Pharmaceuticals are widely used in Africa due to the high burden of human and animal diseases. However, a review of the current practices and pollution risks arising from the disposal of pharmaceuticals in low-income settings in Africa is still lacking. Therefore, the present review examined the literature to address the following questions: (1) what are the key factors driving the accumulation of unused and expired pharmaceuticals?, (2) what are the current disposal practices for unused and expired pharmaceuticals, and wastewater (feces and urine) containing excreted pharmaceuticals?, (3) what are the potential environmental and human health hazards posed by current disposal practices?, and (4) what are the key research needs on the disposal of pharmaceuticals in low-income settings? Evidence shows that, in low-income settings, wastewater comprising predominantly of feces and urine containing excreted pharmaceuticals often end up in on-site sanitation systems such as pit latrines, septic tanks, and the environment in the case of open defecation. Unused and expired pharmaceuticals are disposed of in pit latrines, household solid waste, and/or burned. The pollution risks of current disposal practices are poorly understood, but pharmaceutical pollution of groundwater sources, including those used for drinking water supply, may occur via strong hydrological connectivity between pit latrines and groundwater systems. Potential high-risk pollution and human exposure hotspots are discussed. However, compared to other environmental compartments, the occurrence, dissemination, fate, and human health risks of pharmaceuticals in the pit latrine-groundwater continuum are still understudied. Future research directions are discussed to address these gaps using the Source-Pathway-Receptor-Impact-Mitigation (SPRIM) continuum as an organizing framework.


The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the application of project-based learning on the development of oral production (speaking) of the English language in fifty-two students who attend to Unidad Educativa Pelileo in the elementary level A.1.2 according to the Board of Ecuadorian education. The qualitative-quantitative method was used in the research; qualitative because the performance of students in class and quantitative was observed because the grades obtained in the pre and post-test were statistically analyzed. The population for this research was divided into two groups: control with twenty-seven students and the experimental group with twenty-five students. Furthermore, the research was quasi-experimental, bibliographic and field, since the experimental group was observed and submitted to an intervention plan with a project-based learning treatment. The instrument used to evaluate the independent variable was the Key English Test (KET) (MOCK) test that was applied before and after the intervention plan. The data obtained were tabulated, analyzed, interpreted and subjected to a T-student test in order to verify the hypothesis and conclude that the null hypothesis was rejected and the alternative hypothesis was accepted. It means that the treatment with project-based learning contributed to a significant improvement in oral production performance, reflected in the parameter scores of: grammar and vocabulary, pronunciation, and interactive communication established in the assessment instrument. Therefore, teachers are suggested to apply project-based learning in the development of oral production.


Urban public transport in Australia has been the responsibility of State governments. The National government has indicated that it wishes to assume some financial responsibilities for capital programmes, but not for funding of operational deficits. This paper is a review of the problems of the urban public transport industry. Economic, social and financial issues are examined in the context of these changing governmental responsibilities.


future science group ISSN 1759-7269 10.4155/BFS.10.31 © 2010 Future Science Ltd 535 There has been substantial controversy over the role of biofuels in commodity price increases. With the commodity price spikes in 2008, many argued that the increases in prices of corn, soybeans, wheat and rice were driven by the increasing use of agricultural commodities for biofuels. In 2008 and 2009, two colleagues and I published two papers on the key drivers of changes in food prices [1,2]. This atricle draws upon those two papers with some recent updates. We argued that there were three main drivers of the commodity price increases in 2008. The first was global supply and demand conditions. Commodity prices are heavily influenced by what are known as stocks-to-use ratios. The stocks-to-use ratio measures the amount of global stocks of a given commodity compared with global annual use of the commodity. The higher the stocks-to-use ratio, the more margin there is for crop failure anywhere in the world and the lower, in general, are commodity prices. Very low stocks-to-use ratios normally mean higher market prices as the market rations the limited stocks through higher price. Stocks-to-use ratios for global cereals are shown in Figure 1 for 1960– 1961 through 2009–2010. In the 1980s and 1990s, stocks-to-use ratios generally ranged from 23–35%. In 2008 stocks-to-use ratios for cereals were exceptionally low, at approximately 16% and were expected to go even lower. However, this is not a situation that developed overnight. In fact, stocks-to-use ratios have been falling since the turn of the century. In 8 out of the previous 9 years global consumption had exceeded global production, which meant a slow drawdown of stocks. Why was global consumption exceeding global production? There are several reasons. The biggest was that global demand in aggregate was growing faster than global production. Yields were increasing over this period, but consumption was growing even faster. Many looked at this situation and simply assumed it was India and China. Indeed, consumption was growing rapidly in both countries, but so was production. Both India and China have self-sufficiency policies in basic cereals (e.g., wheat, rice and corn). So it was not particularly India and China; rather, it was growth in demand the world over. As incomes rise, people demand more meat and meat needs much more cereal input than if the cereals are consumed directly by humans alone. In the years just before 2008, there were also some droughts (e.g., Australia) and disease problems in several world regions. These supply problems exacerbated an already declining stocks-to-use ratio. Thus, the stage was set for serious shortages. The second major factor leading to sharp price rises in 2008 was the plunge in value of the US dollar. The US dollar fell 67% from 2002 through to mid-2008. Agricultural commodities are priced in US dollars, so if the dollar falls in value it takes less foreign currency to buy a metric ton (MT) of grain or oilseeds. Thus, commodity prices did not increase nearly so much in euros or other currency as they did in US dollars. Figure 2 shows the history of corn prices in US dollars, euros and a USDA market basket of currencies. At the peak corn prices tripled in US dollars, but went up less than 50% in euros. The fall in the US dollar meant that What drives changes in commodity prices? Is it biofuels? Biofuels (2010) 1(4), 535–537


Clothing cleaning equipment provided with a device comprises a liquid containing barrel, a treating agent distribution box connected with the liquid containing barrel, a first water pipeline for delivering water into the treating agent distribution box, as well as a first water valve mounted on the first water pipeline, wherein a second water valve is arranged on the first water pipeline between the treating agent distribution box and the first water valve, and is further connected with a second water pipeline; and the outlet of the second water pipeline is formed in a to-be-cleaned element or close to the to-be-cleaned element. Normally, flux and velocity of water flow delivered to the treating agent distribution box are larger so as to facilitate washing of a treating agent which is added into the treating agent distribution box in advance, when the water flow is lead to the to-be-cleaned element under the action of the second water valve, the cleaning effect is comparatively ideal, and dirt and/or batting attached to the to-be-cleaned element can be washed out effectively.


Problem discussion: Supply chain management plays very important role in petroleum industry to solve many problems like long lead time, transportation problem, operational management issue, supplier selection problem and service satisfaction at the different level. In this thesis the main focus is on finding options for optimization of the supply chain management in petroleum industries. Purpose: To study supply chain management in the petroleum industry and finding options for optimizing the supply chain in the petroleum industry by literature review and investigate previous literatures. Method: In this thesis ONGC Limited (headquartered in Dehradun, India) is taken consider for the case study. Qualitative research technique is implemented in this research. Primary data is collected via cell phone by communicating with organization's employee and secondary data is taken from various research articles and books to make the theoretical frame of reference for the thesis. Scope of the study: The scope of this thesis is limited to the supply chain management optimization in the petroleum industry. Conclusion: Supply chain management Optimization is recognized as the main tool for the petroleum industries to achieve aggressive success in global competitive market. Analyzing ONGC Limited gives a realistic approach that how to optimize and manage its supply chain efficiently and effectively. The planning process, Information technology, marketing management and integrated operation management are the main strength of supply chain optimization.


capita income might be 92 per cent. These are the broad conclusions of the book which is rich in details and makes an evaluation of the relative growth of the economy under a high and a low fertility growth of population. The inter-relationships between the several sectors of the economy have also been closely worked out. Expectations of the future have been formulated on appropriate assumptions and though justification for the assumptions has been provided, the quantitative aspects of the book must necessarily be taken rather as rough indications of magnitude. Many simplifications like the abstraction of non-monetized investment, also have had to be made. Some of their estimates such as income elasticity of demand for agricultural products (page 129), and mortality rates (pages 51-54) are questionable and their reasoning sounds somewhat unconvincing. The basic significance of the book lies in the fact that it has very forcefully drawn attention to a significant factor in planning for development which so far had not been treated with seriousness. The series of population projections that have been attempted subsequently in the country and the change of approach implied in them are sufficient proof of the acceptance of the ideas put forward in the book. The clear analysis of the various aspects of economic development in relation with different rates of population growth brings home with force the urgency for curbing the high fertility rate prevalent in the country. The book offers a timely warning and a challenge to the planners in their endeavours to chalk out a programme for a rapid increase in the income level of the country. Both in content and form the book stands out as a distinct contribution to the study of demography in relation to planned development in India.


The concern of this essay is to reveal the way in which an architecture of Humean and Cartesian thought, taken for granted by both analytical and critical approaches to legal theory, has stood in the way of demonstrating that facts can be justifications of judicial decisions without recourse to an additional layer of moral or political justification. The inability to demonstrate the normativity of legal facts or state affairs has been the single most serious defect in traditions of pragmatic thought about law (e.g. in legal realism and its contemporary descendants such as critical legal studies, feminist and critical race theory, socio-legal studies etc.). The analysis in this essay provides an argument for abandoning many taken for granted oppositions which inhibit pragmatic and realist approaches to law. These include the stark oppositions between: hermeneutic and causal explanation in law; reasons for decisions and reasons why decisions were reached; normative factors and pure fact etc. The author's chief concern is to demonstrate the possibility of uniting the logic of judicial reasoning with the logic of factual context, and to demonstrate that justification in law is not to be identified with the justification of ethical propositions.


