During the 5th Else Kroner-Fresenius Symposium, new data were presented on the role of sestrins (Sesns) in regulating metabolism and therefore the development of aging-related pathologies. Sesns are a


Abstract : Today the National Intelligence Community (IC) is mired in a dilemma that challenges the credibility of our national policymaking process. Intelligence assessments inconsistent with policymaker political objectives have often been subjugated by partisan second guessing. Policymakers who tailor raw intelligence to fit their needs, coupled with intelligence leader's complicity have cast serious doubts on the intelligence community's analytical independence. The IC's failure to predict the 9/11 terrorist attacks and its inability to accurately determine the viability of Iraq's WMD program are not illustrations of ineptitude, but instead, an indictment of a deeply flawed system prone to manipulation and analytical gerrymandering. This paper will dissect the relationship and challenges that exist between the intelligence community and policymaker. It argues for an impartial intelligence enterprise free of analytical biases and preconceived partisan political dispositions. This paper proposes modeling the IC after the Federal Reserve or Congressional Budget Office in order to create a nonpartisan institution free to provide sound intelligence advice to policymakers based on unblemished analysis.


Globalisation has created a situation of increased international competition, which puts companies under pressure to compete in the value added to customers. This paper presents an integrated framework for product design and development in distributed and collaborative environments. The proposed system integrates the software tools and resources in the design process to enable geographically dispersed design teams and vendors to collaborate. The early participation of the vendors in the design process is critical to improve quality and reduce development cycle-time. The real-time, automated generation and modification of parametric CAD models are introduced to further assist the system reduce the cycle-time.


Border Leicester x Merino (BL x M) lambs can discriminate between their own and alien mothers better than Merino (M) lambs when born to the same breed of dam (M). The behaviour of newborn lambs was therefore observed in different situations to investigate the reason for these better discriminative abilities of the BL x M lambs. In a first experiment lambs were removed from the ewe at birth and tested for 2 h under one of the following conditions: 1) reunited with its dam, 2) in the presence of a stationary model, 3) isolated. Overall the ewe had a stimulating effect on the motor activity of the neonate and a quietening effect on its vocal activity when compared to the other 2 groups, but these effects differed according to the genotypes. When isolated or in the presence of the model, BL x M lambs stood for the first time later than M lambs and spent less time standing and exploring the environment. In both situations BL x M lambs vocalised less than M lambs. When mothered, BL x M lambs stood up and found the teat later than M lambs but their motor and exploratory activity did not differ after 2 h of observation. However, mothered BL x M lambs were far more vocal than mothered M lambs. This suggests that BL x M lambs establish better communication with their dams. A second experiment was carried out on M lambs to investigate the existence of a relationship between the vocal activity of the neonate and the development of a bond with the mother. Results showed that the lambs that were the most vocal at birth also had the best performances in a test of mother discrimination at the age of 12 h. It was concluded that early communication between the ewe and her young probably plays a role in the establishment of a preferential bond.


Disk image of a floppy disk containing approximately sixty-three files dating from 1989. These documents relate to the Conference on Latin American Nuclear Cooperation: New Prospects and Challenges, which was held in Montevideo, Uruguay in October 1989.


Ithas frequently been obscrvcd that thc performanc€ ofolder adults is aftcted more than that of young adults by increascs in the complexityr of a cognitive task. For cxample Birrcn (1956)' Clay (1954), Crowder(1980), Jones (1959)' Kay 0955), and Welford 0958) hne all noted that older adults scem tio be morc atrected than young adults as the conditions ofa task become mor€ complcx and demanding. Most of thesc eary observations were informal, because an objec'tive and widely accepted definition of the concept of complcxity is not yet availablc. In lhc last scveral years, however, Salthouse and his colleagues have manipulated task characteristics presumed !o incrcasc thc number ofprocessing operations required to perform the task. For exomple, in various studies the manipulations hare included the number of stimulus frames containing to-be'inte' grarcd stimulus ftagments (Salthouse, l9EE; Salthouse & Mitch' cll, 1989; Salthous€, Mitchell, & Palmon, 1989), the number of elem€nts in each term of geometric analogy problems (Salthouse, I9E7, I 988); the numbcrofblds ofa piece ofpaper prior to a simulatcd hole punch in paper'folding problcms (Salthouse, 1988; Salthouse, Mitchell, Skovronek, & Babcock, l9E9), and the numbcr of premises prcsentcd beforc a question conccrning the relations between two tcrms in integrative reasoning problems (Sdthouse, I-cgg, Palmon, & Mitchell, 1990; Salthousc, Mitchell, Skovronek, & Babcock, l9E9). In each of thcsc cascs, thc agc-rclated diffcrences in a mcasult ofdecision accurzrcy were found to incr€ase with increases in the number of Wpothesized proccssing operations. The agc-complcxity pbenomcnon is important for at least two distinct reasons. One rcasoo is that the phenomcnon raises qu€stions abut the meaningfulness of acros'task compari. sons unlcss there is some basis for beliwing that thc tasks beint compared are at least rouShly equivalent in processing complexiry. That is, an implication of the age-complexity pbenome-


One of the most enduring theories in management is Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, in that its basic concepts, such as the needs for self–esteem and self–actualization, are accepted without question. This adoption of Maslow's theory has generally occurred without an examination of its empirical basis, which was his own 1930s' study of the relationship between self–esteem and sexual behaviour in young college women. In this article, we locate Maslow's study of women's sexuality in the sexological research of his time, and contrast it with a study undertaken by Katharine Davis in 1929. These two studies present very divergent pictures of women's sexuality. We argue that Maslow's portrayal, which is subsequently embedded in the needs hierarchy, has implications for our understanding of dominance and subordination in organizations, because implicit in Maslow's portrayal is an assertion of the naturalness of female submission and the eroticization of male dominance.


This study presents laboratory testing on quicklime (CaO) stabilization of fine-grained marine sediments in low temperature areas. The soil was sampled on the Fossil Plain in Kangerlussuaq, Greenland, and analyzed in the laboratory at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU). The optimum CaO content in a soil-CaO mixture was determined using a number of laboratory methods, such as pH test, consistency limit analysis, degree of compaction, and short term California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values. The study also numerically demonstrates a long term strength development of the soil-CaO mixture at 1°C and 10°C curing temperatures, comparing stabilization effectiveness between low and normal soil temperature conditions.


The coming decades are expected to be extremely challenging for organizations. On the one hand, there are the United Nations Sustainable Development goals to end poverty, protect the planet and improve the lives and prospects of everyone. On the other hand, organizations are expected to have to deal with an increasing number of megatrends and disruptors, many of which are already having an impact. To help organizations in their priority setting and decision-making so they can contribute to the development goals (specifically Goal 8: decent work and economic growth), a descriptive literature review was undertaken to identify which megatrends and disruptors will impact the future of organizations and in what ways they are expected do this. From the literature, thirteen megatrends and one disruptor emerged, and for each of these their postulated impact and consequences for organizations as described in the literature were gathered. The study reveals that there is ample attention given to megatrends in the academic literature but that not much can be found about dealing with disruptors. As a consequence, academic literature currently falls short in suggesting ways in which organizations can deal with disruptors. Managerial literature offers more suggestions in this respect.


The subject of our research were partial cognitive functions and phonematic awareness of preschool students. In our research, we found out that children who achieved higher level of active vocabulary also achieved higher level of auditory analysis and auditory synthesis. Following the findings, we focused on the identification of selected determinants of auditory analysis and synthesis, namely gender differences in the level of auditory analysis and active vocabulary of six-year-old children. Our aim was also to find out whether there is a difference in the level of auditory analysis and auditory synthesis in six-year-olds. Our results showed that the level of active vocabulary and auditory analysis in six-year-olds is not significantly different in gender, but there is a significant difference in the level of auditory analysis and auditory synthesis for this age group in favor of auditory analysis.


Based on documents in Beijing Municipal Archive,this paper analyzes systematically commerical guarantors in republican Beijing,including commerical guarantors' classification,responsibility and social relationship.It shows the operation of the floating people and economy resources in the process of modernization and soical transformation of Beijing.It argues that the study of commercial guarantors reveals the life structure of civil grass-roots in urban Beijing.


[1] A 4.5-layer model of the Indian Ocean coupled to a four-component (NPZD) ecosystem model is used to study the phytoplankton bloom in the Bay of Bengal during the Northeast Monsoon of 1996. The model realistically simulates the surface chlorophyll bloom observed by satellite-derived ocean-color images in the western Bay of Bengal during that time. It also reproduces the subsurface chlorophyll maximum present earlier in the fall. The terms in the phytoplankton equation for the model's mixed layer show that the surface bloom is caused by the entrainment not only of subsurface nutrients but also of phytoplankton from the subsurface maximum. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report enrichment of surface chlorophyll by entrainment of the subsurface maximum. Upwelling caused by Ekman pumping and mixed layer entrainment occurring over an already shallow thermocline drives the vertical fluxes. An intense wind event from 26 November to 5 December also generated favorable conditions for the formation of a phytoplankton bloom.


The first part of this paper very briefly surveys the dynamical behavior manifested by first-order difference equations ("maps of the interval"); it is, essentially, a review of review articles. The second, and most substantial, part deals with first-order differential-delay equations. Beginning with an example taken from the whaling literature and emphasizing similar results obtained by other people working with different (but broadly related) equations, I show that, as nonlinearities become increasingly severe, a stable point gives way to a "period doubling" cascade of stable periodic orbits and, then, to apparent chaos (as happens for difference equations). For severe nonlinearity, however, there is a simple stable orbit. Some conjectures and some rough approximations are advanced in connection with this array of dynamical behavior. The third part of the paper, which deals with theoretical and empirical aspects of the regulation of animal populations by infectious diseases, serves to direct the interested reader to work published elsewhere.


