The observed currents in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean and in the outflow straits of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) are shown to have significant intraseasonal variations and coherency during January 2004 November 2006. The wavelet analysis between the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean and the ITF straits demonstrates significant intraseasonal coherency for the observed current at 50m depth. At 150m depth, the intraseasonal coherency only occurs between the observed currents in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean and in the Lombok and Ombai Straits. On the other hand, at 350m depth the intraseasonal coherency is only found between the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean and the Ombai Strait. This intraseasonal coherency is associated with the wind-forced equatorial Kelvin waves which propagate eastward along the equatorial and coastal wave guides. Near-surface intraseasonal variations are associated with the first baroclinic mode with typical phase speed of 2.91


The evolution and development of continuous micro-filtration membrane technology, are reviewed, and the characteristics of new submerged continuous micro-filtration membrane, especially its modularization structure, advanced backwash system and integritied monitoring and controling system are introduced.Compared with the tradifional continuous micro-filtration membrane system,new generation bas strong competitive adventages in the field of water treatment.


The Information System of Water Conservancy Project Statues for Zhangye City(ISWCPZY)was developed based on the remotely sensed image interpretation and in-situ Global Position System(GPS)measurement,which were used to collect the geographic spatial data of the water conservancy project statues.The linked attribute data were provided and collected by the Zhangye Water Conservancy Bureau and its subordinate water management stations.The correlative thematic and background information were also collected.The data of the water conservancy project include 159 main canals,782 branch canals,5 315 lateral canals,6 228 pumping wells and 43 reservoirs.The total length of the canals is 8 745.0km.The data collection procedure is introduced in detail and the data quality of the water conservancy project is evaluated preliminarily in this paper,which would afford important reference for the data users.The ISWCPZY was developed by using Components GIS technologies and based on these data resources.The ISWCPZY,as one of the most integrated information management platforms of water conservancy project,has been widely used in the thematic atlas compilation,decision-making supporting system development,social and economical module development,hydrological model construction,and so on.The canal,as the key information in the ISWCPZY,was analysed on the length ratio of different classes of canals,density,and direction.The results elicit obvious scale effects among the Zhangye City level,county or district level,and water management station level.


A new paradigm for gas turbine design is treated, in which major elements of the hot section flow path are cooled by vaporization of a suitable two-phase coolant. This enables the blades to be maintained at nearly uniform temperature without detailed knowledge of the heat flux to the blades, and makes operation feasible at higher combustion temperatures using a wider range of materials than is possible in conventional gas turbines with air cooling. The new enabling technology for such cooling is the Return-Flow Cascade, which extends to the rotating blades the heat flux capability and self-regulation usually associated with heat-pipe technology. In this paper the potential characteristics of gas turbines that use vaporization cooling are outlined briefly, but the principal emphasis is on the concept of the Return-Flow Cascade. The concept is described and its characteristics are outlined. Experimental results are presented that confirm its conceptual validity and demonstrate its capability for blade cooling at heat fluxes representative of those required for high pressure ratio high temperature gas turbines.Copyright © 1998 by ASME


Even today we can stil learn much from Zhu De's rich legacy of economic thinking.The paper presents his brilliant ideas in the following respects:taking economic construction as the core;following ob- jective economic law;building up the country through thrift and hard work;activating economy by diversified economy;attaching importance to foreign trade;making rational use of resources;depending on technology to building up the country.


Primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (PCALCL) is categorized by CD30-positive atypical tumor cells. It usually shows a good prognosis and is involved in the same spectrum as lymphomatoid papulosis which regresses spontaneously. However, one-fourth of PCALCL cases are known to progress to systemic disease. Histologically, some cases of PCALCL should be differentiated from beneign cutaneous suppurative dermatosis because of neutrophil/lymphocyte-rich coinfiltration.In this study, an autopsied case of PCALCL was presented. The patient was a 72-year-old woman who had complained of the ulcerated cutaneous bulky tumor of the nape for one and a half month. Histologically, CD30-positive atypical large tumor cells with incidental Reed-Sternberg-like cells were observed intermingled with neutrophls, eosinophils and lymphocytes. There was also a wide necrotic area accompanied with medium- sized arteries obliterated with the proliferated endothelial cells and thickend walls. Enlarged cervical lymph nodes were histologically effaced with infiltration of atypical tumor cells and inflammatory cells with fibrosis. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells were positive for CD3, CD4, CD25, Cβ1, granzyme B, TIA-1 and EMA, and negative for CD8, CD15, CD16, CD20, CD56, CD57, p80, Vδ2 and keratin. PCR analysis of paraffin-embedded samples taken from the cutaneous lesion and the lymph node revealed a monoclonal rearrangement band of TCRγ. Six months later, she died of pneumonia, and the autopsy revealed small nodular metastatic lesions in the liver, spleen and bone marrow. From these findings, she was diagnosed as PCALCL with generalized spreading. Necrosis and inflammatory granulation observed in this case might be due to angioobliteratione and/or cytotoxic proteins such as granzyme B and TIA-1 from tumor cells.


Postoperative medical studies by various groups have shown the relevance of electrode position on the hearing outcome of the Cochlear Implant. There are various types of CI in market that are re-evaluated and changed for its functionality. Prior knowledge of the exact position of the electrode within the cochlea is an important parameter of study to improve the electrical stimulation of the hearing nerve for the implants. Similar studies are performed on the artificial epithelium membrane which involves restoring the function of outer and middle ear without bypassing their functionality and providing solution towards a self sustained implantable cochlea. Different shapes of electrodes are evaluated using various structures in dimensional analysis for improving the displacement and the electric stimulation calculated in terms of voltage. Five designs are modelled and optimized for improving the frequency selectivity for its resonance of an epithelium membrane to function as a biomimetic Epithelium membrane. Simulation studies are carried out using FEA analysis tool to introspect and evaluate the tonotopy of the epithelium membrane in terms of electrode shape and position.


Graft copolymerization of vinyl monomers such as styrene, vinyl acetate, methylmethacrylate, and methylacrylate on to sericin using radical initiators was studied. Sericin was obtained by scouring silk fibers. The effect of experimental conditions on total conversion, grafting ratio and grafting efficiency was studied by varying the concentrations of radical initiators and vinyl monomers, reaction time, reaction temperature etc.It was found that water-soluble initiators were superior to water-insoluble ones in obtaining graft-copolymers having homogeneous molecular weight distribution and that grafting of vinyl monomers on to sericin was strongly dependent on kinds of vinyl monomers. Therefore, selection of graft initiators and monomers seems to be essential for obtaining graft-copolymers of sericin having preferable properties.


In this paper, we consider a linear regression model when relevant regressors are omitted. We derive the explicit formulae of the mean squared errors (MSE's) of the feasible minimum MSE (FMMSE) estimator and the adjusted FMMSE (AFMMSE) estimator. By numerical evaluations, we compare the MSE performances of the FMMSE and AFMMSE estimators with those of the Stein-rule (SR) and positive-part Stein-rule (PSR) estimators. It is shown that when there are omitted regressors, the MSE performances of the AFMMSE and PSR estimators are comparable when the number of regressors included in the specified model (sayk 1) is larger than or equal to 8, and the MSE performance of the AFMMSE estimator is better than that of the PSR estimator when k 1≤5 and the model misspecification is severe.


Data on the Algerian population's access to improved sources of drinking water and to improved sanitation facilities and social/economic vulnerability of the population were extracted from the World Bank databases and Index Mundi. The WASH vulnerability criterion (WVC) of Algeria was calculated using this data, enabling the calculation of the social and economic vulnerability criteria for the population. The WVC values ranged from 0.062 to 0.117, with values that were higher in rural areas of the country. The Pearson correlation coefficients were equal to 0.4866 for the correlation between WVC and social vulnerability, and to -0.5288 for the correlation between WVC and economic vulnerability. Both correlations were not statistically significant, at 5 % level of significance (p-values = 0.1841 and 0.1420, respectively). The WASH vulnerability of the Algerian population is therefore not strongly dependent on its social or economic vulnerability. Recovery of water provision/production costs from consumers must be improved to increase the financial sustainability of the country's water management organisations and to facilitate upkeep of its water/sanitation infrastructures. Capacity to implement the necessary project and to effectively manage the expenditure of the funds allocated has to be improved. Installation of decentralised wastewater treatment solutions, with a focus on algal biotechnology, should be encouraged as a possible solution to the wastewater treatment challenges faced by Algeria. Provision of sanitation in rural areas must be given priority status in government spending and involvement of multiple stakeholders in water and sanitation management operations must be strengthened through existing disaster management approaches.


Mössbauer and saturation magnetization studies have been carried out at room temperature on and permanent magnetic materials with x = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0. A simple charge transfer from the rare-earth sublattice to the 3d band of iron accounts for the observed increase in the saturation magnetization and hyperfine field with the substitution of Y for Er. This can also be explained on the basis of the reduction in the strength of the Er - Fe negative exchange interaction and an increase in the Fe - Fe exchange interaction strength due to lattice expansion on Y substitution. The decrease in the saturation magnetization and the hyperfine field when Fe is partially replaced by Si is attributed to the reduction in the number of Fe neighbours and also to the reduction in the Fe magnetic moment due to an effective charge transfer from Si to the Fe 3d band. The Fe sublattice magnetization is found to be slightly affected by the type of rare-earth ion in the rare-earth sublattice.


