearance and vision of the atrophic eye ball were improved.Conclusions The operation of PVR D 3 would restore some vision of the patients,improve the appearance of some atrophic eye ball.


Objective To explore the clinical effect of plasma radiofrenquency ablation combined with ozone in treating cervical vertebrae disc herniation.Methods This therapy was used on 92 patients with prolapse of cervical vertebrae intervertebral disc,and follow-up data were analysed after operation.Results According to 3~6 months postoperative follow-up data,59 cases were excellent,20 cases good,5 cases fair,and 8 cases bad: 85.9 percent of the patients with excellent or good results.Conclusion The micro-invasive method was effective in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation.in that it maximized the clinical effect and minimized the local damage.And it also expanded adaptive cases with cervical vertebrae disc herniation and enlarged the applicable scope of microendoscopic disectomy in treating lumbar disc herniation.


This paper aims to establish the development and expansion of church infrastructure. On the other hand, seeks to complement this picture with evidence related to the cult of the saints to set some features on Catholic beliefs. It shows that poverty in the region was one of the reasons to explain why Catholic worship had some uniqueness.


Presents a fast algorithm for the computation of the wavelet transform in higher dimensional Euclidean space R/sup n/ with arbitrary shaped wavelets. The algorithm is a direct consequence of the convolution property of the Radon transform and shows significant improvement in speed. The authors also present a novel approach for the computation of the Daubechies type wavelet transform under the Radon transform domain where the n-dimensional multiresolution analysis (MRA) is reduced to one-dimensional MRA. They found applications of this approach on, for instance, multiresolution reconstruction of a tomographic image with the standard methods of denoising, where determination of wavelet coefficients is required under the Radon transform domain. Along with the possibility of reducing samples angularly with decreasing resolution, the efficiency can be further improved. Also, extra properties such as the "rotated" wavelet can be easily implemented with this algorithm.


Preface 1. Philosophy of... 2. A Little History 3. Emotions in the Music 4. A Little More History 5. Formalism 6. Enhanced Formalism 7. The Emotions in You 8. Foes of Formalism 9. First the Words: Then the Music 10. Words without Songs 11. The Work 12. And the Performace Thereof 13. Why Should you Listen? Readings and References, Index


This article seeks to contribute to the literature on circular business model innovation in fashion retail. Our research question is which 'model' or combination of models—would be ideal as a business case crafting multiple value creation in small fashion retail. We focus on a qualitative, single in-depth case study—pop-up store KLEER—that we operated for a duration of three months in the Autumn of 2020. The shop served as a 'testlab' for action research to experiment with different business models around buying, swapping, and borrowing second-hand clothing. Adopting the Business Model Template (BMT) as a conceptual lens, we undertook a sensory ethnography which led to disclose three key strategies for circular business model innovation in fashion retail: Fashion-as-a-Service (F-a-a-S) instead of Product-as-a-Service (P-a-a-S) (1), Place-based value proposition (2) and Community as co-creator (3). Drawing on these findings, we reflect on ethnography in the context of a real pop-up store as methodological approach for business model experimentation. As a practical implication, we propose a tailor-made BMT for sustainable SME fashion retailers.


Objective To evaluate the effcacy of prednisone combined with lamivudine in patients with chronic cholestatic viral hepatitis B.Method Forty nine patients with chronic cholestatic viral hepatitis B were selected and randomly divided into combination group(prednisone and lamivudine group,n=24)and prednisone group(n=25).The normalization rates and the change of serum total bilirubin,the rates of reactivation of HBV,change of HBV DNA and rates of side-effect of two groups were compared.Result The normalization rates of serum total bilirubin of combination group(66.7%) after 4-week treatment were significantly higher than those of prednisone group (32%)(χ2=5.889,P=0.015),while the levels of serum TBIL were significantly lower than those of prednisone group(P0.01).The levels of serum HBV DNA in combination group 4.8±0.8,4.1±0.9,3.7±0.7,2.2±0.6 log copies/ml 2,4,6 weeks were significantly lower than those of prednisone group 6.6±0.9,6.6±0.8,6.9±1.0,7.2±1.0 log copies/ml(P0.01)after 2,4,6 weeks treatment.The rate of reactivation of HBV in combination group(12.5%) was significantly lower than those of prednisone group(44.0%)(χ2=5.954,P=0.015).The rates of side-effect of prednisone and lamivudine group(16.7%) and prednisone group had no significant difference(24.0%)(χ2=0.405,P=0.524).Conclusion Lamivudine and prednisone is effective and safe in treatment of chronic cholestatic viral hepatitis B with low HBV reactivation incidence and serum TBIL rapid decrease.


It has been well recognized that cooking emissions substantially contribute to atmospheric organic aerosols (OA), but studies on their characterization are scarce. Hence, investigation on primary and secondary OA contributions from such emissions is highly needed. This study focused on the characterization of POA and SOA produced from heated cooking oils in laboratory experiments, based on the obtained mass spectra via PMF analysis. The residual spectrum method has also been applied to separate the POA and SOA using different tracer ion signals. The authors have successfully separated the POA and SOA produced from heated palm and olive oil by PMF analysis. Further they found that residual spectrum method is not valid to calculate POA for photochemical aging of cooking oils. The results obtained from this study are interesting and the paper is written very well. Therefore, this paper is worthy to publish in ACP,


The utility model relates to a trimming-punching die, and belongs to dies. A punching convex die is fixedly connected with an upper die holder through a convex die backing plate; a convex die fixing plate is arranged between the punching convex die and the upper die holder; a trimming concave die is fixedly connected with the upper die holder; a waste material knife and a trimming convex-concave die are fixedly connected with a lower die holder; a material pressing device is fixedly connected with the upper die holder; the upper end of the material pressing device is fixedly connected with a spring; the spring is fixedly connected with the upper die holder through a screw; and the waste material knife, the trimming convex-concave die and the material pressing device are in sliding connection with the trimming concave die and the punching convex die. The trimming-punching die has the advantages of novel, simple and compact structure, reasonable design, low cost, less working procedures, long service life and stable product quality, is easy to manufacture and convenient to use, can improve the production efficiency, consumes little material, and is simple to operate and suitable for mass production.


Free vibration of layered circular cylindrical shells of variable thickness is studied using spline function approximation by applying a point collocation method. The shell is made up of uniform layers of isotropic or specially orthotropic materials. The equations of motions in longitudinal, circumferential and transverse displacement components, are derived using extension of Love's first approximation theory. The coupled differential equations are solved using Bickley-type splines of suitable order, which are cubic and quintic, by applying the point collocation method. This results in the generalized eigenvalue problem by combining the suitable boundary conditions. The effect of frequency parameters and the corresponding mode shapes of vibration are studied with different thickness variation coefficients, and other parameters. The thickness variations are assumed to be linear, exponential, and sinusoidal along the axial direction. The results are given graphically and comparisons are made with those results obtained using finite element method.


The framework under investigation right now one of driving 6 MW biomass power plant in Maharashtra, India. The last force yield of the plant was affected without anyone else decisive occasions, for example, gear dissatisfactions. There are three force plants, for example, Thermal, Wind and Biomass is connected with electrical system through appropriated age thought. At whatever point earth inadequacies are going on electrical network, considering wind power plant, by then the issue stream gives to biomass power plant structure to turbo-generator set and such eccentric occasions because the force regard be underneath the eagerness of the electrical framework. It is communicated; there is spur of the moment separation of supply. Spur of the moment inaccessibility recommends shorter age and more modest points of interest and ought to right now restrict. This issue can be managed by a preoccupation model, which might be utilized to see the issue spaces in the plant. The appearing and beguilement approach has central focuses when showed up distinctively according to other choice assistance gadgets, unequivocally intelligent models. The critical information are gathered for evaluation of issue and the model is made utilizing expansion programming rather than general programming language under the action reenactment perspective. The model is composed, confirmed and certified. The model is then overhauled by including a qualification decrease methodology and by utilizing the occasion amusement perspective. At long last, the fundamental outcomes are examined and the most.


Taking the main ventilating engine as the example, this paper discusses on the necessity of the technical measurement of the large - scale equipment and the basic measuring methods, and probes into the results of the technical measurement of the technical equipment in aspects of the equipment transformation and the energy conservation.