The spontaneous growth of thin films of carboxylic acid derivatized colloidal gold particles electrostatically immobilized at the hydrosol-organic solution interface onto moistened hydrophilic substrates is demonstrated. Immersion of the substrates up to the interface of the biphasic mixture leads to superlattice formation by an extremely fast climbing mechanism, the process apparently driven by surface tension gradients at the substrate surface (Marangoni growth). This approach shows promise for development in the deposition of superlattice films of different surface-modified colloidal nanoparticles as well as salts of fatty lipids.


Most particle accelerators heve extensive networks of control wiring. The usual stream of minor modifications requires hundreds of control wires to be added, deleted, or changed in function every few months. Conventional terminal and cable record books and wiring diagrams are difficult to keep up to date and often are cumbersome to use. We have devised improved computer-aided techniques for organizing information about a control wiring network into compact forms convenient both for trouble-shooting and for new design work. Additions and deletions require only a single data card per wire. The computer prints out a pattern of interconnections for each circuit, adds information on circuit functions, and finds and marks such probable errors as dead-end wires and redundant circuit paths. The computer-aided system has been in use for nearly two years at the University of Minnesota proton linear accelerator, which has a control wiring network containing about 10,000 wires. A complete set of record books can be worked out in about 18 minutes on a Control Data 1604 computer. Trouble-shooting, identification of wiring errors, and design of system additions all have benefited from the speed, convenience, and accuracy of the computer-aided system.


The role of the employment interviewer in the company personnel office is thoughtfully considered in this article. It is good business practice, says the author, for the interviewer to take advantage of his opportunity to give vocational advice, assuming that he is qualified in vocational guidance techniques.


Abstract In this work, Aspergillus candidus MRC 22634 converted epiandosterone 1 into 10 hydroxylated metabolites. A. candidus has been shown to hydroxylate 1 predominantly at C-11α, C-1α, and C-15β with minor hydroxylations occurring at C-14α and C-7α. Oxidation at C-3, reduction at C-17, and C-3 epimerization of some of the remaining substrate have also been shown. 15β-Hydroxylation and C-3 epimerization of 1 by a fungus were reported for the first time. Two of the metabolites, 1α,3α-dihydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one 4 and 15β,17β-dihydroxy-5α-androstan-3-one 7, were identified as new compounds.


The objective of the present study is to optimize the smoke and NOx emissions simultaneously in a diesel engine fuelled with stationary diesel–oxygenate blends using the grey based Taguchi method. Experiments were carried out by adopting the Design of Experiments (DOE) method and tests were conducted based on Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array. The effects of three parameters, namely oxygen content of the additives, oxygenate proportion with diesel and varying injection timing, were investigated. Experimental trials were conducted by blending the various chosen oxygenates in different proportions with diesel and different injection timings. Taguchi's signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio was determined based on performance characteristics. The grey relational grade was obtained from the S/N ratio using the grey relational analysis (GRA). Based on this grade, the optimum level of factors was identified using response tables and response graphs. The individual effects of factors are estimated using analysis of variances (ANOVA). The results of the experiments reveal that diglyme blended with 10% diesel and injected at −21° crank angle is the optimum combination for the simultaneous reduction of smoke and NOx with a less significant impact on performance. This combination shows a smoke reduction of 28.33% with a 17.4% reduction in NOx emissions simultaneously with the best possible performance increase of 6.7% when compared to diesel. The combination of GRA and Taguchi parametric design can be effectively used to obtain the optimal combination of the chosen parameters. Experimental results also show that the response variables can be improved effectively through this approach.


Related Sustainable Development Goals Goal 04 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life-long learning opportunities for all Goal 09 Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation Goal 12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production systems Goal 16 Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels Goal 17 Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development


Station blackout (SBO) is a typical beyond design basis accident (BDBA) and significant contributor to overall plant risk. The risk analysis of SBO provides an important basis for rulemaking, accident mitigation strategy, etc. The SBO risk can be reevaluated when (1) the loss of offsite power (LOOP) frequency is updated reflecting the latest operating experience database, (2) the availability of component/systems involved in the accident scenario is changed, (3) the system design is modified such as the improvement of direct current (DC) battery capacity, or (4) the methodology of thermal-hydraulic analysis used in probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) is changed. Recently a procedure for combining deterministic and probabilistic methods was proposed, where the conditional exceedance probability (CEP) acts as go-between deterministic and probabilistic methods. The combined approach is accompanied by a best estimate plus uncertainty (BEPU) method, and results in more reliable values of core damage frequency (CDF) and conditional core damage probability (CCDP). This study intends to reevaluate the SBO risk in the reference OPR-1000 nuclear power plant by applying the combined approach. Meanwhile, the current PRA results indicate that the time to offsite power restoration is the most important contributor to the SBO risk of the plant, where it has been determined by conservative thermal hydraulic analysis with MAAP code. In this study the uncertainty parameters affecting SBO transient were preliminarily identified and quantified by determining their distributions, then the CEPs were calculated with various values of offsite restoration time. The combined approach can extend the offsite power restoration time for no core damage more than the PRA. Then use of offsite restoration time, obtained from operating experience analysis, decreases the SBO risk.


A model is presented for predicting classification performance for systems having a large population of classes. The cases of large and small training set size for each class are treated separately. A method is proposed for measuring classification performance as the mean ranking statistic (rho) E which is derived from the average information content hE of the system feature vector, which is in turn derived from the system covariance matrices ((Sigma) W, (Sigma) B). This method for predicting (rho) E is applied to the large training set case (case 1), explaining why performance is not compromised but improved by adding noisy features. The method is extended for predicting performance in the more difficult small training set case (case 2), explaining why performance may be compromised by the addition of noisy features in that situation.


Water samples from selected hand-dug wells and Ona-river in Itaogbolu area of Akure North Local Government, Ondo State Nigeria were collected and physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals were determined using standard analytical procedure. For the physico-chemical analysis the results were obtained as follows: PH gave the range (6.59 – 7.68), temperature was found between 21.1 to 27.1°C and conductivity gave the range 300 to 1150 µΩ. The chloride content of all the water samples was found between 78.1 to 1175 mg/l, total hardness gave range 128 to 298 mg/l, the highest was found in Oda river. Suphate level was also the highest in Ona River, which was found in the range 60 to 97 mg/l, Total Dissolved gave range 0.02 to 0.09 mg/l and alkalinity gave range 0.9 to 2.45 mg/. Cadmium was not detected at all in all the water samples, Zinc and iron were found in the ranges 0.7 to 5.5 and 0.1 to 5.3 mg/l respectively. While chromium, lead and copper were found between 0.1 to o.4, 0.1 to 0.2 and 0.1 to 0.4 mg/l respectively. Nickel was only detected in Ona river. These results were said to have agreed with the limits set by World Health Organization for drinking water.


This chapter gives an account of the growth of administrative agencies in the first half of the twentieth century, particularly after 1930. The chapter emphasizes the comparatively novel status of agencies as governing institutions in America, and the legal and constitutional issues their emergence posed for courts, states legislatures, and Congress.


v Declaration of Originality Acknowledgements Publications associated with this work vltl vlr ix x Table of Figures List of Tables xll


Abstract In a work of 1837 devoted to 'uncovering the methods that have yielded discovery in the sciences', William Whewell declared of publishers of abstracts, epitomes, bibliographical notices, and the like, that.


Anti‐drug antibodies (ADAs) to biologic therapies contribute to the loss of response and infusion reactions to anti‐TNF drugs in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The reasons behind this immunogenicity are complex, and have not been the focus of a dedicated review for prescribers.


This dissertation develops the mathematical formalism to analyse now established staged tree models which are graphical, discrete and parametric statistical models. We investigate the properties of these models in three important settings: geometrically, specifying these as algebraic varieties inside a probability simplex; statistically, characterising the class of all graphical representations of the same family of probability distributions; and philosophically, formulating putative causal hypotheses inferred from a class of staged trees.


The study concerns the influence of the three-dimensional cross flows on the compressible turbulent boundary layer development and flow separation prediction around V/STOL engine inlets at high incidence. The governing equations for the three-dimensional boundary layer flow with small-cross approximation are solved numerically on an intrinsic streamline coordinate system. Results are presented to illustrate the effects of small cross-flow, compressibility and streamline curvatures on the flow. Comparisons of the results with the wind tunnel data for scaled model and with data obtained from another existing compressible axisymmetric turbulent boundary layer scheme are included in the analysis.


We introduce a new scale of grand variable exponent Lebesgue spaces denoted by L∼p(·),θ,ℓ . These spaces unify two non‐standard classes of function spaces, namely, grand Lebesgue and variable exponent Lebesgue spaces. The boundedness of integral operators of Harmonic Analysis such as maximal, potential, Calderón–Zygmund operators and their commutators are established in these spaces. Among others, we prove Sobolev‐type theorems for fractional integrals in L∼p(·),θ,ℓ . The spaces and operators are defined, generally speaking, on quasi‐metric measure spaces with doubling measure. The results are new even for Euclidean spaces.