Phase-change memory stores data in the form of structure rather than charge. This form of storage has many advantages relating to scaling as processing technology advances to smaller dimensions and the scaling limits of charge based storage are reached. The large change in resistance values between the SET and RESET state also holds the possibility of enabling multi-level storage in a single location, however, resistance drift towards larger resistance values after the formation of the high-resistance RESET phase complicates the use of multilevel storage. It has been speculated that stress relief and unidentified structural relaxation mechanisms may be behind the resistance drift, but to date, no direct observations of the structural changes that occur during the drift process have been reported. We have used x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAFS) at both the Ge K and L3 edges to observe changes in local structure as a function of thermal treatment of sputter deposited Ge2Sb2Te5 layers and have correlated these measuements with resistance drift. We show that the structural relaxation is a due to a gradual transformation of higher energy tetrahedral bonds into octahedral bonds with upon the structural relaxation of Ge2Sb2Te5.


Self-Service Technologies (SSTs) are rapidly changing the traditional service encounter by changing the way services arc delivered. Marketers need to recognise that this change requires that traditional marketing views be revamped in order to function effectively and create value in this context. Csikszentmihalyi's (1977) flow construct was adapted to incorporate the robust Technology Readiness Index (TRI) developed by Parasuraman (2000), in order to provide a new approach to understanding SST interactions. Results demonstrated support for the applicability of the flow construct and its proposed relationships with TRI. Furthermore, the flow state was found to obtain highly desirable consequences, including satisfaction with the interaction and return intentions.


This article analyzes and summarizes the results of historical, philosophical, and general scientific research related to the topic of freedom. The main components of the philosophical foundations of freedom that exist in the general scientific and philosophical literature are highlighted. The specificity of the problem of freedom in the context of activity theory is emphasized. The content, denotation, and axiological significance of the term "freedom management" are determined. For the first time, a synthesis of activity-based and synergetic approaches was applied to the analysis of freedom, which made it possible to analyze freedom at both the "micro" and "macro-theoretical" levels. The advantages of applying the synergetic approach to the analysis of the problem of freedom as the ability to determine the boundaries of the possible in a complex, non-linear, multivariate movement to the ideal image of the future state of the system are shown. It is shown that the measure of freedom of the subject is mainly determined by the measure of approximation to the ideal, the desire for extreme proximity to it, and as a result, the acquisition of a state of harmony. An analysis of the concepts of "freedom management" is made, and an activity-based approach is applied to the analysis of this phenomenon, which allows us to consider the concept of "freedom management" as one of the restrictions on freedom.


This study aimed to examine the possibility of the production of bread using whole barley flour (WBF); two levels of substitution of 50% and 100% compared with wheat flour (WWF) only were administered. The effect of the baking process on the content of dietary fiber, particularly β-glucan, was investigated. Chemical composition alongside with the content and solubility of b-glucan in both raw materials and bread produced were determined. The results obtained showed that the barley flour gave the highest content of ash, crude fiber and fat compared to wheat flour. The highest content of total and soluble beta-glucan were recorded in whole barley bread followed by 50% barley substituted treatment. Moreover, the 100%WBF bread scored the highest content of fiber, protein and ash as well as fat content compared with wheat bread only, which was the highest in carbohydrate content only. Content of β-glucan showed higher values for the bread produced from whole barley flour followed by treatment 50% of barley flour and then bread traditional wheat flour, which scored the least content of β-glucan. The process of fermentation and baking could significantly reduce the total content of β-glucan in spite of increased solubility of beta-glucan. Taking into account the functional dose of β-glucan, it could be assumed that, presented content of β-glucan in barley bread, meet the recommended daily needs to achieve the health benefits attributed to barley β-glucan.


In order to investigate the dynamic process of ammonium perchlorate(AP) leaching from composite solid propellant by using water as solvent,the extraction process of AP with water was analyzed.Equilibrium separation factor and recovery ratio of AP were compared at different temperatures and specimen′s thickness.The internal structure of the dissolved propellants was observed by SEM.The results show that as temperature decreases and specimen′s thickness increases,leaching-rate coefficient increases.Leaching-rate is a constant under certain temperature and specimen′s thickness.Leaching-rate equation is consistent with first order dynamic equation.Leaching AP from composite solid propellants is an internal diffusion process that controlled by diffusion of water and ammonium perchlorate in the propellants.


In general, SIFT has been proven to be the most robust local feature descriptor. However, it was designed mainly for gray-level images. Many Objects cannot be distinguished if their color contents are ignored. In addition, SIFT greatly depend on the main orientation assignment, and about one third of orientations are assigned with a big error. Thus many corresponding points are mismatched. This paper addresses these two problems and proposes a local feature descriptor with color and geometric invariance. In this method, the image is transformed into the Gaussian color space to construct the color invariant variable for detecting key points. And then the computation of canonical orientation of key point in the feature descriptor is substituted by the relative gradient direction around the candidate key points which reduces the accumulated orientation error. The pixel gradient and orientation around the extracted key points are computed to build the local gradient orientation histogram to describe the features. The results on the Amsterdam Library of Object Images dataset and 3D objects have shown that the proposed descriptor is better than SIFT and CSIFT.


Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) disease is the most common hereditary polyneuropathy and is classically associated with an insidious onset of distal predominant motor and sensory loss, muscle wasting, and pes cavus. Other forms of hereditary neuropathy, including sensory predominant or motor predominant forms, are sometimes included in the general classification of CMT, but for the purpose of this review, we will focus primarily on the forms associated with both sensory and motor deficits. CMT has a great deal of genetic heterogeneity, leading to diagnostic considerations that are still rapidly evolving for this disorder. Clinical features, inheritance pattern, gene mutation frequencies, and electrodiagnostic features all are helpful in formulating targeted testing algorithms in practical clinical settings, but these still have shortcomings. Next-generation sequencing (NGS), combined with multigene testing panels, is increasing the sensitivity and efficiency of genetic testing and is quickly overtaking targeted testing strategies. Currently, multigene panel testing and NGS can be considered first-line in many circumstances, although obtaining initial targeted testing for the PMP22 duplication in CMT patients with demyelinating conduction velocities is still a reasonable strategy. As technology improves and cost continues to fall, targeted testing will be completely replaced by multigene NGS panels that can detect the full spectrum of CMT mutations. Nevertheless, clinical acumen is still necessary given the variants of uncertain significance encountered with NGS. Despite the current limitations, the genetic diagnosis of CMT is critical for accurate prognostication, genetic counseling, and in the future, specific targeted therapies. Although whole exome and whole genome sequencing strategies have the power to further elucidate the genetics of CMT, continued technological advances are needed. Overview and clinical background Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) disease is a genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous group of disorders. Classically, CMT includes hereditary disorders associated with sensory and motor deficits of the peripheral nervous system, sometimes also referred to as hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy. Other variants, including hereditary sensory neuropathy (or hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy) and distal hereditary motor neuropathy (or distal spinal muscular atrophy), are also sometimes grouped under the general classification of CMT. These disorders are usually pheno-typically distinct. Hereditary sensory neuropathy is usually sensory predominant and may be associated with autonomic dysfunction and skin ulcerations due to insensate skin.


The complex Young's modulus of viscoelastic materials can be determined by monitoring the propagation of a traveling burst in a thin bar, which is called wave-speed method. While the test samples are always too short to make the incident wave for lower-frequency signals be detected, which lead to low-frequency test is difficult using this method. To solve this problem, a method of extracting the incident wave is presented in this paper. A pulse wave is generated by the exciter and is used to force the longitudinal vibration of a viscoelastic thin bar. The velocities of the two ends of the thin bar are measured by two laser Doppler vibrometers. The incident waves at both of the two ends of the sample can be easily extracted, and the dynamic parameters of the sample can be obtained by the ratio of the vibration velocities of them. This method expands the experimental frequency range of the wave-speed method and the measured results agree well with that of commercial viscoelastic instrument.


There has been an impressive increase in single-chip processing power since the Intel 4004 was launched in 1971. This is usually attributed to Moore's law, but there are additional factors to consider. In understanding the components of prior improvements, we can gain insight into the potential for future improvements and potential limits to scaling.


This paper surveys recent trends in public sector labor practices in a group of seven Arab countries (Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco and Tunisia) in order to identify their implications for the operation of labor markets and public sector reform efforts. The evidence presented highlight that Arab economies are characterized by labor markets that are highly segmented along various lines-- yet all related to and influenced by the public/private one -- and by states that have previously conducted public sector employment and pay policy under conditions of 'soft' budget constraints. As the governments' financial constraints became harder and in the face of rapid increases in the number of new entrants to the labor force each year, problems associated with such policies started to become increasingly pressing in all of the countries under study. These problems include overstaffing coupled with declining real wages and wage compression in the public sector, constrained labor mobility between public and private and nontradable and tradable sectors and declining private sector demand for certain groups of workers. Current proposals to confront these problems center around initiating internal reform, especially of the civil service, where these problems are relatively more acute. In view of the present problems in the labor markets of Arab countries, particularly the high rates of unemployment among certain groups, the paper suggests some important considerations that should be addressed when designing civil service and public enterprise reform programs.


We discuss the time-dependent interferences between ${K}_{L}$ and ${K}_{S}$ in the decays in $3\ensuremath{\pi}$ and $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\gamma}$, to be studied at interferometry machines such as the $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ factory and CERN LEAR. We emphasize the possibilities and the advantages of using interferences, in comparison with width measurements, to obtain information both on $\mathrm{CP}$-conserving and $\mathrm{CP}$-violating amplitudes. Comparison with present data and suggestions for future experiments are made.