Objective To study the effect of totalflavonoids of astragalus(TFA) on the hemodynamic of the left ventricula and on calcium current of ventricular myocytes after the acute myocardial infarction. Methods The rat was used to be studied, proceed with administration by injection from tongue vein on the groups of control, TFA and AMI 5 min, acute myocardium infarction model were prepared. The AMI rat recorded the changes of LVP and LVdp/dtmax, whole cell patch clamp technique was applied to record the L-calcium current(L-Ica) of rat isolated ventricular myocytes from ischemic zone adjacent to infarcted area. Results ⑴Compared with the AMI group, the TFA(20 mg/kg) group significantly enhanced the hemodynamic of the left ventricula after the acute myocardial infarction(P0.05,n=7),there is no significant difference the TFA(20 mg/kg) group compared to control group(P0.05,n=7).⑵Compared with AMI group,the TFA(20 mg/kg)enhanced the calcium current from (0.31±1.09)nA to (0.49±0.89)nA (P0.01,n=7). Conclusion TFA can significantly improve the hemodynamic of the left ventricula after the acute myocardial infarction, TFA enhanced the L-calcium current of ventricular myocytes after the acute myocardial infarction


ADP-induced platelet aggregation of normal individuals and of patients with unstable angina were studied. Abnormalities of platelet function included increased aggregability. The ADP concentration required for half-maximal aggregation was significantly lower (4.28±0.30μM) in the unstable angina patients compared with that for normal individuals (5.24±0.15μM). The results are suggestive of platelet aggregation as a useful prognostic indicator for unstable angina.


NASA is preparing for its return to the moon with the Lunar CRater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) mission. This secondary payload spacecraft will travel with the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) satellite to the Moon on the same Atlas-V 401 Centaur rocket launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida. The LCROSS mission will robotically seek to determine the presence of water ice at the Moon's South Pole. The 1000kg Secondary Payload budget is efficiently used to provide a highly modular and reconfigurable LCROSS Spacecraft with extensive heritage to accurately guide the expended Centaur into the crater. Upon separation, LCROSS flies through the impact plume, telemetering real-time images and characterizing water ice in the plume with infrared cameras and spectrometers. LCROSS then becomes a 700kg impactor itself, to provide a second opportunity to study the nature of the Lunar Regolith. LCROSS provides a critical ground-truth for Lunar Prospector and LRO neutron and radar maps, making it possible to assess the total lunar water inventory. This presentation contains a reference to video animation of the LCROSS mission that will be covered separately.


The ever-increasing penetration of Internet of Things (IoT) applications across all sectors require better information and communication security for IoT devices. Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) circuits are a low-cost method used for generating unique responses, ideal for key generation and device authentication in high-performance microprocessors. PUFs are extracted from manufacturing variations embedded in the hardware of accessible devices, thereby requiring no additional computation or modification. Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) PUFs are widely used with keys generated from power-up values for authentication. This work is based on improving device authentication in the context of LoRa, which is a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technology. This paper exploits the integration of Carrier Frequency Offsets (CFOs) and SRAM PUF to create a two-step authentication security solution for LoRaWAN called LoRa-PUF. The power-up state value of three SRAM chips from the same off-the-shelf manufacturer are analyzed for SRAM PUF properties and 36000 packets of CFOs of four LoRa device types have been analyzed for LoRa-PUF. Our results indicate that LoRa SRAMs serve as sources of reliable challenge-response pairs for PUFs and the CFOs of the LoRa device type can be classified during communication with more than 70% accuracy which can be implemented on resource-constrained LoRa microcontrollers.


The impact of the pollution caused by human bioeffluents on the occupants' perceived air quality was studied in two different thermal conditions, i.e., warm condition (28°C), and neutral condition (25°C) air-conditioned by heat pump. Fifty subjects occupied a room for 75 minutes in the above conditions. The concentrations of VOCs were also measured for identifying possible VOCs emitted from human bioeffluents. VOCs presented in the room air of warm condition showed the presence of various types of compounds including organic fatty acids, alkane, aromatic compounds, and aldehydes. Besides above VOCs, which might be emitted from human bioeffluents, were not derected in the air-conditioned air and background. The occupants evaluated thermal condition, air freshness, feeling of sleepiness, easiness to concentrate though questionnaire. Occupants in the condition of 28°C felt malodor such as body odor and felt discomfort to IAQ.


Cerium conversion film was prepared on LF21 aluminum alloy by chemical deposition,and the cracking behavior and improvement of corrosion resistance of the film by molybdate pro-treatment were studied with methods of SEM,EDX,polarization testing and salt fog testing.The results show that deposition time had significant influence on cracking of the film.With the deposition time prolonged,cracking tendency of the film increased and the cracks were wider and deeper.After the film was treated in 10 g/L molybdate solution at 50 ℃ for 30 minutes,the cracking degree was alleviated and corrosion resistance of the film was increased.The passive current density decreased by almost an order of magnitude and the property to resist salt fog testing was also improved.The mechanisms for molybdate treatment to improve corrosion resistance may include the deposition of molybdate film at cracking sites,the inhibitive effect of molybdate and the "self sealing" effect of cerium conversion film.


Objective
To analyze the prognosis of hypothermia treatment (HT) for coma patients after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in Wenzhou.

Methods
A implementation demonstration base and 10 implementation bases were established in Wenzhou. HT was implemented in patients with coma after CPR from January 2014 to December 2016. The data of HT were recorded. The survival rate of ICU discharge, recovery rate of neurological functions and severe disability rate in the 3-year implementation period were compared.

Results
In the implementation period, 133 coma patients after CPR were implemented TH. Respectively, 28, 46 and 59 cases were implemented in the first, second and third years. Time to target temperature [8.0 (3.0, 18.8), 10.0 (4.8, 20.0), 6.0 (2.0, 12.0) h], and rates of drug use [17 (60.7%), 43 (93.5%), 42 (71.2%)] and muscle relaxant use [0 (0%), 1 (2.2%), 13 (22.0%)] were significantly different in the first, second and third years (H = 10.475, P = 0.005; χ2 = 12.250, P = 0.002; χ2 = 17.647, P < 0.001). The survival rate of ICU discharge presented an upward trend, and the severe disability rate showed an downward trend year by year. However, there were no significant differences in above indicators (χ2 = 2.537, P = 0.281; χ2 = 0.308, P = 0.857) during the implementation period. The recovery rate of neurological functions during the implementation period was significantly different (χ2 = 12.232, P = 0.002); it was higher in the third year than in the first and second years [16 (27.1%), 1 (3.6%), 3 (6.5%), both P < 0.017).

Conclusion
The standardized HT can significantly improve favorable neurological recovery.

Key words:
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; Coma; Hypothermia treatment; Targeted temperature management; Cardiac arrest


Study abroad is not an easy decision for international students who cannot manage the local language and academic courses, particularly nursing students who need to communicate with their patients in clinical environments. This study aims to explore international nursing students' experiences of pre-sessional language prerequisite courses in South Korea. Three directions were categorised, including what are the motivations and reasons to come to South Korea, how do the international nursing students describe their Korean language courses as the prerequisite for their nursing programme at one of the South Korean universities, and why did the participants select South Korea as their destination for the nursing programme. Based on the Social Cognitive Career and Motivation Theory and a qualitative design, the researcher invited 12 participants who are taking the pre-sessional language courses before the nursing programme commencement. The results indicated that personal considerations, interest in career development, and financial considerations are three of the key elements. The outcomes of this study allowed the nursing school leaders and government agencies to polish their current curriculum plans, international students' recruitment strategies, and post-study career developments for international nursing students in the East Asian region.


seating furniture manufactured in the second half of the nineteenth century was a product of advanced industrial technology and a Victorian interpretation of how it could be used. Although varieties of iron furniture had existed for centuries, the totally cast-iron seating of the nineteenth century, a European and American phenomenon, was something new. Its appearance, manufacture, and use broke sharply with past conventions. Contemporaries saw cast iron as the master material of the nineteenth century, and to their minds it ornamented, domesticated, and imitated nature.


Studying properties of evolution equations arising in different physical contexts commonly starts from assuming the traveling wave (TW) solution form which reduces the problem to an ordinary differential equation (ODE). A variety of direct methods for finding such solutions have been designed but usually there is no algorithmic way to proceed further from this stage. In the present study, a method, which allows constructing non-traveling wave solutions of an evolution equation from known traveling wave solutions, is developed and applied to some types of equations. The transformations yielded by the method can be naturally used for finding new solutions of a given equation. Having the TW solutions (for example, solitary wave solutions) defined in an explicit form, more general non-TW solutions can be also explicitly determined. The transformations can also give insight into some general properties of the equations.