This thesis describes the study of proton scattering from protons and light nuclei and the development of a self-supporting target of solid hydrogen for nuclear physics experiments. Differential cross-sections for the scattering of 144 MeV protons from hydrogen, deuterium, helium, lithium-6, lithium-7 and Carbon-12 around the Coulomb interference region (2° to 20°) have been measured. The measurements of the cross-section for proton- proton scattering were an extension of the measurements made by G.F. Cox et al. (1) and also a test for the feasibility of using a solid self-supporting hydrogen target, developed as part of this work, in Nuclear physics experiments. The measurements at cross-sections for light nuclei were made in order to test some simple nuclear models normally used to predict nuclear scattering, namely, the Born Approximation, W.K.B. Approximation and the construction of the optical model potentials from the two nucleon scattering matrix and the way the Coulomb interaction is included. Nucleon-nucleon scattering is reviewed in Chapter one together with the types of experiments required to determine the nucleon-nucleon interaction uniquely. Chapter two describes the construction of nucleon-nucleus interaction from nucleon-nucleon interactions and presents a set of formulae used for the final analysis of proton scattering from light nuclei. Chapter three deals with the experimental layout and the measurements of the quantities that finally lead to cross-sections. Chapter four describes the production and the development of a solid self-supporting hydrogen target. Finally chapter five gives the results of the experimental measurements and and interprets them in terms of the theoretical predictions. A separate study carried out during the first year at Surrey University is given in Appendix A and deals with the variation of optical model potential with the incident proton energy scattered from carbon in the range 100 MeV to 1000 MeV. A published report on this subject is also provided at the end of Appendix A. An incidental study on the production of K-shell X-rays by 160 MeV protons is attached to the thesis as an Appendix B.


Three pipelined multiprocessor implementations of adaptive lattice filters are examined. The three multiprocessor architectures, which can be characterized as a serial pipeline, a ladder-connected dual pipeline, and a ring pipeline, are derived directly from the computational and data-transfer requirements of adaptive lattice algorithms. The order-recursive nature of the adaptive lattice structure results in architectures which use pipelining extensively. A performance analysis is done for each multiprocessor system, with respect to two different adaptive lattice algorithms. Expressions for approximate computation time and speedup are derived for each combination of architecture and algorithm.<<ETX>>


The Milky Way is one of the very few spiral galaxies known to host large-scale magnetic field reversals. The existence of the field reversal in the first Galactic quadrant near the Sagittarius spiral arm has been well established, yet poorly characterised due to the insufficient number of reliable Faraday depths (FDs) from extragalactic radio sources (EGSs) through this reversal region. We have therefore performed broadband (1-2 GHz) spectro-polarimetric observations with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) to determine the FD values of 194 EGSs in the Galactic longitude range of $20^\circ$-$52^\circ$ within $\pm 5^\circ$ from the Galactic mid-plane, covering the Sagittarius arm tangent. This factor of five increase in the EGS FD density has led to the discovery of a disparity in FD values across the Galactic mid-plane in the Galactic longitude range of $40^\circ$-$52^\circ$. Combined with existing pulsar FD measurements, we suggest that the Sagittarius arm can host an odd-parity disk field. We further compared our newly derived EGS FDs with the predictions of three major Galactic magnetic field models, and concluded that none of them can adequately reproduce our observational results. This has led to our development of new, improved models of the Milky Way disk magnetic field that will serve as an important step towards major future improvements in Galactic magnetic field models.


The present study examines whether consumers' perception of waiting time and their behavioral intentions are influenced by the presence of background music in an online shopping environment. In particular, this study aims to explain the underlying mechanism for the effects of background music on consumers' perceived wait and behavioral intentions toward the online retailer by proposing the mediating role of emotions drawing on the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) framework. A lab experiment was employed to test the hypotheses. A total of 102 college students were used for data analyses. Results show that the presence of music has a significant impact on participants' emotions, perceived waiting time, and approach behavior. Moreover, the findings show that pleasure and the perceived waiting time serve as mediators in the relationship between the presence of music and approach behavior. Implications of the model for theory, practice, and further research are discussed.


With mounting popularity of qualitative research worldwide, interviews have emerged as one of the foremost and widely used techniques for data collection. However, there has been little research which examines the appropriate timings for conducting an interview which results in attainment of a high quality data. To shed light on 'when to conduct an interview for highest data quality' was the purpose of this research. Using a grounded theory approach, this study conducted interviews with selected participants who pondered differently at different times of a day and exhibited considerable variations in their answers' quality and extent of comprehensiveness. It finally led to development of a theory based on the findings of our research which discovered that at times, there exists 'Temporary Non-appearance of Memory' among the interviewees which adversely affects the quality of their responses thus affecting the final outcomes of qualitative research.


Over 4 years, my staff and I amassed a wealth of data related to the psychology of work (e.g., Brett & Drasgow, 2002; Smither, 1988), and more specifically, to the psychology of work performed by psychological scientists doing their professional duty—publishing and reviewing. During this period, we received more than 3,850 submissions to Psychological Science and obtained more than 4,850 reviews. The collective pace with which these authors and reviewers worked provides insights into the rhythms of research.


Spatially inhomogeneous distributions of current density and temperature in solid oxide
fuel cells (SOFC) can contribute significantly to accelerated electrode degradation,
thermomechanical stresses, and reduced efficiency, especially under high fuel utilization
and the use of reformate gases or methane-steam mixtures as fuel. Here, water-gas shift
and reforming reactions at the anode are coupled to diffusive and convective transport
processes, leading to a variation of temperature and gas-phase species along the flow
channel and through the anode thickness.
A combined experimental and modelling study of the spatially resolved performance of a
planar segmented SOFC was performed in order to investigate and understand the spatial
inhomogeneities in gas composition and temperature. A planar anode-supported SOFC
single cell was locally characterized in a 44-segmented cell arrangement. The tests were
performed in counter-flow operation with methane-steam mixtures. Local and global
current-voltage relationship was measured as a function of gas composition and fuel
utilization. A two-dimensional elementary kinetic electrochemical model representing the
segmented cell along the flow path and through the thickness of membrane-electrode
assembly and interconnector was developed. The coupled charge-transfer and
heterogeneous chemical kinetics are represented by an elementary kinetic mechanism
consisting of 24 reactions between 6 gas-phase species, 12 Ni-surface-adsorbed species,
and 4 YSZ-adsorbed species.
The study allows a detailed insight into gas-phase species and temperature distribution for
an anode-supported SOFC fuelled with methane-steam mixtures. A good agreement
between model and experiment was achieved.


The number of mobile devices and their users is increasing on day to day basis. Games and other multimedia contents on smart phones and tablets raised children's attention on a large scale. Primary schools could trigger the pupils' interest by learning also through new, interesting, and playful methods. In the thesis, an application for mobile devices with Android operating system which enables exercises in spelling is presented. There are several possibilities of problem-solving; the most interesting includes the use of accelerometer where tilting of the device makes content to move on the screen. Besides spelling book, a website is also available for users to exercise and for teachers to make new exercises. Therefore, it is also taken care of those who do not have an appropriate mobile device. Using text saving formats set in advance, teachers can create exercises which will trigger more attention of children.


Silicate substrates were coated by ion sputtering with nickel,and then used to catalyze the decomposition of low hydrocarbons to prepare the relatively well distributed carbon nanotubes films(CNFs).The effects of sputtering time,etching,and treatment in ammonia water on the morphology of CNFs were investigated,respectively.SEM measurements showed that the morphology of CNFs became more orderly with the increase of sputtering time,and carbon nanotubes of CNFs would not arrange very tightly after the coated nickel films were etched or/and treated in ammonia water for some time.


Today, freight transport has assumed a major role within the overall transport
system and for the economy, as it represents a particularly important component
in economic development. Thus in-depth research is required in order to define
its peculiarities and thus to reduce the negative effects of transport to a minimum.
In h s paper a general multi-step model to simulate urban fieight transport is
recalled.
The multi-step model uses a disaggregated approach and consists of these steps:
attraction and distribution models, acquisition model (or large-scale
distribution), models for the choice of service and vehicle type, path choice
model.
Using the model of quantity attraction and distribution models [l, 2, 31 we obtain
the quantity of each consumer goods typology that reaches on one day each
traffic zone o, arriving fiom each zone d where it is purchased.
The paper analyses the set of movements in relation to urban freight transport;
the specification, calibration and validation of the proposed model system are
reported.


pathological material derived from fi sh showing signs of disease pseudomonosis. Basic biological properties of these bacteriophages such as: the lytic activity spectrum, the speci fi city, the morphology of plaques, lytic activity by Grazia were studied. The data obtained allowed us to develop bacteriophage-based biopreparation Pf01F1-УГСХА having specifi city in point of Pseudomonas fl uorescens, the lytic activity spectrum 86,2 %, lytic activity by Grazia 0,7(±0,1)∙10


Abstract. Graphene sheets (GSs) have been proposed to be a base material for nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) because of their excellent mechanical and electrical behaviors. In this work, we carry out shape optimization of GSs to enhance their dynamic behaviors. According to the Tersoff-Brenner force field theory and a link between molecular mechanics and solid mechanics of C-C bond, we model GSs as continuum frame structures at first. Then, we optimize the shape of the atomistic finite element models based on a developed free-form optimization method for frame structures. In this optimization process, we use the fundamental frequency as objective function and maximize it under a volume constraint and considering repeated eigenvalue problem. We assume each equivalent continuum beam to vary in the offaxis direction to the centroidal axis, and derive the shape gradient functions for determining the optimal design velocity field. According to the derived optimal design velocity field, the shape optimization of GSs can be carried out without shape parametrization. The numerical results show that, the fundamental frequency of GSs can be significantly enhanced after shape optimization, which would be helpful for applying GSs in NEMS.


Dairy producers should improve their activity with modern production techniques/technologies to meet the requirements of a stricter consumer market. In this sense, crop and livestock systems integration represents an interesting alternative for using the dairy farm available resources. This paper analyses the use of anaerobic digestion as basis for supplying energy, fertilizers and feed needs of a farming unit, by means of digestion products usage: biogas, which can be used in energy conversion systems to provide the required energy for processing/conservation equipment for milk and other farming products; and effluent, that can be used as a replacement for chemical fertilizers and for aquatic plants/fish feeding. Fossil fuels replacement by biogas can be classified as a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project, and economic resources obtained by carbon credits commercialisation may support the required production modernisation. The paper analyses the anaerobic digestion process, evaluating biogas in medium-scale dairy farms, as well as the quantification of carbon credits generated by introducing proper manure and culture remains management.