In this work, we address the problem of processing of polyolefins in the production of which used cross-linking agents based on peroxides. The peroxide method of production of foamed polymers is one of the most popular in Russia, so the relevance of its improvement is not in doubt. The main problem with working with peroxides is the high content of by-products, which are often toxic and have a negative impact on the staff. In this article, the authors proposed to reduce the concentration of toxic peroxide used by adding a less toxic crosslinking agent – triallylcyanurate to the formulation. The degree of crosslinking of polyethylene is directly proportional to the viscosity of the system, so It was proposed to use the brabender plastometer for studies of the viscosity index of samples. In this work, it was found that the optimal degree of crosslinking has samples with a torque indicator in the range of 1700-1900 g∙m. it was found that adding 2 m.p. to the formulation. triallylcyanurate allows, while maintaining the necessary degree of crosslinking, to reduce the peroxide content by 50%. Lowering the peroxide content directly reduces the amount of volatile acetophenone-the product of thermal decomposition of peroxide, which accumulates in the air of the working area. The dependence of the torque index of samples on the amount of triallylcyanurate and Dicumyl peroxide content was studied. The minimum concentration of Dicumyl peroxide (0.2 m.p.) was determined, which allows to obtain the degree of crosslinking of the required level. It is shown that the replacement of Dicumyl peroxide with the crosslinking agent triallylcyanurate makes it possible to obtain a foam that is not inferior to the original composition in terms of main performance indicators.


Cross laminated timber (CLT) shear walls typically consist of solid engineered timber panels connected by metal hardware such as hold-downs, angle-brackets and others. Under seismic loads, the panel elements deform mainly in a rocking mode coupled with a sliding mode and small amount of in-plane bending/shear deformations. The connection system normally governs the lateral behaviour of CLT shear walls. This paper presents a finite element wall model CLTWALL2D to study CLT shear wall behaviour. The model consists of elastic orthotropic plate elements for the panels and nonlinear spring elements for the connections. Contact elements are also used for the panelto-panel interactions. The nonlinear spring properties are represented by a subroutine called HYST that is able to model the strength and stiffness degradation and the pinching effect commonly observed in timber connections. The HYST parameters are calibrated by experimental data of CLT connections and embedded to the CLTWALL2D model. The wall model is validated against experimental data of a CLT shear wall test database. Parametric studies are then carried out to study the influence of gravity loads and vertical connection densities on the wall behaviour in terms of strength, stiffness, ductility, and energy dissipation.


The article sheds light on the political conflict triggered in Romania by the refugee crisis. In spite of Romania not being amongst the preferred destinations of the refugees, its voice within the European debate was by no means marginal. Nor was the topic peripheral in the discourse of Romanian mainstream political parties, which – surprisingly enough – sometimes had staggering opposite views on the issue. Our study taps into the communication patterns of both the media and the politicians representing mainstream political parties, as we aim to understand the political conflict on the issue. Our analysis suggests that political actors did not always respect their ideological views and that their attitudes on the quota system proposed by the European Commission were strategically linked to an agenda not directly related to the refugee crisis.


One of the beautiful and very simple inequalities for a convex function is the Hermite–Hadamard inequality. The concept of log ‐convexity is a strong variant of convexity. In this paper, by the Hermite–Hadamard inequality, we introduce two‐parametric Tsallis quantum relative entropy, two‐parametric Tsallis–Lin quantum relative entropy, and two‐parametric quantum Jensen–Shannon divergence in quantum information theory. Then some properties of quantum Tsallis–Jensen–Shannon divergence for two density matrices are investigated by this inequality.


The development of new anti-bacterial compounds presents a major challenge to modern medicine as bacterial strains resistant to traditional antibiotics are constantly emerging. Type III secretion systems (T3SSs) are essential for virulence mechanisms of many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens and have therefore emerged as an attractive target for small molecule anti-virulence therapeutics. This has led to several high-throughput screens in search for specific chemicals that inhibit the secretion and translocation of bacterial effector proteins. Several classes of small molecules have now been identified from these screens and this review focuses on their discovery and discusses their potential mechanisms of action and prospects for clinical development.


In this note, the authors analyze whether the International Cycling Union's "index of suspicion," which reflects the extent to which a rider is suspected of using doping, correlates with performance during the 2010 Tour de France and the 1-year period before and after the 2010 Tour de France. Though our point estimates suggest a medium-sized performance improving effect of being suspected of doping, the index of suspicion can only explain a very small part of the variation in performance. This could be because the current doping practice in cycling has little effect on diverse rankings in these races.


During a recent workshop on "International Environmental Law Aiming at Sustainable Development" participants identified several factors that they believed make compliance and implementation measures particularly important for international environmental law'. Among these factors were the following: the pace, irreversibility and potential magnitude of environmental problems; lack of reciprocity as a tool for enforcing environmental agreements (as compared to trade agreements); failure to operationalize state liability and state responsibility in the environmental field; and the fact that compliance can be more precisely measured in this field than in others because of the ease of quantification. Little was said during that workshop on the institutional perspective except for the need to increase fact-finding and investigative measures as methods for strengthening compliance control. Some remarks were made on regional approaches to compliance and implementation; this would need further study in the light of the experience of regional human rights bodies that monitor violations of human rights standards. Compliance control appears to be in need of strong, effective and efficient international institutions or mechanisms (these two notions are used


PtIrRu alloy plate is a new function material which has just been researched.The requirement for its quality is special strict since it is used in the motor of aeroplane.There has not been a standard method of ultrasonic testing for PtIrRu alloy thin plate so far.The method of ultrasonic testing for PtIrRu alloy thin plate with Lamb wave is introduced in the paper.The method of ultrasonic testing for other new plate material can refer it.


The publication of the 20th anniversary issue of The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing (JPNN) affords an opportunity for looking back and evaluating what has been accomplished. Advances and positive achievements in the profession are always built upon the work of our predecessors. It is not only appropriate but also important to honor the nurses who have contributed to the success of the journal and to the quality of perinatal nursing care. It permits reflection about the development of the specialty and how far perinatal nurses have come in their enduring efforts to improve the health of women and infants around the globe. When the decision was made to select the "Top 10" published articles of the past decade, the first question that had to be asked was, "what criteria will be used to single out articles for recognition?"This was a challenging task. Dozens of nurse scholars labored to produce the outstanding manuscripts that were published in the past 10 years. How does one identify "the best of the best?"To paraphrase Alfred North Whitehead, a British


Reports the successful implementation of a 0.13 /spl mu/m high-performance, silicon-on-insulator (SOI) logic technology to produce a 0.13 /spl mu/m logic-based embedded DRAM (eDRAM) on substrates composed of both bulk Si and SOI or pattern SOI. eDRAM macros are constructed in bulk regions of the wafer and high-performance logic circuits lie on SOI. Pattern SOI wafers are produced by blocking out selected regions of p-type Si wafers from the separation by implantation of oxygen (SIMOX) implant using a thick (> 1 /spl mu/m) hard mask. Test results indicate that SOI eDRAM yield and retention characteristics are comparable to bulk eDRAM. Based on ring oscillator tests, the use of 0.13 /spl mu/m SOI logic devices improves switching speeds by >20% over 0.13 /spl mu/m bulk technology at 1.2 Vdd. These results pave the way for future generations of low power SOI system-on-a-chip (SOC) applications, starting at the 0.1 /spl mu/m node.


A low-permittivity (low-k) polymeric material has been synthesized using methyltriethoxysilane as base material. The films were reproduceably deposited, by spin-coating on Si wafers with a uniform thickness in the range of 0.3-0.5μm depending on speed. The parameters for spin coating (spin speed and spin time etc.,) have been optimized. The effects of various curing conditions on the structural and dielectric properties have been studied. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) shows prominent peaks of Si-CH 3 stretch and Si-O stretch modes. Test structures on silicon were fabricated to measure the dielectric constant (k) of the material. The values of k were found to be in the range of 2.6-1.2 for annealing temperatures 150°C-450°C. The dielectric constant decreases as the curing temperature increases.


We report novel bipolar host materials for high efficiency green phosphorescent organic light emitting diode devices (PHOLEDs). Phenyl moieties were inserted in a 4,4′‐N,N′‐dicarbazolebipheyl (CBP) structure to reduce electron injection barrier and enhance electron mobility. The significant improvement of current and power efficiencies and reduction in turn‐on voltage in green light‐emitting PHOLEDs by this modification are observed. At a given constant luminance of 1000 cd/m2, current efficiency 53 cd/A, low driving voltage 6.5 V, and power efficiency 27 lm/W in 4,4′‐N,N′‐dicarbazoleterpheyl (CTP) host with Ir(ppy)3 dopant are reported. Results show better performance in green PHOLEDs with new host materials than CBP.


The application of coloured and optical glass in architecture is of great
 importance in terms of creating spatial dynamics and uniqueness of space.
 Dichroic glass is a type of glass coated with a thin layer of metal, which
 causes the glass surface to change in colour depending on the viewing angle.
 The colour of the glass depends on the incidence of different wavelengths of
 light passing through or bouncing off the glass surface, thus creating
 different effects of colour refraction. Created effects provide different
 possibilities in the design of buildings and improvements in the aesthetic
 quality of the interior space. This paper deals with the analysis and
 application of coloured dichroic glass in architecture and interior design.