The selection of Cloud ERP service mode is one of the key problems in the process of Cloud ERP application. In order to reduce information loss, in this paper, the interval intuitionistic fuzzy number is used to replace the real number, and the fuzzy measure is used to replace the weight to express the importance of the evaluation index. Based on the interval intuitionistic fuzzy average operator IFA, a multi-attribute decision-making method based on IFS-TOPSIS is constructed to realize the optimal selection of Cloud ERP service mode.


In the absence of known clinical symptoms, viruses were considered to be the most probable key pathogens of honey bee. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and distribution of honey bee viruses in managed Apis mellifera and Apis cerana in China.

 We conducted a screening of 8 honey bee viruses on A. mellifera and A. cerana samples collected from 54 apiaries from 13 provinces in China using RT-PCR.

 We found that the types and numbers of viral species significantly differed between A. mellifera and A. cerana. Black Queen Cell Virus (BQCV), Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus (CBPV), Apis mellifera filamentous virus (AmFV), and Kakugo virus (DWV-A/KV) were the primary viruses found in A. mellifera colonies, whereas Chinese Sacbrood Bee Virus (CSBV) and Sacbrood Bee Virus (SBV) were the primary viruses found in A. cerana. The percentage infection of BQCV and CSBV were 84.6% and 61.6% in all detected samples. We first detected the occurrences of Varroa destructor virus-1 (VDV-1 or DWV-B) and DWV-A/KV in China but not ABPV in both A. mellifera and A. cerana.

 This study showed that BQCV and CSBV are the major threat to investigated A. mellifera and A. cerana colonies.


The PZT thin films are one of well-known materials that has been widely studied for ferroelectric random access memory (FRAM). We etched the PZT thin films by plasma and investigated improvement in etching damage by annealing. The maximum etch rate of the PZT thin films was 157 nrn/min and that the selectivity of the PZT thin films to Pt was 3.1 when was added to a gas mixing ratio. To improve the ferroelectric properties of PZT thin films after etching, the samples were annealed for 10 min at various temperatures in atmosphere. After annealing, the remanent polarization of the asdeposited films was and the sample annealed at 650, 550, and was 32.8, 22.3, and , respectively. PZT thin films with annealing at retained of their original polarization at 106 cycles. Also as the annealing temperature increased, the fatigue properties improved. And the leakage current was decreased gradually and almost recovered to the as-deposited value after the annealing at .


Objective To observe the effect of urinary kallidinogenase on changes of neuron apoptosis after focal cerebral infarction in rats.Methods The healthy SD rats were randomly divided into six groups:sham-operated group,model group,aspirin group and urinary kallidinogenase groups [lowdose(3.5 × 10-3 PNA/kg),middle-dose(8.75 × 10-3 PNA/kg),high-dose(17.5 × 10-3 PNA/kg)].The rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) injury of the brain.Seven days after the operation,the neurological function were observed and the cell apoptosis was characterized by flow cytometry.Results Comparing with sham-operated group,the neurological function score and neuronal apoptosis in high-dose urinary kauidinogenase group was significant different (P < 0.05).With the infarction group,the treatment groups were significantly reduced neuronal apoptosis and the neurological function score(P <0.05),and aspirin compared to the high-dose urinary kallidinogenase group,there also was a significant difference (P < 0.05).Conclusions This study shows that the different dose of urinary kallidinogenase can inhibit the neuron apoptosis in focal cerebral ischemia rats.

Key words:
Urinary kallidinogenase;  Neuron apoptosis;  Rat;  Focal cerebral infarction


A simplification scheme of probabilistic teleportation of two-particle state in a general form is given.By means of the primitive operations consisting of single-qubit gates,two-qubit controlled-not gates,Von Neumann measure-ment and classically controlled operations,we construct and efficient quantum logical network for implementing the new scheme of probabilistic teleportation of a two-particle state in a general form.


Brian Schiffer's book can be appreciated on two levels: as a chronological account of electrical development leading up to the 1880s, or as an account of how scientific authorities - particularly Joseph Henry - influenced this development. This wide-ranging account is eminently readable and technically accurate


In the current political and economic environment that we live in Brazil, a conservative wave is in constant movement and has been modifying the social rights of workers, among them the risks exposed in the use of machines and equipment, guaranteed by Normative Resolution NR-12. This article aims to gather the technical methodology that aims to assist the decision making in the choice of actions for the adequacy of the NR-12 for its application in an aluminum casting machine. This work aims to assist the professional in the area of work safety engineering to have parameters of choice and application for the most diverse measures and possible actions regarding the mechanical and electrical devices to be used as protection of a small aluminum parts casting machine (machine object of study), guaranteeing the safety objectives in the operation of this equipment, based on the Literature review for the correct application of the legislation. In conclusion, the adaptations will be carried out in the equipment in a safe, dynamic and low cost way for the company and with the minimum possibility of rework, the application of the correct measurement and also the involvement of a multidisciplinary team with representatives of the maintenance, production and process.


...................................................................................i Dedication .................................................................................iii Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ..................................................................................xi List of Tables ................................................................................xvii Acronyms and Abbreviations .......................................................................................... xx Chapter


The separation of incompatible accountant positions is significant for normalizing accountants' behaviors and maintaining units' interests.In practice,the goal of separation can be achieved by perfecting accountant certificate,constructing division system with consistent power and responsibility,and setting up mechanism of supervision and examination,etc.


There is one habit which often carried out by Cimucung Village's pupil in providing aid, namelygiving a money loan called "titip" system. "Titip" is debt system that helps pupil to buy rawmaterials for building houses. Consequently, the debt is paid by similar raw materials to the lender.This system does not always work well because there are several main obstacles, including noofficial debt agreement. This research aims to (1) investigate agreements that are used in "titip"system; (2) analyze the legal basis of dealing with material and it will be paid by using money; (3)analyze the law of materials payable. This research used qualitative method. Techniques ofcollecting data used observation, interview, and documentation. Menawhile, the data analysed byusing descriptive method. Research outcomes showed that the agreement that used in "titip" systemwas al-qardh. While the lender provided material as loan and the borrowers paid by using moneythen the law is permitted. In addition, if the borrower paid more debt and it was not an agreementthen the law is permitted. Furthermore, while the lender provided money as the debt but they askedthe borrower paid with raw materials then the law is permitted. The law is also allowed byobserving agreements that have been agreed before. On the other hand, when the borrower paid thedebt, there will be no dispute over returns with money or raw material.


Automotive grille chromic coating trim was studied,and Moldflow software was used to simulate the injection molding process.Optimization measures were proposed for the possible formation of defects.Finally,the results were applied to the mold cavity design.It was verified that Moldflow could find future potential defects in the designing stage.The optionmation of product structure,mold design and injectiong mold process parameters,could reduce the number of trial and the production cycle,thus reduced production costs and increased productivity.


Our work aims to substantiate and extend earlier findings on the effects of student-teacher race matching on academic achievement using longitudinal data for students in Grades 3 through 8 in Tennessee. We examine heterogenous effects not only by racial subgroup and student preparedness, as explored in prior literature, but also by levels of teacher effectiveness, drawing on data from the state's teacher evaluation system. We find that student-teacher race congruence does not have a significant overall effect on test scores. However, subgroup analyses reveal a positive, significant race-match effect in elementary school math. We observe meaningful effects for Black students in both reading and math, race-matched students in the bottom-most preparedness quartile in math, and race-matched students assigned to teachers in the middle two teacher performance quartiles in math. Our results align with prior findings, emphasizing that race-match effects transcend state borders. Findings support policy efforts to diversify the educator labor force.


In order to include hole motions in the Brueckner method a systematic theory is deve loped based on a familiar treatment of small oscillations of some dynamical system about the stable point. It is shown that a slight modification in the Bethe-Goldstone equation enables us to take into account an effects coming from the couplings of particle-particle and hole hole pairs with the same total momentum. Ground state energy is expressed with the sum of zero point energy shifts of all hole pair oscillators. Superfiuidity condition found by Bogoliubov, Tolmachev and Shirkov and by Cooper, Mills and Sessler is also derived here as the condition for the stability of the degenerate Fermi gas state. Expression of ground state vector is given. A remark is added on the interpretation of the perturbation expansion.