The level of serum albumin has often been relied upon t o reflect the status of the liver in health and disease. It is well known that, while the concentration of serum albumin is decreased in alcohol-induced cirrhosis, data are available indicating that in many cases the exchangeable albumin pool is not depressed;' further, when alcohol is removed and adequate nutrition supplied, the albuminsynthesizing potential is restored.* The question whether the removal of alcohol or the institution of adequate nutrition was responsible for the liver's recovery has been the subject of much debate. In vivo the level of albumin is the net result of synthesis, degradation, and distribution, and in the whole animal albumin synthesis is influenced by the interplay of the nutritional status of the animal, e n ~ i r o n m e n t , ~ hormones, oncotic equilibrium," and toxins, as well as the state of health. Thus, in vivo, it is difficult t o study the effect of one isolated factor in albumin synthesis, and for this reason the isolated perfused liver was employed. The advantages are obvious: (a) the perfusion medium can be altered in a particular manner with any substance with the knowledge that the substance perfusing the liver has not been altered by prior passage through any tissue: (b) the effects of pretreatment of the inact animal on the liver's ability to synthesize albumin can be studied by removal of the liver after pretreatment; and (c) subcellular systems can be isolated following perfusion and correlative evidence of altered microstructure with altered liver function may be obtained. In the present study the isolated perfused liver was used t o study the effects of altered nutrition, in the absence and presence of ethyl alcohol, on the liver's ability t o synthesize albumin as well as the correlative effect on the endoplasmic reticulum-bound polysome, the organelle responsible for the synthesis of albumin. The results indicated that a short term fast of 24 hours was sufficient t o decrease albumin synthesis to one-half that found in livers from fed donors. The decrease in albumin synthesis was coincident with a disaggregation of the bound polysome. However, this effect could be readily reversed by the presence


This chapter discusses a multisite program evaluation in elementary schools that incorporated playground observations to document student behavior. A number of challenges are discussed, some of which were consistent with observer reactivity effects long documented in the literature, while others we believe were unique to this particular setting and provide a cautionary tale for those collecting school‐based observation data.


Classroom experience is presented, succeeded, by solving a geometric problem in space-training "problems of algebra and geometry" of the race Bachelor of Primary Education with Emphasis in Math (LEBEM). This experience led to a notion of equality of geometric figures, based on the ideas of Euclid's Elements. As the resolution of problems, the methodology by which developed the experience, methodology that allowed the collective construction of knowledge, the result of the development and implementation strategies developed toolkit based on the elements, by the students.


Collective processes in a quasi-classical electron gas are investigated within the framework of the interpolational self-consistent method of moments, which makes it possible to express the dispersion and decrement of plasma waves, and the dynamic structural factor of the system exclusively in terms of its static structural factor so that five sum rules are satisfied automatically. Different models are used of the static structure factor; the stability and robustness of the results of the moment approach taking into account the accuracy of these models is confirmed and tested by comparison to the alternative molecular dynamics simulation data.


By CORRELATING the marginal growth of scales (the amount of growth between the last ring or annulus and the margin of the scale) with the season of the year in which the scales were collected, Walford and Mosher (1943a: 9 and 1943b: 12) have shown for the Pacific pilchard or sardine, Sardinops caerulea (Girard) 1854, that these rings are formed annually and consequently can be used for age determination as well as for back-calculation of the length of the fish at a given earlier age. The application of the scale rings to the problem of age determination in the pilchard has been thoroughly discussed in the papers cited above. The application of the same phenomenon to back-calculati on of lengths , which lengths are used in several different types of problems, requires further consideration . The literature on this subject is voluminous and of considerable interest . Reference should be made to the works of Blackburn (1949) , Buchan an-Woll aston (1934), Lea (1910, 1913), Lee (1912), Ottestad (1938), and Schuck (1949) for further information. The estimation of body length at a previous age, using length of the scale from its center to the ring corresponding to that age, involves the regression of body length on scale length . The regression of scale length on body length , sometimes used, will give the mean scale length corresponding to a given body length , information which is not pertinent to


House cracking and over-deforming are common risks when tunnel crossing urban territory;and relative studies of house cracking calculation and its risk evaluation lag far behind engineering need.By comparison and analysis,it is verified by uniaxial and triaxial compression tests that disturbed state concept(DSC) can give good description of material behavior after cracking,and combining this model with the practice of Xiamen airport road tunnel undercrossing building blocks,houses' deforming and cracking will be quantitatively calculated and evaluated;and the results have good accordance with in-situ house cracks and deformation monitored data.Meanwhile,it still shows close correlation between DSC disturbed factor and house cracking,thereby from mechanics,it is effective and reasonable to depict house cracking by using disturbed factor.Furthermore,process control criteria of house deforming and cracking can be set up by DSC model.Finally,in each key step and stage of tunnel undercrossing building blocks,house deforming and cracking risks can have criteria to go by and be process-evaluated and controlled well.


In the context of wireless communication systems many applications orien- ted to parameter monitoring are developed, such as automatic tracking systems. In this paper, an automatic tracking system based on a network of presence and range sensors, is presented. The main goal is to offer a low cost alternative to increase security staff effectiveness and to avoid problems of scattered alarms management. For this purpose, information from different sources is fusioned to provide as output the trajectories of detected objects. Simulation results, with measurements of different sensors, show the suitability of the proposed distributed multisensor-multitarget fusion system to the specified requirements.


• There are alternative models of community children's nursing (CCN) • A number of suitable criteria have been identified for evaluating CCN • Which criteria are given most weight depends crucially on the perspective of different stakeholders and the power that they hold • A framework for evaluating CCN is developed


For a d-dimensional simplicial complex IR such that and all its links are pseudomanifolds, we consider the module C ( ) of mixed splines. In particular, we study the freeness of the module C (b ) for a triangulation IR of a topological disk and for a non-negative integer vector of length f 1 ( ), where b IR3 is the join of with the origin in IR3 and f0 1 ( ) is the number of interior edges in . We completely characterize for which C (b ) is free for any non-negative integer vector . Moreover, we obtain a method for determining whether C (b ) is free for a triangulation IR2 of a topological disk which has a totally interior edge, and for a generic non-negative integer vector . Introduction. Let IR be a d-dimensional simplicial complex such that and all its links are pseudomanifolds. We de ne C( ) to be the set of piecewise polynomial functions on which are continuously di erentiable of order r. The elements of C( ) are also known as C-splines. Such functions are used in the nite element method for solving partial di erential equations, and play an important role in computer-aided design and computer graphics. Fundamental problems in spline theory are to determine the dimension of the vector space C k( ) over IR which consists of C -splines of degree at most k, to determine whether the module C( ) is free, and to determine whether the module Cr(b ) is free, where b IR is the join of with the origin in IR. The algebraic structure of C( ), including these problems, has been studied by [1], [2], [3], [4], [7], [8], [9], and [10]. In this paper, we consider the set C ( ) of mixed splines, which are obtained by extending C-splines. We denote the set of i-faces of by i, the set of interior i-faces of by 0 i (all d-faces are considered interior), and the set of interior faces of by . Moreover, fi( ) denotes the number of i-faces of , and f i ( ) denotes the number of interior i-faces of . Let t = fd( ). We x an ordering 1; : : : ; t of the elements in d. For this ordering, we can represent F in C ( ) as a t-tuple F = (f1; : : : ; ft) of polynomials, where fi = F j i for each i = 1; : : : ; t, and we can view C ( ) as a module over the polynomial ring in d variables. Similarly, C (b ) is a module over the polynomial ring in (d+ 1) variables. It is natural to consider the above fundamental problems for mixed splines. One of these problems is the determination of the dimension of C k ( ) as a vector space over IR, where C k ( ) is the set of F = (f1; : : : ; ft) in C ( ) such that, for each i, fi has degree at most k. In [3], Billera and Rose showed how the theory of Gr obner bases can be used to compute the dimension of C k( ) as a vector space over IR as well as the explicit basis for this vector space (see also [5] for the theory of Gr obner bases). In the same way, we can use the theory of Grobner bases to compute the dimension of C k ( ) as a vector space over IR as well as the explicit basis for this vector space. Moreover, in [6], Geramita and Schenck derived a formula for the dimension of C k ( ) in high degree in the case d = 2. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classi cation. 65D07,13C10,55N35.


The additional stabilization of open grid warp knits provides a better exploitation of the reinforcing yarns. To realize such an additional stabilization, various possible methods have been examined and assessed. Three different types of stabilization installations have been developed by combining the most promising technologies (infrared radiation, combination of heat and pressure, roll coater) and binding agents (thermoplastics, liquid agents). These installations offer special features for different needs: production, laboratory and least expense.


Segmentation technique plays a crucial role in medical image processing. Due to the advancement in medical imaging techniques, in -depth details of the biological structural can be viewed, which may be helpful for the early and proper diagnosis of many diseases. Segmentation seems to be a highly challenging process in the case of images affected with intensity inhomogeneity. In such cases, level set techniques of segmentation works well and is widely used in the segmentation of image acquired using computer tomography (CT). The recent researches on the medical imaging focus on the segmentation which facilitates the 3-D visualization of medical data. So a framework for vertebrae segmentation in CT slice is put forward, which uses variational level, set technique for vertebrae segmentation by minimizing an energy function formulated using standard k-means criterion. Further, to enhance the inner details, 3-D visualization for segmented vertebrae from a single slice is also done.