Abstract. In the present work, we propose a new method to numerically approxim ate partial differential equations of bond pricing problems. Existing finite differe nc schemes are not always accurate at boundaries since the partial differential equation d egenerates into hyperbolic. Furthermore, a different method is required for each bond pricing pr oblem. Our proposed method is a new central black box finite volume scheme to solve bond pricing problems. It is a predictor corrector technique that uses cell averages. We first pr edict point values from nonoscillatory piecewise-linear reconstruction of cell averages. During the corr ctor step, we make use of the staggered averaging along with the predicted mid values to realise the evolution of these averages. Finally, numerical experiments are presented for illus trating the performance of our scheme for different bond pricing problems. We also show that ap proximations are bounded by their initial conditions.


The purposed of this study were: 1) to develop the process of using blended learning in Science subject entitled for mattayomsuksa 2 students, 2) to compare the students' learning achievement between the students' who learned by blended learning and those learning via traditional method, and 3) to compare the students' scientific skills between the students' blended learning group and the traditional group. (BuraphaVittayakorn) School, NakhonRatchasima in the 2016 academic year. and 49 for the experimental group and 49 for the achievement test, and scientific skills test. Means, standard deviation, percentage and t Results of the study were revealed as follows: The efficiency of blended learning in Science subject entitled Separation for mattayomsuksa 2 students was 82.50/80.00, which met the 80/80 prescribed criterions. The students' learning achievement taught by blended learning was significantly higher than those by the traditional method at the .05 level.The students' scientific skills taught by blended learning was significantly higher than those by the traditional l method at the .05 level.


Purpose To make interventionists aware of the potential for type IV endoleak on completion carbon dioxide (CO2) angiography during endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) using the Endurant stent-graft. Case Report A 74-year-old man with chronic kidney disease underwent EVAR with an Endurant stent-graft using CO2 angiography to guide graft placement. Completion CO2 angiography demonstrated immediate accumulation of CO2 in the aneurysm sac suggestive of an endoleak, but confirmatory angiography with conventional iodinated contrast showed no evidence of an endoleak. We speculate that this is a type IV endoleak, and graft porosity may be responsible. Conclusion Interventionists should be alerted to the possibility of visualizing these endoleaks through Endurant stent-grafts under CO2 angiography. Further work should be done to elucidate the exact mechanism of the endoleak.


The Hall coefficient R/sub H/ has been measured in ceramic samples of the high-T/sub c/ superconductors Bi-Ca-Sr-Cu-O and Tl/sub 2/Ca/sub 2/Ba/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/. The Bi compound is a mixture of the 2:1:2:2 and 2:2:2:3 phases whereas the Tl compound is single-phase 2:2:2:3. In both systems R/sub H/ is T dependent and positive. A 1/T dependence is observed in the Bi compound. We discuss the significance of the low Hall number 1/R/sub H/e (equivalent to approx.0.1 holes per Cu ion near T/sub c/) implied by the large R/sub H/ observed in both systems.


Genetic variability across patients might play an important role in shaping the microbiome composition of wounds, thereby influencing the healing process, according to a study published June 18 in the open-access journal PLOS Pathogens by Caleb Phillips of Texas Tech University, and colleagues. As noted by the authors, knowledge about genomic sites associated with microbiome diversity in chronic wounds could guide the identification of predictive biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets.


Robotic belt grinding system has good prospect to release hand-grinder from their dirty and noisy working environment. However, as a kind of non-rigid processing system, it is a challenge to model its processes precisely for free-form surface because its performance is unstable due to a variety of factors, such as belt wear and belt replacement. In order to adapt to the variability, an adaptive modeling approach based on echo state network (ESN) is presented, whose major idea is to exhaust information from new data by using sliding window technique to select training samples. With machine learning paradigm this approach is more flexible than traditional ones which often base on formula and experimental curves. Experimental results of grinding turbine blades demonstrate this approach is workable and effective.


Smart environments possess devices that collaborate to help the user non-intrusively. One possible aid smart environment offer is to anticipate user's tasks and perform them on his/her behalf or facilitate the action completion. In this work, we propose a framework that predicts user's actions by learning his/her behavior when interacting with the smart environment. The user actions are considered as being the value change of a transducer (sensor or actuator). The user interaction with the smart environment produces the context used to predict the actions. The predictor is a supervised classification algorithm that learns the smart environment inhabitant behavior patterns. Therefore, the proposed solution can provide a personalized and adaptive service instead of a human predefined set of rules. The predictor works with only one transducer and to predict the values of several transducers, more predictors must be trained. The proposed solution is designed to work automatically without the need of human interference. That makes the smart environment inhabitant more comfortable since his/her privacy is protected. All the information needed to train the predictor can be obtained directly from the smart environment transducers. There is no need for manual data annotation or extra data such as transducer type, transducer location or which object the transducer is attached to. This facilitates the transducer installation in the smart environment. The predictor output can either control directly an actuator or be sent to an software agent. This software agent can check for security or energy constraints before making the decision. This work focus on prepare datasets and train a predictor that is responsible to decide whether a target transducer value should be changed or not. Several parameters are considered such as the training period size, amount of previous transducer activations considered and which are the most relevant transducers for the prediction. Our solution achieves a significant improvement for all target transducers studied and most combinations of parameters yields better results than the base case. Our results are superior to other solutions in the literature.


The wide proliferation fuzzy classification depends on the availability of fast low cost systems. Specific integrated hardware like ASICs is needed. An accelerator system for fuzzy pattern classification mthod is presented. Further, the application of different ASICs is discussed. Especially, the design and realization of a fuzzy pattern classification accelerator with FPGAs (rapid prototyping) are described.<<ETX>>


An accurate assessment of the amount solar radiation incident at specific locations is highly complex due to the dependence of available solar radiation on many meteorological and topographic parameters. Reunion Island, a small tropical French territory, intends to deploy solar energy technologies rapidly. In this context, the variability and intermittency of solar irradiance in different regions of the island is of immediate interest if the generated energy will be integrated in the existing energy network. This paper identifies different features of spatial and temporal variability of daily global horizontal irradiance (GHI) observed on Reunion Island. For this purpose, trends in the mean daily as well as seasonal variability of GHI were investigated. Furthermore, the intermittency and multifractal behaviors of the spatial daily GHI change were examined. Analyzing this daily variability is crucial to day-ahead forecasting of solar resource for better managing solar integration in the power grid, particularly in small island states with isolated power systems. Results revealed that the difference in cumulative GHI for two successive days ranges between −10 and 10 kW/m2/day while the highest and lowest variability of daily change occurs during summer and winter, respectively. The decorrelation distance, which gives a measure of the distance over which the variability at distinct geographic locations become independent of one another at a given timescale, was also calculated. It was found that the average decorrelation distance for day-to-day GHI change is about 22 km, a smaller value than that calculated by the previous studies using much sparser radiometric networks. The Hurst exponent, fractal co-dimension, and Lévy parameter, which describe solar radiation intermittency, were also evaluated for Reunion Island.


Mediation analysis tests X → M → Y processes in which an independent variable ( X) exerts an indirect effect on a dependent variable ( Y) through its influence on an intervening or mediator variable ( M). A preponderance of mediation studies, however, focuses on determining solely whether mediation effects are statistically significant, instead of focusing on what the results tell us about potential theoretical refinements in the mediation model. We argue in favor of employing a set of three standardized effect sizes based on variance proportions that allow researchers to compare their results with those of other mediation studies employing similar combinations of X, M, and Y variables. These standardized effect sizes constitute a set of common metrics signaling potential gaps in a mediation model, and as such provide useful insights for the theoretical refinement of mediation models in organizational research. We illustrate the utility of comparing these common-metric effect sizes using the examples of abusive and transformational leadership effects on employee outcomes as transmitted by social exchange quality.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide with a reasonable cost, an exercise program implementation support device which evaluates and feeds back the contents of exercises under the certain exercise program and supports an effective execution of the same. SOLUTION: The exercise program implementation support device 100 is equipped with: an acceleration detecting element 70 which outputs the device body movement signal corresponding to the detected acceleration of one or more axis orientations; and a control part 50 which generates the first data regarding the executed contents under the certain exercise program from the device body movement signal output from the acceleration detecting element, and memorizes the second data regarding the ideal execution contents under the certain exercise program, wherein the control part is constructed to evaluate the execution contents under the certain exercise program from the comparison between the generated first data and the memorized second data. COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPIT


A novel detection for stealthy target model F-117A with a higher aspect vision is introduced by using Stratospheric Balloon borne Bistatic radar system. The potential problem of proposed scheme is platform instability impacted on the balloon by external wind force. The flight control system is studied in detail under typical random process, which is defined by Dryden turbulence Spectrum. To accurately detect the stealthy target model, a real Radar Cross Section (RCS) based on physical optics (PO) formulation is applied. The detection of proposed scheme has been improved due to increasing PO – scattering field of stealthy model with higher aspect angle comparing to the conventional Ground -based system. Simulations demonstrate that proposed scheme gives much higher location accuracy and reduces location errors. Keywords-stealthy RCS;bistaic balloon-borne radar; PO method


Researchers investigated whether differences exist between the sexes in the risk of ischaemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. A nationwide retrospective cohort study design was used. Data were taken from the Swedish national discharge register. Participants were 100 802 patients with a first diagnosis of atrial fibrillation between 1 July 2005 and 31 December 2008, with a total follow-up of 139 504 years at risk (median 1.2). Information about drug treatment was taken from the Swedish drug register. Patients were excluded if at baseline they were prescribed warfarin, hadmitral stenosis, or had previous valvular surgery. Patients who died less than 14 days from baseline were also excluded. The primary outcomemeasure was the occurrence of ischaemic stroke. It was reported that ischaemic strokes were more common in women than in men (6.2% v 4.2% per year; P<0.0001). The unadjusted hazard ratio of ischaemic stroke for women compared with men was 1.47 (95% confidence 1.40 to 1.54). After adjustment for 35 co-risk factors for stroke, an increased risk of stroke in women remained (1.18, 1.12 to 1.24). It was concluded that women with atrial fibrillation have a moderately increased risk of stroke compared with men, and thus, female sex should be considered when making decisions about anticoagulation treatment. Which of the following statements, if any, are true? a) Patient data were collected retrospectively