The paper is devoted to solving market-basket analysis problem of data mining. We describe a parallel algorithm adapted for the Cell Broadband Engine architecture. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.


This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of analytical equations which are mostly used in the design of dewatering systems using deepwells. This is accomplished by analyzing the data obtained from dewatering systems executed in twenty different sites within the Egyptian Nile Valley and Delta. The studied cases included gravity flow (unconfined aquifer), artesian flow (confined aquifer) and mixed flow (semi-confined aquifer) cases. For each of the considered sites, the actual discharge from pumping drilled wells and the actual drawdown of the groundwater table were measured. Besides, a pumping test was performed at each of these sites. The field data was then analyzed by adopting the empirical analytical equations to assess the responses of groundwater to the implemented lowering systems. The obtained results showed that the actual monitored drawdown values were not in good agreement with the analytical results. Therefore, practical correlation factors, based on data from the investigated sites and a comprehensive parametric study, were derived to enhance the results of the analytical equations. Hence, by implementing such cumulative drawdown correlation factors in the empirical equations, a more accurate assessment of the expected drawdown values can be attained. For aquifers within the Nile valley and Delta, average cumulative drawdown correlation factors of 0.7, 0.65 and 0.8 were found to be satisfactory for unconfined aquifers, confined aquifers, and semi-confined aquifers, respectively.


Onodi cells represent a type of posterior ethmoid cells in the sphenoid sinus; here, Pneumatisation occurs as a result of posterolateral. In the case reported, a 37-year-old Male patient was referred to our clinic with complaints of approximately 4-5 years of Headaches, nasal congestion and snoring. Paranasal sinus computed tomography (CT) scans showed left isodense lesions exhibiting the isolated Onodi cell. Surgery was planned to remove the Onodi cell mucocele using the endoscopic approach. The Lesion had expanded to completely fill the Onodi cell; lesion was totally removed by Aspiration. Fifteen months postoperatively, the patient underwent CT, and Onodi cells with completely normal aeration were observed. Onodi cells, the optic nerve and the internal carotid artery are in close proximity to one another, and therefore the existence Of Onodi cells are important information. Therefore, elucidating the detailed anatomy of the paranasal sinuses and the recognition of variations amongst them will facilitate accurate diagnosis of patients, as well as physicians' management of complications which may occur.


In 1888, in the 'Phil. Trans,' B, vol. 179, I described some parts of the skeleton of Theriodesmus phylarchus . Its geological horizon was then unknown. In the following year I visited the locality where it was found, at Klipfontein, near Fraserburg, in Cape Colony, on the summit of the volcanic series of rocks the escarpment of which forms the Neiuwveldt range. As the base of the Karroo rocks at Prince Albert is fully sixty miles south, and the same strata dip towards the north, over all that distance, with some minor undulations in the southern part of the area, while the elevation of the surface of the country augments northward, Klipfontein holds a high position in the deposits of Permian age which are comprised in the Karroo formation. I had the advantage of the company of the late Mr. Thomas Bain, who conducted me to the farm of two brothers, E. and O. Erasmus, where the Theriodesmus was collected. But after an interval of more than twelve years, the effects of atmospheric forces in breaking and removing the surface rocks made it impossible to discover additional remains of that animal. We carefully explored the banks and bed of a dried stream which drains into the Orange River, where I met with fragments of two species of the ganoid fish, Atherstonia , which have been regarded by Mr. A. Smith Woodward as new species, but found nothing resembling Theriodesmus . Along that stream I found and collected fragments of two skeletons which appear to me to be referable to Theriodonts, though their position in the group is not certain. These fossils show the association of limb bones and vertebrae; and with them I found fragments of skulls, which may have belonged to the same animals; but the association should be made with caution, since it is unsafe to put together disconnected fragments of skeletons which may have been associated by transport, unless there is corroborative evidence that they belong to the same type of organization. These small animals in the character of the humerus are Marsupial in type. This character being associated with carnivorous dentition among existing animals, led me to anticipate the discovery of a skull showing canine teeth. Such dentition though poorly preserved, I found near by, in the bed of the river, associated with the back of the skull.


We sometimes experience the difficulty of telling one twin from the other or of correctly -dialing a telephone number containing a long string of identical numerals. Evidently the -difficulty here arises from the proximate co-occurrence of similar elements. A similar phenomenon is observable in human language also with the result that proximate repetition of identical or nearly identical linguistic elements tends to be constrained. In fact, it has been argued elsewhere (Park, 1977a and 1977b) that something like the 'following principle lies at the root of this constraint on proximate repetition.


For the last 15 years there have been extensive discussions about the foundations of Post Keynesian economics. From these discussions, Post Keynesians have reached the consensus that their economics is based on a philosophical foundation of realism and critical realism. However, the methodological foundation of Post Keynesian economics, which refers to the methodological guidelines used for creating and developing theory, has received relatively less discussion and development. The aim of this paper is to stimulate discussion in this area by advocating that the method of grounded theory is consistent with critical realism and is a better and more developed set of guidelines for theory creation than the currently accepted alternatives. Copyright 2002, Oxford University Press.


: The main purpose of this study is to measure the intellectual capital performance of insurance sector for the period 2006-2010 using both Value Added (VA) and Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC ) model TM and observe intellectual capital performance's impact on financial returns of both life and non-life insurance sector. Using panel data the study analyzes the empirical relationship of Value Added (VA), VAIC and its TM performance components with performance indicators of insurance sector. The results of the study reveal the existence of positive relationship between the two approaches, VA and VAIC and financial performance TM indicators. As far as the existence of relationship between the performance components of VAIC and financial TM performance indicators is concerned, earning per share (EPS) is positively related to human capital efficiency (HCE). There emerges a negative relationship between capital employed efficiency (CEE) and returns on investment (ROI).


In a previous paper, Roads et al.(1991) discussed the forecast accuracy of the National Meteorological Center`s (NMC`s) medium-range forecasts (MRFs) of various near-surface meteorological elements, such as temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed in terms of NMC`s global analysis. Although these global analyses are most applicable for global perspectives, the authors are interested in more regional scales. Here one might expect the large-scale global analyses to only grossly simulate various regional effects, especially in regions that are strongly influenced by topography. At regional scales, a mesoscale model, which is overlying mesoscale topography and which is forced at the boundary and initialized with a large scale analysis, could provide an even better representation of the regional behavior. In a similar manner, a regional model initialized and forced at the horizontal boundaries by general circulation model (GCM) variables might provide more detailed spatial representation of climatic change than is available from statistical interpolations or simple linear interpolations of the large-scale GCM output to the regional scale.


This study was performed to determine the characteristics of physical and mechanical properties of domestic wood based materials; plywood, particleboard, medium density fiberboard. Main items of tested properties were panel size, moisture content, water absorption, linear expansion and thickness swelling, glue bond shear strength, bending properties(stress at proportional limit, modulus of rupture. modulus of elasticity), tensile strength, screw holding strength, and internal bond as neccessary. the results were discussed mainly with Korean Standards. The obtained conclusions are as follows; 1. Length and width of 3mm thin plywood(3-ply) and 12mm thick plywood(7-ply) were satished with KS-standard, but thicknesses of these panels were not- passed tolerance limit except one of eight makers. 2. Length and width of particleboard and medium density fiberboard were greater than the tolerance limit value of KS standard, but the thicknesses of these panels were passed this value. 3. Moisture contents of 12mm thick and 3mm thin plywood were satisfied with KS-standard except one mill made 3mm thin plywood. 4. Moisture absortion of plywood was not passed tolerance limit of KS-standard but particleboard was satisfied with this standard value. 5. Dry and wet shear strengths in glue bond of 3mm thin plywood were not reached to KS-standard, but those of 12mm thick plywood were sufficiently satisfied with KS standrad. 6. Modulus of ruptures, parallel to grain and perpendicular to grain of plywood, and particleboard and medium density fiberboard were satisfied with KS-standard. 7. Tensile strengths, parallel to grain and perpendicular to grain of plywood were satisfied with allowance stress of US product standard PS 1-74. 8. Screw holding strength of particleboard was not reached to KS standard, but internal bond was satisfied with KS standard.


Genetic polymorphisms of mitochondrial DNA(mt DNA) as the source of cytoplasmic genetic information were analyzed by PCR-RFLP assay for economically important cattle breeds in Korea, Holstein and Korean native cattle(KNC). Total DNA was prepared from huffy coat of small blood samples. The PCR was used to amplify an 1142bp fragment between nucleotides 404 and 15061 within the D-loop region of mt DNA using sequence-specific primers. The PCR-amplified products of the mt DNA D-loop region were digested with fourteen restriction enzymes, Apa I, Ava II, BstX I, Cla I, Hae III, Hha I, Hpa II, Hind III, Hint I, Pst I, Pvu II, Rsa I, Taq I and EcoR I. The mt DNA polymorphisms were observed in the cleavage patterns generated by the two restriction enzymes, Apa I and Hpa II, but no difference was observed in the patterns generated by the other twelve enzymes. The cleavage patterns by Apa I were similar to the previous report, whereas mt DNA RFLP for Hpa II was newly found in the present study. In Apa I cleavage patterns, the A type has two bands of 0.63 and 0.51 Kb and the B type has three fragments of 0.63, 0.46 and 0.05 Kb. The Hpa II cleavage patterns showed two different types of mt DNA, designated A and B. The A type had four fragments of 0.60, 0.29, 0.23 and 0.02 Kb, whereas the B type as a new variant had five fragments of 0.60, 0.25, 0.23, 0.04 and 0.02 Kb. The B type of Hpa II was observed in one individual of KNC examined, while the Holstein breed showed only the A type. The frequencies of A and B types for Hpa II were 35.0 and 65.0% in KNC and 67.4 and 32.6% in Holstein, respectively. There were significant differences(P$lt;.01) in the frequencies of Hpa II types between two breeds. The expected maternal inheritance was confirmed by pedigree analysis using RFLP in three Holstein families. The physical map of cleavage sites on the D-loop region of bovine mt DNA was constructed. Consequently, mt DNA PCR-RFLP as a cytoplasmic genetic marker may be useful in the evaluation of genetic variation and relationships among breeds, associations with economic traits and genetic analysis of maternal lineage.