When North India went through the Chalcolithic period, it was the phase of Iron Age culture in South India. The Iron Age predated the Sangam Age; however the later part of Iron Age culture moved in tandem with the Sangam age and is referred to as the Megalithic culture in the Deccan and South India. The Megalithic people of South India practised a mixed economy based on agro-pastoral production. A combination of specialized strategies, i.e., agriculture and cattle pastoralism was adopted at societal scale of production. A wide variety of shapes in different fabrics and the technical efficiency evidenced in the preparation of ceramics hint probably at a professional class of potters and pottery making as one of the important economic activities. However, hunting gathering practices are also evidenced by archaeological tool remains and paintings of that period. Thus, a marked division between 'nomadism' and 'sedentism' cannot be made in South Indian case. Rather it had reached a transitory phase from where settled life style and societies emerged.


We identify a link between the evolution of the concentration of manufacturing production among Mexican states and their level of economic complexity. Our results suggest that the concentration of manufacturing production among the country's states evolved according to the predictions of standard models of international trade. However, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) had a particular effect on each individual state, depending on its economic structure. More complex states, i.e., those more productively diverse and specialized in more sophisticated manufacturing goods, experienced a higher increase in their level of production concentration after NAFTA and were less affected by competition from Chinese exports to the U.S. In contrast, NAFTA had a less significant impact on the production concentration of less complex states, while competition from China halted their move towards greater specialization and even reversed it somewhat. These findings highlight the important role of international trade in shaping the development of the economic structure of Mexican states in the period under analysis


600 Background: IBC is an aggressive frequently lethal form of breast cancer that is defined by sudden onset breast erythema often without an associated clinical or radiological breast mass. Tissue diagnosis remains problematic due to inability to define an area for biopsy. The aim of this study was to compare conventional [M, US, MRI] vs. functional imaging [PET/CT] in detecting a primary breast parenchymal lesion (BPL) at initial presentation of IBC. Methods: Patients (pts) with a new clinical diagnosis of IBC evaluated at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between January 2003 to December 2006 who had M, US, MRI, or PET/CT were included in this study. The visibility of a BPL and skin abnormality on each imaging modality was compared. Regional (axillary, supraclavicular, internal mammary) nodal disease confirmed by pathology was assessed at US and PET/CT. The presence of metastatic disease at diagnosis with PET/CT was documented. Results: Sixty-seven pts met eligibility criteria. Median age was 51 years, ...


This paper presents an analysis of a study of cyclist fatalities in Denmark. A total of 89 police reports were analyzed, with special attention paid to those aged 7 to 17 and age 65 or older. These two age groups account for more than half of the cyclists killed in traffic. Areas analyzed include: accidents with children and young adults; accident with elderly cyclists; accidents with cyclists between 25 and 64. Countermeasures were proposed for each age group to mitigate accident occurrences.


In this paper, the new experimental data on interactions of neutrons with carbon nuclei at 4.2[Formula: see text]GeV/[Formula: see text] are presented. The comparative analysis of the average multiplicities and kinematical characteristics of the protons and charged pions in [Formula: see text]C and [Formula: see text]C collisions at 4.2[Formula: see text]GeV/[Formula: see text] is made.


The asset valuation is the specialized work, and it requests the certified public valuer (CPV) to have the very strong specialized competent ability. With the rapid development of the market economic, the reform of stock system, the tax reform, and the application of fair value in new enterprise accounting standards, the new evaluation domain develops unceasingly, and which sets the new request to the CPV vocational ability (CPVVA). Aiming at the problem of how to evaluate the CPVVA, this paper proposes the data envelopment analysis(DEA) model based on chaos optimization (CO) algorithm, which not only can use the chaotic motion characteristics of the initial value sensitivity, the ergodicity, and the randomness, remove from the partial minimum point, but display the DEA's advantage of not involving the parameter estimation and weight determination, cause the evaluation results not influenced by the different index dimension. The CPVVA evaluating results of 16 asset valuation companies show that the model is simple and feasible, and improve the evaluating accuracy and efficiency.


Nowadays in the aerospace industry the router-based onboard embedded networks gradually replacing bus-based networks because they are already not satisfy the aerospace performance requirements. The SpaceWire, GigaSpaceWire and SpaceFibre standards are developing to meet the increasing aerospace requirements. The important requirement for any aerospace embedded onboard network is a transmission of control information and system signals in hard real time. These signals can be synchronous and asynchronous, periodic and aperiodic, with or without acknowledges. The distributed interrupt mechanism is used for asynchronous signal transmission and it is included into the second edition of SpaceWire standard. The Time-code propagation mechanism is used for synchronous signal transmission in SpaceWire. The broadcast messages mechanism is used for transmission of different system signal in SpaceFibre but it does not quite meet the requirements of hard real time. In this paper the authors consider the asynchronous signals transmission with and without acknowledges. The aims of this paper are following: 1 theoretically investigate the distributed interrupt mechanism; 2 to prove its properties; 3 to specify parameters and limitations; 4 to derive the time characteristics. For these purpose the authors developed the analytical model which describe the distributed interrupt propagation mechanism in terms of the graph theory.


Previous research has shown that multiscale methods are robust and capable of providing more accurate solutions than traditional upscaling methods. Multiscale methods solve the pressure equation on a coarse grid, but capture the effects from fine-scale heterogeneities through basis functions computed numerically from local single-phase problems on the underlying geocellular grid. Published results have so far been limited to simple Cartesian grids and/or incompressible flow. Here, we present a multiscale mixed finite-element method for three-phase black-oil flow on geomodels with industry-standard complexity. In particular, we discuss which effects can be incorporated in the multiscale basis functions and which effects should be modeled only on the coarsened simulation grid. Moreover, we describe how to handle degenerate hexahedral cells and non-matching interfaces that occur across faults. Finally, we present results of flow simulations on models of industry-standard complexity and demonstrate how multiscale methods can be used to simulate three-phase black-oil flow directly on high-resolution geomodels. The multiscale methods presented herein enable varying resolution and provide a systematic procedure for coarsening or refining the simulation model. Introduction For the oil industry to succeed in increasing oil recovery there is a growing trend for model-based decisions. New and exciting developments are seen in a variety of areas such as real-time reservoir management, uncertainty quantification, integrated operations, closed-loop management, and production optimization. Common to all these fields of endeavor is the requirement for fast flow simulation in which the simulation model is tightly coupled to the geology and dynamic data sources. However, there is a significant, and increasing, gap between the level of detail seen in geological models and the capabilities of contemporary reservoir simulators. Mature fields have a large amount of geological and geophysical data that can be used to create static models, and sizes of high-resolution geological models range from a few million and up to a billion cells. Contemporary reservoir simulators typically operate on model sizes from tens of thousands to a few million cells. Similarly, mature fields usually have a lot of dynamic data (pressure tests, production data, 4-D seismics, etc) that could be used to calibrate and history match the high-resolution geological models. Unfortunately, instead of focusing on understanding the physical characteristics of reservoirs and the economic consequences of different developments, a lot of valuable human resources is diverted to upscaling (and downscaling) and its negative consequences for the representation of heterogeneities and fluid flow. Upscaling is a costly process which additionally wastes much of the information inherent in high-resolution geological models since local flow structures are only preserved in an average sense on the upscaled grid. Enabling the oil industry to make a step-change in its work processes therefore calls for a radical speedup of flow simulation and for simulators that are equipped to utilize both static data and the vast amount of dynamic data that becomes available. As an example, it would be highly attractive if reservoir simulation could be performed at seismic resolution in order to use 4-D seismics to history-match simulation models. There are several technological developments that can contribute to a radical speedup of flow simulation: advances in hardware, parallel algorithms, improved (non)linear solvers, and alternative formulations (streamlines, operator splitting), to name a few. Another important contribution may come from multiscale methods, as will be discussed herein. Generally speaking, multiscale methods are numerical methods and strategies that aim to describe physical phenomena on coarse grids while accounting for the influence of fine-scale structures in the porous media. However, unlike traditional upscaling techniques, multiscale methods often provide a mechanism to recover an approximate fine-scale solutions. Multiscale modeling of flow and transport in porous media has become a hot research topic in recent years. A quite comprehensive overview of current developments is found in a recent issue of the Computational Geosciences journal (Juanes and Tchelepi 2008). Common for all these methods is that they seek efficient solutions of elliptic (or parabolic) equations with rough coefficients in the absence of scale separation, which is often assumed in many other multiscale methods. In the race for making a