In this paper, we propose a bi-level, real-time economic dispatch method of a virtual power plant (VPP), including various distributed energy resources (DERs). Considering the different interests of VPPs and a system operator, the real-time economic dispatch of VPPs is described as a bi-level programming problem, where a system operator dispatches VPPs based on the price incentive mechanism on the upper level, and the VPPs provide response according to the optimal control of their DERs on the lower level. Considering the uncertainties of DERs and loads, the decision risks of a system operator on the upper level and VPPs on the lower level are further dealt with by the fuzzy chance constrained programming, such that they can make reasonable decisions according to their own preferred risks. The mapping method and the bi-level optimization method are also presented as the solutions for the proposed model. In this way, the fuzzy chance constraints and objective functions of both levels are transformed into deterministic forms and, then, are calculated dispersedly. As a result, the calculation burden of a system operator and the information privacies of VPPs all can be treated availably. The case studies verify the effectiveness of the proposed method in the end.


Abstract Accurate methods to predict the naturalization of non-native woody plants are key components of risk-management programs being considered by nursery and landscape professionals. The objective of this study was to evaluate four decision-tree models to predict naturalization (first tested in Iowa) on two new sets of data for non-native woody plants cultivated in the Chicago region. We identified life-history traits and native ranges for 193 species (52 known to naturalize and 141 not known to naturalize) in two study areas within the Chicago region. We used these datasets to test four models (one continental-scale and three regional-scale) as a form of external validation. Application of the continental-scale model resulted in classification rates of 72–76%, horticulturally limiting (false positive) error rates of 20–24%, and biologically significant (false negative) error rates of 5–6%. Two regional modifications to the continental model gave increased classification rates (85–93%) and generally l...


Objective:To investigate the expression identities of transforming growth factor-β(TGFβ1,TGFβ2) and its TGFβ receptor(TGFβⅠ,TGFβRⅡ) in the effect of formation on hypertrophic scar tissues.Methods:Immunohistochemical staining was used in detecting the expression of TGF-β(TGFβ1,TGFβ2) and TGF-βR(TGFβRⅠ,TGFβRⅡ) in normal skins and hypertrophic scars.Results:In normal human skins,TGFβ1 was weakly positively expressed in basal cell layer,but negatively in dermal fibroblasts.TGFβ2 showed positive expression in the basal cell layer,stratum spinosm and dermal vascular endothelial cell and the similar expression of TGFβRⅠ and TGFβRⅡ was found in epidermis,epithelial cells from hair follicle and dermal vascular endothelial cells,but Absent in dermal fibroblasts.Contrarily,in hypertrophic scars,TGFβ1,TGFβ2,TGFβRⅠ and TGFβRⅡ were highly expressed in a number of dermal fibroblasts.Conclusion:TGF-β and its receptors may play an important role in the early formation of hypertrophic scars.


This paper reports simulated results that detail the effects of the parameters that control the charge/discharge operation of a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) located on a distribution feeder. The following BESS parameters were evaluated: energy capacity, maximum discharge current, and "round-trip" efficiency. Also, the following system parameters were studied: marginal cost (MC) of electric energy, and the 24 hour load profile of the feeder. The BESS performance was quantified as a function of the differential cost of energy (DCE) representing the difference between the cost of energy purchased to charge the BESS and the cost of energy delivered, (sold). The obtained results prove that the use of BESS can be beneficial, yielding significant savings, if the battery size is sufficiently large and the battery efficiency is high enough.


e21137 Background: Thymidylate synthase (TS) catalyzes DNA synthesis and is directly inhibited by pemetrexed, a drug used for treatment of lung cancer. The aim of this study is to analyze the association of a TS genetic polymorphism and protein expression with survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

METHODS
We performed a retrospective study of 114 patients with NSCLC using paraffin embedded tumor tissue at the University of Colorado. DNA was extracted from each tumor specimen and assessed by fragment analysis for genotype in the TS promoter variable tandem repeat region (VNTR). Thymidylate synthase protein expression was evaluated with immunohistochemistry and percent nuclear positivity was assessed. Survival analysis with the log rank test statistic was performed to compare survival time based on TS genotype and protein expression. The association between TS genotype and protein expression was evaluated by Pearson correlation analysis.

RESULTS
Of the 114 lung tumor specimens, 32 were homozygous for three repeats (3R/3R), 49 were heterozygous (2R/3R) and 33 were homozygous for two repeats (2R/2R). Patients with lung cancer who were homozygous or heterozygous for three repeats in the TS VNTR survived significantly longer than patients homozygous for two repeats (N=114, p=0.007) with death due to lung cancer as an endpoint. Lower than average thymidylate synthase protein expression (<=12% nuclear positivity) was significantly associated with longer survival (N=94, p=0.001). The TS genotype was correlated with TS protein expression (N=94, p=0.03).

CONCLUSIONS
This work suggests that TS VNTR may be an important prognostic marker in NSCLC. The TS VNTR genotype and TS protein expression are associated with a significant difference in mortality from lung cancer. The TS VNTR genotype may be associated with survival because of its association with a differential expression of TS protein. Tumors homozygous or heterozygous for three repeats in the TS VNTR are associated with lower TS expression and have a better prognosis than tumors homozygous for two repeats in the TS VNTR. Whether TS VNTR predicts response to pemetrexed is a question that warrants further study.


Did Ronald Reagan's support for the Montreal Protocol show the way on climate change? Did Ronald Reagan's support for the Montreal Protocol show the way on climate change?


John Todd, an aquatic biologist who has found a way to use Mother Nature's secrets to turn toxic sludge into water pure enough to drink--cleaner, in fact, than many municipal water supplies. Todd, formerly a research scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute in Massachusetts, U.S.A., has taken the developments of the last twenty years in rock marsh and wetland natural treatment of sewage one step further by putting the whole system under a greenhouse. Because of the quality of water his solar aquatic system produces, Todd prefers to call the ecologically engineered sewage treatment system he invented a waste water restoration system. With the diminution of sources of unpolluted water and, with rising population, an increasing demand for clean water, Todd's invention could be a godsend to urban centers. 1 ref.


The designs and analyses of the diagnostic port plug for installing diagnostics have been carried out from various aspects in order to advance the port plug concept to the realistic design. Manufacturing processes have been studied for the alternative structure using the rolling plates and ribs, in addition to the reference structure using forging material. Electromagnetic loads onto the upper port plug during a vertical displacement event have been evaluated. It has been shown that maximum moments are about half of the reference ones. The design integration of three diagnostics into one of the upper port plugs has been performed by considering required aspects such as diagnostic functions, neutron shielding, maintenance of diagnostic components and cooling channels.


In this paper, we develop a new soft model dual fuzzy-possibilistic coclustering (DFPC) for document categorization. The proposed model targets robustness to outliers and richer representations of coclusters. DFPC is inspired by an existing algorithm called possibilistic fuzzy C-means (PFCM) that hybridizes fuzzy and possibilistic clustering. It has been shown that PFCM can perform effectively for low-dimensional data clustering. To achieve our goal, we expand this existing idea by introducing a novel PFCM-like coclustering model. The new algorithm DFPC preserves the desired properties of PFCM. In addition, as a coclustering algorithm, DFPC is more suitable for our intended high-dimensional application: document clustering. Besides, the coclustering mechanism enables DFPC to generate, together with document clusters, fuzzy-possibilistic word memberships. These word memberships, which are absent in the existing PFCM model, can play an important role in generating useful descriptions of document clusters. We detail the formulation of the proposed model and provide an extensive analytical study of the algorithm DFPC. Experiments on an artificial dataset and various benchmark document datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and potential of DFPC.


In any serious consideration of Poe's life and character it will be necessary to take account of Griswold's estimate of the poet. This estimate was set forth in two articles published during the year following Poe's death—one, an obituary notice published in the New York Tribune of October 9, 1849; the other, the memoir of Poe included by Griswold in his edition of Poe's works and first published in September, 1850. Out of these two papers sprang the bitterest of all the controversies that have been waged about Poe. Most of Poe's editors and biographers of the present generation have ranged themselves on the side of Poe and have condemned Griswold; but there have been some—and among them some that may speak with the highest authority—who have held that Griswold's estimate of Poe is essentially just and fair. The present paper attempts a fresh examination of the case in the light of the evidence collected by Poe's biographers, and also brings to bear on the case a number of documents, mainly from the periodicals of Griswold's time, that have heretofore been either overlooked or ignored.


The invention relates to a rotary vane machine. This machine comprises a rotor 1 having slots in which are guided working fins 3, 3 ', 3 ", 3' '' which bear against a cam ring 4 and delimit working cell 5, 5 ', 5 ". In the side plates 6 disposed on each side of the rotor and annulus are provided control openings 7, 8 having a throttle channel 9 in the direction of the rotor periphery. This channel connects the working cells of each side of said channel. This will lengthen the time of establishment of the high pressure in each cell and avoid spikes and pressure pulsations. The invention is particularly applicable to vane pumps.