To the Editor.— Progressive systemic scleroderma is a generalized disease, but, in contrast with other collagenous diseases, it rarely involves the nervous system. Definite primary involvement has never been reported, to our knowledge. Most previously reported cases have been associated with nonspecific neurological symptoms secondary to hypertension or to uremia caused by sclerodermic involvement of the heart, lungs, or kidneys. 1 We report a case in which subacute combined degeneration following vitamin B 12 deficiency caused by sclerodermic involvement of the small intestine could be an explanation for the neurological symptoms in scleroderma. Report of a Case. A 69-year-old woman with a history of crural skin changes and fever attacks of ten years' duration was admitted to the hospital in 1966 with a spastic paraparesis. On the lower part of the legs the epidermis was smooth, shiny, and atrophic, the dermis was sclerotic, and muscular atrophy was found. A skin


There is a lack of research on effect of cultural and social issues on the role of software architect despite various evidences of their impact on software development. This study analyzed software architects and other software engineering professionals to assess their role in the social and cultural context of Pakistani software industry. The results suggest that majority of professionals perform various task not in their designated responsibilities. In turn this affects their performance. In addition time allocation for architecture development seem not to be affected with the use of architecture development tools which is opposite of developed countries. An alignment was found with the literature in the context that designated architect allocated more time for architecture development as compared to other professionals involved in architecture development. Similarly the perceptions of all those involved in architecture development seem not to affect time allocation of architecture development. Overall, the lack of designated architects in software projects led to under standard software projects a trend which needs to be changed.


This demo presents an immersive augmented reality solution for visualizing OSGi-based software architectures. By employing an island metaphor, we map abstract software entities to tangible real-world objects. Using advanced input modalities, such as voice and gesture control, our approach allows for interactive exploration and examination of complex software systems.


Liposomes have matured as a delivery system. It has taken a long time to developthe liposome carrier concept to a pharmaceutical product level, but lipid preparations are nowavailable in important diseajse treatment areas. In this paper, we provide our perspective on wherethe field is going and whers opportunities could be found for improvement of drug therapy withliposomes.The targets and systems of pharmaceutical liposome will be discussed.


N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) are a sort of genotoxic impurities
(GTIs) having strong carcinogenic effects and obvious hepatotoxicity. To monitor the NDMA
content of metformin hydrochloride sustained-release tablets and enteric capsules in China
from 2018 to 2022, a GC-MS/MS method was established and validated.

N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a sort of genotoxic impurities (GTIs) which has strong carcinogenic effect and obvious hepatotoxicity. To monitor NDMA content of in Metformin Hydrochloride Sustained-release Tablets and Enteric Capsules in China from 2018 to 2022, a GC-MS/MS method was established and verified.

The chromatographic column was Agilent VF-WAXms capillary column (30
m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm). The GC-MS/MS method was equipped with multiple reaction monitoring
(MRM) modes. To assess the quantity of NDMA, the molecular ion at mass-to-charge
(m/z) of 74-44 was monitored under the 6 V collision energy, and to assess the quality of
NDMA monitoring, the molecular ions at m/z 74-42 were determined. A total of 143 batches
of metformin hydrochloride-finished products from 35 enterprises were determined by this
method.

The linear range of the method was 0.25 ~ 50.00 ng/mL, r = 0.9998, S/N>10, and the
limit of detection and quantitation were 0.06 ng/mL and 0.21 ng/mL, respectively. The average
recovery was 98.62%, and the RSD was 4.31%. All batches of enteric capsules met the requirements;
38.21% of the 123 batches sustained-release tablets still exceeded the acceptable daily
intake.

The presented method is sensitive, accurate, precise, and available for both enteric
capsules and sustained-release tablets of metformin hydrochloride, which can provide a reference
for their quality control. The over-limit phenomenon of NDMA in metformin hydrochloride
products poses new challenges and requirements for both the State Drug Administration
and enterprises.

The linear range of the method was 0.25 ~ 50.00 ng/mL, r = 0.9998, S/N>10, and the limit of detection was 0.21 ng/mL. The average recovery was 98.62 %, and the RSD was 4.31%. All batches of enteric capsules met the requirements, 38.21% of the 123 batches sustained-release tablets still exceeded the acceptable daily intake.

nothing


This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. For more information, please contact email@example.com. Recommended Citation Gehrke, Steven Robert, "Land Use Mix and Pedestrian Travel Behavior: Advancements in Conceptualization and Measurement" (2017). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 3477.


alleviating poverty, through raising national income and reducing population growth. The financing of educational needs to be reckoned against the background of Centre-State financial relations;· The policies of economic development ought to be oriented towards augmentation and intensification of activities in both agriculture and allied sectors. Programmes like Training of Rural Youth for Self-Einployment (TRYSEM) will help in developing theentreprenuerial capacity and utilising the manpower resources. A case is made for evolving a broad national approach,· taking into account factors like relevance of the curricula to the social needs and the administrative and financial capabilities of the states. Moreover, the educational planning in the future ought to concentrate on designing appropriate strategies for asserting thedeclining trend in the rate of enrol.. ment, especially at the lower level of education. A more speedy development of education and a better utilisation of labour force would have facilitated the growth of GNP. For alleviating poverty and eradicating illiteracy, it is essential that educational and manpower planning strategies are interlinked and property coordinate with air overall approach to socio-economic development. In sum, the book will be of interest to academicians and general readers alike.


Philosophers have so far contributed little to these debates on the optimal regulation of ownership of intellectual property (IP). This chapter analyses what contribution philosophy can expect to make. I begin by distinguishing two tasks that philosophy can attempt when it comes to the optimal regulation of IP: first, philosophers can devise a high level regulatory model for IP, explaining how, for example the ontology of ideas makes a difference to how we should regulate them, and what the overall goals are that we should have in an IP policy. Second, philosophers can attempt to make cogent and concrete policy suggestions on the basis of such a high level regulatory model. I argue that it is often extremely difficult to draw cogent and concrete policy proposals from even extremely good moral and political philosophy; and given the paucity of philosophical theorising so far about IP, it would be especially ambitious to expect philosophers now to construct theories which will have concrete and cogent policy implications. Hence this chapter focuses mostly on the first task.


Tokamak discharges are frequently ended by disruptions, an instability leading to a very sudden termination of the plasma. Although numerous studies of disruptions have been made, critical data is still needed to develop theoretical models for fundamental aspects of the disruption. This paper describes simultaneous profile measurements of the current, temperature, and density during the disruptive phase of a beam heated single-null divertor discharge in the DIII-D tokamak. The stored energy is lost early in the first phase of the disruption (thermal quench) after which the central temperature is a few hundred eV, and following the start of the current decay (current quench) the temperature has fallen to 100 eV. The current profile measured using the Motional Stark Effect (MSE) diagnostic is observed to flatten rapidly (< 1 ms) at the final stage of the 10 ms thermal quench and just prior to the start of the current quench in radiative collapse disruptions. The density profile peaks at the edge during the disruption.


In this paper, we propose clustering-based blind detection methods with the aid of systematic convolutional low density generator matrix (SC-LDGM) codes. Inspired by the fact that the received signals naturally fall into clusters in the block-fading channels, we develop a system constrained Gaussian mixture model (SCGMM) by taking into account the inherent characteristics of communication systems, in which the parameters can be estimated by the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. We also present an initialization method for the proposed SCGMM to accelerate convergence. After clustering, a decoding algorithm of SC-LDGM codes is designed to resolve the centroid ambiguity. To further improve the detection performance in the low signal-to-noise (SNR) and deep fading scenarios, we propose an improved label-assisted (ILA) method, which integrates the label-assisted (LA) information into the blind detection algorithm. Numerical results show that the performance of our methods can closely approach the performance with perfect channel state information (CSI). The simulation results also show that the performance can be improved by increasing the encoding memory.


The study of deformation and fracturing properties of concrete is essential to understand failure mechanisms of concrete material, especially under extreme and complex loading conditions, e.g. high strain rates and multiple confinements. In this study, dynamic deformation and fracturing behaviour of ordinary concrete under biaxial confinements are investigated by using a triaxial Hopkinson bar system, three-dimensional digital image correlation, and synchrotron X-ray computed tomography techniques. Results show that compressive strain localisation areas appear around aggregates due to the elastic difference between aggregate and matrix, where accompanied with initiation of interfacial cracks and propagation of main cracks. Transgranular cracks can also be observed in the central of specimen in CT slices due to the effect of strain concentration. In addition, CT slices with distinct properties in various directions indicate the anisotropic fracturing behaviour of concrete due to the effect of biaxial confinements.