Options constitute integral part of modern financial trades, and are priced according to the risk associated with buying or selling certain asset in future. Financial literature mostly concentrates on risk-neutral methods of pricing options such as BlackScholes model. However, it is an emerging field in option pricing theory to use trading agents with utility functions to determine the option's potential payoff for the agent. In this paper, we use one of such methodologies developed by Othman and Sandholm to design portfolio-holding agents that are endowed with popular option portfolios such as bullish spread, butterfly spread, straddle, etc to price options. Agents use their portfolios to evaluate how buying or selling certain option would change their current payoff structure, and form their orders based on this information. We also simulate these agents in a multi-unit direct double auction. The emerging prices are compared to risk-neutral prices under different market conditions. Through an appropriate endowment of option portfolios to agents, we can also mimic market conditions where the population of agents are bearish, bullish, neutral or non-neutral in their beliefs.


A cooperative full duplex (FD) nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme over Rician fading channels is considered. The practical, imperfect successive interference cancellation and residual hardware impairments at transceivers are taken into account. To evaluate the performance of the considered system, the analytical approximate expressions for the outage probability and the ergodic rate of the considered system are derived, and the asymptotic performance is also explored. Simulation results manifest that the FD cooperative NOMA can improve the ergodic sum rate of the system compared to the half-duplex mode.


This paper describes a concept for the construction and application of the Counter-UAV Defence System as developed by the Polish consortium of Zakłady Mechaniczne "Tarnów" S.A. (ZMT) and Military University of Technology (MUT). The article describes a system designed to counteract unmanned aerial vehicles, which consists of a multi-barrel machine gun and a radiolocation system. The Counter-UAV Defence System enables the combating of aerial targets, including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).


Glaucoma procedures tend to induce ocular hypotony. Seeking to determine the aqueous outflow pathway, we investigated casting the outflow network by in vivo injection of a polymer in the anterior chamber. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) casts of cilioscleral sinus and aqueous veins were made by injecting a mixture of methyl methacrylate, initiator, promoter and blue ink, through the limbus, in the anterior chamber of a anesthetized rabbit. The transfer of PMMA from the cilioscleral sinus of the rabbit eye to the aqueous veins was shown. The anterior chamber and the cilioscleral sinus casts were colored in blue but the aqueous veins casts were transparent due to the filtering effect of the Meshwork discriminating the ink penetration in the aqueous veins. This technique will be useful to help understanding the role-played by the aqueous veins after glaucoma surgery, or after implantation of devices designed to reduce intraocular pressure.


This study focused on the role of ideology in psychological contracts, which has been a neglected theme in psychological contract research. A study among Dutch middle managers in education revealed that ideological psychological contract fulfillment explained additional variance in relation to employee obligations toward the organization. Moreover, it was found that team relationships moderated the relations between some aspects of employer contract fulfillment and employee obligations, but no significant interactions were found between employer ideological fulfillment and team relationships in relation to employee obligations.


The present paper records an extensive edema in Jersey x Sahiwal cows maintained by the farmers under field conditions. The average SCC of left fore, left hind, right fore and right hind quarters were 75476.54, 95705.26, 126151.77 and 46526.28 cells/ ml of milk respectively. The milk samples collected from swollen quarters of the cows showed negative reaction to all the four quarters for california mastitis test as well as for fungal growth. The edema due to obstruction of the venous flow resulted from pressure of the fetus in the pelvic cavity of the cows recovered immediately at calving. But the extensive edema persisted for five days and resulted in reduction of milk yield. The edema is reduced after the treatment of cow for a period of five days


Call forwarding is a traditional telecom service that allows a user to forward incoming calls to another mobile number in the same mobile device or to another device. In the present scenario in mobile phone technology, call divert is a phone feature that enables the user to forward or redirect their incoming calls to an alternate number, which can be either a landline or mobile phone. Users can also choose to divert incoming calls directly to voicemail. When call divert is enabled, the phone does not ring at the original number of the incoming call, but rather only at the location the call had been diverted to. This service requires the user to manually activate and deactivate the feature. This approach needs more manual intervention even in dual operating SIM mobiles as well. To overcome this problem a smart call, divert mechanism in dual operating mobile is proposed as an automatic Smart call-forwarding mechanism (SCF). In this mechanism, if one SIM is under poor signal strength call is automatically forwarded to another SIM which is present in the same Mobile device. By installing software in a smartphone, call forwarding is automatically triggered


On February 20–21, 1988, the Vehicle-Environment Interaction Workshop was held at the Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Md., to evaluate the current understanding of the physical and chemical processes that occur when vehicles in low Earth orbit (LEO) interact with the ambient atmosphere, the unique characteristic of this environment being 8-km/s impact velocity of the incoming atoms and molecules. Most of the papers on the first day were devoted to the phenomenology and interpretation of space vehicle glows, whereas on the second day, laboratory investigations and discussions of charged particle interactions were presented.

The unambiguous recognition of the phenomenon of spacecraft glows occurred when the astronauts on shuttle flight STS-3, in March 1982, visually observed an orange glow on the shuttle surfaces visible from the flight deck [Banks et al., 1983]. Photographs showed that the glow was strongest on surfaces facing into the incoming atmosphere (the ram direction) and that it decayed with increasing distance from the surface, with a characteristic length on the order of 20 cm. The glow intensity was seen to be strongly enhanced when the rear attitude control thrusters were fired, when both surface-related and homogenous glows were observed.


Phone (808) 956-7036, fax (808) 956-5966 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Visit our Web site for other informative publications: www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu Individual order: Quantity x $14.00 ......................................................... Shipping and handling: USPS priority mail to U.S. zipcodes: $4.00 for 1 book; add $1.50 for each additional book. Outside the USA: $11.00 for 1 book, add $7.00 for each additional book. Bulk order: (sold only in sets of 10 copies) x $100.00 ............................. Shipping and handling: USPS priority mail to U.S. zipcodes: $10.00; Outside the USA (by airmail): $60.00 for 10-copy bulk set.


This work studies the effect of four different types of buffer layers on the structural and optical properties of InGaN layers grown on Si(111) substrates and their correlation with electrical characteristics. The vertical electrical conduction of n-InGaN/buffer-layer/p-Si heterostructures, with In composition near 46%, which theoretically produces an alignment of the bands, is analyzed. Droplet elimination by radical-beam irradiation was successfully applied to grow high quality InGaN films on Si substrates for the first time. Among several buffer choices, an AlN buffer layer with a thickness above 24 nm improves the structural and optical quality of the InGaN epilayer while keeping a top to bottom ohmic behavior. These results will allow fabricating double-junction InGaN/Si solar cells without the need of tunnel junctions between the two sub-cells, therefore simplifying the device design.This work studies the effect of four different types of buffer layers on the structural and optical properties of InGaN layers grown on Si(111) substrates and their correlation with electrical characteristics. The vertical electrical conduction of n-InGaN/buffer-layer/p-Si heterostructures, with In composition near 46%, which theoretically produces an alignment of the bands, is analyzed. Droplet elimination by radical-beam irradiation was successfully applied to grow high quality InGaN films on Si substrates for the first time. Among several buffer choices, an AlN buffer layer with a thickness above 24 nm improves the structural and optical quality of the InGaN epilayer while keeping a top to bottom ohmic behavior. These results will allow fabricating double-junction InGaN/Si solar cells without the need of tunnel junctions between the two sub-cells, therefore simplifying the device design.


Action spectra (365–520nm) for the formation of DNA single‐strand breaks (SSB) and slowly developing alkali‐labile sites (SDALS) in human teratocarcinoma P3 cells in culture were determined. Induction of SDALS results from the absorption of blue‐ and green‐light photons. The spectrum has a broad peak that is maximal between 400 nm to 500 nm and declines sharply above and below these wavelength regions. Negligible yields of SDALS were produced by photons at wavelengths of 365 nm or shorter and at 520 nm or longer, whereas for SSB, the action increases with shorter wavelength throughout the whole spectral range studied. The configuration of the SDALS action spectrum suggests that the primary chromophore, and therefore possibly the photosensitizer, is a mixture of porphyrin and flavin residues.


A theory of nonlinear electric conductivity in a semiconductor film is offered. This nonlinearity is caused by heating of charge carriers in an external dc electric field. For the first time nonequilibrium charge carriers appearing due to the presence of the same heating electric field are taken into account. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


Analyzing the management structure of companies of U.S and Japan from the perspective of exit and appeal mechanisms, it can be found that the market system in U.S is as described in neo-classical economics, while in Japan, generally speaking, besides the market system, there are various other institutional structures such as organization, contracts and custom that interact with one another. Individual shareholders in Japan are hardly able to exert any influence and are passive suppliers of capital only.