Objectives: Because of the limited life span of platelets in regular storage systems, we were interested in investigating the effects on hemostasis of nonliving platelet derivatives. Methods: We evaluated the effects of different platelet preparations on primary hemostasis in a well‐established perfusion model. Studies were carried out with blood anticoagulated with low molecular weight heparin. Similar amounts of frozen‐thawed, sonicated or lyophilized platelets were added to normal blood or to blood which had been experimentally depleted of platelets. Platelet interaction with the subendothelium and fibrin deposition were morphometrically evaluated. Results: Addition of nonviable platelet preparations to thrombocytopenic blood always promoted a statistically significant increase in the deposition of fibrin on the subendothelium, but only lyophilized platelets retained some ability to interact with the subendothelium. Flow cytometry studies demonstrated the presence of GPIb, GPIIIa and P‐selectin on lyophilized platelets. Conclusions: Preparations containing nonviable platelets may still retain some hemostatic properties.


This experiment was carried out to explore the protective effect of water soluble material of yeast culture on malondialdehyde( MDA) damaged intestinal mucosal cells in vitro of grass carp( Ctenopharyngodon idella). MDA( 4.94 and 9.89 μmol /L) and w ater soluble material of yeast culture w ith different concentrations w ere added in culture medium,in order to observe the changes of grow th,morphology and relative enzyme activities of MDA damaged intestinal mucosal cells in vitro of grass carp under the different concentrations( 50,100 and 200 mg /L) and different action time( 3,6,9 and 12 h) of w ater soluble material of yeast culture. The results show ed as follow s: added 4.94 or 9.89 μmol /L MDA in culture medium significantly inhibited the grow th of cells( P0.05),caused adherent cells decrease and cellular membrane permeability increase,and led to intracellular enzyme leakage and anti-oxidase activities of cells decrease. Cellular grow th and cellular total protein content w ere significantly increased( P 0. 05) and cellular grow th conditions w ere improved on 9 h after w ater soluble material of yeast culture added in culture medium w ith the concentrations of50,100 and 200 mg /L. Water soluble material of yeast culture w ith the concentration of 100 mg /L had a better protective effect for cells w hich damaged by 4.94 μmol /L MDA,and there w as no difference in cellular grow th conditions compared w ith normal group. The concentration of MDA and leakage of intracellular enzyme w ere decreased in a certain extent,and the anti-oxidative ability of cells damaged by MDA w as improved w hen adding 50,100 and 200 mg /L w ater soluble material of yeast culture in culture medium. In conclusion,the intestinal mucosal cells in vitro of grass carp damaged by 4.94 and 9.89 μmol /L MDA can be protected by 50,100 and 200 mg /L w ater soluble material of yeast culture w ithin 12 h. Adding 100 mg /L w ater soluble material of yeast culture has the best protective effect for cells w hich damaged by 4.94 μmol /L MDA,and there w as no difference in cellular grow th conditions compared w ith normal group. Overall,the w ater soluble material of yeast culture plays the protective effect for intestinal mucosal cells in vitro of grass carp through enhancing cellular antioxidant capacity.


Introduction: Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a rare, severe soft tissue infection, characterized by rapid and extensive necrosis of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and superficial and deep fascia. It is frequently misdiagnosed as other infectious diseases, leading to inappropriate treatment and potentially serious consequences. It may be complicated by septic shock and multiple organ failure with a fatal outcome. Patient concerns: A 73-year-old woman presented with continuous itching, skin lesions, pain, and swelling of the outer side of her left leg. The patient was diagnosed with septic shock and multiorgan failure caused by left leg NF. Diagnosis: Septic shock and multiorgan failure caused by left leg NF. Interventions: Two surgeries were performed on the patient's leg, which effectively treated her septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction. Outcomes: The patient was followed up three times after her discharge. She had a good recovery, was generally well with no significant sequelae, and returned to her regular life. Conclusion: NF is an acute severe illness with high mortality. It is easily misdiagnosed, leading to delayed or erroneous treatment and serious (or potentially fatal) outcomes. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of NF is essential for patient recovery. In difficult cases, multidisciplinary consultations may be helpful. The management of NF includes early and thorough surgical debridement, antibiotics, and symptomatic treatment.


Johannessen focuses on the importance of spatial and mythical intersections particularly in L'Ensorcelée and shows how the landscape becomes a space 'à vocation sacrificielle'. The fourth chapter expands on the notion of rumour as an oral tool of violent intent. I would have welcomed further integration of these chapters with the final chapter, 'René Girard contre Joseph de Maistre', which is undoubtedly an important component of the analysis and should have been more carefully formulated in and of itself and in relation to the preceding discussion. Some minor details in the text disrupt the flow of thought, such as various stylistic idiosyncrasies (the abundance of repetitions, exclamations, and rhetorical questions, for example), and the footnotes contain a number of typographical and orthographical inconsistencies. On the whole, however, this study is insightful and well researched. The application of Girard's paradigm to Barbey's narratives is of value to scholars of both Barbey and Girard and to readers of nineteenth-century literary culture in general. In addition the volume contributes to studies and debates on ritual violence in popular culture in the areas of sociology, ethnology, and anthropology.


This paper presents the results obtained in managing the NAGI Project, which has the general objective of consolidating and expanding the actions of integrated core innovation management IEL / FIESC / SC Euvaldo Lodi, an organization linked to the State Federation of Industries of Santa Catarina, through the interaction of a network of partners, the development of new modules and tools for NUGIN methodology, and service to forty companies from various sectors of the state's industry. The NAGI IEL / SC is a nationwide initiative subsidized by the Brazilian government, from FINEP - Innovation and Research, a public company under the Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation (MCTI). Partial results indicate that, compared to the ten goals proposed, approximately 80% of the activities were fulfilled, with the remaining 20% to be executed by the project deadline in mid-April 2016. Among the learning acquired to date, there is the need to expand the knowledge about tools and project management techniques, especially with regard to risk factors related to financial management and talent.


In English progressive aspect,there are three semantic functions,i.e. function of description,of expression and of rhetoric from which the nature of progress ive aspect is elaborated. Then on the basis of cognition,the author tries to ma ke an analysis of the speakers use of progressive aspect in combination with p ragmatic reasoning.


In the present paper, we shall study the pseudo-differential operators or Besov spaces BPi<l (s<=/2, p, <?e[l, oo]), and give systematical boundedness theorems for pseudo-differentialoperators whose symbols belong to the Hormandei class S£s (m<=R, p, <5e[0, 1]). Besov spaces BPi<l are generalization of both Holder spaces Cs and Sobolev spaces Hi (Remark 1.1). It has already been known that symbols belonging to the class S°liS generate .B^,g-bounded (s>0 if 8=1) pseudo-differential operators. See, for example, Gibbons [8] (SJ,0) and Bourdaud [1] (S?,a). Our primary object is to show the same result for the general class S j. On the other hand, in order for symbols a{x, £) to generate B^g-bounded pseudo-differentialoperators, o(x, £)need not be so regular but need only small regularity of Besov or Holder spaces type depending on BSP><1. This fact is verified if we consider pointwise multipliers a(x) which are special cases of pseudo-differential operators; cf. Triebel [19], Section 2.8. Gibbons [8] and Bourdaud [1] also considered non-regular symbols satisfying Besov spaces type estimates, and gave boundedness theorems for such symbols. Our secondary object is to discuss to what degree we can relax regularity conditions for symbols. In order to carry out our two objects, we shall define new symbol classes S g(B^p)),c?>g'))on R^xR]? which are generalization of the Hormander class S a (Definition 3.3). These classes consist of non-regular symbols a{x, £)which have only BVtCL(resp. ££.,g.)-regularity with respect to the variable x (resp. £). Our main result is the following;(Theorem 4.1).


The proliferation of terrorism laws and counter-terrorism strategies reflect how important it is for all states to fight against terrorism. Terrorism is a severe criminal phenomenon that widely impacts on a state's security and that of its citizens. It is a serious ongoing problem for Thailand, and it has become one of the biggest challenges for the Thai government today. Terrorism in Thailand is currently taking place in the southern part of the country, mainly in the three provinces of Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat. Thus, the state's capability to deal with terrorism becomes vital. Apart from examining how terrorism laws and counter-terrorism policies have been established, the focus shall be placed further on whether such programmes have been working effectively and legitimately. This research examines Thailand's counter terrorism strategies in so far as they have legal impacts in criminal law, including criminal offences, criminal procedure laws, and special military laws which have been applied in the south of Thailand. Critical account will be taken, in particular, with regard to notions of 'efficacy' and 'legitimacy'. These objectives will be achieved through detailed legal document analysis in Thailand and fieldwork responses by participants such as police officers, prosecutors, judges, defence lawyers and NGOs. A subsidiary aspect of the research is to draw some lessons from the England and Wales experiences of counter terrorism laws.


A new method of obtaining ecologically pure edible vegetable oils was investigated, i.e. pressing in a press extruder with two synchronously rotating screws. Its advantages include good mixing of the material, self cleaning screws, short residence time, and good sealing of the product in the channel. The aim of the study was to determine the throughput of the turns of the extruder based on 3D modeling of equivalent dimensions of rectangular channels formed by turns of a twin - screw press. We used the methods of mathematical modeling hydrodynamics for a two - dimensional field of plane - parallel stationary Couette flow velocity potential, which makes it possible to use the extraction in capillary - porous bodies in the extraction of edible vegetable oils. It was determined that the obtained numerical solution is characterized by the absence of oscillations, which is characteristic of a theoretical dependence. It is proved that an analytical solution using hyperbolic functions results in the accumulation of rounding errors when using a significant number of terms of this series. The presence of hyperbolic functions in the analytical solution results in a significant computational error, which is expressed in the oscillation of the solution near the fixed boundary of the region of solution existence. As a result of the research, an estimate of the channel capacity was channel, the effective viscosity of the material, and the hydraulic interaction of the turns based on the continuity of the flow of the viscous - plastic material in the turns channels. As a result, the flow - pressure characteristics of the extruder part were determined and an iterative algorithm was proposed that allows predicting the hydraulic forces developed by the press according to the geometrical parameters of the turns and the rheology of the material during the press operation.