Twelve aphid species not previously recorded are added to the aphid faiuia of Madeira Island, with 8 of them new to Macaronesia. These new records include the [Pemphigidae]: Aphneura lentisci (Passerini); [Drepanosiphidae]: Atheroides serrulatus Haliday, Drepanosiphum oregonensis Granovsky and Eueeraphis punctipennis (Zeterstedt); [Aphididae]: Holcaphis hold Hille Ris Lambers, lllinoia lambersi (MacGillivray), Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach), Macrosiphoniella artemisiae (Boyer de Fonscolombe), Nasonovia (Kakimia) dasyphylli Stroyan, Neotoxoptera fonnosana (Takahashi) and Uroleucon hypochoeridis (Fabricius); [Lachnidae]: Essigella californica (Essig). This raises the number of known species from Madeira proper to 154. A significant proportion of the species involved was collected in Mõericke water traps. General faunistic considerations are presented for each one of the species treated, including their geographical distribution.


Background: Simultaneous immunization against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis during infancy and childhood has been a routine practice in Iran. Considering the role of triple vaccine in reduction of mortality as a result of disastrous diseases such as diphteria, tetanus, and pertussis. We have little information on the incidence of its complications in Yazd. This study was performed to determine the complications of triple vaccine in the health centers of Yazd in 2005.
Methods: The descriptive strategy of this study was carried out on 474 cases from 1.5 month to 6 years old. All of them were carefully examined up to 72h for the occurrence of complications and the observed symptoms were collected in a questionnaire and the data were analyzed.
Findings: The incidence rate of complications after injection of triple vaccine was 81.4%. In this study fever, pain at the injection site, swelling, crying, loss of appetite, irritability, erythema, and vomiting were 56.8%, 55%, 26.8%, 11.4%, 11.2%, 11%, 10.5% and 6.5%, respectively.
Conclusion: Due to the high incidence rate of complications after injection of triple vaccine, we recommend acetaminophen prophylacticly after vaccination.


This study mainly discussed what the Taiwan's electorate thinking about the influence of cross-strait economic trade interaction towards Taiwan economy after Mr. Ma became the president of Taiwan in 2008. We could find that the ratio of the electorate felt that "the economic interaction policy of cross-strait" implemented after Mr. Ma became the president of Taiwan had a positive influence towards Taiwan economy. Moreover, the electorate felt the macro economy of Taiwan would be benefitted from that economic interaction of cross-strait, but the micro economy of family didn't. The electorate with higher political knowledge and high family income felt the macro economy of Taiwan would be benefitted from that economic interaction of cross-strait, and the electorate supported Kuomintang. For the electorate who supported Democratic Progressive Party and had high "family income" and high "political knowledge" could make a judgment towards Taiwan economy and cross-strait interaction; thus, what the electorate thinking about that supported Democratic Progressive Party towards "whether the macro economy of Taiwan that benefitted from that economic interaction of cross-strait or not" were more different. In short, the electorate felt the macro economy of Taiwan would be benefitted from that economic interaction of cross-strait, "political party identification" was still more powerful than "family income", namely the explanatory power of "family income" was lower than "political party identification". In addition, the political knowledge of the electorate also could explain some degree of this situation. Therefore, besides regional difference, the public's recognition towards the influence of cross-strait economic interaction to Taiwan economy might only be another form of political party identification. The political party identification from this perspective could be considered as emotional identification or "the rational choice at the lowest cost" described by Fiorina. However, the influence of "actual benefit" could not be neglected.


This paper presents the design and implementation of high-speed, multiplierless, arbitrary bandwidth sharp FIR filters based on frequency-response masking (FRM) technique. The FRM filter structure has been modified to improve the throughput rate by replacing long band-edge shaping filter in the original FRM approach with two to three cascaded short filters. The proposed structure is suitable for FPGA as well as VLSI implementation for sharp digital FIR filters. It is shown by an example that a near 200-tap equivalent Remez FIR filter can be implemented in a single Xilinx XC4044XLA device that operates at sampling frequency of 5.5 MHz.


To study the dynamics of Pinus massoniana population of the secondary forest,a sample plot(240 m×240 m) was set on Laoshan island of Qiandao Lake Region.All trees were tagged and measured to analyze the population structure and spatial distribution patterns.The individuals at 1st and 2nd age size were few,accounted for 0.06% and 1.01% of total,respectively.The juvenile individuals were severely lacking.The individuals at 5th age size were the dominant,and accounted for 28.28% of total.The spindle type population structure and convex curve survivorship suggested the population was stable with a declining trend.But the population would not be withdrawn from the community in a short time because there were a large number of medium size class individuals.The negative mortality of the small size classes indicated the seedlings were severely deficient and the population tended to decline in a long time.The spatial distribution pattern of total individuals or individuals at different size classes of P.massoniana presented clumping distribution.Aggregation index of the population was declining from saplings,medium size trees to mature trees.Totally,the population would diffuse in trend.


When a sample of individual organisms is classi- fied taxonomically with the possibility of classification error, the taxonomic counts of the classified individuals are biased estimates of the true counts in the sample. This note describes a simple method for correcting for this bias based on the classification probabilities of the classifier. The method is illustrated using some data from the Video Plankton Recorder.


The observation of dental non-metric characters used in the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System (among others) is of major interest in the study of past populations. Dental morphological traits are genetically determined, and dependent of a small and stable part of the genome; their development seems unaffected by the uterine environment and their evolution is slow, probably independent of natural selection. The relative frequency of dental traits is a testimony to the biological distances between populations. The study of the inferior dentition in a late XIXth/early XXth century sample deceased in Oporto, Portugal, is the example of a statistically simple approach to the biological comparison between populations, using the ASUDAS (Turner et al. 1991), mainly, but also a trait proposed by Weets (2009). The comparisons with international samples denoted biological relatedness with European and, to a lesser extent, North African populations. The Iberian samples also suggest a close relationship with those populations. The use of the ASUDAS to the study of teeth from archaeological contexts is important. A greater collection of data will be used in the determination of the population history of the Iberian Peninsula. Important questions, relative to cultural influence/colonization may then be closer to resolution.


By macroscopic observation, metallographic examination, scanning electron microscope and energy spectrum analysis, it is inferred that the steel flow bellows SEN is too strong that the heat delivering at steel top surface in the mould is not enough by taking sample on slab, F2 transition strip and hot strip steel with cracks, which causes insufficient mould powder melting, and hooked oscillation marks are formed. Since liquid steel liquidity is not good either, a part of powder can be caught by solidification front, and many fine cracks are generated on slab surface. This kind of hooked oscillation mark, subsurface fine crack and corner crack evolve into edge crack, and rolling simulation testing proved this inference. Moreover, Cu beneficiation is also one reason of edge crack. Edge crack of hot strip steel study can be used to guide actual production, and to avoid the generation of edge crack.


Research on myoelectric control for upper-limb prostheses often fails to transfer from the laboratory to the everyday life of amputees. Among the causes for this difficult transition is that clinical short-term evaluations do not sufficiently reflect the performance during subsequent real world use. To bridge this gap, we propose an evaluation setup for upperlimb myoelectric prostheses for intact subjects, consisting of sEMG sensors, two state-ofthe-art commercial hand prostheses (left and right) and a bi-manual evaluation protocol that is executed in a domestic setting. Orthotic splints are used to fix the prosthetic hands via a standard quick-release unit at the extremity of the arms or stumps. This makes the method suited for both able-bodied as well as amputated subjects and it prevents unilateral amputees from using the intact limb to compensate for a lack in dexterity of their prosthetic hand. The evaluation protocol requires users to perform everyday bilateral manipulation tasks in different areas of their reachable workspace. Specifically, subjects must, e.g., make a phone call, unscrew a jar lid, pick up objects from shelves at different heights, fold clothes, and clean the floor (Figure 1). Furthermore, our myoelectric setup can also be used in virtual reality with simulated prostheses. This allows fast prototyping of new prosthetic hands, novel tasks, as well as new environments that simulate a wide variety of possible use-cases of end-users. Figure 1: Examples of the bimanual manipulation tasks defined in the evaluation protocol. Acknowledgement This work was partially supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation Sinergia project #160837 "Megane Pro".


We introduce another approach to produce a resistive sensor from electro-conductive textile material. Two conductive textile strips, made of stainless steel electro-conductive woven textile fabric, are used as parallel plates and a thin non-conductive woven cotton fabric (spacer) strip is placed between them. We tested the influence of load on the prepared resistive sensor using 0 to 131.2g dead weights. The increase in load resulted in a consistent logarithmic decrease in resistance starting from a cut-off value with no current. The developed sensor is flexible; repeated bending does not affect its electrical property. Moreover, sensitivity was found to be the same after washing, making it suitable to integrate in textile fabric.


Summary
Growth and development of gametophytes of Polypodium vulgare L. in culture were affected by several fungi. Of those tested the fungus having the greatest effect was Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht ex Fr. When added just before spore germination this fungus delayed the transition from one- to two-dimensional growth of the gametophytes and when added after the transition had occurred it caused a reversion to one-dimensional growth. Analysis of culture filtrates showed that the detectable volatile substances present in greatest concentration were ethanol and acetaldehyde. Changes in gametophjrte morphology were correlated with changes in the level of ethanol present in the medium and the main effects of the fungus were reproduced by treating gametophytes in uncontaminated cultures with ethanol.