Pyrpe garnet, Mg 3 Al 2 Si 3 O 12 , has a relatively large third-law entropy that is thought to be strongly influenced by the structural environment and the motion of Mg in the dodecahedral site. Pyrope has been synthesized at two temperatures (1723 and 1273K) and studied by powder FTIR spectroscopy between 310 and 100K and by 27 Al and 29 Si MAS NMR spectroscopy


Hypothesis / aims of study Nowadays, in case of pelvic organ prolapse, patients are most often offered pelvic floor reconstructive surgeries. Surgery involving vaginal closure or colpocleisis is seldom chosen and is limited to fragile elderly patients. The benefits expected from colpocleisis are a shorter operating time, less surgical complications and a shorter hospital stay with a success rate between 91% and 100% [1]. However, colpocleisis can sometimes not be possible if the pelvic organ prolapse has been present for a quite long period and reintegrating the vaginal bulge inside the pelvis remains ineffective without prior hysterectomy. The aim of this video is to show how to perform a vaginal hysterectomy with colpocleisis. This procedure is required for complete pelvic organ eversion whenever reintegrating organs in the pelvis is impossible.


We developed a two-dimensional steady state numerical model that can describe the modulation of galactic cosmic rays in an arbitrarily shaped heliospheric outer modulation boundary. The model is based on the well-known Parker transport equation for cosmic rays and incorporates: (1) gradient and curvature drift effects including drift along a wavy neutral sheet, (2) adiabatic energy changes, (3) diffusion parallel and anisotropic diffusion perpendicular to the heliospheric magnetic field, and (4) outward convection due to a latitude-dependent expanding solar wind plasma. The model is described together with results illustrating the effects of an asymmetric heliospheric boundary on the spatial and energy variations of galactic cosmic ray protons throughout the heliosphere. The cosmic ray distribution in the inner heliosphere was only marginally altered, but significant changes were found beyond ∼30 AU, especially in the upwind direction. Concerning the energy dependence of these effects the maximum cosmic ray redistribution occurred at ∼50 MeV. At energies of > 5 GeV the effects became insignificant. Assuming a highly asymmetric heliosphere, we calculated a longitudinal gradient of 0.4 % deg -1 for 1 GV protons at 50 AU, which may be considered an upper limit.


The present Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) injection kicker magnets at the A5 location were designed for 1.5 GeV proton injection. Recent high intensity runs have pushed the transfer kinetic energy to 1.94 GeV, but with an imperfect matching in transverse phase space. Space charge forces result in both fast and slow beam size growth and beam loss. A proposed increase in the AGS injection energy to 2 GeV with adequate kick strength would greatly reduce the beam losses making it possible to increase the intensity from 70 TP (70*1012 protons/s) to 100 TP. R&D studies are being undertaken by TRIUMF, in collaboration with Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), to design two new kicker magnets for the AGS A10 location to provide an additional kick of 1.5 mrad to 2 GeV protons. The kick strength rise and fall time specifications are 100 ns, 3% to 97%; the design goal is to achieve a field uniformity, for protons, of plusmn3% over 90% of the cross-sectional area of the aperture. TRIUMF has proposed a design for a 12.5 Omega transmission line kicker magnet powered by a matched 12.5 Omega pulse forming line. This paper presents the results of detailed 2D and 3D electromagnetic modeling of the kicker magnet, and a novel mathematical model of the kicker


Describes and reviews one major initiative within the context of a ten‐year organization development strategy. Outlines the key steps involved in extending a performance management and planning process to over 600 supervisory and clinical staff. Indicates that high levels of external uncertainty and change can have a disabling effect on senior managers. This effect also has implications on the ability and scope for middle managers to play a direct and active role in the change interventions. A key lesson is the need to continually support managers to work with their own staff to help the new systems to be understood and to operate them effectively. The final section reviews the main lessons and how previous work will act as a foundation for ongoing initiatives based on principles which are consistent with the original OD strategy.


The neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR) have emerged as markers of various outcomes of inflammatory and malignant diseases. The association of those markers with short‐term outcomes of acute diverticulitis has been discussed in recent studies. This study aimed at evaluation of the association of NLR and PLR with long‐term outcomes in patients presenting with acute diverticulitis.


Recently, the value of Han-Ok is newly recognized because of social concern of Korean traditional culture. Therefore, civic group and experts are growing interests in modern acceptance of Han-Ok construction and expansion. At the same time, we urgently need to Standard in Legal system. Because increasing concern to Han-ok, there are mounting cases by constructing public building to Han-Ok. In this context, this paper study on concept of Neo Han-Ok and type of Neo Han-Ok for study legal system to revitalize public building style of Neo Han-Ok. Also survey Han-Ok awareness based on review of literature and investigation standard related Han-Ok in each type of laws related architecture for legal system to revitalize public building style of Neo Han-Ok.


It is widely known that untreated Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) that directly discharged from receiving water have a negative impact. Recent concerns on the CSO problem have produced several large scale constructions of treatment facilities, but the facilities are normally designed under empirical design criteria. In this study, several criteria for defining CSOs (e.g. determination of effective rainfall, sampling time, minimum duration of data used for rainfall-runoff simulation and so on) were investigated. Then this study suggested a standard methodology for the CSO calculation and support formalized standard on the design criteria for CSO facilities. Criteria decided for an effective rainfall was over 0.5 mm of total rainfall depth and at least 4 hours should be exist between two different events. An Antecedent dry weather period prior to storm event to satisfy the effective rainfall criteria was over 3 days. Sampling time for the rainfall-runoff model simulation was suggested as 1 hour. A duration of long-term simulation CSO overflow and frequency calculation should be at least recent 10 year data. A Management plan for the CSOs should be established under a phase-in of the plan. That should reflect site-specific conditions of different catchments, and formalized criteria for defining CSOs should be used to examine the management plans.


Objective: To evaluate the epidemiology of condylar fractures. Methods: A systemic review of 498 patients of condylar fractures was presented with respect to age, sex, etiology, fracture characteristics and combination injury. Results: The majority of condylar fracture was found in males. The most prevalent age rang was from 21 to 30 years. Traffic accidents were the leading cause of condylar fracture. Condylar neck was the most fracture site. Deviation of fracture fragment was 56. 03 percents. Parasymphysis-condylar combined fracture was the most common fracture in combination injury. Conclusion: Traffic accidents were the main cause of condylar fracture in combination injury, and occurred mainly in yong adult males aged from 21 to 30 years old. Condylar neck was the main fracture site.


A fundamental issue in Data Mining is the development of algorithms to extract some useful information from very large databases. One important technique is to estimate a smooth surface approximating the data. However, the number of observations can be of the order of millions and there may be hundreds of variables recorded so one has to deal with the so-called "curse of dimensionality". The algorithmic complexity of this process is of the order N 3d-2 where N is the number of grid points in each dimension and d is the number of dimensions. We propose a method for approximating a high dimensional surface by computing a projection onto multiresolution spaces of low density and we demonstrate that the algorithmic complexity of the multiresolution method is proportional to ((log N ) d-1 N ) 3 --a substantial reduction in computational work. In addition, we show that the approximation error is proportional to d 2 J 2 -2J , the proportionality constant depending on the smoothness of the computed surface.


The article considers the problem of the formation of functional literacy of a primary school student through the development of speech activity. The relevance of the issue of the formation of functional literacy of students is repeatedly touched upon in legal acts in the field of education, which clearly indicate is importance among the younger generation in the education of a competitive personality that meets modern requirements. Based on a theoretical analysis of the ideas and views of foreign and domestic scientists, the author determins the constituent components in the structure of the concept of a functionally competent person. It reveals in a board sense the definition of the term "speech activity". Summarizes the nature of the types of speech activity: listening, speaking, reading and writing. She notes that the study of subjects frim the educational field "Language and Literature" is of geat importance in the formation of the functional literate personality of students in the educational process of primary school, while the update educational content, through cross-cutting topics, contributes to the development of cognitive abilities, self- esteem, critical thinking, and adaptation to the environment.


The invention discloses a video equipment control method. The video equipment control method comprises the following steps of synchronously sending a command to a terminal by video equipment when the display content is an interactive interface so that the terminal can present an appropriate interface according to the requirement of the current interactive interface of the video equipment, transmitting back operating information on the terminal to the video equipment, continuously carrying out synchronous processing according to the operating information transmitted by the terminal by the video equipment and updating the interactive interface, so that the terminal and the video equipment can share the control process and synchronize the interactive information of the two interfaces on the basis of realizing the control on the video equipment through the terminal, and the user experience of a user is improved. Moreover, the invention also discloses the video equipment.