Results of mineral, chemical and XRD investigations on stannoidite and cubanite from Askot sulphide deposit, Kumaun Himalaya are presented here. Stannoidite occurs as myrmekitic intergrowth and cubanite as exsolved lamellae in chalcopyrite. Chemical composition of this tin-bearing sulphide closely matches that of stannoidite, hitherto unreported from the Himalayan sulphides. Stannoidite and cubanite from Askot are non-stoichiometric. An average of 1.13 wt% Zn is present in stannoidite, whereas the zinc content of cubanite is very low. Cu/(Cu + Fe) ratio of about 0.326 in cubanite indicates iron enrichment. These sulphides were formed from cooling of high-temperature hydrothermal solution, possibly with higher sulphur fugacity.


AbstractBase isolation is an effective method for mitigating seismic hazards and improving seismic performance under design-level ground motions. Previous studies have typically focused on comparin...


The recent observation of Bucky-tubes by S. Iijima using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) represents the first occasion in which a useful new material, subsequently available in commercial quantities, has been discovered by high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM). More commonly, the HREM method has been used for microcharacterization of materials at the atomic level, and for phase identification of submicrometer-sized microphases and polytypes.


The research paper envisages the ever rising demand on professional development for tertiary teaching staff dictated by educational evolution and innovative pedagogy in Russia. The article supports the idea that teacher development is a lifetime process starting from the initial pursue of this career till retirement. Therefore, this study makes an attempt to review the availability of internal and external models, in-service and outside trainings and experiences that possibly will enhance teachers' practices and professionalism throughout their careers. Driven by the awareness that even the most recent approaches today seem obsolete, the paper aims at illustrating what options are available now in a particular country at a specific time-scale. The quantitative and qualitative analyses of data collected demonstrate a paradigm shift in the urgency of continuous evolvement not only of professional, but also personal competencies mediated either by the administration or individual initiative.


The 9M element which consists of Man, Material, Money, Media, Methode, Mission, Mapping, Moral and Movement as one of the elements used in the leadership, organizational and social processes is the development of the 5M Management Element (Man, Method, Material, Money and Machine). This 9M element is related to the sustainability process of leadership, organization and society which must know 9 main elements in mobilizing the organization and the community so that it can be practical and systematic. This development is based on literature study research, through taking data from several reliable sources or references and across literacy. This research aims to: 1) develop the 9M Element in leadership, organization and society as the development of the 5M Element of Management, and 2) as the 9 elements used as principles in leadership, organization and society. Whereas, for the object of this research is the development of the 5M Management Element which was developed into the 9M Element in leadership, organization and society. So, this 9M element is able to: 1) This 9M element can develop and adapt to leadership, organization and society, and 2) This 9M element can be used as one of the principles in leadership, organization and society. Thus, this 9M Element can be a basic element that should be learned in the planning and implementation of leadership, organization and society.


Parameter identification plays a key role in systems' modeling and control. This paper deals with a parameter identification problem for an activated sludge process used in wastewater treatment. The considered model is a nonlinear one inspired from the well-known ASM1. Nature-inspired algorithms have gained significant attention over the last years as useful means to solve parameter identification problem. The proposed approach in this paper is the cuckoo search algorithm based on both the fascinating brood parasitic behavior and the lévy flights. The advantages of this method are its simplicity and robustness, but it requires a good tuning of its parameters to have the best results. The comparison of the simulation results with the Nelder-Mead method, genetic algorithm, and particle swarm optimization proves the capability of this method to identify the model's parameters with high precision.


The paper introduces the present situation of information consultancy service of private university library, and according to the features of the development of private university, and starting from a series of practical problems in the information consultancy service in private university library, puts forward some corresponding countermeasures.


The blend fibers of poly(propylene carbonate) and polylactic acid(PPC-PLA) with ethylene-maleic anhydride copolymer(ZeMac) as a reactive compatibilizer are prepared by melt spinning. The molecular structure, thermal stability, miscibility and mechanical properties of the blend fibers are investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA), differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) and fiber strength and elongation tester. The results show that the mechanical properties of PPC can be greatly improved by introduction of PLA and the thermal stability of PPC as well as the compatibility of the blends can be effectively improved by adding a small amount of ZeMac. When the components of PPC-PLA and PPC-PLA-ZeMac are 70/30 and 70/30/0.7, their tensile strength are 11.23 MPa and 20.83 MPa which are 6.5 and 12.1 times respectively compared with PPC fiber, while maintaining high elongation at break. This study offers a possibility of industrial application to biodegradable PPC melt blend fibers.


The controlling of the Line of Sight (LOS) for inertiallystabilization platform system, which is subjected to uncertainty, isconsidered as a challenging problem where the mission capabilitiesof stabilized platform depend on its performance improvement. Thework presented in this paper is based on performance comparativestudy among five different types of controllers designed to attain animproved accuracy and a reduced stabilized error for controlling theline of sight stabilization system. The designed controllers for thecase study are Proportional-Integral (PI) controller tuned classically,genetically tuned PI controller, Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR)controller, Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller, and H∞controller. The controllers' ability of disturbance rejection as well astheir ability to attenuate the outer noise are compered. Thesimulations results show the remarkably improved pointing accuracyfor the case study under the presence of both outer disturbances,induced by vehicle running, and measuring noise which is derivedfrom feedback sensors.


A gemstone cleaning and analysis system and a method for cleaning and analyzing one or more gemstones using the system. The system includes a platform and an automated positioning system connected to the platform. The automated positioning system selects a gemstone from a plurality of gemstones, deposits the gemstone onto a cleaning stand connected to the platform, cleans at least one side of the gemstone by rubbing at least one side of the gemstone with at least one cleaning tool, and moves the gemstone to a gemstone imaging device connected to the platform. The gemstone imaging device has a plate, and the automated positioning system deposits the gemstone onto the plate. The gemstone imaging device identifies the gemstone. The automated positioning system moves the gemstone to a holding plate that is connected to the platform and deposits the gemstone at a particular location of the holding plate.


Wild-caught and pond-reared female mud crab Scylla serrata at different stages of ovarian maturation were collected from Samar and Capiz, Philippines. Crabs were categorized into five stages according to the external morphological and microscopic appearance of the most advanced oocytes. The ovaries, hepatopancreas, muscle and newly spawned eggs (NSE) were analysed for lipid class components and fatty acids. Total lipid was higher in pond-reared than in wild-caught crabs but increased with ovarian maturation in both groups. Ovarian lipid peaked at the fully mature stage, coinciding with a decline in hepatopancreatic and muscle lipids. Lipid levels declined significantly in spent females. The tissues contained elevated highly unsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic (20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) acids, but at higher levels in late maturing and fully mature ovaries and in NSE. The type of lipid class and fatty acid components in mature ovaries as well as in NSE are generally considered to be indicative of their importance in reproductive physiology and embryonic and larval development.


Cancer is a systemic disease. Due to the exceedingly rare occurrence of metastasis of cerebral glioma, systemic alterations have, however, not been considered to play a major role in disease progression of glioma. CD4+ T helper (TH) cells orchestrate the adaptive immune response in an antigen-specific, cytokine mediated manner. The aim of our study was to investigate how far cerebral glioma impacts the systemic CD4+ immune repertoire.

 We performed flow-cytometry analysis of the peripheral blood CD4+ TH cell phenotype and cytokine production in 100 patients with IDHwt, 30 IDHmut and 16 IDHmut 1p19q co-deleted gliomas in comparison with age-matched healthy donors (HD). Data was analyzed using a Fortessa LSR and Diva software. Multiparameter analyses were performed using UMAP and SpadeVizR trees. The study was approved by the ethics committee (PV4904).

 We found a significant skewing of the peripheral immunophenotype in IDHwt glioma patients, showing a TH1 expansion and reduced numbers of T follicular helper cells (TFH), TH1* and mucosa associated invariant T (MAIT) cells (p<0.001), while TH2 and TH17 percentages remained stable compared to IDHmut and HD. Although TH1 cells were dominant in IDHwt patients (p<0.01), intracellular cytokine staining showed a reduction of IFNγ and TNFα production after in vitro stimulation, while IL-4 was significantly increased compared to HD (p<0.05). No alterations between all groups were observed in IL-2, IL-10 or IL-17 production. Profiling of metabolic surface markers further revealed increased expression of GLUT1 on CD4+ T cells in IDHwt patients, indicating an activated CD4+ repertoire compared to HD.

 Taken together, our results show a CD4+ TH cell type specific skewing of the peripheral immune repertoire in patients with IDHwt gliomas. Our data highlights the importance of considering malignant glioma as a disease with profound systemic effects fundamentally altering the immune repertoire in affected patients.


The paper analyzed the status and function of intellectual property rights in the country,and pointed out that in the situation of economic globalization and intellectualization, the competition for intellectual property rights is no doubt among the highest-level competitions in human history,the innovation and protection of intellectual property rights are becoming the rules and basis in the evaluation of a nation's comprehensive power and sustainable development.Then the paper concluded that only if our domestic enterprises strengthen the consciousness and set up the strategy of intellectual property rights,can they ensure their survival and development in the future.