The term "gait" refers to fundamental locomotion by means of which the individual moves him/herself from one place to another. For people afflicted by some involvement of the lower limbs, this activity is partially or completely reduced. In the course of the biomechanical investigation of gait in subjects with various afflictions, the symmetry of lower limb loading is also the object of research. A certain number of biomechanical studies are focussed on the kinematic and dynamic variables of the gait cycle in subjects with transtibial amputation (Bateni & Olney, 2002; Thomas et al., 2000; Perry, 2004). An interesting problem is the evaluation of gait symmetry between a transtibial amputee and groups of healthy persons (Winter & Sienko, 1988; Dingwell, Davis, & Frazier, 1996). Miff et al. (2005) compared temporal symmetries in a healthy group with the values in a transtibial amputee group during gait initiation and termination. Nolan et al. (2003) took an interest in changes in gait symmetry influenced by gait speed in transtibial and transfemoral amputees in comparison with a healthy group. The interlimb gait symmetry of transtibial amputees wearing two different prosthetic feet in the early rehabilitation stage was investigated by Marinakis (2004). Full symmetry in one's gait is not always desirable. The human system, with its major structural asymmetries in the neuromuscular skeletal system (one limb has been amputated) cannot perform optimally when the gait is symmetrical (Winter & Sienko, 1988). Non symmetrical gait performance, with constraints of its residual system and the mechanics of its prosthesis, is better in this case. For persons who have undergone amputation, asymmetrical gait may be the instrument which protects the stump of the disabled limb. We can say that gait asymmetry would be a relevant measure for investigating the gait characteristics of amputees and establishing their propensity for future joint pain and degeneration (Nolan et al., 2003). For amputee gait, the choice of a suitable prosthesis is very important. The influence of a prosthetic foot on gait variables in a group of these subjects was observed by Gitter et al. (1991). Efficiency of performance of the gait cycle is also markedly influenced by a prosthesis or prosthetic foot alignment. Rehabilitation of an amputee can be considered to be successful only when the amputee finds the prosthesis aesthetic and comfortable during walking. Prosthesis alignment has to correspond to the demands of the prosthetist (Fridman, Ona, & Isakov, 2003). When the prosthetic foot is not aligned optimally, this fact can show up in different levels of gait cycle performance. During gait analysis, the prosthesis is intentionally "not optimally" aligned in order to elicit the implied implications. Fridman, Ona and Isakov (2003) observed the influence of a prosthetic foot positioned in external rotation. Schmalz, Blumentritt and Jarasch (2002) used sagittal shifting of the foot to both anterior and posterior directions and foot alignment to both plantar a dorsal flexion. Blumentritt et al. (1999) focussed on the effects of sagittal plane prosthetic alignment to the magnitude of knee joint loads on a standing transtibial amputee. The objectives of prosthetic alignment in persons with lower limb amputation are the enhancement of the remaining limb's comfort and to maximize the individual's walking capabilities. In biomechanical gait analysis, it is important to investigate not only the relationship between prosthetic foot alignment and the prosthetic limb, but also the relationship between this alignment and activity of the contralateral, sound limb (Pinzur et al., 1995). An accent on the sound limb appears in other studies (Nolan & Lees, 2000; Hurley et al., 1990), but there the question of various prosthetic alignments is not considered. This relationship between the sound and the prosthetic limb can be quantitative, measured by the symmetry or asymmetry of the measured variables.


Wilkinson Power Divider is a passive component used in wireless communication as a key device, for dividing RF microwave power. A 2-way Wilkinson power divider at intermediate frequency 456MHz was designed and implemented using FR4 substrate is proposed in this paper. This method consists of one resistor connected between 2 output ports. ADS 2011.10 used to simulate the design and have been implemented using FR4 Substrate. An insertion loss, return loss (or VSWR) and isolation with the good result was measured using S-parameter.


Iron gates. Two sentries. A morose man with a square face (Schultz) approaches, stops and looks on with an expression of suppressed anger. One of the sentries grabs him by the shoulder and pushes him away. The other throws open the gates. A car enters. Several men in unfamiliar military uniforms rush along corridors guarded by sentries. A laboratory. The military men are met by a scientist, a thick-set man with fatty cheeks and a shaved moustache. A demonstration table. High-voltage electrical equipment. Above the table an installation similar to an X-ray. The soldiers stop in front of the table. Dr Pratt takes a small glass tube: — Here's a milligram of eka-caesium.1 One of the military men – an athletic-looking general in an air-force uniform – turns to his adjutant: — What kind of wild beast is that – eka-caesium? The adjutant looks at Pratt, who replies: — A recently discovered reactive element. I pass a high-voltage current through it. Pratt screws the tube into the installation above the table. He turns to the adjutant: — Give me your blade. The dagger is on the marble slab underneath the installation. Pratt turns on the switch. The blade melts like paper in a fire and disintegrates. Pratt says: — A ray like this, transmitted by a military searchlight, will destroy aeroplanes, a tank, or heavy weaponry in a few seconds. The General takes him by the hand: — Dr Pratt, it is your invention that will... Searching for words, he glances at his adjutant. Continuing his line of thought, the adjutant goes on: — ...will hand us a terrible weapon, which... The General, interrupting him, concludes: — ...allow us to achieve our most ambitious plans. (He gestures.) Pratt shakes his head sadly. — Unfortunately, there is very little eka-caesium on Earth – only a few grams in total. Smiling, the General taps him on the shoulder. — That is not a problem. The Leader [Stalin] knows that this devilry is in short supply. That won't stop us making a noise about it when we need to. (He laughs. They all laugh.) ***


The utility model provides a coal-fired boiler dust collection device which comprises a box body, wherein a vibration dust collection mechanism is arranged above the box body; a plurality of filtering bags are connected below the vibration dust collection mechanism; each filtering bag is of a double-layer structure and comprises an inner filtering bag and an outer filtering bag; a dust hopper is arranged at the lower part of the box body; a dust discharge valve is arranged at the bottom of the dust hopper; a gas outlet is formed in the side wall of the upper part, far away from the filtering bags, of the box body; a gas adsorption layer is arranged at the joint between the gas outlet and the box body; a dust-containing gas inlet is formed in the side wall of the lower part, far away from the filtering bags, of the box body; a dustproof film is arranged on the inner surface of the dust hopper. The coal-fired boiler dust collection device has the beneficial effects that each filtering bag is of the double-layer structure, so that the dust collection effect is good; due to adoption of the gas adsorption layer at the gas outlet, the content of harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide in the discharged gas is reduced, and the environment pollution is reduced; and in addition, due to adoption of the dustproof film on the surface of the dust hopper, solid particles can directly fall into the bottom of the hopper and are convenient to clean off.


Background Cisplatin is a commonly used platinum anti-cancer drug. Regrettably cisplatin has dose-limiting ototoxic side effects, e.g. the drug can induce an irreversible hearing loss. The ototoxic mechanisms of cisplatin have not been elucidated in the human ear and no clinically useful oto-protectors are yet available. Cisplatin is a necessary part of many treatment regimes. Its beneficial therapeutic effects might be reduced if cisplatin was excluded from the treatment in order to protect the hearing function. In this work the ototoxic effects of cisplatin are studied with the aim to better understand the mechanisms behind the irreversible hearing loss induced by this drug. Oxaliplatin is a second generation platinumderivative anti-cancer drug, free from ototoxic side effects in clinical practice. The effects of oxaliplatin on the inner ear have been studied in this work and the results are compared with cisplatin treatment. The two drugs differ regarding both anti-cancer effects and side effects, which could be attributed to differences in pharmacokinetic factors, cellular uptake and apoptotic mechanisms. The thioredoxin redox system with the enzyme thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) was studied in cochleae due to a suggested DNA-independent apoptotic mechanism of the hair cells. The cochlear pharmacokinetics of cisplatin was assessed and the transport protein organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) was studied in relation to the ototoxic effect of cisplatin. Material and methods Cultured human colon carcinoma cells and cell cultures of rat organ of Corti were used for apoptosis studies in vitro following exposure to cisplatin and oxaliplatin. Cisplatin and oxaliplatin were administered i.v. to guinea pigs, followed by in vivo sampling of blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and scala tympani (ST) perilymph. Liquid chromatography with post-column derivatization was used to determine the concentration of parent drug in the samples. Electrophysiological hearing thresholds and the loss of hair cells were assessed to evaluate their ototoxic effects. Phenformin, a potential blocker of OCT2 was administered and the ototoxic side effect of cisplatin was evaluated. For immunohistochemical studies, cochlea from rat, guinea pig and pig were used, where TrxR and OCT2 were evaluated in the cochlea. TrxR-assays were used to measure the TrxR activity in cochlear tissue, both in vivo and in vitro. Results The results from the in vitro studies showed that addition of either cisplatin or oxaliplatin to the culture medium in organ of Corti cell cultures caused a similar amount of outer hair cell loss and inhibition of TrxR activity. Cisplatin exposure to ccultured human colon carcinoma cells also reduced the activity of TrxR. The results from the in vivo studies showed that a considerable concentration of cisplatin was present in ST perilymph as compared with weak concentrations of oxaliplatin after high dose oxaliplatin i.v. Ten minutes after cisplatin administration, its concentration in ST perilymph was 4-fold higher in the basal turn of the cochlea as compared to the apex. Cisplatin could be analysed in ST perilymph for up to 120 min. Phenformin i.v. did not reduce the ototoxic side-effect of cisplatin. Positive immunoreactivity to TrxR was evident in both hair cells and spiral ganglion cells. Futhermore, OCT2 was expressed in the supporting cells of organ of Corti and in the spiral ganglion cells. Conclusion The transport of cisplatin to the vulnerable cells of hearing seems to be of major importance for the ototoxic effects. An early high concentration of cisplatin in the base of the cochlea and delayed elimination of cisplatin from ST perilymph may be related to the cisplatin-induced loss of outer hair cells in the basal turn of the cochlea. Cisplatin and oxaliplatin both cause similar ototoxic effects when the organ of Corti is directly exposed in vitro. The thioredoxin redox system with the TrxR enzyme may well play a critical role in cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. The presence of OCT2 in the supporting cells indicates that this transport protein is primarily not involved in the uptake of cisplatin from the systemic circulation but rather from the deeper compartments of the cochlea. The knowledge elicited in this work will hopefully suggest objectives for further studies in order to develop oto-protective treatments to preserve the hearing of cisplatin treated patients. ISBN 978-91-7549-838-6


: Communication is the key to reconciliation between divided communities because it can build or undermine perceptions of shared purpose or connection. This research explores the future of reconciliation and peace building between the central government of Indonesia and leaders of the province of Papua. The research uses in-depth interview with the chairman and members of the Papua House of Representatives and the Papuan People's Assembly in the work period of 2009 to 2014 to explore how Papuan legislators perceived the central government introduction of Special Autonomy provisions for the province. The finding suggests that the Papuan leaders see that central government only understands the issue of autonomy from their own, Jakarta-based perspective. This understanding is acquired because of a lack of communication between central government and leaders of the province of Papua. Therefore Indonesia's central government needs to perform dialogue for peacebuilding and facilitates discussion on the role of opinion leaders in peace and reconciliation efforts and the effectiveness of two-stage communication in the discussion.


Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has become a profound phenomenon arising from the compelling urge and strive towards digitalization. The application of ICT to learning generally and in the classroom in particular has turned out to be a powerful means of communication and teaching. This century has witnessed a great deal of technological advancement, which has helped many teachers, especially language teachers, in reaching out to their students. The importance of this technology has made many stakeholders in the educational sector to recommend that teachers be ICT compliant. Despite this call, much is needed to be put in place for the language teachers, especially in Nigeria, to be ICT compliant, and to derive and share the limitless benefits of ICT.

This study investigated the readiness of language teachers for the use of ICT facilities in preparing for lessons and delivering of same. Three variables of concern in the study were teacher qualification, teacher age and teaching experience. The study employed a survey design that obtained data from secondary school English Language teachers through a structured questionnaire. Data were collected from 100 English Language teachers from public secondary schools in the Osun Central zone of Osun State. Using frequency counts and simple percentages to analyze the data, the study answered three research questions. The research questions focused on: relationship between teacher qualification and use of ICT facilities in language classrooms; whether teachers with advanced age make use of ICT facilities; and the relationship between teaching experience and use of ICT facilities.

Higher educational qualification was found to positively influence the tendency to wish to use ICT facilities in the language classrooms. Teachers who were advanced in age and teaching experience were not enthusiastic in using the "new. technology in their classes. These teachers preferred the traditional method of teaching. It is therefore recommended that all language teachers in the state be exposed to beginners and continued ICT training. Schools should also be equipped with ICT facilities to encourage teachers in using the technology.

Keywords: Teacher attributes, ICT-compliant, language classrooms


This thesis presents pioneering work on the panchromatic
 emission of some of the most luminous galaxies in the early Universe: star
 forming galaxies and active galactic nuclei. Using state-of-the-art
 statistical methods and new-generation radio-to-X-rays instruments, this
 thesis expands the parameter space covered by current multi-wavelength
 studies of galaxy evolution. In particular, this thesis pushes three
 different frontiers. The statistical frontier is explored by developing a
 sophisticated statistical tool to robustly recover the parameters required to
 model multi-wavelength emission. The wavelength frontier is pushed forward by
 exploring galaxy evolution from the new spectral window at low-frequency
 radio, opened by the LOFAR instrument.
 Finally, the resolution frontier will be pushed by exploring the distribution
 of emission components across the spectrum using a combination of
 high-resolution ALMA and HST imaging.


Abstract In cancer care, as in all human services, increasing financial constraints have led to an emphasis on the identification and prioritization of needs. Qualitative studies directed at a broad examination of the psychosocial implications of surviving cancer have identified a number of problem areas for survivors. However, problem areas, although providing a firm base for further investigation, do not necessarily reflect the needs of survivors. Indeed, research designed to provide a rationale for the efficient disbursement of limited resources requires the specific quantitative identification of unmet needs, particularly those for which technologies and skills are sufficiently developed. The current study examined the needs of 362 adult patients from two distinct geographic areas in Ontario, Canada, who had received curative treatment for a malignancy not less than six months before the beginning of the study. In general, the frequency of survivors who expressed a need in any particular area was lowe...


We study the periodic solutions and the asymptotically periodic solutions of difference equations with continuous variables, and sufficient conditions for the existence of periodic solutions and asymptotically periodic solutions are obtained. Our results generalize the corresponding ones of Agarwal′s.


The ideas of Sarpkhya have not only been developed into the systematized philosophy of the Classical S2Tnkhya, but have also affected the Puranas, the Epics, and even the Paficaratra texts. Although previous investigations have been conducted on the Ahirhudhayasamhitb [ABS],i) the studies fbcused on the siudtthas.n.sli ("pure creation") ofthe cosmology and not on the siuddhetaras.t:s. Ii ("impure creation"). Therefbre, this study examines the theory ofSudcthetarasrs. ti ('Cimpure creation") in chapter 7 ofABS and explores its con-


A framework is presented for understanding the common character of proteins. Proteins are linear chain molecules – however, the simple model of a polymer viewed as spheres tethered together does not account for many of the observed characteristics of protein structures. We show here that the notion of a tube of non-zero thickness allows one to bridge the conventional compact polymer phase with a novel phase employed by Nature to house biomolecular structures. We build on the idea that a non-singular continuum description of a tube (or a sheet) of arbitrary thickness entails discarding pairwise interactions and using appropriately chosen many body interactions. We suggest that the structures of folded proteins are selected based on geometrical considerations and are poised at the edge of compaction, thus accounting for their versatility and flexibility. We present an explanation for why helices and sheets are the building blocks of protein structures.


Ecologists and evolutionary biologists are increasingly using big-data approaches to tackle questions at large spatial, taxonomic, and temporal scales. However, despite recent efforts to gather two centuries of biodiversity inventories into comprehensive databases, many crucial research questions remain unanswered. Here, we update the concept of knowledge shortfalls and review the tradeoffs between generality and uncertainty. We present seven key shortfalls of current biodiversity data. Four previously proposed shortfalls pinpoint knowledge gaps for species taxonomy (Linnean), distribution (Wallacean), abundance (Prestonian), and evolutionary patterns (Darwinian). We also redefine the Hutchinsonian shortfall to apply to the abiotic tolerances of species and propose new shortfalls relating to limited knowledge of species traits (Raunkiaeran) and biotic interactions (Eltonian). We conclude with a general framework for the combined impacts and consequences of shortfalls of large-scale biodiversity knowledge f...


The carrier mobility in low-field specifically in parabolic energy region of one-dimensional graphene nanoribbon (GNR) band energy is presented in this work. Low-field mobility model describe the carrier transport and its dependency factors when dealing with degenerate and non-degenerate principals. The result shows that the low-field mobility strongly depends on the temperature in the non-degenerate regime in which it sharply decreases with increasing temperature in the range of 10–250 K but the mobility is less affected by the temperature above 250 K. The effect of varying the GNR width to the mobility is also demonstrated in this work. In addition, it is also shown that the mobility depends on the carrier concentration in degenerate domain in which it increases at higher carrier concentrations.


Revisiting Kim Richard Nossal's 1997 textbook on Canadian foreign policy—with its reputation as a valuable source in the analysis of the evolution of Canadian international relations enhanced by the privileging of the political component—makes for compelling reading in 2014. This review article argues that even if many of the substantive themes in Nossal's survey with respect to Canada's foreign policy as exhibited by the government of Stephen Harper miss the mark, the core ingredients of the domestic context showcased by Nossal's work are even more relevant nearly 20 years on.


The purpose. The article examines the specifics of challenges and opportunities for the formation of intellectual capital of domestic enterprises of the machine-building sector of Ukraine in the conditions of digitalization. Industries are of key importance for the economy of Ukraine, indicators of its functioning are the main factor of the country's social and economic development. In particular, mechanical engineering is one of the basic branches of the Ukrainian economy and a strategically important branch that affects the development of the technological potential and competitiveness of the Ukrainian economy as a whole. The level of development of mechanical engineering is one of the main factors that allows to ensure the sustainable development of the Ukrainian economy, the development of the country as a whole depends on its level and dynamics of development. Therefore, the study of the current state of the machine-building industry, the efficiency of the machine-building enterprises, the identification of current problems will allow to determine the tools for the recovery and further sustainable development of the machine-building enterprises, as one of the key branches of the national economy. In the modern concept of economic development, it is intellectual capital that becomes a decisive factor in the growth of national wealth, competitiveness of the country, region, business entity, and quality of life. Despite the existing degree of study, today the issues of specific challenges and opportunities for the formation of intellectual capital are in dire need of continuing a deeper study and scientific justification, because this category is extremely dynamic. The analysis of digital transformations in the context of the formation of intellectual capital, trends of changes in the work of personnel management in the conditions of the digital economy is also given, an overview of the need for human resources in the conditions of the development of the digital economy is given. The rapid development of digital technologies and IT spheres lead to the automation of production processes, which determines the tendency for the disappearance of some professions. In the near future, many professions that are necessary now will lose their demand, the number of jobs will decrease, which threatens to increase unemployment if modern professionals do not have the skills necessary for work in the realities of the digital economy. This will significantly change the management of aggregate intellectual capital in the future, which determines the relevance of this article. The work analyzes publications and research on the formation and development of the main components of intellectual capital in the conditions of digitalization. On the basis of the research, conclusions are formulated about the need to apply mechanisms for effective management of the intellectual capital of machine-building enterprises in the future. Today, Ukraine is on the way to becoming an information society and the corresponding type of economic relations. Informatization of industry, the service sector, the entrepreneurial sector, science and education, and state institutions is a priority goal of the development of the economy of Ukraine. Information and knowledge are not only an effective catalyst for the transition to the sixth technological order, the basis of which is scientific research and development, but also its strategic resource. Informatization of scientific and research activity in the field of mechanical engineering is an important factor in the formation of modern information infrastructure of scientific and research organizations and the creation of a single information space, which is relevant in the conditions of the development of the information society, the network economy and the transition to the knowledge economy. The state of modern mechanical engineering was analyzed, the main trends and problems of the industrial complex in modern economic conditions were identified, and recommendations were made to solve them in order to ensure the sustainable development of mechanical engineering enterprises and increase the level of the economic potential of industry in general. The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the works of Ukrainian and foreign scientists, economists and experts on the study of the intellectual capital of an industrial enterprise. In the process of researching the intellectual capital of the machine-building industry, conclusions and proposals were made under the prism of the specifics of the formation of its constituent elements in the era of the formation and development of the digital economy. The leading vector of the further development of the intellectual capital of enterprises in the conditions of the digital economy should be the issues of classification, measurement and transformation of knowledge capital, as well as the development of tools for transferring its elements into materialized and innovative assets of the enterprise.