The world's oceans are experiencing significant increases in anthropogenic impacts. Historically, overfishing due to whaling (Ivashchenko & Clapham 2014) and commercial fishing (Murawski 2010) has depleted a wide variety of taxa. More recently, im pacts on the oceans are even broader, as human activities intensify and extend further offshore into deeper waters for fishing, shipping, and energy exploration and extraction (Ramirez-Llodra et al. 2011, Mengerink et al. 2014). For example, bottom trawling has now extended off the continental shelf into deep, oceanic waters, where it focuses on sea mounts. Trawling impacts not only the target species but also negatively impacts the benthic habitats upon which many species rely (Hiddink et al. 2011). New technologies have allowed energy exploration to expand into deeper waters and more remote areas (Copping et al. 2015). The global nature of today's


Background and Objective: The proposed study involves the approach from the point of anti-viral activity of gold nanoparticles against the Bluetongue virus. Among viral diseases, Bluetongue is regarded as an economically scouring disease. Neither a vaccine nor an antiviral drug is available for the prevention or treatment of this disease. The antiviral activity of gold nanoparticles synthesized by a novel isolate of Streptomyces tuirus DBZ39 is the breakthrough of the study. Streptomyces tuirus DBZ39, a novel isolate obtained from alkaline soil was proved to be efficient actinomycetes, for the extracellular synthesis of gold nanoparticles. Materials and Methods: An upstream bioprocess was optimized and developed for the synthesis of controlled size gold nanoparticles with solitary mono dispersal pattern in aurum chloride solution. The characterization and confirmation of gold nanoparticles were illustrated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) and Fourier Transmission Infrared Radiation Analysis (FTIR). Results: Biomass size of 3 g, substrate concentration of 1 mM, pH of 8.5 and temperature of 45°C were observed as optimum conditions for the synthesis of 15-24 nm size gold nanoparticles. The Bluetongue virus (BTV) which belongs to the genus Orbivirus in the family Reoviridae with 26 serotypes is an etiological agent of infectious and non-contagious Bluetongue disease of main sheep and several other domestic animals. Conclusion: Gold nanoparticles for the 1st time, at a higher concentration of 1:64 dilutions revealed a very promising and novel antiviral property against the Bluetongue virus.


In the response by D. S. McKay et al. (p. 1640) to letters titled "Past life on Mars?" (20 Sept., p. 1639), the microscope technology mentioned should have read, "field emission gun scanning electron microscope."


The operating temperatures due to eddy current induced heating effects in water-cooled electrode arms of three-phase ultrahigh powered (UHP) electric arc furnaces during operation are calculated. The selection of commonly used materials (carbon steel - SAE 1010 and stainless steel - 304) is examined with regard to optimum cooling water flow and safe allowable temperature increases. Calculated results are substantiated by temperature measurements conducted on the center-phase electrode arm and its water cooling system of a recently installed furnace in the field.


Fluid control has become a research hotspot in recent years. In this paper, a SPH fluid deformation control method based on the haptic interaction was proposed. Firstly, we sample the user-specified object model by the voxelization method to get control model and control fluid's animation. Then, for achieving realistic interaction effect, we calculate the deformation of the control model according to the user control force and the interaction force between the model and the fluid. Finally, a control method of deformation control of the fluid model is proposed. The effectiveness of method was demonstrated in various scenarios.


Objectives: The purpose of this study was to understand and probably explain the variability in symptomatology particularly with presence of catatonic symptoms and treatment response to lorazepam in mania. Methods: 52 patients of bipolar disorder were selected from admitted patients in psychiatry ward from P.B.H. Hospital, Bikaner. Structural Clinical Interview for DSM IV patient version (SCID-P) item Young Mania Rating Scale, 23 item Bush Francis Catatonia Screening Instrument and Rating Scale. 43 item Presumptive stressful Life Event Scale, were administered. Statistical tests were performed using SPSS version 9.0 were Pearson's correlation Chi square analysis, test, ANOVA. Results: Only 3 patients out of 14 patients of first Manic episode showed good outcome. Patients with history of multiple episodes had shown better outcome (X2 = 11.59, df = 1, p < 0.00) The authors noted that the presence of catatonic symptoms (X2 = 17.76, df – 2, p < 0.001), high catatonic scores (F = 37.18, df = 2, 49, p < 0.000), and high reduction in catatonic score after Lorazepam challenge were associated with better outcome. There was strong negative correlation between index, catatonic and Mania Scores in grade I and grade II outcome category, (p < 0.000). Conclusions: This is a preliminary study to suggest that the presence of catatonic symptoms had better outcome in bipolar patients.


From 4 examples from the human medicine it is described how the application of IR-thermography can be applied as a non invasive measuring method advantageously for the diagnosis and therapy as well as for the installation of artificial cochlea-implants, screw connection of broken bones, observation of tissue violations by warning shot weapons and the recognition of vessel illnesses of legs and feet.


Abstract A characterization of the Banach spaces of type $C\left( K \right)$ that admit an equivalent locally uniformly rotund norm is obtained, and a method to apply it to concrete spaces is developed. As an application the existence of such renorming is deduced when $K$ is a Namioka–Phelps compact or for some particular class of Rosenthal compacta, results which were originally proved with ad hoc methods.


The importance of insulation applications in the world ascended in parallel with the necessity of the energy to be used efficiently, the significance that has been assigned to human comfort and environmental concerns. Ships are insulated for purposes such as maintaining the security and the comfort of the passengers and the crew, reducing energy consumption, reducing investment and operating costs, preventing condensation, sweating and freezing, protecting and conditioning cargo, decreasing the weight of the ship and increasing volume to be used, lengthening the physical life of the constructions and the systems, reducing the amount of emissions which has been thrown away by reducing fuel consumption, controlling noise and fire. In this study, researches, studies and regulations worldwide about insulation of ships, applications have been analyzed welding, important parts have been gathered and selected, a guide was compiled, by using the application details, examples and calculation values which are adapted to our country's conditions. Considering its scope, this study has the characteristics of a guidebook for the researchers and designers who will work on the subject of thermal insulation of the ships.


Like Landsat 8, Landsat 9 will carry an Operational Land Imager (OLI), a visible to short-wave infrared pushbroom sensor. Referred to as OLI-2, this sensor has 8 spectral bands with about 7000 detectors and one panchromatic band with about 14000 detectors. Maintaining uniformity of the data products is a challenge, particularly at the low end of the response's dynamic range, as the on-board diffuser provides a high signal level. Water color analyses in coastal and inland areas imaged by Landsat, are one of the more demanding science applications of the OLI data, in part due to the low signal levels. OLI data are serving such demanding science applications due to its excellent noise, stability and calibration characteristics. A new set of on-orbit calibration collects planned for OLI-2 are aimed at enhancing the linearity characterization; these collects should help in keeping uniform imagery through a wide dynamic range. Improved pre-launch characterization of the OLI-2 radiometric response non-linearity led to the idea of using two sets of on-orbit collects to confirm the stability of non-linearity correction across a wider range of response. Collects will be taken where the detector integration time is varied while looking at a constant target: a bright solar diffuser panel and a dimmer internal lamp. Both objects are integral parts of the existing OLI calibration assembly subsystem, but only the diffuser was used in this manner on Landsat 8 OLI. Using pre-launch test data, we demonstrate how the combination of these two sets of data collects will assist in confirming the non-linearity correction is maintained to be under 0.5% across much of the dynamic range. If the on-orbit results show changes, then with such data we should be able to refine the calibration parameters until they minimize the residual errors in the non-linearity throughout the dynamic range.