For sufficiently large $n$, we show that in every configuration of $n$ points chosen inside the unit square there exists a triangle of area less than $n^{-8/7-1/2000}$. This improves upon a result of Koml\'os, Pintz and Szemer\'edi from 1982. Our approach establishes new connections between the Heilbronn triangle problem and various themes in incidence geometry and projection theory which are closely related to the discretized sum-product phenomenon.


Nowadays, blog has been playing a more and more important role in human life as the internet evolves dramatically. Academia has seen an research burst on blog since 2002, not only in the area of computer science like IR and web mining, but also in the area of social sciences. We present a blog-centered framework here to abstract and generalize current researches on blog mining, with the intention of providing a clear image on blog-focused research area.


The generalized Bethe-ansatz method of thermodynamic analysis of integrable systems was employed to compute the free energy of a classical integrable model,i.e.the Landau-Lifshitz model.Using the action-angle variables of the model and by imposing a periodic boundary condition.we derive a phase-shifted density of states for the excitations of the system.The free energy,in the thermodynamic limit,can be expressed analytic in terms of two coupled nonlinear integral equations of the finie temperature excited energy for effective phonons and kinks (antikinks).we solve these equations iteratively for a special case that the model is in the limit of anisotropic strong yz coupling.


With the increasing weight of asset securitization in the financial market, its business model and asset management product structure are more and more diverse, and the issuance process is gradually complicated. Compared with the rapid development of asset securitization, China's corresponding asset securitization theoretical research and tax system progress are relatively slow, and the relative tax measures are lacking. After replacing business tax with VALUE-ADDED tax, the tax trend of asset securitization is still unclear. Based on relevant fiscal and tax policies and literature, this paper divides asset securitization business into four stages to discuss VAT issues, aiming


The aiming of this study is to identify and analyze the development square area of Keraton Kasunanan Surakarta, since 1745 up to 2004, then identifying and analyze factors that caused the problems to conserve the square area of Keraton Kasunanan Surakarta. The kind of this study is qualitative research that uses two methods; there are synchronicdiachronic method and evaluative method. Data gathering emphasize on data that originated from secondary survey, about the development of the square area, but other data gathering can be conducted through first survey, there are field observation, questionnaire, and interview. The result of this study showed that the development of this square area since 1745 up to 2004 in physics variable, the development of this square area in politics variable side, the development of this square area in economics variable side, the development of this square area in socials variable side, and the development of this square area in cultures variable side. There are four factors that caused the problems to conserved the square area of Keraton Kasunanan Surakarta, there factors are physics, politics, economics, and socials.


Six insecticides were evaluated for efficacy in controlling aphids on ornamental plants. Foliar sprays were applied to the point of run-off on chrysanthemum and polka-dot plants grown in Metro Mix 300 in 115 mm sq pots maintained on raised greenhouse benches. Treatment plots were single plants replicated 4 (chrysanthemums) and 6 (polka-dot) times. Treatments were ap-plied Feb 2'79 at a temperature of 25 C on polka-dot plants and Feb 16'79 at 27 C on chrysanthemums with a hand C02 sprayer at 30 psi utilizing a 8003 nozzle. Efficacy was evaluated by counting the aphids on the lower surface of 1 leaf/chrysanthemum plant or 2 leaves/polka-dot plant. Chrysanthemum plants were sprayed with benomyl for powdery mildew control on Feb 27.


Optimization has long been considered as a means to solve the aerodynamic design problem in a formal and general manner. Early work by Hicks, Murman, and Vanderplaats [1, 2] investigated this possibility for transonic airfoil flows, with the results being encouraging but showing some rather unexpected results and difficulties. These early efforts were characterized by relatively few design parameters being used, primarily due to the computational costs of black-box gradient calculation via finite-differencing and the limited available computer resources.


Abstract does not appear. First page follows.
 Introduction
 The most destructive and widespread phase of bacterial canker in Prunus is limb cankers. The organism also attacks leaves, blossoms, fruit, fruit stems,
 green shoots, and buds. In an earlier article (1),4 comparatively little was said concerning the development of these last-named phases
 of the disease during epidemics. As later observations show, certain infected host
 organs are important, both from a crop loss standpoint, and from the standpoint of
 avenues through which the bacteria enter the tree. These infected organs are oversummering
 sources of the bacteria as well.
 British workers are giving considerable attention to a bacteriosis of plums (4) and cherries (5). Since one of the organisms associated with this disease resembles that of the California
 disease,5 the present paper also supplements earlier published (1), (2), (3) material.
 Proof of the Pathogenicity of Cultures from Different Host Organs.—Isolations at different times and from material collected in different localities
 yielded a. number of cultures. Inoculation and reisolation of certain of these cultures
 proved their pathogenicity to trees of plums, cherries, apricots, and peaches. In
 order, however to compare representative cultures from the various host organs more
 directly, extensive inoculations were made into cherry trees of the variety Bing.


A multistep solvent extraction design based on the application of two amic acid extractants, named 2(dibutylcarbamoyl)benzoic acid and 4-(dibutylamino)-4-oxobut2-enoic acid, and their mixtures with 2-thenoyltrifluoro acetone and tributylamine is presented for the separation and recovery of Pb, Cd, Zn, Co and Ni ions from industrial wastes and end-of-life products. Keywords—Amic acid ligands, Solvent extraction, Heavy metals


Currently European ro-ro passenger ships constructed after 1 January 2009 must comply with both the new SOLAS2009 probabilistic damage stability requirements and the Stockholm Agreement allowing for water accumulation on the vehicle deck (WOD). Doubts in some European states over whether SOLAS2009 makes sufficient provision for WOD led to the EU decision to retain Stockholm; this was partially reinforced by results from three new research projects, completed in 2009, which revealed potential weaknesses in the probabilistic regulations, particularly for smaller ro-pax ships and those with long lower holds. This paper gives some historical background and outlines some of the steps being taken to rectify the current regulatory situation.


Abstract : In the project supported by the AFOSR YIP, my laboratory published 24 papers. The goal of this project was to establish the design criteria for elasticity and ductility in conjugated polymers and composites by analysis of the structural determinants of the mechanical properties. We developed coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations that predicted the mechanical properties of conjugated polymers and polymer-fullerene composites. We elucidated the mechanical properties of a library of greater than 50 low-band gap polymers to determine molecular design rules for maximizing electronic performance with mechanical deformability. We also determined the effect of cyclic stretching on the microstructure and mechanical properties of conjugated polymers. We used many of these results to produce a new type of ultra-thin, skin-wearable solar cell that could survive many cycles of deformation without degrading significantly. Complementary to the molecular approaches for improving the mechanical robustness of stretchable organic electronics, we also explored the role of encapsulation and adhesion in electronic devices and found that a large increase in stretchability is possible with the use of a stretchable encapsulating layer.


With industrialization, the use of heavy metals has increased tremendously during the last few decades. Heavy metals have high toxicity and are no biodegradable. They can be accumulated by the organisms and affect the development and physiological state of the individual. Different studies have been conducted on the effect of heavy metals on insects [1-8] They have been reported to have resulted in alterations of respiratory [9] and metabolic processes [7,10-16].


The role of previous visual experience in relation to spatial representation is investigated by comparing the performance of the congenitally blind, the late-blinded and the sighted blindfolded on a number, of near-space tasks involving mental rotation, mental manipulation and scale transformation, and a far-space task involving the representation of two routes by means of pointing, drawing and the making of spatial inferences.
In relation to the former, the role of visual imagery in assisting performance is seriously questioned as accounting for the inferiority of the congenitally blind compared to the late-blinded and the sighted, since scores on a visual imagery test administered to the latter group failed to correlate positively with task performance. However . the poor tactual exploratory strategies observed in the congenitally blind would account for their poor performance on a variety of spatial recognition tasks.
In relation to the latter, the congenitally blind tended to perform in a qualitatively different manner to the late-blinded and the sighted blindfolded in all aspects of the task, in addition to performing at a much poorer level than the other groups. Gross errors were found to be due to varying degrees of "egocentric' or 1%se lf-referent' spatial coding strategies inappropriate to such a task. A validation and reliability methodology successfully developed for analysing drawings in the sighted could only be applied to one congenitally blind subject's drawings, the remainder being highly idiosyncratic.
The role of previous visual experience in drawing attention to simultaneously existent spatial locations is discussed, and the importance of training the congenitally blind to explore tactual stimuli in a systematic and exhaustive manner, and also to pay attention to external spatial cues is emphasised as being essential for successful mobility and the use of tactual maps.


The complete decipherment of Mayan glyphs is an event that neither we, nor perhaps our children, shall ever see: the script is tortuously complicated, as many hieroglyphic writing systems are, and hardly susceptible to rapid and unequivocal 'codebreaking'. Nevertheless, good progress has been made towards reading the glyphs, with many solid achievements in reconstructing the genealogies and political interaction of royal dynasties of the Classic period (e.g. Berlin 1959; Proskouriakoff 1960). The focus of the present paper is another, more controversial feature of Mayan glyphs: a set of 'phonetic' or syllabic units used in spelling Mayan words. Virtually all glyph specialists now accept the validity of these units, but the path to consensus has been difficult and acrimonious. We shall examine here why many good scholars resisted 'phoneticism' in Mayan script, and why additional evidence so impressively confirms its existence.