Measurements of crosstalk between microstrip lines placed on a set of test circuit boards suggest that very large fraction of the crosstalk at microwave frequencies occurs through lateral signal spreading in the substrate of the test circuit board used. The entire surface areas of the test circuit boards were copper plated except around the top traces of the microstrip lines for circuit isolation. The crosstalk through the air path is very inefficient. The control of crosstalk through the substrate and air path is explored separately with a set of practical and cost-effective techniques.


In this study the Assessment Scale for Trainee Self-concept in the Portuguese Navy (ASTSC-PN) was adapted to the military context. The psychometric properties are presented and the results from the factor analysis displayed, which highlighted five significant dimensions: interpersonal relationships, competence, satisfaction, selfacceptance, and risk acceptance, with an item distribution coherent with the Teacher Self-concept Evaluation Scale (Veiga, Goncalves, Caldeira, & Zuniga, 2006). The sample involved 149 trainees of the Training Course for Petty Officers 1st Class of the Portuguese Navy, ages ranging from 25 to 36, mostly of male gender. When studying external validity the scale factors appeared correlated, as expected, with other variables of commitment with training tasks, assessed with Assessment Scale for Trainee Engagement in the Portuguese Navy (ASTE-PN) and Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES), and with other variables of learning motivation, assessed with Learning Motivation Scale (LMS). The results suggest that the adapted version presents good psychometric qualities, which makes it useful in research and intervention, in psychology and education within a military context. © 2016 Published by Future Academy www.FutureAcademy.org.uk


N EARLIER WORK (Study A) the effects of polymer primary chain Mn (numI ber average molecular weight) on the characteristics and mechanical properties of a series of thermoplastic poly(ester-urethane) elastomers were described [ 11. Those polymers were prepared in dimethyl formamide a t 85OC under random solution polymerization conditions from a diisocyanate, diphenylmethane-p,p'-diisocyanate (MDI), a macroglycol, poly(tetramethy1ene adipate)glycol (PTAd, MW1110), and a glycol chain extender, 1.4-butanediol (1,4-BDO). The study A polymers contained 18.78% (wt.) of urethane groups (-NHCOO-) or, considering . the hard segment content of the polyurethane composition to consist of the copolymer formed from the total chain extender content plus an equivalent amount of MDI, 38.5% (wt.) of hard segment. Mn was determined for this earlier series by membrane osmometry. In the present paper (Study B) we have related the effects of polymer primary chain Mw (weight average molecular weight) to the characteristics and mechanical properties of a second series of thermoplastic poly(ester-urethane) elastomers. This polymer series was prepared under random melt polymerization conditions from different lots of the same reactants involved in Study A, but on a recipe which produced only 13.97% of urethane groups (20.1% hard segment) in the polymers. Another difference in Study B was the successful use of GPC (gel permeation chromatography) to obtain polyurethane molecular weight and dispersity values (aw/Mn). These differences provide four variations for consideration in the examination of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer molecular weight-property relations, namely: polymer urethane content, polymerization method, Mw, and dispersity. The information obtained in Study B supplements or confirms the findings of Study A and can be added to the growing body of knowledge in the area of polyurethane molecular weight measurement and effects [ l , 2,3,4, 5, 61,


The main flow characteristics are investigated by numerical simulation method of aero-thermal coupling in turbine stator of an aero-engine.The results shown that temperature distribution displays well on blades.It is important to direct the design of high-powered turbine blades.


Greetings! It is an honor to assume the editorship from Profs. Gavriel Salvendy and Waldemar Karwawski, two pioneers in human factors and ergonomics. I hope to not only uphold the quality of the publications, but also to promote connections to emerging fields of human work. Established in 1990, the goal of the journal is to facilitate discovery, integration, and application of scientific knowledge about human aspects of manufacturing and service enterprises, and to provide a forum for worldwide dissemination of such knowledge for applicable and beneficial use in industry. While the goal of the journal remains the same, we have changed our operations to continuously improve upon the journal's quality. The primary change is the introduction of associate editors to the editorial team. Our 16 associate editors have expertise across a breadth of areas within human factors and ergonomics. Since January, we have already experienced reduced manuscript processing times. Another change is the repurposing of our editorial board into an Advisory Board. The Board currently consists of 51 distinguished researchers from 15 nations who assist on issues ranging from topics for special issues to honing the Journal's goal for the future. In terms of the Journal itself, we have reduced the types of submissions to research articles, reviews, and technical notes in order to streamline the review process. Research articles are expected to formulate some testable theory or research hypothesis. Reviews summarize and evaluate the state of the science regarding a given topic, identify weaknesses and gaps in collective understanding, and should lead to novel research hypotheses. Technical notes are typically less than five pages in length and are limited in coverage to include issues such as prototype designs with a proof of concept.


The invention discloses a lock pin reinforcement for car front covers, and the lock pin reinforcement is characterized in that a reinforcement body is a sheet metal component subjected to punch forming, the edge of an upper flanging of the upper part of the reinforcement body is provided with three support lugs overlapped with a front-cover inner plate, the joint of the upper flanging and a sunken part is provided with five overlapping points connected with the front-cover inner plate, and the joint of the upper flanging and a raised part is provided with two overlapping points connected with the front-cover inner plate; the middle of the upper flanging of the upper part of the reinforcement body is provided with a bar-shaped lightening hole; the sunken part of the upper part of the reinforcement body is provided with four rectangular lightening holes; and the middle of the raised part of the reinforcement body is provided with a Z-shaped reinforcing rib, and the lower end of a lock pin is fixedly connected with the Z-shaped reinforcing rib. The lock pin reinforcement for the car front covers disclosed by the invention has the advantages that the size and weight of the reinforcement body are reduced, but the reinforcement body can replace two original components; the strength of the lock pin is increased, and the welding process of the lock pin is simple and convenient; and the front-cover inner plate is overlapped with the hinge part of the sunken part and the raised part so as to form a pressure-fed structure, therefore, the lock pin reinforcement has a pedestrian protection function.


NOVEL DERIVATIVES OF PROPIONIC ACID 2-substituted phenoxy corresponding to the formula: (CF DRAWING IN BOPI) wherein R represents: (CF DRAWING IN BOPI) R AND IS AN ATOM HYDROGEN GROUP OR LOWER ALKYL. THESE DERIVATIVES HAVE HIGH ACTIVITY Herbicide VIS-A-VIS WEED, grasses and ESPECIALLY BE USED AS HERBICIDES SELECTIVE .


The article studies consumers in the market of students catering on the basis of the method of cluster analysis, which is a many-sided statistical procedure, which envisages collection of data, which keep information about the sampling and ordering objects into relatively homogeneous groups, as a result seven main segments of food consumers are allocated. Using the method of factor analysis the article identifies main factors that influence consumer behaviour when selecting catering establishments. The article studies consumer behaviour in the students catering market in the city of Ivano-Frankivsk using the method of polling and semantic differential. The article identifies main shortcomings in the activity of the studies students catering establishment. The article offers measures for achieving the desired level of satisfaction of clients with the quality of service in the selected catering establishment.


Cell free culture medium of the lytic strain of A. tamarense (Alex2) was used for the purification of lytic compounds by bioassay (against the cryptophyte Rhodomonas salina) driven fractionation and a non-lytic strain (alex5) was used as a negative control. Lytic compounds were purified by reversed phase SPE and hydrophilic interaction liqui d chromatography (HILIC) [3] and subsequently analyzed by several mass spectrometric techniques.


The invention relates to a foamed plastic environment-friendly recovery granulating machine set. A pulverizer comprises a feeding main body, a pulverizing roller which is arranged in the feeding main body, a screen mesh plate which is arranged below the pulverizing roller and a wind gathering discharge hopper which is connected with the feeding main body. A conveyer pipeline comprises a radial material loading pipeline consisting of a material loading blower and a pipeline, a tangential feeder which is connected with the radial material loading pipeline and a regular polygon feeding tank which is connected with the tangential feeder. A host machine comprises a primary compression extruding part and a secondary compression extruding part which is connected with the primary compression extruding part. The foamed plastic environment-friendly recovery granulating machine set adopts a closed circular material supply system, improves the environment-friendly regeneration utilization rate, reduces the recovery cost, saves the energy loss, and reduces the recovery secondary pollution.


Engineering problems belong to a large and complex category of optimization problems with non-linear and nonconvex functions; conventional methods are no longer sufficient to handle such problems. Meta-heuristic optimization algorithms have been proved in literature for being able to tackle complex problems. A new meta-heuristic algorithm called dynamic step-size roach infestation optimization algorithm based on searching behaviour of cockroaches was published recently. A Simple Euler method was introduced into a roach infestation optimization algorithm for the enhancement of swarm stability and to allow a balance of exploitation and exploration. The results of the experiments, show its superiority over the existing algorithms. In this work the same method was applied; and modified to solve a constrained engineering problem. The results obtained from simulation processes are close to those obtained by other meta-heuristic methods.


This paper presents studies into a new program used to calculate sag and tension of conductors on wood pole lines considering all relevant parameters, such as conductor temperature, wind and ice loadings and creep. Based on this information and data provided by the user, the program also provides information on clearances and structural loadings. Furthermore, the paper describes expressions used to develop the program. The program is in a Microsoft Excel domain for ease of use by SSE planners for whom the program has been developed and is found to provide more information than readily available programs on the market. A set of data is obtained experimentally at the Scottish and Southern Energy (SSE) overhead line training school using a 58 metre span of 50 millimetre Hazel conductor (all aluminium alloy conductor) strung at various tensions between two wood poles at an air temperature of 2.5 degrees Celsius. This data is used to validate the data from the new program. Attentive analysis of results shows a close correlation between the two methods.