. Alternative and renewable sources are currently needed to replace fossil fuels mainly used in transportation. In recent years, Brazil has been investing heavily in the research and development of biodiesel as a substitute for petrodiesel. Since January 2010 the Brazilian legislation established that diesel sold in the country should contain at least 5% biofuel (B5). The raw materials used in Brazil for producing biodiesel in September 2009 according to the Brazilian National Oil Agency (ANP) consisted of: 77.13% soybean oil, 17.07% beef fat, 4.62% cottonseed oil and 1.18% from other sources, which reveals the low diversity and high dependence on soybeans. With the goal of contributing to the diversification of raw materials for biodiesel production, the Center for Research and Development of Sustainable Energy at UFPR has been working to establish the production of biodiesel from oil extracted from microalgae grown in compact photobioreactors. The microalgae are considered to have major advantages compared to larger photosynthetic organisms due to large growth rate, and high biomass production of lipids according to species. A key component to the growth of microalgae is the availability of an appropriate system to allow for efficient photosynthesis, which requires abundant light and adequate temperature. However, the occurrence of the phenomenon of photoinhibition should be taken into account, in which excess light causes photosynthesis inhibition and reduces microalgae growth rate. The photoinhibition is a phenomenon that is caused by ultraviolet light (UV), visible (V) and combinations of UV-V light. The absorption of photons is directly proportional to the photons flow density, which results in a linear response. However, the use of these photons by the photosynthetic process shows a hyperbolic response, demonstrating that there exists an optimal flow density which is determined by the saturation of photosynthesis. Therefore, the main scope of this study is to determine the effects of light on photosynthesis during the growth of Phaeodactylum tricornutum microalgae in the tubes of a compact photobioreactor with a volume of 11,000 m 3 . For that, the microalgae growth is simulated computationally with a transient mathematical model to predict the microalgae growth in a batch cultivation system for a duration of ten days. The idea is to demonstrate how a maximum yield of biomass from a good photosynthetic efficiency can be achieved, and thus contribute to the production of biofuel in a sustainable manner. The concentration of microalgae in the medium was modeled with the species conservation principle inside volume elements (VE), distributed throughout the photobioreactor tubes, yielding a system of equations to be solved simultaneously to obtain the microalgae concentration spatial distribution in the reactor. The phenomenon of photoinhibition caused by excess light intensity was considered by the source term, μ (growth rate), calculated according to the light intensity inside the tubes. In order to investigate the effect of light intensity in isolation in the present study, the medium temperature was kept constant in the simulations, and set to an experimentally reported optimal value for the species. The utilized photobioreactor geometry followed the design proposed by Vargas (2007). The results show that the maximum productivity of microalgae can be achieved with respect to light intensity. The optima are sharp and should be taken into account by any method of cultivation of microalgae.


OBJECTIVE
To build a physiological aging scale for healthy people.

METHODS
We collected age-related physiologic items through literature screening and expert interview. Two rounds of Delphi were implemented. The importance, feasibility and the degree of authority for the physiological index system were graded. Using analytic hierarchy process, we determined the weight of dimensions and items.

RESULTS
Using Delphy mothod, 17 physiological and other professional experts offered the results as follow: coefficient of expert authorities Cr was 0.86±0.03, coordination coefficients for the first and second round were 0.264(χ2=229.691, P<0.001) and 0.293(χ2=228.474,P<0.001), respectively. The consistency was good. The aging scale for healthy people included 3 dimensions, namely physical form, feeling movement and functional status. Each dimension had 8 items. The weight coefficients for the 3 dimensions were 0.54, 0.16, and 0.30, respectively. The Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.893, the reliability was 0.796, and the variance of the common factor was 58.17%.

CONCLUSION
The improved Delphi method or physiological aging scale is satisfied, which can provide reference for the evaluation of aging.


Summary The motility of bovine sperm in undiluted semen ceased within 30 seconds after the addition of 0.5 per cent Amphyl, a disinfectant containing synthetic organic compounds. Indications are that sperm, suspended in an egg yolk-phosphate buffer dilution medium containing from 0.2 to 0.5 per cent of Amphyl, maintained motility longer than that of sperm suspended in the same medium but containing no Amphyl. Sperm suspended in phosphate buffer solution containing one per cent Amphyl soon lost all motility. Sperm suspended in egg yolk-phosphate buffer solution containing Lysol lost all motility within three days, whereas, those suspended in the same medium but containing Zephiran remained motile for a period equal to that of the control sample. Hemolytic staphylococci were completely destroyed in phosphate buffer and in egg yolk solution containing one per cent Amphyl; many of the staphylococci continued to grow after seven days when suspended in egg yolk-phosphate buffer solution containing one per cent Amphyl.


This paper presents an experimental study of an Inductively Coupled Power Transfer (ICPT) system using a full bridge converter operating at variable frequency. Equivalent circuit model for ICPT systems are used to represent the total impedance seen by the power supply, by combining the primary and secondary network is detailed. A variable switching frequency controller is used to control the switching frequency of the converter to transmit the power through inductive coils are described. The modeling of ICPT system, design criteria and its controller details are discussed. Efficiency curves are plotted with respect to variation in frequency and load. The problem of frequency deviation that makes an inefficient power transfer have been investigated. The results obtained from this study provides a foundation and understanding for future design and control of ICPT systems.


Paleoclimatic reconstruction using noble gas concentrations in the Carrizo aquifer of southwest Texas and water ages determined through simulation of groundwater age reveals abrupt late Holocene temperature increases previously unidentified through 14C dating. Of particular interest is a temperature increase of up to 3.4°C in the first half of the last millennium following a cold period between ∼3.7 and 0.9 Kyrs BP. Wet, cool periods in the region are associated with El‐Nino dominated conditions, while warm, arid events are linked to multi‐decade La‐Nina dominant events. The data shows a slow decrease in temperature between ∼1,200 and 200 Kyrs BP, a decrease that accelerated in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. This decrease was followed by warming in the last millennium, that seems to be continuing today.


Disclosed is a weld structure in which a steel plate weld joint is formed by butt-welding steel plates together, wherein: an anti-crack control section in which the propagation of brittle cracks generated in the steel plate weld joint are stopped is disposed on at least one section of the steel plate weld joint; and the outer peripheral section of an arrestor member configuring the anti-crack control section is formed on the front and rear of the steel plate weld joint in the lengthwise direction so as to intersect with the steel plate weld joint at an angle between 60° to 120° relative to the lengthwise direction. As a consequence, it is possible to prevent brittle cracks from propagating the weld joint or the base material even when brittle cracks form on the weld joint.


With the rise of 5G wireless communication networks, information technology has challenged the traditional practice of marketing. The impact of enterprise precision marketing theory on traditional marketing theory was brought by massive user data in the era of big data. With the sudden rise and rapid development of mobile Internet and its derived big data, in the fierce market competition of new media and we-media, how to provide accurate information push for users has become the primary subject of research. The design of advertising precision marketing system mainly uses 5G network as the basic tool and makes precise positioning of consumer demand through high-concurrency big data analysis system.

 K

 -means clustering algorithm improves the data analysis system to provide personalized demand customization and deeply excavates the segmentation of the consumer market and the real demand of consumers. The results show that the model effectively enhances its adaptability. When

 S

 value is between 0.01 and 0.05, the variable has a high significance, and precision marketing improves the accuracy of recommendation.


Objective To investigate early changes of low-extremity atherosclerosis disease and characteristics of blood lipid profile in adult patients.Method 525 individuals were studied.Low-extremity atherosclerosis disease was measured by baPWV and ABI.Results Detectable rate of low-extremity atherosclerosis disease in 40~49 age was 32.8%,in 50~59 age was 56%,in 60~69 age was 69.8% and in 70~79 age was 75%.The levels of baPWV were significantly higher in the patients with abnormal blood lipid profile.The prevalence rate of low-extremity atherosclerosis disease was 76% in the patients with higher levels of total chalesterd(TC)and LDL.Conclusion There is a higher relationship between blood lipid profile and low-extremity atherosclerosis disease.baPWV and ABI gives a high accuracy and safety on evaluation of early changes of low-extremity atherosclerosis disease in adult patients.


Based on Chinese patent data from the period 1985-95, this paper explores regional variation in innovative activity and performance. Preliminary analyses suggest that regional differences in economic activity and innovation inputs - personnel and funding - are closely related to differences in patenting activity. However, the results also suggest that personnel may be the most important factor. The data also suggest that regions are undergoing important changes in technological specialisation, although the eventual impact on economic performance and competitiveness is not yet clear.


The voltage dependence of capacitance in two photovoltaic sandwich cells, (Al ‖ tetracene ‖ Nesatron) and (Al ‖ magnesium phthalocyanine ‖ Nesatron), is reported as a function of temperature. The tetracene cell shows a voltage independent (geometric) capacitance at room temperature which upon heating to 120 °C changes to a depletion layer type capacitance at 10−1 Hz. Values for depletion width, carrier concentration, and barrier voltage are consistent with those reported in a previous publication where carriers in tetracene were mobilized by light. Magnesium phthalocyanine cells, on the other hand, show a depletion layer capacitance at room temperature and upon cooling revert to a geometric capacitance at some lower temperature depending on the frequency of the measurement. A theoretical treatment is presented which describes the frequency and temperature dependence of the depletion layer capacitance. From this analysis a method for measuring activation energies and rate constants for detrapping is obtain...