The eosinophilic granuloma complex is a skin condition of cats that has been adequately described [8 ] , but little is known of its cause. A virus recovered from a cat with a skin condition called "paw and mouth disease" apparently was feline calicivirus [I]. A domestic short-haired male cat, 8 years old, had scurfy alopecic areas on the thighs and abdomen. The multiple, circular to linear raised skin lesions were pink, erythemic, and occasionally covered with serofibrinous exudate. The epithelium of the hard palate contained a single large circular ulcer. Microscopically the skin lesion was characterized by acanthotic epithelium bordering ulcerated areas. In the dermis were aggregations of eosinophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (fig. 1). Histiocytes were present but were not prominent. Many dermal capillaries had cuffs of lymphocytes and plasma cells (fig. 2). No microorganisms were seen with the light microscope and special stains (acid-fast, Brown and Brenn, and silver stains).


Abstract Human trafficking is arguably the fastest growing criminal industry in the world. An estimated 2.5 million people are victims of human trafficking each year. Despite this prevalence, evidence suggested low awareness and understanding in Qatar of what constitutes human trafficking and its occurrence at a local level. Prior to launching an awareness campaign and capacity building programs, QFCHT deemed it important to identify local attitudes and perceptions about human trafficking. This paper aims to gauge current awareness and understanding of human trafficking among Qatar residents and to identify community misunderstandings and knowledge gaps. This quantitative research consisted of a total of 426 face-to-face intercept interviews (in Arabic and English) with a stratified random sample of Qatar residents. Quotas were set according to four nationality groups so that demographic comparisons could be made. Interviews were conducted by 20 volunteers and QFCHT staff throughout July and August 2011. ...


Plant growth regulators for vegetables and fruits have gained attention worldwide in recent years due to their widespread applications in agriculture and serious risks to the health and safety of consumers. The purpose of this paper was to assess the concentration of synthetic plant growth regulators residues (PGRs) in fruits and vegetables and to estimate the potential health risks associated with the PGRs regard to consumers to take preventive actions to minimize human health risks. Gas chromatography with mass spectrum detector was developed for the determination of four PGRs, including gibberellins, αnaphthalene acetic acid, 2, 4dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and ethephon in locally produced fruits and vegetables were purchased from seven main markets in Giza Government, Egypt, during year 2014. Based on analytical studies PGRs residues were not observed in 34.4% samples of fruits and 39.3% samples of vegetables. The results obtained showed that PGRs residues were detected in 65.6% of fruit and 60.7% of vegetables. Fruits and vegetable contained samples with PGRs residues above safety limits were in the following order: Gib (71%) > 2,4-D (69%) > NAA (63%) > Eth (53%) for fruits while 2,4-D (74%) > NAA (66%) > Eth (45%) > Gib (42%) for vegetables. Data of acute hazard index revealed that Gib had the hazard effect in fig, plum, and tomato. In case NAA, hazard effect was observed in tomato only. Concerning the 2,4-D, hazard effect was showed in grape, apricot, and tomato. About the Eth, hazard effect was showed in all commodities except carrot, cabbage, and lettuce. The chronic hazard index of all the considered PGRs residues are high and rather > 1%.


This Future Climate Info report complies with the Law Society guidance and practice notes and includes a professional opinion on all data provided. The information provided is clear and concise to make it easy to read.


In this study, we have demonstrated the enhancement of laser-to-core energy coupling using magnetized fast isochoric laser heating on the GEKKO-LFEX laser facility. We achieved a maximum coupling of 8% by applying an external magnetic field, and the coupling gradually degraded with increasing energy of the heating laser, maintaining the pulse duration and the spot diameter constant. The obtained energy couplings are consistent with those obtained using simple calculation models. The models predict that an energy coupling of 20% - 35% can be achieved by an ignition-scale core exhibiting a moderate guiding field and heating laser intensity.


The stability of equilibrium for general dissipative systems and of quasi-static processes for time-independent inelastic systems is discussed in the isothermal case. The analysis relies on the inspection of a functional sum of the reversible and dissipated energies. In particular, the dissipated power is viewed as a constitutive function, i.e., a function of the current state and its time variations. The restrictions induced by a stability postulate are analyzed. They result in a sequence of extremum principles for the time derivatives of the functional of increasing order. In particular, a generalized normality law is retrieved as a necessary condition for stability. Under some restrictions, the time derivatives of the state variables corresponding to stable paths are completely determined by a minimization procedure. For a large class of problems it is proved that this minimization procedure is also equivalent to the evolution equations as directly derived from the equilibrium equations and the constitutive laws. In the case of bifurcation, the minimization of the higher order terms generally allows a complete determination of the evolution.


The nanostructured anatase TiO2 with high thermal stability was prepared by polymeric sol-gel method without any additives. The particle size distribution of polymeric titania sol was determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The properties of prepared titania were investigated by TG-DTA, XRD, FESEM and TEM. The decolorization capability of resultant anatase was also evaluated using methyl orange photodegradation in aqueous solution by UV–visible spectrophotometer. The results of DLS showed the particle size distribution of the polymeric sol is in the range of 0.5-2 and 1-3 nm after 1 and 50 days, respectively. Titania prepared by polymeric method showed high thermal stability against phase transformation from anatase to rutile. Also, crystallite size of anatase calcined at 400-750 °C was in the range of 10-50 nm. The prepared nanostructured anatase showed an acceptable decolorization capability for methyl orange degradation.


Two cell lines, RVP3 and RVA4, derived originally from mouse tumours induced by the Prague and Schmidt‐Ruppin strain of RSV, respectively, were studied. All attempts failed to induce infectious virus production in RVP3 cells by fusion with chicken fibroblasts even if the cells were infected with avian leukosis viruses. Also, attempts to rescue the viral genome by transfection were unsuccessful. RVP3 cells harboured 31–45% of the viral genome sequences, as was shown by molecular hybridization, and therefore they were designated cryptovirogenic. The tumour cell line RVA4 did not contain any detectable viral sequences. The significance of the detection of the incomplete Rous virus genome sequences in mammalian cells is discussed.


The changing face of fossil fuel power generation is such that next generation plants must be capable of operating under (i) flexible conditions to accommodate renewal sources of energy and (ii) higher steam pressures and temperatures to improve plant efficiency. These changes result in increased creep and fatigue degradation of plant components. The key limiting factor to achieving more efficient, flexible plant operation is the development of advanced materials capable of operating under such conditions. MarBN is a new precipitate strengthened 9Cr martensitic steel, with added boron and tungsten, designed to provide enhanced creep strength and precipitate stability at high temperature. Accurate characterisation of this material is necessary so that it can be used under flexible plant operating conditions with high temperature fatigue.This paper presents a combined work program of experimental testing and computational modelling on a cast MarBN material. To characterise and assess the fatigue performance of MarBN, an experimental program of high temperature low cycle fatigue (HTLCF) tests is conducted at a temperature of 600 °C. MarBN is found to give an increased stress range compared to previous P91 steel experiments, as well as considerable cyclic softening. To characterise the constitutive behaviour of the cast MarBN material, a recently developed unified cyclic viscoplastic material model is calibrated and validated across a range of strain-rates and strain-ranges, with good correlation achieved with the measured data throughout.Copyright © 2015 by ASME


THE INVENTION CONCERNS THE PROTEIN PRODUCTION INCLUDING ANTIBODY. IT RELATES TO A PROCESS OF ANTIBODY PRODUCTION UNDER WHICH THE CULTURE MEDIUM IS USED MEDIA HYPERTONIC WHOSE hypertonicity IS OBTAINED BY DOUBLING THE QUANTITY OF AMINO ACID WITH RESPECT TO A CULTURE OF NORMAL ENVIRONMENT. PRODUCTION CELLS CAN THEN BE MULTIPLIED BY A FACTOR HIGH, SUCH EQUAL TO FOUR. APPLICATION TO THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODY.


ASDE-X is a runway safety system that fuses data from multiple sources to provide enhanced air traffic control situational awareness. These data may also be used to manage arrival and departure delay at congested airports. This paper demonstrates the potential for delay management by using departure data recorded by the ASDE-X system at JFK Airport before runway reconstruction in 2010 began. The paper lays out concepts, data, metrics, and a framework to estimate benefits from virtual queuing, a departure management system that allows the aircraft to maintain their rolling spots in the queue without physically joining the queue. While virtual queuing is relatively more common in Europe, its use in the US is limited. This analysis demonstrates that there may be significant benefit, even with most conservative assumptions, of using virtual queuing for departure management at congested airports. Environmental benefits of virtual queuing at JFK Airport are significant.


This research is to know how to apply the principles of Good CorporateGovernance (GCG) at Bank BRISyariah Pusat, what are the obstacles faced inapplying GCG principles and how to overcome the obstacles that happened inapplying GCG principles at Bank BRI Syariah. The method used is the method ofqualitative naturalistic research with data collection techniques that is observation,interview and documentation. The results conclude that BRISyariah has applied GCGprinciples in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. There are five GCGprinciples applied by BRISyariah in accordance with Bank Indonesia Regulation(PBI) no. 11/33 / PBI / 2009 is transparency, accountability, responsibility,professional, fairness. Implementation of the principles of Good CorporateGovernance (GCG) under the authority of Bank BRISyariah can be said to be good,effective and in accordance with the provisions of applicable legislation.


Some factors released by the human body have an effect on bodyweight and dental caries experience and severity especially in children. So this study was designed to explore the relation of the salivary TNF-α and salivary AlP with the dental caries of two groups of normal weight and overweight children. Thirty six school children were selected randomly for the study to explore the dental caries occurrence and severity. The total sample consisted of two groups; normal weight and overweight children. CDC growth chart was used for both genders to determine the weight status according to age and gender. Dental caries experience was recorded by dmfs, DMFS for primary and permanent teeth respectively. Dental caries severity was recorded by(d1, d2, d3, d4), ( D1, D2, D3, D4) for primary and permanent teeth respectively. Salivary samples were collected in a plane tube, for biochemical analysis for the TNF-α and AlP. There was non-significant relation of the dental caries either by experience or severity to the level of salivary TNF-α and salivary AlP in both normal weight and overweight children.