As a countermeasure against M8–9 class Nankai Trough earthquakes, the Japan Meteorological Agency started a service to release "Nankai Trough Earthquake Extra Information (Megathrust Earthquake Alert)." This alert is released after an M8.0 or higher earthquake occurs and the possibility of a subsequent earthquake is evaluated to be higher than usual. This is an innovative attempt at disaster mitigation in Japan as it encourages residents in the predefined area to pre-evacuate for one week when tsunami risk is higher. However, the factors influencing the evacuation behavior of residents are unknown. In this study, we investigated factors contributing to residents' pre-event evacuation intentions using the hierarchical multiple regression analysis. We focused on the extent to which the recognition of the hazards and risks of the Nankai Trough earthquake and the response to the Extra Information, which are changeable by the local governments' public relations activities, contributed to pre-event evacuation intentions after controlling for disaster-related general attitude and sociodemographic factors. Further, we paid special attention to residents' degree of recognition of this information by checking the accuracy of their understanding of whether they lived within the pre-event evacuation area. The results showed that the recognition factors were relevant but less so than the general attitude toward disaster and more so than the sociodemographic factors. In addition, residents' recognition accuracy was low. Our results suggest that it is important for local governments to make adequate efforts to encourage residents to evacuate.


The present study aims to reveal how the social studies textbooks address the global connections learning area included in the 2018 social studies curriculum. We used the document analysis method to examine and evaluate the reflections of the global connections learning area in social studies textbooks. The textbooks were evaluated and interpreted with the descriptive analysis method. The results of the study show that in the textbooks examined, global topics are handled with a focus on Turkey. Also, the problem of prejudices, which is one of the biggest obstacles in the world that prevent people from getting to know others, is covered in the 4th- and the 7th-grade textbooks. The topic of prejudices, which is handled with an emphasis on cultural differences in the 4th-grade textbook, is presented in the 7th-grade textbook together with the concepts of Islamophobia and racism. Lastly, the topics of global problems and global citizenship, which are expected to be emphasized more in the global connections learning area, are only indirectly addressed in the 7th-grade textbook.


A methodology for detailed differential economic analysis of industrial systems based on an analytical optimization procedure is presented. Existing process integration methodologies for large scale industrial systems (refineries, petrochemicals, chemicals) where a number of processes, streams, and supporting systems are involved, do not provide economic value structure of individual components prior to optimization. Such problems are overcome through an economic analysis of streams and processes in a system. A novel optimization method called analytical optimization for process industries is developed. An overall integration strategy is then developed to capture the impacts of variable operating conditions and complex network connections in the detailed differential economic analysis of systems. The methodology is applied in the design and synthesis of an oil upgrading system. This is an abstract of a paper presented at the 7th World Congress of Chemical Engineering (Glasgow, Scotland 7/10-14/2005).


A low-volume/high frequency (LVHF) soil moisture-based drip irrigation system was tested
on a commercial tomato farm in South Florida. Seven irrigation treatments were compared. In the
first six treatments the system was pressurized by means of an electrical pump and a pressure tank,
and controlled by an irrigation timer (controller) set to irrigate 5 times per day. The last treatment
consisted on the farm's standard commercial practice where a portable pump was used on a twice a
week manual irrigation schedule. Four of the six LVHF treatments resulted from interfacing, in a
closed control loop with the irrigation controller, two types of soil moisture sensors (switching
tensiometers and granular matrix sensors) set at two moisture points (wet: 10 cbar, optimal:15 cbar),
The other two LVHF resulted from the same system with no sensors with two timer schedules, one to
supply 100% of the maximum recommended crop water needs and the other to supply 150% of
those needs. Results from the six LVHF treatments show that tomato yields were not different than
that of the commercial field while conserving water. Switching tensiometers at 15 cbar set point
performed the best (up to 73% reduction in water use when compared to commercial farm, 50% with
respect to the 100% recommended crop water needs treatment). Routine maintenance was critical
for reliable operation of the switching tensiometers. Granular matrix sensors behaved erratically and
did not improve water savings compared to the 100% recommended crop water needs treatment.


Nitrogen is an indispensable and limiting element for plant and microbial growth. To investigate the combined effects of salinity and freezing–thawing (FT) processes on soil inorganic nitrogen (SIN) transformation in seasonally freezing salinized farmland, laboratory incubation experiments were conducted under five soil salt content (SSC) treatments (0.08%, 0.25%, 0.35%, 0.50%, and 0.70%), four FT temperature treatments (C (5 °C), FT (−5 + 5 °C), FT (−10 + 5 °C), and FT (−15 + 5 °C)), and two soil water content (SWC) treatments (40% and 80% of maximum water holding capacity (WHC)). Ammonium (NH4+-N) and nitrate (NO3−-N) nitrogen were monitored at the first, second, fifth, and eighth incubation days. The FT processes increased relative NH4+-N content by 13%, 39%, and 77% with the decreasing of freezing temperature from −5 °C to −15 °C compared with C (5 °C) treatments, respectively. FT (−5 + 5 °C) and FT (−15 + 5 °C) treatments decreased the relative NO3--N contents by 4% and 6% compared with C (5 °C) treatments, respectively. Under FT treatments, the increment of relative NH4+-N content was higher in low-SSC treatments and lower in high-SSC treatments. The relationship between relative NO3–-N content and SSC gradually changed from a decrease in C (5 °C) to an increase in FT (−15+5 °C) treatments. SWC decreased NH4+-N content in high-SSC and low-freezing temperature treatments (SSC × freezing temperature < −2.5%· °C), while NH4+-N increased in low-SSC and unfrozen treatments. The variations of SIN/Rmin (nitrogen mineralization rate) were mostly affected by NO3–-N/Rnit (net nitrification rate) and NH4+-N/Ra (net ammonification rate) in C (5 °C) and FT treatments, respectively. Overall, the results suggested that enhanced salinity inhibited the effects of freezing temperature on NH4+-N and NO3−-N formation, respectively. The increase in SWC weakened the NH4+-N formation induced by the decrease in freezing temperature, and this function increased with the increase in salinity.


We report Phrixocephalus cincinnatus, a pennellid copepod infecting the eyes of flatfishes, from a single specimen of rex sole, Glyptocephalus zachirus, for the first time. In the typical host, the arrowtooth flounder, Atherestes stomias, the parasite occurred commonly in sampled populations from the Broughton Archipelago in British Columbia, infected primarily the right eye of the flounder, and on only one occasion presented more than two parasites per eye. The copepod attached to the choroid layer and ramified throughout the posterior compartment of the eye, resulting in the disruption of the retina and probably impairing host vision. Inflammation and hyperplasia progressed to necrosis and proliferation of connective tissue, resulting in the total destruction of the eye.


A series of Ni-W/Al 2 0 8 -Si0 2 catalysts with different Al 2 O s /Si0 2 ratios were prepared and loaded in a commercial HDS unit for one year. The catalytic properties of the freshly sulfided, spent and regenerated catalysts were investigated by performing structural analysis and model test reactions. The aggregation of WS 2 slabs in the lateral direction in the spent catalysts, which was observed by EXAFS and TEM, was a major cause of the catalyst deactivation. The addition of Si0 2 into the catalyst support was found to suppress the structual changes of the catalyst. The lumps of WS 2 were composed of several layers in the regenerated catalysts and the WS 2 slabs were smaller than those of the spent catalysts. The hydrodesulfurization activities of the regenerated catalysts were almost the same as those of the fresh catalysts. Therefore, the performance of the hydrotreating catalysts was found to be affected mainly by the structure of the active metals.


Some have suggested, based on limited data, that knowledge of an estimated fetal weight from a sonogram in a low‐risk population, particularly in the setting of a larger fetus, is associated with increased risk of cesarean delivery. We aimed to investigate, among women delivering neonates weighing greater than 3500 g, whether having had a sonographically estimated fetal weight in temporal proximity to delivery was associated with the risk of cesarean delivery.


Background: To evaluate the initial clinical experience with a surface image guided technique for stereotactic radiosurgery using minimal patient immobilization and real-time patient motion monitoring for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (TN). Methods: The study describes the first seven TN patients treated with this technique. Head positioning was achieved with a patient-specific head mold made out of expandable foam that conforms to the patient's occiput. The face of each patient was left open and unobstructed for maximal comfort. The motion of a region of interest consisting of the forehead, eyes, nose, and temporal bones was monitored during treatment using a video surface imaging system (Vision RT Ltd., London, UK). Initial setup of the patient was performed with the surface imaging system using the treatment planning computed tomographic (CT) scan. Initial setup was confirmed and finalized with cone-beam CT (CBCT) and KV X-ray images prior to treatment. The dedicated linear accelerator used for delivery was a Trilogy (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) with 5 mm collimator with 13 arcs. Patients were monitored during treatment with surface imaging cameras and software, equipped with a beam stop mechanism if the patient's motion was found to exceed a specified tolerance. Results: Seven patients with TN underwent single fraction radiosurgery to a dose range of 80-90 Gy with surface image guidance. All patients experienced pain relief. Four of the seven patients experienced complete resolution of pain. At a median follow-up of 31.4 months, two of seven patients developed pain recurrence. One patient reported intermittent facial numbness after SRS which resolved by 9 months post-treatment. Conclusions: The surface image guided technique using minimal immobilization and real time surface imaging has proven to be safe and effective in a small cohort of patients with TN. To our knowledge this is the first series describing the use of this technology in SRS for TN. Patient compliance is important, and appears improve given the speed and comfort of this technique. An additional degree of semi-rigid immobilization may be required in some patients.