Reflective pondering is an introspective mechanism conceptualised as actively seeking a solution to one's problems. Literature has consistently demonstrated positive associations between reflective pondering and improved mental health outcomes in clinical populations. Given that poor mental health (e.g. depression, anxiety) has been associated with increased dementia risk, and that reflective pondering improves mental health, we asked whether reflective pondering could also act as a protective factor against dementia, measured by cognitive function, in older adults.


I examine the effect of Old-Age Insurance (OAI) on older women's labour-force participation in fourteen countries since around 1930. Older women's participation has risen in the US, but has fallen over time in some European countries. The discontinuity of incentives at the state pension age helps separate OAI's effects from those of social mores and husbands' retirements. Clear effects of OAI on female retirement emerge slowly in time series. I find that, were Germany to adopt the US Social Security system, the participation rate of women aged 60-4 would increase by 7 percentage points. I am grateful for the excellent research assistance of Jonathan Corning, and for the opinions of seminar audiences at the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, the Bank of England, and the UK's Institute for Fiscal Studies and Department of Work and Pensions for their comments and suggestions. The views expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City or of the Federal Reserve System.


AND WHEREAS by an humble petition the Council of the Society (hereinafter referred to as "the Council") have represented in particular that the Society should, for the public benefit, be more appropriately equipped to function as a regulator, to lead the strategic development and policies of the profession of pharmacy, to support the science and practice of pharmacy, and to engage in the wider public debate on health related matters and on the role of pharmacy in contributing to the health of the public, and have accordingly prayed that We might be graciously pleased to revoke the Supplemental Charter of 1953 and to make new provision in respect of the objects, powers and constitution of the Society:


In order to measure the performance of the cooperation between organizations,the organizational citizenship behavior(TOCB) has been used as one of the most important measurable indicator.But the organizational citizenship behavior will be influenced by the organizational justice.This study mainly explores the relationships among supermarket's organizational justice and farmers' TOCB and tests the mediating effect of the farmers' psychological contract.The results reveal that supermarket's organizational justice is the significant influencing factor of farmers' TOCB,while the farmers' relational psychological contract is the main mediating variable during the process.Finally,according to the findings,we draw upon some suggestions for the cooperation between farmers and supermarket as well as limitations for future research.


The environment experienced by a cavitating bubble in visco‐elastic media at the micro‐scale and in the MHz frequency range remains poorly understood. Comparison of model‐based predictions with optical observations of bubble behavior in transparent media suggests that the value of the mechanical properties of the medium can differ from the corresponding static values by two orders of magnitude. Tissue or tissue‐mimicking materials have been recently shown to exhibit a sub‐micrometer structure which can be assumed equivalent to a pure liquid up to a characteristic length scale, beyond which they can be treated as purely visco‐elastic. In order to take this effect into account, a two‐scale extension is applied to the cavitation dynamics model recently proposed by Yang and Church [J. Acoust. Soc. Am., (2005)]. Comparison of the extended model predictions with experimental observations of single‐bubble dynamics in an agar‐based tissue‐mimicking material demonstrates that, for a given value of the shear modulu...


Samurai contents have a significant meaning in which they re-write the time and place of the past disappeared in the history into the culture with contemporary values. In particular, although their epic structure is graphical, describes mainly the violent perspective, or creates a false or exaggerated story, Samurai contents with the good quality show the contemporary perspective for re-interpreting the history. It should not be overlooked that Samurai contents have a cultural value to deliver the culture of human beings with live and multiple voices to the next generation, as in the contents, individual desires are intermingled with the one of all human beings. Therefore, this study suggests that the method for finding the cultural meaning and the epic value of Samurai contents should continue to be found, while studying them more constructively.


This study aims to determine and analyze how much influence consumer dissatisfaction (X1), and the characteristics of the product category (X2), the need to find variation (Z), and the decision to move the brand (Y) on CV. MAX-INDO Padang, using data collection method that is in the form of questionnaire counted 100 respondents. In data analysis using validity test, reliability, and test of classical assumption that is normality, multicollinearity, heteroskedastisitas, and autokorelasi. The analysis method used is linear regression linear variable level analysis. While for hypothesis testing that is F test, T test, coefficient determinant of R2 by using tool of SPSS. The results showed that the variable consumer dissatisfaction influences the brand transfer decision on CV. MAX-INDO Padang, the characteristic variable of the product category influences the brand transfer decision on CV. MAX-INDO Padang, based on the results of linear regression testing using moderation variables found that the variable needs searching Variations strengthen the relationship between consumer dissatisfaction, and the characteristics of the product category, to the decision to move brands on CV. MAX-INDO Padang.


To the Editor. —I read with interest theIN FOCUSfeature concerning press embargoes and medical news. 1 I find it disappointing that the editors of the leading medical journals think reporters need lead time to read the material and prepare their stories before that information is released to the medical community. I also found it disturbing that the results of the Multicenter Trial of Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity 2 were reported in the newspapers three weeks before I received my copy of theArchivescontaining the study. While I have not seen or treated any cases of retinopathy of prematurity recently, I received many questions from patients concerning the study as it was reported in the local newspapers. How is one expected to intelligently answer these questions when the only available information is the same newspaper articles read by the public? The press should not have access to


The paper estimates the likely effects of the AfCFTA on the east african community (EAC) countries. The paper adopts two approaches. First, a trend analysis of the EAC exports and imports to and from the rest of Africa and the world at large using data from the Trade Map database. Second, we use the WITS-SMART analytical framework. It is established that the EAC countries mainly export agricultural commodities and products, and minerals, which are not likely to be readily imported by the rest of Africa. This is because between 2001 and 2018, the African continent heavily relied on exter-nal markets for exports and imports. Therefore, signing the AfCFTA agreement is a welcome step, but it may not necessarily increase EAC trade with the rest of African and intra-African trade. Results for the trade effects suggest a mixed effect among the EAC countries. All the EAC countries incur tariff revenue losses, although this varies in absolute amounts and proportions. Whereas Uganda and Burundi experience positive welfare effects, Kenya, Tanzania, and Rwanda experience negative welfare effects. The policy implications include: a need to build capacity for production; pursue product diversification and sophistication; innovate and attract investments; adopt high international products standards; and target industrialization as a must.


A book on teaching music history is long overdue. To encounter Teaching Music History, edited by Mary Natvig, is to wonder why this volume appears to be the first of its type. Teaching Music Histor...


We investigated the stabilities of poly(ethylene glycol)-terminated self-assembled monolayers (PEG-SAMs) and quantitatively evaluated their inhibition of nonspecific protein adsorption on Au substr...


Focusing on the problem of pornographic images filtering on the Internet, a novel multi-instance learning (MIL) algorithm based on pyramid match kernel (PMK) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, improved JSEG image segmentation method is used to divide each image into several different regions, and extract the lowlevel visual features (i.e. color and texture) of each region, then image regards as bag, and the low-level visual features of its segmented regions as instances. As a result, the pornographic images filtering problem be transformed into a MIL problem. Secondly, PMK is used to measure the similarity between the multi-instance bags, so the MIL problem can be solved directly by the support vector machine (SVM). Finally, in a real condition image set that the radio of normal image to pornographic image is 4:1, experimental results show that the proposed algorithm, named PMK-MIL, can achieve the recall rate 91.2%, the error rate 9.6%, and its performance is superior to other algorithms.


AX J1843.8−0352 is a newly identified SNR whose X-ray emission was first detected by theASCA Galactic Plane Survey and confirmed by the follow-up observations. With the excellent spatial resolution of Chandra, we found this SNR has twocomponents: a hard diffuse emission and a soft compact emission. The morphology of the hard component is complicated, but roughly an elliptical shape elongated from the north to south, with the mean diameter of about 9 ′. The spectrum is fitted with a power-law of photon index∼2. The east rim is associated with the non-thermal radio sources. Therefore the hard component is probably synchrotron X-rays by energetic electrons accelerated at the shell of the SNR. The soft component shows a peculiar shape with a head of 20′′ × 30′′ size and a 30 ′′-long "jet". The spectrum is fitted with a thin thermal plasma model of about 1 keV temperature. The absorption of the soft component is about twice as large as that of the hard component, hence the association of these two components is unclear.


In view of the poor accuracy of fault-line detector in small current grounded system,the principle and error source of the detector are analyzed.Based on practical operation experience,proposals covering detector type selection,operation,maintenance,installation and acceptance check are offered to improve the reliability of the detector.