Satellite observations of the ionosphere and thermosphere routinely reveal a zonal wavenumber 4 pattern in longitude. In the equatorial region, this is attributed primarily to the eastward propagating non-migrating diurnal tide of zonal wavenumber 3 known as DE3. In this report, the wave 4 is identified using daytime thermospheric airglow emission of atomic oxygen at 557.7 nm emitted from the O(1S) level, using the WIND imaging interferometer (WINDII), launched on NASA's upper atmosphere research satellite (UARS) in 1991. Waves in the airglow emission rate are attributed to variations in the number density of atomic oxygen, but the WINDII interferometer also sees wave 4 in thermospheric winds from the phase shifts of the emission. What is new in this report is the observation of the wave 4 at high latitudes, where it has not been detected before. The characteristics are described and the possible influences discussed.


Abstract A fast and simple electrogenerated unstable reagent chemiluminescence system for flow injection analysis of etamsylate is described, based on a decrease in the chemiluminescence intensity from the luminol-hypochlorite system. The response is linear to the concentration of etamsylate in the range from 1x109 to 8x 10−9. The detection limit is 6 x 10−10 g ml−1. The relative standard deviation is 3.1% at 2 x 10−9 g ml−1 (n=7). The proposed method is suitable for automatic and continuous analysis and has been successfully tested for determination of etamsylate in pharmaceutical formulations. Permanent address: Lu'an Teacher's College, Lu'an, Anhui, 237012, China


The issue of COVID-19 ravaging the global community can be likened to one of the works of the famous Nigerian writer, late Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart with the center despite all efforts, defiling holding together on all aspects of human endeavor. Despite the discovery of Covid-19 vaccines and its consequent administration for mitigating the effects of the pandemic, information is replete about the continuous and astronomical increase in the number of victims of the virus. The multiplier effects of the pandemic on occupation, education, economic, religious, socio-cultural practices, agricultural activities, food production and distribution, among others cannot be over-emphasized, hence, this study. Qualitative design was adopted for this study as action research with eighty participants sampled from Oyo Township of Oyo State, Nigeria through purposive sampling technique among various strata of the society. Participant Observation (PO), Key Informants (KI) and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) techniques were adopted in data collection analyzed through triangulation of instruments of content analysis and categorization of ideas coupled with tables, frequency counts and simple percentages. Result revealed that: more female than male participated in the study (43/37; 53.75%/46.25%); most participants are above middle age (53.75% and 46.25%); participants cut across the three dominant religious sects (Muslim, 36, 45.00%; Christian, 29, 36.25%; ATR, 15, 18.75%); most of the participants are literate (68, 85.00%). Content analysis and observations indicators revealed that Nigeria is not spared from Covid-19 pandemic; solid relationships exist among religious beliefs, socio-cultural practices, food security and Covid-19 pandemic. Hence, sustainable mitigating measures devoid of further complications need be pursued in the SSA nations; government, stakeholders and the civil society must be enlisted in the efforts to ameliorate the pandemic.


Osteopontin (OPN) is an integrin and calcium-binding phosphoprotein that is produced by mineralized tissue cells, many epithelial cells, and activated immune system cells The aim of this study was to examine the expression and cellular localization of OPN in the central nervous system, including the cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord. Female BALB/c mice (25g, 8 weeks oId) tissues were collected and used for Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Western blot analysis showed that OPN was detected 55- (upper) and 29-kDa (lower) in the central nervous system. OPN immunoreactivity was low in the cerebrum: moderate in the cerebellum; and high in the spinal cord. Immunohistochemical study showed that the expression of OPN was immunostained neuron and astrocytes in central nervous system. In the olfactory bulb, OPN immunoreactivity was found in mitral cell layer and glomerular layer, but not in external plexiform layer. In the hippocampus, OPN expression was observed in the peripheral area but not CA regions. In the cerebellum, OPN immunoreactivity was found in purkinje cell layer and molecular layer, bul not in granule cell layer. In spinal cord, OPN immunoreactivity was weakly found in neuron and some astrocyte. The present study is the first to report that OPN is variably expressed in CNS tissue. This finding suggests that OPN may play an important role in neurons and astrocytes in the normal central nervous system. Further study is needed to elucidate the functional role of OPN in central nervous system.


Abstract : A review of relevant research literature was conducted to identify probable variables contributing to skill loss in the Navy. Findings were grouped into five categories--personnel characteristics, task variables, training factors, job conditions, and retraining factors. One of the most important causes of skill deterioration is nonuse. This can occur when there are infrequent opportunities to practice or perform a skill or when feedback is absent or inadequate. The most important retention variable is the amount of learning required before nonuse. This learning is influenced by ability level, task complexity, quality of practice, and feedback conditions. In addition to these variables and the recall conditions, skill deterioration is controlled by the length of the nonutilization period. Retraining can be quickly achieved by a variety of methods; it is affected by the same variables as initial learning. Difficulties of identifying and evaluating skill losses in the Navy, and indirect methods for assessing or predicting skill deterioration, were discussed.


A new theoretical approach is presented for calculation of gas phase heats of formation of non-aromatic energetic compounds. It is based on elemental composition and various functional groups of C a H b N c O d non-aromatic energetic compounds. Gas phase heats of formation for 85 non-aromatic energetic compounds are compared with experimental data as well as semi-empirical quantum mechanical PM3 prediction. Root mean square (rms) of deviation for some of them, where experimental data are available, shows 5.1 and 6.7 kcal/mol for new and semi-empirical quantum mechanical PM3 methods respectively.


Secure user authentication without repeating registration is one of the important issues in multi-server networks that needs to be adequately addressed. Recently, two-factor (smart card and password) based remote user authentication protocols have been widely introduced due to their low constructional cost and convenient usability for the authentication purpose. In 2011, Chang and Cheng proposed a smart card and password based remote login mechanism for multi-server environments. However, in this paper, we found that Chang- Cheng's mechanism suffers from susceptibility to security attacks. As a result, we introduced an improved version of smart card based password authentication mechanism in multi-server networks. Compared with other related protocols, performance analysis shows that our proposed mechanism is still cost-efficient for the real application in multi-server environments.


The western Pacific leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), one of three genetically distinct stocks in the Indo-Pacific region, has declined markedly during past decades. This metapopulation nests year-round at beaches of several western Pacific island nations and has been documented through genetic analysis and telemetry studies to occur in multiple regions of the Pacific Ocean. To provide a large-scale perspective of their movements, high-use areas, and habitat associations, we report and synthesize results of 126 satellite telemetry deployments conducted on leatherbacks at western Pacific nesting beaches and at one eastern Pacific foraging ground during 2000-2007. A Bayesian switching state-space model was applied to raw Argos-acquired surface locations to estimate daily positions and behavioral mode (either transiting or area-restricted search) for each turtle. Monthly areas of high use were identified for post- nesting periods using kernel density estimation. There was a clear separation of migratory destinations for boreal summer vs. boreal winter nesters. Leatherbacks that nested during boreal summer moved into Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) of the temperate North Pacific Ocean or into tropical waters of the South China Sea. Turtles that nested during boreal winter moved into temperate and tropical LMEs of the southern hemisphere. Area-restricted search occurred in temperate and tropical waters at diverse pelagic and coastal regions exhibiting a wide range of oceanographic features, including mesoscale eddies, coastal retention areas, current boundaries, or stationary fronts, all of which are known mechanisms for aggregating leatherback prey. Use of the most distant and temperate foraging ground, the California Current LME, required a 10-12 month trans-Pacific migration and commonly involved multiple years of migrating between high-latitude summer foraging grounds and low-latitude eastern tropical Pacific wintering areas without returning to western Pacific nesting beaches. In contrast, tropical foraging destinations were reached within 5-7 months and appeared to support year-round foraging, potentially allowing a more rapid return to nesting beaches. Based on these observations, we hypothesize that demographic differences are likely among nesting females using different LMEs of the Indo-Pacific. The differences in movements and foraging strategies underscore the importance of and the need for ecosystem-based management and coordinated Pacific-wide conservation efforts.


A method is described for the determination of trace amounts of aluminium in high-purity tin by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The sample is decomposed in hydrochloric acid. The measurement is performed on an aqueous 0.05 mol l–1 HCl solution and a chemical modifier is not used, so the method is simple and rapid. For the analysis of high-purity tin reference samples for aluminium in the concentration range 0.1–5.9 ppm, the results were in good agreement with the certified values. The relative precision of analysis is 10–20%, the measuring accuracy is within ± 5% and the sensitivity of the method is 26 pg per 0.0044 absorbance. Studies were carried out on the mechanism involving aluminium and tin. AlCl3 and SnCl2 are converted into Al(OH)3 and Sn(OH)Cl, respectively, in the drying stage. In the ashing stage when the Al(OH)3 is converted into Al2O3, no loss of aluminium is found, but a large amount of Sn(OH)Cl is evaporated and a small amount of Sn(OH)Cl is converted into SnO2, which does not interfere in the measurement of aluminium.


The elastic electron-proton scattering cross section was measured at laboratory angles between 90 un. Concent 85% and 144 un. Concent 85% and and for values of the four-momentum transfer squared between 25 and 45 F/sup -2/ (incident electron laboratory energies from 830 to 1360 Mev). Both the scattered electrons and the recoil protons were momentum analyzed and counted in coincidence, making possible background-free measurements down to cross sections of the order of 10/sup -35/ cm/sup 2//sr. The data are consistent with the Rosenbluth formula, and the resulting form factors tie on well with previous measurements at lower momentum transfer, continuing the established trend. (auth)