While Pakistan is a country with dual national languages, English and Urdu, there are over 74 regional languages actively spoken by its citizens. A changing and post-colonial world is placing demands on students to communicate and do business in English; however, their pre-university preparation across regions does not always, or often, provide adequate English mastery prior to their tertiary schooling where English is required knowledge. This study explores English teaching and learning of Pakistani learners attending a tertiary level institution. To seek solutions to some of the challenges they face, the study posits the possibility of translanguaging as a culturally responsive pedagogical approach to provide a pathway through which instructors might promote and maintain the country's linguistic diversity while simultaneously promoting greater mastery of English. The data used for analysis were obtained from 1) 15 faculty instructors of English at this university and 2) 15 student participants who speak five of the major languages spoken in Pakistan. Findings reveal faculty perceptions and ideas about translanguaging as a culturally responsive pedagogy to be open to new considerations for meaning-making but in need of scaffolding in order to understand these approaches for teaching English to university learners. Insights into prioritizing students' mother tongue as a point of departure and a resource in their learning suggests potential for creating a cross-over with the target language (English) to arrive at greater student engagement and more meaningful mastery of English as an outcome.


By using magnetorheological (MR) fluid in place of lubricating oil in a traditional squeeze film damper (SFD), one can build a variable-damping SFD, thereby controlling the vibration of a rotor by controlling the magnetic field. Assuming a Bingham model, the Reynolds equation for an MR fluid squeeze film is developed and solved to provide expressions for the velocity, the pressure distribution and the damping force. Electromagnetic theory is used to calculate the magnetic pull force between the magnetic poles in the damper. The mechanical properties of the squeeze film and the unbalance response characteristics of an MR fluid SFD–rigid rotor system are analyzed theoretically. An MR fluid SFD is designed and manufactured, and the unbalance response properties and control method of a flexible rotor supported on the damper are studied experimentally. The study shows that the magnetic pull force can decrease both the first critical speed and the critical amplitude; the film damping force can decrease the amplitude at the undamped critical speeds, but increase the amplitude in a speed range between two undamped critical speeds. The damper may have the best control effect to minimize the vibration within the range of all working speed by using the on–off control method.


The longer suckling piglets stay in the nest, the lower the power input and energy of a controlled underground heating system (proven through field tests and lab simulation). Using water beds, the power input can be reduced by 10 %. If a gel is added to the water bed, with a140/150 W radiation or underground heating, a surface temperature of more than 30° C can be attained.


Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) was used for the characterization of the microstructure of carbons derived from organic-loaded inorganic template materials that are used as anodes in lithium ion cells. Pillared clays (PILC), layered silicates whose sheets have been permanently propped open by sets of thermally stable molecular props, were used as a template to load the organic precursors. Five organic precursors, namely pyrene, styrene, pyrene/trioxane copolymer, ethylene, and propylene, were used to load the PILC. Pyrolysis was carried out at 700 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. From SANS, information has been derived about the pore radius, mass fractal dimension, and the cutoff length (above which the fractal property breaks down) on each carbon. In general, the pore radius ranges from 4 to 11 A, and the mass fractal dimension varies in the range from 2.5 to 2.9. Contrast-match SANS studies of carbons wetted in 84% deuterated toluene indicate that a significant amount of pores in carbon from pyrene a...


In order to respond to the market demands and create additional value for customers and airlines, Airbus decided to develop a new member of its wide-body Family, Airbus A350 XWB. The A350XW's benefits of the new manufacturing and assembly techniques, applied on other aircraft of the Airbus Family, such as the A330 and the A380. It also utilizes a supply chain based on the lessons learned over the time from other programs. The paper analyzes the structure of A350 supply chain, describes Airbus's challenges for managing this supply chain, and highlights some key lessons that could be taken into consideration for the next supply chains of the new product development.


Abstract With the proliferation of electronic information products, contemporary biomedical libraries must carefully evaluate and choose among the many available databases, including a variety of drug information resources. This article evaluates three standalone drug databases: eFacts Online, Epocrates Rx Online(tm), and Clinical Pharmacology(tm). Within this article the authors compare and outline the relative strengths and weaknesses of these three drug resources, taking into account a list of specific criteria.


With the large-scale access of new clean power generation energy to the power grid and the rapid development of smart electricity technology, more and more electric equipment is involved in the demand response to calm the fluctuation of new energy. However, the incremental cost and switch life loss of electrical equipment are usually not taken into account in the traditional optimal scheduling scheme. This paper presents a TCLs distributed cooperative control strategy based on multi-agent consistency. This strategy adopts the control cost model which takes into account the life loss of switches and can reflect the thermodynamic characteristics of TCLs, and realizes the control cost optimization through distributed collaborative control.


We present subarcsecond-resolution mid-infrared images of NGC 4151 at 10.8 and 18.2 μm. These images were taken with the University of Florida mid-IR camera/spectrometer OSCIR at the Gemini North 8 m telescope. We resolve emission at both 10.8 and 18.2 μm, extending ~3.″5 across at a P.A. of ~60°. This coincides with the narrow-line region of NGC 4151, as observed in [O III] by the Hubble Space Telescope. The most likely explanation for this extended mid-IR emission is dust in the narrow-line region heated by a central engine. We find no extended emission associated with the proposed torus and place an upper limit on its mid-IR size of ≲35 pc.


Entrepreneurship is among the fastest growing curricular areas at universities. The rationale for delivering entrepreneurship education to students is well understood; however, minimal research has examined the characteristics, motivations, and attitudes of those choosing to enroll. The authors examine data collected across 5 years from 2,664 students enrolled in a multidisciplinary entrepreneurship course offered at a major university in the United States. It highlights why demographic characteristics, career intentions, and what is termed entrepreneurial maturity should be taken into consideration in course and program development. The study provides valuable baseline data that can inform entrepreneurship education research, pedagogy, and assessment.


I would like to begin by explaining how I am able to speak to you about North Cape and its potential for business development, by giving you a little background information about myself and my involvement in the area. I was born and brought up in Honningsvåg, and have experienced changes which have, amongst other things, led to a reduction in the population of the area from over 5000 people to 3200 today. My work experience includes teaching, in primary and secondary schools, project leadership within the fishing industry, insurance advisor, business manager for North Cape Municipality, and Daily leader for North Cape Business Park. This last position I have held since 2007. We have 43 member businesses, locally and regionally. Our network includes both commercial industries and official institutions/organisations. Besides this, I lead the civic network of business managers in West Finnmark, and am leading the Business Park Network in Finnmark. I also work closely with the University in Tromsø, the High School in Finnmark, University in Trondheim (NTNU) and one of the most renowned research institutes in Norway, Sintef. As an active sportsman and a representative at the highest level of our local, 600 strong sports club, I feel I also have very good knowledge in this field. In this chapter I will comment on the current status and challenges within our main businesses of fishing, tourism, oil, and culture.


This paper analyzed the present status of logistics network layout of agricultural products supply chain (APSC) in China. Domestic and foreign experts and scholars researched on the agricultural supply chain network optimization focus on influence factors of logistics costs. This paper analyzed the main influence factors and the reason of the logistics loss in logistics process of green agricultural products (GAP), taking into account the unique fresh produce and perishable logistics due to the amount of loss, and loss of agricultural product quality optimization of the logistics network. The paper then constructed the GAP closed supply chain logistics network layout model based on the logistics loss. Finally, the paper gives the model algorithm.


In recent years a variety of designs of automatic fraction collectors have appeared (Brimley & Snow, 1949; Cuckow, Harris & Speed, 1949; Edman, 1948; Phillips, 1949; Stein & Moore, 1948). The collectors described here possess the advantages that they are simple and cheap to construct and have given reliable service over long periods. The three machines all operate on the same principle, involving a siphon set on a balance arm which, in filling and emptying, operates a mechanical escapement. The siphon and its delivery arm are caused to rotate by means either of a spring, a twisted cord or a small weight. The first two single-row machines differ only in arrangement of siphon, the second being the more robust. The third machine has several rows of tubes and is consequently more compact. The movement from one row to the next is accomplished with the aid of a second escapement.


Synopsis The clinical and neuropathological features are reported of 10 patients who had suffered, usually for several years, from the after effects of an acute or sub-acute necrotizing encephalitis of the limbic grey matter and of the adjacent temporal lobes. Emphasis is laid on the memory disturbance and on the behavioural and emotional aberrations that tended to occur and that are in some ways reminiscent of the Klüver–Bucy syndrome.


BACKGROUND/AIM
Associating liver partition with portal vein occlusion for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) is a recently developed strategy for inducing rapid hypertrophy of the future liver remnant (FLR). To explore possible mechanisms, we designed the first model of ALPPS with venous congestion (ALPPS+C) in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Rats were assigned randomly to 3 experimental groups: ALPPS, ALPPS+C and sham. Hepatic regeneration rate, Ki-67 and histopathology were assessed at 24 h, 48 h, and 7 days postoperatively.

RESULTS
Hepatic regeneration rate was much higher for ALPPS+C than for ALPPS at 48 h and 7 days postoperatively (p<0.01). Microscopically, the regenerating liver showed greater hepatocyte density and smaller hepatocyte size in ALPPS+C than in ALPPS (p<0.01 for each).

CONCLUSION
Greater hepatic regeneration in ALPPS+C than in ALPPS confirmed that we established a rat model of ALPPS with benefit from venous congestion. Producing a congested area may contribute importantly to rapid FLR hypertrophy during ALPPS.